A. +ead the following text carefully and supply a suitable title. ,ustify your choice. ($0 points) The earth’s total water supply is estimated to be 330 million cubic miles. The problem is that 96% of it is found in the oceans and is saline. A little over 2% is tied up in icecaps and laciers! and nearly "% in the earth’s atmosphere. #round water! fresh water la$es! and rivers account for ust 0.6% of the fresh water. The net result is that 99.&% of all the water on earth is not available for human and animal consumption. 'f the remainin 0.3%! much is inaccessible due to unreachable locations and depths! and the vast maority of water for human and animal consumption is stored in round water. An important feature of the earth’s supply of fresh water is its non(uniform distribution around the lobe. )ater! for which there are no substitutes! has always been man$ind’s most precious resource. The strule to control water resources has shaped human political and economic history. *ue to its scarcity and vital importance for the development of a country! water has been a source of tension wherever water resources are shared by neihbourin peoples. )ater(related tensions around the world can have sinificant implications for +.,. national security. -n the the idd iddle le /ast /ast!! for for eam eampl ple! e! wate waterr is a sour source ce of conf confli lict ct not not only only betwe between en -sra -srael el and and its its Arab Arab neihbours! but also between /ypt and ,udan! and Tur$ey! ,yria! and -ra1. any have forotten that the proression towards the "96& )ar was triered by the water dispute between -srael and ,yria over control over the ordan iver. 4opulation rowth and economic development are drivin a steadily increasin demand for new water supplies! and lobal demand for water has more than tripled over the past half century. #lobally! the larest user of fresh water is ariculture! accountin for rouhly three 1uarters of total use. -n Africa this fraction approaches 90%. -n the +.,.! ariculture accounts for 39% of fresh water use! the same fraction used for coolin thermal power plants. 5uture prospects are not encourain. #lobal water withdrawal in 2000 is estimated to be about 30% of the world’s total accessible fresh water supply. y 2027 that fraction may reach &0%. & 0%. *r. Allan . 8offman! ,enior Analyst! +.,. *epartment of /nery *'/: -n http;<
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B. Find the sentences in the text which suggest that. (30 points)
C. Answer these questions in your own words as far as possible. (! points)
1. Most of earth’s water supply has a high salt content. 2. The amount amount of avail availabl able e fresh fresh wat water vari varies es from rom coun countr tryy to country. 3. Water disputes have characterised our civilization. . !tru !trugg gglles to cont contro roll wate waterr reso resour urce cess have have alre alread ady y led led to armed con"icts. #. Most Most of our our wate waterr is used used in farming.
1. Where do we get mainly our fresh water from$ 2. Why is water a source of con"ict in countries that have to share the same water supply$ 3. What has caused th e continuously rising need for water$
". Co#plete the following sentences according to the last two paragraphs of the text. ($% points) 1. %n &frica '() of ... 2. *or cooling cooling its thermal thermal power power plants+ the ,! . . . 3. %n the near future+ global water withdrawal . . .
&. &xplain the for#ation of the following words. 'dentify the prexes su*xes and their use. ($0 points) EXAMPLE: encouraging – encourage + ing. The The sufx “ing” is used to make an adecti!e.
1. inaccessible 2. security
F. se the following words to co#plete the text below. ($ points) gases e9ects reversed produce consume scienti0c An Inconvenient Inconvenient Truth - %n the slide show &l ore reviews the
3. globally
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($) opinion ($) opinion on climate change+ discusses the politics and economics of global warming+ and describes the conse/uences he believes global climate change will () if () if the amount of human-generated greenhouse (3) is (3) is not signi0cantly reduced in the very near future. ore also discusses the possibility of the (!) of (!) of a maor ice sheet in reenland or in West &ntarctica+ either of which could raise global global sea (-) by (-) by approimately 2( feet 4 m5. The documentary ends with ore arguing that if appropriate actions are ta6en soon+ the () of global warming can be successful successfully ly (/) by releasing less 782 and planting more vegetation to (%) eisting 782.
1. Change the 2erbs in bracets into an appropriate tense to express a future #eaning. ($- points)
1. :%’m going out shopping.; < :8h+ are you$ Wait+ % come5 with you.; 2. =y the end of 2(#(+ the population in >urope su9er5 a signi0cant decrease. 3. ?urry up@ %t’s getting late. Aou miss5 your train. . This time net wee6 % eplore5 the countryside on foot. #. We go5 on a safari net wee6. 4. Conditional sentences 5 co#plete the gaps with a suitable tense. ($ points) 1. If we didn’t use the car so much, we (pollute) the air less. 2. Bollution wouldn’t have decreased if we not stop5 burning fossil fuels. 3. More waste will be produced if the world populaon (connue) to grow. . If people (throw) away less, fewer resources would be needed. '. +ephrase the sentences as started. ($- points) 1. Many countries 0ght over water because it is such a precious resource. %f ... 2. ?e too6 these bottles to the bottle ban6 so that they would be recycled. %f... 3. The average temperature will increase if we don’t stop putting carbon dioide into the atmosphere. ,nlessC ,. sing $0 to $-0 words6 co##ent on the situation below. +efer to its causes and consequences. 7hen present so#e solutions to stop this proble#. (-0 points)
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B. 1. he problem is that !"# of it is found in the oceans and is saline. ($ines 1%&) &. 'n important feature (...) of fresh water is its nonuniform distribuon around the globe. ($ines %!) *. he struggle to control water resources has shaped human polical and economic history. ($ine 1+%11) . Many ha-e forgoen (...) the 1!"/ 0ar was triggered by the water dispute between Israel and yria o-er control o-er the 2ordan 3i-er. ($ines 1/1) 4. 5lobally, the largest user of fresh water is agriculture, (...) three 6uarters of total use. ($ines &1%&&) 7. 1. 0e get it mainly from underground water. &. 0ater leads to tension between countries which share the same water resources because it is a scarce%rare resource and -ital to the de-elopment of a country. *. he connuously rising need for water is the result of populaon growth and economic de-elopment. 8. 1. ... its fresh water (supply) is used in agriculture. 1. ... uses *!# of its fresh water. &. ... may%will reach /+# of the world’s total accessible fresh water supply. 9. 1. in : access : ible. he pre;< =in> is used to form the opposite meaning. he su?< =ible> is used to form an ad@ec-e. &. secure : ity. he su?< =ity> is used to form a noun. *. global : ly. he su?< =ly> is used to form an ad-erb. A. 1. scien;c &. produce *. gases . collapse 4. le-els ". eects /. re-ersed . consume 5. 1. will come &. will ha-e suered *. are going to miss . will be e
