TEMA: PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO DE LA CANLIZACION DE AGUAS PLUVIALES (CANAL CIRCULAR). POR: RUBEN JERSSON PEÑA OJEDA. INTRODUCCION. En este traa!" #r$%era%ente se &es'r$e "s '"%#"nentes #r$n'$#aes &e n s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&" *a sea san$tar$"+ #,$a " '"%$na&"+ '"n a n"'$-n e $nte/ran est"s ee%ent"s e $nte/ran est"s s$ste%as. P"ster$"r%ente se &es'r$e e #r"'e&$%$ent" '"nstr't$," a se/$r en a e!e''$-n &e a "ra. L" anter$"r s$n e/ar a ser ser na $%$tante en 'ant" a #r"'e&$%$ent" a se/$r+ *a e se #e& #e&en en $r #art #art$' $' ar ar$0 $0an an&" &" a 'a&a 'a&a s$st s$ste% e%a a en es#e es#e'1 '12$2$'" '"++ &e#en &e#en&$ &$en en&" &" &e as as '"n&$'$"nes s"'$aes +21s$'as +t"#"/r32$'as +et'. E s" #ee4" &e re'rs"s &e a/a '"nst$t*e na aternat$,a #ara e &esarr"" &e %$es &e 'entr"s #"a&"s a$sa&"s * s$n es#eran0a a na 'ana$0a'$-n &e a/a *a e 2n&a%enta en t"&". CUERPO O DESARROLLO. CANALES: 'ana es n '"n&'t" a$ert"+ en e e a/a '$r'a #"r a a''$-n &e a
/ra,e&a&+ s$n n$n/na #res$-n+ a s#er2$'$e $re e a/a est3 en '"nta't" '"n as at%"s2era. •
CARA RAC CTERISTICAS
DEL
CANAL:
t"&"
'ana
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'ara'ter1st$'as(/e"%6tr$'as 'ara'ter1st$'as(/e"%6tr$' as * 7$&r3$'as) COMPONETES DEL ALCANTARILLADO PLUVIAL.
L"s '"%#"nentes #r$n'$#aes &e n s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&" se a/r#an se/5n a 2n'$-n #ara #ara a 'a 'a s"n s"n e%# e%#ea& ea&"s "s.. As1+ As1+ n s$st s$ste% e%a a &e a'an a'anta tar$ r$a& a&" " san$ san$ta tar$ r$"+ "+ #, #,$a $a " '"%$na&"+ se $nte/ra &e as s$/$entes #artes: -
Estr'tras &e 'a#ta'$-n (Re'"e'tan as a/as a trans#"rtar). Estr'tras Estr'tras &e '"n&''$-n. Estr'tras &e ,ert$&". D$s#"s$'$-n 2$na.
1.1 ESTRUCTURAS DE CAPTACIÓN: CAPTACIÓN: C"ns$ste en "'as &e t"r%enta+ e s"n as
estr'tras e re'"e'tan e a/a e es'rre s"re a s#er2$'$e &e terren" * a '"n&'en a s$ste%a &e atar!eas. Se $'an a '$erta &$stan'$a en as 'aes '"n e 2$n &e $nter'e#tar e 2!" s#er2$'$a+ es#e'$a%ente a/as arr$a &e 'r'e &e as 'aes * a,en$&as &e $%#"rtan'$a8 ta%$6n se es '""'a en "s #nt"s a!"s &e terren"+ &"n&e #&$era a'%arse e a/a.
1.2 OBRAS DE CONDUCCIÓN: S"n t"&as aeas estr'tras e trans#"rtan as
a/as re'"e'ta&as #"r as "'as &e t"r%enta 7asta e s$t$" &e ,ert$&". Se #e&en 'as$2$'ar *a sea &e a'er&" a a $%#"rtan'$a &e '"n&'t" &entr" &e s$ste%a &e &rena!e " se/5n e %ater$a * %6t"&" &e '"nstr''$-n &e '"n&'t" e se t$$'e. Se/5n a $%#"rtan'$a &e '"n&'t" &entr" &e a re&+ #e&en ser 'as$2$'a&"s '"%" atar!eas+ s'"e't"res+ '"e't"res * e%$s"res. Se e a%a atar!eas " re& &e atar!eas a "s '"n&'t"s &e %en"r &$3%etr" en a re&+ a "s 'aes &es'ar/an a %a*"r #arte &e as estr'tras &e 'a#ta'$-n. L"s s'"e't"res s"n '"n&'t"s &e %a*"r &$3%etr" e as atar!eas+ e re'$en &$re'ta%ente as a#"rta'$"nes &e &"s " %3s atar!eas * as '"n&'en 7a'$a "s '"e't"res. FIGURA IV.1 “TRAZO Y COMPONENTES DE UNA RED DE ALCANTARILLADO”.
1.3 ESTRUCTURAS DE CONEXIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO: S"n estr'tras sterr3neas
'"nstr$&as 7asta e n$,e &e se" " #a,$%ent"+ &"n&e se e '""'a na ta#a. S 2"r%a es '$1n&r$'a en a #arte $n2er$"r * tr"n'" '-n$'" en a #arte s#er$"r * s"n " s2$'$ente%ente a%#$as '"%" #ara e n 7"%re a!e a eas * rea$'e %an$"ras en s $nter$"r+ *a sea #ara %anten$%$ent" " $ns#e''$-n &e "s '"n&'t"s.
E9$sten ,ar$"s t$#"s &e #"0"s e se 'as$2$'an se/5n a 2n'$-n * as &$%ens$"nes &e as ter1as e '"n2*en en "s %$%"s e $n's" &e %ater$a &e e est3n 7e'7"s. As1 se t$enen: #"0"s '"%nes &e ,$s$ta+ #"0"s es#e'$aes &e ,$s$ta+ #"0"s #ara '"ne9$"nes "$'as+ #"0"s 'a!a+ #"0"s 'a!a n$-n+ #"0"s 'a!a &e &e2e9$-n+ #"0"s '"n 'a1&a (a&"sa&a+ n"r%a * es'a"na&a). 1.4 ESTRUCTURAS DE VERTIDO: Se es &en"%$na estr'tra &e ,ert$&" a aea "ra
2$na &e s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&" e ase/ra na &es'ar/a '"nt$na a na '"rr$ente re'e#t"ra. Taes estr'tras #e&en ,erter as a/as &e e%$s"res '"ns$stentes en '"n&'t"s 'erra&"s " &e 'anaes+ #"r " e se '"ns$&eran &"s t$#"s &e estr'tra #ara as &es'ar/as. Se 'as$2$'an en &"s: estr'tra &e ,ert$&" en n '"n&'t" * estr'tra &e ,ert$&" en n '"n&'t" 'erra&". 1. OBRAS COMPLEMENTARIAS: Las "ras " estr'tras '"%#e%entar$as en na re&
&e a'antar$a&"+ s"n estr'tras e n"s s$e%#re 2"r%an #arte &e na re&+ #er" e #er%$ten n 2n'$"na%$ent" a&e'a&" &e a %$s%a. Entre eas se en'entran as #antas &e "%e"+ ,erte&"res+ s$2"nes $n,ert$&"s+ 'r'es ee,a&"s+ a'antar$as #,$aes * #entes. 1..1 ESTACIONES DE BOMBEO: Una esta'$-n &e "%e" se '"%#"ne &e n '3r'a%"
&e "%e" " tane &"n&e as a/as s"n &es'ar/a&as #"r e s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&" * a s ,e0 s"n e9tra1&as #"r n '"n!nt" &e "%as '*a 2n'$-n es ee,ar e a/a 7asta '$ert" #nt" #ara ,en'er &esn$,ees * '"nt$nar a '"n&''$-n 7asta e ,ert$&" 2$na. Ta%$6n se t$$0an 'an&" #"r '"n&$'$"nes t"#"/r32$'as n" es #"s$e &renar #"r /ra,e&a& e 3rea #"r ser,$r 7a'$a e '"e't"r #r$n'$#a+ &e$&" a e ea se en'entra 2era &e #arte a/as &e a 0"na a a e s$r,e e '"e't"r. 'an&" "s '"st"s &e '"nstr''$-n s"n %* ee,a&"s &e$&" a a #r"2n&$&a& a a e se $nstaar3n "s '"e't"res " e e%$s"r a 2$n &e e 2n'$"nen a /ra,e&a&. 1..2 VERTEDORES: Un ,erte&"r es na estr'tra 7$&r3$'a e t$ene '"%" 2n'$-n a
&er$,a'$-n 7a'$a "tr" 'a'e &e a/a e reasa a 'a#a'$&a& &e na estr'tra &e '"n&''$-n " &e a%a'ena%$ent".
S s" en "s s$ste%as &e a'antar$a&" se '"%$na '"n "tras estr'tras taes '"%" 'anaes " 'a!as &e '"ne9$-n * es #r"#$a%ente " e se &en"%$na '"%" na estr'tra &e '"ntr". 1..3 ESTRUCTURAS DE CRUCE: Una estr'tra &e 'r'e #er%$te e #as" &e a ter1a
#"r &ea!" " s"re "st3'"s e &e "tra 2"r%a $%#e&$r1an a '"nstr''$-n &e na re& &e a'antar$a&". Entre eas se t$enen: A'antar$as P,$aes * Pentes+ Cr'es ee,a&"s. 1.! DISPOSICIÓN FINAL: Se a%a &$s#"s$'$-n 2$na a &est$n" e se e &a a a/a
'a#ta&a #"r n s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&". En a %a*"r1a &e "s 'as"s+ as a/as se ,$erten a na '"rr$ente natra e #e&a '"n&'$r * &e/ra&ar "s '"nta%$nantes &e a/a. En este sent$&"+ se 'enta '"n a te'n""/1a * '"n"'$%$ent"s #ara 'a'ar e /ra&" en e a '"rr$ente #e&e &e/ra&ar "s '"nta%$nantes e $n's"+ se #e&e &eter%$nar e n5%er"+ es#a'$a%$ent" * %a/n$t& &e as &es'ar/as e es 'a#a0 &e s"#"rtar. 2 PROCEDIMIENTO CONSTRUCTIVO DEL COLECTOR.
N"%en'atra: En este &"'%ent" se enten&er3 '"%": ter1a+ a '"n!nt" &e t"s e '"n&'$r3n e a/a ser,$&a * '"n2"r%aran a estr'tra &e "s s'"e't"res *;" '"e't"res8 e9'a,a'$-n+ #arte &e terren" e se ten&r3 e ret$rar #ara a"!ar a a ter1a8 'netas+ s"re
rea$0ara
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e%$s"r '"n2"r%e a "s #an"s e!e't$,"s &e
#r"*e't"+ '"ntr"an&" e a$nea%$ent" * a #r"2n&$&a& &e e9'a,a'$-n se/5n "s n$,ees &e arrastre e %ar'an e #r"*e't" e!e't$,". Una ,e0 ten$en&" e tra0" &e e!e &e e%$s"r+ se #r"'e&er3 a rea$0ar en e 'as" &e e se ten/a+ e '"rte * &e%"$'$-n &e #a,$%ent"s+ a&"1n *;" e%#e&ra&". Se #a,$%ent"s+ #ara
'"rtar+
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&e "#era'$"nes re%",er
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#a,$%ent"s+ #re,$a%ente a a e9'a,a'$-n &e
'e#as. A e2e'tar a r#tra &e #a,$%ent" " &e aneta se #r"'rar3 n" #er!&$'ar e #a,$%ent" " a aneta restante+ n$ 'asar %"est$as a a #"a'$-n. En a r#tra &e #a,$%ent" e%#e&ra&" " a&"$na&" se #"n&r3 es#e'$a '$&a&"+ a 2$n &e see''$"nar a 'ant$&a& %39$%a &e %ater$a e9tra1&" #ara s #"ster$"r a#r",e'7a%$ent". E '"rte &e #a,$%ent" as23t$'" " &e '"n'ret"+ as1 '"%" e &e aneta &eer3 e!e'tarse
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/arant$'e "s a$nea%$ent"s reer$&"s+ $n&$'a&"s en e #r"*e't"+ &e$en&" ser ,ert$'a 7asta a #r"2n&$&a& ne'esar$a. 2.2 CONFORMACION
DE
CUNETAS Y BOMBEO: T"%an&" en '"ns$&era'$-n a
$n2"r%a'$-n "ten$&a &e N$,e &e A/as S#er2$'$aes (NAS) a a 2e'7a &e ea"ra'$-n &e est&$" * a "s n$,ees &e arrastre &e #r"*e't"+ /ran #arte &e a e9'a,a'$-n se ten&r3 e rea$0ar #"r &ea!" &e este n$,e+ #"r " e #ara e,ar a 'a" "s traa!"s en se'"+ se re'"%$en&a $nstaar n s$ste%a &e 'netas+ * &renes #ara 'ana$0ar e a/a &e sse" 7a'$a "s '3r'a%"s &e "%e"+ * &e a71 '"n&'$ra a e9ter$"r &e a e9'a,a'$-n #"r %e&$" &e n s$ste%a &e "%as at" s%er/$es+ as 'aes "#eraran &e %anera te%#"ra en a %e&$&a e se a'%a e a/a en "s '3r'a%"s. Una ,e0 ter%$na&a a e9'a,a'$-n en s %39$%a #r"2n&$&a&+ se #r"'e&er3 a '"nstr$r as 'netas+ as 'aes se rea$0aran en e 2"n&" &e a e9'a,a'$-n * a t"&" e #er1%etr" &e as #are&es &e a %$s%a+ a as 'aes se es #r"#"r'$"nar3 e "%e" a&e'a&" #ara 'ana$0ar e a/a 7a'$a "s '3r'a%"s8 na ,e0 '"nstr$&as as 'neta+ e es#a'$" $ntern" &e as %$s%as se reenar3 '"n arena /resa a /ra,a $%#$a &e 2$n"s #ara 2"r%ar n &ren #er%eae #"r e 'a '$r'e a a/a 7asta "s '3r'a%"s.
L"s '3r'a%"s ser3n s"re e9'a,a'$"nes en e 2"n&" &e a %$s%a e9'a,a'$-n+ en a 'a se $ntr"&'$r3 a "%a at" s%er/$e+ ss &$%ens$"nes &e#en&er3n &e a "%a e se t$$'e+ #er" en t6r%$n"s /eneraes+ #"&r3n ser &e =.>= % &e ar/" #"r =.>= % &e an'7" * =.?= % &e #r"2n&$&a& (#"r &ea!" &e 2"n&" &e a e9'a,a'$-n). Cae 7a'er a a'ara'$-n &e "s n$,ees &e a/a s#er2$'$a #e&en 2'tar a #resentarse a %a*"res #r"2n&$&a&es en 6#"'as &e est$a!e+ #"r " e s$ "s traa!"s &e '"nstr''$-n se rea$0an 2era &e a 6#"'a &e ,$as+ es #r"ae e n" se se " se re$era en %en"r %e&$&a e "#erar e s$ste%a &e "%e". 2.3 FABRICACIÓN DE LA CAMA DE ARENA: Una ,e0 e se 7a '"ntr"a&" e a/a en
e $nter$"r &e a e9'a,a'$-n+ se #r"'e&er3 a '"nstr$r a #ant$a " 'a%a &e arena+ '"n e 2$n &e 2a'$$tar e a'"%"&" &e a ter1a * /enerar na s#er2$'$e ta e a 'ar/a trans2er$&a #"r e t" a se" &e '$%enta'$-n sea n$2"r%e8 a 'a%a &eer3 &e '"n2"r%arse '"n arenas 2$nas a %e&$as $en /ra&a&as (S@) en esta&" set"+ '"n n es#es"r &e a'er&" a &$3%etr" D$%ens$"nes %1n$%as &e 0an!as * #ant$as #ara ter1as+ e&an&" $n%ersa a ter1a &entr" &e a 'a%a &e arena n an'7" 'an&" %en"s $/a a ?= &e s &$3%etr" e9ter$"r. 2.4 COLOCACIÓN DE LA TUBER"A: La '""'a'$-n+ $nstaa'$-n+ !nt"+ a''es"r$"s+ t$#" *
&$3%etr" &e t"+ as1 '"%" as es#e'$2$'a'$"nes &e '"nstr''$-n * a res$sten'$a &e "s %ater$aes a t$$0ar+ ser3n "s e se es#e'$2$'an en "s #a n"s e!e't$,"s &e #r"*e't". Las ter1as &e '"n'ret"+ a''es"r$"s+ &$s#"s$t$,"s * %e'an$s%"s &e &$,ersa 1n&"e e &ea s%$n$strar e C"nstr't"r #ara a $nstaa'$-n+ &eer3n ser &e as 'ara'ter1st$'as se4aa&as en e #r"*e't"+ &e #r$%era 'a$&a&+ ne,"s * s"%et$&"s a #re,$a $ns#e''$-n * a#r"a'$-n &e a S#er,$s$-n antes &e s $nstaa'$-n+ *a sea en 23r$'a " en e /ar &e s t$$0a'$-n. La ter1a &e '"n'ret" se '""'ar3 '"n a 'a%#ana " a 'a!a &e a es#$/a 7a'$a a/as arr$a * se e%#e0ar3 s '""'a'$-n &e a/as aa!" 7a'$a a/as arr$a. L"s t"s ser3n !nta&"s entre s1 '"n %"rter" &e 'e%ent" se/5n " 2$!e e #r"*e't" *;" a S#er,$s$-n. La 2ar$'a'$-n &e %"rter" &eer3 7a'erse '"n na #r"#"r'$-n : 'e%ent"
2. CONSTRUCCIÓN DE POZOS Y CA#AS DE VISITA: S"n "s ee%ent"s en as re&es
&e a'antar$a&" e t$enen #"r "!et" a n$-n &e 1neas+ "s 'a%$"s &e &$re''$-n+ a $ns#e''$-n+ a $%#$e0a * '"ntr" &e 2!" &e as %$s%as. Ter%$na&a a e9'a,a'$-n+ se a2$nar3 a s#er2$'$e &e 2"n&"+ se '"nstr$r3 na #ant$a &e '"n'ret" #"re. P"ster$"r%ente se #r"'e&er3 a '"nstr$r "s #"0"s * 'a!as &e ,$s$ta+ &e a'er&" '"n "s #an"s t$#" &e a C"%$s$-n Na'$"na &e A/a+ (CONAGUA) "s 'aes se $n&$'an en as 2$/ras IV.F P"0" &e ,$s$ta es#e'$a #ara &$3%etr"s &e ? a = '%+ IV.? P"0" &e ,$s$ta es#e'$a #ara &$3%etr"s &e HH '% * IV. P"0"s 'a!a #ara &$3%etr"s &e FH a > '%. “POZO DE VISITA ESPECIAL PARA DI$METROS DE %! A 1&% CM.”
DIMET RO (%) =.?
A (%)
PRO. MIN.
C
E
(%)
(%)
=.
K (%) H.HF
.=
.=
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H.F
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H.F=
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“POZO DE VISITA ESPECIAL PARA DI$METROS DE 122 CM”.
DIMET RO (%) .HH
A (%) .=
PRO. MIN. K (%) H.?F
C (%) H.==
E (%) H.?=
2.! CONSTRUCCIÓN DE ACOSTILLAMIENTO: E a'"st$a%$ent" &e a ter1a+ es e
a#$s"na&" e se e2e't5a a "s a&"s * #"r &ea!" &e as ter1as+ '"n e "!et" &e &ar n en'a%a&" '"rre't" a t"&" e 'a&rante $n2er$"r+ * se e2e'tar3 7asta a %$ta& &e &$3%etr" &e t" * e rest" &e %$s%". Una ,e0 '""'a&a a ter1a &e e%$s"r+ se #r"'e&er3 a '"nstr$r en e es#a'$" entre e t" * as #are&es &e a e9'a,a'$-n e a'"st$a%$ent" #ara '"n2$nar a a ter1a8 este se
'"nstr$r3 '"n %ater$a &e an'"+ e 'a &eer3 ser na arena $%"sa &e a!a #ast$'$&a& (SM) " n $%" &e a!a #ast$'$&a& '"n arenas 2$nas (ML) te#etates+ '"n n 1%$te 1$&" n" %a*"r &e F= * n 1%$te #3st$'" n" %a*"r &e ? 8 este se '""'ara en'a#as &e H= '%. &e es#es"r+ '"%#a't3n&"" a = &e s #es" ,"%6tr$'" se'" %39$%" &e ensa*" Pr"'t"r est3n&ar+ 7asta a'an0ar a atra '"rres#"n&$ente a n$,e &e a 'a,e &e t". En a 2$/ra IV. Se''$-n '"nstr't$,a+ se #resenta as es#e'$2$'a'$"nes e &ee &e '%#$r e %ater$a &e an'" #ara ser t$$0a&" en a '"nstr''$-n &e a'"st$a%$ent". 2.% CONFORMACIÓN DEL SUELO DE RELLENO: S"re e "%" &e t" se '""'ar3 e
se" &e reen"+ #ara " 'a se #"&r3 t$$0ar e se" #r"&'t" &e a e9'a,a'$-n+ e 'a se '""'ara en 'a#as &e HF '%. '"%" %39$%"+ '"%#a't3n&"as a = &e s #es" ,"%6tr$'" se'" %39$%" &e ensa*" Pr"'t"r est3n&ar+ 7asta a'an0ar a atra '"rres#"n&$ente a n$,e &e terren". E es#es"r &e se" &e reen" s"re e "%" &e t" n" &eer3 ser %en"r a "s = '%. En a re#"s$'$-n &e #a,$%ent" e%#e&ra&" " a&"$na&" se #r"'rar3 t$$0ar e %ater$a #r"&'t" &e a r#tra e n" 7a*a s2r$&" &a4"s+ t"&" e %ater$a ne," &eer3 ser &e a %$s%a 'ase * 'ara'ter1st$'a e e &e "r$/$na+ &e$en&" e&ar a %$s%" n$,e+ e,$tan&" a 2"r%a'$-n &e t"#es " &e#res$"nes+ #"r a e a re#"s$'$-n se 7ar3 na ,e0 e e reen" &e as 0an!as ten/an e /ra&" &e '"%#a'ta'$-n es#e'$2$'a&" *;" " e %are e #r"*e't". Pre,$a%ente a a re#"s$'$-n &e #a,$%ent" as23t$'"+ se 7ar3 na ase &e /ra,a 'e%enta&a &e =.H= % &e es#es"r. Para a re#"s$'$-n &e #a,$%ent" se #"&r3n 2ar$'ar %e0'as as23t$'as &e %ater$aes #6tre"s * #r"&'t"s as23t$'"s en e %$s%" /ar &e a "ra+ e%#ean&" '"n2"r%a&"ras " %e0'a&"ras a%antes. Las %e0'as as23t$'as 2"r%ar3n na 'ar#eta '"%#a'ta&a '"n e %1n$%" &e ,a'1"s+ *a e "s %ater$aes sa&"s &eer3n ser /ra&a&"s #ara e sea n$2"r%e #"r as E
a
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es#e'$2$'a'$"nes #ara %ater$aes #6tre"s &e %e0'as as23t$'as. N"
&een
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#"r a S#er,$s$-n * se rea$0ar3n s$e%#re+ s$/$en&" a rta trans$tae %3s '"rta * '"n,en$ente. 3 OPERACIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO:
T"&" s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&" #ara e "#ere &e %anera e2$'$ente &ee '"ntar '"n na #"1t$'a &e "#era'$-n+ a 'a &ee estar a'"r&e '"n e &$se4" &e s$ste%a #ara e e 2n'$"na%$ent" sea a&e'a&" * e,$tar &a4"s tant" a a re& '"%" re&'$r as %"est$as a "s sar$"s.
En este a#arta&" se &es'r$$r3n as %an$"ras &e "#era'$-n+ %e&$&as &e '"nser,a'$-n * $%#$e0a * as a''$"nes #ara na "#era'$-n e2$'$ente &e n s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&"+ as 'aes s"n &e %anera enn'$at$,a * n" $%$tat$,a+ #&$6n&"se a&a#tar a as '"n&$'$"nes e #re,ae0'an en a '"%n$&a& " 0"na &e #r"*e't" " "s e '"ns$&ere '"n,en$entes e Or/an$s%" " C"%$t6 en'ar/a&" &e s$ste%a &e a'antar$a&". CONCLUSION RECOMENDACIONES. •
Las ren",a'$"nes &e re&es se ten&r3n e &ar se/5n a 're'$%$ent" &e a #"a'$-n.
•
Las a''$"nes #re,ent$,as '%#$r3n n /ran r" en a &ra'$-n &e a 'ana$0a'$-n &e a/a a trans#"rtar.
•
Las 'asas &e r"tra &e "s '"n&'t"s #"&r3n ser #"r a #enetra'$-n &e ra1'es+ s"re 'ar/as e9'es$,as+ %aa '""'a'$-n &e '"n&'t" " #as" &e %a$nar$a " e$#" #esa&" s"re eas+ asenta%$ent"s #r","'a&"s #"r "tras '"nstr''$"nes #r-9$%as+ et'.
•
Se re'"%$en&a e se &6 n %anten$%$ent" #er$-&$'" #ara e as1 2n'$"ne a 'ana$0a'$-n a ==.
