Word Formation Processes and and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES (POCHOCLO BEGINS)
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
Rules of Word Formation Processes
1. Coi Coinag nagee
1) you don’t talk about a bout word formation processes
2. Bor Borrow rowing ing
a. Native speakers don’t have problems with new words b. The way in which we form words follow a pattern c. Language is shaped by the needs of its users
3. Compo Compoundin unding g 4. Ble Blendi nding ng 5. Cli Clippi pping ng 6. Backformation 7. Conver Conversion sion 8. Acronyms 9. Derivation 10. Inflection
COOL CHART WITH PROCESSES
A rare process in which a words is invented: Mostly, a trade name of a company ’s product substitutes de technical term of an object (e.g. ) A common sources of new words by which we take words from other languages such as French ( ), Arabic ( ), etc. A special type of borrowing is called “loantranslation” in which there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
( in English in Spanish) Process in which we join 2 different words (usually nouns), and sometimes we hyphenate them. ( The process which involves the combinations of the parts of separate words in order to reduce them and convey the same meaning. eakfast and l Brunch oke and f Smog ulator/ odulator Modem A process used to reduce words which have more than one syllable in order to convey the same meaning. It is widely used in educational environments oratory Lab ination Exam ematics Maths graphical Typo imile Fax A process in which a word (usually a noun) suffers a reduction and a change in category (usually a verb). Historically, the noun came first and from it the verb was born: Television Televise A special kind of Backformation, which mostly occurs in Australia and British English, produces : A longer word is reduced to a single syllable then –y or –ie is added to the end: Moving pictures Mov Television Tell One of the most accepted processes in which there is a change in the function of a word, for example when a noun, without any reduction, comes to be used as a verb. To Spy (v) - A Spy (n) Print out (v) - Printout (n) Butter (n) Buttered(v) Vacation (n) Vacationing (v) These are new words formed from the initial letters of another set of words. These can remain essentially as CD) ‘alphabetisms’ ( ompact isk More typically, they are pronounced as single words ( orth tlantic reaty rganization NATO)
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
Unlike the previous example, many acronyms don’t make use of the capital letters as they become everyday terms ( ight mplification by timulated mission of adiation; or laser for the pibes) The most common way of creating new words is by making use of morphemes (affixes: prefixes/suffixes/infixes) to achieve a change in the category of a word: (Un believable!) infix ( lead) prefix (Mad ) suffix (Fool ) 2 suffixes ( respect ) prefix + suffix In this process we make use of inflectional morphemes that don’t change the category of the word but only its grammatical behavior. There are 8 inflections: -S (plural) / ‘s (genitive) For -ing /-ed (past)/-ed (participle)/ -s(3 rd person) -er / -est For
ADVANCED FEATURES OF CONDITIONALS (wew so useful)
Statements of universal truth (factual discussion/ explanatory material)
present tense,
Future -or modal verb- or imperative
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
If we
miss the 10 o’clock train, we shan’t get there before
lunch Lessenstheprobability,thus remotepossibility . “
If you
”
reserve seats, we shall be sure of a comfortable journey
Notanaux.forthefuture:It samodalverb(agreeing,beingwilling) ’
If she
play with the dog, she deserves to get bitten
Thestressin will indicatesthepersistenceoftheaction. “
”
1. If we caught the 10 o ’clock train, we would get there by lunch time: 2. If I came into a fortune, I would give up smoking 3. If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do 1. Suppositionalpossibility(milddegreeoflikelihood) 2. Hypothetical(lowdegreeoflikelihood) 3. Imaginary(Notlikelytooccur)
past tense,
If we lunch
conditional
miss the 10 o’clock train, we wouldn’t get there ‘till after
Emphasizethesuppositionalnatureofthecondition
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
If you
reserve seats, we would be sure of a nice journey
Apoliteformto will (Wouldiswidelyusedforpoliteness) “
”
1) If we had caught the 10 o ’clock train, we would have got there by lunchtime 2) If we had bought a map with us, we would know which road to take 1) Hypotheticalpastfact 2) Situationcontrarytoapastfact+situationcontrarytothepresentfact
The inversion of the subject and verb instead of “if ” in the conditional clause of some type of sentences 1)
need my help a gain, just give me a ring. (If
need my help…)
2) Were the government rise taxes, there would be riots (If
3) Had I known you were ill… (If known you were ill..) at this point you should know how it goes
The t and types occur in both written and (less commonly) spoken language. The type is generally confined to written language.
Word Formation Processes and Adv. Features of Conditionals and some verb lists
There are 3 types of these: The first case: The second case: The third case:
REMEMBER -ing: sth happened long time ago (I remember laughing with you) •To inf: sth that didn't happened yet (Remember to be happy) •
STOP -ing: activity interrumpted ( He stopped dancing) •to inf: An activity stops, a new one begins ( He stopped to greet me) •
TRY -ing: Do sth for the 1st time to see what happens (I tried mixing it together) •to inf: An unsuccessful attempt (I tried to jump the fence) •
REGRET -ing: sth you did or didn't do (I regret knowing you) •to inf: formulaic expressions about a incoming report (I regret to tell you...) •
MEAN -ing: Sth involves sth else (passing means working hard) •to inf: express unintentional action (didn't mean to do that) •
GO ON -ing: an action not interrumpted for a period of time (go on being happy) •to inf: stop an action to start another (He went on to become a surgeon) •
See you next term, unless I die or quit.
