CASE STUDY PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA (A STATISTICAL REPORT BY) (SUBMITTED BY)
11502811 - DEVIREDDY DINESH 11507237 - POLLAI MOHAN KRISHNA 11506754 - PYLA BABU RAO
(SUBMITTED : TO) Shri . PANKAJ KUMAR KESHRI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
India has an annual average precipitation of 1 170 mm and about 80 percent of the total area of the country experiences annual rainfall of 750 mm or more Due to the large spatial and temporal variability in the rainfall
The two main sources of water in India are rainfall and the snowmelt of glaciers in the Himalayas. Although snow and glaciers are poor producers of freshwater, they are good distributors as they yield at the time of need, in the hot season. Indeed, about 80 percent of the flow of rivers in India occurs during the four to five months of the southwest monsoon season. Several important river systems originate in upstream countries and then flow to other countries: the Indus River originates in China and flows to Pakistan; the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system originates partly in China, China, Nepal and Bhutan, Bhutan, and flows flows to Bangladesh; Bangladesh; some minor minor rivers drain into Myanmar and Bangladesh. However, there are no official records
available regarding the quantum of annual flows into the country or out of the country
The rivers of India can be classified into the following four groups: The Himalayan rivers (Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus) are formed by melting snow and glaciers as well as rainfall and therefore have a continuous flow throughout the year. As these regions receive very heavy rainfall during the monsoon period, the rivers swell and cause frequent floods.
The rivers of the Deccan plateau (with larger rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery draining into the bay of Bengal in the east, and Narmadi and Tapi Tapi draining into into the Arabian sea sea in the west), making up most most of the southern-central part of the country, are rainfed and fluctuate in volume, many of them being non-perennial. non-perennial. The coastal rivers, especially on the west coast south of the Tapi, are short in length with limited catchment areas, most of them being non -perennial. The rivers of the inland drainage basin in western Rajasthan in the north-western part of the country towards the border with Pakistan are ephemeral, drain towards the salt lakes such as the Sambhar, or are lost in the sands.
For planning purposes, the country is divided into 20 river units, 14 of which are major river basins, while the remaining 99 river basins have been grouped into 6 river units, as presented in table. The spatial imbalance of distribution of water resources can be appreciated by the fact that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin covering 34 percent of the country’s country’s area area contributes about about 59 percent of the water resources. The west flowing rivers towards the Indus covering 10 percent of area contribute 4 percent of the water resources.
The remaining 56 percent of area contributes contributes 37 percent percent to the runoff runoff The water water resources potential of the country is assessed as the natural runoff of the rivers and is estimated at 1 864.33 km3, of which only 1 089 km3 are considered as utilizable or exploitable in view of the constraints constraints of topography, uneven distribution of the resource over space and time, the geological factors and the contemporary technological knowledge. These 1 089 km3 comprise 690 km3 from surface water and 399 km3 from groundwater . The internal renewable surface water resources (IRSWR) have been estimated at 1 229.21 km3/year km3/year by deducting deducting the inflow from neighbouring countries (210.2 km3/year from Nepal, 347.02 km3/year from China and 78 km3/year from Bhutan) from the total estimated flow of 1 864.33 km3/year. The overlap between surface water and groundwater is considered
DATA OF WATER SOURCES BY USING HORSE POWER STATE ANDAMAN & NICOBARS
0-2 HP
2-4 HP
4-6 HP
6-8 HP
8-10
ABOVE
NO LIFTING
HP
10 HP
DEVICES
TOTAL
76
58
460
457
15
1
505
1572
838
2470
16907
760
566
2964
41
24546
3
0
0
0
0
27
0
30
6
100
2607
2
5
891
16
3627
78
172
3509
24
267
288
393
4731
443
2015
3115
20
3
1631
20595
27822
10
246
178
0
0
107
0
541
0
0
67
1
28
9
0
105
44
301
342
61
12
115
35
910
2019
136
2064
413
417
415
162
5626
0
0
304
0
0
0
0
304
HIMACHAL PRADESH
23
71
81
13
32
415
3
638
JAMMU & KASHMIR
11
2
97
8
1
9
62
190
JHARKHAND
814
876
4520
8
241
116
2327
8902
KARNATAKA
639
6573
45361
8443
3077
23875
129
88097
KERALA
2025
7960
2862
126
331
1368
355
15027
MADHYA PRADESH
4043
60707
94008
3748
6067
13119
2197
183889
MAHARASHTRA
3723
28620
82806
8874
2508
20610
622
147763
MANIPUR
0
0
0
0
0
72
0
72
MEGHALAYA
2
2
36
0
0
9
0
49
NAGALAND
0
0
4
10
3
0
0
17
2691
14130
11480
720
374
6657
13702
49754
PUDUCHERRY
0
1
10
0
15
0
0
26
PUNJAB
0
0
544
273
1228
623
0
2668
107
240
1959
154
1709
784
7
4960
1068
350
3205
313
86
1791
186
6999
TRIPURA
27
304
826
5
9
1268
0
2439
UTTAR PRADESH
30
47
833
4383
7469
4203
72
17037
209
64
102
16
51
131
71
644
0
6933
29885
824
425
6408
4278
48753
ANDHRA PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHHATISGARH DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI DELHI GOA GUJARAT HARYANA
ODISHA
RAJASTHAN TAMIL NADU
UTTARAKHAND WEST BENGAL
This is the table represents water supply by horse power and it is is shown into BARGRAPH, PIEDIAGRAM, and LINE DIAGRAM
200000 150000 0-2 HP 100000
2-4 HP
50000 0
4-6 HP 6-8 HP S R A B O C I N & N A M A D N A
H S E D A R P L A H C A N U R A
R A H I B
I R A H R D Y N L A A I K S U N R A E O N R H V G A M A E P A E I L Y H T D N A T H S A A S A R H A N R A G C A A R H K R P M A U J A A A A N D R & K G Y U A U P H N D M A & M M A A J R D A D
A R U P I R T
D N A H K A R A T T U
8-10 HP ABOVE 10 HP NO LIFTING DEVICES TOTAL
BARGRAPH
200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
0-2 HP 2-4 HP 4-6 HP 6-8 HP S H R S A E B D O A R C I P N L & A N H A C A M N A U D R N A A
R A H I B
I R A H R D Y N L A A I K S U N R A E O N R H V G A M A E P A E I L Y H T D N A T H S R S A A A A H C A R A N A G J R K P U R H M A A A D A A N & K Y R G U A U P H N D M A & M M A A J R D A D
A R U P I R T
D N A H K A R A T T U
8-10 HP ABOVE 10 HP NO LIFTING DEVICES TOTAL
LINE GRAPH NOTE: The government’s supportive policies policies for agriculture agriculture have made made subsidies and credit available to the farmers, farmers, Singh 2003. There There are strong linkages between between
Power pricing, technology technology use, equity and efficiency efficiency in groundwater development. development. These have fostered intensive groundwater utilization. utilization. A sharp increase in
PIE CHART
0-2 HP ANDAMAN & NICOBARS ANDHRA PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHHATISGARH DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI DELHI GOA
The major source of water after river is ground water in INDIA and this water source is extracted from HORSE POWER MOTORS
The next more important water resources in INDIA is DUGWELLS, CANALS , LAKES : India has a large groundwater resource but its availability and status varies substantially from basin to basin, state to state and area to area. 40 percent of the ground water resource is in the Ganga basin, and most others do not even cross 5percent. Groundwater is found to be a superior source of irrigation compared to surface water and is associated with better yields, input use and profitability. This is mainly because it offers better control over water availability and use to the farmers. Increase in groundwater irrigation is closely associated with a reduction in the riskand variation in production.
THESE ARE THE SOURCES RELATED AND PRESENT MOSTLY USED IN INDIA
TILL NOW WE JUST DISCUSSED ABOUT WATER SOURCES AND NOW WE ARE REPRESENTING ABOUT A MAJOR PROBLEM IN INDIA WATER SOURCES WATERPOLLUTION WATER POLLUTION: Water pollution is a serious problem in India as almost70 per cent of its surface water resources and a growing percentage of its groundwater reserves are are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic, and inorganic pollutants .In many cases, these sources have been rendered unsafe for human consumption as well as for other activities ,such as irrigation and industrial needs. This shows that degraded water quality can contribute to water scarcity as it limits its availability for both human use and for the ecosystem. In 1995, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) identified severely polluted stretches on 18major rivers in India. Not Not surprisingly, a majority of these stretches were found in and around large urban areas. The high incidence of severe contamination near urban areas indicates that the industrial and domestic sectors’ contribution to water pollution is much higher than their relative importance implied in the Indian economy. Agricultural activities also contribute in terms of overall impact on water quality. Besides a rapidly r apidly depleting groundwater table in different parts, the country faces another major problem on the waterfront — — groundwater groundwater contamination — a problem which has affected as many as 19 states, including Delhi. Geogenic contaminants, including salinity, iron, fluoride, and arsenic have affected groundwater in over 200districts spread across 19 states
BAR GRAPH SHOWING YEAR BY INCREASING WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA
The data in the given graph shows us about the year wise increasing of water pollution India it shows us the decreasing of oxygen levels in water there are many reasons that increases water pollution in India Such as releasing releasing of INDUSTRIAL WASTES, WASTES, into water DISPOSAL DISPOSAL WASTES that are easily soluble in water makes water more polluted
CONCLUSION: NO WATER NO LIFE we have abundant water resources, so using of water should be efficient and useful and DROP OF WATER represents there are many more places in the world where people walks for long distances to fulfill their thirsty so reduce WATER POLLUTION and SAVE WATER RESOURCES
THANKYOU
