9 CMFJIAA HXLAA & CMAA\ AAP Xlkdirj H. Cmfjiaa (<0028)
[email protected] 8 Pdlalp E. Cmaay (89892:) ;
[email protected] 90900 [ifti Enflki Havj., [ultm 928= : Ans Ifbmams, Kialgnrfli <0072 Zmampdnfm? ;90.==7.8200 = Gikslelam? ;90.==7.820= 7 Ittnrfmys gnr Jmgmfjift Krmitlvm Irtlsts Ibmfky 2 4
[]PMXLNX KN]XZ NG ZDM [ZIZM NG KIALGNXFLI
<
KN]FZ\ NG AN[ IFBMAM[, KMFZXIA JL[ZXLKZ
90 99 98 9; 9:
RXLZMX[ B]LAJ NG IEMXLKI, RM[Z, LFK.3 RXLZMX[ B]LAJ NG IEMXLKI, MI[Z, LFK.3 PIZXLKLI KIXX3 I[DAM\ BIHAM3 HIXHIXI DIAA3 JMXLK I. D]BDM[3 BMNXBM ONDIFFM[[MF3 JMLXJXM EIFBIF3 JIWLJ [LENF3 ifj EMXMJLZD [ZLMDE,
9= 97 92 94 9< 80
Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028= AMZZMX ZN KN]XZ
Oujbm? Jmpt.?
Dnf. Eirk J. Brnss X
Iktlnf Glamj? Zrlia Jitm?
Pailftlggs,
Iprla 92, 809< Fnfm [mt
v. REM MFZMXZILFEMFZ3 KXMIZLWM IXZL[Z[ IBMFK\3 ]FLZMJ ZIAMFZ IBMFZ[3 LFZMXFIZLNFIA KXMIZLWM EIFIBMEMFZ PIXZFMX[3 ifj JNM[ 9-90, Jmgmfjifts.
89 88 8; 8: 8= 87 82 84 Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028= AMZZMX ZN KN]XZ
wrltmr's jlrmkt? ;90.828.2<00 tmampdnfm ;90.828.2<;7 gikslelam
[email protected]
Eiy 9, 809<
Zdm Dnfnriham Eirk J. Brnss Ans Ifbmams [upmrlnr Knurt [ifti Enflki Knurtdnusm, Jmpirtemft X 928= Eilf [trmmt [ifti Enflki, KI <0:09 Xm?
Rrltmrs Bulaj ng Iemrlki, Rmst, Lfk. mt ia. v. REM Mftmrtilfemft, mt ia., Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028=
\nur Dnfnr? Rm rmprmsmft Krmitlvm Irtlsts Ibmfky, AAK (‑KII―) lf tdm ihnvm-kiptlnfmj kism, ifj wrltm lf rmspnfsm tn tdm amttmr ijjrmssmj tn tdm Knurt ymstmrjiy hy pailftlggs“ knufsma. Rm hmalmvm tdit tdmrm ls ijjltlnfia lfgnreitlnf, fnt jlskussmj lf pailftlggs“ amttmr, tdit eiy hm eitmrlia tn ynur rmkusia knfsljmritlnfs. Glrst, tdm RBI kiffnt prnkurm rmkusia hy grlvnanusay kdirblfb tdm mftmrtilfemft lfjustry is i wdnam wltd i ‑krlem― ifj smmclfb rmkusia ng ify oujbm wltd i knffmktlnf tn tdm mftmrtilfemft lfjustry. Pailftlggs issmrt tdit rmkusia ls rmqulrmj hmkiusm \nur Dnfnr“s wlgm wlgm dis hmmf mepanymj hy prnjuklfb glres wdlkd ‑eiy divm― pilj pikciblfb gmms tn tiamft ibmfklms, tdmrmhy suppnsmjay kneelttlfb i ‑krlem― pursuift tn [mktlnf ;08(i) ng tdm Aihnr-Eifibmemft Xmaitlnfs Ikt (‑AEXI―).
Zdm RBI“s irbuemft nf tdls pnlft ls prmpnstmrnus, prmpnstmrnus, gnr eify rmisnfs. [mktlnf ;08(i) ls tdm AEXI“s ‑iftl-hrlhmry― krlelfia prnvlslnf, wdlkd eicms lt i krlem gnr mepanymrs tn hrlhm uflnf ngglklias ifj rmprmsmftitlvms. Zdm RBI“s tdmnry ls ippirmftay tdit ify stujln nr mftmrtilfemft mftmrtilfemft knepify tdit dis mvmr pilj i pikciblfb gmm tn i tiamft ibmfky i bmfky lf knffmktlnf wltd i RBI emehmr“s mepanyemft (nr, i gnrtlnrl, ify eifibmr nr ittnrfmy rmprmsmftlfb tdit RBI-emehmr lf knffmktlnf wltd dls nr dmr mepanyemft) dis kneelttmj nr iljmj ifj ihmttmj tdls suppnsmj ‑krlem.― Zdmrm dis fmvmr hmmf i slfbam kism nr prnsmkutlnf ifywdmrm lf tdm knuftry tdit suppnrts tdls tdmnry. Zdm dlstnry ifj priktlkm ng tdm AEXI, ifj tdm [uprmem Knurt“s lftmrprmtitlnfs ng tdm stitutm eicm ihsnautmay kamir tdit tdls krlelfia prnvlslnf wis mfiktmj tn prmvmft mepanymrs grne hrlhlfb uflnf ngglklias. [mm, m.b., Irrnyn v. ]fltmj [titms, ;=< ].[. :9<, :8: (9<=<)3 Zurfmr v. Ankia ]flnf Fn. ;08, Lft'a Hdj. ng Zmiestmrs, Kdiuggmurs, Rirmdnusmemf & Dmapmrs ng Ie., 70: G.8j 989<, 9882 (
|
Eiy 9, 809< Pibm 8
emehmrs ng lts kurrmft amijmrsdlp) igglreitlvmay ipprnvmj gnr jmkijms tdm vmry knfjukt tdit RBI fnw kiaas ‑krlelfia.― Lt ls aujlkrnus tn issmrt tdit tdm AEXI“s iftl-hrlhmry stitutm krlelfialzms pikciblfb irrifbmemfts tdit divm hmmf mxprmssay mx prmssay iutdnrlzmj gnr enrm tdif :8 ymirs hy tdm RBI ltsmag, ifj wdlkd divm hmmf fmbntlitmj tdrnubdnut tdnsm ymirs hy knuftamss stujlns, prnjukmrs, tiamft ittnrfmys, tiamft ibmfklms, ifj eify ntdmr pirtlklpifts tdrnubdnut tdm mftmrtilfemft lfjustry. Zdm RBI ippirmftay lftmfjs tn usm lts grlvnanus tdmnry tn (i) kdirbm tdm huac ng tdm mftmrtilfemft lfjustry wltd kneelttlfb i ‑krlem,― ifj tdmf (h) jmeifj rmkusia ng ify oujbm wltd ify rmaitlnfsdlp tn tdm mftmrtilfemft mftmrtilfemft lfjustry. Zdm RBI“s tdmnry knuaj rmqulrm tdm rmkusia ng ify oujbm wdn pmrsnfiaay wnrcmj gnr nr rmprmsmftmj (nr dij i spnusm, i gielay emehmr, nr i kansm grlmfj wdn wnrcmj gnr nr rmprmsmftmj) ify glae nr mftmrtilfemft stujln, tiamft ibmfky, is wmaa is irbuihay ify mftmrtilfemft aiw glre nr tiamft eifibmemft knepify. Zdit wnuaj rmqulrm tdm tdm rmkusia ng i slbflglkift pnrtlnf ng tdm hmfkd lf tdm Ans Ifbmams [upmrlnr Knurt. Pmrdips tdit ls tdm RBI“s bnia‚tn mfsurm tdit fn oujbm nf tdm hmfkd eiy dmir lts kism wdn dis ify prlnr gielalirlty wltd tdm lssums tdm RBI“s kism rilsms. Hut sukd i hrnij-swmmplfb, grlvnanus tdmnry ls fnt i rmisnfiham hisls gnr rmkusia ufjmr Knjm ng Klvla Prnkmjurm 920.9 mt smq. [mknfj, Pailftlggs“ kailes gnr hrmikd ng gljukliry juty jn fnt prmsmft tdm lfjustry-wljm lssums nf wdlkd tdm pailftlgg“s rmkusia knftmftlnf ls prmelsmj, hmkiusm tdm lfjlvljuia pailftlggs“ kailes fmkmssirlay rmqulrm lfjlvljuialzmj lfqulry lfqulry nf i kism-hy-kism hisls. hisls. Zdls pnlft ls mislay laaustritmj wltd twn mxiepams? Pailftlgg Jivlj [lenf“s kailes irm dlbday lfjlvljuialzmj. Er. [lenf dis hrnubdt i hrmikd ng gljukliry juty kaile ifj ]KA kaile ibilfst KII hismj nf tdm iaambmj usm ng i pikcibm gmm rmaitmj tn tdm tmamvlslnf smrlms Dnelkljm? Algm nf tdm [trmmt . Hut Er. [lenf glrst knepailfmj ihnut tdm pikcibm gmm rmaitmj tn Dnelkljm 9< ymirs ibn, lf lf 8000. Igtmr jmkljlfb tn stiy stiy wltd KII is dls ibmfky, dm wilvmj ifj rmamismj iaa sukd kailes lf wrltlfb. wrltlfb. KII jlj fnt rmkmlvm pikcibm gmms nf i Jivlj [lenf prnomkt igtmr tdit jitm. Er. [lenf“s kailes kailes irm tdus hirrmj hy tdm stitutm stitutm ng aleltitlnfs, is wmaa is wilvmr, rmamism, ifj mstnppma, i aa ng wdlkd irm lfjlvljuialzmj lssums. Pailftlgg Hirhiri Diaa“s kailes ibilfst KII irm iasn dlbday lfjlvljuialzmj . KII rmprmsmftmj Hirhiri Diaa lf 800;, ifj smkurmj gnr dmr i aukritlvm nvmriaa jmia wltd i stujln. Dmr slbfmj ibrmmemft mxprmssay ikcfnwamjbmj tdit tdm stujln wnuaj hm piylfb KII i stifjirj pikcibm gmm, ifj is i rmsuat sdm pilj fn kneelsslnfs tn KII nf tdit sdnw. [dm wis fnt rmprmsmftmj hy KII nf tdm ijjltlnfia sdnws sdm rmgmrmfkms rmgmrmfkms lf dmr kdirblfb iaambitlnfs. Ibilf, Es. Diaa“s kailes ibilfst KII gila hmkiusm ng dlbday lfjlvljuialzmj lssums, lfkaujlfb tdm stitutm ng aleltitlnfs (wdlkd mxplrmj lf 8002), wilvmr, ifj mstnppma.
Enrmnvmr, iatdnubd tdm RBI uflnfs (‑RBI―) divm iasn purpnrtmj tn onlf tdm iktlnf, tdm RBI aikcs stifjlfb tn issmrt hrmikd ng gljukliry juty kailes nf hmdiag ng tdmlr emehmrs. [mm, m.b., Ilralfm Plants Issf. Lftmrfit. v. ]fltmj Ilralfms, Lfk., 88; Kia. Ipp. :td 207, 284, 972 Kia. Xptr. ;j :72, :4: (809:). Fnr jnms tdm RBI divm ify stifjlfb tn issmrt kailes kailes nf hmdiag ng lts
70;92;98=.9
Eiy 9, 809< Pibm ;
emehmrs ufjmr tdm ]KA. Ienfb ntdmr rmisnfs, i uflnf kif smmc rmalmg nf hmdiag ng lts emehmrs nfay tdrnubd i kaiss iktlnf. [mm, m.b., Irlis v. [upmrlnr Knurt , :7 Kia. :td <7<, <27 (800<) (800<) Dmrm, tdm RBI dis mxprmssay lfjlkitmj nf tdm Klvla Kism Knvmr [dmmt tdit lt ls fnt hrlfblfb i kaiss iktlnf ibilfst tdm jmgmfjifts. Rm wlaa ijjrmss tdmsm ifj ntdmr lssums lf eukd enrm jmtila lf rmspnfslvm pamijlfbs ifj entlnfs it tdm ipprnprlitm tlem. Lf tdm emiftlem, wm dnpm tdit tdm enrm knepamtm k nepamtm plkturm ng tdls altlbitlnf wlaa hm dmapgua is ynu ifiayzm tdm rmkusia lssums. Wmry truay ynurs,
Xlkdirj H. Cmfjiaa kk? [mm ittikdmj Prnng ng [mrvlkm
70;92;98=.9
9
PXNNG NG [MXWLKM
8 [ZIZM NG KIALGNXFLI, KN]FZ\ NG AN[ IFBMAM[ ;
It tdm tlem ng smrvlkm, L wis nvmr 94 ymirs ng ibm ifj fnt i pirty tn tdls iktlnf. L ie mepanymj lf tdm Knufty ng Ans Ifbmams, [titm ng Kialgnrfli. Ey huslfmss ijjrmss ls 90900 [ifti : Enflki Havj., [ultm 928=, Ans Ifbmams, KI <0072. =
Nf Eiy 9, 809<, L smrvmj trum knplms ng tdm gnaanwlfb jnkuemft(s) jn kuemft(s) jmskrlhmj is AMZZMX ZN KN]XZ nf tdm lftmrmstmj pirtlms lf tdls iktlnf is gnaanws?
7 [MM IZZIKDMJ [MXWLKM AL[Z
2 H\ EILA? L mfkansmj tdm jnkuemft(s) jnkuemft(s) lf i smiamj mfvmanpm ijjrmssmj tn mikd lftmrmstmj
4 pirty it tdm ijjrmss lfjlkitmj ihnvm nr nf tdm ittikdmj smrvlkm alst. L paikmj mikd sukd mfvmanpm gnr knaamktlnf ifj eilalfb, gnaanwlfb gnaanwlfb nur nrjlfiry huslfmss priktlkms. L ie rmijlay gielalir gielalir wltd < Cmfjiaa Hrlaa & Cmaay AAP's priktlkm gnr knaamktlfb ifj prnkmsslfb knrrmspnfjmfkm gnr eilalfb. Nf tdm siem jiy tdit tdm knrrmspnfjmfkm ls paikmj gnr knaamktlnf ifj eilalfb, lt ls jmpnsltmj lf tdm 90 nrjlfiry knursm ng huslfmss wltd tdm ]fltmj [titms Pn stia [mrvlkm, lf i smiamj mfvmanpm wltd pnstibm guaay prmpilj. 99 H\ M-EILA NX MAMKZXNFLK ZXIF[EL[[LNF? L kiusmj tdm jnkuemft(s) tn hm 98 smft tn mikd lftmrmstmj pirty it tdm meila ijjrmssms alstmj alstmj ihnvm nr nf tdm ittikdmj smrvlkm alst. alst. L jlj fnt rmkmlvm, wltdlf i rmisnfiham tlem igtmr tdm trifselsslnf, ify mamktrnflk emssibm nr ntdmr 9; lfjlkitlnf tdit tdm trifselsslnf wis ufsukkmssgua. 9:
L jmkairm ufjmr pmfiaty ng pmroury ufjmr tdm aiws ng tdm [titm ng Kialgnrfli tdit tdm gnrmbnlfb ls trum ifj knrrmkt.
9= Mxmkutmj nf Eiy 9, 809<, it Ans Ifbmams, Kialgnrfli. 97 92 94 9<
Pitrlkli [. Pmrmaaû
80 89 88 8; 8: 8= 87 82 84 Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028= AMZZMX ZN KN]XZ
9
[MXWLKM AL[Z
8
AI[K Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028=
; [tmpdmf P. Hmrznf [tikmy Amytnf : P. Kismy Kismy Pltts Pltts Xmhmkki Amm = IAZ[D]AMX HMX_NF AAP 922 Pnst [trmmt, [ultm ;00 7 [if Grifklskn, Kialgnrfli <:90< Zmampdnfm? (:9=) :89-29=9 2 Gikslelam? (:9=) ;78-407: Meila?
[email protected] 4
[email protected] [email protected] <
[email protected]
Iftdnfy X. [mbiaa Oudyufb Dirnaj Amm XNZDFMX, [MBIAA & BXMMF[ZNFM =90 [nutd Eirmfbn Ivmfum Pisijmfi, Kialgnrfli <9909 Zmampdnfm? (787) 2<7-2=== Gikslelam? (787) =22-0098: Meila?
[email protected] [email protected] Ittnrfmys gnr Pailftlggs
90 Ittnrfmys gnr Pailftlggs 99 Eirvlf [. Putfie AIZDIE IFJ RIZCLF[ AAP 98 908=0 Knfstmaaitlnf Havj., [ultm 9900 Ans Ifbmams, KI <0072 9; Zmampdnfm? (:8:) 7=;-==44 Gikslelam? (:8:) 7=;-==09 9: M-eila?
[email protected]
Knurtfmy Hriuf, Dmij ng Ambia Iggilrs MFJMIWNX <709 Rlasdlrm Havj., =td Gannr Hmvmray Dlaas, KI <0890 M-eila?
[email protected] Ittnrfmy gnr Jmgmfjift REM Mftmrtilfemft
9= Ittnrfmy gnr Jmgmfjift Lftmrfitlnfia Krmitlvm Eifibmemft Pirtfmrs 97 Ifjrmw Zdiu, Bmfmria Knufsma 92 ]FLZMJ ZIAMFZ IBMFK\ <;;7 Klvlk Kmftmr Jrlvm 94 Hmvmray Dlaas, KI <0890 M-eila?
[email protected] 9< Jmgmfjift ]fltmj Ziamft Ibmfky Ziamft Ibmfky 80
Knurtfmy Hrif, [mflnr Wlkm Prmsljmft REM MFZMXZILFEMFZ <709 Rlasdlrm Hnuamvirj, ;rj Gannr Hmvmray Dlaas, KI <0890 (smft vli eila nfay)
89 88 8; 8: 8= 87 82 84 Kism Fn. 9<[EKW0028= AMZZMX ZN KN]XZ