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I. Judul
Kata Pengantar Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan YME, atas segala rahmat dan karuniaNya sehingga kami dapat menyusun buku ini dengan lancar dan tanpa halangan suatu apapun. Buku Good for User TOEFL ini merupakan buku yang tepat untuk dijadikan pegangan dan pedoman dalam berlatih dan mempersiapkan diri untuk mengikuti test TOEFL. Anda dapat menghitung skor toefl sendiri. Buku ini berisi materi yang diujikan pada test TOEFL yang disusun secara ringkas dan sistematis yang dilengkapi dengan exercise dan pembahasan di setiap akhir materi. Selain itu pada bagian akhir buku ini juga diberikan tiga macam simulasi mulai dari Simulasi Listening, Simulasi Reading-Comprehension, Simulasi Structure beserta kunci serta pembahasan dengan menggunakan bantuan key word dan key problem. Dengan mempelajari buku ini diharapkan Anda dapat berlatih sungguh-sungguh, dan dapat memperoleh skor TOEFL yang tinggi sesuai dengan harapan.
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI 1. ABOUT TOEFL 7 3 Bentuk Tes TOEFL 7 Berapa Nilai TOEFL yang Anda Perlukan 8 Trik Menghadapi Tes TOEFL 9 Menghitung Skor TOEFL Sendiri 12 2. CONCORD 15 A. Pengertian 15 B. Unsur-unsur yang Harus Disesuaikan 15 Exercise 18 Pembahasan 21 3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE 25 A. Pengertian 25 B. Jenis-jenis Conditional Sentence 25 C. Susunan Conditional Sentence 25 Exercise 28 Pembahasan 31 4. TENSES 35 A. Pengertian 35 B. Pembagian dan Rumus Tenses 35 C. Kegunaan/Fungsi Tenses 36 D. Keterangan Waktu 38 E. Hubungan Tenses dengan Konjungsi Tertentu 39 Exercise 40 Pembahasan 43 5. INFINITIVE & GERUND 47 A. Pengertian 47 B. Penggunaan Infinitive 47 C. Penggunaan Gerund 48 Exercise 50 Pembahasan 53 6. ELLIPSIS 57 A. Pengertian 57 B. Pembentukan Kalimat Ellips 57
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Exercise 59 Pembahasan 62 7. DEGREE OF COMPARISON 65 A. Pengertian 65 B. Jenis Perbandingan 65 Exercise 67 Pembahasan 70 8. WORD ORDER 73 A. Pengertian 73 B. Susunan Noun Phrase 73 C. Susunan Adverb 75 Exercise 76 Pembahasan 79 9. MODAL 83 A. Pengertian 83 B. Macam-macam Modal 83 Exercise 86 Pembahasan 89 10. DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH 93 A. Pengertian 93 B. Macam-macam Bentuk Direct-Indirect Speech 93 Exercise 96 Pembahasan 99 11. PARTICIPLE 103 A. Pengertian 103 B. Jenis Participle 103 C. Gabungan Kalimat dengan Participle 104 Exercise 105 Pembahasan 108 12. PASSIVE VOICE 111 A. Pengertian 111 B. Pola Passive Voice 111 C. Menentukan Subyek Kalimat Pasif 113 Exercise 114 Pembahasan 117
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13. CONJUCTION 121 A. Pengertian 121 B. Macam-macam Conjuction 121 Exercise 124 Pembahasan 127 14. CAUSATIVE SENTENCE 131 A. Pengertian 131 B. Macam-macam Causative Sentence 131 Exercise 132 Pembahasan 135 15. SUBJUNCTIVE 139 A. Pengertian 139 B. Tipe Kalimat Subjunctive 139 Exercise 141 Pembahasan 144 16. DERIVATIVES 147 A. Pengertian 147 B. Macam-macam Jenis Kata 147 C.Langkah Mengetahui Jenis Kata dan Bentuknya 147 Exercise 149 Pembahasan 152 SIMULASI LISTENING 157 Kunci Simulasi Listening 166 SIMULASI READING-COMPREHENSION 181 Kunci Simulasi Reading-Comprehension 189 SIMULASI STRUCTURE 199 Written Exspression 201 Kunci Simulasi Structure 203 Kunci Written Expression 205
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ABOUT TOEFL
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TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) merupakan tes standar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing untuk menguji kemampuan seseorang dalam hal penguasaan bahasa Inggris. Tes TOEFL ini merupakan produk dari ETS (Educational Testing Service). Adapun kemampuan yang diujikan dalam tes model ini diantaranya meliputi kemampuan dalam memahami teks lisan (Listening Comprehension), kemampuan memahami struktur dan ungkapan model tulis (Structure and Written Expression) yang berkaitan dengan tata bahasa Inggris, kemampuan dalam memahami bacaan (Reading Comprehension) dan kemampuan menulis (Writing). Khusus tes writing, jenis tes ini jarang diujikan di Indonesia. TOEFL pertama kali diselenggarakan pada tahun 1963. Hingga saat ini, TOEFL diselenggarakan di 165 negara dan puluhan juta orang telah mengikuti tes tersebut. TOEFL mempunyai kedudukan yang sangat penting karena semua perguruan tinggi di luar negeri, terutama negara-negara berbahasa Inggris, menjadikan TOEFL sebagai salah satu syarat penerimaan mahasiswa.
3 Bentuk Tes TOEFL Pada awalnya, yaitu tahun 1960-an, tes TOEFL diselenggarakan dengan media kertas dan pensil, sehingga dinamakan PBT atau Paper-Based Testing. PBT memiliki rentang nilai berkisar 310 – 677 dengan total soal 150, dikerjakan dalam waktu 150 menit. Bentuknya adalah Listening Comprehension (50 soal), kemudian Structure&Written Expression (40 soal), dan Reading Comprehension (50 soal). Soal-soal tersebut dibuat dalam bentuk pilihan ganda. Kemudian, pada tahun 1990-an berkembang model CBT atau Computer-Based Testing. TOEFL CBT adalah model TOEFL yang memerlukan komputer sebagai alat bantu dalam. Tes ini memiliki rentang nilai berkisar antara 0-300 dan waktu pengerjaan selama 240 menit. Model dan standar soal dalam Computer-Based Testing tidaklah jauh erbeda dengan Paper-Based Testing. Dalam tes ini juga terdapat tiga bagian tes, yaitu (section): Section 1 – Listening Comprehension, Section 2 – Structure, dan Section 3 – Reading. Perbedaannya dengan PBT adalah dalam CBT terdapat soal esai yang menguji kemampuan mengarang berbahasa Inggris dan menjodohkan kata tertentu yang memiliki kaitan dengan ide pokok suatu bacaan serta tersedianya video dalam Listening Comprehension sehingga Anda dapat lebih memahami arah pembicaraan dan mudah menjawab pertanyaan.
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Terakhir, pada akhir tahun 2005, dikembangkan model iBT atau internet-Based Testing dengan rentang nilai berkisar 0-120. Tes ini dikembangakan sejalan dengan perkembangan internet yang begitu pesat. TOEFL iBT terdiri dari 36 soal reading, 34 soal listening, 6 soal speaking, 2 soal writing dan memiliki durasi pengerjaan selama 190 menit. TOEFL ada dua macam, yakni International TOEFL dan Institutional TOEFL. International TOEFL diselenggarakan oleh Kantor TOEFL di Amerika, dengan menunjuk badan-badan khusus yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Saat ini, soal-soal International TOEFL yang diselenggarakan di ibu kota negara sudah menggunakan sistem komputer, namun di kota-kota lain masih menggunakan sistem kertas dan pensil. Sedangkan Institutional TOEFL diselenggarakan oleh perguruan tinggi atau lembaga bahasa Inggris terkemuka. Model soal yuang diujikan mengacu soal-soal dari International TOEFL. Institutional TOEFL juga masih menggunakan sistem kertas dan pensil. Walaupun soal-soalnya sama, namun hasil tes Institutional TOEFL tidak diakui secara internasional. Sebaiknya sebelum memutuskan mengikuti International TOEFL, pastikan dulu pada pihak universitas atau pemberi beasiswa apakah mereka menerima Institutional TOEFL. Jika ternyata mereka menerima Institutional TOEFL, lebih baik Anda mengambil Institutional TOEFL karena biayanya jauh lebih murah, yaitu kisaran hanya 25 dollar Amerika. Sedangkan biaya mengikuti tes International TOEFL sebesar 130 dollar Amerika.
Berapa nilai TOEFL yang Anda perlukan? Pada prinsipnya, jumlah skor TOEFL yang dibutuhkan sangat tergantung pada universitas, institut, lembaga, atau perusahaan yang akan menerimanya sebagai pengguna. Ini juga tergantung apa tujuan Anda mengikuti tes TOEFL. Untuk program pascasarjana, beberapa universitas dan institut di dalam negeri mematok skor antara 400, 425, 450, atau 500 untuk dapat lolos seleksi Program S2 dan 500, 550 atau bahkan 600 untuk lolos Program S3. Atau mungkin untuk keperluan tes CPNS. Rata-rata untuk syarat administrasi, disyaratkan Anda harus memiliki skor minimal 425. Sementara untuk promosi atau kenaikan jabatan biasanya skor minimal yang dipersyaratkan 450-550. Untuk keperluan mengikuti sidang skripsi, skor minimal yang diperlukan tergantung pada kebijakan dan kebutuhan institusi atau universitas yang bersangkutan. Misal, di sebuah universitas swasta di Yogyakarta mematok nilai minimal 425 bagi mahasiswa nonjurusan Bahasa Inggris agar ia dapat mengikuti sidang skripsi S1. Sedangkan untuk jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, universitas tersebut mematok nilai minimal 475. Adapun, untuk lolos studi ke luar negeri, skor TOEFL yang dipersyaratkan minimal 500, 550 atau bahkan 600. Skor yang dipersyaratkan berbeda-beda antara universitas satu dengan yang lain. Untuk memperoleh beasiswa kuliah di Australia pada tahun 2008/2009 harus memiliki nilai TOEFL minimal 500.
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Trik Menghadapi Tes TOEFL Apa yang harus Anda lakukan dalam menghadapi tes TOEFL? Ada beberapa hal yang harus Anda ketahui dalam menghadapi tes TOEFL, yakni: Jauh hari sebelum Anda menjalani tes, jika tidak mengikuti program TOEFL Preparation di satu tempat kursus, sebaiknya Anda perdalam lagi secara autodidak kemampuan Anda dalam Grammar, Vocabulary dan bentuk-bentuk Functional Expression (suggestion, surprise, agreement, uncertainty, etc.). Selain itu, latihlah kemampuan telinga Anda untuk mendengar. Sering-seringlah mendengar percakapan dalam Bahasa Inggris agar telinga menjadi terbiasa dan otak pun terlatih untuk Think In English. Terkadang sulit untuk menyimpulkan percakapan bahasa Inggris dalam sekali dengar, terlebih jikalau memuat percakapan yang panjang. Tes TOEFL bisa dikatakan sukar. Di sana terdapat banyak soal yang mengecoh. Selain itu, waktu yang tersedia sangat pendek. Dalam waktu 130 menit harus mengerjakan 140 soal dan mengerjakan esai 300 kata dalam waktu 30 menit. Untuk ujian listening, peserta ujian harus mengerahkan konsentrasi karena percakapannya sangat cepat, sering tidak jelas, dan hanya diputar satu kali. Pemahaman Anda tentang tata bahasa Inggris akan sangat berperan. Hati-hati dengan tipe soal penjebak. Penulis tes TOEFL sering kali menggunakan pengecoh (distractor) yang membuat jawaban salah menjadi kelihatan benar. Karena itu, Anda harus berusaha memahami soal beserta pilihan jawabannya dengan cermat. Jangan sampai Anda terjebak oleh pengecoh (distractor) dalam soal. Secara umum, biasanya tes TOEFL memuat materi-materi yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal ilmiah, pendidikan, ilmu pengetahuan dan hal-hal nyata yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Sehingga bagi Anda yang memiliki pengalaman atau pengetahuan mengenai kebiasaan dan gaya hidup native speakers sehari-hari sedikit banyak akan diuntungkan. Topik pembicaraan dalam soal TOEFL biasanya didasarkan pada sejarah Amerika Serikat atau negara lain tempat Bahasa Inggris digunakan dan lingkungan sosialnya. Karena itu, orang yang telah memahami tentang sejarah Amerika dan lingkungan di sana akan lebih diuntungkan. Soal-soal TOEFL tidak akan menggunakan permasalahan-permasalahan kontroversial yang berkaitan dengan soal agama, kematian, perbedaan politik, perselisihan sejarah, kejahatan dan topik-topik yang berhubungan dengan masalah etnis. Perhatikan baik-baik prosedur pelaksanaan tes. Pastikan Anda cukup memahami apa yang harus dilakukan di setiap bagian (section), seberapa panjang dan spesifik tipe-tipe pertanyaan yang disajikan. Ada banyak sumber tersedia yang dapat membantu Anda berlatih. Pahami perintahnya dengan baik. Dari tahun ke tahun, perintah yang ada dalam soal-soal TOEFL selalu sama. Jadi hal ini bisa dipelajari sebelum mengikuti tes. Dengan begitu, tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membaca perintah soal.
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Belajarlah secara berpasangan atau tim sehingga dimungkinkan Anda mendapat ide-ide segar yang belum Anda ketahui dari mereka. Carilah bantuan atau arahan dari para guru, teman, dan native speakers. Jangan menyia-nyiakan kesempatan. Jika Anda tidak mengetahui dimana tes TOEFL diselenggarakan, berusahalah untuk mencari tahu sebelum tes berlangsung. Pastikan semua yang Anda butuhkan dalam tes sudah Anda persiapkan dan dibawa di pagi harinya, misalnya formulir pendaftaran, kartu identitas, nomor tes, pena, pensil, dan penghapus. Cek artikel-artikel apa saja yang Anda perlukan berkaitan dengan tes. Aktifkan alarm Anda pada malam sebelum tes. TOEFL test sangat menguras pikiran dan energi. Oleh karena itu, kita harus menghemat energi kita dan berusaha serileks mungkin ketika mengerjakan soal-soal tes walaupun waktunya sangat sempit. Pastikan Anda memiliki cukup waktu untuk tidur, sarapan dan minum. Makan sarapan yang baik. Jangan makan makanan yang akan mengganggu aktifitas pagi itu, misalnya terlalu pedas atau asam. Jika diperlukan, bawalah beberapa makanan ringan atau minuman yang dapat Anda santap bila diberikan waktu istirahat. Namun jangan membawa makanan dan minuman tersebut dalam ruang tes apalagi menyantapnya. Pakailah jam tangan agar Anda dapat mengatur waktu pengerjaan tes. Datanglah di tempat tes sebelum waktu tes dimulai, pastikan masih ada waktu untuk melakukan regristasi ulang dan menunjukkan identitas diri sebelum memasuki ruang tes. Jangan sampai terlambat tiba di tempat tes. Berusahalah untuk tetap fokus. Tujuannya adalah agar Anda dapat memberikan yang terbaik dan mencapai nilai atau level maksimum. Pastikan ruang tes harus nyaman, pencahayaannya serta suhu ruangan harus sesuai. Sebab jika Anda merasa tidak nyaman, itu dapat mengganggu dalam mengerjakan tes. Bila masih ada waktu, Anda dapat meminta seseorang untuk bertukar tempat duduk dengan Anda. Pastikan Anda memilih satu jawaban paling tepat dengan jalan menghitamkan pilihan jawaban yang tersedia di lembar jawab, sampai benar-benar hitam. Jika jawaban salah dan Anda ingin menggantinya, pastikan Anda telah menghapus jawaban sebelumnya dengan bersih. Jawablah semua soal, jangan sampai ada satu nomor pun yang Anda biarkan kosong (tidak diisi), karena TIDAK ADA pengurangan skor jika jawaban salah. Pilihlah pertanyaan yang mudah dulu. Jangan buang waktu untuk mengerjakan soal yang sulit. Biasanya, soal-soal TOEFL bertingkat, dari mudah ke sulit. Namun untuk jawabannya, tidak ada model yang pasti.Jangan cemas dan kerjakan soal dengan tenang atau santai, tetapi tetap konsentrasi. Ketika mengerjakan bagian soal Structure dan Written Expression, kita akan sering
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menemukan soal dimana kita harus mencari “kata” yang tidak tepat atau salah. Beberapa kata digaris-bawahi, dan akan membuat kita bingung untuk menentukan dimana kesalahan yang terjadi. Ada pula soal pilihan ganda, dimana kita diminta untuk mengisi area yang kosong pada soal tersebut. Salah satu kunci ampuh untuk mengatasinya adalah kita hanya cukup mengenali apakah kalimat soal tersebut sudah memiliki Subject dan Verb! Sebagai contoh, dalam soal kita temukan satu kalimat belum memiliki Subject, maka pada pilihan ganda, kita tinggal mencari jawaban yang mengandung Verb. Begitu juga sebaliknya. Dan jika kalimatnya sudah lengkap, maka yang harus kita cari hanyalah pelengkap dari Subject atau Verb itu sendiri. Metode ini bisa diterapkan pada soal di mana ada beberapa kata yang digaris-bawahi untuk menjebak kita. Yang perlu diperhatikan hanya kata yang digaris-bawahi, dengan menghubungkannya dengan kata sebelumnya atau sesudahnya. Kemudian untuk Reading Comprehension, tidak semua jawaban diletakkan di akhir teks reading. Jangan membuang waktu terlalu lama untuk membaca cerita. Konsentrasilah pada pertanyaan dan pilihan gandanya. Yang bisa Anda lakukan, baca pilihan ganda yang disediakan lalu coba cocokkan data tersebut dengan yang ada di soal cerita; atau latihlah untuk membaca cepat (scanning) soal cerita. Ketika mengerjakan soal Listening Comprehension, jika Anda tidak tahu jawabannya, sebaiknya tetap menjawab dengan jalan menebaknya dan jangan terpaku terlalu lama memikirkan jawaban soal itu. INGAT, jawaban salah tidak mengurangi skor. Pada saat tes listening berlangsung, konsentrasikan pikiran Anda hanya pada si narrator dan lembar soal, jangan sampai Anda melewatkan kesempatan untuk mendengar pembicaraan si narrator, karena ini bisa mengganggu konsentrasi orang lain. Terdapat tiga bagian dalam Listening Comprehension. Pada bagian pertama, setelah Anda mendengar percakapan, langsung fokuslah pada pembicara ke dua. “Biasanya jawabannya ada pada pembicara ke dua. Perhatikan dengan cermat struktur kalimat dan ekspresi dari pembicara. Misalnya setuju, terkejut, tidak pasti, menyarankan, dan sebagainya. Pada bagian kedua, ide dari percakapan tersebut ada di kalimat pertama. Maka, fokuskan pendengaran pada kalimat pertama karena. Buatlah kesimpulan tentang situasi dan keadaan di mana percakapan itu terjadi. Misalnya kapan, di mana, dan siapa. Dan untuk bagian ketiga, bacalah dulu keempat jawaban dari masing-masing soal, lalu pilihlah jawaban yang cocok dengan percakapan. Adapun pada soal yang khusus menguji kemampuan kita dalam hal penguasaan tata bahasa, mulailah mengerjakan soal yang mudah, yakni nomor 1-15. Setelah itu baru nomor 16-40. Pilihlah dua jawaban yang paling mungkin, lalu pelajarilah. Jika masih tidak tahu mana jawaban yang benar, tetaplah menjawab. Jika masih ada waktu, periksalah nomor-nomor akhir karena itu yang sulit. Gunakanlah pengetahuan Bahasa Inggris dan TOEFL Anda sehingga dapat mengerjakan semua soal TOEFL. Lakukan tes dengan jujur dan jangan coba-coba MENYONTEK, karena ini akan berakibat fatal.
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Menghitung Skor TOEFL Sendiri Ada banyak buku yang bisa Anda gunakan bersimulasi sebelum mengerjakan tes TOEFL yang sebenarnya. Dari simulasi ini, Anda bisa memprediksi skor TOEFL Anda. Cara mengetahuinya sebagai berikut:
TABEL KONVERSI NILAI TOEFL SKOR PER SEKSI KONVERSI SKOR PER SECTION
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SECTION I
SECTION II
SECTION III
50
68
67
49
66
66
48
64
65
47
63
63
46
62
61
45
61
60
44
60
59
43
59
58
42
58
57
41
57
56
40
56
67
55
39
56
66
54
38
55
64
53
37
54
63
52
36
53
61
51
35
52
59
50
34
52
58
49
33
51
57
49
32
50
55
48
31
50
54
48
30
49
53
47
29
49
52
47
28
48
51
46
27
48
50
45
26
47
49
45
25
46
48
44
24
46
47
43
23
45
46
42
22
44
45
41
21
44
44
41
20
43
43
40
19
43
42
39
18
42
41
38
17
41
40
37
16
41
39
36
15
40
38
35
14
39
37
34
13
38
36
33
12
37
35
32
11
36
34
31
10
34
33
30
9
33
32
29
8
32
30
28
7
31
29
28
6
30
28
27
5
29
26
26
4
28
25
25
3
27
24
24
2
26
22
23
1
25
20
22
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Contoh: Menghitung Skor TOEFL Anda. (Jika jawaban Anda yang benar adalah:)
JUMLAH SOAL
JUMLAH JAWABAN BENAR
Section I: Listening Comprehension
60
41
Section II: Structure and Written Expression
40
30
Section III: Reading Comprehension
50
40
SOAL TOEFL
JUMLAH SOAL
150
Gunakan Tabel di atas untuk menghitung Skor TOEFL Anda, misalnya sebagai berikut:
Jika jawaban Anda yang benar pada
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Kemudian jawaban Anda yang benar dikonversikan dengan skor pada tabel di atas diperoleh
Section 1 :
42
58
Section 2 :
35
55
Section 3 :
44
59
Jumlah skor setelah dikonversi
172
Dikalikan 10
1720 kemudian dibagi 3
Hasilnya =
573 (SKOR TOEFL ANDA)
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CONCORD A
PENGERTIAN
Concord atau agreement adalah penyesuaian unsur-unsur penyusun suatu kalimat sesuai dengan aturan baku dalam bahasa Inggris.
B UNSUR-UNSUR YANG HARUS DISESUAIKAN 1. Kesesuaian Tenses Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, kata kerja harus disesuaikan dengan bentuk waktu dan jenis kegiatan. Hal ini dibahas lebih jelas pada bab tenses.
2. Kesesuaian antara subyek dengan kata bantu dan kata kerja Predikat Kata kerja (present)
Kata bantu
Subyek To be
To do (present)
To have (present)
I
Am, was
Do
Have
V1
tunggal
he she it
Is, was
Does
has
V1 + -s/-es
jamak
we You they
Are, were
Do
have
V1
Contoh: I do not want anything from you. He is a very nice person. The bird flies to the sky.
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3. Kesesuaian antara kata ganti orang personal pronoun
kata ganti orang pertama
nominative
objective
tunggal
I
me
my
mine
myself
jamak
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
tunggal kata ganti orang kedua jamak tunggal kata ganti orang ketiga jamak
possessive possessive dependent independent
reflexive
yourself yourselves
Contoh: We see ourselves in the mirror. You have to do your work by yourselves.
4. Kesesuaian kata benda dengan atributnya Berdasarkan penghitungannya, kata benda (noun) dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu countable noun (kata benda bisa dihitung), dan uncountable noun (kata benda tidak bisa dihitung). Contoh benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun) misalnya: books, fans, doors, dan students. Sementara uncountable noun meliputi benda-benda seperti pada tabel di bawah ini: Contoh kata benda sejenis
Clothing, food, jewelry, machinery, money, furniture
Benda cair
Water, tea, milk, oil, soup, blood, coffee
Benda padat
Ice, bread, silver, wood, paper, silk
Benda gas
Oxygen, air, smoke, nitrogen
Benda yang berupa partikel kecil
Rice, dust, grass, hair, salt, sugar, sand, flour
Benda abstrak
Beauty, advice, information, education, time, energy, peace, patience, silence, luck, music, happiness
Bahasa, bidang studi, dan cabang Arabic, English, German, mathematics, politics, psyolah raga atau games. chology, literature, athletics, soccer, tennis, billiards. Fenomena alam
Weather, climate, rain, wind, sunshine, dew, thunder
Kata benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun) dibedakan lagi menjadi kata benda tunggal (singular) dan kata benda jamak (plural). Contoh: I have a good novel (singular). She buys many novels (plural).
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Dalam bahasa inggris terdapat benda-benda yang selalu dianggap tunggal maupun bendabenda yang selalu dianggap jamak. Perhatikan tabel berikut! Benda yang selalu dianggap tunggal
Benda yang selalu dianggap jamak
a) Everybody, everyone, nobody, nothing, anyone (tetapi bisa menggunakan kata ganti jamak). b) Benda jamak yang diawali Either of … dan neither of … c) Ukuran jarak, waktu, dan uang d) Judul buku, cerita, film, lagu, puisi dsb e) Beberapa benda yang merupakan kesatuan, misalnya coffee with milk (tidak berlaku untuk coffee and milk). f) Kata benda yang diawali the number of...
a) benda-benda yang umumnya selalu berpasangan, misalnya: jeans, glasses, scissors, shoes, pajamas, dsb. b) Kata benda yang disatukan oleh both of dan both … and … c) Kata benda yang diawali a number of d) Kata benda yang dihubungkan dengan either … or …, neither… nor …, dan not only … but also …
Contoh: Everybody has to come puntually. Those shoes are very beautiful. Disamping itu, terdapat pula Kata benda yang bisa bermakna tunggal maupun jamak, yaitu:
a) Other bisa bermakna tunggal ataupun jamak dengan ketentuan seperti pada tabel di bawah ini: Another/another… the other/the other…
tunggal
Others/other… the others/ the other…
Contoh:
Jamak
Menyatakan satu hal lain yang belum jelas Menyatakan satu hal hal lain yang sudah jelas Menyatakan beberapa atau kumpulan hal lain yang belum jelas Menyatakan beberapa atau kumpulan hal lain yang sudah jelas
I don’t want this book, please give me another. Some student are in the yard, while the others are keep staying in the class.
b) Kumpulan atau kelompok orang yang berkedudukan sama, misalnya: family, staff, group, crew, couple. Yang mengacu pada kesatuan kelompok bermakna tunggal sementara yang mengacu pada anggota kelompok bermakna jamak. Contoh: Sure I will help you because we are a family. The family is building their new house.
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Kata benda tunggal tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa didahului oleh artikel atau modifier, sementara kata benda jamak dan kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa adanya atribut-atribut tersebut. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini untuk mengetahui kesesuaian antara artikel dengan kata bendanya! Article untuk Countable noun Article untuk Uncountable Noun (kata benda bisa dihitung) (kata benda tidak bisa dihitung) Tunggal a/an, the, every, each, all of, one, the, all of, the, some, much, little, a this, that lot of, all of, this, that Jamak
the, some, many, few, a lot of, all of, one/two/three… , these, those
Contoh: I need little water to drink. These people will go to the beach together. An old man told me how to reach this place
EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. The people __ exited about the news. A. Is B. Was C. were D. Is not 2. The committee has begun _______ meeting. A. Their B. His C. Ours D. Its 3. Thomas Alfa Edison invented ________ A. Electric lights B. The electric lights C. An electric light D. Electric light
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4. _____ of human resources is interviewing applicants. A. Director B. The director C. A director D. Directors 5. Each of the participants ____ an invitation. A. Having B. Have C. Has D. Being having 6. Producing fine painting ____ skill and creativity. A. Require B. They require C. Is require D. Requires 7. In the view of the lecturers, it is essential that discipline ___ maintained in the classroom. A. Be B. Is to be C. Is D. Was 8. These are just a few of the many norms that every member of the society ________ expected to follow. A. Is B. Was C. Are D. Were 9. The best diamonds are transparent and colorless, but they actually _________ in color from clear to black. A. Ranged B. Have been ranging C. Range D. Are ranging 10. As an economic system, _______ depends on individual initiative. A. Capitalism B. A capitalism C. Capitalism that D. The capitalism 11. Due to the monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs _______ at the moment. A. Increase B. Is increasing
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C. Was increased E. Will increase 12. ’I have forgotten y pen again.’ ‘Well, you can use one of ______’. A. Me B. Myself C. My D. Mine 13. Neither of these schools ______ for our pilot project. A. Meets the requirements C. They meet the requirements D. Meeting the requirements E. Meet the requirement 14. Some people like reading history books, ______ prefer reading novels. A. The othe B. Others C. Theothers D. Another 15. I like playing billiards. Billiards ______ an interesting game. A. Is B. Are C. Were D. Has been EXERCISE 2 16. All of my time are spent in the library. A B C D 17. A number of students is complaining about the test. A B C D 18. Not every gold comes from South Africa, although most of the world’s supply does originate there.
A
B
C
19. That calcium is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth. A B C D 20. A tropical weather causes certain molds and fungi to multiply very rapidly. A B C D
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D
PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: C The people __ exited about the news. People adalah bentuk jamak dari person. Maka tobe yang dipakai adalah were. 2. Kunci Jawaban: A The committee has begun _______ meeting. Commitee yang mengacu pada kumpulan atau kelompok orang yang berkedudukan sama dianggap jamak sehingga kata ganti yang tepat adalah their. 3. Kunci Jawaban: D Light merupakan uncountable noun sehingga tidak memiliki bentuk jamak dan tidak mungkin memiliki artikel a. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah electric light. 4. Kunci Jawaban: B Director merupakan countable noun sehingga bentuk singularnya harus memiliki artikel. Karena director yang dibicarakan sudah jelas, yaitu director of human resources, maka artikel yang digunakan adalah the. 5. Kunci Jawaban: C
Each of the participants ____ an invitation.
Kata benda yang di awali each merupakan kata benda singular, maka bentuk kata kerja yang sesuai adalah has.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D
Producing fine painting ____ skill and creativity.
Bentuk gerund merupakan kata benda abstrak sehingga merupakan uncountable noun. Maka kata kerja yang tepat untuk pernyataan umum seperti pada soal adalah requires.
7. Kunci Jawaban: C It is essential that discipline ___ maintained in the classroom.
Klausa setelah that merupakan pernyataan umum dengan subyek berupa kata benda abstrak. Maka to be yang digunakan adalah is.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: A These are just a few of the many norms that every member of the society ______expected to follow.
Klausa setelah that merupakan pernyataan umum dengan subyek tunggal (karena diawali every). Maka to be yang digunakan adalah is.
9. Kunci Jawaban: C
The best diamonds are transparent and colorless, but they actually _________ in color from clear to black.
Kalimat diatas merupakan pernyataan umum. Kata kerja yang tepat untuk subyek they adalah kata kerja bentuk pertama, yaitu range.
10. Kunci Jawaban: A
As an economic system, _______ depends on individual initiative.
Kalimat tersebut membutuhkan subyek. Capitalism merupakan uncountable noun sehingga tidak mungkin diawali article a. Kata ini menunjuk pada suatu paham atau ideology yang tidak membutuhkan the.
11. Kunci Jawaban: B
Due to the monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs _______ at the momment.
Subyek diawali the number of sehingga dianggap tunggal. Keterangan waktu at the momment menunjukkan bahwa tenses yang dipakai adalah present continuous tense.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
’I have forgotten my pen again.’ ‘Well, you can use one of ______’.
Kata ganti yang tepat untuk melengkapi percakapan ini adalah possessive independent, yaitu mine. A. Me B. Myself
C. My D. Mine
13. Kunci Jawaban: A
Neither of these schools ______ for our pilot project.
Benda jamak yang diawali neither of … dianggap tunggal, maka jawaban yang tepat harus diawali kata kerja bentuk pertama yang mendapat tambahan –s.
14. Kunci Jawaban: C
Some people like reading history books, ______ prefer reading novels.
Kalimat ini hanya membandingkan dua kelompok. Maka jika dikatakan seklompok orang menyukai buku sejarah, maka sudah jelas bahwa kelompok yang menyukai membaca novel
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adalah kelompok selain penyuka buku sejarah. Untuk menyatakan beberapa atau kumpulan hal lain yang sudah jelas digunakan the others. 15. Kunci Jawaban: A
Billiards merupakan uncountable noun. Makato be yang tepat untuk pernyataan umum seperti pada soal adalah is.
EXERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: B
All of my time are spent in the library.
Time merupakan benda abstrak (uncountable noun) sehingga tobe yang tepat seharusnya is. 17. Kunci Jawaban: B
A number of students is complaining about the test.
Kata benda yang diawali a number of selalu bermakna jamak sehingga to be yang digunakan seharusnya adalah are.
18. Kunci Jawaban: A Every digunakan untuk countable noun yang tunggal, sementara gold adalah benda padat yang digolongkan ke dalam uncountable noun. 19. Kunci Jawaban: A
Klausa yang diawali oleh that merupakan klausa yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri, karena itu lah keberadaan that pada kalimat soal tersebut rancu.
20. Kunci Jawaban: A Weather merupakan fenomena alam yang termasuk uncountable noun. Maka penggunaan artikel a tidak tepat.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCE A
3
PENGERTIAN
Kalimat conditional merupakan kalimat yang berisi pengandaian atau serang juga disebut kalimat bersyarat dimana suatu kejadian akan terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi.
B
JENIS-JENIS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Dalam kalimat conditional terdapat dua klausa, yaitu: main clause dan if clause dimana susunan kedua klausa ini tidak mempengaruhi arti. Kalimat yang menyatakan fakta dari pengandaian ini harus berlawanan dengan kalimat pengandaiannya. Jika kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat affirmative, maka faktanya berupa kalimat negative dan sebaliknya (kecuali untuk tipe I). Contoh : if you didn’t wake me up, I would be late. Faktanya : You wake me up, so I am not late. I am not because you wake me up. Conditional sentence dibagi menjadi tiga tipe seperti berikut: a. Tipe I (future) Kalimat conditional tipe pertama ini mengacu pada peristiwa di masa depan (future) sehingga kenyataan atau fakta dari pernyataan ini masih berupa kemungkinan yang bisa terjadi dan bisa juga tidak terjadi. Pola conditional sentence tipe tipe pertama ini adalah sebagai berikut:
If + simple present tense, future tense Contoh: If Boby meets Nana, he will be happy (jika Boby bertemu Nana, dia akan senang) Fakta dari kalimat diatas tergantung pada pemenuhan syaratnya. Boby bisa senang tapi bisa juga tidak, tergantung dia bertemu Nana atau tidak.
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Catatan: 1) Conditional sentence tipe I sebenarnya merujuk pada masa depan (future) sehingga keterangan waktu yang dipakai adalah keterangan waktu untuk future. Contoh : If she comes tomorrow, I will be at home. Fakta : May be I will be at home, may be I will not. 2) Main clause dapat berbentuk present tense sehingga rumusnya: If + simple present tense, present tense. Contoh : If Diana wants, she can come everytime. Fakta : she comes or not depends on she wants or not. b. Tipe II (present) Kalimat conditional tipe II merupakan kalimat pengandaian untuk masa sekarang dimana kalimat ini bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang terjadi pada masa sekarang (present). Maka kenyataan atau fakta dalam bentuk Present Tense.
If + simple past tense, past future tense Contoh: If I had my own motorbike, I would go there my self. Fakta : I don’t have my own motorbike, so I don’t go there my self → fakta dalam bentuk present tense. They would not be angry if you don’t cheat them. Fakta : They are angry because you cheat them → fakta dalam bentuk present tense. Catatan: 1) Conditional sentence tipe II sebenarnya merujuk pada masa sekarang (present) sehingga keterangan waktu yang dipakai adalah keterangan waktu untuk present. Contoh : If I had money now, I would buy more things. Fakta : I don’t have money now, so I don’t buy more things. 2) Dalam conditional sentence tipe II ini, modal seperti could, might, dan should bisa dipakai dalam main clause sebagai pengganti modal would. Contoh : If I wanted, I could force him to come now. Fakta : I don’t want, so I don’t force him to come now. 3) To be yang digunakan dalam tipe ini adalah were, walaupun kalimat bersubyek tunggal (he, she, it dan I). Contoh : If I were you, I would stay in my room in this cold weather. Fakta : I don’t stay in my room because I am not you.
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c. Tipe III (past) Kalimat conditional tipe III merupakan kalimat pengandaian untuk masa lalu dimana kalimat ini bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang terjadi pada masa lalu (past). Maka kenyataan atau fakta pun harus dalam bentuk Past Tense.
If + past perfect tense, past future perfect tense Contoh: If I had chosen the right one, I would not have regretted it. Fakta : I didn’t choose the right one, so I regretted it → fakta dalam bentuk pasttense. If Aat had realized how hurt it was for me, He would have said sorry. Fakta : Aat didn’t realize how hurt it was for me, so he didn’t say sorry → fakta dalam bentuk past tense.
C
SUSUNAN CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TANPA IF
Conditional sentence tipe II dengan if clause mengandung to be were dan conditional sentence tipe III bisa disusun dengan bentuk susun balik atau inversi. Maka if clause-nya akan berbentuk seperti di bawah ini :
Tipe II -> Were + S + Complement Tipe II -> had + S + V3 Contoh: If I were a princess, I could get everything
→ were I princess, I could get everything.
If I had got tallent in singing, I would have become a famous singer →had I got tallent in singing, I would have become a famous singer.
Catatan:
If dalam kalimat pengandaian dapat diganti dengan kata lain yang maknanya setara, seperti: unless (kecuali jika), in condition that (dengan syarat bahwa), provided that (asalkan), otherwise (jika tidak), dan in case (jika).
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EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. They did not have good seats because they came late.
A. If they came early, they would have good seats B. If they had come early, they would have had good seats C. They would have had good seats if they had not come late D. They would not have good seats if they had come
2. We would not have lost our bag if we ___ it in the hotel.
A. Left B. Have left C. Had left D. Would have left
3. ‘You didn’t forget your appointment, did you?’ ‘__________, I might have forgotten it.’
A. If Tom hadn’t reminded me B. If Tom didn’t remind me C. When Tom didn’t remind me D. Even if Tom reminded me
4. If the company ___ me more I would not quit my job.
A. Has paid B. Paid C. Will pay D. Will have pay
5. “Did Paul get his work done?” “He ___ if his computer had not broken down.”
A. Could B. Could have C. Could not have D. Could not
6. What if your father asks you about the scratch on his new car?’ ‘I ______ that it’s my fault.’
A. Simply told him B. Will simply tell him C. Would simply tell him D. Would simply have told him
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7. If___, _____the TV serials more often.
A. I had more time, I can watch B. I had more time, I could watch C. I have more time, I could have watch D. I have more time, I could watch
8. “What ___________ if you were an astronaut?”
A. Do you do B. Will you do C. are you doing D. Would you do
9. If the mechanics had done his work properly, you ______ no problem with your car yesterday.
A. Would have had B. Have had C. Would have D. Had had
10. If you ___ I shall be very angry. A. Weren’t go B. Don ’t go C. Haven’t been going D. Didn’t go 11. If I_____.
A. Know your phone number, I would call you B. Have known your phone number, I would call you C. Have known your phone number, I would have call you D. Had known your phone number, I would have called you
12. A : Do you think it was Danu broke Vindi’s bike B : ____ I’m sure he would have told you.
A. If he broke it B. Unless he had broke it C. Unless he broke it D. If he had broken it
13. ‘If I had known that you were in Bandung, I would have shown you some interesting places.’ ‘_____.’
A. Thank you for showing me around Bandung B. I’m sorry, I didn’t have time to write youbefore I left for Bandung C. That’s good idea. I haven’t had time to go around Bandung D. Yes, it was such an interesting trip
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14. Mrs. Efi ________ if she had been delayed.
A. Would call B. Would have called C. Will call D. Will be calling
15. If she had spare time, she would join us, means_____
A. She did not have spare time B. She has spare time C. She does not have spare time D. She did not join us
EXERCISE 2 16. If I was you, I’d just go for dessert. A B C D 17. Had he been hungry he would have been eaten half of the cake.
A
B
C
D
18. If you told me about your urgent appointment with the doctor, I could have lent you my car. A B C D 19. If he had handed in the application he would be allowed to join the interview test last week. A B C D 20. If he could have been confident during the interview, he might have got the job he wanted. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: A They did not have good seats because they came late (past tense).
Kalimat di atas merupakan fakta dalam bentuk past tense maka conditionalnya adalah tipe III dengan pola: past future perfect (S + would + have + V3) + If + past perfect (S + had + V3). Ingat bahwa conditional harus berlawanan makna sehingga pengandaiannya adalah: They would have good seats if they had not come late.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C We would not have lost our bag if we ___ it in the hotel.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola: S + would have + V3, if + S + had V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah had left.
3. Kunci Jawaban: A
__________, I might have forgotten it.
Might bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan would. Jadi Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola III conditional: if + S + had V3, S + would have + V3. Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah If Tom hadn’t reminded me. 4. Kunci Jawaban: B
If the company ___ me more I would not quit my job.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola II conditional: if + S + V2, S + would + V1. Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah paid.
5. Kunci Jawaban: B
He ___ if his computer had not broken down.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola III conditional: S + would have + V3, if + S + had V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah could have.
6. Kunci Jawaban: B If my father asks me about the scratch on his new car, I ______ that it’s my fault.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola I conditional: if + S + V1, S + will + V1. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah will simply tell him.
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7. Kunci Jawaban: B
Diantara pilihan jawaban, yang memenuhi pola conditional sentence adalah I had more time, I could watch, yaitu sesuai dengan pola conditional sentence bentuk II.
8. Kunci Jawaban: D
What ___________ if you were an astronaut?
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola II conditional sentence yang berupa WH question: wh-question + would + S + V1, if + S + V2. Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah would you do.
9. Kunci Jawaban: A If the mechanics had done his work properly, you ______ no problem with your car yesterday.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola II conditional: if + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah would have had.
10. Kunci Jawaban: B
If you ___ I shall be very angry.
Shall bisa digunakan dalam conditional sentence untuk menggantikan will. Maka untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola I conditional: if + S + V1, S + shall + V1. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah don’t go. 11. Kunci Jawaban: D
Diantara pilihan jawaban, yang memenuhi pola conditional sentence adalah If I had known your phone number, I would have called you yaitu sesuai dengan pola conditional sentence bentuk III.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
____ I’m sure he would have told you. Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola II conditional: if + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah if he had broken it.
13. Kunci Jawaban: B
If I had known that you were in Bandung, I would have shown you some interesting places.
Kalimat di atas merupakan conditional sentence bentuk III, sehingga kenyataannya dalam bentuk past tense dan berlawanan makna: I didn’t know that you were in bandung, so I didn’t show you some interesting places. Maka respons yang tepat untuk pernyataan tersebut adalah: I’m sorry, I didn’t have time to write you before I left for Bandung.
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14. Kunci Jawaban: B
Mrs. Efi ________ if she had been delayed.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas harus sesuai dengan pola III conditional: S + would have + V3, if + S + had V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah would have called.
15. Kunci Jawaban: C
If she had spare time, she would join us.
Kalimat di atas merupakan conditional sentence bentuk ke II. Maka fakta dalam bentuk present tense dan berlawanan makna: she doesn’t have spatre time, so she doesn’t join us.
EXERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: A
If I was you, I’d just go for dessert. Kalimat ini merupakan conditional sentence bentuk II. Were adalah satu-satunya to be yang dipakai dalam bentuk ini.
2. Kunci Jawaban: B
Had he been hungry he would have been eaten half of the cake. Kalimat ini merupakan bentuk conditional tipe III. Pola yang tepat adalah if + S + had V3, S + would have + V3. Would have been eaten adalah bentuk pasif, maka he would have been eaten half of the cake berarti ‘dia dimakan setengah kue’. Bentuk yang benar adalah would have eaten.
3. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat ini seharusnya sesuai dengan bentuk conditional sentence tipe III. if + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3. Maka told seharusnya had told.
4. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat ini seharusnya sesuai dengan bentuk conditional sentence tipe II. if + S + V2, S + would + V1. Maka had handedseharusnya handed.
5. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat ini seharusnya sesuai dengan bentuk conditional sentence tipe III. if + S + had + V3, S + might + have + V3.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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TENSES A
4
PENGERTIAN
Tenses merupakan perubahan verb (kata kerja) dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris yang menyatakan perbedaan waktu dan sifat kegiatan atau kejadian.
B PEMBAGIAN DAN RUMUS TENSES Tenses dibagi menjadi 4 macam berdasar pada penggolongan waktunya, yaitu: Present, Past, Future, dan Past Future. Keempat golongan tersebut kemudian dibagi lagi berdasar sifat kegiatannya seperti pada tabel di bawah ini: Tenses Present
Past
Rumus kalimat verbal
Rumus Kalimat Nominal
Simple Present tense
S + V1 / Vs/es
S + tobe (is, am, are) + C
Present Continuous Tense
S + to be (is, am, are) + Ving
S + tobe (is, am, are) + being + C
Present Perfect Tense
S + have/has + been + C
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + have/has + V3
S + have/has + been + Ving
S + have/has + been + being + C
Simple Past tense
S + V2
S + tobe (was, were) + C
Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense
Future
S + to be (was, were) + Ving S + had + V3
S + tobe (was, were) + being +C S + had + been + C
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + had + been + Ving
S + had + been + being + C
Simple Future tense
S + will/shall + V1
S + will/shall + be + C
S + will/shall +be + Ving
S + will/shall + be + being +C
S + will/shall +have + V3
S + will/shall + have +been +C
Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + will/shall +have + been + Ving
S + will/shall + have +been + being + C
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Past Future
Simple Past Future tense
S + would/should + V1 S + would/should + be + C
Past Future Continuous Tense
S + would/should + be + Ving
Past Future Perfect Tense
S + would/should + have S + would/should + have + + V3 been + C
S + would/should + be + being +C
Past Future Perfect Continu- S + would/should + have S + would/should + have + ous Tense + been + Ving been + being + C
Keterangan: Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang memiliki verb atau kata kerja sedangkan kalimat nonverbal adalah kalimat yang tidak memiliki verb atau kata kerja.
C KEGUNAAN/FUNGSI TENSES 1. Present Tense pada dasarnya digunakan untuk membicarakan masa ‘sekarang’. a) Simple Present Tense 1) Menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulangulang Contoh: Rudi plays badminton every Sunday. 2) Menyatakan kebenaran umum Contoh: Venus is the second planet in the galaxy. 3) Menyatakan perintah Contoh: Open the door and let me in! b) Present Continuous Tense 1) Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi (pada saat pembicaraan berlangsung). Contoh: I am preparing my presentation now. 2) Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi dalam jangka waktu sekarang (belum tentu terjadi pada saat pembicaraan berlangsung). Contoh: The weather is being unpredictable these days. c) Present Perfect Tense Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi (telah selesai) pada saat berbicara. Contoh: I have just finished my homework, now I can relax. d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense Menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang dimulai pada masa lalu dan sekarang masih berlangsung (belum selesai). Contoh: I have been trying to fix my car for many hours. (Now i’m still trying)
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2. Past Tense pada dasarnya digunakan untuk membicarakan masa ‘lampau’. a) Simple Past Tense 1) Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi pada saat tertentu di masa lalu. Contoh: I went to his boardinghouse a month ago. 2) Menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lalu (sekarang sudah tidak menjadi kebiasaan). Contoh: she drank coffee everyday when she was young. b) Past Continuous Tense Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau pada saat kejadian lain terjadi. Contoh: I was turning my radio too loud when they knocked my door. c) Past Perfect Tense Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi (telah selesai) pada saat atau sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh: I had predicted his coming before he really came. d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi atau telah dimulai pada masa lalu dan masih terjadi pada saat peristiwa lain di waktu lampau terjadi.
Contoh: I had been watching the new movie when she called.
3. Future Tense pada dasarnya digunakan untuk membicarakan masa ‘depan’. a) Simple Future Tense Menyatakan sesuatu yang akan terjadi di masa depan. Contoh: He will marry me soon. b) Future Continuous Tense Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi pada saat tertentu di masa depan.
Contoh: I will be with the boy in this time tomorrow. c) Future Perfect Tense
Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan telah selesai sebelum atau pada waktu kejadian lain terjadi di masa depan.
Contoh: I will have read all the books by this weekend. d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan telah dimulai dan masih berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi di masa depan.
Contoh: I will have been working for this company for 2 years by next Friday.
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4. Past Future Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pada masa lalu akan terjadi (pada kenyataannya bisa benar-benar terjadi atau tidak). a) Simple Past Future Tense 1) Menyatakan sesuatu yang akan terjadi di masa lalu. Contoh: He said he would take me to the island. 2) Menyatakan sesuatu yang akan terjadi bila syaratnya terpenuhi (conditional sentence tipe kedua). Contoh: They would come if you invited them. b) Past Future Continuous Tense 1) Menyatakan sesuatu yang akan sedang terjadi di masa lalu. Contoh: At the time the following day, I would be being at home. 2) Menyatakan peristiwa yang seharusnya sedang terjadi di masa lampau. Contoh: I should be working at the time next day, but I didn’t think I could. c) Past Future Perfect tense 1) Menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi atau sudah selesai pada masa lalu. Contoh: Our teacher would have checked all of our assignments by the end of last week. 2) Digunakan dalam conditional sentence tipe III. Contoh: If you have not given me permission, I would not have gone to the concert. d) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Menyatakan durasi peristiwa yang akan sudah berlangsung di masa lalu.
Contoh: Renny would have been living in Yogyakarta for 7 years by the following month.
D KETERANGAN WAKTU Present
Past
Future
Past future
Simple
usually, regularly, sometimes, never, often, everyday, every week, once habitually, a week, frequently.
yesterday, last..., this morning, ... before, ... ago, just now.
tomorow, the day after tomorow, next... , this coming ...
The following day, the next day, the coming …
continuous
now, at this moment, right now, today, this year
at the moment, at this time At …o’clock the at the time, at .... tomorow, at ... following day, o’clock yesterday o’clock tomorrow. at that time the next day.
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Perfect perfect continuous
E
since..., for..., already, just, yet, all the day, ever, never
f or ... , since ...., by ..., before ... , after ...
by next ...., by the end of ...., by then, for
by the following ...., by the end of .... last...
HUBUNGAN TENSES DENGAN KONJUNGSI TERTENTU
1. While Jika klausa pertama berbentuk simple tense, maka klausa kedua harus berupa continuous tense dimana klausa pertama dan kedua tersebut harus seimbang yaitu present–present atau past-past .
simple + while + continuous Contoh: Sonny goes to work while everyone is coming home. Ari drank coffee while Yayan was sleeping.
2. When simple + when + simple/continuous/perfect/perfect continuous simple/continuous/perfect/perfect continuous + when + simple Contoh: Dhian is shappy when I say that she is pretty. Arum had just finished her homework when I called her.
3. Before dan after Perfect/perfect continuous + before + simple/ continuous simple/ continuous + after + Perfect/perfect continuous Contoh: Prio had prepared the meal before we reached his house. Bayu starts to speak again after he has paused for a few minutes.
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4. Since Present perfect/ perfect continuous + since + simple past Contoh: Dodo has been living in this town since he graduated from his high school. Arif has started to type the paper since his lecturer told him.
EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. I ________ the street when it began to rain.
A. Am walking down B. Have walked down C. Have been walking down D. Was walking down
2. A : I think we’re going to be here for a while B : But we ____ in line for almost an hour
A. Are standing B. Have stood C. Were standing D. Have been standing
3. Reza has been living with his grandma since he _______ 2 years.
A. Had been B. Has been C. Is D. Was
4. This man ________ five years ago.
A. Dies B. Died C. Is dying D. Has died
5. “Can I see you tomorrow to talk about the seminar?” “All right, come at 10 o’clock, and I ____ teaching by then.”
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A. Will have finished B. Have finished C. Will be finishing D. Will have been finishing
6. Atik : When will your sister finish her study? Mirna : I hope she _____ by July next year.
A. Will have graduated B. Has graduated C. Is going to graduate D. Will graduate
7. _______ dinner tonight with Mr. Capello, and I’d like to invite you to come along.
A. We have B. We would have C. We’ve just D. We’re having
8. ‘Don’t come to my house at nine tomorrow because I ______.
A. Will be going out B. Will go out C. Will have been gone D. Would have gone 9. By the end of this week, I ___ from Malaysia.
A. Am back B. Have been back C. Would be back D. Will have been back
10. I thanked her for what she ____
A. Does B. Has done C. Had done D. Would be done
11. ‘Where is Catty?’ ‘Look! She _______ on the pillow.’
A. Sleeps B. Is sleeping C. Slept D. Has slept
12. Understanding a joke is an intellectual achievement, yet reflective thought _______ humor.
A. To destroy B. Has destroyed
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C. Destroys D. Destroying
13. Vina : When did you get the letter? Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.
A. Have lunch B. Will have lunch C. Will have had lunch D. Were having lunch
14. She ____ here for 2 years by the end of this week.
A. Has been living B. Will have been living C. Has lived E. Will be living
15. Anton and Doni have been friends since they ______ elementary school.
A. Were entering B. Have entered C. Entered D. Had entered
EXERCISE 2 16. As the time is not enough to finish this project, we are still working on it now. We are working on it for four days. A B C D 17. Mother will cook the food by the time the children come home. A B C D 18. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and walking around the building every half an hour. A B C D 19. Ditto never visited Indonesia before he came to Jakarta to study in the International student program. A B C D 20. The bus came after I was waiting for about twenty minutes. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: D
Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi di masa lalu adalah past continuous tense. Polanya: S + was/were + Ving.
2. Kunci Jawaban: D
we ____ in line for almost an hour.
Keterangan waktu yang dimulai dengan for... menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut menggunakan perfect tense. Kalimat I think we’re going to be here for a while menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas tersebut masih berlangsung pada saat pembicaraan. Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah berlangsung dan belum selesai adalah perfect continuous tense yang memiliki pola: S + Have + been + Ving.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
Reza has been living with his grandma since he _______ 2 years.
Keterangan waktu yang dimulai dengan since... menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut menggunakan perfect tense. Karena Reza adalah orang ketiga tunggal, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah has been.
4. Kunci Jawaban: B
Five years ago merupakan keterangan waktu untuk simple past tense. Maka jawaban yang tepat harus berupa kata kerja bentuk kedua.
5. Kunci Jawaban: C
At 10 o’clock tommorow merupakan keterangan waktu untuk future continuous tense. Polanya: S + will + be + Ving.
6. Kunci Jawaban: A By July next year merupakan keterangan waktu untuk future perfect tense. Polanya: S + will + have + v3. 7. Kunci Jawaban: D Tonight merupakan keterangan waktu untuk simple future tense. Perlu diketahui bahwa bentuk present continuous tense bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan makna simple future. 8. Kunci Jawaban: A
At nine tomorrow merupakan keterangan waktu untuk future continuous tense. Maka jawaban harus memenuhi pola: S + will + be + Ving.
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9. Kunci Jawaban: D By the end of this week merupakan keterangan waktu untuk future perfect tense. Polanya: S + will + have + v3. 10. Kunci Jawaban: C I thanked her for what she ____
Untuk soal ini berlaku rumus hubungan antara tenses dengan konjungsi dimana konjungsi for dapat dianggap sama dengan konjungsi after. Maka sesuai pola simple/ continuous + after + Perfect/perfect continuous, karena klausa pertama merupakan simple past tense, tenses untuk klausa kedua harus berupa past perfect tense.
11. Kunci Jawaban: B
Look! Menunjukkan bahwa tenses yang dipakai adalah present continuous tense yang memiliki pola: S + is/am/are + Ving.
12. Kunci Jawaban: C
Understanding a joke is an intellectual achievement, yet reflective thought _______ humor.
Klausa pertama menggunakan bentuk simple present, maka klausa kedua setelah yet juga harus menggunakan simple present tense. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah yang berupa kata kerja bentuk pertama dengan tambahan –s.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D
My family ____ when the postman arrived. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi di masa lalu adalah past continuous tense. Polanya: S + was/were + Ving.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
For 2 years by the end of this week merupakan keterangan waktu yang menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut menggunakan future perfect/future perfect continuous tense. Maka jawaban yang tepat harus memiliki pola: will + have + V3 atau will + have + been + ving.
15. Kunci Jawaban: C
Anton and Doni have been friends since they ______ elementary school.
Untuk soal ini berlaku rumus hubungan antara tenses dengan konjungsi dimana pola hubungan tenses untuk konjungsi since adalah: Present perfect/perfect continuous since simple past/ past continuous.
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EXERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: D
As the time is not enough to finish this project, we are still working on it now. We are working on it for four days. Yang tidak tepat adalah are working dimana seharusnya have been working (present perfect continuous) untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah berlangsung dan belum selesai.
17. Kunci Jawaban: A
Keterangan waktu pada kalimat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut seharusnya menggunakan future perfect. Maka kalimat yang benar adalah: Mother will have cooked the food by the time the children come home
18. Kunci Jawaban: D
Dari keterangan waktu everynight jelas diketahui bahwa kalimat tersebut seharusnya dalam bentuk simple present tense. Maka walking seharusnya walks.
19. Kunci Jawaban: A
Untuk soal ini berlaku rumus hubungan tenses dengan konjungsi before yang memiliki pola: Past perfect + before + simple past. Maka bentuk kalimat yang seharusnya adalah: Ditto has never visited Indonesia before he came to Jakarta to study in the International student program.
20. Kunci Jawaban: B
Untuk soal ini berlaku rumus hubungan tenses dengan konjungsi after yang memiliki pola: simple past + before + past perfect. Maka bentuk kalimat yang seharusnya adalah: The bus came after I had waited for about twenty minutes.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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INFINITIVE & GERUND
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A PENGERTIAN Infinitive adalah bentuk dasar kata kerja yang tidak mengacu pada tenses atau subject. Gerund merupakan kata kerja dalam bentuk V-ing yang dikata-bendakan atau memiliki fungsi sebagai kata benda
B PENGGUNAAN INFINITIVE Infinitive dibagi menjadi dua yaitu ‘to infinitive’ dimana infinitive tersebut digunakan bersama preposisi ‘to’ dan ‘bare infinitive’ yaitu infinitive tanpa preposisi ‘to’. Fungsi infinitive tersebut antara lain:
Penggunaan ‘to’ infinitive 1) Berfungsi sebagai Subyek Contoh: To sing the song is my favorite part. 2) Berfungsi sebagai keterangan penjelas (modifier) a) Sebagai penjelas kata benda Contoh: There are many things to do. b) Sebagai penjelas kata sifat Contoh: I’m sorry to hear that. c) Sebagai penjelas kata kerja Contoh: they prey on to keep themselves alive. d) Sebagai penjelas kata tanya Contoh: I don’t know what to say. 3) Digunakan dengan pola: too + adjective + to infinitive Contoh: it is too difficult to solve. 4) Digunakan bersama kata enough dengan pola: a) adjective/adverb + enough + to infinitive Contoh: His reason is reasonable enough to accept. b) enough + noun + to infinitive Contoh: I don’t have enough credit to call you.
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Beberapa kata kerja diikuti oleh to infinitive dengan pola: verb + to infinitive atau verb + noun/ pronoun + to infinitive. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut antara lain: hope plan intend decide promise agree offer refuse seem appear pretend ask expect would like want need tell invite require remind advise permit order warn encourage allow force learn
Penggunaan bare infinitive 1) Digunakan setelah modal. 2) Digunakan setelah kata kerja persepsi atau kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra dengan pola: S + V + O + Bare invinitive. 3) Setelah kata kerja causative active have, let, make. 4) Digunakan setelah kata: need not, dare not, would rather, dan had better.
C PENGGUNAAN GERUND 1) Sebagai subyek Contoh: walking is good for health. 2) Sebagai Obyek a. Obyek kata kerja Contoh: when did you start learning the language? b. Obyek preposisi Contoh: thank you for making you happy.
3) Sebagai komplemen Contoh: All I want is being with you now. 4) Sebagai penjelas kata benda Contoh: Driving lisence (surat izin mengemudi) swimming pool (kolam renang) 5) Sebagai noun head (kata benda yang dijelaskan) Contoh: Silver mining (penambangan perak) Natural healing (penyembuhan alami) 6) Sebagai possessive noun yang diletakkan setelah possessive pronoun. Contoh: Her feeling (perasaannya) Their coming (kedatangan mereka)
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7) Diletakkan setelah kata ‘no’ sebagai larangan. Contoh: No smoking! (Dilarang merokok!) No climbing! (Dilarang memanjat!) Beberapa kata kerja tertentu diikuti oleh gerund dengan pola: verb + gerund atau verb + noun/ pronoun + gerund. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut antara lain: admit recall enjoy tolerate remember deny
delay keep avoid finish understand stop
resist risk mind forget complete miss
advice mention regret consider suggest practice
Perkecualian: Preposisi ‘to’ tidak diikuti oleh gerund akan tetapi diikuti oleh infinitive, Namun perlu diketahui bahwa ada beberapa frase preposisi ‘to’ yang harus selalu diikuti oleh gerund. Beberapa frase tersebut diantaranya: To look forward to (menanti-nanti) To be used to (terbiasa) To be accustomed to (terbiasa)
to take to (menyukai) to be averse to (terbiasa) to be object to (keberatan)
Beberapa kata kerja bisa diikuti oleh to infinitive dan gerund tanpa perbedaan makna, misalnya: allow cease hate neglect recommend
attempt continue intend omit start
begin deserve like permit
bother fear love prefer
Beberapa kata kerja lain bila diikuti to infinitive bermakna ‘belum berlangsung’, sedangkan bila diikuti gerund bermakna sudah berlangsung. Kata kerja tersebut antara lain: Come Regret
forget remember
go on stop
mean try
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EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. `What does this song remind you of?’ ‘____ with my first date.’
A. I dance B. To dance C. Dance D. Dancing
2. ‘Why don’t you want Amir to be the team leader?’ ‘Well, I don’t like _______people around!’
A. His ordering B. Why he orders C. He orders D. With he ordering
3. I smelt something ____
A. Burns B. Burnt C. To burn D. Burning
4. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ____ a balanced and healthful diet
A. To keep B. Kept C. Keeping D. They keep
5. Armansyah seems ___________ the point you were making.
A. Misunderstood B. Misunderstanding C. Having misunderstood D. To have misunderstood
6. “Have you told your problem to the supervisor?” “No, he was too busy ____ to me yesterday.
A. Talk B. For talking C. Talking D. To talk
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7. The progress of this class needs ____
A. To be evaluated B. Evaluated C. To evaluate D. Be evaluated
8. Your hand writing is almost impossible ____
A. My reading it B. To read C. Be read D. Reading
9. Everybody hates _______ at.
A. Be laughed B. Being laughed C. To be laughed D. Laughing
10. Fast food restaurant have become popular because many working people want _________
A. To eat quickly and cheaply B. Eating quickly and cheaply C. Eat quickly and cheaply D. The eat quickly and cheaply
11. _____ clothes can often be very time consuming.
A. buying B. To be buying C. In buying D. Man buys
12. Lafon’s reagent, a solution of ammonium or sodium selenite, finds use as test __________ codeine.
A. Detection B. To detect C. To detectable D. To be detected
13. “What are the horns of a buffalo used for?” “Well, mostly for ____ handicrafts.”
A. Make B. To make C. Being make D. making
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14. Thomas A. Edison is generally considered _______ one of the most productive of all inventors.
A. To be B. To have been C. Being D. To being
15. Being lost, the tourist stopped _____ at his map for the place they wanted to visit.
A. Looking B. To look C. Looked D. Was looking
EXERCISE 2 16. We always avoid to go to the zoo on Sundays because it is too crowded. A B C D 17. Frank Lloyd Wright was concerned with how integrating architecture with topography. A B C D 18. Tony was too busy to talking to me yesterday. A B C D 19. The progress of this class needs to be evaluating. A B C D 20. Sita wasn’t very keen on go out in the rain. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban : D
What does this song remind you of?
Preposisi of seharusnya diikuti oleh gerund dengan pola: preposisi + Gerund. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah dancing. 2. Kunci Jawaban: A
Well, I don’t like _______people around!
Kata kerja like membutuhkan obyek yang berupa gerund dan bisa pula berupa pronoun + gerund. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah His ordering.
3. Kunci Jawaban: D
I smelt something ____
Kata kerja persepsi smelt bisa diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk pertama atau gerund. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah burning.
4. Kunci Jawaban: A
The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ____ a balanced and healthful diet.
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan to infinitive sebagai modifier untuk menjelaskan kata sifat helpful.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D
Armansyah seems ___________ the point you were making.
Seems adalah kata kerja yang diikuti oleh to infinitive.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D
No, he was too busy ____ to me yesterday.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan to infinitive dengan pola: too + adjective + to infinitive.
7. Kunci Jawaban: A
The progress of this class needs ____
Need merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti to infinitive. Bentuk pasif dari to infinitive adalah to + be + V3.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: B
Your hand writing is almost impossible ____
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan to infinitive sebagai modifier untuk menjelaskan kata sifat impossible.
9. Kunci Jawaban: B
Everybody hates _______ at.
hate merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti gerund. Bentuk pasif dari gerund adalah being + V 3.
10. Kunci Jawaban: A
Fast food restaurant have become popular because many working people want ______
Want merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti to infinitive.
11. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan subyek yang bisa berupa gerund. Maka kalimat tersebut akan menjadi buying clothes can often be very time consuming.
12. Kunci Jawaban: B
Lafon’s reagent, a solution of ammonium or sodium selenite, finds use as test __________ codeine.
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan to infinitive sebagai modifier untuk menjelaskan kata benda test.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D
mostly for ____ handicrafts
Preposisi for seharusnya diikuti oleh gerund dengan pola: preposisi + Gerund. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah making. 14. Kunci Jawaban: C
Consider merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti gerund.
15. Kunci Jawaban: B
Being lost, the tourist stopped _____ at his map for the place they wanted to visit.
Kata stop bila diikuti to infinitive bermakna ‘belum berlangsung’, sedangkan bila diikuti gerund bermakna ‘sudah berlangsung’. Turis tersebut berhenti untuk mulai melihat peta, maka jawaban yang benar adalah yang berupa to infinitive
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EXERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: B
Kata kerja avoid seharusnya diikuti oleh gerund. Maka bentuk yang seharusnya adalah going.
17. Kunci Jawaban: C
How seharusnya diikuti oleh to infinitive. Maka bentuk yang seharusnya adalah to integrate.
18. Kunci Jawaban: D
To seharusnya diikuti oleh infinitive. Maka bentuk yang seharusnya adalah talk.
19. Kunci Jawaban: D
Subyek kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pasif. Need merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti to infinitive. Bentuk pasif dari to infinitive adalah to + be + V3. Maka bentuk yang seharusnya adalah to be evaluated.
20. Kunci Jawaban: C Preposisi on seharusnya diikuti oleh gerund dengan pola: preposisi + Gerund. bentuk yang seharusnya adalah going.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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ELLIPSIS
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A PENGERTIAN Ellipsis merupakan pemendekan gabungan dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara menghilangkan bagian dari kalimat yang memiliki persamaan arti sehingga tidak terjadi pengulangan kata dalam satu kalimat.
B PEMBENTUKAN KALIMAT ELLIP Pemendekan kaimat atau ellipsis ini dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, antara lain dengan menggunakan kata hubung seperti di bawah ini:
1) So/too
So dan too digunakan untuk memendekkan dua kalimat positif apabila dua subyek samasama melakukan sesuatu yang sama. Pola yang digunakan adalah seperti di bawah ini:
Kalimat (+), and (so + aux + S) Kalimat (+), and (S + aux + too) Contoh: Rina is very happy. I am very happy. Rina is very happy and so am I = Rina is very happy and I am too. The lecturer come puntually. We come puntually. The lecturer come puntually and so do we = The lecturer come puntually and we do too.
2) Either/neither Either dan neither digunakan untuk memendekkan dua kalimat positif apabila dua subyek sama-sama tidak melakukan sesuatu yang sama. Polanya adalah sebagai berikut:
Kalimat (-), and (neither + aux + S) Kalimat (+), and (S + aux + not + either) Contoh: I didn’t go last night. Widy didn’t go last night. I didn’t go last night and neither did Widy = I didn’t go last night and Widy didn’t either.
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They don’t want to live in this house. I don’t want to live in this house. They don’t want to live in this house and neither do we = They don’t want to live in this house and we don’t either.
3) And, or, but, nor And, or, but, dan nor digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua unsur yang berkedudukan setara dengan pola sebagai berikut:
… + and/or/but/nor + … Contoh: I want cake and cofee. Do you want to go alone or stay here with us? I don’t need money but help. I don’t have food nor money.
4) But, whereas, while But, whereas, dan while digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan, yang satu negatif dan yang satu positif. Polanya:
Kalimat (-) + but, whereas, while + S + aux Kalimat (+) + but, whereas, while + S + aux + not Contoh: The girl is not happy, but the boy is. Maria is open minded, but you are not. He never makes any mistake, but I do.
5) but, whereas, while Selain and, or, but, nor, dua unsur setara juga bisa digabungkan dengan:
Both…and… Not only… but also… Either …or… Neither…nor… Whether…or… Contoh: Both Bagus and Candra are my friends. Not only Ryan but also Riza live in this town. We need either to download articles or to buy the book. Dinda doesn’t want neither you nor me to pick her. Those people don’t care whether I’m alive or dead.
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EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. “Yesterday I told her to take a rest “ “_____”
A. So had I B. So I did C. So did I D. So I didn’t
2. “She never cares about anyone around her” “_____”.
A. But her sister doesn’t B. So is her sister C. Neither does her sister D. Her sister can too
3. Budi : I like that film very much Rahmat : _________ I have seen it three times
A. So am I B. I am too C. So do I D. I don’t either
4. Either Wahyu ____ didn’t want to meet each other.
A. And Inez B. Nor Inez C. And Inez D. Or Inez
5. “____.” “But she couldn’t”.
A. I can manage my time B. I can’t manage my time C. I could manage my time D. I couldn’t manage my time
6. We all were happy to know him winning the competition, _____.
A. But Yulia was not B. And also Yulia C. And neither did Yulia D. But Yulia did not
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7. He never read English newspaper and _____.
A. So did I B. So do I C. Neither do I D. Neither did I
8. Sarah didn’t plan anything for that weekend, and __ .
A. Santo did not either B. Santo did too C. So did Santo D. neither didn’t Santo
9. I think that my mother will be interested in reading his novel, but _____.
A. So will my father B. My father is not C. My father won’t D. So ‘does my father
10. ‘I haven’t visit my hometown for almost a year.’ “_____”.
A. So have I B. I haven’t also C. Neither have I D. Me, neither
11. Everyone laughed at his jokes, _____. A. But the teacher not B. And also the teacher C. And so the teacher did D. But the teacher did not 12. Advertisement both influence people’s spending habits ____ .
A. Their standard of living is also raised B. But also the raising of their standard of living C. They can raise their standard of living too D. And raise their standard of living
13. If you are able to do that job ____.
A. So do I B. So am I C. So will I D. So must I
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14. Tari was punished by the teacher not only because she forgot to bring her book ____.
A. And she didn’t do her homework also B. But she didn’t do her homework either C. But also for not doing her homework D. But also because she didn’t do her homework
15. A cloud is a dense mass of ______ water vapor or ice particles.
A. Or B. Whether C. Both D. Either
EXERCISE 2 16. If Jack’s wife won’t agree to sign the paper, Neither won’t he. A B C D 17. We don’t have to return the book tomorrow, but he did. A B C D 18. Dian agrees the plan to spend our weekend at the beach, I didn’t either. A B C D 19. I am going to the technical meeting and Indra does too. A B C D 20. I have finished my observation and so have Sita. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Yesterday I told her to take a rest.
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua sehingga dengan kata bantunya adalah did. Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah so did I atau I did too.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C She never cares about anyone around her.
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk pertama dengan akhiran –s, sehingga dengan kata bantunya adalah does. Never pada kalimat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat negatif. Maka bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah neither does her sister atau her sister does not either.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C
I like that film very much
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk pertama sehingga dengan kata bantunya adalah do. Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah so do I atau I do too.
4. Kunci Jawaban: D
Either Wahyu ____ didn’t want to meet each other.
Either digunakan bersama or untuk menyatakan ‘sama-sama tidak’. 5. Kunci Jawaban: C
But she couldn’t.
Klausa sebelumnya pasti berupa kalimat positif dengan kata bantu could. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah I could manage my time
6. Kunci Jawaban: A
We all were happy to know him winning the competition, _____.
Kata bantu untuk bentuk elipnya harus sama dengan kata bantu pada kalimat di atas, yaitu to be bentuk lampau, maka kata bantu yang tepat untuk subyek kata bantu yang tepat untuk subyek Yulia adalah was.
7. Kunci Jawaban: D He never read English newspaper and _____.
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua. Jadi kata bantunya adalah did. Never pada kalimat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat negatif. Maka bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah neither did I atau I did not either.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: A Sarah didn’t plan anything for that weekend, and __ .
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua. Jadi kata bantunya adalah did. Karena kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat negatif, maka bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah neither did Santo atau Santi did not either.
9. Kunci Jawaban: C
I think that my mother will be interested in reading his novel, but _____.
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat positif dengan kata bantu will. Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut sesuai pola Kalimat (+) + but + S + aux + not. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah My father will not.
10. Kunci Jawaban: C I haven’t visit my hometown for almost a year.
Kata bantu pada kalimat di atas adalah have. Karena kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat negatif, maka bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah neither have I atau I have not either.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
Everyone laughed at his jokes, _____.
Kata kerja pada kalimat di atas adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua sehingga kata bantunya adalah did. Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut mengikuti pola Kalimat (+) + but + S + aux + not. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah but the teacher did not.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
Advertisement both influence people’s spending habits ____
Both digunakan bersama and, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah And raise their standard of living. 13. Kunci Jawaban: B
If you are able to do that job ____.
Kata bantu pada kalimat di atas are (to be bentuk pertama). Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah so am I atau I am too.
14. Kunci Jawaban: D
Tari was punished by the teacher not only because she forgot to bring her book ____.
Not only digunakan bersama but also. Karena not only pada kalimat di atas diikuti oleh clause, maka but also juga harus diikuti clause. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah But also because she didn’t do her homework.
15. Kunci Jawaban: D
A cloud is a dense mass of ______ water vapor or ice particles.
Or dalam kalimat ellip selalu digunakan bersama either.
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EXERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: D
If Jack’s wife won’t agree to sign the paper, Neither won’t he.
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat negatif dengan kata bantu will. Bentuk elliptic yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah neither will he atau he won’t either.
17. Kunci Jawaban: D
We don’t have to return the book tomorrow, but he did.
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat negatif dengan kata bantu do sehingga seharusnya bentuk ellipnya adalah but he does.
18. Kunci Jawaban: A Dian agrees the plan to spend our weekend at the beach, I didn’t either.
Karena bentuk ellipnya negatif dengan kata bantu did, maka kata kerja kalimat di atas juga harus berbentuk negatif dengan kata bantu did. Maka kalimat tersebut seharusnya: Dian didn’t agree the plan to spend our weekend at the beach, I didn’t either.
19. Kunci Jawaban: D
I am going to the technical meeting and Indra does too.
kata bantu pada kalimat di atas adalah am sehingga seharusnya bentuk ellipnya adalah and Indra is too.
20. Kunci Jawaban: D
I have finished my observation and so have Sita.
Kata bantu pada kalimat di atas adalah have sementara Sita adalah orang ketiga tunggal. Maka seharusnya bentuk ellipnya adalah and so has Sita.
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DEGREE OF COMPARISON
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A PENGERTIAN Degree of comparison adalah kalimat yang menyatakan perbandingan antara dua hal atau lebih baik dalam tingkatan setara, tingkatan lebih, ataupun tingkatan paling.
B JENIS PERBANDINGAN 1. Positive degree (tingkatan setara) Positive degree atau tingkatan setara dapat dinyatakan dengan bentuk-bentuk seperti di bawah ini:
a) ... as + adjective/adverb + as.. Contoh kalimat: Don’t worry, I will be as happy as before. You have to believe that you can do this as quickly as he can. b) ... the same + noun + as.. Contoh kalimat: Hanna is the same age as I am. He makes the same mistake as I did.
2. Comparative degree (Tingkatan lebih) Comparative degree atau tingkatan lebih dapat dinyatakan dengan bentuk-bentuk berikut:
a) ... adjective/adverb + -er + than... Pola ini berlaku jika adjective atau adverb terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata. Contoh kalimat: I need a bigger box than yours because I will bring more things. He runs faster than his brother. b) ... more + adjective/adverb + than... Pola ini berlaku jika adjective atau adverb terdiri lebih dari dua suku kata. Contoh kalimat: Ridwan buys more expensive books than what he bought. Tonight Danik will sleep more comfortably than the previous nights.
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Catatan: Bentuk comparative degree atau tingkatan lebih biasa digunakan juga dalam ungkapan untuk menyatakan makna ‘semakin’. Contoh: The sooner, the better → Semakin cepat, semakin baik. The more you learn, the more you understand → Semakin kamu belajar, semakin kamu paham.
3. Superlative degree (tingkatan paling)
Superlatative degree atau tingkatan paling dapat dinyatakan dengan bentuk-bentuk berikut:
a) ...the + adjective/adverb + -est Pola ini berlaku jika adjective atau adverb terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata. Contoh kalimat: - This is the best movie I’ve ever watched. - Being with you is the happiest momment that I can remember. b) ... the + most + adjective/adverb Pola ini berlaku jika adjective atau adverb terdiri lebih dari dua suku kata. Contoh kalimat: - Maya is the most beautiful girl of all. - It is the most extraordinary experience in my life. Catatan: Terdapat beberapa kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (Adverb) yang tidak beraturan dimana bentuk comparative degree dan superlative degree tidak dapat diterapkan. Kata-kata tersebut antara lain: Positive degree good (adj)/ well (adv) bad (adj)/ badly (adv) much/many little far
Comparative degree better worse more less farther (jauh) further (lanjut)
Superlative degree best worst most least farthest (jauh) furthest (lanjut)
Dalam comparative degree dan superlative degree, keterangan cara (adverb of manner) yang diakhiri oleh akhiran –ly selalu menggunakan bentuk kedua walaupun hanya terdiri dari dua suku kata, contoh: we always drive it more quickly than they do.
Kata the pada pola superlative untuk adverb tidak selalu digunakan, contoh: the sing most beautifully.
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EXERCISE EXERCISE 1 1. The more I think about philosophy _____
A. The less I understand it B. I like it less C. Better I like it D. It likes better
2. Children have a strong curiosity. The more you forbid, _______ they’re interested.
A. The more B. Better C. The most D. Best
3. It is _________ luxurious car I have ever seen.
A. The more B. The better C. The most D. Most
4. The luggage is twice the baby’s weight. The luggage is ______ the baby.
A. B. C. D.
As heavy as Heavier than Lighter than As light as
5. The view from your house is______ from mine.
A. Better B. Better than C. The better D. The best
6. Miranda’s house is ________ than mine.
A. As big B. Big C. biggest D. Bigger
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7. Vegetable is __________ as fruits.
A. Healthier B. As healthy D. Healthy E. More healthy
8. The art of singing is______ humanity.
A. As old B. Old as C. As old as D. So old
9. Amir is the ______ student in his class.
A. Better B. Good C. Best D. Well
10. She looks _________ as princess.
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. The most beautiful D. As beautiful
11. The red one is the ________ beautiful dress of all.
A. as B. more C. better D. most
12. Two natural fibres are wool and cotton; silk, a third natural fiber, is _______ of the three.
A. As expensive as B. More expensive than C. Expensive enough D. The most expensive
13. The black hat is ________ than the blue one.
A. As expensive B. Expensive C. Most expensive D. More expensive
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14. The shoes are too small for my feet. It means that _______
A. The shoes are as small as my feet B. The shoes are smaller than my feet C. My feet are smaller than the shoes D. The shoes are the smallest
15. Ali is 165 cm height Ridwan is 170 cm height Danang is 165 cm height Memet is 180 cm heigh Ridwan is ________
A. As tall as Memed B. Taller than Ali C. The tallest of all D. As tall as Ali
EXERCISE 2 16. Don’t you know that Jupiter is the bigger planet in this galaxy? A B C D 17. I wonder what he is made of. His heart is as colder as ice. A B C D 18. Leo is always proud of being wealthy of all. A B C D 19. Jason is ricest of all the student in my class. A B C D 20. The garage is a half my room size. The garage is as narrow as my room. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: A
Bentuk comparative degree untuk menyatakan “semakin” harus memiliki pola yang sama antar klausa yaitu (adjective+ er/more+ adjective) + S + P jadi bentuk yang tepat adalah the less I understand it.
2. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat bentuk comparative degree ini juga hendak menyatakan makna “semakin” yang berpola (adjective+er/more+adjective) + S + P sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah the more they’re intersted.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C
Kalimat tersebut bermaksud untuk menyatakan makna paling, sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah the most.
4. Kunci Jawaban: B
The luggage is twice the baby’s weight berarti barang tersebut lebih berat dibandingkan berat bayi sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah heavier than.
5. Kunci Jawaban: B
Kalimat tersebut hendak menyatakan perbandingan antara dua hal sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah better than.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D Than digunakan untuk mengekspresikan comparative degree sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah bigger. 7. Kunci Jawaban: B As digunakan untuk membentuk positive degree sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah as healthy. 8. Kunci Jawaban: C
Bentuk yang paling sesuai untuk membentuk pola degree of comparison adalah as old as.
9. Kunci Jawaban: C
Amir is the ______ student in his class.
Kata the dalam kalimat menunjukkan superlative degree sehingga kata yang tepat adalah best. 10. Kunci Jawaban: D
Kata as dalam kalimat hendak membentuk degree of comparison yaitu tingkatan yang setara sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah as beautiful.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
The red one is the ________ beautiful dress of all.
The dan all dalam kalimat menunjukkan superlative degree atau paling sehingga untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut jawaban yang tepat adalah most.
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12. Kunci Jawaban: D
Two natural fibres are wool and cotton; silk, a fiber, is _______ of the three.
Phrase of the three berarti dari ketiganya yang hendak menunjukkan superlative degree sehingga untuk menjadikannya kalimat yang benar kata yang dibutuhkan adalah the most expensive. 13. Kunci Jawaban: D
The black hat is ________ than the blue one.
Comparative degree menggunakan kata than sebagai indikasi pembentukknya. Sehingga untuk melengkapi kalimat diatas jawaban yang tepat adalah more expensive.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
The shoes are too small for my feet.
Kalimat diatas berarti sepatu itu terlalu kecil untuk kakiku sehingga pernyataan yang benar dari kalimat diatas adalah the shoes are smaller than my feet yang berarti sepatu itu lebih kecil diripada kakiku.
15. Kunci Jawaban: B Dari data dapat disimpulkan bahwa pernyataan perbandingan yang benar adalah Ridwan is taller than Ali. EXERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Don’t you know that Jupiter is the bigger planet in this galaxy?
Bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah bigger karena untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang ‘paling’ atau superlative, bentuk yang tepat adalah the biggest.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
I wonder what he is made of. His heart is as colder as ice.
Bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah colder karena untuk menyatakan perbandingan setara atau positive degree, bentuk yang tepat adalah as cold as.
3. Kunci Jawaban: D Leo is always proud of being wealthy of all.
Bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah wealthy karena untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang ‘paling’ di antara yang lain (of all), bentuk yang tepat adalah the wealthiest.
4. Kunci Jawaban: B Jason is ricest of all the student in my class.
Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang ‘paling’ atau superlative, bentuk kata richest pada kalimat di atas sudah tepat, tetapi perlu mwnggunakan the.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D
The garage is a half my room size. The garage is as narrow as my room. Bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah as narrow as. Karena dikatakan: the garage is a half my room size (garasi itu setengah luas kamarku) maka perbandingan yang di pakai seharusnya bukan perbandingan setara tetapi perbandingan tingkat lebih atau comparative degree. Sehingga bentuk yang tepat seharusnya The garage is bigger than my room.
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Catatan _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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8
WORD ORDER A PENGERTIAN
Word order merupakan urutan-urutan kata yang sesuai dengan standard baku dalam menyusun suatu kalimat bahasa Inggris.
B SUSUNAN NOUN PHRASE Noun Phrase atau frase kata benda merupakan kelompok atau gabungan kata yang memiliki kesatuan fungsi sebagai Noun. Noun Phrase selalu memiliki noun head atau kata benda utama yang dijelaskan oleh satu atau lebih kata penjelas. Dalam menyusun urutan noun head dan kata penjelas tersebut, perhatikan aturan baku berikut: Rumus urutan noun phrase: D
O
E OR
S
A
T
SH
C CO
OR
M
H
PA
Keterangan:
1) D = determiner Determiner meliputi: - articles (a, an, the) - quantitative (some, many, much, little, few, a lot of) - possessives (my, your, our, their, his, her, its) - demonstratives (this, that, those, these) 2) O = ordinate Ordinate meliputi: - Numeral, yaitu kata yang menunjukkan jumlah atau angka misalnya: one, two, first, second, double, single. - Comarative adjective, yaitu kata sifat yang berbentuk perbandingan dengan tambahan –er, more, -est, atau most.
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3) E = epitet Epitet yaitu kata sifat yang tidak berbentuk comparative ()tapi sebenarnya bisa berbentuk comparative adjective dengan mendapat tambahan –er, more, -est, atau most). Kata sifat ini bisa berupa: a. OP = opinion (opini) Misalnya: interesting, beautiful, delicious. = size (ukuran) b. S Misalnya: big, large, narrow, thin, heavy, high, small, deep, short. = age (umur) c. A Misalnya: old, young, new. = temperature (suhu) d. T Misalnya: cold, hot, warm. e. SH = shape (bentuk) Misalnya: round, square, cone. f. CO = color (warna) Misalnya: red, blue, black, white, violet. g. OR = Origin (asal) Misalnya: Japanese, Indonesian, American. = material (bahan) h. M Misalnya: leather, silk, wooden, silver, plastic. = participle i. P Misalnya: covered, painted, enchanted.
4) C = classifying Classifying merupakan kata benda atau gerund yang fungsinya sebagai penjelas kata benda utama. Misalnya: dining room, history book.
5) H = head Head merupakan kata utama yang berupa kata benda atau gerund. Misalnya: dining room, history book. Contoh susunan Noun Phrase: the three handsome tall young Italian boys (Tiga anak laki-laki muda yang tinggi dan tampan) D O OP S A OR H E this amazing huge old brick castile (kastil batu tua yang besar dan mengagumkan ini) D OP S A M H E
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C SUSUNAN ADVERB 1) Adverb of frequency (keterangan frekuensi) Keterangan frekuensi bisa diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama, di awal kalimat, maupun di akhir kalimat. Kata-kata yang diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama ini misalnya antara lain: Always, often, occasionally, usually, frequently, often, sometimes (Jika kalimat memiliki kata have to, has to, had to, used to, atau ought to, kata keterangan di letakan sebelum kata tersebut). Contoh: I scarcely understand what he means. They often have to argue accept someone else’s argument. Kata-kata keterangan frekuensi bermakna negatif seperti: seldom, never, scarcely, rarely umumnya diletakkan di awal kalimat dengan menggunakan bentuk inversi (susun balik). Contoh: Never has Mayang been here before. Hardly are you satisfied with the result. Kata-kata keterangan frekuensi seperti: every…., …times, once, twice, once a week diletakkan di akhir kalimat. Contoh: We play tennis every Saturday. I have ever seen the movie once.
2) Adverb of degree (keterangan tingkatan) Adverb of degree seperti: really, rather, still, quite, almost, too, extremely, also, soon, too, just, only, merely, already diletakkan sebelum kata sifat, kata keterangan, dan kata kerja yang diterangkannya. Contoh: We are still waiting for the bus. The price is too expensive for us. Catatan: Kata Enough yang menerangkan noun di letakkan sebelum noun (enough sebagai adjective) tapi bila menerangkan adjective atau adverb (enough sebagai adverb) diletakkan di akhir kalimat. Contoh: I don’t have enough to buy the necklace. The weather is good enough for walking.
3) Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) Adverb of manner biasanya dibentuk dari kata sifat yang medapat akhiran –ly, misalnya: beautifully, happily, loudly. Namun perlu diingat bahwa adverb of manner dari kata good adalah weel (bukan goodly) dan beberapa adjective memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan adverb of manner-nya. Contoh: deep, far, early, fast, hard, high, low, late, near, much. Adverb of manner ini diletakkan di akhir kalimat atau sebelum kata kerja inti.
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Contoh: I bet he will be the winner because he runs fast. Nadia happily said that she would get married soon.
4) Adverb of place (keterangan tempat) Kata keterangan ini diletakkan di akhir kalimat. Jika terdapat lebih dari satu keterangan tempat, maka keterangan yang lebih spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan yang lebih luas. Kata-kata yang dipakai untuk keterangan tempat antara lain: here, there, somewhere, in London, at home, etc. Contoh: Just wait here! He still wants to live in his hometown. 5) Adverb of time (keterangan waktu) Kata keterangan waktu seperti: tomorrow, now, last week, still, yet, then bisa diletakkan di awal atau akhir kalimat. Keterangan waktu yang jangka waktunya lebih pendek diletakan sebelum Keterangan waktu yang jangka waktunya lebih panjang. Khusus untuk kata still bisa diletakkan sebelum kata kerja inti. Contoh: I will meet the family of my fiancee this coming Saturday. I will be back here at 10 o o’clock on Monday.
Jika keterangan waktu, cara, dan tempat terdapat bersamaan dalam satu kalimat, maka susunannya adalah MPT (Manner, Place, Time). Contoh: Ryan is walking slowly in the yard this morning. The baby cries outloud in its room everyday.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. Consult _______ for question about SARS.
A. The two index B. Second index C. Index numbering two D. Index two
2. ’I like your furniture at this exhibition.’ ‘Thank you. They are all ______’.
A. Designing new furniture B. Newly-designing furniture
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C. Newly-designed furniture D. The designs of the furniture are new
3. Rinto Harahap is ____
A. An Indonesian composer well known B. A composer Indonesian well known C. A well known Indonesian composer D. A well known composer Indonesian
4. Anyone who gets the right number will get a price. ___ please come forward.
A. The person lucky B. The person is lucky C. Lucky the person D. The lucky person
5. ‘You shouldn’t write such criticizing articles. _______.’
A. Seldom they are published B. Seldom published are they C. They published are seldom D. They are seldom published
6. Ever since the Information Technology revolution of the late 1980’s, __________of Personal Computers and the Microchip, the Company, from the Managing Director down to the man in the mailroom, has been striving for a constant policy of Excellence.
A. Occasionally in the use B. Occasional use C. Occasions, and the use of D. Occasioned by the use
7. Even at the peak of its power, the circulating column of air at the core of a tornado ________ in excess of 250 miles per hour.
A. Almost never reaches B. Almost reaches never C. Reaches almost never D. Reaches never almost
8. She has just bought ____
A. A very gold old watch B. A very old gold watch C. A gold very old watch D. A watch very old gold
9. My little brother has won five awards. He is really a ___ .
A. Dramatist young successful B. Successful young dramatist C. Dramatist young successful D. Successful dramatist successful
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10. Not only __________ a strong swimmer but also, as its name suggests, it can walk for miles with little rest.
A. The booby blue footed is B. The blue footed booby is C. Is the blue footed booby D. Footed is the booby blue
11. “Earth” is a _______ appearing in somewhat impure or diluted form.
A. Naturally occurring metal oxide B. Occurred naturally oxide metal C. Oxide metal occurring naturally D. Metal occurring naturally oxide
12. Jonathan’s ____ daughter has been selected student of the year.
A. Beautiful twelve-year-old B. Beautiful twelve-years-old C. Beautiful twelve-year-olds D. Beautifully twelve-years-old
13. Because of its warm tropical climate, Hawaii _____ subzero temperatures.
A. Almost experiences never B. Experiences never almost C. Experiences almost never D. Almost never experiences
14. Among the many unusual creatures of the high Nepa-lese forests, _________ with genetic ties hearkening back to the time of mammoths.
A. A breed is of unusual elephants B. Is an unusual breed of elephants C. An unusual breed is of elephants D. Elephants are an unusual breed
15. The assignment for Friday is to write_____ about World Cup 2002.
A. A five-hundred-word-composition B. A five-hundred-words composition C. A five-hundreds-words composition D. A five-hundreds-word composition
EXCERCISE 2 16. Siegfried was a young talented man despite being devoid of originality and force. A B C D 17. The great French natural, Buffon, studied tree sloths intensively before dying in 1788. A B C D
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18. Beaver dams vary in size from long barriers large to branchy shrubbed obstacles. A B C D 19. A stock brokerage typical on Wall Street may employ as many as 800 stock brokers and managers. A B C D 20. Rani seems very mature for a twenty-years-old girl. A B C D
PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: B
Consult _______ for question about SARS.
Consult adalah kata kerja yang harus diikuti oleh kata kerja dalam konteks ini adalah noun phrase. Untuk membentuk noun phrase dengan kata yang menunjukkan jumlah atau angka menggunakan susunan ordinate+noun head sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah second index. 2. Kunci Jawaban: C ’I like your furniture at this exhibition.’ ‘Thank you. They are all ______’.
Kalimat diatas membutuhkan kata benda dan susunan yang tepat adalah newly-designed furniture dimana newly sebagai age muncul terlebih dahulu dibandingkan dengan participle designed dan yang terakhir adalah head.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C
Sesuai dengan rumus urutan noun phrase dimana determiner akan diikuti dengan opinion kemudian origin atau asal dan head terakhir disebutkan sehingga susunan yang benar adalah a well known Indonesian composer.
4. Kunci Jawaban: D
Pembentukan noun phrase yang benar sesuai dengan rumus urutan adalah determiner+opinion+head sehingga menjadi kalimat the lucky person.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D Seldom adalah adverb of frequency dimana letaknya berada sebelum kata kerja utama atau jika dalam bentuk inversi maka menjadi seldom are they published. Sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah they are seldom published. 6. Kunci Jawaban: B Occasional juga merupakan adverb of frequency sehingga letaknya berada sebelum kata kerja utama. Jawaban yang benar adalah occasional use.
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7. Kunci Jawaban: A Never termasuk dalam kategori adverb of frequency sedang almost merupakan adverb of degree. Posisi adverb of degree selalu diletakkan sebelum kata yang diterangkannya sehingga susunan yang tepat adalah almost never reaches. 8. Kunci Jawaban: B
She has just bought ____
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut dibutuhkan kata atau frase benda dengan susunan yang tepat dan susunan yang paling benar adalah a very old gold watch dengan rumus determiner+age+material+head.
9. Kunci Jawaban: B
He is really a ___ .
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut diperlukan phrase benda dengan susunan yang benar maka jawaban yang benar adalah successful young dramatist OP
A
H
10. Kunci Jawaban: B
Not only __________ a strong swimmer but also, as its name suggests, it can walk for miles with little rest.
Kalimat tersebut membutuhkan subyek dan predikat dengan susunan yang benar maka jawaban yang tepat adalah the blue footed booby is dimana subjectnya adalah frase benda dengan susunan determinet+color+participle+head.
11. Kunci Jawaban: A
Frase kata benda yang tepat susunannya adalah naturally(ordinate)+occuring(preposition) +metal(clasifying)+oxide(head).
12. Kunci Jawaban: A
Jonathan’s ____ daughter has been selected student of the year.
Untuk melengkapi phrase utama daughter dalam kalimat tersebut, susunan yang tepat adalah beautiful sebagai opinion dan twelve-year-old adalah adjective dimana tidak memerlukan tambahan –s baik dalam year atau old karena berada dalam tanda ‘-‘.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D
Because of its warm tropical climate, Hawaii _____ subzero temperatures.
Susunan yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah almost never experiences.
14. Kunci Jawaban: D
Among the many unusual creatures of the high Nepa-lese forests, _________ with genetic ties hearkening back to the time of mammoths.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan subyek dan predikat maka susunan yang tepat adalah elephants are an unusual breed.
15. Kunci Jawaban: A
Seperti penjelasan pada nomor 12 maka jawaban yang benar adalah a five-hundred-wordcomposition.
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EXCERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: B
Siegfried was a young talented man despite being devoid of originality and force.
Susunan yang tidak tepat pada kalimat di atas adalah young dimana pada frase kata benda, kata sifat yang menunjukkan umur seharusnya terletak setelah kata sifat yang menunjukkan opini. Maka susunan yang seharusnya adalah a talented young man.
2. Kunci Jawaban: A
The great French natural, Buffon, studied tree sloths intensively before dying in 1788.
Susunan yang tidak tepat pada kalimat di atas adalah natural dimana kata sifat tersebut seharusnya terletak sebelum kata benda utama atau noun head (French). Maka susunan yang seharusnya adalah The great Natural French.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C Beaver dams vary in size from Long barriers large to branchy shrubbed obstacles.
Susunan yang tidak tepat pada kalimat di atas adalah large dimana kata sifat tersebut seharusnya terletak sebelum kata benda utama atau noun head (barriers). Maka susunan yang seharusnya adalah long large barriers.
4. Kunci Jawaban: A A stock brokerage typical on Wall Street may employ as many as 800 stock brokers and managers.
Susunan yang tidak tepat pada kalimat di atas adalah stock brokerage typical dimana kata sifat typical seharusnya terletak sebelum kata benda utama atau noun head (brokerage). Maka susunan yang seharusnya adalah typical stock brokerage.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D Rani seems very mature for a twenty-years-old girl. Satuan year yang dihubungkan dengan tanda sambung seperti di atas tidak perlu mendapat tambahan –s sebagai penanda jamak karena twenty-year-old merupakan kesatuan yang kedudukannya sebagai adjective untuk menjelaskan kata benda girl.
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MODAL
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A PENGERTIAN Modal adalah merupakan kata kerja bantu dimana penggunaannya adalah bersama kata kerja utama dan memiliki fungsi untuk menyatakan permission (izin), posibility (kemungkinan), atau necessity (keperluan).
B MACAM-MACAM MODAL Modal digolongkan menjadi 3 macam yaitu modal present, modal past, dan modal perfect. Modal present dan modal past hanya bisa diikuti oleh bentuk infinitive tanpa to atau bare infinitive, sedangkan modal perfect diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga (V3).
1) Modal Present Yang digolongkan dalam modal present antara lain:
a) Will Modal will ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan masa depan (future), kemauan atau niatan (willingness), dan bisa juga digunakan untuk memperhalus permintaan (polite request). Dalam menyatakan masa depan, modal ini bisa digantikan oleh bentuk is/am/ are + going to. Contoh: I will go to New York someday. I will help you if you need my help. Will you prepare a cup of coffee for me, please! b) Shall Seperti halnya modal will, shall juga digunakan untuk menyatakan masa depan dengan syarat subyeknya adalah I atau we. Selain itu, shall digunakan untuk meminta saran atau pendapat. Contoh: I will go to New York someday. Shall I go despite the rain?
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c) May Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan izin formal (polite permission) dan kemungkinan (possibility). Contoh: You may go tonight, but you have to go home before late. She may be angry because of our mistake. d) Can Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan kemampuan/ketidakmampuan (ability/ possibility) dan izin informal (informal permission). Dalam menyatakan kemampuan/ketidakmampuan modal ini bisa digantikan dengan to be able to atau to be capable of. Contoh: I can do what she does now, even better! You can eat what you want. e) Must (setara dengan have to/has to) Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan keharusan dan kesimpulan. Untuk menyatakan keharusan, bisa digantikan dengan have to/has to dan bentuk negatifnya menyatakan larangan. Contoh: I can do what she does now, even better! You can eat what you want. f) Ought to Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan saran. Contoh: It’s raining so hard; you ought to bring your umbrella.
2) Modal Past Yang digolongkan dalam modal past umumnya merupakan bentuk kedua dari modal present, antara lain:
a) Would (bentuk kedua will) Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyusun past future tense (perhatikan kembali bab tentang tenses), menyatakan keinginan dan preference, dan meminta dengan sopan. Contoh: Rara would have cleaned the whole house by the time her family come back last Saturday. I would like to join you to the cinema tonight. I would rather drink coffee than tea. Would you help me lift this bag, please! b) Should (bentuk kedua shall) Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk mengungkapkan saran (suggestion) dan menyatakan kemungkinan atau kepastian (possibility/certainty) Contoh: You should change your mind about this case. Henfry should be sleeping now.
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c) Might (bentuk lampau may) Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan lampau dan memperhalus permintaan. Contoh: she might be sad because she didn’t see you last night. Might I come in? d) Could (bentuk kedua can) Modal ini memiliki kegunaan untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa lampau (past ability) dan untuk menyatakan permintaan sopan (polite request). Contoh: I didn’t help her because she said she could do it by herself. Could you repeat it again, please!
3) Modal Perfect Modal perfect meliputi bentuk-bentuk seperti di bawah ini:
a) Should have/ought to have Berfungsi untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada masa lampau tapi tidak dilakukan (past suggestion) atau bisa juga menyatakan kemungkinan di masa lalu. Contoh: You should have tried harder, so you would win the competition. Sarah should have been sleepy when she drove so the accident happened. b) Must have Berfungsi untuk menyatakan kesimpulan mengenai hal yang terjadi di masa lampau (past conclusion), Contoh: Eko must have prepared this surprise since a week ago. c) Could have Berfungsi untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa lampau (past capability) tetapi tidak digunakan. Contoh: Edo could stay here longer, but he went home earlier.
d) Might have Berfungsi untuk menyatakan kemungkinan di masa lampau (past possibility). Contoh: Vany looked very upset; we might have made mistake last night.
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EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. ‘She is crying. I think she is angry to me.’ ‘Well, you ________ appologize.’
A. Could B. Should C. Could have D. Should have
2. ‘Your son will be operated on tomorrow morning.’ He _____have a good rest tonight, said the doctor.
A. Might B. May C. Can D. Must
3. ‘I called him several times yesterday but there was no answer.’ ‘He ___ out of town.’
A. Should have been B. Had better be C. Would have been D. Might have been
4. “Jennifer went to school though she was sick.” She ___ in bed to have a rest.”
A. Should stay B. Would be staying C. Should have stayed D. Must be staying
5. ‘I ran through the red light and I got fined by the traffic policeman.’ ‘Ooh, you ___ more careful.
A. Must have been B. Could be C. Should have been D. Might have been
6. The child ate up all the meal we had served. He________ very hungry.
A. Will have been B. Would have been C. Could have been D. Must have been
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7. Before the construction of Panama Canal, ships __________ around the tip of South America to get the Pacific Ocean from Atlantic Ocean.
A. Should have traveled B. Must have traveled C. Had to travel D. Have traveled
8. Jim gets the best mark in the examination. He ___ hard for it.
A. Should have studied B. Might study C. Must have studied D. Could study
9. The picture is not here anymore; it must have ___ .
A. Been taken away B. Should away C. Being taken away D. Took away
10. The light is out in her room; she ________
A. Must go to bed B. Must have gone to bed C. Must gone to bed D. Must be gone to bed
11. ‘I wonder where my reading glasses are. Have you seen them?’ ‘No, I haven’t. you ___ left them in the office.’
A. Should have B. Could have C. Ought to have D. Must be having
12. Since the company doesn’t charge a late fee until after the sixteenth, you ________ pay until a day or two before that.
A. Shouldn’t B. Mustn’t C. Needn’t D. Can’t
13. All students _______ report to the examination hall on July 30 for the final exam.
A. Might B. Need C. Could D. Are to
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14. “I’ve lost a lot of money by investing it in your friend’s business.” “I’m sorry; you_______about his business.”
A. Had better consult me B. Should have consulted me D. Must have consulted me E. Ought to consult me
15. My brother is in the intensive care unit now. I ____ him to the doctor earlier before he got worse.
A. May have taken B. Should have taken C. Might have taken D. Must have taken
EXCERCISE 2 16. She missed the train. She must leave earlier. A B C D 17. She went to the office by taxy, but she should gone by bus. A B C D 18. A : “Does Anto knows that Myrna had an accident yesterday?” A B : “I don’t think so. We must have told him as soon as we were Informed.” B C D 19. When I was a child I may visit my grandparents every weekend. A B C D 20. I can’t find my hand phone in my bag! I should have left it in the car. Let’s take a look! A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: B
‘Well, you ________ appologize.’.
Kalimat diatas hendak memberikan saran dengan bentuk present (ought to/ had better/ should+verb1) karena verb yang digunakan adalah Verb1 (apologize) sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah should.
2. Kunci Jawaban: D
He _____have a good rest tonight, said the doctor.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut diperlukan modal yang menyatakan keharusan sehingga modal yang paling tepat adalah must.
3. Kunci Jawaban: D Kata yesterday menandai kalimat tersebut memerlukan phrase yang menyatakan ekmungkinan dimasa lampau dimana bentuk umumnya adalah ‘might have + Verb 3’ sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah might have been. 4. Kunci Jawaban: C
She ___ in bed to have a rest.
Kata sebelumnya yang menunjukan kalimat past tense (went) memberikan petunjuk bahwa phrase yang harus digunakan untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah saran pada masa lampau dengan bentuk should+have+verb 3 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah should have stayed.
5. Kunci Jawaban: C
I ran through the red light and I got fined by the traffic policeman.’
Kalimat tersebut berarti ‘saya menerobos lampu merah dan saya ditilang polisi lalu lintas’. Untuk memberikan saran pada masa lampau maka jawaban yang tepat adalah should have been.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D
Untuk menyatakan kepastian di masa lampau digunakan bentuk ‘must have + Verb 3’. Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah ‘He must have been very hungry’. (Dia pasti sangatlah lapar).
7. Kunci Jawaban: B
Bentuk ‘must have + Verb 3’ digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan/kepastian dimasa lampau sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah must have traveled (harus/pasti melewati ujung Amerika).
8. Kunci Jawaban: C
Jim gets the best mark in the examination. He ___ hard for it.
Jawaban yang tepat adalah must have studied karena juga menyatakan kepastian dimasa lampau.
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9. Kunci Jawaban: A
‘must have’ digunakan untuk menyatakan kepastian dimasa lampau sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah been taken away ( must have+V3 tapi dalam konteks ini menggunakan passive voice yaitu been+V3)
10. Kunci Jawaban: A
The light is out in her room.
Kalimat tersebut berarti ‘lampu kamarnya telah mati’ yang merupakan kalimat present tense (V1, is) sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah must go to bed (must+V1).
11. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat kedua dalam percakapan yang di awali kata No, I haven’t menunjukkan bahwa pendapatnya hanya berupa kemungkinan.
Maka untuk menyatakan ke-mungkinn di masa lalu bisa digunakan modal perfect should have.
12. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat tersebut berarti ‘karena perusahaan tidak meminta biaya keterlambatan setelah tanggal 16’ maka modal yang tepat untuk menyatakan tidak perlu adalah shouldn’t (anda tidak perlu membayar sebelum atau sehari sebelum tanggal tersebut.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D
All students _______ report to the examination hall on July 30 for the final exam.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut dibutuhkan modal yang menunjukkan keharusan dalam bentuk must atau juga bisa digantikan dengan have to / to be + to sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah are to.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
Ungkapan yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat yang berupa saran untuk masa lalu adalah should have consulted me (should+have+verb3).
15. Kunci Jawaban: B
Untuk menyatakan saran pada masa lampau digunakan bentuk should+have+v3 jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah should have taken.
EXCERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: B She missed the train. She must leave earlier.
Bagian kalimat yang kurang tepat adalah must karena kejadian terjadi di masa lalu. Modal yang tepat seharusnya menyatakan past suggestion, yaitu should have left.
17. Kunci Jawaban: D
She went to the office by taxy, but she should gone by bus.
Bagian kalimat yang kurang tepat adalah should karena kejadian terjadi di masa lalu. Untuk menyatakan past suggestion, modal yang digunakan adalah modal perfect should have.
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18. Kunci Jawaban: A
A : “Does Anto knows that Myrna had an accident yesterday?”
B : “I don’t think so. We must have told him as soon as we were Informed.”
Penggunaan modal dalam percakapan di atas sudah tepat. Bagian yang tidak tepat adalah kata kerja knows dimana apabila pertanyaan di awali dengan does, kata kerjanya tidak perlu ditambah lagi dengan suffix –s.
19. Kunci Jawaban: C
When I was a child I may visit my grandparents every weekend.
Bagian kalimat yang kurang tepat adalah may visit karena kejadian terjadi di masa lalu. Modal yang tepat juga seharusnya berbentuk lampau, sehingga bentuk yang tepat adalah might visit.
20. Kunci Jawaban: B I can’t find my hand phone in my bag! I should have left it in the car. Let’s take a look!
Should have menyatakan saran sehingga kurang tepat untuk konteks kalimat di atas. Yang lebih tepat adalah modal yang menyatakan kesimpulan (must).
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DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
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A PENGERTIAN Direct speech kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung dimana penulisannya menggunakan quotation mark atau tanda petik. Sebaliknya indirect speech merupakan kalimat yang tidak diucapkan secara langsung dan penulisannya tidak menggunakan tanda petik. Dalam direct-indirect speech dikenal reporting speech (bagian yang melaporkan) dan reported speech (bagian yang dilaporkan). Contoh: Reporting speech Direct speech Indirect speech
She said, She said
Reported speech “she is happy” she was happy
B MACAM – MACAM BENTUK DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH 1. Statement (pernyataan) Yaitu bentuk direct-indirect speech dimana reported speech-nya berupa kalimat afirmative atau pernyataan, contohnya: I said that I would be there punctially. Yohana told me she was disappointed of you.
2. Question (pertanyaan) Yaitu bentuk direct-indirect speech dimana reported speech kalimat langsungnya berupa pertanyaan sementara reported speech pada kalimat tidak langsung berubah menjadi kalimat statement. Contoh: Ricky asks, “are you happy?” Hendra asked me, “What are you doing?”
3. Command and prohibition (Perintah dan larangan) Yaitu bentuk direct-indirect speech dimana reported speech kalimat langsungnya berupa perintah atau larangan sementara reported speech pada kalimat tidak langsung berubah menjadi kalimat statement. Contoh: Mother tells me, “Do your work well!” Ryan prohibits me, “Don’t get close when I’m sleeping”.
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C PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN DALAM DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH 1. Perubahan pronoun Pada beberapa kalimat langsung yang diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, akan terjadi perubahan pronoun pada reported speech. Perubahan pronoun ini mengikuti bentuk pronoun pada reporting speech tanpa dipengaruhi bentuk tenses reporting speech tersebut. Misalnya: Jati said to me, “I have something for you” → Jati said to me that he had something for me.
2. Perubahan tenses Pada kalimat langsung yang diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, akan terjadi perubahan tenses pada reported speech jika reporting speech dalam bentuk past tense. Perubahan tenses tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: Direct Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense Past Future Tense Past Future Continuous Tense
Indirect Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Future Tense Past Future Continuous Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Past Perfect Future Tense Past Perfect Future Continuous Tense
Contoh: He said, “Dita invited me her party” → He said Dita had invited him to her party. Rani told me, “Irwan is very handsome” → Rani told me Irwan was very handsome.
3. Perubahan adverb Perubahan adverb juga hanya terjadi jika reporting speech dalam bentuk past tense. Perubahan tersebut antara lain, seperti: Direct
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Indirect
Now
Then, at the time
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day, the day after, the following day
Yesterday
The day before
... ago
... before
Last ...
The ... before
Next ...
The ... After ..., the following...
Contoh: Ronny said, “I am hungry now” → Ronny said that he was hungry at the time. Claudia said, “I was at Budi’s house last night” → Claudia said she had been at Budi’s house the night before.
4. Perubahan susunan kalimat dan bentuk penghubung Jika reported speech pada kalimat langsung berupa pertanyaan, perintah atau larangan, pada kalimat tak langsungnya pola reported speech itu akan berubah menjadi pola kalimat affirmative. Pola reported speech pada kalimat pertanyaan akan berubah menjadi seprti di bawah ini: yes/no question
If/ whether + S + predikat
WH question
WH question + S + V
Sementara pada kalimat perintah atau larangan, tinggal membubuhkan to dan not to sebagai penghubung. Perhatikan tabel berikut: Bentuk kalimat
penghubung
Kalimat interrogative
If/whether/question words
Kalimat perintah
to
Kalimat larangan
not to
Contoh: Daniel asks “what do you want?” → Daniel asks what i want. Cleo asked, “are you happy now?” → Cleo asked if i was happy then. Bryan said to me, “don’t stay to close to the fire!” →Bryan said to me not to stay close to the fire. Celly told her brothers, “bring me ice cream!” → celly told her brothers to bring her ice cream. Untuk mengetahui lebih jelas perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi, perhatikan tabel berikut!
Kalimat affirmative Kalimat Introgative Kalimat perintah Kalimat larangan
Perubahan pronoun
Perubahan tenses
√
√
√
√
perubahan penghubung
Perubahan susunan
Perubahan adverb √
√
√
√
√ √
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EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1.. Yono said, ‘I wish I were the winner.’ It means:
A. Yono wished that he is the winer B. Yono wished that he had been the winner C. Yono wished that he could be the winner D. Yono wished if he were the winner
2. Galih : “Stop the car, please!” Driver : “OK.”
A. Galih told the driver stop the car. B. Galih said that the driver stop the car C. The driver told Galih to stop the car D. Galih told the driver to stop the car
3. The teacher asked Sita, “Why did you make mistakes?” The teacher wondered ____
A. Why she made many mistakes B. Why she had made many mistakes C. Why did she made many mistakes D. Why had she made many mistakes
4.
Mother Ita Father Ita
A. I had my breakfast B. I had had my breakfast C. You had your breakfast D. I have had my breakfast
: : : :
Ta, have you had your breakfast? Not yet, mum. What did your mother ask you,Ita? Oh, she wanted to know whether _________
5. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday? Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Fergie? Fergie : She wanted to know ______ .
A. If Mary was absent B. Why Mary was absent C. Why was Mary absent D. Why Mary had been absent
6. Tutut : Were you sleeping when I called you last night? Indra : No, I went to the cinema. From the dialogue we know that Tutut wanted to know if Indra ___________ when she called him.
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A. Has been sleeping B. Slept C. Had been sleeping D. Was sleeping
7. X : What did he said to you? Y : He told me that he ___ sad then.
A. Is B. Was C. Has been D. Had been
8. His sister asked : “Why do you wake up so early?” His sister wondered why ________
A. B. C. D.
He wakes up so early He had waken up so early Had he waken up so early He woke up so early
9. A : I have a pain in my throat. What would you recommend? B : I’d advise you _________ anymore
A. Not to smoke B. Not smoke C. Will not smoke D. Are not smoke
10. Mother : Clean your room, Siska! Siska : Yes, mom. Vinda : What did your mother tell you, Siska? Siska : She told me _________
A. Clean my room B. Cleaned my room C. To clean my room D. To clean your room
11. As the road to Puncak had become slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver____
A. Do not speed B. Not to speed C. Not speeding D. He does not speed
12. “Do you borrow this book from the library? “ asked Deni. Deni wanted to know whether I _________ that book from the library.
A. Borrow B. Borrowed C. Have borrowed D. Am going to borrowed
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13. Stephen said to me, ‘Do you close the windows at night?’ The indirect form is: Stephen asked me___ at night.
A. That closed the windows B. If I closed the windows C. Whether you closed the windows D. When I closed the windows
14. ‘Why is he searching every drawer?’ ‘Let’s ask him ____ ‘
A. What is he looking for B. Is he looking for something C. If he looks for something D. What he is looking for
15. He asked me whether he ______ my car to go to the party.
A. Can borrow B. Might borrow C. May borrow D. Would borrow
EXCERCISE 2 16. The teacher asked why did Mary came late. A B C D 17. Yesterday the doctor told me took the medichines. A B C D 18. Eti asked Andi if he will come to her party the following Saturday. A B C D 19. Mother asked whether you want meatballs or fried chicken. A B C D 20. He said he went to her house the previous day. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: B
Yono said, ‘I wish I were the winner.’
Jika kalimat diatas diubah kedalam bentuk tidak langsung maka akan terjadi perubahan. Yang pertama adalah subyek yang akan berubah menjadi ‘he’ atau ‘Yono’. Yang kedua adalah kalimat subjunctive tipe II menjadi tipe III dan yang terakhir adalah kata sambung that sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah Yono wished that he had been the winner.
2. Kunci Jawaban: D
Galih : “Stop the car, please!”
Untuk membentuk kalimat tidak langsung kata perintah diganti dengan to infinitive dan tidak terjadi perubahan waktu. Maka bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang tepat adalah: Galih told the driver to stop the car.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
Susunan reported speech yang tepat adalah WH-question + S + had + V3 dimana subyek yang dimaksud (you) adalah Sita. Sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah why Sita had made many mistakes.
4. Kunci Jawaban: B
Mother : Ta, have you had your breakfast?
Untuk membentuk kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat tidak langsung akan terjadi perubahan yaitu Perubahan yang terjadi pada reported speech adalam:
pronoun, yaitu you menjadi I dan your menjadi my.
present perfect tense menjadi past per fect tense, sehingga hav. e had menjadi had had
Kata sambung if/whether
Maka kalimat indirect-nya: whether I had had my breakfast.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D
WH-question dengan tenses simple past jika diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung akan memiliki pola wh-question+S+had+V3 jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah why Mary had been absent.
6. Kunci Jawaban: C
Tutut : Were you sleeping when I called you last night?
Jika diubah dalam bentuk indirect speech akan menjadi Past Perfect Continuous Tense karena kalimat tersebut adalah Past continuous tense, sehingga were menjadi had been. Jawaban yang tepat adalah had been sleeping.
7. Kunci Jawaban: B Then dalam kalimat memberikan petunjuk bahwa kalimat tersebut adalah simpe past tense sehingga kata bantu yang tepat adalah was.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: D
Kalimat langsung yang merupakan simple present tense menjadi simple past tense pada kalimat tidak langsungnya sehingga menjadi he woke up so early.
9. Kunci Jawaban: A
B : I’d advise you _________ anymore
Kalimat tersebut hendak memberikan larangan untuk merokok sehingga kalimat tidak langsungnya tinggal diberi tambahan to atau not to, sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah not to smoke.
10. Kunci Jawaban: C
Mother : Clean your room, Siska!
Jika kalimat tersebut diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung menjadi to clean my room karena kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat perintah sedang pronoun your diubah menjadi my.
11. Kunci Jawaban: B
I told the bus driver____
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut dibutuhkan kalimat tidak langsung yang memberikan larangan sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah not to speed.
12. Kunci Jawaban: B
“Do you borrow this book from the library? “ asked Deni
Untuk mengubahnya menjadi kalimat tidak langsung perlu mengubah simple present tense menjadi simple past tense, sehingga menjadi I borrowed.
13. Kunci Jawaban: B
Stephen said to me, ‘Do you close the windows at night?’
Simple present tense menjadi simple past tense sehingga kalimat tidak langsungnya menjadi if I closed the windows at night..
14. Kunci Jawaban: D
‘Why is he searching every drawer?’
Jika kalimat di atas diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, maka dalam reported speech tidak terjadi perubahan tenses karena reporting speech present. Kata sambungnya adalah why maka kalimat tak langsungnya
menjadi Let’s ask him why he is searching
every drawer yang memiliki makna yang
sama dengan Let’s ask him what he is looking for.
15. Kunci Jawaban: B
He asked me whether he ______ my car to go to the party.
Reporting speech berupa past tense maka tenses pada reported speech kalimat indirect tidak mungkin menggunakan present tense dimana kalimat diatas menunjukkan permintaan ijin sehingga jawaban yang sesuai adalah might borrow.
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EXERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
The teacher asked why did Mary came late.
Pola kalimat tak langsung untuk WH-question adalah: S + ask + WH question + S + V. Maka kata bantu did tidak diperlukan dalam kalimat di atas.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
Yesterday the doctor told me took the medichines.
Pola kalimat tak langsung untuk kalimat perintah adalah: S + told + to V1. Maka kata took seharusnya diganti dengan to take.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
Eti asked Andi if he will come to her party the following Saturday.
Karena kata kerja pada reporting speech adalah bentuk lampau (asked), maka kata kerja pada reported speech tidak mungkin berbentuk future. Jadi will seharusnya diganti dengan would.
4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Mother asked whether you want meatballs or fried chicken.
Karena kata kerja pada reporting speech adalah bentuk lampau, maka kata kerja pada reported speech tidak mungkin berbentuk present. Jadi want seharusnya diganti dengan wanted.
5. Kunci Jawaban: B
He said he went to her house the previous day.
Keterangan waktu previous day menunjukkan bahwa kejadian pada reported speech terjadi pada masa lampau atau dengan kata lain, jika kalimat tersebut berupa kalimat langsung, tensesnya adalah past tense. Karena kata kerja pada reporting speech berbentuk lampau maka dalam kalimat tak langsung, tenses pada reported speech tersebut harus berubah menjadi past perfect. Maka went seharusnya diganti dengan had gone.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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PARTICIPLE
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A PENGERTIAN Participle merupakan kata kerja yang bentuknya berupa V-ing atau V3 yang mana dapat digunakan dalam menyusun bentuk-bentuk tenses maupun digunakan sebagai kata sifat atau adjective.
B JENIS PARTICIPLE 1. Present participle Present participle merupakan kata kerja bentuk –ing yang menunjuk pada kegiatan yang bersifat aktif. Penggunaan: a) Sebagai bagian penyusun continuous. Contoh: I am listening music right now. b) Sebagai adjective yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda (noun) dengan makna aktif. Contoh: The child looks at the flying bird (memiliki makna sama dengan bird that flies) c) Digunakan setelah kata kerja persepsi dengan pola: S + V + O + Present Participle (jika obyek aktif). Contoh: I notice him escaping from my sight. Catatan: 1. Present participle memiliki persamaan dengan gerund yaitu sama-sama berbentuk Ving dan sama-sama bisa digunakan sebagai adjective untuk menjelaskan kata benda. Namun perbedaannya, jika digunakan sebagai adjective, present participle menunjukkan kegiatan sementara gerund menunjukkan fungsi atau kegunan, contoh: The smoking man is my father (laki-laki yang sedang merokok itu adalah ayahku) → participle. The smoking area is also available (area untuk merokok juga tersedia) → gerund.
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2. Present participle juga memiliki persamaan dengan bare infinitive yaitu sama-sama digunakan setelah kata kerja persepsi dengan makna aktif. Namun, kata kerja persepsi yang diikuti bare infinitive menunjukkan peristiwa secara lengkap sedangkan yang diikuti present participle menunjukkan sebagian dari peristiwa saja, contoh: I see him dancing there (aku melihatnya sedang menari disana) → hanya melihat peristiwa saat dia menari. I see him dance there (aku melihatnya menari disana) → melihat kejadian secara lengkap.
2. Past participle Past participle merupakan kata kerja dengan bentuk V3 yang menunjukkan kegiatan yang bersifat pasif. Penggunaan: a) Sebagai komponen pembentuk kalimat pasif Contoh: The car has been repaired. b) Sebagai adjective yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda (noun) dengan makna pasif. Contoh: he feels so pity on the ignored child (memiliki makna yang sama dengan child that is ignored) c) Digunakan setelah kata kerja persepsi (kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra) dengan pola: S + V + O + Past Participle (jika obyeknya pasif). Contoh: I heard him punished by his teacher.
C GABUNGAN KALIMAT DENGAN PARTICIPLE Dua kalimat dengan subyek sama yang terjadi secara berurutan atau bersamaan serta kalimat yang memiliki hubungan sebab akibat dapat digabungakan dengan menggunakan participle dengan pola-pola seperti berikut ini: 1. Present participle digunakan untuk menggantikan subyek dengan kata kerja aktif dengan pola: Pola kalimat verbal :
(Ving + ... ), (S + P)
→ simple dan continuous
(Having + V3 + ... ), (S + P)
→ perfect
Contoh kalimat: He cooks very well. He want to own a big restaurant. Cooking very well, he want to own a big restaurant. Rina has finished her school. She plans to continue her study in a university. Having finished her school, Rina plans to continue her study in a university.
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Pola kalimat nominal :
(being + complement), (S + P)
→ simple dan continuous → perfect
(Having + been + complement), (S + P)
Contoh kalimat: Monica is a teacher. She has to behave well. Being a teacher, Monica has to behave well. She has been here for 2 hours. She decides to leave. Having been here for 2 hours, she decides to leave. 2. Past participle digunakan untuk menggantikan subyek dengan kata kerja pasif. Pola kalimat :
(V3 + by ... ), (S + P) (Being +V3 + by ... ), S + P)
(Having + been + V3 + by ...), (S + P)
→ simple dan continuous → perfect
Contoh kalimat: Her friends force him to stay. She cancels his ticket. Forced to stay by her friends, she cancels his ticket. Ronny has been asked to help the girl. Ronny will not come with us tonight. Having been asked to help the girl, Ronny will not come with us tonight.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. In Biology, a cell is defined as the smallest unit of life ____ all the components required for independent existence
A. Contains B. Is containe C. Containing D. To be containing
2. The _______ child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.
A. Frightened B. Frighten C. Frightening D. Being frightened
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3. These norms are the _________ ways of behavior in the society based on the shared values – the purpose and goals – of that society.
A. Expecting B. Expected C. Expecting D. Expect
4. Soekarno,________ one of the strongest Indonesian President, served from 1945 to 1965.
A. Was considered B. Considering C. Considered D. Is considered
5. They watched the soldiers ____ down the street.
A. Marched B. Be marching C. Marching D. To march
6. I heard him ____ the door very carefully in order not to wake the others.
A. Is unlocking B. Unlocked C. Unlock D. He unlock
7. Impressed by the performance of the new student, ___.
A. He became a chairman of the class B. The class needed him as a chairman C. A chairman of the class was appointed D. The teacher appointed him chairman of the class
8. ____ by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
A. Startled B. In startled C. To be startling D. Startling
9. They young man ____ by this institute are all university graduates.
A. Employ B. Employed C. Employing D. Be employer
10. Not allowed to use any kind of transportation, ____.
A. Walking to faraway places in common practice for Badui dalam people B. Badui dalam people walk long distances when they traces C. People may wonder how Badui dalam people can walk such long distances D. Travelling to faraway places is usually done by walking
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11. The police _____ the robbery are looking for three men.
A Are investigating B. Investigated C. They investigate D. Investigating
12. Completed in 1980, the G Hall is the oldest building now _______ in our campus.
A. It stands B. Has stood C. Stood D. Standing
13. The people _____ during the war were mostly young soldiers.
A. Killing B. Killed C. Were killed D. Were killing
14. Candles ________ from beeswax burn with a very clean flame.
A. Are made B. Which make C. Making D. Made
15. ____ her mistakes, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passenger.
A. Realized B. In realizing C. She realized D. Realizing
EXCERCISE 2 16. A few days after the interview, I received a letter is offering me a job. A B C D 17. Surrounding by mountain, the city has a cool climate. A B C D 18. To inhabit by not more than 40 families, Kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java. A B C D 19. Most of the books using for accounting today are supplemented with CD-ROMs. A B C D 20. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people live near airports. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Kata benda smallest unit of life pada kalimat diatas seharusnya bermakna aktif maka membutuhkan present participle sebagai adjective sehingga jawaban yang sesuai adalah containing.
2. Kunci Jawaban: A
The _______ child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.
Kata benda child pada kalimat diatas seharusnya bermakna pasif maka membutuhkan past participle sebagai adjective sehingga jawaban yang sesuai adalah frightened.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
These norms are the _________ ways of behavior in the society based on the shared values – the purpose and goals – of that society.
Kata ways membutuhkan penjelas untuk membuat maknanya menjadi pasif. Maka jawaban yang sesuai adalah expected. 4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Soekarno,________ one of the strongest Indonesian President, served from 1945 to 1965.
Makna yang akan dibentuk adalah Soekarno dianggap salah satu presiden yang paling kuat bukan menganggap sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah considered.
5. Kunci Jawaban: C
They watched the soldiers ____ down the street.
Kata kerja persepsi dengan obyek (the soldiers) aktif bisa diikuti oleh present participle dengan pola S + V + O + Present Participle. Maka jawaban yang sesuai adalah marching.
6. Kunci Jawaban: C
I heard him ____ the door very carefully in order not to wake the others.
kata kerja persepsi dengan obyek (him) aktif bisa diikuti oleh present participle dengan pola: S + V + O + Present Participle. Maka jawaban yang sesuai adalah unlocking.
7. Kunci Jawaban: D
Impressed by the performance of the new student, ___.
Kalimat yang diawali oleh past participle di atas menunjukkan hubungan sebab-akibat. Jawaban yang tepat harus merupakan akibat dari klausa di atas sehingga subyek dari kalimat berikutnya adalah orang yang terkesan dengan murid baru. Jawaban yang tepat adalah the teacher appointed him chairman of the class.
8. Kunci Jawaban: A
____ by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
Kalimat diatas hendak membentuk kalimat pasif karena baby mengalami tindakan pasif, sehingga kata yang tepat adalah startled.
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9. Kunci Jawaban: B
Untuk menjelaskan the young man, kalimat membutuhkan past perticiple sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah employed.
10. Kunci Jawaban: B
Not allowed to use any kind of transportation, ____.
Kalimat diatas akan membentuk kalimat sebab-akibat sehingga phrase selanjutnya harus menjelaskan akibat untuk subyek dari tindakan larangan menggunakan segala macam alat transportasi. Sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah Badui Dalam people walk long distances when they traces.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
The police _____ the robbery are looking for three men.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat diatas diperlukan present participle karena untuk menjelaskan the police yang merupakan bentuk aktif sehingga jawaban yang sesuai adalah investigating.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
Completed in 1980, the G Hall is the oldest building now _______ in our campus.
Kalimat meminta bentuk aktif untuk menjelaskan kata building. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah standing yang berupa present participle.
13. Kunci Jawaban: B
The people _____ during the war were mostly young soldiers.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan participle dalam bentuk past untuk membentuk kalimat pasif yang menjelaskan people sehingga jawaban yang sesuai yaitu killed.
Billiards merupakan uncountable noun. Makato be yang tepat untuk pernyataan umum seperti pada soal adalah is.
14. Kunci Jawaban: D
Candles ________ from beeswax burn with a very clean flame.
Sama dengan penjelasan sebelumnya bahwa candles memerlukan bentuk pasif untuk menjadi jelas sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah made.
15. Kunci Jawaban: D
____ her mistakes, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passenger.
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa stewardess melakukan tindakan aktif berturut-turut, maka diperlukan present participle untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut. Sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah realizing.
EXCERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: D
A few days after the interview, I received a letter is offering me a job.
Untuk menjelaskan kata letter diperlukan present participle. Sehingga is tidak diperlukan dalam kalimat di atas.
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2. Kunci Jawaban: A
Surrounding by mountain, the city has a cool climate.
Sorrounding pada kalimat di atas tidak tepat karena kalimat diatas membutuhkan past participle. Jadi bentuk yang tepat adalah sorrounded. 3. Kunci Jawaban: A
To inhabit by not more than 40 families, Kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java.
To inhabit pada kalimat di atas tidak tepat karena kalimat diatas membutuhkan past participle. Jadi bentuk yang tepat adalah inhabitted.
4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Most of the books using for accounting today are supplemented with CD-ROMs.
Untuk menjelaskan kata books diperlukan past participle yang bermakna pasif. Sehingga using tidak tepat digunakan dalam kalimat di atas.
5. Kunci Jawaban: D
Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people live near airports.
Untuk menjelaskan kata people yang bermakna aktif diperlukan present participle. Sehingga live tidak tepat digunakan dalam kalimat di atas.
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PASSIVE VOICE
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A PENGERTIAN Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subyeknya bukan merupakan pelaku utama, namun justru dikenai tindakan atau perbuatan.
B POLA PASSIVE VOICE Kalimat pasif memiliki pola dasar: to be + V3. Pola dasar ini dapat mengalami modifikasi seperti di bawah ini:
Pola passive voice berdasar tensesnya
Maka keseluruhan pola kalimat pasif berdasar tensesnya adalah sebagai berikut: Tenses Present
Past
Simple Present tense
S + be1 (is, am, are) + V3
Present Continuous Tense
S + be1 (is, am, are) + being + V3
Present Perfect Tense
S + have/has + been + V3
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + have/has + been + being+ V3
Simple Past tenses
S + be2 (was, were) + V3
Past Continuous Tense
S + be2 (was, were) + being + V3
Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Future
Simple Future tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Future
Rumus pasif
Simple Past Future tense Past Future Continuous Tense Past Future Perfect Tense
S + had + been + V3
S + had + been + being + V3 S + will/shall + be + V3
S + will/shall + be + being + V3
S + will/shall + have + been + V3 S +will/shall +have +been +being +V3 S + would/should + be + V3
S + would/should + be+ being + V3
S + would/should + have + been + V3
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S+would/should+have+been+being+V3
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Pola kalimat pasif yangmemiliki modal atau modal perfect
Pola kalimat pasif yang menggunakan modal pada dasarnya serupa dengan pola future dan past future, yaitu:
S + modal + be + V3 S + modal + have + been + V3 Contoh: When you break the rules, you must be punished. Y ou should have been remainded so you would not do the mistake.
Bentuk pasif dari to infinitive dan gerund. Pola kalimat pasif dari bentuk to infinitive
to + be + V3 Contoh: Kalimat aktif : He want to revise his paper. Kalimat pasif : He wants his paper to be revised (by him). Pola kalimat pasif dari bentuk gerund
Being + V3 Contoh: Kalimat aktif Kalimat pasif Kalimat aktif Kalimat pasif
: I love making fun of them : I love them being made fun (by me). : Bagus advices her prioritizing her study. : Bagus advices her study being prioritized (by her).
Rumus kalimat pasif yang berupa pertanyaan a. Pola pasif untuk yes-no question • jika kalimat tersebut tidak memiliki modal
Tobe + S + V3 ? Contoh: Are the books put in the shelf? Was the wall painted? • jika kalimat tersebut memiliki modal
Modal + S + be + V3 ? Contoh: Must the car be washed now? Could you be trusted anymore?
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b. pola pasif untuk wh-question • jika kalimat tersebut tidak memiliki modal
WH-queston + tobe + S + V3 ? Contoh: What is performed in that stages? Who is promoted for the position? • jika kalimat tersebut memiliki modal
WH-queston + modal + S + be + V3 ? Contoh: Why should it be covered? How can you be kicked off? • jika yang ditanyakan adalah subyek kalimat pasif tersebut
WH-queston + to be/modal be + V3 ? Contoh: Who is offended by that boy? What will be exhibit in the exhibition?
C MENENTUKAN SUBYEK KALIMAT PASIF Jika sebuah kalimat aktif akan diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, maka perlu diperhatikan subyek yang tepat untuk kalimat pasif dan perlu diketahui juga apakah subyek itu tunggal atau jamak sehingga dapat ditentukan to be yang tepat. Berikut adalah cara untuk menentukan subyek kalimat aktif dari sebuah kalimat pasif:
Jika kalimat aktif berpola S + V + O, obyek pada kalimat tersebut akan menjadi subyek kalimat pasifnya. Contoh Kalimat aktif : She breaks the boy’s heart. Kalimat pasif : The boy’s heart is broken by her.
Jika kalimat aktif memiliki dua obyek (obyek langsung dan obyek tak langsung), maka obyek langsung akan menjadi subyek untuk kalimat pasifnya. Contoh Kalimat aktif : I always tells you everything. O1 O2 Kalimat pasif : You are told everything by me.
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jika kalimat aktifnya menggunakan subyek berupa people, everyone, dan everybody yang diikuti that clause, maka subyek kalimat pasifnya berupa Impersonal ‘it’. Contoh Kalimat aktif : Everybody says that I am sometimes crazy. Kalimat pasif : It is said that I am sometimes crazy.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. ‘I haven’t got the report on the seminar held last week’ ‘I’m sure it ____ on your desk yesterday’
A. Put B. Being put C. Was putting D. Was put
2. ‘The students were disturbed by the noise of the tractor’ means____.
A. The noise of the tractor was disturbed B. The noise of the tractor was disturbed C. The noise of the tractor disturbed the students D. The noise of the tractor was being disturbed
3. “What time will the delayed plane depart?” “They say that it _______ soon.”
A. Will announce B. Is to announce C. To be announced D. Will be announced
4. ‘Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house?’ ‘Yes we know the house need ____, but we love the surrounding.’
A. To repair B. To be repairing C. Be repaired D. Repairing
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5. Other norms, however, ________ to the individual.
A. Are applied B. Applies C. Apply D. Applying
6. The regulation in our dormitory does not allow dinner ___ before sunset an the fasting month.
A. To serve B. To be served C. Is served D. Is serving
7. ‘Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?’ ‘Yes, _____ to the headquarters of Garuda.’
A. They are faxed B. It has been faxed C. Has faxed D. The victims fax
8. By the time you come, the house ____ blue.
A. Will to be painted B. Will be painted C. Will have been painted D. Will have been painting
9. Jupiter’s four moons ____ through a telescope by Galileo.
A. Were first viewed B. First viewed C. Had been first viewed D. Were being first viewed
10. “Why are you crying?“ “My wallet ____”
A. To be stolen B. Was stolen C. Be stolen D. Being stolen
11. The floor ____ since yesterday.
A. Has not swept B. Not sweeping C. Not be sweeping D. Has not been swept
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12. The Amazone valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world’s oxygen ____ there.
A. Are being produced B. Are produced D. Is produced E. Was produced
13. ‘I’m sure you love the dog offered to you by the veterinarian yesterday.’ ‘Yes, I regret I refused it; but when I went back to him, it ____.
A. Had been taken B. Had taken C. Had to be taken D. Had to take
14. A wooden bridge ____ here next month.
A. Is going to build B. Is to build C. Will be built D. Is built
15. “When did the accident happen?” “When the goods ____ from the truck.”
A. Were unloading B. Were being unloaded C. Unloaded D. Being loaded
EXCERCISE 2 16. Michael’s report was being discuss when I called Prof. Smith this afternoon. A B C D 17. Anita has not submitted her report yet because it is printing. A B C D 18. The thief is caught by the police at his victim’s house last night. A B C D 19. The proposal been presented when I came to the office this morning. A B C D 20. Komodos believed to be descendant from dinosaurs. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: D
‘I haven’t got the report on the seminar held last week’
‘I’m sure it ____ on your desk yesterday’
Kalimat pasif untuk melengkapi kalimat diatas adalah kalimat simple past tense dengan indikasi kata yesterday (lampau) dengan pola S+(was/were)+V3. Kata kerja bentuk ketiga put tidak mengalami perubahan bentuk sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah was put.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
‘The students were disturbed by the noise of the tractor’ means____.
Akan menjadi sama artinya jika kalimat diatas diubah menjadi kalimat aktif dimana subyek menjadi the noise of the tractor sedang kata kerja simple past tense menjadi disturbed dan the students menjadi obyek kalimat.
3. Kunci Jawaban: D
“What time will the delayed plane depart?”
“They say that it _______ soon.”
Tenses yang diminta dalam kalimat pasif ini adalah simple future tense karena kata keterangannya adalah soon. Subyeknya adalah it (tunggal). Rumus pasif untuk simple future tense dengan subyek tunggal adalah will + be + V3 sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah will be announced.
4. Kunci Jawaban: D
Bentuk pasif untuk to infiinitive adalah to + be + V3 tetapi kata need + Ving juga sudah membentuk makna pasif. Sehingga jawaban yang tepat menjadi repairing.
5. Kunci Jawaban: A norms yang menjadi subyek kalimat pasif diatas adalah dalam bentuk jamak sehingga rumus pasif menjadi to be + V3 yaitu are applied. 6. Kunci Jawaban: C
The regulation in our dormitory does not allow dinner ___ before sunset an the fasting month.
Allow merupakan kata kerja yang diikuti oleh to infinitive. Bentuk pasif diperlukan untuk melengkapi kalimat diatas, pola dari to infinitive adalah to be + V3 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah to be served. 7. Kunci Jawaban: D
‘Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?’
‘Yes, _____ to the headquarters of Garuda.’
Have you been informed menunjukkan tenses yang digunakan adalah present perfect tense. Sedangkan subyek dari kalimat pasifnya adalah the exact number of victims (it). Maka bentuk pasif yang tepat adalah it has been faxed.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: C
By the time you come menunjukkan tenses yang dipakai adalah future perfect sedang pola future perfect tense adalah will/shall+have+been+v3. Maka jawaban yang benar adalah will have been painted.
9. Kunci Jawaban: A
Jupiter’s four moons ____ through a telescope by Galileo.
Subyek dari kalimat pasif diatas adalah jamak dan kejadian telah terjadi dimasa lampau sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah were first viewed.
10. Kunci Jawaban: B
“My wallet ____” sebagai subyek kalimat pasif tunggal dan kejadian telah terjadi sehingga pola yang tepat adalah was+V3 yaitu was stolen.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D Since menunjukkan bentuk present perfect tense. Subyek the floor menunjukkan benda tunggal, pola phrase negatif yang benar adalah has + not + been + V3(swept). 12. Kunci Jawaban: C
Rumus pasif is + V3. adalah pola yang digunakan karena kalimat tersebut adalah pernyataan umum yang .menggunakan simple present tense sedang subyek oxygen adalah kata benda tunggal(uncountable) sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah is produced.
13. Kunci Jawaban: A
Tenses yang diminta adalah past perfect tense. Rumus pasif untuk past perfect tense dengan subyek tunggal (it) adalah had + been + V3(taken)
14. Kunci Jawaban: D
Subyeknya tunggal dan tenses yang digunakan adalah simple future. Maka bentuk yang tepat adalah will + be + V3 (built)
15. Kunci Jawaban: B
Bentuk opsi jawaban yang memenuhi salah satu rumus passive voice adalah were being unloaded.
EXCERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Michael’s report was being discuss when I called Prof. Smith this afternoon.
Bagian dari kalimat di atas yang tidak tepat adalah discuss karena konteks kalimat ini adalah kalimat pasif dan pola kata kerja pada kalimat pasif adalah: to be + V3. Maka kalimat yang benar adalah: Michael’s report was being discussed when I called Prof. Smith this afternoon.
2. Kunci Jawaban: D Anita has not submitted her report yet because it is printing.
Pola kata kerja pada kalimat pasif adalah: to be + V3. Maka yang tidak tepat adalah printing yang seharusnya berupa kata kerja ketiga (printed).
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3. Kunci Jawaban: A
The thief is caught by the police at his victim’s house last night.
Keterangan waktu pada kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian terjadi di masa lampau (simple past tense). Maka rumus kalimat pasifnya adalah: S + was/were + V3. Jadi bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah is.
4. Kunci Jawaban: A
The proposal been presented when I came to the office this morning.
Keterangan waktu pada kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian terjadi di masa lampau saat kejadian lain terjadi (past continuous tense). Maka rumus kalimat pasifnya adalah: S + was/were + being + V3. Jadi bagian kalimat yang tidak tepat adalah been.
5. Kunci Jawaban: A Komodos believed to be descendant from dinosaurs.
Bagian dari kalimat di atas yang tidak tepat adalah believed karena konteks kalimat ini adalah kalimat pasif dan pola kata kerja pada kalimat pasif adalah: to be + V3. Jadi seharusnya kalimat yang tepat: Komodos are believed to be descendant from dinosaurs.
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Catatan ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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CONJUCTION
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A PENGERTIAN Conjunction merupakan kata penghubung, yaitu kata yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan unsur-unsur setara, seperti kata dengan kata, frase dengan frase, klausa dengan klausa, atau kalimat dengan kalimat.
B MACAM-MACAM CONJUCTION Secara garis besar, conjuction dibedakan menjadi dua golongan, yaitu: Co-ordinative Conjuction (kata penghubung koordinative) dan Sub-ordinative Conjuction (kata penghubung subordinative).
1) Co-ordinative Conjuction (kata penghubung koordinative) Co-ordinative Conjuction merupakan kata penghubung yang fungsinya menghubungkan unsur baik kata, frase, atau klausa yang memiliki kedudukan, bentuk, dan sifat yang sama atau setara. Co-ordinative conjunction dibedakan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
a. Cumulative Conjunction Kata penghubung cumulative merupakan kata penghubung yang memiliki fungsi penambahan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - And : dan - Also : juga - In addition : ditambah lagi - Moreover : lebih-lebih - Furthermore : lebih-lebih - As well as : juga - Both … and … : baik … maupun … - Not only … but also … : bukan hanya … tapi juga … Contoh: Sholeh is a good boy, in addition he is very smart. I need to have new clothes and shoes.
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b. Alternative Conjunction Kata penghubung alternative merupakan kata penghubung yang memiliki fungsi pemilihan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - Or : atau - Either … or … : baik … ataupun … - Neither … nor … : bukan … ataupun … /baik ….ataupun…. tidak - Whether … or… : apakah … atau …
Contoh: Do you like apple or orange? Neither Fuad nor reza works in the net center.
c. Diversative conjunction Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan berlawanan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - But : tapi - Yet : tapi - Still : tetap - Whereas : sedangkan
Contoh: I planned to go to the market, but it was raining. Dhian is a dilligent student, whereas Yunita is not.
d. Illative conjuction Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan kesimpulan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - So : jadi - Therefore : karena itu - Thus : maka - Hence : sebab itu - Consequently : akibatnya - As the result : hasilnya - Accordingly : sesuai dengan itu Contoh: I didn’t get enough sleep last night, therefore I’m still sleepy. Endah spent too much money for the party, so she is confused now.
2) Sub-ordinative Conjuction (kata penghubung subordinative) Sub-ordinative Conjuction merupakan kata penghuubung yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan unsur dalam kalimat, baik kata, frase, atau klausa yang kedudukannya tidak setara, seperti sub-clause atau dependent clause (anak kalimat) dan main-clause atau independent clause (kalimat utama) dalam kalimat majemuk. Konjungsi ini dibedakan menjadi 7 macam berdasar pada hubungannya, yaitu:
a. Cause and effect conjuction Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab-akibat. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain:
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- Since : karena - As : karena - For : karena - Because : karena Contoh: Last night I didn’t come because I didn’t feel well. As I really need his help, I will come to his house despite the rain. b. Comparison conjuction Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan perbandingan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - As … as : se … - …er than/more … than : lebih … dari Contoh: The interest in this bank is as high as in my previous bank. My life now is better than before.
c. Conjuction of contrast Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan pertentangan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - Although : meskipun/walaupun - Even though : meskipun/walaupun - However : bagaimanapun
Contoh: She goes out every night eventhough the weather is cold. I am happy although I don’t have too much money.
d. Conjuction of condition Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan syarat. Menggunakan kata-kata seperti pada kalimat pengandaian, seperti: - If : jika - Unless : jika … tidak/kecuali jika - Provided : asalkan Contoh: I will be there in a few minutes if you want. You have to learn hard unless you will fail in this final exam.
e. Conjunction of manner Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan cara. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - as : seperti - how : bagaimana Contoh: I don’t have any idea how to arrange the puzzle. You just need to answer as what I told you yesterday.
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f. Conjunction of time Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan waktu. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - when : ketika - as long as : selama - as soon as : secepat - before : sebelum - since : sejak - until : hingga - as : ketika - while : selama/ketika Contoh: I was not at home when the goods arrived. Dedy will return my money as soon as possible.
g. Conjunction of purpose Kata penghubung ini merupakan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan tujuan. Kata-kata yang sering digunakan antara lain: - so that : sehingga - so… Adj/Adv … that : begitu …. Sehingga - such … N… that : begitu …. Sehingga - in order to : untuk - in order that : agar Contoh: Daniela take some medichine in order that she gets well soon. Those jewelery is so beautiful that make her look nice.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. The living room was ______ that I had to move to another room to continue my reading.
A. Much noisy B. Too noisy C. So noisy D. Very noisy
2. A separate account is kept for each asset, liabilities, and capital item ________ information can be recorded for each one of them.
A. In order to B. So that C. For D. Despite
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3. The winter had been so severe; _______ the newly planted apple-trees survived.
A. As a result B. Nevertheless C. On account of D. Moreover
4. Yesterday it was _________ that most of the trees flanking on both sides of the road were blown down.
A. Windy enough B. As windy as C. So windy D. Very windy
5. He has been sitting in the library every night _____ the last four months.
A. Since B. Until C. Before D. For
6. Learning to play a musical instrument often motivates a child to be disciplined and focused; _______ it can impart a feeling of social worth.
A. Because B. So C. And D. Moreover
7. ‘Many parts of Jakarta were flooded.’ ‘That’s ____ people are used to dumping their domestic wastes into the rivers.’
A. Because B. While C. Although D. Before
8. At one time many scientists were actively anti-religious _________ the open conflicts between religion and science.
A. Instead of B. Regardless of C. In order to D. Because of
9. ‘Did he say anything to the police?’ ‘Well ___ he admitted breaking into the car, he denied stealing the tape.’
A. Even though B. Because C. When D. As soon as
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10. ___ national efforts to protect and restore wetlands, America continues to lose wetlands at an alarming rate.
A. Despite B. Although C. As though D. What
11. These shoes are old, ____ comfortable.
A. Yet B. Nor C. While D. Quite
12. He knows only a little English, ____ he can do good business.
A. B. C. D.
Unless Moreover Since But
13. A joke is trivial and nonsensical, _____ it may express a profound truth.
A. So B. Yet C. For D. Because
14. Sumbawa is not quite fertile, _______ it is very good for breeding cattle.
A. Since B. Yet C. As D. For
15. ____I can drive, I often ask my brother to drive me to the city.
A. Although B. When C. Because D. Whether
EXCERCISE 2 16. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders ; however, it may harm non-smokers. A B C D 17. However most people see the end of the millennium as an excuse for a global party, so that a handful of doomsayers think differently. A B C D
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18. Because conditions after the civil war have grown so severe that many refuges have risked death to escape. A B C D 19. When I go shopping in the city centre, I never drive my car yet I won’t have the problem of finding a parking space. A B C D 20. In order to staying on top, our company highlights customer service as its priority. A B C D
PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Jawaban yang tepat adalah yang bisa memenuhi pola so + adj + that untuk menyatakan hubungan sebab akibat sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah so noisy.
2. Kunci Jawaban: B
Jawaban yang tepat adalah yang bisa memenuhi pola so that untuk menyatakan hubungan sebab akibat.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
Dua kalimat di atas adalah dua keadaan yang berlawanan. Maka kata penghubung yang tepat adalah nevertheless.
4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut diperlukan pola so + adj + that untuk menyatakan hubungan sebab akibat sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah so windy.
5. Kunci Jawaban: A
Tense yang digunakan adalah present perfect tense sehingga kata penghubung yang tepat adalah kata hubung yang menunjukkan hubungan waktu yang sesuai yaitu since.
6. Kunci Jawaban: A
Moreover menjadi kata penghubung yang tepat untuk menambahkan dua hal yang memiliki kesetaraan bentuk dan makna.
7. Kunci Jawaban: A ‘That’s ____ people are used to dumping their domestic wastes into the rivers.
Percakapan menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat. Maka konjungsi yang paling tepat adalah because (Hal itu (dikarenakan) orang-orang terbiasa membuang sampah kedalam sungai).
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8. Kunci Jawaban: D
At one time many scientists were actively anti-religious _________ the open conflicts between religion and science.
Untuk membuat kalimat tersebut tepat, konjungsi yang digunakan harus menunjukkan sebab-akibat yaitu because of yang berarti ‘pada suatu saat banyak ilmuwan yang anti agama secara aktif (dikarenakan) konflik terbuka antara agama dengan ilmu pengetahuan.
9. Kunci Jawaban: A ‘Did he say anything to the police?’
‘Well ___ he admitted breaking into the car, he denied stealing the tape.’
Kalimat diatas menunjukkan pertentangan dua hal sehingga kata hubung yang tepat adalah even though.
10. Kunci Jawaban: A ___ national efforts to protect and restore wetlands, America continues to lose wetlands at an alarming rate.
Kalimat diatas berisi dua hal yang bertentangan sehingga jawaban yang mungkin adalah despite atau although. Although harus diikuti oleh minimal subyek dan predikat, maka kata yang tepat adalah despite.
11. Kunci Jawaban: A
These shoes are old, ____ comfortable.
Kalimat diatas menunjukkan pertentangan akan dua hal yaitu sepatu yang sudah usang dan sepatu yang nyaman sehingga untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut kata penghubung yet yang paling sesuai.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
He knows only a little English, ____ he can do good business.
Kalimat diatas juga menunjukkan pertentangan dua keadaan sehingga penghubung but menjadi yang paling tepat.
13. Kunci Jawaban: B
A joke is trivial and nonsensical, _____ it may express a profound truth.
Dua klausa di atas adalah dua keadaan yang berlawanan. Maka kata penghubung yang tepat adalah yet.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
Sumbawa is not quite fertile, _______ it is very good for breeding cattle.
Kalimat diatas berisi dua hal berlawanan sehingga konjungsi yang paling sesuai adalah yet.
15. Kunci Jawaban: A
____I can drive, I often ask my brother to drive me to the city (___ aku bisa menyetir, aku sering meminta kakakku untuk mengantarku ke kota). Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah konjungsi yang menunjukkan hubungan pertentangan (contrast) yaitu although.
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EXCERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: D Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders ; however, it may harm non-smokers. However digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa yang bertentangan. Dua kalimat di atas tidak saling bertentangan tapi justru saling menambahkan, maka konjungsi yang lebih tepat untuk kalimat di atas adalah moreover, in addition, furthermore. 17. Kunci Jawaban: C
However most people see the end of the millennium as an excuse for a global party, so that a handful of doomsayers think differently.
Untuk menggabungkan dua klausa yang bertentangan pada kalimat di atas, cukup menggunakan konjungsi however. So that tidak diperlukan karena fungsinya adalah untuk menyatakan tujuan.
18. Kunci Jawaban: C
Because conditions after the civil war have grown so severe that many refuges have risked death to escape.
So severe that sudah menyatakan hubungan sebab akibab antara dua klausa pada kalimat di atas, maka konjungsi because tidak diperlukan.
19. Kunci Jawaban: C
When I go shopping in the city centre, I never drive my car yet I won’t have the problem of finding a parking space.
Yet digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa yang berlawanan. Dua kalimat di atas tidak saling berlawan tapi merupakan hubunga sebab akibat, maka konjungsi yang lebih tepat untuk kalimat di atas adalah so. 20. Kunci Jawaban: B
In order to staying on top, our company highlights customer service as its priority.
In order to merupakan konjungsi untuk menyatakan tujuan yang selalu diikuti oleh bare infinitive. Maka seharusnya diikuti oleh stay.
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CAUSATIVE SENTENCE
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A PENGERTIAN Kalimat causative merupakan kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukan suatu tindakan atau perbuatan. Umumnya kata kerja yang dipakai sebagai kata kerja causative adalah have dan get yang diartikan ‘menyuruh’ atau ‘meminta’, namun beberapa kata seperti: make, let, ask, dan tell juga dapat digunakan.
B MACAM-MACAM CAUSATIVE SENTENCE Berdasar pada obyeknya, kalimat causative digolongkan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
1. Active causative Dalam kalimat active causative, terdapat sedikit perbedaan antara penggunaan kata kerja have dan get yaitu berupa ada dan tidaknya ‘to’ setelah obyek. Perhatikan perbedaan pola penggunaan have dan get di bawah ini:
a. Active Causative have
S + has/have/had + Object Aktif + V1 Contoh: My boss has me type all the documents. I had my gardener take care or my flowers. b. Active Causative get
S + get/gets/got + Object Aktif + to +V1 Contoh: I will get those children to go. The teacher gets the student to do their homework.
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Catatan: Pola penggunaan make dan let dalam causative aktif sesuai dengan pola penggunaan have,sedangkan pola penggunaan ask dan tell sesuai dengan pola penggunaan get. Contoh: The dog made me run fast. Dio lets me make his bed everyday. She always asks me to do what she wants. My uncle told me to work together with him.
2. Passive causative Kalimat passive causative hanya memiliki satu pola, baik yang menggunakan kata kerja have maupun get.Pola tersebut adalah sebai berikut:
S + has/have/had/ get/gets/got + Object Pasif + V3 + (by ...) Contoh: The family have their house painted She is so technological illaterate that she always gets her paper typed.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife ___.
A. Cry B. To be crying C. Cried D. To cry
2. “The manager needs the financial data for tomorrow’s meeting.” “All right, _______ immediately”
A. I’ll have processed them B. I want to processed them C. I’ll have them processed D. I have already processed them
3. “This English text on Biology is too difficult for me to read.” “Well, you’d better _________ “
A. Translate it B. Have translate it C. Have it translated D. Have to translated it
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4. The costumer had the shoes _______ before six o’clock in the evening.
A. Deliver’s B. Deliver C. Delivered D. Delivering
5. I should _______ because his grades are poor.
A. Force my second son study B. Insist on my second son studying C. Make my second son study D. Tell my second son study
6. As I found out that not all the workshop participants knew about today’s schedule, I got my secretary ____ it right away.
A Distributing B Distributed C. To distribute D. In distributing
7. We are going on a long trip, so we must ______
A. Have checked the car B. Have had the car checked C. To have the car checked D. Have the car checked
8. “Is your car new?” “No, I ________ at my brother’s garage”
A B C D
Had only painted it Only had it painted Had to paint it only Only it had painted
9. As he hates shopping, he always has ______
A. Someone has done it B. Someone do it C. Done it for someone D. Been asked to do it
10. My radio is broken. I will get someone _______ it.
A Repaired B To repair C. Has repaired D. Has to repair
11. Why don’t you _______ your secretary do it? A Ask B Tell
C. Get D. Have
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12. Maria is so bossy; she always _________
A. Has everything done B. Have everything done C. Gets someone do D. Have someone to do
13. ‘Your living room looks very cozy!’ ‘Thank you. Actually, I ___ by a professional.
A. Had decorated it B. Had its decoration C. Had the decoration D. Had it decorated
14. ‘I can’t cut the meat with this blunt knife.’ ‘Let us _____.’
A. Have sharpened it B. Have it sharpened C. It must be sharpened D. To have it sharpened
15. It is impossible for us to translate the whole book within 2 weeks. So we __ .
A. Have to translate it all by ourselves B. Have some assistants help us C. Have translated the whole book D. Have been asked to translate it
EXCERCISE 2 16. I don’t have enough time to finish it alone, so I will get someone finished. A B C D 17. The government will make the businessman will pay his loan. A B C D 18. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him to clear the bed before night fell. A B C D 19. The living-room looks nicer after my mother has had someone renovated. A B C D 20. I must have him to leave a message. A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN 1. Kunci Jawaban: A
Active causative dengan menggunakan made mengikuti pola active causative have: S + make/made + Object Aktif + V1. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah cry.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
Diantara pilihan jawaban yang memenuhi pola causative have: have + Obyek aktif + V1 atau have + Obyek pasif + V3 adalah I’ll have them processed.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C
Pembicara kedua menyarankan untuk menterjemahkan teks tersebut. Kalimat perintah yang tepat adalah yang memiliki pola: have + Obyek aktif + V1 atau have + Obyek pasif + V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah Have it translated.
4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Kata kerja causative had diikuti kata benda pasif. Maka untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut diperlukan kata kerja bentuk ketiga yaitu delivered.
5. Kunci Jawaban: C
I should _______ because his grades are poor.
Pola untuk membentuk kalimat causative yaitu sikap menyuruh atau meminta melakukan suatu tindakan adalah get atau have+objective+(to)+V1 bisa juga menggunakan let, dan make. Sehingga jawaban yang tepat untuk mengisi kalimat diatas sesuai dengan pola adalah make my second son study.
6. Kunci Jawaban: C
As I found out that not all the workshop participants knew about today’s schedule, I got my secretary ____ it right away.
Pola causative dengan ekspresi got yaitu got+object active+to+V1 jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah to distribute.
7. Kunci Jawaban: D
We are going on a long trip, so we must ______
Untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut diperlukan klausa causative pasif yang memiliki pola S+have/got+object passive+V3 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah have the car checked.
8. Kunci Jawaban: B
Klausa yang diminta adalah yang sesuai dengan pola causative S + have + Obyek aktif + V1 atau S + have + Obyek pasif + V3, sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah only had it painted(pasif).
9. Kunci Jawaban: B
As he hates shopping, he always has ______
Untuk melengkapi kalimat diatas diperlukan aktif clausa dengan pola S+has+object aktif+V1 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah someone do it.
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10. Kunci Jawaban: B
I will get someone _______ it.
Kalimat diatas mengikuti pola S+get+subyek aktif+to+V1 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah to repair.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
Why don’t you _______ your secretary do it?
Pola S+have+obyek aktif+V1 sehingga akan menjadi tepat dengan phrase have.
12. Kunci Jawaban: A
Maria is so bossy; she always _________
Untuk membentuk kalimat kausatif tanpa to maka pola yang harus dipakai adalah S+has+obyek aktif+V1 untuk aktif dan S+has/get+obyek pasif+V3 untuk kausatif pasif maka jawaban yang sesuai adalah has everything done.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D
Kata by menunjukkan kalimat pasif sedang pola kausatif untuk pasif adalah had+obyek pasif+V3+by..sehingga jawaban yang tepat ialah has it decorated.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
Kata let mengikuti pola seperti have yaitu S+has+obyek aktif+V1 untuk aktif dan S+has/ get+obyek pasif+V3 untuk kausatif pasif sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah have it sharpened (pasif).
15. Kunci Jawaban: B
Pola kausatif aktif dengan menggunakan have mengikuti pola have+obyek aktif+V1 sehingga
Jawaban yang tepat ialah have some assistants help us.
EXCERCISE 2 1. Kunci Jawaban: C I don’t have enough time to finish it alone, so I will get someone finished.
Passive causative get memiliki pola: get + Obyek pasif + V3. Pada konteks kalimat di atas, obyek someone tidak tepat bila dijadikan obyek pasif.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
The government will make the businessman will pay his loan.
Active causative make memiliki pola memiliki pola yang sama dengan active causative have: have + Obyek aktif + bare infinitive. Maka kalimat di atas tidak memerlukan modal will.
3. Kunci Jawaban: C
My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him to clear the bed before night fell.
Kalimat di atas merupakan active causative dengan had yang memiliki pola: had + Obyek aktif + bare infinitive. Maka kalimat di atas tidak memerlukan to.
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4. Kunci Jawaban: D
The living-room looks nicer after my mother has had someone renovated.
Passive causative have memiliki pola: have + Obyek pasif + V3. Pada konteks kalimat di atas, obyek someone tidak tepat bila dijadikan obyek pasif.
5. Kunci Jawaban: B I must have him to leave a message.
Kalimat di atas merupakan active causative dengan have yang memiliki pola: have + Obyek aktif + bare infinitive. Maka kalimat di atas tidak memerlukan to.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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SUBJUNCTIVE
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A PENGERTIAN Seperti halnya conditional sentence, kalimat Subjunctive juga merupakan kalimat pengandaian dimana sesuatu yang diharapkan terjadi tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan, maka kalimat subjunctive ini juga selalu berlawanan dengan kenyataan atau fakta. Subjuctive menggunakan kata-kata pengandaian antara lain: wish, as if/as though, if only, dan would rather.
B TIPE KALIMAT SUBJUNCTIVE 1. Present Subjunctive Present subjunctive tipe ini yang merujuk ke masa sekarang (present) sehingga faktanya berupa present tense. Seperti halnya dalam conditional sentence tipe II, to be yang dipakai dalam subjunctive tipe ini adalah were walaupun subyeknya tunggal. Pola-pola present subjunctive adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Present Subjunctive dengan wish
S + wish + (that) + S + V2 Contoh: I wish I didn’t do any mistake. Fakta: I do mistake. Liana wishes she were the best student in her class. Fakta: Liana is not the best student in her class.
b. Present Subjunctive dengan as if/as though
S + V1 + as if/as though + S + V2 Contoh: Yuni poses as if she were a supermodel. Fakta:She is not a supermodel. Dhyno eats as though he never ate. Fakta: he eats.
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c. Present Subjunctive dengan if only
If only + S + V2 Contoh: If only Donny gave me more time to finish this book. Fakta: Donny doesn’t give me more time to finish this book. If only Vidya and Tama were still together. Fakta: Vidya and Tama are not together anymore.
d. Present Subjunctive dengan would rather
I would rather + S + V2 Contoh: I would rather told Amir what to do. Fakta: I didn’t tell Amir what to do. He would rather he were not lazy at the beginning. Fakta: He is lazy in the beginning.
2. Past Subjunctive Present subjunctive tipe past ini yang merujuk ke masa lalu (past) sehingga faktanya berupa past tense. Pola-pola past subjunctive adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Past Subjunctive dengan wish
S + wish + (that) + S + had + V3 Contoh: I wish you had been able to finish it on time. Fakta: You could not finish it on time. I wished Marry had been there. Fakta: Marry were not there.
b. Past Subjunctive dengan as if/as though
S + V2 + as if/as though + S + had + V3 Contoh: She work as is she had not needed to sleep. Fakta: She needed to sleep. Agus spoke as though he had wanted to live here. Fakta: he didn’t want to live here.
c. Past Subjunctive dengan if only
If only + S + had + V3
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Contoh: If only Shanti had not been so talented. Fakta: Shanti were so talented. If only Wahyu had not gone to Swiss. Fakta: Wahyu went to Swiss.
e. Past Subjunctive dengan would rather
I would rather + S + had + V3 Contoh: I would rather James had said the truth. Fakta: James didn’t say the truth. I would rather Mario Had been my boy friend. Fakta: Mario was not my boy friend.
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. If only my father bought a new TV.
A. My father has bought a new TV. B. My father doesn’t buy a new TV. C. My father didn’t buy a new TV. D. My father has bought a new TV.
2. ‘Did you get a compensation for your car?’ ‘No, I didn’t. If only ____.’ 3.
A. I would insure it B. I had insured it C. I have insured it D. I wouldn’t insure it
A. Have gone B. Are going to go C. Will go D. Would go
I wish you___ tomorrow.
4. “If only his son had studied harder” means _______
A. His son did not study harder B. His son had studied harder C. His son has studied harder D. His son never studies harder
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5. I wish ___ now to watch our play.
A. He is here D. He be here B. He has been here E. He will he here C. He were here
6. ‘You look tired. Why don’t you take a rest?’ ‘I wish ___ ; I still have to finish this report.’
A. I would be able B. I can C. I could D. I had been able
7. “I’m sorry, I couldn’t come to your party last night, but I wish I________
A. had come B. Could come C. Have come D. Would have come
8. I would rather they ______ their obligation right now.
A. Pays B. Has paying C. Paid D. Pay
9. Sulis has won a medal for swimming. I wish I ____ as good as he is.
A. Were B. Should he C. Am D. Should be
10. Efi was shocked as though _____
A. She saw a ghost B. She had seen a ghost C. She has seen a ghost D. She was seeing a ghost
11. I’m planning to go to a party tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wish ______ A. It stops B. It will stop C. It had stopped D. It would stop 12. My teacher speaks very fast, so I can’t catch his idea. I’d rather he _____ slowly.
A. Speak B. Spoke C. Will speak D. Would speak
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13. I can’t do these sums alone, I really need my brother’s help. I wish he _____ here now.
A. Is B. Are C. Was D. Were
14. I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department. But now, he ___. A. Acts as if he is the sales-manager B. Is acting as if he would the sales manager C. Would act as if tie was the sales manager D. Acts as if he were the sales manager 15. The naughty boy shouts and walks unsteadily as if he were drunk. Actually the boy _____.
A. Is drunk B. Was drunk C. is not drunk D. was not drunk
EXCERCISE 2 16. The girl behaved as though she is mad. A B C D 17. He knows nothing, but he talks much as if he doesn’t know anything. A B C D th
18. Aziz wishes he went to Ikranegara’s play on the 30 of November last year. A B C D 19. People wish that today the local Government will give first priority to the solution of this problem. A B C D 20. I am sorry I don’t know the answer, but I really wished I knew A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN EXCERCISE 1 1. Kunci Jawaban: B
If only my father bought a new TV.
Kalimat diatas merupakan bentuk dari present subjunctive sehingga fakta berupa kalimat yang berlawanan dimana makna dan tensesnya present sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah my father doesn’t buy a new TV.
2. Kunci Jawaban: B
‘Did you get a compensation for your car?’
‘No, I didn’t. If only ____.’
Kalimat pertama menunjukkan fakta yang dalam past tense. Maka pengandaiannya menggunakan past subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap past subjunctive dengan if only adalah If only + S + had + V3 sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah If only I had insured it.
3. Kunci Jawaban: D
Keterangan waktu ‘tomorrow’ dalam kalimat menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + wish + (that) + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang sesuai pola adalah: would go.
4. Kunci Jawaban: A
“If only his son had studied harder” means _______
Kalimat tersebut merupakan past subjunctive sehingga fakta berupa kalimat yang berlawanan dimana makna dan tensesnya menjadi past sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah his son did not study harder.
5. Kunci Jawaban: C
Keterangan waktu now dalam kalimat menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + wish + (that) + S + V2. To be bentuk kedua yang dipakai dalam subjuctive hanya were sehingga jawaban yang sesuai pola adalah: He were here.
6. Kunci Jawaban: C
I still have to finish this report
Kalimat tersebut merupakan fakta dalam bentuk present tense. Maka pengandaian menggunakan present subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap present subjunctive dengan wish adalah S + wish + (that) + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang sesuai pola adalah: I could.
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7. Kunci Jawaban: A
I’m sorry, I couldn’t come to your party last night
Kalimat tersebut merupakan fakta dalam bentul past tense. Dimana pola lengkap pengandaian yang digunakan adalah past subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap dengan wish adalah S + wish + (that) + S + had + V3. Maka jawaban yang sesuai pola adalah: had come.
8. Kunci Jawaban: C
Keterangan waktu now dalam kalimat menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + would rather + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah paid.
9. Kunci Jawaban: A
Sulis has won a medal for swimming. I wish I ____ as good as he is.
Kalimat pertama dalam bentul present tense yang merupakan fakta. Maka pengandaiannya menggunakan present subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap past subjunctive dengan wish adalah S + wish + (that) + S + V2. To be untuk past subjunctive adalah were.
10. Kunci Jawaban: B
Efi was shocked as though ____
To be pada klausa pertama dalam bentuk kedua yang menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan past subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + V2 + as if/as though + S + had + V3. Maka jawaban yang sesuai pola adalah: She had seen a ghost
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
Keterangan waktu now menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + would rather + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah it would stop.
12. Kunci Jawaban: B
My teacher speaks very fast, so I can’t catch his idea.
Kalimat fakta diatas dalam pola present tense sehingga pengandaian menggunakan present subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap past subjunctive dengan would rather adalah S + would rather + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah spoke.
13. Kunci Jawaban: D I can’t do these sums alone, I really need my brother’s help
I wish he _____ here now.
Kalimat fakta yang dalam bentuk present tense membuat pengandaiannya menggunakan bentuk present subjunctive yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan. Pola lengkap past subjunctive dengan wish adalah S + wish + (that) + S + V2. To be untuk present kalimat subjunctive I wish he _____ here now adalah were.
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14. Kunci Jawaban: D
I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department.
But now, he ___
kalimat pertama menunjukkan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive yang memiliki pola lengkap: S + V1 + as if/as though + S + V2. Maka jawaban yang sesuai pola dan memiliki makna yang berlawanan dengan klausa pertama adalah: He acts as if he were the sales-manager. 15. Kunci Jawaban: C
The naughty boy shouts and walks unsteadily as if he were drunk
Kalimat tersebut merupakan present subjunctive sehingga fakta berupa kalimat yang berlawanan makna dan tensesnya present maka jawaban yang tepat adalah he is not drunk.
EXCERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: D
The girl behaved as though she is mad.
Kata kerja kalimat di atas adalah bentuk kedua (behaved). Pola past subjunctive dengan as though adalah: S + V2 + as though + S + had + V3. Maka is pada kalimat di atas seharusnya diganti dengan has been.
17. Kunci Jawaban: D
He talks much as if he doesn’t know anything.
He knows nothing merupakan fakta yang berupa kalimat negative. Maka kalimat subjunctive harus berlawanan (positif). Kata kerja talks adalah bentuk pertama, maka subjunctive harus berupa present sebjunctive. Pola present subjunctive dengan as if adalah: S + V1 + as if + S + V2. Jadi doesn’t know tidak tepat dan harus diganti dengan knew.
18. Kunci Jawaban: B th
Aziz wishes he went to Ikranegara’s play on the 30 of November last year.
Keterangan waktu menunjukkan bahwa subjunctive yang dipakai adalah past subjunctive. Pola past subjunctive dengan wish adalah: S + wish/wished + S + had + V3. Maka went tidak tepat dan harus di ganti dengan had gone.
19. Kunci Jawaban: C People wish that today the local Government will give first priority to the solution of this problem.
Keterangan waktu menunjukkan bahwa subjunctive yang dipakai adalah present subjunctive. Pola present subjunctive dengan wish adalah: S + wish + S + V2. Maka will give tidak tepat dan harus di ganti dengan would give.
20. Kunci Jawaban: C I am sorry I don’t know the answer, but I really wished I knew.
Keterangan waktu menunjukkan bahwa subjunctive yang dipakai adalah present subjunctive. Untuk present subjunctive yang mengacu pada masa sekarang, wish tidak mungkin berbentuk lampau.
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DERIVATIVES
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A PENGERTIAN Derivative (kata jadian) yaitu kata yang jenis katanya berubah karena mendapat imbuhan tertentu yang disebut derivational affix.
B MACAM JENIS KATA Jenis kata antara lain: Noun (kata benda), verb (kata kerja), Adjective (kata sifat), dan Adverb (kata keterangan).
C LANGKAH MENGETAHUI JENIS KATA DAN BENTUKNYA 1. Mengetahui jenis kata Jenis kata dapat diketahui berdasar posisinya terhadap jenis kata lainnya. a. Jika berada sebelum verb/to be/modal, maka jenis katanya adalah noun. b. Jika berada setelah verb, maka ada dua kemungkinan: Jika verb tersebut membutuhkan obyek, maka jenis katanya adalah noun. Jika verb tersebut tidak membutuhkan obyek, maka jenis katanya adalah adverb. c. Jika berada setelah determiner dan preposisi (selain to), maka jenis katanya adalah noun. d. Jika berada setelah preposisi to, modal, dan kata Bantu negative (don’t, didn’t), maka jenis katanya adalah verb (bentuk pertama). e. Jika berada setelah tobe dan linking verb, maka jenis katanya adalah adjective. f. Jika berada setelah Have, has, dan had, maka jenis katanya adalah verb (bentuk ke-3) atau bisa juga berupa tobe bentuk ke-3, yaitu been. Catatan: Kedudukan noun bisa juga digantikan oleh noun phrase (frase kata benda) dengan pola bisa berupa adjective + noun, noun + noun (dimana noun pertama berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun kedua), atau adverb + adjective + noun. V-ing dan V3 bisa berfungsi sebagai adjective. Adverb merupakan kata yang sangat fleksibel, maka ia bisa terletak diantara kata bantu dan kata kerja utama.
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Untuk mengetahui lebih jelas, perhatikan pola-pola di bawah ini: 1. Noun + Verb/tobe (is,am,are, was, were)/modal 2. Verb a) transitif + Noun b) Verb intransitive + Adverb 3. Determiner/preposisi a) Det/prep + Noun b) Det/prep + Adjective + Noun c) Det/prep + Noun + Noun d) Det/prep + Adverb + adjective + Noun 4. modal/to/don’t/didn’t a) modal/to/don’t/didnt + V1 b) modal/to/don’t/didnt + Adverb + V1 5. tobe/linking verb a) tobe/linking verb + adjective/V-ing/V3 b) tobe/linking verb + adverb + adjective/V-ing/V3 6. have/has/had + V3/been
2. Menentukan bentuk kata jadian a. Noun Bentuk noun derivatives (kata benda jadian) biasanya diakhiri oleh: –ment, –ance,– ence, –ion,–tion,–ation, –t, -th, –er,–or, v–al, –ure, –ture, – ature, –y, –ary, –ery, –age, –ist, –ant, –ent, –ism, –ness, –ty, –ity, –ship, –hood. Contoh: entertainment, ignorance, evaluation, complaint, conductor, denial, departure, recovery, marriage, tourist, capitalism, darkness, popularity, friendship, brotherhood. b. Verb Bentuk verb derivatives (kata kerja jadian) biasanya berupa kata benda atau kata sifat yang mendapat awalan en–, em- atau mendapat akhiran –en, –ze/–ize, –fy/–ify. Contoh: endanger, empower, whiten, catagorize, beautify. c. Adjective Bentuk adjective derivatives (kata sifat jadian) biasanya mendapat akhiran: –y, –y, –less, –ful, –-ic, ,–-tic, –-etic, –-atic, –able, –ible, –en, –ent, –ant, –al, –ual, –ial, – ical, –ous, –ive, –tive, –ative, –ary, –tory. Contoh: sunny, careless, successful, heroic, responsible, wooden, classical, dangerous, imaginative, introductory. d. Adverb Kata keterangan jadian dibentuk oleh kata sifat (adjective) yang mendapat akhiran –ly. Contoh: quickly, successfully, carelessly, hopefully.
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Catatan: Ada beberapa noun dan verb yang hampir sama bentuk derivatives-nya namun memiliki perbedaan khusus dalam pelafalan. noun diakhiri /s/ atau /z/ sementara verb diakhiri /d/ applause → applaud success → succeed offense → offend defense → defend pretense → pretend process → proceed access → accede response → respond noun diakhiri belief proof relief
/f/ sementara verb diakhiri /v/ → believe → prove → relieve
EXERCISE EXCERCISE 1 1. After listening to his mother’s ________ words, the baby stopped crying.
A. Comfort B. Comforting C. Comfortably D. Comfortable
2. My uncle____advised me to take English lessons.
A. Strength B. Strong C. Strongly D. Strengthened
3. He is a _________ of stamps.
A. Collector B. Collectioner C. Collectionist D. Collective
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4. Although the couple has been married for five years, they are still____ 5.
A. Childness B. Childhood C. Childish D. Childless I asked the man how I could get to the station. He gave me very clear___.
A. Directly B. Directing C. Directness D. Directions
6. The children seemed to be____in watching the program.
A. Interesting B. Interest C. Interestingly D. Interested
7. The merger of the two companies was funded by a________
A. Capitalize B. Capital C. Capitalist D. Capitalism
8. The teacher should be ___ at all the time.
A. Tolerant B. Tolerate C. Tolerable D. Tolerance
9. Since the street is too narrow, the workers are going to ___ it.
A. Wide B. Width C. Widen D. Widely
10. Peter and Gyan are from the same town, but they are not____
A. Related B. Relative C. Relation D. Relationship
11. Because of his knowledge and experience, Dr. Setiawan is recognized as an _____ in the field of economic.
A. Authorize B. Author C. Authoritarian D. Authority
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12. A company will not ________ if it employees are unhappy.
A. Prosper B. Prosperous C. Prosperity D. Prospering
13. Sean and Stephen are brothers, but they look very____
A. Difference B. Differential C. Differently D. Different
14. His directions how to get to the station were quite___.
A. Clearly B. Clear C. Clearness D. Clearance
15. The company’s new product was ____ advertised on TV.
A. Nation B. Nationalization C. Nationally D. Nationalize
EXCERCISE 2 16. The dollar exchange rate isn’t too favorite just now. Let’s change our money next week. A B C D 17. It was very consideration of you to send me the information promptly. A B C D 18. They dismiss the worker, but they never told me about the dismissive A B C D 19. The story is only aimed to entertainment. A B C D 20. Wow! It’s cool! I can’t belief it! It’s very unbelievable! A B C D
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PEMBAHASAN EXCERCISE 1 1. Kunci Jawaban: D
After listening to his mother’s _______ words, the baby stopped crying.
Kata yang sesuai untuk diletakkan diantara determiner yang berupa keterangan milik dan kata benda seperti pada kalimat diatas adalah adjective (Det + Adjective + Noun). Kata jadian yang merupakan adjective/kata sifat adalah comfortable.
2. Kunci Jawaban: C
Untuk menjelaskan kata kerja advised diperlukan kata keterangan. Yang merupakan kata keterangan adalah yang memiliki akhiran –ly yaitu strongly.
3. Kunci Jawaban: A Determiner a selalu diikuti oleh kata benda. Yang berupa kata benda adalah collection dan collector. Karena subyek yang dijelaskan adalah he(orang) maka jawaban yang tepat adalah yang merupakan person noun yaitu collector. 4. Kunci Jawaban: D
Setelah to be dan kata keterangan dibutuhkan adjective/V-ing/V3. Maka jawaban yang mungkin adalah kata sifat childish atau childless. Karena sebelumnya dijelaskan bahwa pasangan tersebut telah lama menikah, maka yang paling sesuai untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah childless (tidak punya anak).
5. Kunci Jawaban: D
Setelah keterangan dan kata sifat dibutuhkan kata benda. Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah directions.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D Be diikuti oleh adjective/V-ing/V3. Yang dibutuhkan kalimat ini adalah V3 yang membentuk kalimat pasif sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah interested. 7. Kunci Jawaban: C Determiner a selalu diikuti oleh kata benda. Diantara pilihan jawaban, yang berupa kata benda adalah capitalist (orang kapitalis) dan capitalism (paham kapitalis). Sedang dalam pemaknaan yang mendanai gabungan dua perusahaan adalah orang sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah capitalist. 8. Kunci Jawaban: A Be diikuti oleh adjective/V-ing/V3. Yang dibutuhkan oleh kalimat ini adalah kata sifat. Yang merupakan kata sifat adalah tolerant (bisa mentoleransi) dan tolerable (dapat ditolerir). Dari pemaknaan jawaban yang paling tepat adalah tolerant. 9. Kunci Jawaban: C To diikuti dengan kata benda maka jawaban yang tepat adalah widen.
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10. Kunci Jawaban: A
To be diikuti oleh adjective/V-ing/V3. Yang dibutuhkan oleh kalimat ini adalah kata kerja yang membentuk kalimat pasif yaitu related yang memiliki arti mereka tidak berhubungan.
11. Kunci Jawaban: B Determiner an selalu diikuti oleh kata benda. Yang merupakan kata benda adalah author (penulis) dan authoritarian (penganut paham otoriter). Jawaban yang sesuai dengan konteks kalimat di atas adalah author. 12. Kunci Jawaban: A Will selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk pertama. Sehingga jawaban yang paling tepat adalah prosper 13. Kunci Jawaban: D
Setelah linking verb dan adverb, dibutuhkan adjective maka jawaban yang tepat adalah different.
14. Kunci Jawaban: B
To be + adverb diikuti oleh adjective sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah clear.
15. Kunci Jawaban: D Diantara to be dan kata kerja bisa diletakkan kata keterangan atau adverb sehingga jawaban yang tepat adalah nationally. EXCERCISE 2 16. Kunci Jawaban: C
The dollar exchange rate isn’t too favorite just now. Let’s change our money next week.
To be + adverb (isn’t + too) seharusnya diikuti oleh adjective. favourite merupakan kata sifat. Bentuk adjective derivative-nya adalah favourable.
17. Kunci Jawaban: B
It was very consideration of you to send me the information promptly.
To be + adverb (was + very) seharusnya diikuti oleh adjective. Consideration merupakan kata benda. Bentuk adjective derivative-nya adalah considerable.
18. Kunci Jawaban: D They dismiss the worker, but they never told me about the dismissive. Determiner the seharusnya diikuti oleh noun. Dismissive merupakan kata sifat. Bentuk noun derivative-nya adalah dismissal. 19. Kunci Jawaban: D
The story is only aimed to entertainment.
To seharusnya diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk pertama. Entertainment merupakan kata benda. Bentuk kerjanya adalah entertain. 20. Kunci Jawaban: B
Wow! It’s cool! I can’t belief it! It’s very unbelievable! Modal can seharusnya diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk pertama. Belief merupakan kata benda. Bentuk kerjanya adalah believe.
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Catatan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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SIMULASI LISTENING
SIMULASI LISTENING
SIMULASI LISTENING 1. Woman : It is the best dance performance I ever enjoy! Man : The dancers must have practiced hard. Question : What does the man imply? a. b. c. d.
The performance is not very attractive. The performance is awesome. The dancers don’t seem enjoy their own performance. The dancers needs more practice.
2. Man : The appartment is really nice! Woman : I wish I lived there. Question : What does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
The appartment is terrible. She admires the appartment. She lives in the appartment. Her house is not so far from the appartment.
3. Woman : How was your sleep last night? Man : Our neighbour made too much noise. I could barely close my eyes. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
He could easily sleep although it was noisy. The woman’s voice disturbed his sleep. He could not sleep well. He didn’t want to disturb their neighbour.
4. Man : Could you tell me where is the main station in this town? Woman : go ahead this road and turn left after the first junction. The station will be on your right side. Question : What should the woman do? a. b. c. d.
Going ahead and turning left at the first junction. Going ahead and turning left at the second junction. Going ahead and turning right at the first junction. Going ahead and turning right at the second junction.
5. Woman : I’d like to invite you to my sister’s wedding party next week. Man : oh, I’d love to come but I have got a ticket to fly to Singapore and I will spend this month there. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
He will give the ticket to the woman. He always love any parties. He is affraid he will not come to the party. He will come to the party after come back from Singapore.
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6. Man
: You play piano as a professional pianist does. How long have you been playing it? Woman : About twenty years. I started playing it when I was five years old. Question : How many years has the woman been playing piano? a. b. c. d.
About 5 years About 10 years About 20 years About 25 years
7. Woman : I am really happy I came to my high school reunion. Man : So you did meet your ex-boyfriend there! Question : What is the man’s assumption about the women? a. b. c. d.
She didn’t come to the reunion She didn’t meet her ex-boyfriend Her ex-boyfriend didn’t come to the reunion She met her ex-boyfriend
8. Man : I wonder that you have slept all day long when I go. Woman : I don’t well today. I would still lay down on my bed if you didn’t come so early. Question : What does the women mean? a. b. c. d.
The man didn’t come early. The woman still lays down on her bed The man slept early The woman woke up because the man came.
9. Woman : You seem to be content to have an great assistant as she is. Man : She does help me so much. Question : What does the man think about his assistant? a. b. c. d.
He never needs the help of his assistant The assistant never really helps him His assistant does her job well The man wants to get a new assistant
10. Man : What do you think about Richie’s performance in the singing contest? Woman : He could do better. Question : What does the woman think about Richie’s performance? a. b. c. d.
Richie’s performance is better than the previous performance Richie’s performance is not as good as what she expected She is sure she can do better than Richie’s performance Richie’s performance is a great performance
11. Woman : What do I need to wait? I want to go now. Man : You can’t go before you com plete all the form. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
The woman needs to wait for him The woman can go before the form is completed The woman must complete the form before going The woman can go after the man
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12. Man : Are you going to take the vacation and join us to go to Florida? Woman : I wish I could. I really want to visit Florida. Question : What does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She will go to Florida She doesn’t want to visit Florida She cannot join the vacation She has visited florida before
13. Woman : How was your date with Rossa? She is very beautiful! You’re lucky having a date with her. Man : Unluckily that a beautiful girl has such a terrible way of thinking. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
He likes the girl very much He didn’t enjoy the date The girl is not beautiful The girl made him unlucky
14. Man : Do you have change for a dollar? Woman : Oh, I wanted to ask you the same question. Question : What does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She doesn’t understand the man’s question She doesn’t have the change. She knows where the man can change his money She wants to change her money together with the man
15. Woman : You look great in that black suit! Man : Thank you very much. I have my brother design it. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
He designs the suit by himself His brother likes the suits very much His brother designed the suit for him It is his brother’s suit.
16. Man : This is a very good book, but it’s not very expensive. Woman : So you must buy it. Question : where does this conversation probably takes place? a. b. c. d.
In a restaurant In a book shop In a drugstore In a hospital
17. Woman : Oh, It’s already 8 pm. I’m sorry for making you wait too long. Man : I have waited for you for hours. I have been being here since 6 pm. Question : How long have the man waited? a. b. c. d.
2 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours
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18. Man : It is already late. Woman : Well, lets go to sleep! Question : What does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She doesn’t think it’s late. The man goes home too late. She agrees with the man’s statement. She is not sleepy yet.
19. Woman : I’m sorry I’m late. Can I join this class, Sir? Man : you should have come 20 minutes earier to join this class. Question : What does the man imply? a. b. c. d.
She has to wait after 20 minutes to join the class She cannot join the class because she is too late. She can join the class. She is the earliest student in the class.
20. Man : What is the newest movie played in the cinema? Woman : I don’t have time to check the schedule these days. Question : What does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She doesn’t know what movie is playing. She will check the schedule for the man. She has a plan to go to the cinema these days. She wants to go to the cinema with the man.
21. Woman : What exactly happens to you? Man : You must have known what happen. Question : what does the man imply? a. b. c. d.
He doesn’t want to tell the woman The woman must know by herself He is sure the woman knows what happens. He must let the woman know what happens.
22. Man : I need to wear this blouse on Monday. Is it possible for me to take it tomorrow? Woman : It will be finished this afternoon. Question : Who is the woman? a. b. c. d.
She is a nurse She is a tailor She is a sailor She is a shopkeeper
23. Woman : You you think Bob will pass the exam? Man : well, he isn’t the best student, yet I am sure he can make it. Question : what does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
Bob is the best student Bob will pass the exam He can make Bob pass the exam He doesn’t think Bob will pass the exam
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24. Man : What a nice weather! Would you like to go swimming? Woman : I’d love to, but I bet this weather will suddenly change in several hours. Question : what does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She will go swimming with the man She loves swimming She can go swimming after several hours She is not sure about the weather
25. Woman : Did you attend Biology class yesterday? Man : I never miss any single Biology class. Question : what does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
He was absent He was the only one who came to the class He was never absent He missed the woman
26. Man : Are you worried about your date with Ronny tonight? Woman : It’s unimportant for me. Question : what does the woman mean? a. b. c. d.
She is excited about the date She doesn’t think too much about the date The date is important for her Ronny is unimportant for her
27. Woman : What do you think about the concert? Man : it was too great to be missed Question : what does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
The concert was not very good He regrets that he went to the concert He missed the concert The concert was great
28. Man : Are you tired? We need to walk 5 minutes more. Woman : I need a couple of minutes to breathe. Question : What does the woman imply? a. b. c. d.
She isn’t tired at all She is tired She can walk faster She cannot breathe
29. Woman : Wow! You got a brand new car! Man : it’s used, but looks like the new one. Question : what does the man say about his car? a. b. c. d.
It isn’t a new car He likes the car It’s not his car The woman can use the car
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30. Woman : What a nice necklace! It must be very qualified gold. Man : Do you think it is? But it’s fake. Question : What does the man mean? a. b. c. d.
The necklace is very expansive The necklace is an immitation The necklace is very qualified The necklace is made of real gold
Woman : How often do you use the Internet? Man : Oh, I use it everyday! I check my email, read the news, chat with family and friends all around the world. I love the Internet! Woman : Yeah, it’s great, isn’t it? Sometimes I stay online for hours. So, how do you connect to the Net? Man : Usually I just dial 163 or 96600 to log on, and I get billed directly to my telephone account. It’s quite convenient. Woman : That must be slow! I have an ADSL connection, so I can download pictures and music. Man : Well, I’m going to get a high-speed connection too, just as soon as I’m as rich as you! (Man and woman laugh) 31. How often does the man use the unternet? a. Every hours b. Everyday c. Three times a week d. Twice a week 32. How does the woman connect to the internet? a. b. c. d.
She usually goes to a net center He dials 163 or 96600 to log on She has an ADSL connection She goes to a wi-fi area
Man : I’d like to visit the Great Wall this weekend. Do you know how I can get there? Woman : There are two ways to go there. You could go there directly by bus or train, or you could join a group tour. Man : Is one way better than the other? Woman : Going with a group is certainly more convenient. Everything is taken care of for you, including lunch and tickets to places of interest along the way. Man : That sounds like a good deal. Woman : On the other hand, if you go directly, you won’t stop along the way, which means you can spend more time at the Wall itself. It’s also cheaper. Man : Well, I like to go off on my own. I think going directly would be better for me. 33. What does the man want to know from the woman? a. b. c. d.
How to get a train How to get the graeat wall How to join a group tour How to spend weekend
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34. How many ways to go does the woman know? a. One b. Two c. Three d. four 35. Which way is more convenient according to the woman? a. Going by train b. Going directly c. Joining a group tour d. Going by bus Woman : I’ve been looking for you. Where have you been? Man : I just had a very interesting experience. I spent the whole day with dozens of little children! Woman : That sounds like fun. Man : Yes, it was fun... but exhausting! Kids have so much energy. Woman : Where did you meet all these kids? Man : At the primary school down the street. I visited some of their classes in the morning, then taught them some simple English in the afternoon. Woman : English must be very difficult for them. Man : Actually, they were very eager to learn. I was quite impressed. Woman : What did you teach them? Man : One teacher gave me some sentences to practice. The kids love to repeat things out loud! Sometimes I shouted the sentences, and they shouted back at me. Other times I whispered, and they whispered back. They were very cute. Woman : Yes, I can imagine. 36. What does the man’s oppinion about spending time with kids? a. It’s difficult b. It’s fun but exhausting c. It’s simple d. It’s terrible 37. Where did the man meet the kids? a. On the street b. At the primary school c. At the teacher’s office d. At the woman’s house Man : Well, I’ll be going back home to visit my family for a couple of weeks. Woman : That’s great. It’s been a while since you’ve seen them, hasn’t it? Man : Yes, it’s been quite a while. Woman : So, you must be thinking about how happy you’ll be to see them again. Man : Yes, that’s true. But I’m also thinking about what kinds of gifts I should bring back from China for everyone - my brother, my sister, her husband and daughter, and of course, for my parents. Woman : Of course, you want to bring back some traditional things. How about some Chinese kites? Man : Hey, that’s a good idea! You and I had a lot of fun flying kites together. I’m sure my niece would get a kick out of flying a Chinese-style kites too.
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38. How long does the man wants to go back home? a. A week b. A month c. Several weeks d. Several months 39. What does the man finally decide to give to his family? a. Nice cats b. Chinese kites c. Jackets d. Chinese cakes 40. How many niece does the man have? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Despite the way it feels, losing weight isn’t a mysterious process. It’s a simple matter of burning more calories than you eat. But, if it were really that simple, none of us would have a weight problem. Weight loss can be such a struggle that we start thinking we have to do something drastic to see results. Diets, pills or those weird fitness gadgets on infomercials promise instant success, but the true secret to weight loss is this: Make small changes each and every day and you’ll slowly (but surely) lose those extra pounds. The key is to forget about instant results and settle in for the long run. 41. What is fitness gadget on infomercial promise? a. Simple matter b. Instant result c. Extra pounds d. Mysterious process 42. What is the true secret to weght loss? a. Taking pills b. Losing extra pounds c. Using fitness gadgets d. Making small changes everyday There are many variations to the pancake recipe, but I bet you have the ingredients to make a decent pancake in your kitchen right now. A good basic recipe to start you on your way to making pancakes from scratch is this one: a cup of flour, a tablespoon of sugar,two teaspoons of baking powder, little salt, an egg, a cup of milk, and two tablespoons of vegetable oil. First, Mix the flour, sugar, salt and baking powder in a bowl. If you have a whisk, use it, and make sure the ingredients are well mixed. Otherwise you can use a fork. In another bowl, beat the egg, then add the milk and oil. Mix until it is thoroughly combined then add the wet ingredients to the dry ingredients and whisk them together for about a minute. The mixture should be a bit lumpy. After that heat a griddle or large cast iron skillet over medium heat until a drop of water dropped onto the skillet sizzles. Now pour about a third of a cup of batter into the pan. This isn’t exact. If you want larger pancakes, pour more. For smaller pancakes, pour less batter. Cook the first side approximately two minutes two minutes or until the bubbles that form on the top pop. Finally, Flip it over and let the other side cook for about a minute or until golden brown.
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43. How many eggs are needed for the recipe? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 44. What is the first thing to do to make a pancake? a. b. c. d.
Whisking the ingredients together for about a minute Mixing the flour, sugar, salt and baking powder Adding wet ingredients to the dry ingredients Pouring about a third of a cup of batter into the pan
45. What should we do if we want larger pancakes? a. b. c. d.
Pour more batter Pour less batter Pour batter on the top pop Pour about a third of a cup of batter
46. Who is probably interested in this talk? a. A shopkeeper b. An announcer c. A housekeeper d. A housewife As far as I am concerned, a washing machine is one of the most life-changing inventions of modern times. When my machine doesn’t work, there is chaos in the house, the mess keeps piling up and it increases strain all around. I go crazy! A well run and looked after washing machine is an asset to a homemaker. So how does one ensure that your machine used right and used well. An important thing is knowing your machine. First Read the user manual , issued by the manufacturer, and get to know the buttons, what functions they perform, the basic do’s and don’ts. Know the kind of detergents, softeners and other laundry products that best suit your machine and ensure that you use only these for your washing. It is better to use detergents, which are recommended for lower temperature washes regularly, but you will need higher temperature washes less regularly depending on specific fabric needs and garments, which have been very soiled. Higher temperature washes consume more energy - to heat the water and to run the machine. Know the quantity of laundry products to be used and at which stage of washing to use them. 47. What is the narrative mainly talking about? a. Housemaker b. Washing machine c. Detergent d. Loundry product 48. What is an important thing according to the narrative? a. b. c. d.
knowing the machine being a housemaker selling ditergent choosing the best invention
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49. Higher temperature washes consume more energy to a. b. c. d.
Work well Pile up the clothes heat the water and to run the machine select specific fabric needs and garments
50. What is the first thing we must do to know our machine? a. b. c. d.
Reading the user manual Choosing the kind of detergents that best suit your machine Selecting specific fabric needs and garments Comparing our machine to others
KUNCI SIMULASI LISTENING 1. Woman : It is the best dance performance I ever enjoy! Man : The dancers must have practiced hard. Question : What does the man imply? Key Word : The dancers must have practiced hard Key Problem : modal auxiliaries ‘must’ Modal ‘must’ bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan kepastian atau kesimpulan. Si pria menggunakan kalimat ‘The dancers must have practiced hard’ untuk menyimpulkan bahwa para penari telah berlatih dengan keras sehingga penampilannya sangat baik. Kunci Jawaban: B 2. Man : The appartment is really nice! Woman : I wish I lived there. Question : What does the woman mean? Key Word : I wish I lived there Key Problem : wishes, idioms Kata ‘wish’ bisa digunakan sebagai idiom untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, tanpa menunjukkan perasaan yang sebenarnya. Kalimat ‘I wish I lived there’ yang diutarakan oleh si wanita menunjukkan bahwa wanita tersebut sangat mengagumi apartemen yang sedang dibicarakan, tapi bukan berarti ia ingin tinggal di apartemen tersebut. Kunci Jawaban: B 3. Woman : How was your sleep last night? Man : Our neighbour made too much noise. I could barely close my eyes. Question : What does the man mean?
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Key Word : I could barely close my eyes. Key Problem : negative words Kalimat ‘I could barely close my eyes’, meskipun tidak menggunakan ‘not’, merupakan kalimat negative karena memakai kata ‘barely’. Oleh karena itu, bisa disimpulkan bahwa si pria tidak bisa tidur dengan nyenyak karena tetangganya membuat kegaduhan. Kunci Jawaban: C 4. Man : Could you tell me where is the main station in this town? Woman : Go ahead this road and turn left after the first junction. The station will be on your right side. Question : What should the woman do? Key Word : Go ahead this road and turn left after the first junction Key Problem : direction, next action Si wanita menjawab pertanyaan si pria dengan mengatakan ‘Go ahead this road and turn left after the first junction’. Jadi si pria harus pergi ke arah yang ditunjukkan oleh si wanita agar ia bisa sampai ke stasiun utama. Kunci Jawaban: A 5. Woman : I’d like to invite you to my sister’s wedding party next week. Man : oh, I’d love to come but I have got a ticket to fly to Singapore and I will spend this month there. Question : What does the man mean? Key Word
: oh, I’d love to come but I have got a ticket to fly to Singapore and I will spend this month there. Key Problem : refusing invitation, conjunction ‘but’ Si pria menanggapi ajakan atau undangan yang disampaikan oleh si wanita dengan kalimat ‘oh, I’d love to come but I have got a ticket to fly to Singapore and I will spend this month there’. Untuk menolak invitation, biasanya diawali dengan ketertarikan namun dilanjutkan dengan konjungsi ‘but’ dan alasan. Karena terdapat konjungsi ‘but’ pada kalimat yang diucapkan oleh si pria, bisa disimpulkan bahwa si pria tidak bisa datang ke pesta karena kemungkinan dia masih berada di Singapore (menolak undangan). Kunci Jawaban: C 6. Man
: You play piano as a professional pianist does. How long have you been playing it? Woman : About twenty years. I started playing it when I was five years old. Question : How many years has the woman been playing piano? Key Word : About twenty years Key Problem : numbers, time
Si wanita menjawab pertanyaan si pria dengan kalimat ‘About twenty years. I started playing it when I was five years old”. Dari kalimat tersebut diketahui bahwa si wanita sudah bermain piano selama 20 tahun. Kunci Jawaban: C
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7. Woman : I am really happy I came to my high school reunion. Man : So you did meet your ex-boyfriend there! Question : What is the man’s assumption about the women? Key Word : So you did meet your ex-boyfriend there! Key Problem : auxiliary did Si pria mengatakan ‘So you did meet your ex-boyfriend there!’ Penggunaan ‘do/does/did + verb 1’ pada sebuah kalimat berfungsi untuk memberikan arti ‘benar-benar atau sungguhsungguh’. Maka bisa disimpulkan bahwa si wanita benar-benar bertemu dengan mantan pacarnya sewaktu acara reuni berlangsung. Kunci Jawaban: D 8. Man : I wonder that you have slept all day long when I go. Woman : I don’t well today. I would still lay down on my bed if you didn’t come so early. Question : What does the women mean? Key Word : I would still lay down on my bed if you didn’t come so early Key Problem : conditional sentence type 2 Si wanita mengatakan ‘I would still lay down on my bed if you didn’t come so early’. Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence), dimana fakta merupakan kebalikan dari conditional sentence tersebut. Fakta yang mungkin dari kalimat pengandaian tersebut adalah bahwa si wanita terbangun karena si pria datang. Kunci Jawaban: D 9. Woman : You seem to be content to have an great assistant as she is. Man : She does help me so much. Question : What does the man think about his assistant? Key Word : She does help me so much Key Problem : auxiliary ‘do’, inference Si pria mengatakan ‘She does help me so much’. Penggunaan ‘does + verb 1’ pada kalimat tersebut berfungsi untuk memberikan arti ‘benar-benar atau sungguh-sungguh’. Jadi, si pria ingin menekankan bahwa asistennya benar-benar bisa membantunya dengan kata lain asistennya melakukan pekerjaan dengan sangat baik. Kunci Jawaban: C 10. Man : What do you think about Richie’s performance in the singing contest? Woman : He could do better. Question : What does the woman think about Richie’s performance? Key Word : He could do better Key Problem : degree of comparison, inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘He could do better’. Kalimat ini mengandung kesimpulan bahwa penampilan Richie tidak sebaik yang dia harapkan. Si wanita berpikir bahwa Richie sebenarnya bisa menampilkan performa yang lebih baik di kontes menyanyi. Kunci Jawaban: B
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11. Woman : What do I need to wait? I want to go now. Man : You can’t go before you complete all the form. Question : What does the man mean? Key Word : You can’t go before you complete all the form Key Problem : modal auxiliaries can, negative Si pria mengatakan ‘You can’t go before you complete all the form’. Kalimat ini mengandung pengertian bahwa si wanita tidak boleh pergi sebelum mengisi formulir. Dengan kata lain, si wanita harus mengisi atau melengkapi formulir terlebih dahulu baru dia boleh pergi. Kunci Jawaban: C 12. Man : Are you going to take the vacation and join us to go to Florida? Woman : I wish I could. I really want to visit Florida. Question : What does the woman mean? Key Word : I wish I could. I really want to visit Florida. Key Problem : wishes, idioms Kata ‘wish’ bisa digunakan sebagai idiom untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, tanpa menunjukkan perasaan yang sebenarnya. Kalimat ‘I wish I could’ menandakan bahwa dia sangat ingin jalan-jalan ke Florida namun tidak bisa. Oleh karena itu, bisa disimpulkan bahwa si wanita tidak ikut jalan-jalan bersama si pria. Kunci Jawaban: C 13. Woman : How was your date with Rossa? She is very beautiful! You’re lucky having a date with her. Man : Unluckily that a beautiful girl has such a terrible way of thinking. Question : What does the man mean? Key Word : Unluckily that a beautiful girl has such a terrible way of thinking Key Problem : negative ‘unluckily’, inference Si pria mengatakan ‘Unluckily that a beautiful girl has such a terrible way of thinking’. Kalimat yang dia ucapkan menandakan atau mengindikasikan bahwa dia tidak menikmati kencan yang dia lakukan dengan Rossa. Kunci Jawaban: B 14. Man : Do you have change for a dollar? Woman : Oh, I wanted to ask you the same question. Question : What does the woman mean? Key Word : Oh, I wanted to ask you the same question Key Problem : inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘Oh, I wanted to ask you the same question’, yang berarti dia juga tidak memiliki uang kembalian. Kunci Jawaban: B 15. Woman : You look great in that black suit! Man : Thank you very much. I have my brother design it. Question : What does the man mean? Key Word : I have my brother design it. Key Problem : causative ‘have’
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Si pria mengatakan ‘I have my brother design it’. Kalimat tersebut mengandung causative yang artinya si pria tidak mendesainnya sendiri namun adiknya yang mendesain pakaian tersebut. Kunci Jawaban: C 16. Man : This is a very good book, but it’s not very expensive. Woman : So you must buy it. Question : where does this conversation probably takes place? Key Word : This is a very good book, so you must buy it Key Problem : place/location Si wanita menanggapi ucapan si pria dengan mengatakan ‘so you must buy it’. Bisa disimpulkan bahwa mereka berdua berada di toko buku. Kunci Jawaban: B 17. Woman : Oh, It’s already 8 pm. I’m sorry for making you wait too long. Man : I have waited for you for hours. I have been being here since 6 pm. Question : How long have the man waited? Key Word : Oh, It’s already 8 pm, I have been being here since 6 pm Key Problem : time Si pria mengatakan ‘I have been being here since 6 pm’, maka bisa disimpulkan bahwa dia sudah menunggu selama 2 jam karena si wanita baru datang pukul 8 malam. Kunci Jawaban: A 18. Man : It is already late. Woman : Well, lets go to sleep! Question : What does the woman mean? Key Word : Well, lets go to sleep! Key Problem : inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘Well, let’s go to sleep’ setelah mendengar si pria mengatakan ‘It’s already late’. Jadi, bisa disimpulkan bahwa si wanita setuju dengan perkataan si pria sehingga menyarankan untuk pergi tidur saja. Kunci Jawaban: C 19. Woman : I’m sorry I’m late. Can I join this class, Sir? Man : you should have come 20 minutes earlier to join this class. Question : What does the man imply? Key Word : you should have come 20 minutes earlier to join this class Key Problem : modal auxiliaries ‘should’, inference Si pria mengatakan ‘you should have come 20 minutes earlier to join this class’. Kalimat tersebut berisi saran untuk kejadian yang sudah berlalu. Dengan kata lain, si pria tidak mengijinkan si wanita untuk mengikuti pelajaran karena dia sudah sangat terlambat. Jika si wanita datang 20 menit lebih awal, dia masih bisa masuk kelas. Kunci Jawaban: B
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20. Man : What is the newest movie played in the cinema? Woman : I don’t have time to check the schedule these days. Question : What does the woman mean? Key Word : I don’t have time to check the schedule these days. Key Problem : negative, inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘I don’t have time to check the schedule these days’ yang berarti bahwa dia tidak punya waktu untuk mengecek jadwal film. Dengan kata lain, si wanita tidak tahu film apa yang sedang diputar. Kunci Jawaban: A 21. Woman : What exactly happens to you? Man : You must have known what happen. Question : what does the man imply? Key Word : You must have known what happen Key Problem : modal auxiliaries ‘must’, inference Si pria mengatakan ‘You must have known what happen’, berarti si pria yakin bahwa si wanita pasti sudah mengetahui apa yang terjadi. Kunci Jawaban: C 22. Man : I need to wear this blouse on Monday. Is it possible for me to take it tomorrow? Woman : It will be finished this afternoon. Question : Who is the woman? Key Word : I need to wear this blouse on Monday Key Problem : inference, occupation Si pria meminta agar blouse miliknya bisa diambil besok. Namun, si wanita mengatakan bahwa dia bisa menyelesaikan siang itu juga. Bisa disimpulkan kalau wanita tersebut berprofesi sebagai penjahit. Kunci Jawaban: B 23. Woman : You you think Bob will pass the exam? Man : well, he isn’t the best student, yet I am sure he can make it. Question : what does the man mean? Key Word : well, he isn’t the best student, yet I am sure he can make it. Key Problem : conjunction ‘yet’, certainty Si pria mengatakan ‘ Well, he isn’t the best student, yet I am sure he can make it’. Kalimat ini mengandung penegertian bahwa si pria mengetahui kalau Bob bukan siswa terbaik namun dia yakin kalo Bob bisa lulus ujian. Kunci Jawaban: B 24. Man : What a nice weather! Would you like to go swimming? Woman : I’d love to, but I bet this weather will suddenly change in several hours. Question : what does the woman mean? Key Word : I’d love to, but I bet this weather will suddenly change in several hours Key Problem : expressions, invitation
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Si wanita mengatakan ‘I’d love to, but I bet this weather will suddenly change in several hours’, yang berarti dia menerima ajakan si pria untuk berenang. Hanya saja, dia yakin kalau cuacanya akan berubah dalam beberapa jam. Kunci Jawaban: A 25. Woman : Did you attend Biology class yesterday? Man : I never miss any single Biology class. Question : what does the man mean? Key Word : I never miss any single Biology class Key Problem : negative words Si pria mengatakan ‘I never miss any single Biology class’ yang berarti dia tidak akan pernah melewatkan kelas Biologi. Bisa disimpulkan bahwa dia tidak pernah absent di kelas biologi. Kunci Jawaban: C 26. Man : Are you worried about your date with Ronny tonight? Woman : It’s unimportant for me. Question : what does the woman mean? Key Word : It’s unimportant for me Key Problem : inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘It’s unimportant for me’ yang berarti dia tidak terlalu memikirkan kencan yang akan dilakukannya dengan Ronny. Kunci Jawaban: B 27. Woman : What do you think about the concert? Man : it was too great to be missed Question : what does the man mean? Key Word : It was too great to be missed Key Problem : inference Si pria mengatakan ‘It was too great to be missed’ yang berarti konsernya terlalu berarti untuk dilewatkan. Dari kalimat yang diucapkan oleh si pria, bisa disimpulkan bahwa konsernya sangatlah bagus. Kunci Jawaban: D 28. Man : Are you tired? We need to walk 15 minutes more. Woman : I need a couple of minutes to breathe. Question : What does the woman imply? Key Word : I need a couple of minutes to breathe Key Problem : inference Si wanita mengatakan ‘I need a couple minutes to breathe’ yang berarti dia butuh beberapa menit untuk bernafas atau beristirahat karena dia lelah. Kunci Jawaban: B 29. Woman : Wow! You got a brand new car! Man : it’s used, but looks like the new one. Question : what does the man say about his car?
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Key Word : It’s used, but looks like the new one Key Problem : reference Si pria mengatakan ‘It’s used, but looks like the new one’ yang berarti mobil tersebut merupakan mobil bekas namun terlihat seperti baru. Kunci Jawaban: A 30. Woman : What a nice necklace! It must be very qualified gold. Man : Do you think it is? But it’s fake. Question : What does the man mean? Key Word : But it’s fake Key Problem : reference, synonym Si pria mengatakan ‘But it’s fake’, yang berarti kalung tersebut palsu. Woman : How often do you use the Internet? Man : Oh, I use it everyday! I check my email, read the news, chat with family and friends all around the world. I love the Internet! Woman : Yeah, it’s great, isn’t it? Sometimes I stay online for hours. So, how do you connect to the Net? Man : Usually I just dial 163 or 96600 to log on, and I get billed directly to my telephone account. It’s quite convenient. Woman : That must be slow! I have an ADSL connection, so I can download pictures and music. Man : Well, I’m going to get a high-speed connection too, just as soon as I’m as rich as you! (Man and woman laugh) Kunci Jawaban: B 31. How often does the man use the unternet? Key Word : How often, man Key Problem : frequency Si pria mengatakan: I use it everyday. Kunci Jawaban: A 32. How does the woman connect to the internet? Key Word : woman, connect Key Problem : way Telah disebutkan oleh wanita dalam percakapan: I have an ADSL connection. Man : I’d like to visit the Great Wall this weekend. Do you know how I can get there? Woman : There are two ways to go there. You could go there directly by bus or train, or you could join a group tour. Man : Is one way better than the other? Woman : Going with a group is certainly more convenient. Everything is taken care of for you, including lunch and tickets to places of interest along the way. Man : That sounds like a good deal. Woman : On the other hand, if you go directly, you won’t stop along the way, which means you can spend more time at the Wall itself. It’s also cheaper. Man : Well, I like to go off on my own. I think going directly would be better for me. Kunci Jawaban: C
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33. What does the man want to know from the woman? Key Word : want to know Key Problem : instruction Disebutkan oleh pria: I’d like to visit the Great Wall this weekend. Do you know how I can get there. Berarti pria tersebut ingin mengetahui cara untuk mengunjungi The Great Wall Kunci Jawaban: B 34. How many ways to go does the woman know? Key Word : there are two Key Problem : number Disebutkan oleh wanita: You could go there directly by bus or train, or you could join a group tour. Jadi wanita tersebut menyebutkan dua cara. Kunci Jawaban: B 35. Which way is more convenient according to the woman? Key Word : convenient Key Problem : selection Disebutkan oleh wanita tersebut: Going with a group is certainly more convenient. Woman : I’ve been looking for you. Where have you been? Man : I just had a very interesting experience. I spent the whole day with dozens of little children! Woman : That sounds like fun. Man : Yes, it was fun... but exhausting! Kids have so much energy. Woman : Where did you meet all these kids? Man : At the primary school down the street. I visited some of their classes in the morning, then taught them some simple English in the afternoon. Woman : English must be very difficult for them. Man : Actually, they were very eager to learn. I was quite impressed. Woman : What did you teach them? Man : One teacher gave me some sentences to practice. The kids love to repeat things out loud! Sometimes I shouted the sentences, and they shouted back at me. Other times I whispered, and they whispered back. They were very cute. Woman : Yes, I can imagine. Kunci Jawaban: C 36. What does the man’s oppinion about spending time with kids? Key Word : opinion Key Problem : adjective Disebutkan oleh pria dalam percakapan: Yes, it was fun... but exhausting! Kunci Jawaban: B 37. Where did the man meet the kids? Key Word : where Key Problem : place
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Disebutkan oleh pria dalam percakapan: At the primary school down the street. Man Woman Man Woman Man
: Well, I’ll be going back home to visit my family for a couple of weeks. : That’s great. It’s been a while since you’ve seen them, hasn’t it? : Yes, it’s been quite a while. : So, you must be thinking about how happy you’ll be to see them again. : Yes, that’s true. But I’m also thinking about what kinds of gifts I should bring back from China for everyone - my brother, my sister, her husband and daughter, and of course, for my parents. Woman : Of course, you want to bring back some traditional things. How about some Chinese kites? Man : Hey, that’s a good idea! You and I had a lot of fun flying kites together. I’m sure my niece would get a kick out of flying a Chinese-style kites too. Kunci Jawaban: B 38. How long does the man wants to go back home? Key Word : how long Key Problem : duration Disebutkan oleh pria dalam percakapan: I’ll be going back home to visit my family for a couple of weeks. Berarti pria itu akan pulang selama beberapa minggu (several weeks) Kunci Jawaban: C 39. What does the man finally decide to give to his family? Key Word : gift Key Problem : special thing Disebutkan oleh wanita dalam percakapan: How about some Chinese kites? Kemudian pria itu menjawab dengan: that’s a good idea. Kunci Jawaban: B 40. How many niece does the man have? Key Word : niece Key Problem : number Dalam percakapan, pria itu menyebutkan anggota keluarganya: my brother, my sister, her husband and daughter, and of course, for my parents. Niece adalah anak perempuan dari saudaranya. Jadi dia hanya punya satu. Despite the way it feels, losing weight isn’t a mysterious process. It’s a simple matter of burning more calories than you eat. But, if it were really that simple, none of us would have a weight problem. Weight loss can be such a struggle that we start thinking we have to do something drastic to see results. Diets, pills or those weird fitness gadgets on infomercials promise instant success, but the true secret to weight loss is this: Make small changes each and every day and you’ll slowly (but surely) lose those extra pounds. The key is to forget about instant results and settle in for the long run. Kunci Jawaban: A 41. What is fitness gadget on infomercial promise?
Key Word : promise Key Problem : scanning
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Disebutkan oleh narator: Diets, pills or those weird fitness gadgets on infomercials promise instant success. Kunci Jawaban: B 42. What is the true secret to weght loss? Key Word : secret Key Problem : scanning Disebutkan oleh narator: but the true secret to weight loss is this: Make small changes each and every day. There are many variations to the pancake recipe, but I bet you have the ingredients to make a decent pancake in your kitchen right now. A good basic recipe to start you on your way to making pancakes from scratch is this one: a cup of flour, a tablespoon of sugar,two teaspoons of baking powder, little salt, an egg, a cup of milk, and two tablespoons of vegetable oil. First, Mix the flour, sugar, salt and baking powder in a bowl. If you have a whisk, use it, and make sure the ingredients are well mixed. Otherwise you can use a fork. In another bowl, beat the egg, then add the milk and oil. Mix until it is thoroughly combined then add the wet ingredients to the dry ingredients and whisk them together for about a minute. The mixture should be a bit lumpy. After that heat a griddle or large cast iron skillet over medium heat until a drop of water dropped onto the skillet sizzles. Now pour about a third of a cup of batter into the pan. This isn’t exact. If you want larger pancakes, pour more. For smaller pancakes, pour less batter. Cook the first side approximately two minutes two minutes or until the bubbles that form on the top pop. Finally, Flip it over and let the other side cook for about a minute or until golden brown. Kunci Jawaban: D 43. How many eggs are needed for the recipe? Key Word : egg Key Problem : number Disebutkan oleh narator: A good basic recipe to start you on your way to making pancakes from scratch is this one: a cup of flour, a tablespoon of sugar,two teaspoons of baking powder, little salt, an egg, a cup of milk, and two tablespoons of vegetable oil. Jadi telur yang dibutuhkan hanya satu. Kunci Jawaban: A 44. What is the first thing to do to make a pancake? Key Word : first Key Problem : order Disebutkan oleh narator: First, Mix the flour, sugar, salt and baking powder in a bowl. Kunci Jawaban: B 45. What should we do if we want larger pancakes? Key Word : larger Key Problem : scanning Disebutkan oleh narator: If you want larger pancakes, pour more. Kunci Jawaban: A
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46. Who is probably interested in this talk? Key Word : interested in Key Problem : probability Yang dibicarakan oleh narator adalah cara membuat pancakes, jadi yang mungkin tertarik adalah ibu rumah tangga. As far as I am concerned, a washing machine is one of the most life-changing inventions of modern times. When my machine doesn’t work, there is chaos in the house, the mess keeps piling up and it increases strain all around. I go crazy! A well run and looked after washing machine is an asset to a homemaker. So how does one ensure that your machine used right and used well. An important thing is knowing your machine. First, Read the user manual , issued by the manufacturer, and get to know the buttons, what functions they perform, the basic do’s and don’ts. Know the kind of detergents, softeners and other laundry products that best suit your machine and ensure that you use only these for your washing. It is better to use detergents, which are recommended for lower temperature washes regularly, but you will need higher temperature washes less regularly depending on specific fabric needs and garments, which have been very soiled. Higher temperature washes consume more energy - to heat the water and to run the machine. Know the quantity of laundry products to be used and at which stage of washing to use them. Kunci Jawaban: D 47. What is the narrative mainly talking about? Key Word : talking about Key Problem : main topic Hal pokok yang dibicarakan oleh narator adalah tentang mesin cuci dan pemeliharaannya. Kunci Jawaban: B 48. What is an important thing according to the narrative? Key Word : important thing Key Problem : scanning Disebutkan oleh narator: An important thing is knowing your machine. Kunci Jawaban: A 49. Higher temperature washes consume more energy to Key Word : higer temperature, more energy Key Problem : function Disebutkan oleh narator: Higher temperature washes consume more energy - to heat the water and to run the machine. Kunci Jawaban: C 50. What is the first thing we must do to know our machine? Key Word : first Key Problem : order Disebutkan oleh narator: First, Read the user manual , issued by the manufacturer, and get to know the buttons, what functions they perform, the basic do’s and don’ts. Kunci Jawaban: A
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SIMULASI READING COMPREHENSION
SIMULASI READING COMPREHENSION
SIMULASI READING COMPREHENSION READING COMPREHENSION In the dating world, having too many options may leave you in the lonely hearts club. British researchers analyzed speed dating to see if singles offered a wide variety of potential dates had a higher chance of meeting a partner. They didn’t. Researchers found that the more choices people had in potential dates, the more likely they were to end up on their own, according to the study published Wednesday in the British journal Biology Letters. Experts analyzed the romantic decisions made by nearly 4,000 men and women at 84 speed dating events in the U.K., where single people had three minutes to talk to dozens of potential suitors. They found people faced with a wide variety of partners - with different interests, jobs and physical traits - were more likely to choose no one at all. People were also more likely to find a date if their prospective partners were more alike. When similar people were involved in events with nearly 50 single men and women attending, organizers found they received about 123 proposals from the singles, meaning they wanted a future date with someone they met at the event. But when the speed dating sessions included a broad range of people, organizers only got about 88 proposals. Alison Lenton, of the University of Edinborough who led the study, said too much choice might be overwhelming or confusing for people, and ultimately lead to no dates at all. 1. The main point of this passage is that A. People prefer having prospective partners that are more alike B. People with a wide variety of potential dates have a higher chance of meeting a partner C. People who have too many options of dates are more likely to stay single D. People whose prospective partners are more alike are more likely to stay single 2. The word ‘suitors’ in line 7 are A. Single men B. Divorced men C. Men who search for love of a woman D. Men who are merried 3. The word ‘traits’ in line 8 could most easily replaced by A. Character B. Requirement C. Convidence D. Difference 4. According to the research, the more choices people had A. The more they could find their own lover B. The more likely they were to end up alone C. The less they had to try to find a lover D. The less likely they were to end up alone
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5. The word ‘proposals’ in line 11 is related to A. Paper B. Report C. Engangement D. presentation 6. The word ‘overwhelming’ in line 14 could most easily replaced by A. Lacking B. Abundant C. Sufficient D. Satisfactory 7. The word ‘ultimately’ in line 14 is closest in meaning to A. Gradually B. Momentarily C. Temporary D. Previously 8. The passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course A. Astrology B. Geography C. Sociology D. Geophysics 9. The purpose of this passage is to A. Discuss something about dating choices B. Describe how dating choices can leave singles lonely C. Give report that too many dating choices can leave singles lonely D. Explain the reason why singles remain lonely despite many choises they have Works by Pablo Picasso, one of the most important artists of the modern era, have been touring the globe while their home in Paris is renovated. They recently arrived at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, which is located in the state capital of Richmond. There are nearly 200 works in the exhibition, spanning 71 years of Picasso’s lengthy career from 1901 to 1972, the year before his death. “We have 5,000 works and we present here about 200,” says Anne Baldassari, curator of the exhibition and director of the Musee National Picasso in Paris, the permanent home of the Picasso collection. “So it is just a small part that is set in a very didactic way to give the best understanding of the Picasso creative process.” The exhibit also offers an understanding of how Picasso wanted to be seen. “This is Picasso’s personal collection,” says Alex Nyerges, director of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. “During his lifetime he kept all of the things he loved the best, thousands upon thousands of works of art. When his estate was being settled, the Musee Picasso was created.” The works represent every media and every style Picasso worked in. “He was in a perpetual revolution,” says Baldassari. “Painting was the main medium for him. Sculpture was a kind of matrix. He was a very important photographer and fantastic print maker. He was a real creator.” An African influence can be seen in Picasso’s works, particularly his sculptures. Nyerges agrees. “He essentially created what we think of as modern and contemporary art. Everything that happened in the 20th century and now the 21st century relates back to Picasso in some way, shape or form.” Picasso took his inspiration not only from European art, but also non-Western art, which becomes clear in a visit to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts’ African art galleries.
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“The juxtaposition of those exhibitions and the Picasso show is marvelous,” says Nyerges, “because you see how Picasso is drawing back into Africa for form and composition and particularly with sculpture.” The exhibit is a coup for the museum. It is part of a limited national and international tour of the greatest collection of Picasso in the world. The show gives Picasso’s admirers a chance to see some of the works the artist himself valued most. 10. Which of the following best descries information in the passages? A. Pablo Picasso is one of the most important artists of the modern era B. Picasso’s career lasted from 1901 to 1972 C. Picasso’s works were exhibited at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts D. Anne Baldassari is the director of the Musee National Picasso in Paris 11. The pronoun ‘they’ in the second sentence refers to A. Artists B. Museums C. Picasso’s fans D. Picasso’s works 12. ‘Curator’ in line 4 is someone who A. makes scluptures and paintings B. manages the museum C. promotes an artist D. criticize the works of arts 13. The word ‘perpetual’ in line 12 is closest in meaning to A. Mortal B. Indefinitely C. Illegible D. Elaborative 14. According to the passage, in Picasso probably died in A. 1970 B. 1971 C. 1972 D. 1973 15. According to the passage, Anne Baldassari is A. The director of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts B. The artist who exhibited the works of arts C. The researcher who criticized the works of arts D. The director of the Musee National Picasso 16. Which of the following is not true about Picasso according to the passage? A. Picasso was an artist B. Picasso was a photographer C. Picasso was a sculptor D. Picasso was an architect 17. The word ‘essentially’ in line 15 could most easily replaced by A. Necessarily B. Accordingly C. Gradually D. directly
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18. The word ‘juxtaposition’ in line 19 is closest in meaning to A. Exhibition B. Exposure C. Compilation D. Contrast 19. Where in the passage does the author mention the type of Picasso’s works? A. In paragraph 1 B. In paragraph 2 C. In paragraph 3 D. In paragraph 4 Malaria kills about a million victims a year, mostly children in Africa, and almost half the world’s population is at risk. The malaria parasite is carried from victim to victim by mosquitoes, which are increasingly developing resistance to the insecticides used to kill them. As an alternative to chemicals, University of Maryland professor Raymond St. Leger and his colleagues have been working on a genetically-engineered fungus to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes. One possibility they considered was using the fungus to kill the mosquito, the way insecticides do. “The problem with that is, if the mosquitoes have evolved resistance against chemical insecticides, they could also evolve resistance against the pathogen,” St. Leger explained. “So we did something different. We took genes which encode anti-malarial, anti-parasite proteins - so we put those into the fungus.” The result is a fungus that kills the parasite directly. And, the genetic modification of the fungus could be adjusted to counter resistance in the malaria parasite as it evolves. St. Leger says the anti-malaria fungus could be used just like chemical insecticides. “So you could apply it on cotton sheets hanging inside houses which the mosquitoes would light on - netting, bed netting, on walls, baited traps or as sprays. That’s how it could be applied, just [as] you would apply a chemical insecticide,” he says. It may be a couple of years before this modified fungus is approved for use. But it wouldn’t be the first fungus-based product on the market. A similar modified fungus is already in use against locusts in Africa, Australia and China, and at a cost comparable to chemical insecticides. And St. Leger says that using genetically-modified fungi to control disease may be a very promising field, for example, in a disease carried by ticks. “We can put a gene for an antibody there which will knock out lyme disease. We’re working with another strain which attacks the parasites in tsetse fly. Dengue virus is also susceptible to a particular gene we’re working with. So we can actually manipulate and model these pathogens to produce specific pathogens targeted to different insects.” 20. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. half the world’s population is at risk of Malaria desease B. Genetically-Modified Fungus Kills Malaria Parasite C. anti-malaria fungus used just like chemical insecticides D. experts produes specific pathogens to different insects 21. Which of the following is the topic of the first paragraph? A. fungus to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes B. mosquitos as the carriers of malaria C. mosquitos’ resistance towards the insecticides D. the genetic modification of the fungus
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22. the word ‘parasite’ in line 2 means A. Organism causing desease B. Organism living in or on another and feeding on it C. Organism resulting from mutation D. Organism being resistant to the insecticides 23. The word ‘resistence’ in line 3 could most easily be replaced by A. Acceptance B. Endurance C. Experience D. Resemblance 24. The word ‘colleagues’ in line 4 is closest in meaning to A. Comrades B. Counselors C. Administrators D. Coordinators 25. According to the passage, Raymond St. Leger is A. One of the experts working on a genetically-engineered fungus B. One who is responsible in controling malaria-carrying mosquitoes C. The inventor of modified fungus D. The leader of University of Maryland 26. In what field did professor Raymond St. Leger probably study? A. Phonology B. Pathology C. Psychology D. Geology 27. The pronoun ‘we’ in line 8 refers to A. The writers B. The writer and the readers C. The experts D. Raymond St. Leger’s colleagues 28. According to the passage, what does the scientist do to anticipate mosquiotos’ resistance against the pathogen? A. By producing specific pathogens targeted to different insects B. By taking genes which encode anti-malarial, anti-parasite proteins and put them into the fungus C. By using anti-malaria fungus just like using chemical insecticides D. By preventing evolution of the insects 29. Which of the following is not true according to the passage? A. Almost half the world’s population is at risk of malaria B. St. Leger introduced the first fungus-based product on the market C. The anti-malaria fungus could be used just like chemical insecticides D. A genetically-engineered fungus is an alternative way to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes
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30. The word ‘manipulate’ in the last line is closest in meaning to A. Change B. Handle C. Move D. Shape 31. The purpose of the passage is to A. Persuade the readers to use anti-malaria fungus B. Describe the product of anti-malaria fungus C. Explain the process of anti-malaria fungus production D. To give report about a research towards anti-malaria fungus The vast majority of Americans live in cities and urban life carries special health risks. Overcrowding leads to greater stress, which can lead to violence, according to Dr. Jo Boufford, president of the New York Academy of Medicine. And the complexity of cities makes them harder to navigate, which can lead to, or complicate, mental illness. City air is often polluted, and that can cause respiratory problems. “All of those things play out in an urban environment in ways they don’t play out outside of cities, and they have an effect on people’s health, on people’s well being and on daily life,” says Boufford. “But the real thing that runs through higher incidence of disease is largely poverty. That’s the bottom line.” The fact that a high proportion of urban residents are poor, poses special challenges for health professionals, who gathered recently at a National Urban Health Conference in New York. Health workers, academics and community activists met to share strategies for delivering quality health care to the urban poor. Many people from the business world also attended the urban health conference. Employers who buy health insurance for their workers must pay higher premiums when more employees become sick. That cuts into profits. That’s why many employers offer preventative care. “They provide health education opportunities for their own employees. Many of them provide opportunities ‘in-house’ for people to stop smoking,” Boufford says. “They provide programs for people who feel they may be depressed or they have a substance abuse problem to get help, weight-loss programs, exercise programs, giving people a break in lunch hour to get out into the community and walk. So the return on investment is pretty clear at this point.” 32. The topic of the first paragraph is that A. Urban life in America B. health risks carried by city and urban life C. complexity of cities and urban life D. urban environment 33. The word ‘vast’ in the first line could most easily be replaced by A. Wide B. Big C. Many kinds D. Most 34. According to Dr. Jo Boufford, overcrowding can lead to A. violence B. respiratory problems C. the cut of profits D. pollution
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35. What problem caused by the city air? A. Violence B. Respiratory problem C. Mental illness D. Greater stress 36. The word ‘complexity’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to A. Convolution B. Completeness C. Sufficiency D. complacency 37. The word ‘proportion’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to A. Balance B. Ambiguity C. Capacity D. Inability 38. The word ‘abuse’ in line 17 is closest in meaning to A. Violation B. Preservation C. Respect D. Crime 39. Health workers, academics and community activists gathered recently at a National Urban Health Conference in New York to A. have a discussion about the life in urban area B. share strategies for delivering quality health care to the urban poor C. share some ideas about violence caused by city life D. discuss how to prevent higer premiums 40. According to the passage, many people from the business world are also interested in attending the urban health conference because A. High proportion of urban residents are poor B. living in cities and urban life carries special health risks C. Employers must pay higher premiums when more employees become sick D. it is a kind of cumpolsory conference 41. The word ‘that’ in ‘That cuts into profits’ (second paragraph) refers to A. Workers B. Employers C. people D. Higher premiums Justine Siegal has made history by becoming the first woman to pitch batting practice for a Major League Baseball team. Despite a case of nerves, the pony-tailed Siegal broke the gender barrier with spring training pitching stints for the Cleveland Indians and Oakland Athletics. Justine Siegal has dreamed of playing Major League Baseball since childhood. The 36-yearold Cleveland native grew up rooting for baseball’s Cleveland Indians and says she started playing the game as a five-year-old. “I have been doing it my whole life and I just always loved the game and I wanted to keep playing. When I was about 13, I was told it was time to go over to
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softball - that is what girls did. But I decided to ignore that first coach and a line of many others, because I really loved baseball. And I did not see any reason why I should quit,” she said. Justine continued to play in community baseball leagues and eventually ended up on her high school squad. But she says it was sometimes a challenge to find coaches who would let her play. “I did play for my high school, so I had a good experience with my high school, but it was not always easy. But when you love something you go after it,” she said. Justine Siegal continued her involvement in the game known as “America’s Pastime.” After high school she played in a variety of men’s leagues. 42. What makes Justine Siegel special? A. She is a baseball player B. She joined League Baseball team C. She broke the gender barrier D. she started playing the game when she is a child 43. The word ‘nerves’ in line 2 is closest in meaning to A. Guts B. Fears C. Mental disorders D. anxiety 44. The word ‘leagues ‘ in line 4 is closest in meaning to A. Competitions B. Associations C. Tournaments D. sites 45. A coach is someone who A. Play Baseball B. Play baseball C. Train the players D. Referee the game 46. Why did Siegel decide to play baseball instead of softball? A. Because she started playing the game when she is a child B. Because she loves baseball C. Because she was told to join softball D. Because it is ometimes a challenge to find coaches who would let her play baseball 47. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. Baseball is usually played by man B. Siegel continued playing Baseball despite of her lack of experience C. Siegel is the first woman to break the gender barrier in Baseball game D. It is not easy to find coaches who would let women play baseball 48. The word ‘eventually’ in line 10 is closest in meaning to A. Often B. Finally C. Quickly D. Closely
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49. The word ‘involvement’ 14 is closest in meaning to A. Embroilment B. Management C. Relevance D. distraction 50. The purpose of the passage is to A. Discuss Baseball game development B. Compare Baseball from Softball C. Talk about Justin Siegel’s biography D. Provoke the readers that Baseball is an interesting game
KUNCI SIMULASI READING COMPREHENSION 1. Kunci Jawaban: C main point of ������������������������������������������������������������������������ the��������������������������������������������������������������������� passage������������������������������������������������������������� = mencari general information dalam sebuah teks. General information dalam sebuah teks biasanya terdapat di paragraph 1 ataupun paragraph terakhir (kesimpulan). Di paragraph terakhir, terdapat kalimat ‘��������������������������������������� Alison Lenton, of the University of Edinborough who led the study, said too much choice might be overwhelming or confusing for people, and ultimately lead to no dates at all’. 2. Kunci Jawaban: C The word ‘suitors’ in line 7 are = mencari sinonim Single men : pria single Divorced men : pria yang sudah bercerai Men who search for love of a woman : pria yang sedang mencari cinta dari seorang wanita Men who are merried : pria yang sudah menikah 3. Kunci Jawaban: A could most easily replaced by = mencari sinonim Traits : sifat, karakter Character : karakter Requirement : persyaratan Confidence : percaya diri Difference : perbedaan 4. Kunci Jawaban: B According to the research, the more choices people had = mencari informasi yang tersurat dalam sebuah teks. Pada paragraph 1 terdapat kalimat ‘They found people faced with a wide variety of partners - with different interests, jobs and physical traits - were more likely to choose no one at all.
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5. Kunci Jawaban: C is related to = berkaitan dengan … Proposal : lamaran Paper : makalah Report : laporan Engangement : pertunangan Presentation : presentasi 6. Kunci Jawaban: B could most easily replaced by = mencari makna yang sama atau sinonim Overwhelming : sangat banyak atau besar Lacking : kekurangan Abundant : banyak Sufficient : cukup Satisfactory : kepuasan 7. Kunci Jawaban: A closest in meaning to = mencari makna yang sama atau sinonim Ultimately : akhirnya Gradually : secara berangsur- angsur Momentarily : sebentar lagi Temporary : sementara Previously : sebelumnya 8. Kunci Jawaban: C Karena teks membicarakan tentang orang-orang yang sedang mencari pasangan hidup, maka subjek yang paling berkaitan dengan teks tersebut dan bisa dijadikan bahan bacaan adalah astrology. 9. Kunci Jawaban: C purpose = mencari tujuan dari teks yang ditulis Teks tersebut merupakan sebuah laporan (report), jadi tujuan dari teks tersebut adalah memberikan sebuah laporan bahwa terlalu banyak pilihan kencan justru akan membuat seseorang tetap sendiri (single) 10. Kunci Jawaban: C Mencari informasi tersurat dalam sebuah bacaan, lakukan scanning pada tiap option jawaban. Works by Pablo Picasso, one of the most important artists of the modern era, have been touring the globe while their home in Paris is renovated. They recently arrived at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, which is located in the state capital of Richmond. 11. Kunci Jawaban: D Pronoun they pada kalimat kedua mengacu pada Picasso’s works. Works by Pablo Picasso, one of the most important artists of the modern era, have been touring the globe while their home in Paris is renovated. They recently arrived at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, which is located in the state capital of Richmond.
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12. Kunci Jawaban: B Curator merupakan orang yang bertugas mengelola karya seni yang terdapat dalam sebuah museum. 13. Kunci Jawaban: B Closest in meaning to = mencari sinonim Perpetual : kekal, abadi Mortal : makhluk hidup Indefinitely : untuk jangka waktu yang tidak terbatas Illegible : tak terbaca Elaborative : elaboratif 14. Kunci Jawaban: D Picasso probably died in … = mencari informasi tersurat dalam sebuah bacaan, lakukan scanning pada kata ‘died’ atau sinonimnya. There are nearly 200 works in the exhibition, spanning 71 years of Picasso’s lengthy career from 1901 to 1972, the year before his death. 1972 adalah satu tahun sebelum kematiannya. Jadi bisa disimpulkan bahwa Picasso meninggal pada tahun 1973. 15. Kunci Jawaban: D Anne Baldassari is … = mencari informasi tersurat dalam sebuah bacaan, lakukan scanning pada kata Anne Baldassari. “We have 5,000 works and we present here about 200,” says Anne Baldassari, curator of the exhibition and director of the Musee National Picasso in Paris, the permanent home of the Picasso collection. 16. Kunci Jawaban: D Which of the following is not true about Picasso = scanning pada option jawaban. “Painting was the main medium for him. Sculpture was a kind of matrix. He was a very important photographer and fantastic print maker. He was a real creator.” 17. Kunci Jawaban: A could most easily replaced by = mencari sinonim Essentially : pada pokoknya, pada dasarnya Necessarily : pada dasarnya Accordingly : menurut Gradually : perlahan, berangsur-angsur Directly : secara langsung 18. Kunci Jawaban: D closest in meaning to = mencari sinonim Juxtaposition : membandingkan dua hal yang berbeda Exhibition : pameran Exposure : pembukaan Compilation : kompilasi Contrast : membandingkan dua hal yang berbeda
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19. Kunci Jawaban: C Type of Picasso’s works (jenis karya Picasso) disebutkan di paragraph 3 20. Kunci Jawaban: B Judul yang paling tepat untuk bacaan tersebut adalah ‘Genetically-Modified Fungus Kills Malaria Parasite’ 21. Kunci Jawaban: A Topik dari paragraph pertama adalah ‘fungus to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes’ 22. Kunci Jawaban: B the word … means = mencari persamaan kata/sinonim ataupun definisi Parasite merupakan organisme yang hidup dengan cara menginduk atau menempel pada makhluk hidup lain (inang) dan mengambil atau mencuri makanan dari inangnya. 23. Kunci Jawaban: B most easily be replaced by … = mencari sinonim Resistence : ketahanan Acceptance : penerimaan Endurance : ketahanan Experience : pengalaman Resemblance : kemiripan, persamaan 24. Kunci Jawaban: A closest in meaning to = mencari sinonim Colleagues : kawan, rekan Comrades : kawan, sahabat Counselors : penasihat Administrator : administrator Coordinator : koordinator 25. Kunci Jawaban: A According to the passage, Raymond St. Leger is����������������������������������������� … = mencari informasi tersurat dalam bacaan, lakukan scanning pada kata Raymond St. Leger. As an alternative to chemicals, University of Maryland professor Raymond St. Leger and his colleagues have been working on a genetically-engineered fungus to control malariacarrying mosquitoes. 26. Kunci Jawaban: B Cabang ilmu (field) yang digeluti oleh professor Raymond St. Leger adalah Pathology (ilmu penyakit). Phonology : Ilmu tentang bunyi Psychology : Psikologi Geology : Geologi 27. Kunci Jawaban: C Pronoun ‘we’ refers to = reference As an alternative to chemicals, University of Maryland professor Raymond St. Leger and his
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colleagues have been working on a genetically-engineered fungus to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes. One possibility they considered was using the fungus to kill the mosquito, the way insecticides do. “The problem with that is, if the mosquitoes have evolved resistance against chemical insecticides, they could also evolve resistance against the pathogen,” St. Leger explained. “So we did something different….” ‘we’ mengacu pada professor Raymond St. Leger dan rekan-rekannya, dan mereka merupakan ilmuwan atau orang yang ahli di bidang tertentu (experts) 28. Kunci Jawaban: B what does the scientist do to anticipate mosquiotos’ resistance against the pathogen = mencari informasi tersurat dalam bacaan, scanning pada kata-kata yang di cetak miring. “The problem with that is, if the mosquitoes have evolved resistance against chemical insecticides, they could also evolve resistance against the pathogen,” St. Leger explained. “So we did something different. We took genes which encode anti-malarial, anti-parasite proteins so we put those into the fungus.” 29. Kunci Jawaban: B not true according to the passage��������������������������������������������������������� = mencari informasi tersurat dalam bacaan, lakukan scanning pada keywords di setiap option jawaban. It may be a couple of years before this modified fungus is approved for use. But it wouldn’t be the first fungus-based product on the market. 30. Kunci Jawaban: B closest in meaning to = mencari sinonim Manipulate : mengontrol Change : mengubah Handle : menangani Move : pindah, bergerak Shape : bentuk 31. Kunci Jawaban: D Purpose of the passage = mencari tujuan dari teks tersebut. Teks tersebut berupa report, jadi tujuan dari teks tersebut adalah untuk melaporkan hasil penelitian tentang jamur anti malaria (anti-malaria fungus) 32. Kunci Jawaban: C The topic of the first paragraph is that... = mencari topik paragraf pertama topik dari paragraf pertama ini jelas dapat diketahui dari kalimat pertama: The vast majority of Americans live in cities and urban life carries special health. 33. Kunci Jawaban: A Wide : luas Big : besar Many kinds : bermacam-macam Most : sebagian besar Vast berarti luas sehingga memiliki makna sama dengan wide.
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34. Kunci Jawaban: A According to Dr. Jo Boufford, overcrowding can lead to... = jawaban dapat ditemukan dengan scanning. Maka didapatkan jawaban dari paragraf pertama: Overcrowding leads to greater stress, which can lead to violence. 35. Kunci Jawaban: B Dalam paragraf pertama disebutkan: City air is often polluted, and that can cause respiratory problems. 36. Kunci Jawaban: A Convolution : kekusutan Completeness : kelengkapan Sufficiency : kecukupan Complacency : kepuasan diri Complexity berarti kerumitan sehingga memiliki makna yang sama dengan convolution. 37. Kunci Jawaban: A The word ‘proportion’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to : keseimbangan Balance Ambiguity : kebingungan Capacity : kapasitas Inability : ketidak mampuan Proportion berarti pembagian dan memiliki makna paling dekat dengan balance. 38. Kunci Jawaban: A Violation : pelanggaran Preservation : pemeliharaan Respect : hormat Crime : kejahatan Abuse berarti penyelewengan sehingga bermakna paling dekat dengan violation. 39. Kunci Jawaban: B Health workers, academics and community activists gathered recently at a National Urban Health Conference in New York to........= jawaban dapat ditemukan dalam paragraf kedua: ...........to share strategies for delivering quality health care to the urban poor. 40. Kunci Jawaban: C According to the passage, many people from the business world are also interested in attending the urban health conference because......... = jawaban dapat ditemukan dalam paragraf kedua: Employers who buy health insurance for their workers must pay higher premiums when more employees become sick. 41. Kunci Jawaban: D The word ‘that’ in ‘That cuts into profits’ (second paragraph) refers to = referance Employers who buy health insurance for their workers must pay higher premiums when more employees become sick. That cuts into profits. That pada kalimat di atas mengacu pada higer premium.
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42. Kunci Jawaban: C Hal yang membuat Justin Sieget istimewa adalah karena dia mematahkan kendala gender dengan memasuki team baseball. 43. Kunci Jawaban: A Guts : keberanian Fears : ketakutan Mental disorders : kelainan mental Anxiety : kekhawatiran Nerve berarti keberanian sehingga bersinonim dengan guts. 44. Kunci Jawaban: B Competitions : pertandingan Associations : perkumpulan Tournaments : turnamen Sites : tempat Leagues berarti perserikatan sehingga bersinonim dengan association. 45. Kunci Jawaban: C A coach berarti seorang pelatih atau orang yang melatih pemain. 46. Kunci Jawaban: B Disebutkan dalam teks: But I decided to ignore that first coach and a line of many others, because I really loved baseball. 47. Kunci Jawaban: B Dalam bacaan disebutkan bahwa Siegel mulai bermain baseball sejak berusia 5 tahun. Ini bertentangan dengan: Siegel continued playing Baseball despite of her lack of experience. 48. Kunci Jawaban: B Often : sering Finally : akhirnya Quickly : dengan cepat Closely : lekat Eventually berarti akhirnya sehingga bersinonim dengan finally. 49. Kunci Jawaban: A Embroilment : keterlibatan diri Management : pengaturan Relevance : keterkaitan Distraction : selingan Involvement berarti keterlibatan sehingga bersinonim dengan embroilment. 50. Kunci Jawaban: C Bacaan ini kurang lebih berisi tentang biografi justin Siegel sebagai wanita yang memilih untuk bermain baseball.
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SIMULASI STRUCTURE
SIMULASI STRUCTURE
Simulasi Structure 1. If the price ______ so high, I would buy it for you as well. A. Has not been B. Were not C. Was not D. Will not have been 2. My motorbike is not working. I will get someone _______ it. A. fixed B. To fix C. Has fixed D. Has to fix 3. Rachel ____ for this company for 4 years by this end of this year. A. Has been working B. Will have been working C. Has worked E. Will be working 4. It is very important that _______ belongs to every individual of a country. A. Nationalism B. A nationalism C. Nationalism that D. The nationalism 5. Boby didn’t want anything for dinner last night, and __ . A. Nana did not either B. Nana did too C. So did Nana C. Neither didn’t Nana 6. I saw him ____ A. Smiles B. Smiled C. To Smile D. Smiling 7. “Do you get the money from your father? “ asked Astri Astri wanted to know whether I _________ the money from my father. A. get B. got C. Have got D. Am going to get
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8. Please give me ______ ! A. a reason good B. a reason is good C. good the reason D. a good reason 9. Ryana and Dyana are twin, but they are ____ A. differently B. difference C. different D. differentiate 10. You ______ be the best student, but you too lazy. A. Could B. Should C. Could have D. Should have 11. The books which you bought yesterday are______ those which I got from the library. A. interesting B. more interesting than C. The more interesting D. The most interesting 12. Attracted by the traditional dance, ___. A. It promoted the javanese culture B. It would be learnt by some tourists C. The javanese culture was intended to be learnt D. Some tourists intended to learn javanese culture 13. ___ the dangerous slippery route, the boy rode his bike fast. A. Despite B. Although C. As though D. What 14. Same rights, however, ________ by all the citizens. A. Are appreciated B. appreciate C. be appreciate D. appreciating 15. I cannot buy the shoes for you because I don’t have enough money, but I wish I________ the money. A. had B. Could C. Have D. Would have
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Written expression 1. Their house was renovate after the earthquake had happened last year. A B C D 2. Most of her money are used up for her doughter’s wedding party. A B C D 3. If he was here, we would not have any difficulties to face our English test.
A
B
C
D
4. Had they been rich, they would be very generous.
A
B
C
D
5. The hand-out never been revised before the man suggested to renew the material. A B C D 6. The man entered station after the train was leaving for about fifteen minutes. A B C D 7. A number of refugees of the disaster is lacking of food and daily needs. A B C D 8. Although she has already known the consequence that her travel agency has to be closed, however she A B C keeps continuing her plan to study abroad. D 9. Stanka wishes she could marry Marek and live together in Czech Republic. A B C D 10. Because the price of petroleum raises so significant that accomocation fare is very expensive. A B C D 11. In order to compete with other companies, the quality of our product must be improving. A B C D 12. I believe that this market is quite prospective and reliable, and I know you didn’t either. A B C D 13. Jenny asked her director if she can have one day off on the following thursday. A B C D 14. We are going to attend the seminar on tourism industry nex week and they do too.
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A B C D 15. I have told the new clerk he should ask his coordinator before do his task in order to avoid mistake. A B C D 16. The dress perfectly suits her. She is as beautiful than a princess when she wears it. A B C D 17. Dustin is the youngest child in his kindergarten class but he is the more excelent of all. A B C D 18. There is an elegant young girl sitting alone in her own small library, reading her book favourite. A B C D 19. The cafe singer looked terrible this morning. She should have not got enough sleep last night. A B C D 20. The couple have been being together for more than five years and they plan to marriage next month. A B C D 21. One of the tourists who wanted to visit the beach asked why is the tourist object closed. A B C D 22. it was only a few days before her second marriage she wrote a note is saying good bye to her ex-husband. A B C D 23. The Roberts known as one of the most outstanding family in the town. A B C D 24. Diana had been trapped by the rain for more than five hours until she got someone bring her an umbrella. A B C D 25. Learnt French intensively with a native speaker, Denny speaks the language as the native does. A B C D
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Kunci Simulasi Structure 1. Kunci Jawaban: B If the price ______ so high, I would buy it for you as well.
Kalimat di atas mengikuti pola conditional sentence tipe II: if + simple past , S + simple past future. Pada conditional sentence, bentuk to be yang dipakai untuk simple past tense hanya were.
2. Kunci Jawaban: B
My motorbike is not working. I will get someone _______ it.
Causatite get dengan obyek someonemenunjukkan bahwa kalimat causative tersebut adalah causative active. Pola active causative get: S + get + Obyek aktif + to infinitive.
3. Kunci Jawaban: B
Rachel ____ for this company for 4 years by this end of this year.
Keterangan waktu pada kalimat di atas menunjukkan bahwa tenses yang digunakan adalah future perfect (pola: S + will + have + V3) atau future perfect continuous (pola: S + will + have + been + Ving).
4. Kunci Jawaban: A
It is very important that _______ belongs to every individual of a country.
That seharusnya diikuti oleh pernyataan yang berupa klausa, dimana klausa di atas belum memiliki subyek. Nationalism merupakan kata benda abstrak yang termasuk ke dalam uncountable noun sehingga tidak perlu di tambah artikel a. 5. Kunci Jawaban: A
Boby didn’t want anything for dinner last night, and __ .
Kalimat di atas merupakan negative sentence dengan kata bantu didn’t. Maka bentuk elliptic-nya harus mengikuti pola: neither + aux + S atau S + aux + either.
6. Kunci Jawaban: D
I saw him ____
Kata kerja persepsi atau kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra bisa diikuti oleh gerund atau bare infinitive.
7. Kunci Jawaban: B
“Do you get the money from your father? “ asked Astri
Jika kalimat langsung pada kalimat di atas di ubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, maka kata kerja yang berupa V1 harus diubah menjadi V2.
8. Kunci Jawaban: D
Susunan yang tepat adalah a good reason dimana kata benda inti dari frase tersebut adalah reason sedangkan good hanya berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
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9. Kunci Jawaban: C
Ryana and Dyana are twin, but they are ____
Setelah to be, kalimat di atas membutuhkan adjective atau kata sifat. Di antara pilihan jawaban, yang merupakan adjective derivatives adalah different. 10. Kunci Jawaban: A
You ______ be the best student, but you too lazy.
Untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas dibutuhkan modal yang menyatakan kemampuan di masa lalu (past abiility) tapi tidak digunakan. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah could.
11. Kunci Jawaban: B
The books which you bought yesterday are______ those which I got from the library.
Kalimat di atas membandingkan dua hal, sehingga perbandingan yang seharusnya digunakan adalah comparative degree.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
Attracted by the traditional dance, ___.
Kalimat di atas menggunakan pasif participle. Subyek untuk klausa berikutnya adalah subyek yang ‘tertarik oleh tarian tradisional’, sehingga obyek yang paling mungkin adalah tourist.
13. Kunci Jawaban: A ___ the dangerous slippery route, the boy rode his bike fast. Although dan despite memiliki arti sama yaitu ‘meskipun’. Tetapi although harus diikuti oleh klausa yang memiliki unsur subyek dan predikat, sementara despite harus diikuti oleh frase. The dangerous slippery route merupakan sebuah frase, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah despite. 14. Kunci Jawaban: A
Same rights, however, ________ by all the citizens.
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat pasif (ditandai adanya by). Subyek dari kalimat tersebut adalah rights yang merupakan bentuk jamak sehingga tobe yang harus digunakan adalah are. Rumus pasive voice adalah to be + V3. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah are appreciated.
15. Kunci Jawaban: A
I cannot buy the shoes for you because I don’t have enough money, but I wish I________
Kenyataan dari pernyataan di atas adalah I don’t have enough money (present tense). Maka subjunctive yang digunakan adalah present subjenctive yang memiliki pola: I wish + S + V2. Karena fakta negative, maka pengandaian harus positif. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah bentuk kedua dari have, yaitu had.
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Kunci Written expression 1. Kunci Jawaban: C
Their house was renovate after the earthquake had happened last year.
Kalimat di atas merupakan kalimat pasif. Rumus pasive voice adalah to be + V3. Maka renovate tidak tepat karena seharusnya berbentuk V3 (renovated).
2. Kunci Jawaban: B
Most of her money are used up for her doughter’s wedding party.
Money merupakan uncountable noun sehingga to be yang dipakai adalah is.
3. Kunci Jawaban: A
If he was here, we would not have any difficulties to face our English test.
Kalimat di atas mengikuti pola conditional sentence tipe II: if + simple past , S + simple past future. Pada conditional sentence, bentuk to be yang dipakai untuk simple past tense hanya were.
4. Kunci Jawaban: C
Had they been rich, they would be very generous.
Kalimat di atas mengikuti pola susun balik conditional sentence tipe III: had + S + V3 , S + would + have + V3. Maka be pada kalimat di atas seharusnya have been.
5. Kunci Jawaban: A
Kalimat dalam soal ini merupakan kalimat pasif. Rumus pasive voice adalah to be + V3. Been merupakan bentuk ketiga dari to be sehingga tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa didahului oleh to have. Karena klausa setelah before berupa pasrt tense, maka klausa pertama ini seharusnya berupa past perfect. Maka kalimat yang benar seharusnya: The hand-out had never been revised before the man suggested to renew the material.
6. Kunci Jawaban: B
The man entered station after the train was leaving for about fifteen minutes.
Untuk soal ini berlaku rumus hubungan tenses: simple present + after + perfect tense. Maka was leaving seharusnya has left.
7. Kunci Jawaban: C
A number of refugees of the disaster is lacking of food and daily needs.
Kata benda yang diawali oleh a number merupakan benda jamak sehingga kata bantu yang digunakan bukan is melainkan are.
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8. Kunci Jawaban: A
Although she has already known the consequence that her travel agency has to be closed, however she keeps continuing her plan to study abroad. Although dan however memiliki makna yang sama sehingga apabila dalam suatu kalimat sudah terdapat however, tidak perlu lagi ditambahkan although. 9. Kunci Jawaban: C
Stanka wishes she could marry Marek and live together in Czech Republic. Bentuk present subjunctive adalah S + wish + V2, maka live juga seharusnya dalam bentuk kedua (lived).
10. Kunci Jawaban: A
Because the price of petroleum raises so significant that accomocation fare is very expensive. So + adjective + that berarti ‘sehingga’. Maka jika jika suatu kalimat sudah memiliki bentuk tersebut, kalimat tersebut tidak lagi memerlukan because di awal kalimat.
11. Kunci Jawaban: D
In order to compete with other companies, the quality of our product must be improving.
Bentuk yang tepat untuk digunakan setelah modal must adalah bentuk pasif dimana bentuk pasif setelah modal memiliki pola modal + be + V3.
12. Kunci Jawaban: D
I believe that this market is quite prospective and reliable, and I know you didn’t either.
I believe that this market is quite prospective and reliable merupakan positive sentence, sementara you didn’t merupakan bentuk yang berlawanan. Maka either tidak dipakai dalam kalimat ini karena either hanya digunakan apabila kalimat tersebut sama-sama negative.
13. Kunci Jawaban: B Jenny asked her director if she can have one day off on the following thursday. Karena reporting sentence menggunakan tenses past tense, kata kerja dalam reported sentense tidak bisa berbentuk V1. Jadi can seharusnya diganti dengan could. 14. Kunci Jawaban: D We are going to attend the seminar on tourism industry nex week and they do too.
Kata bantu pada kalimat di atas adalah are (to be), maka bentuk elliptic dari kalimat tersebut juga harus menggunakan to be. Maka bentuk elliptic yang tepat adalah they are too.
15. Kunci Jawaban: C
I have told the new clerk he should ask his coordinator before do his task in order to avoid mistake. Preposisi seperti before selalu diikuti oleh gerund atau Ving. Maka do pada kalimat di atas seharusnya berbentuk doing.
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16. Kunci Jawaban: B
The dress perfectly suits her. She is as beautiful than a princess when she wears it.
Than menunjukkan bahwa kalimat ini merupakan perbandingan tingkat lebih atau comparative degree. Maka as seharusnya diganti dengan more. 17. Kunci Jawaban: D
Dustin is the youngest child in his kindergarten class but he is the more excelent of all.
The ..... of all menunjukkan bahwa kalimat di atas merupakan perbandingan tingkat paling atau superlative degree. Maka more seharusnya diganti dengan most.
18. Kunci Jawaban: A
There is an elegant young girl sitting alone in her own small library, reading her book favourite.
Susunan noun phrase her book favourite tidak tepat. Dengan mengikuti kaidah word order, susunan yang tepat adalah her favourite book dimana noun head dari frase adalah book dan favourite hanya berfungsi sebagai penjelas book.
19. Kunci Jawaban: C
Modal perfect should have menunjukkan past suggestion (saran lampau) sehingga tidak tepat digunakan dalam konteks kalimat ini. Perhatikan terjemahan berikut: The cafe singer looked terrible this morning. She should have not got enough sleep last night (penyanyi kafe itu tampak buruk. Dia seharusnya tidak cukup tidur tadi malam). Modal yang lebih tepat adalah yang menyatakan kesimpulan, yaitu must have.
20. Kunci Jawaban: D
The couple have been being together for more than five years and they plan to marriage next month.
To selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk pertama. Marriage bukan merupakan kata kerja melainkan kata benda. Bentuk kata kerja dari marriage adalah marry. 21. Kunci Jawaban: D
One of the tourists who wanted to visit the beach asked why is the tourist object closed.
Kalimat tak langsung yang di awali oleh question word sebagai kata hubung mengikuti pola: WH-question + S + P. Maka is seharusnya diletakkan setelah obyek sehingga bentuknya menjadi: why the tourist object is closed.
22. Kunci Jawaban: D
it was only a few days before her second marriage she wrote a note is saying good bye to her ex-husband.
Pada kalimat di atas note bukan merupakan subyek melainkan obyek. Karena itu, kata note tersebut tidak perlu memiliki predikat berupa to be + Ving, akan tetapi saying (tanpa is) bisa digunakan sebagai present participle untuk menjelaskan note.
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23. Kunci Jawaban: A
The Roberts known as one of the most outstanding family in the town.
Bagian dari kalimat di atas yang tidak tepat adalah known karena konteks kalimat ini adalah kalimat pasif dan pola kata kerja pada kalimat pasif adalah: to be + V3. Jadi seharusnya kalimat yang tepat: The Roberts are known as one of the most outstanding family in the town.
24. Kunci Jawaban: D
Diana had been trapped by the rain for more than five hours until she got someone bring her an umbrella.
Causative get dengan subyek someone (aktif) memiliki pola: S + get + obyek aktif + to innfinitive. Maka bring seharusnya di awali oleh to.
25. Kunci Jawaban: A
Learnt French intensively with a native speaker, Denny speaks the language as the native does.
Learnt pada kalimat di atas tidak tepat karena obyek kalimat tersebut adalah Denny (Denny tidak mungkin dipelajari bahasa prancis, tetapi mempelajari bahasa perancis). Maka kalimat diatas membutuhkan present participle sehingga bentuk yang tepat adalah leaning.
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