Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico pa ra Medicina Veterinaria
FICHA #8: TIEMPOS VERBALES (formación) En un curso de lectura comprensiva, la idea de presentar la formación de los tiempos verbales es sólo para reconocimiento de los mismos en los textos. El siguiente cuadro muestra, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos, cómo se forman los tiempos verbales llamados simple en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa. SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE FUTURE FUTURE (will)
I (You, We, They) need some more tests. (Yo) necesito algunos tests más.
I worked all night yesterday. (Yo) trabajé toda la noche ayer. VERBOS REGULARES (desinencia –ed)
She will decide soon. (Ella) decidirá pronto. SUJETO+WILL+INFINITIVO
She (He, It) works perfectly in this environment. (Ella) trabaja perfectamente en este ambiente.
They took it took it to the laboratory. (Ellos) lo llevaron al laboratorio. VERBOS VERBOS IRR EGULARES (2º columna, ver siguiente tema de este manual)
What will you write in the abstract? ¿Qué escribirás (vos) en el abstract? WILL+SUJETO+ INFINI TIVO
How do you (I, we, they) prepare the samples? ¿Cómo preparás (vos) las muestras? DO+I, WE, THEY+INFINITIVO What does she (he, it) measure ? ¿Qué mide (ella)? DOES+SHE, HE, HE, IT+I NFIN ITIVO (NO “S”) They do not (don´t) understand the reason.
What did you bring to the field last week? ¿Qué trajiste al campo (vos) la semana pasada? DID+SUJETO+INFINITIVO We did not (didn’t) believe it. (Nosotros) no lo creímos. DID+ NOT+VERBO INFINI TIVO
(Ellos) no comprenden la razón. DO + NOT + INFINITIVO He does not (doesn´t) consider that variable at all. (Él) no considera para nada esa variable. DOES + NOT + INFINITIVO (NO “s”)
They will not (won’t) come until tomorrow. (Ellos) no vendrán hasta mañana. SUJETO+WILL+NOT+INFINITIVO SIMPLE CONDITIONAL (WOULD) She would come if she could. (Ella) vendría si pudiera. SUJETO+WOULD+VERBO SUJETO+WOULD+VERBO I NF. What would you do if you were very rich? ¿Qué harías si tuvieras mucho dinero? WOULD+SUJETO+VERBO WOULD+SUJETO+VERBO I NF. They would not live here if it were not for you. (Ellos) no vivirían aquí si no fuera por vos. SUJ.+WOULD+N SUJ.+WOULD+N OT+VERBO OT+VERBO I NF.
1. Encerrá con los verbos en tiemp os simple de los siguientes enunciad os –excepto to be 2. Expresálas en español. Práctica Opcional: Opcional: 3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del enunciado. 4. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para familiarizarte con los infinitiv os. and Holmes Holmes (1983) (1983) reported that with with extreme differences in animal animal size size (mature (mature cows cows vs stockers vs Ej: Zoby and calves), bite size values calculated indirectly from estimated herbage intake and total daily bites were different.
Zoby y Holmes informaron que, con extremas diferencias en tamaño del animal, (vacas maduras vs vacas en engorde vs terneros) los valores del tamaño del mordisco, calculados indirectamente a partir de la ingesta de hierba y los mordiscos diarios, eran diferentes. Zoby and Holmes did not report that …. Did Zoby and H olmes report that …?
1 . Vaccines do not alw ays prevent infection.
Tiempos Verbales
2. Apocrine edenomas resemble the secretory region of the apocrine glands.
3. Dry-cow therapy will cure some infections that exist at the time of drying off.
4. Basosquamou s cell carcinomas do not have a tendency to develop on the head.
5. Equine Infectious Anem ia tends to become an inapparent infection but occasionally results in death.
6. This observation indicates that the relationship of bite size to animal size needs further consideration.
7. Estrogen, by itself, does not contribute to the development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia or pyometra.
8. A neoplasm of intermediate malignancy is locally infiltrative and difficult to excise but does not metastasize.
9. Canine demodicosis is a common disease in dogs and occurs when large numbers of Demodeex canis mites inha bit hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or apocrine sweat gla nds.
10. Prevention of new cases of mastitis depends on reducing exposure of uninfected cows to infected cows during milking.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico pa ra Medicina Veterinaria
El siguiente cuadro muestra, por su parte, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos también, cómo se forman los tiempos verbales llamados progressive en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa. PR ESENT PROGRESSIVE I am analyzing the data now. (Yo) estoy analizando los datos ahora. She (He, It) is testing the equipment right now. (Ella) está probando el equipo en este momento. We (They, You) are controlling the plague. (Nosotros) estamos controlando la plaga. SUJETO+AM, IS, ARE+ING What is he (she, it) preparing ? ¿Qué está preparando (él) What are you (we, they) doing there? ¿Qué estás haciendo (vos) ahí? What am I doing? ¿Qué estoy haciendo (yo)? AM, IS, ARE+SUBJECT+ING?
PAST PROGRESSIVE
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
She (He, It) was working when they arrived. (Ella) estaba trabajando cuando (ellos) llegaron.
I w ill be travelling by the time they arrive.
I, HE, SHE, IT+WAS+ I NG
Will you be waiting for us?
You, (We, They) were talk ing when the class started. (Vos) estabas conversando cuando la clase comenzó. YOU, W E, THEY+W ERE+VERB O+ -ING He was not (w asn’t) reading when the phone rang. (Él) no estaba leyendo cuando el teléfono sonó. I, HE, SHE, IT+W AS+N OT+ING They were not (weren’t) wat ching the students when the accident happened. (Ellos) no estaban observando a los estudiantes cuando ocurrió el accidente. YOU, W E, THEY+W ERE+N OT+ ING
I am not (‘m n ot) saying that. (Yo) no estoy diciendo eso. Why was she analyzing the samples, He is not (isn’t) looking at that instead of you, when I arrived? sample. ¿Por qué estaba ella analizando las muestras, (Él) no está mirando esa muestra. y no vos, cuando (yo) llegué? They are not (aren’t) recording it. WAS +I, HE, SHE, IT+ING? (Ellos) no están registrándolo. SUJETO+ AM, IS, What were you doing when they arrived? ARE+NOT+ING ¿Qué estabas haciendo cuando (ellos) llegaron? WERE+ YOU, WE THEY+ ING?
SUJETO+ WIL L BE+ ING
WILL+SUJETO+BE+ ING? They will not (w on’t) be listening to you by the time you finish the class. SUJETO+WI LL+NOT+BE+ ING CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE She would be studying here if she could. SUJETO+WOULD BE+I NG What would you be doing if you were in the Caribbean now? WOULD+SUJETO+BE+ING He would not (wouldn’t) be complaining if he knew the reason. SUJ.+WOULD N OT BE+ING
1. Encerrá con las frases verbales de los siguientes enunciados en tiemp os progressive o continuos. 2. Expresálas en español. Práctica Opcional: 3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del enunciado. 4. Escribí el infinitivo del verbo principal. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para familiarizarte con los infinitivos. 1. The cow is calving in the pen right now. 2. They are measuring the feed intake. 3. He was isolating the piglets w hen they arrived. 4. We w ere weighing the steers when the bull attacked us. 5. He w ill be examining the fecal samples tomorrow morning in the lab.
Tiempos Verbales
El siguiente y último cuadro muestra, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos, al igual que los anteriores, cómo se forman los tiempos verbales llamados perfect en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa. PRESENT P ERFECT I (You, We They) have already finished. (Yo) ya terminé. He (She, It) has already started. (Él) ya comenzó. VERBOS REGULARES: SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+ED I (You, We, They) have taken a decision. He tomado / Tomé una decisión. She (He, It) has brought this new idea for us to analyze. (Ella) ha traído / trajo esta nueva id ea para que nosotros la analicemos.
PAS T PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
They had collected the samples when it started to rain. (Ellos) habían juntado las muestras cuando comenzó a llover.
I will have finished by the time they arrive. (Yo) habré terminado para cuando (ellos) lleguen.
She had taken everything ou t before the building collapsed. (Ella) había sacado todo antes de que el edificio se viniera abajo.
SUJETO+WILL HAVE+PARTICIPI O
SUJETO+HAD+PARTICIPIO We had not (hadn’t) finished when they arrived. (Nosotros) no habíamos terminado cuando ellos llegaron.
VERBOS IRR EGULARES: SUJETO+HAD+NOT+PARTICIPIO SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+P ARTICIPI O: -ED O 3º COLUMNA) How many samples had you taken before we changed the method? She has not (hasn’t) finished yet. ¿Cuántas muestras habías tomado antes (Ella) no de que (nosotros) cambiáramos el método? They have not (haven’t) met. HAD+SUJETO+PARTICIPIO SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+NOT+PARTICIPIO PARTICIPIO: VERBOS R EGULARES: What have you used here? Where ha s DESINENCIA –ED she failed ? VERBOS IR REGULARES: 3º COLUMNA HAVE/ HAS+SUJETO+PARTICIPIO
They will not (w on’t) have finished the career by the time they get married. (Ellos) no habrán terminado la carrera para cuando se casen. SUJETO+WILL NOT+PARTICIPI O Will you have practiced enough when the date of the exam finally arrives? Habrás practicado lo suficiente para cuando llegue la fecha del examen? WILL+SUJETO+HAVE+PARTICIPIO
CONDITIONAL P ERFECT We would have understood if you had explained. SUJ.+WOULD HAVE+ PARTICIPI O The researcher would not (wouldn’t) have told you that if he had known the conditions. SUJ.+WOULD N OT HAVE+PART. How would you have reacted if you have been in the same situation? WOULD+SUJ.+HAVE+PARTICIPIO
1. Encerrá con las frases verbales de los siguientes enunciados en tiemp os perfect . 2. Expresálas en español. Práctica Opcional: 3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del enunciado. 4. Escribí el infinitivo del verbo principal. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para familiarizarte con los infinitivos. 1. The infected calves will have died by next Friday.
2. No scientist has established the origin of canine parvovirus.
3. Use of penicillin in mastitis therapy has led to problems of human health.
4. Variants of the parvovirus have appeared since the disease was first recognized.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico pa ra Medicina Veterinaria
5. Before the experim ent, these animals had received the regular herd concentrate.
6. Consumer confiden ce in the safety of food has become a priority issu e for all the people involved in the food supply chain.
7. Advances in analytical techniques have contributed to awareness and concern about toxic residues.
8. Dry cow therapy has been part of mastitis control since the 1970s and has been one point of the five point control plan.
9. Public concern over the presence of drug residues in edible products of food-producing animals has reached unprecedented heights.
10. Immunoassay technology has gained rapid acceptance in veterinary and human medicine owing to its high performance capabilities and versatility in applications.
11. Efforts to induce dairy farmers to make greater use of high-quality pastures and reduce their dependency on imported concentrates have met w ith little s uccess.
12. Certain count ries have banned the use of specific compounds, w hereas other countries on the base of scientific criteria have permitted the continued the use of similar products (e.g., growth promoters are banned in the European Community and permitt ed in the United States).
Tiempos Verbales
LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES ¿Cómo utilizarla? La columna INFINITIVE nos da el nombre del verbo, es decir el verbo sin conjugar en ningún tiempo verbal; de esta columna formamos el simple present agregándole “s” o “es” para las terceras personas del singular ( he, she, it ). La columna SIMPLE PAST nos informa acerca de los verbos irregulares en simple past (pretéritos perfecto e indefinido del español), y la forma que se presenta es la misma para todos los pronombres. No figuran aquí los verbos regulares, porque su simple past se forma agregando “ed” al infinitivo. La columna PAST PARTICIPLE nos informa acerca del pasado participio (terminación –ado -ido del español) de los verbos irregulares; una vez más, no figuran aquí los verbos regulares porque su pasado participio se forma agregando “ed” al infinitivo. Comúnmente se llama “primera columna” a la INFINITIVE, “segunda columna” a la SIMPLE PAST, y “tercera columna” a la PAST PARTICIPLE.
TRADUCCIÓN ser/estar: golpear: convertirse, volverse: comenzar: soplar, explotar: romper, estallar: traer: construir: quemar: comprar: atrapar, tomar: elegir, seleccionar: venir, llegar: cortar: hacer, realizar: dibujar, deslizar, atraer: beber: conducir, manejar: comer: caer: sentir: encontrar, hallar: volar: olvidar: conseguir, comprar, llegar: dar, otorgar: ir, dirijirse: crecer: tener, haber: oir: esconder, ocultar: golpear: sostener, mantener, llevarse a cabo herir, lastimar: mantener, guardar, seguir: saber, conocer: poner, colocar, recostar: llevar, conducir, liderar: aprender, enterarse: partir, dejar, abandonar: prestar:
INFINITIVE
SIMP LE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
be (am, is, are) beat become begin blow break bring build burn buy catch choose come cut do draw drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget get give go grow have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend
was/were beat became began blew broke brought built burnt bought caught chose came cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learnt left lent
been beaten become begun blown broken brought built burnt bought caught chosen come cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten gotten given gone grown had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learnt left lent
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico pa ra Medicina Veterinaria
dejar, permitir: yacer, recostarse: alumbrar, encender: perder, extraviar: hacer, realizar: significar, querer decir: encontrarse con, conocerse: equivocarse, errar: pagar, prestar (atención): poner: leer: llamar, sonar: elevarse, levantarse: correr, administrar: decir: ver: vender: enviar: sacudir: brillar: disparar: mostrar: cerrar: hundir: sentarse: dormir: oler: gastar: untar, esparcir: levantar: robar: golpear: nadar: tomar, llevar: enseñar: rasgar, romper: narrar, decir, contar: pensar, opinar: arrojar: entender, comprender: despertar: usar (ropa): ganar: escribir:
let lie light lose make mean meet mistake pay put read ring rise run say see sell send shake shine shoot show shut sink sit sleep smell spend spread stand steal strike swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write
let lay lit lost made meant met mistook paid put read rang rose ran said saw sold sent shook shone shot showed shut sank sat slept smelt spent spread stood stole stroke swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
let lain lit lost made meant met mistaken paid put read rung risen run said seen sold sent shaken shone shot shown shut sunk sit slept smelt spent spread stood stolen stricken swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood waken worn won written
Tiempos Verbales
Otros tiempos verbales:
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
SUJETO + TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + BEEN + VERBO + -ING The cat has been vomiting for the last three days. Hace tres días que el gato vomita. El gato ha estado vomitando por tres días.
TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + SUJETO + BEEN + VERBO + -ING How long have you been studying this subject?
¿Cuánto hace que estás estudiando este tema?
SUJETO + TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + NOT + BEEN + VERBO + -ING I haven’t been following the progress of this project work, to tell you the truth.
A decir verdad, no he estado siguiendo el progreso de este trabajo de campo.
BE + GOING TO + VERBO I NFINITIVO = futuro para ex presar planes e intención
They are going to build a new research hall over there.
Van a construir un nuevo pabellón de investigación allí. Are you going to start the test next month?
¿ Vas a comenzar la prueba el mes próximo? We are not going to write a new paper on this subject.
No vamos a escribir un nuevo paper sobre este tema. Cuadro resumen Tiempos Verbales:
