Name: Solomon Odegbune ID: UP631693 Date of submission: 16/01/2013 Title: o!ld o!ld "nglis#es
Introduction:
T#e notion of of o!ld o!ld "nglis#es is indeed !ema!$a !ema!$able% ble% m& inte!est inte!est in t#e to'i( to'i( #as !a'idl& be(ome an obsession) in *#i(# +ast a!eas of so(iolinguisti( and diale(tal +a!ieties a!e being e,amined in o!de! to e,'lain t#e int!iguing status of t#e "nglis# language- T#e te!m ."nglis#es !e'!esents a 'lu!al le,i(on !#eto!i( *#i(# !efe!s !efe!s not onl& to a single language) but t#e (ollabo!ation of lo(al and indigenised +a!ieties of "nglis#- o o!ld !ld "nglis#es (om'!ises of man& fa(ulties *#i(# !esonate f!om t#e eme!gen(e of "nglis# a!ound t#e globe) (lassi(ations su(# as: lingua f!an(a mutual unde!standing) s'!ead s'!ead of "nglis#) and t#e die!ent +a!ieties of "nglis# de+elo'ed in die!ent !egions a!ound t#e *o!ld 4aug# 5 7 able T) 1993: P 3% all gat#e! unde! t#e to'i( of o!ld "nglis#es8an& models #a+e eme!ged due to t#e g!o*ing inte!est in t#e to'i(% famous models su(# as) a(#!us: .t#!ee (i!(les of "nglis# and S(#neide!s: .d&nami( model of 'ost(olonial "nglis#es #a+e all 'la&ed a 'i+otal !ole in e,'laining t#e geog!a'#i(al and so(ial eme!gen(e of "nglis# t#!oug#out t#!oug#out t#e globeIn t#is essa& I *ill !e+ie* t#e (o!e (o!e fa(to!s and ee(ts *#i(# t#e "nglis# language #as #ad not onl& in its bi!t#'la(e 4!itain) but also its im'a(t t#!oug#out t#e globe- T#e essa& *ill be aimed at un!a+elling 'oliti(al) ideologi(al and e(onomi( im'li(ations of t#e s'!ead of "nglis# in t#e *o!ld) na!!o*ing na!!o*ing its signi(an(e to its o!igin 4!itain- 5lt#oug# t#e to'i(s abo+e (om'!ise of man& subto'i(s) I *ill onl& be #ig#lig#ting t#e (o!e issues at #and-
Historic roots of the spread of English
In 191;)
ui!e inte!national (onta(t and (o o'e!ation- T#e "nglis# language #as '!edominatel& be(ome t#e o?(ial global language) solidif&ing its '!esen(e in fo!eign establis#ments) none to sa& t#e least in small ba($st!eet s#ant& to*ns a(!oss t#e globe- 5((o!ding to !&stal .a language a(#ie+es a genuinel& global status *#en it de+elo's a s'e(ial !ole t#at is !e(ognised in e+e!& (ount!&. !&stal) 2003 '3- @o*e+e!) some *ill still be baAed as to *#& t#is '#enomena #as ta$en 'la(e) and *#& is t#e "nglis# language seen as t#e 'i+otal means of inte!national (ommuni(ation% a(#!u states t#at "nglis# as a (ommon means of (ommuni(ation is ne(essa!& in o!de!
to a(t as a (ommuni(ati+e tool of immense 'oliti(al) ideologi(al and e(onomi( 'o*e! a(#!u 1996) '105lt#oug# t#e *o!ld #as mo+ed on*a!d f!om t#e e!a of (oloniBation) one (annot a+oid its im'e!ialisti( '!esen(e- T#e !st eme!gen(e of t#e "nglis# language begun du!ing t#e 19t# and 20t# (entu!& a(#!u 1996) '111) *#e!eb& (ount!ies su(# as: ales) S(otland and I!eland began to ado't "nglis# #as its legislati+e means of (ommuni(ation 5lf!ed 1969) '122- entu!ies on) man& t!a+elled to No!t# 5me!i(a) 5ust!alia and Ne* Cealand due to !eligious 'e!se(utions) subse>uentl& !ebi!t#ing !ema!$able +a!ieties of "nglis#es in t#ose !egions a(#!u 1996- T#e e,tent of 4!itis# inuen(e a(!oss t#e globe is ma!$edl& in#abited b& #isto!i( fa(to!s su(# as: sla+e t!ade) (oloniBation) (ommen(e) and t!ade et(- ount!ies began to use "nglis# as a medium of (ommuni(ation !&stal 199E) ';) ado'ting it in domains su(# as: go+e!nment establis#ments) la* (ou!ts) t#e media) and t#e edu(ational s&stem !&stal 199E) 199;% !egions li$e: Sout# 5sia) Sout# east 5sia) est and Sout# 5f!i(a #a+e all be(ome di!e(t !e(ei+e!s of t#e "nglis# Fanguage- T#e "nglis# language (ontinues to e,'lo!e its *a& a!ound t#e globe) ent!en(#ing its '!esen(e in ad+e!tising and 'ubli(ations) es'e(iall& in indust!ialiBed (ount!ies% in *#i(# nations use "nglis# to '!omote t#ei! goods a(!oss t#e globe) fo! e,am'le: uentl& !e'!esenting die!ent *a&s in *#i(# t#e language #as been a(>ui!ed and is (u!!entl& used a(#!u 199E) '220- T#e model in(ludes t#e #isto!i() so(iolinguisti( and lite!al elements of "nglis# T#e inne! (i!(le% a(#!u !efe!s to t#e t!aditional basis of "nglis#) *#e!e it '!ima!il& eme!ged% it in(ludes t#e US5) U) I!eland) anada) 5ust!alia and Ne* Cealand a(#!u 199G) 'H T#e oute! o! e,tended (i!(le (om'!ises t#e ea!lie! '#ases of t#e s'!ead of "nglis# in nonnati+e settings) *#e!e t#e language #as be(ome 'a!t of a (ount!&s (#ief institutions) and 'la&s a 'i+otal !ole in a multilingual setting) it in(ludes: Singa'o!e) India) 8ala*i and o+e! ft& ot#e! te!!ito!ies a(#!u 199G) 'HFastl&) t#e e,'anding (i!(le in+ol+e nations *#i(# !e(ognise t#e im'o!tan(e of "nglis# as an Inte!national language = t#oug# do not #a+e a #isto!& of (oloniBation b& membe!s of t#e inne! (i!(le) no! #a+e t#e& gi+en "nglis# an& s'e(ial status- It in(ludes: #ina) a'an) J!ee(e and Poland) and an in(!easingl& g!o*ing numbe! of ot#e! states a(#!u 199E) '21;-
Figure 1: Kachru’s three circles of English
Ot#e! famous models *e!e int!odu(ed b& "dga! e!ne! S(#neide!) b& *#i(# eo!ts *e!e made to a+oid t#e geog!a'#i(al and #isto!i(al a''!oa(# = e+ident to t#at of a(#!u t#!ee (i!(les of "nglis#- @is model in(o!'o!ates so(iolinguisti( im'li(ations !elating to a(ts of identit& S(#neide!) "-- 200E ' 2G% #e outlines +e (#a!a(te!isti( stages in t#e s'!ead of "nglis#) distinguis#ing so(ial 'e!iodi( stages of t#e eme!gen(e and a((e'tan(e of "nglis#% in(luding: .
English as a Lingua Franca
.T#e e,t!eme g!o*t# #as be(ome so g!eat t#at t#e!e is not#ing li$el& to sto' its (ontinued s'!ead as a global language) and (ontem'o!a!& t!ends #a+e labelled t#is e'idemi( as a .lingua f!an(a mutual unde!standing !&stal 2003 '2 T#e te!m lingua f!an(a !efe!s to a language *#i(# is (ommonl& used b& die!ent et#ni( g!ou's in o!de! to fo!m mutual intelligibilit& if bot# 'a!ties do not s#a!e
t#e same language in t#ei! F1 dis'osition (ited f!om i$i'edia- T#e notion of a lingua f!an(a !esonates f!om t#e need to (ommuni(ate unde! t#e umb!ella of (ommon unde!standing% t#e geog!a'#i(al e,tend to *#i(# a lingua f!an(a is f!amed is usuall& go+e!ned b& 'oliti(al fa(to!s Todd) 19G; 'G6- T#e essential need fo! a lingua f!an(a eme!ged st!ongl& onl& in t#e 20 t# (entu!&) and sin(e t#e 19H0s in 'a!ti(ula!% *#e!eb& Jlobal o!ganisations su(# as: UN"SO) o!ld 4an$ and UNI"< demanded t#at a (ommon language be s'o$en in its inte!national o?(es *#e!e ot#e! fo!eign (ounte!'a!ts *e!e based) due to t#e +ast numbe!s of multinationals *#i(# *e!e '!esent du!ing inte!national g!ou'ings !&stal 199E) '12 = fa(to!s su(# as: t!anslation (ost et() *e!e also mainl& be#ind t#e idea@o*e+e!) one ma& assume t#at a (ommon language s'o$en a(!oss t#e boa!d is in fa(t a good idea) essentiall& b!ea$ing mis(on(e'tions due to unintelligibilit& bet*een et#ni( g!ou's) but Kobe!t P#ili'son !efutes t#is idea b& a!guing t#at t#e (on(e't of a .lingua f!an(a is in fa(t mode!n da& linguisti( im'e!ialism Kobe!t) 1992 'H6- @e 'ostulates t#at t#e '!omotion of "nglis# is in fa(t a so'#isti(ated fo!m of *este!n domination o+e! de+elo'ing nations Kobe!t) 1992 'HE- T#e 'ostulation t#at t#e "nglis# language itself is a fo!m im'e!ialism (ame unde! s(!utin& b& @en!& iddo*son) #e a!gued t#at . language itself (annot e,e!t itself as a #egemoni( (ont!ol me(#anism @en!& iddo*son 199G) '- 39G) ma$ing t#e assum'tion t#at a language is onl& seen as a means of mutual (ommuni(ation) and not a (om'elling fo!(e to dominate ot#e! +alues @en!& iddo*son 199G) '- 39G- It is a''a!ent t#at unde!lining >uestions still need to be ans*e!ed !ega!ding t#e gene!al 'osition of a lingua f!an(a) b& *#i(# indi+iduals #a+e a((used "nglis# inuen(e of a(ting as a (olonial t!a''ing) b& #a!ming 'oliti(al autonom& in de+elo'ing (ount!ies = an ideologi(al atta($ on d&ing languages- @o*e+e!) t#e need of a global language (ould still be seen as somet#ing *#i(# is essential and !ig#tl& needed in o!de! to gene!alise *ides'!ead $no*ledge a(!oss t#e globe) and (!eate mutual (om'!e#ensionWhy English?
uent >uestions a!e often as$ed as to *#& "nglis#L #at ma$es t#e "nglis# language so att!a(ti+e) does it donate sim'listi( linguisti( att!ibutes *#i(# enable lea!ne!s to a(>ui!e t#e language easie! t#an t#at of #inese o! 5!abi() o! is *este!n +alues at f!ont #e!e = *#e!eb& indi+iduals a!e at !a(e to align t#emsel+es *it# t#e dominant (lass- 5((o!ding to !&stal) #isto!i( fa(to!s ma& a((ount fo! some t!a(es of t#e "nglis# mo+ement a!ound t#e *o!ld !&stal 199E) '29 T#e g!o*t# of t#e "nglis# language eme!ged in t#e nineteent# (entu!& !&stal 199E) '29 due to (olonial de+elo'ments in 5f!i(a and t#e Sout# Pa(i( *#en it *as ado'ted as an o?(ial language b& man& autonomous states- So(ial bodies sa* "nglis# #as a sim'listi( model *#i(# seemed eas& to lea!n- 5((o!ding to o#n allis "nglis# g!amma! is eas& and attainable allis- @e goes fu!t#e! to suggest t#at fo!eigne!s tend to demand t#e stud& of "nglis# due to man& famous *o!$s being *!itten in t#e "nglis# language !&stal) 199E 'E2) #e also states t#at .all $inds of lite!atu!e a!e *idel& a+ailable in "nglis# editions) and) *it#out boasting) it (an be 'ostulated t#at t#e!e is na!!o*l& an& *o!t#*#ile bod& of
$no*ledge *#i(# #as not been !e(o!ded toda&) at least in t#e "nglis# language (ited in !&stal) 199E 'E2- 5lt#oug# some ma& suggest t#at t#e e,t!a+agan(e (ould be >uite emba!!assing) *#e!eb& some (laim t#at t#e di+ine '!o+iden(e of t#e "nglis# language is biBa!!e !&stal) 199E 'E;) la($ing su'e!io! '!onun(iation and g!ammati(al (onst!u(tion = it *as b& t#is t#at in 1GE1 Je!man a$ob J!imm) a 'ionee!ing '#ilologist of #is time) !ema!$ed t#at .of all mode!n languages) none #a+e a(#ie+ed su(# g!eat st!engt# as "nglis# (ited in !&stal) 199E 'E;) (on(luding t#at t#e '!esen(e of t#e "nglis# language is indeed a !ema!$able one) *#e!eb& it #as indeed solidied its '!estige in all as'e(ts of im'o!tan(e !&stal 199E) 'EHontinuing *it# t#e >uestion as to .*#& "nglis# man& suggest t#at its fo!me! (olonial stan(e a!ound t#e globe ma& be at 'la& #e!e) *#e!eb& "nglis# is seen in man& fo!eign (ount!ies as t#e language of t#e elite) subse>uentl& (!eating negati+e attitudes a(!oss t#e boa!d- 5((o!ding to Ti($oo) ."nglis# #as a''ea!ed to #a+e 'e!fe(t (ommand o+e! t#e '!i+ileged) 'us#ing t#e illite!ate .small 4!a#mani( (aste to t#e side Ti($oo) 1996 '23;- @o*e+e!) 'e!(e'tion !ega!ding a((ess to "nglis# is onl& an element of *ide! so(ial tensions% in *#i(# P!od!omou states t#at .it is not "nglis# t#at (!eates t#e elite) it is t#e elites *#om abso!b and a''!o'!iate "nglis# (ited in !ams(# 199G) 'E6- In nations su(# as: Sout# 5f!i(a) t#e!e *e!e !e'o!ts t#at bla($ students *#o s'o$e "nglis# *e!e 'e!(ei+ed as being a!!ogant de adt) 199G '319- One ma& assume t#at t#e !eason fo! t#is ma& be t#at "nglis# is often !ega!ded as an .al(#em& a(#!us te!m: 19G6 fo! so(ial (#ange) and t#ose *#o fea! t#is (#ange +entu!e t#ei! fea! onto "nglis# It is e+ident t#at +a!ious fa(to!s disseminate as to *#& "nglis# #as 'la&ed a 'i+otal !ole in e+e!& *o!$s of life) inuen(ing elite g!ou's) a(ting as a tool fo! su((ess in de+elo'ing nations) and '!o+iding *o!ld*ide (ommuni(ation-
The spread of English: a Britain erspecti!e
#en one (onside!s t#at +ast s'!ead of "nglis# t#!oug#out t#e *o!ld) and its !ema!$able a((om'lis#ment at an inte!national stage) one (annot a+oid t#e dis(ussion su!!ounding its bi!t#'la(e 4!itain) and t#e uni>ue #isto!& and gu!es *#i(# aided its dissemination T#e dissemination of t#e "nglis# language dates ba($ to 4!itain du!ing t#e Ht# (entu!& 5D- Je!mani( t!ibes emba!$ed u'on a >uest to*a!ds t#e No!t# Sea f!om *#at is toda& Denma!$ and No!t# Je!man& Sing#) 200H 'H6) in a some*#at .*a!li$e 'u!suit in o!de! to (on>ue! land a!ound t#at a!ea- 5t t#e time indigenous des(endants of 4!itain s'o$e elti( languages% #o*e+e!) int!usion of Je!mani( fo!(es (aused elti( s'ea$e!s to go No!t#) mainl& ales) S(otland and I!eland Sing#) 200H 'E;- T!ibes su(# as: t#e Sa,ons) 5ngles and utes mi,ed t#ei! die!ent Je!mani( diale(ts) t#ese g!ou's of diale(t fo!ms a!e usuall& !efe!!ed to as Old "nglis# o! 5ngloSa,on- T#e *o!d M"nglis#M *as in Old "nglis# M"nglis(M) and t#at (omes f!om t#e name of t#e 5ngles- T#e 5ngles *e!e named
f!om "ngle) t#ei! land of o!igin- 4efo!e t#e Sa,ons) t#e language s'o$en in *#at is no* "ngland *as a blend of Fatin and nume!ous elti( languages *#i(# *e!e s'o$en befo!e t#e Komans (ame to 4!itain H;H4- T#e Komans (a!!ied Fatin to 4!itain) *#i(# *as 'a!t of t#e Koman "m'i!e fo! o+e! ;00 &ea!s- 8an& of t#e *o!ds 'assed on f!om t#is e!a a!e t#ose (oined b& Koman me!(#ants and soldie!s- T#ese in(lude *in *ine) (andel (andle) belt belt) *eall *allMFanguage TimelineM) T#e 4!itis# Fib!a!& 4oa!d-T#e inuen(e of t#e elti( language on Old "nglis# *as >uite insigni(ant) in fa(t) +e!& fe* elti( *o!ds #a+e li+ed on in t#e "nglis# language% #o*e+e!) some famous !i+e! names still donate elti( o!igins: ent) o!$) Do+e!) umbe!land) T#ames) 5+on) T!ent) and Se+e!n- T#e "nglis# language in 4!itain *ent t#!oug# >uite a tu!bulent 'e!iod) 4!itain *as sube(ted to #a!s# atta($s f!om a t!ibe (alled t#e .Dans 5lf!ed 1969) 'E6- T#e atta($ led to "nglis# (#u!(#es being bu!nt to t#e g!ound) subse>uentl& almost leading to t#e disinteg!ation of t#e "nglis# language and its futu!e Sing#) 200H '201- T#e leade! at t#e time .ing 5lf!ed e+entuall& defeated t#e Dans) t#en de+oted (onside!able attention on !esonating t#e "nglis# language and !etu!ning its '!estige as a lo(al language% ing 5lf!eds inte!est (ame f!om t#e fa(t t#at t#e "nglis# language (a!!ied .bibli(al status 5bels) 19HG ';H) and also to '!omote mo!al +alue = *#i(# #e t#oug#t lied in t#e "nglis# language- Feading on f!om 5lf!eds +ision) a fai! numbe! of te,ts *#i(# '!o+ided guidelines fo! "nglis# usage eme!ged) su(# as di(tiona!ies) g!amma!s and s'elling !ules- T#e 'edagogi(al !udiments of t#e "nglis# language is indeed d&nami() its le,i(on (olo(ations a!e int!iguing and some*#at biBa!!e% t#e "nglis# language is a di+e!se (olle(tion of *o!ds *#i(# *e!e ta$en f!om se+e!al Indo = "u!o'ean families *#i(# in(lude: Fatin) Je!mani() Slo+i()
"ialects of #reat Britain
It mig#t seem biBa!!e) but !egions a(!oss 4!itain #a+e ado'ted a $ind of .linguisti( di+ision used to dete!mine ones a?liation to a 'a!ti(ula! so(ial g!ou'In 4!itain t#e!e a!e man& +a!iations of "nglis#) some still '!e+alent toda&) *#ile ot#e!s #a+e some*#at .died due to t#e la($ of t!aditional inte!ests amongst its s'ea$e!s% man& #a+e debated !ega!ding t#e need to abolis# t#ese lo(al diale(ts) and instate a gene!al mode of s'ee(# = t#at being .Standa!d "nglis# 5(!oss 4!itain diale(ts and a((ents a!e usuall& !elated to die!en(es in so(ial (lass ba($g!ound and '!estige% Standa!d "nglis#) $no*n in 4!itain as .Ke(ei+ed P!onun(iation) !st eme!ged due to t#e dominan(e of a 'a!ti(ula! so(ial g!ou' *#o *e!e in 'o*e! at t#e time- Du!ing t#at time Standa!d "nglis# (ame f!om t#e Sout# "aste!n !egion a!ound Fondon) in *#i(# t#e No!mans establis#ed '!estigious (ou!ts and uni+e!sities in o!de! to (ate! fo! t#e g!o*ing *ealt# *#i(# began to disseminate a(!oss t#e (a'ital 8(do*all) 1999) '111-
T#e linguisti( natu!e of Standa!d "nglis# #as led to it being +ie*ed as t#e most 'e!fe(t and a((u!ate +a!iet& *#i(# s#ould be lea!nt b& t#e *o!$ing (lass so(iet& 8(do*all) 1999 'H1% #o*e+e!) some maintain t#at Standa!d "nglis# is not su'e!io! o! !e(ogniBed in ot#e! 'a!ts of 4!itain) 'ostulating t#at ot#e! diale(ts a(!oss 4!itain a!e e>uall& im'o!tant) and linguisti(all& intelligible ell) -- 199E) P2G% t#e udgments a!ound S" #a+e led some to t#in$ t#at (o+e!t issues lie be#ind its '!o'agation) in(luding so(ial = e(onomi( '!eudi(e amongst lo*e! (itiBensKe(ei+ed P!onun(iation) $no*n as t#e ideal .a((ent g!e* (ommon amongst "nglis# fee'a&ing o! 'ubli( s(#ool students a!ound t#e nineteent# (entu!&% soon afte! *o!$ing (lass and t#e elite sta!ted to ado't KP as t#e '!efe!!ed mode of s'ee(# = also $no*n as .ueens "nglis# o! .44 "nglis#- @o*e+e!) !ega!dless of its 'o'ula!it&) a((o!ding to 8el(#e!s onl& 12 'e! (ent of t#e 'o'ulation a!e s'ea$e!s of KP) and 9 'e! (ent s'ea$ *it# KP) but *it# !egional a((ents S#a*) 2003 ';E% t#e gu!es 'oint out t#at t#e numbe! of Standa!d "nglis# s'ea$e!s in 4!itain a!e +e!& small) signif&ing t#e notion t#at man& a!e not inte!ested in lea!ning t#is mainst!eam mode of (ommuni(ation T#e +a!iation of diale(ts a(!oss 4!itain linguisti(all& eme!ged f!om Standa!d "nglis# due to so(ial and e(onomi( im'li(ations- Kegions #a+e b!oadl& s'lit into geog!a'#i(al .(langs ado'ting diale(ts o! a((ents asso(iated *it# t#ei! so(ial g!ou'- T#e diale(tal die!en(es tend to be asso(iated *it# '!onun(iation) '#onolog&) mo!'#olog&) and t#e gene!al (onte,t of *o!ds *#i(# a!e used 8el(#e!s 7 S#a* 2003 ';9- In 4!itain t#ese linguisti( +a!iations #a+e ma!$edl& s'lit into t*o st!i$ing !egions: No!t#e!n and Sout#e!n sides of 4!itain- T#is s'ilt !esonated due to so(iale(onomi( fa(to!s: No!t#e!n (ities fo! e,am'le) Ne*(astle stood #ig# in t#e unem'lo&ment !ate) #ig#e! t#an an& 'a!t of t#e Sout# = east !egion (ited in i$i'edia) 200E- I *ill b!ie& illust!ate some of t#e (ont!asting diale(tal die!en(es) and t#ei! asso(iated !egions-
$outhern English "ialects
In t#e Sout#"aste!n !egion Fondon) t#e t!end s'o$en amongst lo(als is usuall& Standa!d "nglis# = $no*n as KP Ke(ei+ed P!onun(iation- T#e linguisti( featu!es of KP a!e >uite o!dina!& and b!oad% it (ould be !e(ogniBed as t#e "nglis# Fanguage *e all lea!ned at s(#ool- Standa!d "nglis# is usuall& '!onoun(ed *it# a slit .di'#t#ong /ie/) *o!ds li$e: (at and t!a' a!e '!onoun(ed *it# /ae/- Die!ent +a!ieties of subdiale(ts also fo!med f!om Standa!d "nglis# su(# as: o($ne& and est ount!& 8el(#e!s 7 S#a* 2003 '111- o($ne& is an inne!(it& diale(t s'o$en b& *o!$ing(lass Fondon lo(als% it is (#a!a(te!iBed b& a numbe! of '#onologi(al and le,i(al die!en(es f!om Standa!d "nglis# = famous TQ '!og!ams su(# as 44s "astende!s tend to b!oadl& use t#is fo!m of diale(t- On t#e ot#e! #and) est ount!& diale(t a+oids u!ban usage) and is usuall& asso(iated *it# t#ose in !u!al a!eas% (o+e!ing !egional a!eas of 5+on) De+on) Do!set) Jlouste!s#i!e and Some!set ells) -- 199E) P33- 5((o!ding to T!udgill) man&
deem est ount!& diale(t as '!imiti+e and ba($*a!d) used b& lo(als *#o #a+e o'ted fo! a !at#e! t!oglod&te lifest&le T!udgill) 2000 '1H3%idland "ialects
T#e linguisti( fo!mations a(!oss t#e midlands a!e >uite int!iguing% t#e di+e!sit& of t#e diale(t is dened b& t#e (lose geog!a'#i(al bounda!ies set a!ound t#e !egion- 4i!ming#am and ol+e!#am'ton a!e amongst t#e a!eas famous fo! ado'ted t#is 'e(ulia! diale(t- T#e name gi+en to t#is diale(t is .4!ummie) s'o$en b& its o*n u!ban *o!$ing(lass (ommunit& T!udgill) 2000 '100% statements su(# as .t#em a!e (onstantl& used to dene an&t#ing asso(iated *it# gene!al demonst!ation) if one *e!e to be des(!ibing an e+ent *#i(# too$ 'la(e&orthern English "ialects
No!t#e!n diale(ts !eside at t#e b!unt end of t#e diale(tal (ontinuum ae(ted b& bot# geog!a'#i(al and '#&si(al '!esen(e of t#e Ki+e! @umbe!- No!t#e!n diale(ts s#a!e st!i$ing simila!ities *it# t#e S(ottis# a((ent ell) -- 199E) P226% t#is is due to t#e (lose geog!a'#i(al '!o,imit& bet*een t#e !egions- T#e most famous No!t#e!n diale(ts a!e o!$s#i!e) Fan(as#i!e) umb!ia) and Jeo!die% all t#ese diale(ts dissol+e into suba((ents usuall& s'o$en amongst *o!$ing (lass lo(alsIn Fi+e!'ool t#e a((ent is S(ouse) t#e featu!es of t#e a((ent !esonate f!om Fan(as#i!e ado'ting le,i(al o!igins f!om I!eland and ales- Jeo!die being t#e most distin(ti+e diale(t of No!t#e!n "ngland is usuall& s'o$en b& *o!$ing(lass lo(als in Ne*(astle T!udgill) 2000 'H;% a((o!ding to T!udgill) Jeo!die b!oadl& (ont!ast f!om ot#e! diale(ts in t#e No!t#e!n !egion) due to e,'li(it '#onologi(al) g!ammati(al) and le,i(al featu!es *#i(# !eside in t#e diale(t T!udgill) 2000 'H6 T#e mi,tu!e in '!onun(iation in t#e Jeo!die diale(t is dete!mined b& t#e s'ea$e!s se,-
T#e +alue of "nglis# in 4!itain #as indeed be(ome a leading (a'italist 'o*e!) as Penn&(oo$ states) not onl& is it good fo! business but also good business itself Penn&(oo$) 199; '1H;- In 4!itain) t#e annual in(ome 'e! &ea! totals to G00 million) t#is #uge gu!e is gene!ated b& t#e sale of language mate!ials dist!ibuted a(!oss t#e globe% demanded b& (ount!ies loo$ing to '!ot f!om t#e g!o*ing inte!est in t#e inte!national ma!$et T#e demand fo! "
li$e: 5f!i(a and 5sia) (ultu!al '!a(ti(es a!e not 'a!allel to t#at of este!n !ealit&4oo$s) di(tiona!ies) and a(ademi( mate!ial a!e *!itten fo! t#ese !egions b& 'eo'le *#o #a+e no $no*ledge of t#e linguisti( and (ultu!al !ealit& t#e!e Deinei!e 199G) '393-
In (on(lusion) o!ld "nglis#es essentiall& a(ts as a (on+entional sou!(e used to illust!ate t#e 'i+otal elements *#i(# !esonate f!om t#e "nglis# language8ultidiale(tal so(ieties #a+e seen "nglis# as t#e 'ionee!ing sou!(e of (ommuni(ation) nations #a+e !ema!$abl& inno+ated ne* (on(e'ts to t#e language g!amma! *#i(# nati+es (annot !elate to% Standa!d "nglis# #as be(ome standa!diBed not in its o!iginal fo!m) but t#e fo!m gi+en b& nations t#at use it as a se(ond language- T#e "nglis# language is 'e!(ei+ed as t#e most a''!o'!iate means of (ommuni(ation) used to a(#ie+e lo(al 'u!'oses a!ound t#e *o!ld- 8an& maintain t#at !egions a(!oss t#e *o!ld nd "nglis# ne(essa!& fo! t#e en#an(ement of its (itiBens) and a sou!(ed tool fo! e!adi(ating so(ialillite!a(& T#e dis(ussion demonst!ates t#at language is seen as a di+e!se tool) not onl& used to fo!mulate (ommuni(ation but also fun(tions as an e,t!os'e(ti+e element of attaining '!estige and dominan(e o+e! t#e *ea$e! (lass% 4!itain in 'a!ti(ula!) e,em'lies t#e so(ial '!eudi(e *#i(# o((u!s amongst s'ea$e!s of KP) and s'ea$e!s of o($ne&) *#e!eb& s'ea$e!s of KP tend to be *ell edu(ated and so(iall& ad+an(ed in (om'a!ison to t#e latte!- Fanguage in some *a& is used as an ideologi(al tool against t#ose unfo!tunate in attaining *#at is deemed as t#e .'!efe!!ed s'ee(# T#e so(ial and e(onomi( a(#ie+ements of t#e "nglis# language also illust!ate t#e immense 'o'ula!it& a!ound t#e *o!ld) in *#i(# !esults suggest t#at nonnati+es !a(e to attain "nglis# in o!de! to be(ome mo!e '!oli( and em'lo&able *it#in t#ei! so(iet&- Te(#nolog&) 5g!i(ultu!e and ot#e! fo!ms of so(ial needs a!e all t!anslated into "nglis#) !e'!esenting inte!national inte!ests in (!eating d&nami( mutual intelligibilit&-
!ea(#) t#oug# t#e +ast sale of "nglis# '!odu(ts *#i(# a!e sent to a!eas a(!oss t#e globe = adding #uge '!ots to nations *#i(# manufa(tu!e t#em5s a !esult of *o!ld*ide 'ubli(ations '!inted in "nglis#) 4!itain #as also be(ome a *o!ld*ide #ub fo! indi+iduals see$ing to libe!ate t#emsel+es f!om o''!essi+e go+e!nments and institutes *#i(# '!omote nonegalita!ian mo+ements seen to t#!eaten t#ei! t&!anni(al !ule- uestions still linge! a(!oss t#e s'e(t!um% #ig#lig#ting P#illi's (laims of "nglis# a(ting as a mode!n da& fo!m of .linguisti( im'e!ialism) o! t#e >uestion of "nglis# being used as an ideologi(al atta($) some still doubt t#e ne(essit& of #a+ing t#e "nglis# language '!omoted in fo!eign (ount!ies) *#e!e !e'o!ts maintain t#at indigenous languages a!e d&ing due to t#e e'idemi(- 8o!eo+e!) *e still (annot a+oid t#e #uge a((om'lis#ments t#at t#e "nglis# language as gained du!ing t#e &ea!s% t#e eme!gen(e #as solidied a genuine '!esen(e in t#e globe *#i(# no language in #isto!& as e+e! a(#ie+ed) subse>uentl& ma$ing it a uni>ue '#enomenon-
4ibliog!a'#&: 5lf!ed 1969: Sa,on #!oni(les) b& +a!ious aut#o!s: 4u!t
4aug#) -5-) able) T- 1993: 5 @isto!& of t#e "nglis# Fanguage- O,fo!d: Kutledge!&stal) Da+id 199E: "nglis# as a global language- ua!ing t#e (&(les- 5 !e'l& to o!ld "nglis#esi$i'edia) 200E: Jeo!die- Ket!ie+ed f!om: #tt'://en-*i$i'edia-o!g/*i$i/goe!die i$i'eadia) 200E: "nglis# "nglis#- Ket!ie+ed f!om: #tt'://en-*i$i'edia-o!g/*i$i/"nglis#X"nglis#
