Websters 1828 Dictionary Copy

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AN

AMERICAN DICTIONARY *

*

OF THE

*

ENGLISH LANGUAGE^ INTENDED TO EXHIBIT, I.

II.

III.

The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of ANALOoy. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations.

TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED,

AN INTRODUCTORY DISSERTATION ON THE

ORIGIN, HISTORY

AND CONNECTION OF THE

LANGUAGES OF WESTERN ASIA AND OF EUROPE, AND A CONCISE GRAMMAR

"

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ^.

^

\

f

^--^ fe vV.

'»ro

0.^^^—"

BY NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D. IN T^VO VOIiUIWES.

VOL. He

tliat

wishes

to

I.

be counted among the benefactors of posterity, must add, by his

own

toil, to

the acquisitions of his ancestors.—i{
NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY S. CONVERSE. PRINTED Br HEZEKIAH HOWE

1828.

—NEW HAVEN.

DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT,

Beit hemembered, L^'• Noah •

"

Webster,

following;, to wit

ss.

That on the fourteenth day of April, in the tifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of America, of the said District, hath deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words

:

An American Dictionary of the English Language intended to exhibit, I. The origin, affinities, and primary signification of English words, as far they have been ascertained. II. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to general usage, or to just principles of analogy. Accurate and discriminating definitions, with numerous authorities and illustrations. To which are prefixed, an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of Western Asia and of Europe, and a concise grammar of the English language. By Noah Webster, LL. D. In two volumes." In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, entitled An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." CHAS. A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. A true copy of Record, examined and sealed by me, CHAS, A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. ;

as

III.

—

'

April 14th, 1828.

\60^

PREFACE. In the year 1783, just at the close of the revolution, I published an elementary book for facilitating the acquisition of our vernacular tongue, and for correcting a vicious pronunciation, which prevailed extensively among the common Soon after the publication of that work, I believe in the following year, that learned and people of tiiis country. one of the trustees of Yale College, suggested to me, the respectable scholar, the Rev. Dr. Goodrich of Durham, of and compiling a dictionary, which should complete a system for the instruction of the propriety

expediency

my

At that time, I could not indulge the thought, much less the hope, of nor had I the means of support, during the execution undertaking such a work ; as I was neither qualified by research, For many years therefore, though I considered such a work as it. undertake of the work, had I been disposed to as I was under the necessity of devoting my time to other very desirable, yet it appeared to me impracticable citizens of this country in the language.

;

occupations for obtaining subsistence. About twenty seven years ago, I began to think of attempting the compilation of a Dictionary. I was induced to this undertaking, not more by the suggestion of friends, than by my own experience of the want of such a work, while readin
modern books of

for

In this pursuit,

science.

dictionary, for explaining many To remedy this defect in part,

new I

I

found almost insuperable

words, which recent discoveries

published

my Compendious

Dictionary

in

1

806

;

from the want of a had introduced into use.

difficulties,

in the physical sciences

and soon

after

made

preparations

undertaking a larger work.

My original design did not extend to an investigation of the origin and progress of our language much less of I limited my views to the correcting of certain errors in the best English Dictionaries, and to the other languages. two letters of the alphabet, I determined supplying of words in which they are deficient. But after writing through ;

I found to change my plan. myself embarrassed, at every step, for want of a knowledge of the origin of words, which Johnson, Bailey, .Innius, Skinner and some other authors do not afford the means of obtaining. Then laying and all books aside my manuscripts, treating of language, except lexicons and dictionaries, I endeavored, by a diligent comparison of words, having the same or cognate radical letters, in about twenty languages, to obtain a more correct knowledge of the primary sense of original words, of the affinities between the English and many other languages, and thus to enable myself to trace words to their source. I had not pursued this course more than three or four years, before I discovered that I had to unlearn a great deal that I had spent years in learning, and that it was necessary for me to go back to the first rudiments of a branch of erudition, which I had before cultivated, as I had supposed, with success. I spent ten years in this comparison of radical words, and in forming a synopsis of the principal words in twenty languages, arranged in classes, under their primary elements or letters. The result has been to open what are to me new views of language, and to unfold what appear to be the genuine principles on which these languages are

constructed.

After completing this synopsis, I proceeded to correct what I had written of the Dictionary, and to complete the remaining part of the work. But before I had finished it, I determined on a voyage to Europe, with the view of obtaining some books and some assistance which I wanted ; of learning the real state of the pronunciation of our in England, as well as the general state of and of attempting to bring about some philology in that country agreement or coincidence of opinions, in regard to unsettled points in pronunciation and grammatical construction. In some of these objects I failed in others, my designs were answered. It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American

language

;

;

Dictionary of the English Language

;

for,

although the body of the language

is

the

same

as in England, and

it is

some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. Now an desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet

;

PREFACE. depends materially updn a sameness of things or objects witli which the people of the two countiies But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such identity be found. Even must be different. But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, physical objects arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the practice of hawking and identity of ideas

are conversant.

hunting, the institution of heraldry, and the feudal system of England originated terms which formed, and some of which now form, a necessary part of the language of that country but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language, and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. They can be known to us only as obsolete or as foreign words. On the otlier hand, the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ;

—

;

Thus the terms, land-office ; luiid-wurrant ; location of land; consociation of churches ; regent of a university; intendant of a city plantation, selectmen, senate, congress, court, assembly, escheat, &c. are either words not belonging to the language of England, or they are applied to things in this country which do not exist in that. No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate and assembly, court, &c. for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they ours.

;

do not express

in that country. sense in the United States.

With our present

constitutions of government, escheat can never have

its

feudal

many cases, the nature of our governments, and of our civil institutions, requires an Thus appropriate language in the definition of words, even when the words express the same thing, as in England. the English Dictionaries inform us that a Justice is one deputed by the King to do right by way of judgment he is a But

this

Lord by

is

not

his office

all.

—

In

Justices of the peace are appointed by the King''s commission

—language which

—

is

inaccurate in

So constitutionally is defined by Todd or Chalmers, legally, but in this respect to this officer in the United States. country the distinction between constitution and law requires a different definition. In the United States, a jdantation a very different thing from what it is in England. The word marshal, in this country, has one important application

is

unknown

A great

England or in Europe. number of words in our language

in

require to be defined in a phraseology accommodated to the condition people in these states, and the people of England must look to an American Dictionary for a correct understanding of such terms. The necessity therefore of a Dictionary suited to the people of the United States is obvious and I should suppose

and

institutions of the

;

that this fact being admitted, there could be

no difference of opinion as

to the time,

when such

a work ought to be

substituted for English Dictionaries. There are many other considerations of a public nature, which serve to justify this attempt to furnish an Amcrica,n Work which shall be a guide to the youth of the United States. Most of these are too obvious to require illustration.

One consideration however which is dictated by my own feelings, but which I trust will meet with approbation in " The chief glory of a correspondent feelings in my fellow citizens, ought not to be passed in silence. It is this. " arises from its authors." With this opmion deeply impressed on my mind, I have the nation," says Dr. Johnson, a wish to to to same ambition which actuated that great man when he expressed Hooker, to Bacon, give celebrity Milton and to Boyle. I do not indeed expect to add celebrity to the names oi FranlcUn, Washington, Adams, Jay, Madison, Marshall, liamsay, Dwight, Smith, Trumbull, Hamilton, Belknap, Ames, Mason, Kent, Hare, SilUniun, Cleavelund, Walsh, their science but it is with pride and Irving, and many other Americans distinguished by their writings or by satisfaction, that I can place them, as authorities, on the same page with those of Boyle, Hooker, Milton, Dryclcn, ;

Addison, Ray, Milner, Cowper, Davy, Thomson and Jameson. A life devoted to reading and to an investigation of the origin and principles of our vernacular language, and a view to a comparison of their style and especially a particular examination of the best English writers, with me to atlirm with phraseology, with those of the best American writers, and with our colloquial usage, enables confidence, that the genuine English idiom is as well preserved by the unmixed English of this country, as it is by the best English writers. Examples to prove this fact will be found in the Introduction to this work. It is true, that many of our writers have neglected to cultivate taste, and the embellishments of style but even these have written In this respect, Franklin and Washington, whose language is their hereditary the language in its genuine idiom. mother tongue, unsophisticated by modern grammar, present as pure models of genuine English, as Addison or ;

PREFACE. But

Swift.

I

may go

farther,

and

affirm, with truth, that our country has

produced some of

tiie

best models of

of the autiiors of the Federalist of Mr. Ames; of Dr. Mason ; of Mr. composition. The style of President Sinitli Harper; of Chancellor Kent; [ihc prose] of Mr. Barlow; of the legal ilecisions of tlic Supreme Court of the United of the reports of legal decisions in some of the particular states ; and many other writings ; in purity, in States ;

;

;

in technical precision, is equaled only by that of the best British authors, and surpassed by that of no English compositions of a similar kind. The United States commenced their existence under circumstances wholly novel and unexampled in the history of nations. Tiiey commenced with civilization, with learning, with science, with constitutions of free government, and

elegance and

Their population is now equal to that of England in arts with that best gift of God to man, the christian religion. and sciences, our citizens are very little behind the most enlightened people on earth in some respects, they have no and our language, within two centuries, will be spoken by more people in this country, than any other superiors language on earth, except the Chinese, in Asia, and even that may not be an exception. It has been my aim in this work, now oflered to my fellow citizens, to ascertain the true principles of the language, to purify it from some palpable errors, and reduce the number of its anomalies, thus in its orthography and structure in its forms, both of words and sentences and in this manner, to fuftiish a and it more consistency regularity giving standard of our vernacular tongue, which we shall not be ashamed to bequeath to three hundred millions of people, ;

;

;

;

;

who

are destined to occupy, and

I

hope, to adorn the vast territory within our jurisdiction.

language can be improved in regularity, so as to be more easily acquired by our own citizens, and by foreigners, and thus be rendered a more useful instrument for the propagation of science, arts, civilization and Christianity if it can be rescued from the mischievous influence of sciolists and that dabbling spirit of innovation which is perpetually If the

;

disturbing

its

and

settled usages

filling

it

with anomalies

;

if,

our vernacular language can be redeemed from would be a source of great satisfaction to me to

in short,

it corruptions, and our philology and literature from degradation be one among the instruments of promoting these valuable objects. If this object cannot be effected, and my wishes and hopes are to be frustrated, my labor will be lost, and this work must sink into oblivion. This Dictionary, like all others of the kind, must be left, in some degree, imperfect for what individual is competent to trace to their source, and define in all their various applications, popular, scientific and technical, sixty or seventy It satisfies my mind that I have done all that my health, my talents and my pecuniary means would thousand words ;

;

!

enable

me

for their

to accomplish.

improvement and

I

present

it

to

their happiness

my ;

fellow citizens, not with frigid indifference, but with my ardent wishes for the continued increase of the wealth, the learning, the moral and

and

and the glory of my country. that great and benevolent Being, wiio, during the preparation of amidst obstacles and toils, disappointments, infirmities and depression; religious elevation of character,

To

tiiis

work, has sustained a feeble constitution,

who has twice borne me and my manuscripts and given me strength and resolution to bring the work to a close, I would present the And if the talent which he entrusted to my care, has not been put to tribute of my most grateful acknowledgments. " the most profitable use in his service, I hope it has not been kept laid up in a napkin," and that any misapi)lication of it may be graciously forgiven.

in safety across the Atlantic,

New

Haven, 1828.

-

N.

^VEBSTER.

INTRODUCTION.

DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE.

edge increases, and be subject cident to

or Speech is the utterance of articulate sounds or voices, ren^ of significant by usage, for tlie expression and communication thoughts. to this definition, language belongs exclusively to intellectual According no for and intelligent beings, and among terrestrial beings, to man only ; animal on earth, except man, can pronounce words. The word language is sometimes used in a more comprehensive sense, and applied to the sounds by which irrational animals express their feelings or afleotions ; as to the neighing of the horse, the lowing of the ox, the barking of the dog, and to the cackling and chiiping of fowls ; for the sounds uttered by these animals So also language is are perfectly understood by the respective species. deaf and dumb persons manifest figuratively applied to the signs by which for these are instruments of communicating thoughts. their i
Language

(lercd

men

to continual alterations,

from other causes Jn>

in society.

A

brief account of the origin and progress of the principal languages, ancient and modern, that have been spoken by nations between the Ganges and the Atlantic ocean.

We learn from the Scriptures that Noah, who, with his family, wa.s preserved from destruction by the deluge, for the purpose of re-peopling the earth, had three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth. This fact, a htlle obscured by tradition, was retained by our rude German ancestors, to the age of Tacitus.'^

Japheth was the eldest son ; but Shem, the ancestor of the Israelites, of the writers of the Scriptures, is named first in order.

and

The descendants of Shem and Ham peopled all the great plain, situated north and west of the Persian Gulf, between that Gulf and the Indian ocean on the east and the Arabic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, with the northern coast of Africa; comprehending Assyria, Babylonia or Chaldea, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, and Lybia. The principal languages or dialects used by these descendants, are known to us under the names of Chaldee, or Chaldaic, which is called also Aramean, Syriac, Heto usage. ing brew, Arabic, Ethiopic, Samaritan and Coptic. Of these, the Chaldee, and Hebrew are no longer living languages, but they have come down to us in ORIGIN books ; the Samaritan is probably extinct or lost in the modern languages of the country, but the language survives in a copy of the Pentateuch ; the read, in the Scriptures, that Go
OF LANGUAGE.

We

and have of sea, &c." Wards planted a garden, and placed in it the man he had made, with a command to keep it, and to dress it and he gave him a rule of moral conduct, in permitting him to eat the fruit of every tree in the garden, except one the eating of which was prohibited. We further read, tliat God brought to Adam the fowls and beasts he had made, and that Adam gave them names; and that when his female companion was made, he gave her a name. Afand subdue

;

;

tinually suffering alterations, from which no living language is exempt. These languages, except the Coptic, being used by the descendants of Shem, I call Shemitie, or Assyrian, in distinction from the Japhetic. .\s the descendants of Japheth peopled Asia Minor, the northern parts of Asia, about the Euxine and Caspian, and all Europe, their languages, have, in the long period that has elapsed since their dispersion, become very numerous. All languages having sprung from one source, the original words from

that God addressed Adam which they have been formed, must have been of equal antiquity. That and pronouncing the penalthe Celtic and Teutonic languages in Europe are, in this sense, as old as the In the account of these transactions, it is Chaldee and Hebrew, is a fact not only warranted by history and the comfurther related that Adam and Eve both replied to their Maker, and excused mon origin of Japheth and Shem, but susceptible of proof from the identity their disobedience. of many words yet existing, in both stocks. But there is a marked differIf we admit what is the literal and obvious interpretation of this narrative ence between the Shemitie and Japhetic languages ; for even when the rathat vocal sounds or words were used in these communicatiorLs between God and the progenitors of the human race, it results that Adam was not only en dical words are unquestionably the same, the modifications, or inflections dowed with intellect for understanding his Maker, or tlie signification of and combinations which form the compounds are, for the most part, different. As it has been made a question which of the Shemitie languages is the words, but was furnished both with the faculty of speech, and with speech most ancient, and much has been written to prove it to be the Hebrew, I itself, or the knowledge and use of words, as signs of ideas, and this before the formation of the woman. Hence we may infer that language was be will state briefly my opinion on what appears to me to be one of the plainest in the history of nations. have for our certain guides, in dequestions stowed on Adam, in the same manner as all his other faculties and knowl this question— 1st. The historical narrative of facts in the book of edge, by supernatural power or in other words, was of divine origin ; for termining Genesis, and 2d. The known and uniform progress of languages, within the supposing Adam to have had all the intellectual powers of any adult Individ period of authentic profane history. ual of the species, who has since lived, wc caiuiot admit as probable, or even 1. The Scripture informs us that, before the dispersion, the whole earth possible, that he should have invented and constructed even a barren Ian was of one language and of one oi' the same speech ; and that the descendguage, as soon as he was created, without supernatural aid. It may even be doubted, whether without such aid, men would ever have learnt the use ants of Noah journeyed from the east, and settled on the plain of Shinar, or in Chahlea. The language used at that time, by the inhabitants of that of the organs of speech, so far as to form a language. At any rate, the in vention of words, and the construction of a language must have been by ; slow process, and must have required a much longer time, than that which * passed between the creation of Adam and of Eve. It is therefore probable Celebrant, carminibus antiquis, Tuistonem deum terr4 editum, et filium that language as well as the faculty of speech, was the immediate gift of Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno tres filios assignant. De God. We are not however to suppose tlie language of our first parents in Mor. Germ. 2. paradise to have been copious, like most modern languages; or the identical In ancient songs they celebrate Tnisto, a god sprung from the earth, and language they used, to be now in existence. Many of the primitive radical his son Mannus [Man], the origin and founders of their nation. To Manwords may and probably do exist in various languages ; but observation nus they assign three sons. teaches tliat languages must improve and Noah is here called Man. undergo great changes as knowl-

ter the eating of the forbidden fiuit, it is stated and Eve, reproving them for their disobedience, ties,

which they had incurred.

We

;

—

INTRODUCTION. must then have been the oldest or the primitive Iano;uage of man. 9. The vernacular words in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of modern This must have been the original Chaldec. Europe, which are evidently the same words as still exist in the Shemitic 2. The Script\ire informs us, that in consequence of the impious attempts languages, are of the same antiquity being a part of the common language of the people to build a c'ty and tower, >vhose top might reach to heaven, which was used on the plain of Shinar, before the dispersion. with a view to make themselves a name and prevent their dispersion, God The descendants of Japheth peopled the northern part of Asia, and all Euinterposed and confounded their language, ed that they could not understand rope or if some colonies from Egypt planted themselves in Greece, at an eareach other in eonsequeace uf Mhicl". they were dispersed " from thence ly period, they or their descendants must have been merged in the mass of over the face of all fliB siti'th." Certain it is that the Greek language is cbieHy formJaphetic population. 3. If the confusion of languages at Babel originated the differences which ed on the same radical words, as the Celtic and Teutonic languages. The Japhetic tribes of men, whose descendants peopled the south and gave rise to the various languages of the families which separated at the Of these west of Europe, were first established in the country now called Persia, or dispersion, then those several languages are all of equal antiquity. the Hebrew, as a distinct language, was not one; for the Hebrew nation by the natives themselves, Iran. Of this fact, the evidence now existing is was of posterior origin. decisive. The numerous words found in the Greek, Latin, Gaelic, English 4. All the words of the several great races of men, both in Asia and Eu- and the kindreil tongues, which are slill used in Persia, prove, beyond all rope, which are vernacular in their several languages, and unequivocally question, that Persia must have been the residence of the people whose dethe same, are of equal antiquity, as they must have been derive
;

-i

;

;

war

of four kings or chieftains with five

;

as also of the cities of

Sodom and

often migrated in a body, and otten the

personal characteristics of the pro-

Gomorrah, prove Syria to h.ave been, at that time, well-peopled. The lan- genitor might be distinctly traced in his descendants for many generations. guage of the inhabitants then must have been coeval with the nation, and In process of time, some of these families became nations; more generally, It may be added that in by means of wars and long anterior to the Hebrew as a distinct dialect. migrations, different tribes became blended, and the the early peiiods of the world, when no books existed, nations, living re- distinction of families was lost. In rude ages, the families or tribes of men are named from some charactermote or distinct, never borrowed words from each other. One nation, living or more generally, from the place of their residence. in the midst of another, as the Hebrews did among the Egyptians, may adopt istic of the people a single word, or a few words; but a family of words thus adopted is an The Greeks gave the name of Scylhia to the north of Europe and Asia, but occurrence rarely or never known. The borrowing of words, in modern the primitive inhabitants of the west of Europe, they called KsXroi, Kelts, These were descendants from the times, is almost wholly from the use of books. Celts, a word signifying woods men* 5. It is probable that some difi'crences of language were produced by the same ancestors as the Greeks and Romans themselves, but they had pushed confusion but neither that event nor any supernatural event is necessary their migrations into Gaul, Spain and Britain. The first settlers or occupiThe ers of these countries were driven forward by successive herds, until to account for the differences oftUalect or of languages, now existing. they all or Teutonic the Gothic of stock, different modern languages there they made their stand, and there we originated were checked by the ocean in the natural course of events; and the differences are as great between find their descendants at this day. These may be considered as the dethem as they are between the languages of the Shemitic stock. scendants of the earliest settlers, or first inhabitants of the countries where 6. Soon after two races of men of a common stock have separated and they are found. Among these are the inhabitants of France, south of the to d' Garonne, and those of the north of Spain, called by the Romans Aquitani placed themselves in distant countries, the language of each begins verge from that of the other, by various means. 1. One tribe or nation and Cantabri, in more modern times Gascoigns, Basques, and Cantabrians, will suffer one word to become obsolete and be forgotten another, will suffer who still retain their native language and in Great Britain, the Gaels in the loss of another sometimes a whole family of words will be lost at other Scotland, and the natives of the north and west of Ireland, who also retain times, a part only at other times, a single word only of a numerous family their primitive language.! will be retained by one nation, while another nation will retain the whole. The first inhabitants of the north and west of Europe, known to the Greeks 2. The same word will be differently applied by two distant races of men and Romans, to whom we are indebted for our earliest accounts of that reand the difference will be so great as to obscure the original affinity. 3, gion, were the Cimbri, who inhabited the peninsula of Denmark, now called Words will be compounded by two nations in a different manner, the same Jutland, and the tribes which belonged to the Teutonic and Gothic races, radical words taking a different prefix or suffix, indifferent languages. Thus which were established in Germany and on both sides of the Baltic. Whethtvisdoni in English Is in German wei^heit. [wisehead, wisehood] from ii'ise, er tribes of Celtic origin had overspread the latter countries, before the arriIn English misleadis in Danish Jiirleder, from lead, leder. 4. The val of the Gothic and Teutonic races, and all Europe had been inhabited by weis. so much changed pronunciation and orthography of words will often be that the same word in two languages, cannot without difficulty, be recognized as identical. No person, without a considerable attention to the changes Welsh celt, a cover, or shelter, a Celt; celtiad, an inhabitant of the cowhich letters have suffered, would at once suspect or believe the English vert or wood celu, to conceal, Lat. relo. In Gaelic the word is coilt or ; let and the French laisser to be the same word. The Celts were originally a tribe or nation inhabiting the north of eeilt. 7. As Abram migrated from Chaldea, he must have spoken the Chaldee or the still more northern territory. and probably, at that time, the Syriac, Arabic and Egyptian, had Italy, tribes or na;

;

;

—

;

;

;

;

;

language,

not become so different, as to render it impracticable for him to converse with But the language of Abram's de the inhabitants of Palestine and Egypt. scendants, and that of the land of Shinar or the Chaldee must, in the natural course of things, have begun to diverge, soon after the separation; and the changes in each language being dilTerent, would, in the course of a few So in the days of Hezekiah centuries, form somewhat different languages. the Syriac and Hebrew had become, in a degree, distinct languages. 2 Kings xviii. In which of these languages, the greatest number of alterations were produced, we do not know ; but from the general observations I have made, in my researches, it appears that the Chaldee dialect, in the use of dental letters instead of sibilants, is much the most general in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of Europe. Thus the German only has a sibilant in I think li'asser, when the other Teutonic languages have a dental, water. also that there are far more words in the European languages which accord with the Chaldee or Arabic, than there are words which accord with the Hebrew. If this observation is well-founded, the Hebrew must have suffered the loss of more primitive words than the other languages of the Shemitic This however is true, that all of them have lost some words, and family. in some cases, the Hebrew retains what the others have lost. 8. The Hebrew Scriptures arc, by many centuries, the most ancient Hence probably the strange inference, that the Hebrew writings extant. as if the inhabitants of Chaldea and Syria had had is the oldest language no language, for ages belbre the progenitor of the Hebrews was born. ;

t I purposely omit all consideration of the different families, which first peopled Greece and Italy. In Greece, we read of the Hellenes, the Acha;ans, the Dorians, the yEolians, In Italy, of the Illyrians, the Liburni, the the lonians, the Pelasgi, &c. SicuH, the Veneti or Henetl, the Iberi, Ligures, Sicani, Etrusci, Insubres, But as these nations or their deSabini, Latini, Samnites, and many others. scendants gave the name of Celts to the Umbri, or nations that dwelt in the north, in the less cutivated parts of Europe, and to the inhabitants of Gaul; and as all the tribes, under whatever denomination they were known, were branches of the great Japhetic stock, I shall call them by that general name, Celts ; and under the general name of Goths or Teutons, shall the various tribes that inhabited the north of Germany, and the

tions

Tpaioi. or Tpaixoi, the

comprehend

country north of the Baltic or Scandinavia. A late writer seems to consider the Teutonic races, as the only ancestors But from Celtic words, still found in the Greek of the fireeks and Romans. and Latin ; words not belonging to any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages ; Greece and Italy, it is demonstr.ably certain that the primitive settlers in Lat. brachittm, the belonged to the Celtic races. Thus the Greek jSpaxiuv, not found arm, is formed on the Gaelic braigh, raigh, W. drnic, a word the Welsh mociaw, to mock, is found in the So nations. Teutonic the among to mock, and Ir. mngadh. a mocking ; but and French Greek nwqiier, fiuxau, Many similar facts prove not in any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages. that the Celtic races were among the earliest inhabitants of Greece.

INTRODUCTION. the borders of Sarmaliajias heen aqucstion much disputed Frencli writers generally by historiaiH and antiquaries. The GcriTiari and contend that the Celts inhabited all the north of Europe, as Car at least a:* Sarmatia; but some respectable English writers are ol a dilierent opinion. it is agreed that the Welsh are descendants of the Cimbri, inhabitants of Jutland, and their language bears a strong alliiiity to the Celtic languages, which still exist; a fact that countenances the opinion of the German and French « ritcrs. But the dispute is of little moment the Celtic, Teutonic all of the Japhetic stock, migrating from Asia and Gothic races

the Celts, even

to

Now

:

were masters of tliat country. It contains also some words of Gothic origin, introduced by the Goths wlio conquered that country, at the downfall of tinRoman Empire. The French also contains .some words of Teutonic origin, either from the Belgic tribes who occupied the country to the Seine, at the time of Cesar's invasion, or from the Franks who estabhshed the dynasty of the Merovingian Kings in the fifth century, or from the Normans who obtained possession of the northern part of that kingdom in the tenth century, or from all these sources. The German, Dutch or Belgic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish and Swedish languages are of Teutonic or Gothic origin.'" They are all closely allied ; a great part of the words in them all being the same or from the same roots, ^vith different prefixes or affixes. There is however a greater difference between the Danish and Swedish, which are of the Gotliic stock, and the German and Dutch, which are of Teutonic origin, than between two languages of the same .stock, as between the Danish and Swedish. The Norwegian, Icelandic, and some of the languages or dialects of Switzerland, belong to the same stock ; but of these I liave no particular knowledge. The Basque or Cantabrian in Spain the Gaelic in the nortli of Scotland, and the Hiberno-Celtic, or native language of Ireland, are the purest remains of the ancient Celtic. From a comparison of a vocabulary of the Gaelic and Hiberno-Celtic, I find little or no difVerence between them and from a long and attentive examination of tliis language, and of the languages *f Teutonic origin, I find less difference between theui, than most autliors have

being and pursuing dilierent courses westthrough Asia Minor at different times, ward. The first tribes probably sought the waiin climates along the north coast of the Mediterranean, and established themselves in Greece and Italy. Others followed tlie course of the Danube and its subsidiary streams, till they foil upon the rivers that conducted them (o the Baltic. The first inhabitants of Greece and Italy were probably of the Celtic race ; but if they were, it is very evident that tribes of the teutonic or Gothic races invaded iliose countries before they were civilized, and intermingled with the oriThe Pelasgi may have been among the number. This ginal inhabitants. is an inference which I draw from the airmitics of the Greek and Latin Ian guagcs, with those of Teutonic origin. The Teutonic and Gothic races imwest of the Vistula pressed tbeii' language \ipon all the continent of Europe and from that river to the Rhine, or rather to the Seine, anterior to the conquest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. The same races invading and conquering the south of Europe, in the fourth and fifth century, on tlie downfall of the supposed to exist. The Armoric or language of Brittany in the northwest angle of France, Roman empire, infused a portion of llicii- language into the Italian and Spanand the Cornish, in the southwest of England, are also of Celtic origin. The ish, which is still di-;!inguishable. The ancient Sarmatia, including Poland and Russia, wa.s probably peo Cornish is now extinct ; but the Armoric is a living language. The English as now spoken, is a language composed of words from north pled originally by races of men who passed into Europe by the country The basis of the language is Anglo-Saxon, or, as I of the Euxine. Their original residence was along the rivers Kur and several others. Araxes, or on the mountains between the Euxine and Caspian. The name shall, for the sake of brevity, call it, Saxon, by which it is closely allied to But it reof the Riiss or Russians is clearly recognized in the Roxolani of Pliny and the languages of Teutonic and Gothic origin on the conUnent. Ptolemy, and possibly the ancestors of this race may have entered Europe by tains a great number of words from the ancient languages of Britain, the Asia Minor. That the Teutonic races, originally fiom Persia, inhabited Asia Belgic, or Lloegrian, and the Cymraeg, or Welsh ; particularly from the latMinor, and migrated westward by that course, is evident from the names ter, and some from the Cornish. Cesar informs us, that before he invaded which they impressed on mountains, rivers and places Such are the Cia- Britain, Belgic colonics had occupied the southern coast of England and in Pamphylia, now the inhabitants of the interior, northern and western parts, were the ancesgu» of Pliny, the Welsh and English crag ,* Pergn name of a small stream, near the site of tors of the present Welsh, wlio call themselves Cymry, and their country hiirg or bergeii ; Thi/mbreck, the brook. It wa.s contract- Cymru, a name which indicates their origin from the Cimbri, inhabitants of Troy ; a word in which we recognize the English the modern Denmark, or Cimbric Chersonese, now Jutland. ed by the Greeks into Thymbrins.i The modern Welsh contains many Latin words introduced by the Romans, Itis admitted by all gentlemen, acquainted with oriental literature, that ;

;

—

;

the Sanscrit, or ancient language of India, the parent of all the dialects of that great peninsula, is radically the same language or from the same stock the affinities between them being remarkalily as the Greek and Latin clcarand decisive. If .so, the inhabitants of India and the descendants of the Celtic and Teutonic nations are all of one family, and must have all migrated from one country, after the separation of the nations of the Shemitic stock ;

from those of the Japhetic race.t Whether that country was Persia, or Cashmir, or a country farther east One important inference results from this is a iioint not easily determined. fact, that the while men of Europe and the black or tawny men of India, are direct descendants from a common ancestor. Of the languages of Europe, the Greek was first improved and refined, and next to that the Latin. The affinity between these languages, and those of the west and north of Europe is very striking, and demonstrates thei: connnon origin. It is probable however that there are some words in the Greek derived from Africa, if Egyptian colonies were established in Greece, as historians inform us.

;

*Plin.

N. H.

Lib. 5, cap. 27.

possession of Britain lor five hundred years. But the body of the language is probably their vernacular tongue. It is more nearly allied to the languages of Celtic origin, than to those of the Teutonic and Gothic stock and of this British language, the Cornish and Armoric are dialects. It has been commonly supposed that the Britons were nearly exterminated by the Saxons, and that the few that survived, escaped into the west of England, now Wales. It is true that many took refuge in Wales, which their descendants still retain but it cannot be true that the other parts of England were enfirely depopulated. On the other hand, great numbers must have escaped slaughter, and been intermixed with their Saxon conThe Welsh words, which now form no unimportant part of the querors. English language, aftbrd decisive evidence of this fact. It is probable however that these words were for a long time used only by the common people, for few of them appear in the early Saxon writers. The English contains also many words, introduced by the Danes, who were, for some time, ina.sters of England which words are not found in the Saxon. These words prevail most in the northern counties of England but many of them are incorporated into the body of the language, and are used iu the United States. After the conquest, the Norman Kings endeavored to extirpate the English language, and substitute the Norman. For this purpose, it was ordained that all law proceedings and records should be in the Norman language ; and hence the early records and reports of law cases came to be written in Norman. But neither royal authority, nor the influence of courts, could change the vernacular language. After an experiment of three hundred years, the law was repealed; and since that period, the English has been, for the most part, the official, as well as the common language of the nation. A few Norman words however remain in the English ; most of them in law ;

;

;

;

Italian, Spanish, French and Portuguese, are composed chiefly of Latin words, much altered however both in ortliography and inflections. Perhaps nine tenths of all the words now found in those languages are of Latin origin ; being introduced by the Romans, who held Gaul in or being borrow subjection, five or si.\ centuries, and Spain much longer ed from Latin authors, since the revival of letters. All these languages however retain many words of Celtic origin ; the primitive language not liav In some instances, the same word has been ing been entirely extirpated. transmitted through both channels, the Celtic and the Latin, and is yet re Thus in French cider, and in Italian cedere, is directly from the tained. Latin cedo ; while the French, congedier, and Italian, congedare, are com posed of the same word, with a prefix, derived from the Celtic, and retained the Welsh in gadaw, to quit, to leave. [L. concedn.] And this same verb probably appears also in quit, a word common to the Teutonic and to the Celtic languages. See Conge, in the Dictionary. It must be observed further, that the Spanish language contains some words of African origin, introduced by the Carthaginians, before the Roman conquest of Spain, or afterwards by the Moors, w ho, for several centuries.

The modern

tians

who had

Strabo, Lib.

7.

language. Since the conquest, the English has not suffered any shock from the intermixture of conquerors with the natives of England ; but the language has undergone great alterations, by the disuse of a large portion of Saxon words, and the introduction of w ords from the Latin and Greek languages, with some French, Italian, and Spanish words. These words have, in some instances, been borrowed by authors, directly from the Latin and Greek ; but most of the Latin words have been received through the medium of the French and Italian. For terms in the sciences, authors have generally resorted to the Greek ; .and from this souice, as discoveries in science demand 6, informs us that the Dalmanew terms, the vocabulary of the English language is receiving continual

bad the singular practice of making a division of their fields every Hence perhaps the name from dual, and math or inadh, coun

eighth year. fry. 1

i

Clarke's Travels. See the word chuk in the Dictionary.

Vol.

I.

B.

*

In strictness, the Swedish and Danish are of Gothic origin, and the Gerof Teutonic origin.

man and Saxon,

INTRODUCTION. We

few words from the German and Swedish, »n
have

also a

'^^O im

—

origin.

3d, Norman, a mixture of French and Gothic. 4th, Latin, a language formed on the Celtic and Teutonic. 5th, French, chiefly Latin corrupted, but with a mixture of Celtic. 6th, Greek, formed on the Celtic and Teutonic, with some Coptic. 7th, A few words directly from the ItaUan, Spanish, German, and other languages of the continent. 8th, A few foreign words, introduced by commerce, or by political and lit-

erary intercourse.

Of these, the Saxon words constitute our mother tongue; being words which our ancestors brought with them from Asia. The Danish and Welsh

may be considered as a part of our vernacular are of equal antiquity with the Clialdee and Syriac.

also are primitive words, and

They

language.

AFFINITY OF LANGUAGES. On comparing

the structure of the diflerent languages of the Shemitic and Japhetic stocks, we cannot but be struck with the fact, that although a great number of words, consisting of the same or of cognate letters, and conveying the same ideas, are found in them all ; yet in the inflections, and in the manner of forming compounds and derivatives, there are remarkable diiferences between the two great families. In the modifications of the verb, for expressing person, time, and mode, very little resemblance is observable between them. If we could prove that the personal terminations of the verb in the Japhetic languages, were originally pronouns, expressive of the persons, we should prove an affinity between the words of the two races, in a most important particular. Some attempts of this kind have been made ; but

not with very satisfactory results.* In the formation of nouns, we recognize a resemblance between the English termination th, in birth, truth, drouth, [Saxon drugothe] warmth, &c., and the Shemitic terminations n' '>^^ HI; and the old plural termination en, retained in oxen, and the Welsh plural ending ion, coincide

nearly with

the

Arabic termination of the dual number /,

|

as well as with the and the regular masculine plural termination • » Chaldee, Hebrew, and Syriac ['. And it is justly remarked by Mitford, that in the variety of plural terminations of nouns, there is a striking resemblance between the Arabic and the Welsh. There is one instance, in the modem this languages of Teutonic origin, in which we find the Arabic nunnation is the German and Dutch binnen, the Saxon binnan or binnon, signifying ^

:

—

Hebrew and Chaldee ['3, Ar. ,..aj without the mark of nunnation, when it signifies within ; but when it signifies separation, space, inter-

within,

s

val, the original sense,

it is

written ,

ti_

-aj

>

and pronounced, with the nun-

nation, like the Teutonic word. One mode of forming nouns from verbs in the Shemitic languages is by I know of no instance of this manner of formation, in the Japrefixing m. except in some names which are of oriental origin. Mars phetic

class of words, being used in composition to vary the sense of other parts of speech, to an almost unUmited extent, it may be useful to give them a par-

ticular consideration.

The simple prepositions are, for the most part, verbs or participles, or derived from them; when verbs, they are the radical or primary word, sometimes varied in orthography by the addition or alteration of a single vowel, or perhaps, in some cases, by the loss of the initial consonant, or aspirate. Such are the Greek jtapa, rttpt, xata ; the Latin con and per ; the English The following, of, by, in, on, for, which retain their original consonants. un; the Latin ab, ad, pro, prce, re; the Greek arto, iHi,, rtpo, may have lost the initial or final consonants; of [or hof; in (or hi n ; ab {or hab ; pro (or prod. In some words, this loss can only be conjectured; in others, it is known or obvious. Thus the English by and be was originally bi", as it is in the Saxon ; and the Latin re, is written also red, evidently a derivative of an Arabic verb still existing; the Latin sub dm] super are formed probably from the Greek vxo, ^rttp, by the change of an aspirate into s, or the Greek words have lost that letter. The English but in the phrase " They are all here but one," is a participle the Sax. butah, or baton ; Dutch buiten, from buiten to rove. Among is the Saxon gemang, the verb, or the participle oi gemengan, to mingle. In general, the primary sense of the preposition is moving, or moved. Thus to in English and ad in Latin, primarily denote advancnig towards a " are going to town." place or object ; as in the sentence, From, of, Lat. ab, Gr. an.:, denote motion from a place or object. The French prts is fiom the Italian presso, and this is the Latin participle pressus, pressed ; hence it denotes near, close. In some instances prepositions are compounds, as (he English before ; that is, be or by fore, by the front, and the Fr. aupres, at or at near. Prepositions, from their frequent use, and from the ease with which their primary signification is modified to express ditferences of position, motion or relation, as occasions demand, have, in many instances, a great variety of applications ; not indeed as many as lexicogiaphers sometimes assign to them, but several different, and sometimes opposite significations ; as for exthe with the Latin and the Greek rtapa. ; amples, English /or, con, For, which is from the root of Saxon faran, Gr. ?topEvO|Uat, to pass, denotes to" wards, as in the phrase A ship bound /or Jamaica ;" or it denotes rH/a»or of, as "This measure is for the public benefit;" or "The present is for a fiiend." But it denotes also opposition or negation, as in forbear, forgive, forbid. With is a verb, but has rather the sense of a participle. It is found in the Gothic with a prefix, ga-withan, to join or unite. Its primary sense then is " joined, close ; hence, in company ; as in the sentences go with him," come with me." It has the sense also of from, against, contrariety, opIn Saxon it had also the position, as in withdraw, withstand, without. sense o( towards, as "with eorthan," towards the earth; also of for, de" noting substitution or equivalent in exchange, as sylan with djeges weorce," to give for a day's work ; also of opposite, over against, as " with tha sae," opposite the sea. Co7i in Latin generally signifies with, towards or to, denoting closeness or union, approach, joint operation and the like, as in concurro, conjungo, congredior ; but it has also the sense of against or opposition, as in contendo. The Greek Trapa, is doubtless from the root of the English fare, Saxon ;

,

We

'

—

languages, be from apj^s, but if so, the word was undoubtedly formed in the So we find Morpheus, the god of sleep, to be probably formed with It also at, to, Lat. signifies from, that is, departure the prefix m, from the Ethiopic f\Ql,
east.

—

We

,

We

^

—

•

;

—

13J*.

INTRODUCTION. words, are called separable : those which are used only prcposilioin, or more generally prepositionji For the sake of brevity, in composition are called inseparable prepositions. to other words in composition, I s've to all words or sinsjie letters, pretixed oi name the general prefixes. sense of a preposition, is, to the true of modes One of the best ascertaining exainine its various uses in composition, and discover what cllect it has in

The

prcposllioir;

wliirli are used, as distinct

—

The Greek

has

rctfyav,

?topjuo^at, rtopoj. Ga, in Gothic, and

and rtapa, probably from the same

root, as

well

a.'^

In a prefix of very extensive use. prefixed portion of all the verbs in the language. but in most .According to Lye, it has sometimes the sense of the Latin cum of the on the of words I cannot discern any effect this prefix signification It is retained in the Danish and in some German and Dutch simple verb. word to which it is pretixed. words, especially in the participles of verbs, and in nouns formed from them. modifying tlie signification of the often suffer the loss or change of a let- But it is remarkable that although the Saxon is our mother tongue, we have Prepositions, used in compounds, Thus ad in Latin not of euphony, or the ease of pronunciation. jter, for the sake remaining in the language a single instance of this prefix, with the oribecomes/ in affero ; con becomes col in colligo ; the Gr. jtapa loses a letter ginal orthography. The only remains of it are in the contraction, a, as in awake, adrift, ashamed, tic. from gew
Saxon,

it

Saxon,

is

It is

in

which

possible

this letter appears. that the first syllable o( govern, from Lat.

gnberno, Gr.

may be the same prefix or it may be the Welsh prefix go, which occurs in goberu, to work, which the Romans wrote operor. But I know not whether the first syllable of govern is a prefix or not. There is another word which retains this prefix corrupted, or its equivalent; this is common, which we have received from the Latin cofnmunis. This word in the Teutonic dialects is. Sax. genuene ; Ger. gemein ; Dutch, gemeen ; Dan. gemeen ; Sw. gemen. Now if this is the Latin communist, and of the identity of the hist component part of the word, there can, I think, be no doubt then the first part of the word is the Teutonic ge altered to com, or what is more probable, com is the equivalent oi ge, or ge may be a In either case, we arrive at contracted and corrupted form of cwm, co«i. the conclusion that the Teutonic ge, and tlie Latin cum, are equivalent in

zuCtpiaij,

This is tlie Gr. am, Slid, Sax. and Ooth, signities tigninst, opposite. and Latin ante, not borrowed from the Greek or Latin, but a native word. Examples, andstandan, to stand against, to resist. Jhtdswarian, answarian, to answer ; that is, to speak again, against or in return.

in

,-

words used,

SAXON AND GOTHIC.

ge

to a large

is

;

Jlnib, einb, ymb, usually emb, Saxon, signifying about, around ; coincidto go around ing with the Latin umb, and Gr. an^i. Example, emb-faran, See But to walk about ; embutan, about ; emb, about, and butan, without. ; JImbeht, cmbeht, ymbeht, office, duty, whence we have embassador. This or is andhahts. The minister servimt and a is in Gothic andbahtei. baililf, Dutch Germans have the word contracted in amt, charge, oifice, nnipt Dan. arnbt. The Gothic orthography gives rise to the question whether ignification. It is in GerIn, is used in the Saxon and Gothic, as in modern English. amb, emb, andarrt, Sax. and Goth. ajiJ, are not radically the same word; Fr. en. and it is very certain that the Gothic and Saxon and, is radically the same man ein, Dutch and Swedish in, Danish ind, Greek tv, Lat. in, " word as the Latin in, Dan. ind. So in Gothic, and wigans," in the ways, This is radically the same word as on and un, the German an, Dutch aan, " and haimos" In its original sense, it implies moving, advancing towards, into the highways. Luke, xiv. 23. per vicos, through the and Welsh an. and hence its use as a particle of negation or contrariety. " Eunt in urbem," towns. Luke, ix. 6. " Msec audio in te dici," I hear these thing.« This preposition, amb, is in Dutch am ; in German um ; in Swedish and they are going to the city. In modern military usage, on is used in the same sense of said against you. Danish om. " The army is marching on Liege." Jtt, is a Gothic preposition and prefix, coinciding with Eng. at, Lat. ad. advancing. Mid, in Saxon, signifies with. It is the Gothic mith, German mil, Be, in Saxon, as a preposition and prefix, is always written be, or big, anand the Gr. jutra; but not retained in English. It swering to the English by, a preposition, and be in beset. In Gothic, it is Dutch mede or met, The primary and principal seems to have the same origin as mid, middle, amidst. In the Gothic it is wrillenfti, by and be, being contractions of big. " stand or sit signification is near, close ; as by me." So in the word by- used as a prefix. It is used in Saxon, German, a is the verb It is a prefix of extensive use in the Saxon, German, Dutch, stander. miss, to deviate. Mis, prefix, Danish and Swedish. Its use in denoting instrumentality, may be from the Dutch, Swedish and Danish, in nearly the same sense, as in English. Its sense of liear/ies.'!, hut more probably it is from passing, like per, through, radical sense is to depart or wander. or it (\enotefi proceeding from like of, as salvation is of the Lord. Of, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use in the Saxon, as in English. For, in Saxon, as in English, is a preposition and prefi.x of extensive use It denotes primarily issuing, or proceeding from; hence separation, departure, In Saxon /or signifies a going, froni/a?an, to go, to fare. It is radically the and distance in the latter sense, it is written off. It is the Lafin ab, writsame word as /ore, in the sense of in .front, before. Its primary sense is ten by the early Romans af; the Greek arto, the German ab, the Dutch af ; advancing ; hence moving ton-ards ; hence the sense of in favor of, and Dan. and Sw. af. The Saxons often prefixed this word, in cases where we See the preceding remarks. that of opposition, or negation. use it after the verb as a modifier ; as of-drifan, to drive off ; as it is sfill used retain it as a prefix, in This word in German is/i7r, but, with this orthography, the word is little by the Germans, Dutch, Swedes and Danes. used in composition. Yet the German has /lirftiffe, intercession or praying offset and offspring. Sax. of-spring. As it denotes proceeding from, it is for; furwort, intercession, recommendation, and a pronoun [for-word ;] the proper sign of the genitive case ; the case expressing production. andfur-ivahr, forsooth. Ofer, Eng. over, Goth, iifar, G. ilber, D. orer, Dan. over, Sw. ofver, is In the sense of /ore, the German has vor, a word of extensive use as a in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages, which I preposition and prefix, Thus in Saxon /breseo/t, to foresee, is in German vorsehen. The have examined ; and in the same or similar senses. This seems to be the prefix. But in German as in Dutch Greek Drttp. from which the Latins formed super, by converting the aspirate identity of these words will not be questioned. the preposition Bee, which is the English /ar, and Saxon /yr, is used in of the Greek vowel into s. This is probably the Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar. "I0_;r, to Thus/ojcomposition, in words in which the Saxon and English have/or. pass, a passing, beyond. gifan, [Q forgive, is in German, vergeben, and in Dutch, vergeeven Saxon On, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of very extensive use. It is obvi" on /)r^i(aH, to forget ; German iierg'f.ssen , Onlch vergecten. Hence we see in the Saxon, as ously a different orthography of in, and it is used for in, that the Saxon for, fore, fyr, the English fur, fore, far, and tlie German It has also tlie sense we now give to on and onginn," in the beginning. /f(r, vor and ver, are from the same radix. of modifications other with signification. In Dutch, /be and /ore are represented by roor, and ver represents /or lyjo?!, In composition, it signifies into, or towards, as on-blawan, to blow in; Liiid/rr. and it is also a particle of negation, like onclifian, to adhere, to cleave to; The Danish also unites/or and/ore, as does the Swedish. un, as onbindan, to unbind. This on is only a different spelling of Jin, in The French has this word in pour, and the Spanish and Portuguese in Dutch on, German «n, used as a word of negation. The Gothic has un and " The latter Eu In this sense, por. signifies notonly/wr, but through, as in Portuguese, und, in the like sense, as the Danish has un ; the D. ont. " I will Here we see the un answers is sometimes written passarei piir Fran<;a." pass through France. precisely to the Greek avti, and as this sense of moving. In Spanish and Portuguese this word is written also para, U7id in Gothic, as in is written ind, in Danish, there can be little doubt, as if from the Greek. It is evidently the same word, probably received The original word may have that in, on, im, atti, are all from one stock. through a different channel from that of por. Now through is the exact been han, bin, or hon ; such loss of the first letter is very common ; and sense of tlie Latin per ; and per is the Italian picposition answering to /or from the Ch. and Heb. njn, presents us witli an example. See in and and por. But what is more to the puipose, the Spanish, Italian and Portu- inn, inn. guese word, equivalent to Uie English /orgit-f, is in Spanish pcrdonar ; in The German has an, and the Dutch aan, in the sense of in and on. Italian, yierrfonarf, and in Portuguese, /leriWr and the French is /loritoiOth, is a Saxon preposition and prefix, sometimes written ath and ed. and jicr. Here thon we have strong, if not conclusive evidence, that /or. pour, to the Lafin ad and re; as in oth-witan, to twit, to throw por, pa', par, and para, in dilicrcnt languages, are all from one stock, the answering nearly othword being varied in dialect, or by the different families ; just as we have in the teeth. It has also the sense o(from, or away, or against, as in This preposition is obsolete, but we have tlie remains to abjure. far. farther, as well as the Saxon/yr, and the English /or*A, further, from su'erian, the same primitive word. We have the same word in. pursue and pur- of it in twit, and perhaps in a few other words. chase, from the French j'onr. Sam, samod, a prefix. See the Danish and Swedish infra. ,

;

We

—

,•

INTRODUCTION. " wait till I It till town :" but we say, arrival ;" literally, " wait a preposition and prefix of extensive use in our mother tongue. come, till arrival ; that is, to the time of arrival. The diflereuce is not occurs as a prefix, in sucli words as, to-brtscaa, to break ; to-beran, to bring to I come," to retain it in together. Sax. togcedere ; and in to in the sense of the preposition, but in its application. or bear, lad-feire.] retain the Danish and Swedish and in Scotch use of toivardes The this word ; no slight eviSzx. The toward, ; to-morroiv, wards, to-day, to-night. Dutch write it toe, and the Germans jij, and both nations use it extensively dence of their origin. In Gothic it is written du, as in du-ginnan, to gin, that is, to as a prefix. U, in Danish, the Swedish O, is a prefix, equivalent to in, and is used as a uncivil. to learn which is privative or negative ; as in uaar, an unseasonable year ;

To,

my

is

my

We

would be gratifying whether the Ethiopic "^ , many verbs, is not the remains of the same preposition. Saxon prefix of extensive use, as a privative or particle of nega^ tion. See on and in. Under, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of considerable use, in the presprefixed

Un,

uurtig,

It

begin.

is

to

RUSSIAN.

a

ent English sense. The Germans write use it in like manner. The Danes and in the same sense.

unter, and the

it

Swedes write

it

Vo

or ve, signifies in, at, by, and But see^o. be, by.

Dutch onder, and the Eng. under, and use it Za, is

Up, tippe, is a Saxon preposition and prefix of considerable use, in the pre sent English sense. The Gothic bus iif, in the sense of the Latin suh. The Germans write it a»/and the Dutch op, the Danes op and tlie Swedes up, and all use it as a prefix. Us, in Gothic, is a preposition and prefix. This is the German aus, and It is the Saxon ut, the English out, Dutch uit, equivalent to the Latin ex. Swedish ut, and Danish ud, dialectically varied. To this answers the Welsh fis, used in composition, but ys seems rather to be a change of the Latin ex for the Latin erpello is written in Welsh yspetinxp, and extendo is estyn. Wither, in Saxon, from the root of with, denotes against, or opposition. It is a prefix in Saxon, written in German wider, in Dutch, weder ; Dan. and Swedish veder. It is obsolete, but retained in the old law term withernam, a counter-taking or distress. In the German language, there are some prepositions and prefixes not found in the Saxon ; as,

Ent, denoting from, out, away. £r, without, out or to. Dan. er.

may

possibly be from the

same

root

a:"

a prefix signifying/or, oti account of, by reason of, after, as in zaiiidwi/u, to envy, from iv'd, visage ; vi/u, to see, Lzt. video ; zadirayu, from deru, to tear ; zamirayu, to be astonished or stupified, from the root of Lat.

miror, and Russ. tnir, peace ; miryu, to pacify, to reconcile mirnie, pacific ; zamirenie, peace, pacification ; zamiriayu, to make peace ; Arm. miret, to hold, to stop ; the radical sense of wonder, astonishment, and of ;

peace.

Ko, a preposition signifying to, totvards,for. JVa, a preposition and prefix, signifying on, upon, at, for, to, seems to be the Germ. 7iach, Dutch na, as in nagrada, recompense ; na, and the root of Lat. gratia ; nasidayu, to sit down, &c. JVad, a preposition, signifying above or upon. O, a preposition, signifying of or from, and^br.

Ob,

a preposition

and prefix, signifying

to,

on, against, about, as obne-

to surround, to embrace ob and Sax. neman, to take. dt, is a preposition, signifying /ro/rt, and it may be the Eng. out. Po, is a preposition and prefi.x of extensive use, signifying in, by, after, from, &c. as podayu, to give to polagayu, to lay, to expend, employ, lay

mayu,

;

;

out ; to tax or assess ; to establish or fix ; to believe or suppose ; po and lay. but its most common This corresponds with Eng. by, and the Latin has it in possideo, and a few ; This other words. [Sax. besittan.] Pomeyj, rememhrance, po and mens, mind. signification in composition is after ; as in nachgehen, to go after. sense is easily deducible from its primary sense, which is close, near, from Sad, a preposition signifying/«r, or for the love of. urging, pressing, or following. In Dutch, this word is contracted to na, as So, a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying with, of, from ; in nabuur, neighbor ; nagaan, to follow. The Russ has na also, a prefix of and as a mark of comparison, it answers nearly to the Eng. so or as. extensive use, and probably the same word. This fact suggests the question, Y, with the sound of u, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use. It sigwhether the ancestors of these great families of men had not their residence nifies near, by, at, with, as uberayu, to put in order, to adjust, to cut, to in the same or an adjoining territory. It deserves also to be considered whethreap, to mow, to dress, Fr. parer, Lat. paro ; ugoda, satisfaction ; vgodnei, er this na, is not the Shemitic J, occurring as a prefix to verbs. good, useful, Eng. good; udol, a dale, from dol. JVeg, is a prefix used in the German and Dutch. It is the Saxon, Ger-

JVaeh, properly nigh, as in nachhar, neighbor

man, and Dutch weg, way ; in tlie sense of away, or passing from, from the verb, in Saxon, w
WELSH.

;

E

known

tin similis.

Til, botli in

Danish and Swedish,

is a prefix, and in Danish, of very exequivalent to the Enghsh to or towards, and signifies also at, in, on, by, and about, and in composition often has the sense of back or re, as in tilbage, backwards, that is, to back ; but generally it retains the sense of to or onward ; as in tilbyder, to offer, that is, to .speak or order to ; tildriver, to drive on; tilgiver, to allow, to pardon, that is, to give to, and hence to give back, to remit. This is the English till, which we use in the same sense as the Danes, but in English it always refers to time, whereas in

tensive use.

It is

Danish and Swedish, it refers

to /(/ace.

Thus we

to be prefixes. But in some instances, the original preposition is so obscured by a loss or change of letters, as not to be obvious, nor indeed discoverable, without reThus without the aid of the Saxon orsorting to an ancient orthography. thography, we should piobably not be able to detect the component parts of the English twit. But in Saxon it is written cdwitan and olhwitan ; the prep-

prefix oth, with tvitan, to disallow, reproach or cast in the teeth. has been above suggested to be possible, that in the Shemitic languamay be the same prefix as the Russian na, the Let the reader attend to the following words.

osition or It

ges, the 1 in triliteral roots,

cannot say, " We are goingi Dutch na, and German nach.

INTRODUCTION. Heb. B33

To

look, to behold, to regard,

to reach, exterul or

Ch.

To

look

Tlie primary sense of look,

;

throw.

bud

also to

French, frapper, Eng. Sax. gerffiiZmii,

to

to

rap.

make ready

;

in

Chaucer, grri/A,

to

make ready.

SaX.

hrcEd, quick; hrudian, to hasten; hrcednes, Eng. readiness. Spanish, frisar, to cui'l or frizzle ; rizar, the same.

or sprout.

Sax. gerefa, Eng. reeve, G. graf, D. graaf. Lat. glycyrrhiza, from the Greek ; Eng. liquoricehut in no language, have we such decisive evidence of the formation of accord with Lai. words, by prefixes, as in the Welsh. with bud, Sp. bntar, Fr. boulim, boiiter, video the Chaldee, with video and Take the following instances, from a much greater number that might he Fr. bout, end, from shooting, extendnig. to put, and Eng. iopoui, and produced, from Owen's Welsh Dictionary. Blanc, a colt, from llanc. Ar. iIXaJ To 6»rf to germinate. Sec Ch. supro. Blith, milk, from lith. Bliant, fine linen, from lliant. Heb. ^2i To fall ; to sink down to wither ; to fall off, as leaves and Plad, a flat piece or plate, from Had. foolish a 'jjJJ to ; Derivative, fuol to act foolishly disgrace. flowers Pled, a principle of extension, from lied. Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. ioj'all. Pledren, a bladder, from pledyr, that distends, from lied. that is, to throw or put on. Ch. SaJ To niake/uu?,- to defile ; Pleth, a braid, from lleth, Eng. plait. Plicciaw, to pluck, from llig. to drive as camels ; to excel; also to an arrow as To ; shoot, y^f, \j^j Ploc, a block, from Hue ; plociaw, to block, to plug. Plwng, a plunge, from llu-ng, our vulgar lunge. die, that is probably to/«//. • Glwth, a glutton, from llwth. Can there be any question, thit fall, foul ?m'\ fool are this very word Glas, a blue color, veidancy, a green plat, whence Eng. glass, from Has. without the first consonant ? The Arabic without the first consonant agrees Glyd, gluten, glue, from llyd. with Gr. SaXXu, and tlie sense o( falling then, is to throw one's self down Claer, clear, from llaer. Heb. 10J To keep, guard, preserve, retiiin, observe. Clav, sick, from llnv. Ch. To observe ; to keep ; to lay up. C'lwpa,n club, a knob, from llwb. id. Syr. and Sam. Clwt, apiece, a clout, (lom llwd, llwt. Tosliine. Eth. hiDi Clamp, a mass, a lump. Clawd, a thin board, from llawd. To keep ; to see ; to look ; to attend. Ar. Cledyr, aboard or shingle, whence cledrwy, lattice, from lied. Bran, Eng. 6ra;!, from rhan ; rhanu, to rend. Remove the first letter, and this coincides with the Greek rjfpjio. Brid, a breaking out. from rhid. No person will doubt whether boj to circumcise, is formed onSl". Bro(;, noise, tumult, a brock, from rhoq. Ch. nOJ to cut ; to saw. Syr. id. LaU serra,serro. Bror, froth, foam, anger, broi^i, to chafe or fret, from brwc, a boiling or ferment, from rhivc, something rough, a grunt, Gr. fjpnj;u. Ar. ^xij To fade, to vanish, to perish, to be empty, to fail. Bryd, what moves, impulse, mind, thought, from rhyd. Brys, quickness, brisiaw, to hasten, to shoot along, from rhys, Eng. to Heb. r\3i to blow, to breathe. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. id. from ni3 , to blow rush, and crysiaw, to hasten, from rhys, to rush. [Here is the same word If the Shemitic J in these and similar words is a prefix or the remains of rhys, with different prefixes, forming brysiaw and crysiaw. Hence W. a preposition, it coincides very closely with the Russ. and Dutch na, and the brysg, Eng. brisk.] Now the German Graz, [pronounced grath,'\ a step, a degree, from rhaz, Lat. gradiis, latter we know to be a contraction of the German nach. imch is the English nigh ; for no person can doubt the identity of the Ger- gradior. man nachbar and the English neighbor. Greg, a cackling, from rheg. In the course of my investigations, I very early began to suspect that b,f, Grem, a crashing, gnash, a murmur, gremiaw, to crash or gnash, from introduced by peculiar rhem. Hence p, c, g and k before I and c, are either casual letters, hM.fremo, Gr. /3pf^w.* latthe modesof pronunciation, or the remains of prepositions ; most probably We have some instances of similar words in our own language ; such flag of the ter. 1 had advanced far in my dictionary, with increasing evidence and lag ; flap and lap ; clump and lump. truth of this conjecture, before I had received Owen's Dictionary of the There is another class of words which are probably formed with a prefi.x Welsh language. An examination of this work has confirmed my suspi- of a different kind. I refer to words in which s precedes another consonant, cions, or rather changed them into certainty. as scaljt, skull, slip, slide, sluggish, smoke, smooth, speed, spire, spin, If we attend to the manner of articulating the letters, and the ease with We find that tego, to cover, in Latin, is in stage, steep, stem, swell, spout. which bl, br,fl,fr,pl,pr, cl, er, gl,gr are pronounced, without an hiterven- Greek We find fiopoySoj f tyw ; the Latin fullo, is in Greek a^aXXu. that a preposiing vowel, even without a sheva, we -shall not be surprised lose tion or prefix, like be, pt, pa, po, or ge should, in a rapid pronunciation, its vowel, and tile consonant coalesce closely with the first letter of the prin* of his I do not follow Owen to the last step analysis, as I am of opinion Thus blank, prank, might naturally be formed from belank, cipal woid. but there is that, in making monosyllabic words to be compound, he often errs. For perank. That these words are thus formed, 1 do not know; Certain it xample, he supposes bro<^ a tumult, to be from rhor, a broken or rough utnothing in the composition of the words to render it improbable. on other terance a grunt or groan ; and this, to be a compound of rhy, excess, what is, that a vast number of words are formed with these prefixes, I beheve rho<; to be is over or beyond, and or, a forcible utterance, a groan, words, or the first consonant is a mere adventitious addition ; for they are a primitive uncompounded word, coinciding «ith the English rough. used with or without the first consonant. Take the following examples. Owen supposesp/arf, a flat thing, a plate, to be from Had, with py. Llad also raigh, Hiberno-Celtic, or Irish, brae or 6rof/i, the arm, is written and what is a he py, what is inward or explains, gift, good tilings, given, Welsh brai(, whence ,3pa;^icoi', brachium. Uraigh, the neck, Sax. hraca, I have no doubt that the first letter is a prefix in plad, but beyond involved. Eng. rack, Gr. paxi-i- Fraoch, heath, ling, brake, L. erica. all question, llad is from the same root as lied, breadth, coinciding with Lat. Welsh, llawr, Basque, lurra, Eng. ^ooc. tows both from a common root signifying to extend. But I do not beUeve 'Lixt.floccus, Eng. Jluck or lock. llad or lied to be compound words. Sax. hraccan, Eng. to reach, in vomiting.* Dug, a duke, Owen supposes to be formed on ug, over ; which cannot be Sax. hracod, Eng. ragged. Dur, steel, he derives true, unless the Latin dux, cluco, are compounds. Ger. rock, Eng. _//oc/f. from ur, extreme, over, but doubtless it is from the root of the Latin durus. Dutch, geluk, Ger. gluck, Eng. luck. So par, signifying what is contiguous, a state of readiness or preparation, Greek, Eolic Dialect, (Spoiox, for poSor, a rose. a Owen makes or match, compound oi py, and ar ; py, as Aj>air, fellow, Latin, clunis, Eng. loin, G. lende, W. dun, from Hun. above explained, and ar, a word of various significations,
To

lax J

spring, or issue as water

If the first letter

is

a prefix,

the

;

to flow out

;

to devise or strike

Hebrew word would

,•

;

;

;

;

^j

;

,•

*

the

H before same

I

and r

letters.

in

Saxon corresponds

to the

Greek

x,

and Latin

c,

each other, I think he would have formed a very different opinion as to their I am very well convinced that many of the w ords which he suporigin. before poses to be primitive or radical, are contractions, such as rhy, lie, lly, tie last

consonant being

lost.

INTRODUCTION. inquireJ whether the English the same root as rtr^yn, web or woof, rtiji'tor, a spindle, spirt, is not from in English is in Spanish brota. to Sprout spin joji'tf u, We find the Welsh ysbrig, the English sprig, is a compound of ys, a like the Lat. ex, and brig, top, prefix denoting issuing ov proceeding front, is

written also

B;UapaySos'

;

ami

it

may

i)e

summit. to

Vsgar, a separate part, a share ; ysgar, ysg(iru,to divide; ysgariau\ but the real root is composed of ys and car, according to Owen ; This is the English shear, shire. Gr. xapa. appears distinctly in the the throat, to shake roughly IS a Vsgegiaw, to shake by laying hold of the mouth, an entrance; a from to and choke, of ceg, cegiaie, compound j/s shake ; Sax. sceaean. choking. This may be the English or covering. Ysgm, a robe made of skin ; ys and ci)i, a spread 'shade ; ys and carod. Ysgodi, to shade ; ysgawd, a or puckered, a scrip ; ys and crab what Vsgrab, what is drawn up See Eng. crab, crabbed. slirinks. from rhav. Vygravu, to scrape; ys and crav, claws, to shriek, from cre(;, a shriek Ysgrer, a scream, a.' shriek, ysgreriaiv, from rhy g, rye, that is erei:ian,'to shriek, (mm creg, cri/g, hoarse, rough, This is the English rough, its roughness. from so named the grain rough ; from the root whole have the Here we Lat. raucus. process of formation, to We retain the Welsh ciefion, shriek, in our common word, o( rough. screak. to creak, and with a formative prefi.t, we have shriek, and our vulgar a wrinkle, The Latin shrug, are probably from the same

separate,

,

.

If this deduction is correct, the seBse denial; gwadu, to deny, or disown. It is so in other of denial is a throwing or thrusting back, a repelling.

words.

Yswitiaw,

to chirp, twitter,

from ysivid, that makes a quick turn.

Qu.

twitter.

In some of the foregoing words, it appears evident that the Welsh prefix, and the words, in which this is the case, ys, is an alteration of the Latin ex, were probably borrowed from the Latin, while the Roman armies had posBut there is a vast number of words, with this prefix, session of England. which are not of Latin origin ; and whether ys is a native prefix in the Welsh, may be a question. One thing is certain, that s before another consonant, and coalescing with it, is, in a great number of words, a prefix. The modern Italian affords abundant proof of the extensive use of s, as the remains or representative of ex ; as shallare, to unpack, unbale ; sbarsftatterf, to abate ; sftronoare, to pluck off branches; .scar60(0, beardless icare, to discharge ; scommodare, to incommode ; sconcordia, discord ; scornare. to break the horns ; scrostare, to pull off the crust ; and a great num;

ber of others. Now if the same manner of forming words with this prefix has actually we may rationally suppose prevailed among the northern nations of Europe, that many English words, and perhaps all of this class, are thus formed. or Thus scn^ffr may be formed from a root in Cd; shape, from Cb, Cp ; skill, from the root of Lat. calleo ; slip, from the root of Lat. labor ; smart, from the root of Lat. amarus, bitter, Heb. nn; smite, from the root Eng. rug, of Latin mitto ; span, from the root of pan, to stretch ; spar, from the root ruga, source. of bar ; speak, from the root of Lat. voco : speed, from a root in Pd, perhaps from ysgriv, a writing, from emu a mark Lat. from the root of deep ; Vsgrivenu, to write, Lat. scribo, peto ; steal, from the root of Lat. tollo ; steep, from rhiv, something that from cut, a row of notches ; criviaw, to cut, to' grave ; stretch, from the root of reach ; sweep, fiom the root of wipe ; stvun, Hence scrivener. divides. wan, white ; szeell, from the root of to itell. Sax. tvellan, to boil, &e. That a from Lat. to cub, or scopes, sweep, besom, ysgubaw, Vsgub, a sheaf many English and other Teutonic and Gothic words are thus formed, appears collection, a heap, a cube. to be certain. to whisk or scud ; from cud, ceThese facts being admitted, let us examine a little further. In Russ. Vsgud, something that whirls ; ysgudaw, the same. svadiba is a wedding. Is not this formed on the root of iped, with s for a lerity, flight; ysgulh, ysguthnw, thrust ; from gu-th, gwthiaw ? Svara is a quarrel. Is not this formed on the root of vary, variance, Ysgwth, a push ys'gu'thiaw, to push or to jet prefix the same ; probably'allied to Eng. shoot. The Welsh has ysgythu, Sverlo is a borer ; qu. bore and veru ; svertirayu, toroll qu. or of spar 1 or spout, from the same root. Lat. rerto ; skora, furs, peltry qu. Fr. cuir ; skot, a beast ; qu. cattle; , ;. llaciaw from slack, slacken Ilac, loose, to loose ; Dan. ktoben, and its root slabei, ; Yslac, slack, yslaciatr, skupayu, to purchase in gross qu. cheap, and slow. to allied slack, Eng. from lag ; to slacken, sluggish Uag, weak; qu. Lat. /a6o)-, /a^jsus s/agoi/i*, to fold qu. tey, andp/ko slivayu. or distended, is what from to off bark or skin lengthened i/sZa6, flap, qu. to pour out liquors Yslapiaw, to slap, qu. Lat. libo ; slupayu, to peel s a lank a tall, stripling, person, from llab, a Hag, a strip, a stroke. Llabi, snova, new ; Lat. liber ; snimayu, to take away ; qu. Sax. neman, to take The Lat. nivis is from this loobu, a lubber, is from the same root llabiaw, to slap. Lat. nomts ; snig, sneig, snow, Fr. neige. qu. but it is proRuss. spletayu, to plait, &.c. Ysled, a sled, from lied, says Owen, which denotes breadth, root, with g opened to v. word probably from the same root as lied, that The Russ. prefix so occurs in a great number of words ; sobirayu, to colbably from the root of slide, a stretch along. is, to extend, to lect or assemble, precisely the Heb. and Ch. "Oy. from mod, Eng Ysmot, a patch, a spot ; ysmotiaw, to spot, to dapple, It now becomes an interesting question, to determine how far any analogy 7note. , e ,u exists, between the languagesof the Japhetic and Shemitic families, in regard Ysmwciaw, ysmygu, to dim with smoke, from mwg, smoke, bo smooth to prefixes. For exam"ple, in the Shemitic languages, 3 is a prefix of extenfrom Welsh mwyth. almost exactly with the English and Dutch by, the r u r Owen. I should say Irom the root ot sive use, corresponding bei. This Yspail,spoil,'{rom paiZ, farina, says Saxon be, and German preposition and prefix has several senses the root ofpeel, to strip. Yspeilwta, to be sense ocpalea, straw, refuse, that is, from in the Saxon which are now obsolete ; but its present prevailing east wind. pilfering. , t x Shemitic the languages. nT>' D'Hp nn3, by a strong Owen hut this is the Latin ex- curs in all Yspeliaw, to expel, from pel, a ball, says Ex. xiv. 21. Compare the following definitions of this preposition the Sax. the same root. from be Ball from may pello. pelh, from Castle. to spike ; from pig, a sharp point, a pike. from Lye. and the Shemitic Yspig, a spike, a spine ; yspigaw, Sax. de, e, ex, in, secus, ad,juxta, secundum, pro, per, super, propter,

C/

;

;

•

;

;

;

,•

,•

;

;

;

;

;

.

.

.

:

;

Hence Eng.

spigot. circa. Yspin a spine, from pin, pen. The Heb. Ch. Syr. in, e, ex, cum, propter, usque ad, adeo ut, ad, super, per, from cyn, first, chief, foremost Ysgynu, to ascend, Lat. ascendo, contra, ante. radical sense is to shoot up. Eth. in, per, pro, propter, cum, secundum, apud. of water, a lake. Yslw^, a slough, from llwc, a collection Ar. in, cum, propter, per, ad, erga. a cause or principle of producing, the germ or Yspar. a spear, from pdr, as ber, a spit, In Numbers, xiv. 34, it signifies according to, or after ; D'DTI 153003, acseed of a thing, a spear. This consists of the same elements This signification is now perhaps obsolete in is to shoot cording to the number of days. and Eng. 4101% and in Italian bar is sbarra. The primary sense " be his in the Saxon ; as, msgnum," according to English, but was common thrust, drive. So " be tham ma!stan ;" by the most, is now suis. a fine brisk his ; sprig, a^incft. strength ; pro viribis I'sjoinc, ayincA, frompmc, gay, a most. is at the that from off, to explain ; parted i)tan, expressed by, Ysplan, clear, bright; j/s/f/fwia, and Persic, is the Arabic in word Hebrew, a that this it is remarkable plant; a plane; whence plant a child; Eng. ray, a shoot, a planting, used in oaths, precisely as it is in English. Gen. xxii. 16, '3, By Hence splendor, W. ysplander. to shoot, as a preposition ,

.

plant.

a bearing, a port, passage &c. Lat Ysporthi, to support, from porth, porta, porta. ^ r , from tag, a state ol being Ystac, a stack, a heap ; ystaca, a standard ; or stuffed clogged. -^ n.. J he a that from to continuity. tad, spreads, stay ; Ystad, a state ; ystadu, primary sense is to set. to spread Fstam, that is spread; a stain; tin, Lat. stannum ; ystaentaiv, to tin, or cover with tin ; from taen, a spread, a layer. over, to stain ; •

.

ystaenu,

tin from spreading ? The sense is to set, to throw Ystau'l. a stool, from taiel, a cast or throw. Tawl is the root of deal. ilown. a Ystor, astore, that forms a hulk, from tor, a swell, prominence. but the sense is a rushing. that is from stretched, torin, Y.itorm,:i storm, a stream, from compact, trim, that is, stretched, straight

Qu.

.

Now

,

planu,

is

trym, Ystrym, from extending. Ystwmp, a stump, from twmp, a round mass, a tump. from gwad, FstoafiauJ, to sguat, from t/sti'orf, a throw, or falling down,

IJvjij beballah or by Allah; Fersic, myself have I sworn. Arabic, The evichoda or begoda, by God, the very words now used in English. bei dence then is decisive that the Shemitic prefix 3 is the Teutonic 6c, by, is certainly a contraction of big, which contt-acted, and this Teutonic word used in the Saxon, especially in compound words, as in bigspell, [by-spell\ This prefix then was in universal use by a fable ; bigstandan, to stand bif. and this word alone is theori.'inal stock of mankind, before the dispersion; Shemuic and Teutonic landemonstrative proof of the common origin of the that this is the prefix b, and probably p, certain is it ..ua-^es equally in all the modern words of multitude a and before I and r, in block, b'raigh, Shemitic and probably, the same letter is a prefix in many

Now

languages;

"

We know

that be in the

as the simple a

verb

is

is a prefix, The all the Teutonic and Gothic languages. in elements and sigmticacorresponds exactly

Saxon bedalan, and Dutch bedeclen,

found in

Hebrew and Chaldee bna

m

INTRODUCTION. Whether the first letter is a prefix in the (son, with the Saxon and Dutch. See tlic word ihal, wtiicli wlien Iriflatter languages, let the reailer judge. ced, terminates in tlie VVelsl) tawl, a cast olf', a tlirow ; separatiou; lawlu, to cast or throw oil', to scpaiate. In Clialdee, 112 signifies to scatter, to disperse. The word has the same Syriac and .Samaritan. In Ethiopic, the word with X prefixed, signifies to wi.sh, love, desire,

one into the other, and the change seldom occasions much obscurity. njore didiculty, not so

gy

and with "^ prefixed, to strive, to endeavor, and without a prefix, Both these significations are from stretching, straining. course, race. In Arabic

j^j

signifies generally to ha.sten, to

run to; but

strife,

,

Jsj

to fovi or scattcrseed. signifies to disperse, This verb is writicii in Hebrew "113 with precisely the same signification. The Arabic also h;Ls the verb with this orthography, signifying to sow, and also to beat or stiike with a stick.

is less

1.

llie .signification in

much by

is so fiequent, tliat this circumstance The changes of signification occasion necessity, as because this branch of philolo-

understood.

OF ARTICULATIONS, OR CONSONANTS.

CIIAIVGE

The

articulations, letters which represent the junctions or joinings of the All these are organs, usually called consonants, are the stamina of words. convertilile and frequently converted into their The word

cognates. English bear represents the Latin fcro and pario, and fero is the Greek ipipu. Latin veuliis is wind in English ; anil habeo is have. The Latin dens,

The in

Dutch, Danish and Swedish

is

land; and danee in English

is

in

German

tanz.

These changes are too familiar to require a multiplication of examples. But there are others less comnion and obvious, which are yet equally certain. Thus in the G.aelic or Hiberno-t'eltic, m and mb are converfible with to or Here we have V ; and in Welsh m and v are changed, even in different cases of the same Now in Syriac ft dar, signifies strive, struggle. the simple verb, without the prefix, with the sense of the Etliiopic, with word. Thus in Irish the name of the hand in written cither lamh or lav, and in Welsh niaen, a stone, is written also vaen. The Greek (3 is always a prefix. Supra. pronounced a.s the English v, as (JouXofiai, Lat. volo, English will, German We find also the Arabic i tharra, the simple verb, signifies to .sprinkle. wollen ; and the sound of i the Greeks express by nfJ. In the Chaldee and one remarkable distinction is the use of a We find in Chaldee XIH, TTH and m, the simple verb, signifies to dis- dental letter in the Hebrew, former, where the latter has a sibilant. As PD cuth ? in Chaldee is WD cush in Hebrew 3rn, gold, in Chaldaic, is 3nt in Hethe same. In Arabic in to like the sow, 1 Syriac, signifies perse; ,^ brew. The like change appears in the modern languages for water which, Both this and the former verb sig- in most of the northern languages, is written with a dental, is, in German, foregoing verb, and hence to procreate. nify also to whiten, as 'the hair of the head, as we say, to sprinkle wjth gray written ifasser, and the Latin dens, W. dant, Dutch land, Swedish and J Danish land, is, in German, zahn. The like change is frequent in the The Arabic ] ^ signifies to drive, to impel, to repel, to contend, Greek and Latin. paTM, in one dialect, is (ppao-crt.', in another and the hairs. And here we have the literal signification Latins often changed ( of the indicative present, or infinitive, into s in the to shine, to sparkle. to strive of this whole cla.ss of verbs; to drive, urge, throw, send; hcucc to scat- preterit and participle, as mitto, tnittcre, }nisi, missvs. L and H, though not considered as letters of the same organ, arc really ter, to strive, to shoot a.s rays of light, procreate, kc. The Hebrew corresponding verb is mt or ^'17 to scatter, to sow; and such and changed the one into the other. Thus the Spaniards write blnndir (ov brandish, and escolta for escort. The Portuguese write iranrfo for bland, the word witli the like orthography occurs in Ch. Syr. and Ar. This is and branqutar, to whiten, for blanch. The Greek has (fpayiAXi.i for the .\nd who can doubt that is a the Latin sero. 3 prefix in tlie verb 113 hM'm In Eurojie however this change seems to be limited flagellum. above mentioned ? L is chiefly to two or three nations on the coast of the Mediterranean. In Welsh, goberu signifies to work, to operate; gober, work, operation sometimes commutable with D. formed by the prefix go and pe>' ; go denoting progress towards, approach, We have a few instances of the change of g^ or gh into/. Thus rough is and per rendered by Owen, that pervades, a fruit, a pear; but the real pronounced »«/, and trough, trauf. sense is to strain, to bring forth, to drive, thrust, urge, &.C. The Russians often change the d of a noun into the sound of j, or the This word, in the Annoric dialect, iswiitten either gofter or oher ; in in the verb formed from that noun as lad, accord, harmony, Latin operor, whence Eng. operate. The same word is in the Ethiopic, compound g, bred, damage, loss laju, to accord, or agree breju, to injure. The Italians and French have also changed a dental into a palatal letter, T'fl^ g»''6'"> 'o make, to do. f\1(\i agabar, to cause to be made; in many words; as Italian raggio, a ray, from Lat. radius ; and ragiune, tagabar, to work, operate, negotiate gabar, a maker. ^f" T n ^ "] f) ^ reason, fi-om ratio ; Fr. manger, to eat, from Lat. mando, or manduco. This is tlie Heb. and Ch. 13J to be strong, to prevail, to establish, and as In the south of Europe, the Greek x has been changed, in some instances, into the Italian or Spanish z, and then by the French into s. It seems a noun, a man; Ar. >J>.=» jabara, to make strong, to heal, as a broken that the Spanish z has, at some former period, been pronounced as a guttural. Thus the Gr. fi^uxim, Lat. brachium, the arm, is in Spanish brazo, bone to strengthen. That this Slieniitic word and the Welsh and Ethiopic are all radically one, and the Spaniards have the word fiom the Latin, or from the same source there cannot be a question and the Welsh proves indisputably that go is a as the Latin and Greek, the Celtic braic. This word, brazo, the French This then is a word formed on 13 or N13. The Heb. T3X, changed into bras, and from that we have brace and embrace, A similar prefix. change occurs in Dnrazzo, noni Dyrrachium, and in the Spanish luz, light. strong, that is, strained, and 13N, a wing, that is, a shoot, ai e from tlie same The Teutonic nations often used h to express the power of the Greek «, £ and the Latin c, as heart for napSm, horn for cornu. Hence we find that root, and in Arabic »j ? abara, signifies to prick, to sting, and its deriv the Saxon hiinian, hhonian or hlynian, to lean, is tlic Greek hAuw, Latin aUves, the extremity of a thing, a point, a needle, corresponding with the ctino. The letter /i is now dropped and we write the word lean. in like manner, the Saxon hlid, which we now write lid, is fiom the same Welsh bar, a summit, a tuft, a branch, a bar, and the Welsh bcr, a pike, a root as the Latin claudo, cludo, the Greek kAu^.-o.', which is contracted into in Welsh also, par, a spear, and lance, a spit, a spear, Lat. i>er« per, a M^iiu. And in this word we may notice another fact, that the word signifies spit, are all doubtless of the same origin. not In Syriac, only to shut, but to ])i'aise or celebrate, proving that this word and the to make, to work or operate. Is this j.o. ,tsabar, signifies Latin plaudo, are the same, with difiiirent pi-efixes, the same as laudo, and the same root with a diderent prefix ? that the primary sense is to strain. This in Saxon appears iu hlad, loud, ,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

—

;

The same word

in

Arabic

j.x*s

signifies to

be patient,

to

bear, to sus-

tain.

We

the Teutonic and Gothic languages, the same word is used with dilTerent Thus in our mother tongue, begin is writprefixes. ten gynnan, the simple radical word, and aginnan, beginnan, and nan ; and in the Gothic, dvginnan, which, in English,VouId be, ongynlogin. Should it appear upon investigation, that verbs in the Assyrian languages have the same prefixes which occur in the European languages, the fact will evidence more affinity between tlie languages of these two stocks than has yet been known lo exist. Let us now attend lo the natural causes which may be supposed to have obscured or destroyed the identity or resemblance of languages which had a comnion origin.

observe,

tliat in

The atfinily of words, in two or more different languaces, is known by identity of letters and identity of signification ; or by letters of the same organ, and a signification obviously deducible from the same sense. Letters of the same organ, as for example, b, /, ;) and t) are so easily converted, the!

hlydan, to cry out. In Latin, /and h have been converted, as hordeum (or fordeum ; and the Spaniards now write h for/, as hacer for the Latin facere ; kilo for filum ; herir iorferire, Uc. 2.

CH.\NGE OF VOMELS.

The change

of vowels is so common, as to occasion no difficulty in determining the sameness of words; indeed little or no regard is to be had to them, in a-scertaining the origin and affinity of languages. In this opinion 1 accord w ith almost all writers on this subject ; but I have to combat the opinion of that elegant scholar. Sir William Jones, who protests against the licentiousness of etymologists, not only in transposing letters, but in totally disregarding the vowels, and seems to admit the common origin of words only w hen written with the same letters, and used in a sense precisely the same.'*

*

Asiatic Researches, vol. 3, p. 4S9.

INTRODUCTION. prejudice existing against etymol- German brauchen, Dutch gebruiken, Danish bruger, Sw. bruka, Sax. bruit is justly liable to all the objections can, to use, topracfice. and hence the English brokci\ ogy. As the subject has been treated, The same remarks are applicable to Ta7na and racro-w ; (ppa7na and ippao-o-w ; urged against it. But it is obvious that Sir W. Jones had given very little attention to the subject, and that some of its most common and obvious prin- aXXayn and aWaaau ; xtipa"'"P and xapacrcrw, and many other words of like forIn all these cases, the last radical letter is to be sought in the deriHis had his obsen'ation. opinion with regard to both articu- mation. ciples escaped iblvatives of the verb, and in one of the past tenses, particularly in an aorist. as will from the lations and vowels is unequivocally erroneous, appear This fact affords no feeble evidence that in Greek, as in the Shemitic iowing list of words, taken from modern languages, and respecting the languanot have the ges, the preterit tense or an aorist, was the radix of the verb.* identity of which, that gentleman himself, if living, could But it is not in the Greek language only that we are to seek for the primislightest doubt. Latin tive radical letters, not in what is now called the root of the verb, but in the Swedish. Dutch. German. Saxojj. English. derivatives. The fact is the same in the Latin, and in the English. The araw, I tralio. trekken, draga, tragen, dragau, Latin ^itcius and _^ta/, cannot be deduced from_^Mo,- but the orthography of these words proves demonstrably that the gifva, give, original root v:asflugo, or fluco. g'fan, geeven, gebcn, So in EngHsh sight cannot be deduced from see, for no example can be found '"'' ^0''' f"^'' '°''''^'' of the letter g introduced to form the participles of verbs. Gr.''«J,. feet', J Sight, in Saxon hake, gesicht, D. zigl, G. sicht, Dan. sigt, Sw. sickt, is a participle; but the hook, hoc, haak, haken, verb in the infinitive, in Saxon is seon, geseoyi, Ger. sehen, D. zien, Dan. dag, tag, clay, dag, daeg, daag, habeo. seer, Sw. se ; in which no palatal letter is found, from which g or ch can be haben, hafva, habban, heli'bcn, have, deduced. The truth then is that the original verb was sega/i, or in Dutch [Fr. avoir, ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont.] lauten, zegen ; the g being lost as it is in the French nier, from the Lat. nego. lopa. hleapan, loopen, leap, In tlie change of letters in the Greek verbs betore mentioned, the process brinna, brandcn, brennen, burn, liyrnan, seems to have been from 7 or » to f , and then to u and t ; 7rpa7w, irpa^u, irpucvelle volo, woUen, willan, willcn, will, willja, This is cei'tainly a process which is natural and common. The (Tu, TrpciTTw. sten, stein, steen, stone, Stan, Latin brachium thus became in Spanish brazo, and then in French bras ; breit, bred, breed, bred, broad, and thus in the Italian, Alexandria has become Alessandria. erde, eorth, aarde, earth, jord, Dan. lord. When the last radical of a Greek verb is a dental, it may not be certain wie, ho, Dan. hvo. hwa, who, sukia, zoeken, suchen, sequor whether the original letter was d, or th or t. We find the Greek verb (TTrac. secan, seek, to draw, forms its derivatives with cr, crTrao-ga, arraiTii ; and this is probably the boon, bohne, bona, Dan. bonne. bean, bean, Here are scarcely two words written with the same letters in two lan- Armoric spaza, fi-om which we have spay. So W{<^, ippao'ii, and (fp^On, are guages; and yet no man ever called in question their identity, on account evidently of the same family. It is not improbable that the original letter of the difference of orthography. The diversity is equally great in almost might have a compound sound, or it might correspond ncaily to the Arabic So in the same words we often lind all other words of the same original. or the English dh or th, or ds, so as easily to pass into d or ]i or tO the vowel changed, as in the Lat. facio, feci ; ago, cgi ; sto, sfeti ; vello, into s. vulsi. Nothing is more certain than that the Welsh gtvyz, and the English It is equally clear that many Greek words have lost an initial consonant wood, are the same word, although there is one letter only common to them The letter most generally lost is probably the oriental n, but obviously the both. It is pronounced gooyth, that is, g, and wyth ; as guard for ward. There seems to palatals, 7 and k, have, in many instances, been dropped. be no question that the Greek o\oi is the English whole and perhaps all. This in Welsh is oil or holl, in Saxon al or geall ; and this is undoubtedly LOSS 3. So the Gr. o>.\u(ii is the Welsh colli, to lose ; and BiKm may the Shemitic Sj. be the English coil, Fr. cueillir. There are some words, which, in certain languages, have suffered a In hke manner, the Greek has, in many words, lost a labial initial, answerthange of a radical letter ; while in others it is wholly lost. For example, The Greek !i5m is undoubtedly the Latin video ing to the English 6, /or v. word, in Danish and Swedish is ord; icort, a plant, is urt ; the Saxon gear, ip7ov is from the same root as work ; i5ioi is from the root oi vid, in the Latin or ger, English year, in Danish is aar, in Swedish is &r, in Dutch jaar, and in German jaAr. and that individuus, is, separate, and from the Arabic, J^ j badda, dieido, we have a clear and decisive the yoke, and its

am not

I

at all surpviseil at tlie

common

'

CHANGE OR

OF RADICAL LETTERS.

,•

In

word,

example

affinities,

of changes in orthography. Yoke, the Latin jugum, is from the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic ju, zug, to join, to couple ; a word not found in the Hebrew. The Greeks retained the original letters in Cu^o!, {u^ow ; the Latins changed the first letter to J in jugum, and inserted a casual »i in ;'jmgo. From the Latin, the Italians formed giogo, a yoke, and giugnere, to join the Spaniards, yugo,a yoke, and juntar, to join; the French, Jo«g, a yoke, and ^oi'jirfrc, to join, in Saxon, yoke is geoc or ioc ; in Dutch, jwAr; G.

to separate.

In many instances, the Latin retained or restored the lost letter ; thus hajnaxa, for a^af a ; harpago for ap;ra7Ti ; harmonia for ap^ovia ; video for £i5w. If the marks of breathing, called spiritus asper and spiritus lenis, now prefixed to Greek words, were intended to represent the letters lost, or to stand The spirin the place of them, they answer this purpose very imperfectly. itus asper may stand for a palatal or guttural letter, but it does not designate which letter, the n. or the 3 much less does this or the other spiritus justjoch; Sw. ok. One of the most general chaqges that words have undergone is the entire ly represent the labials, 6,/, for «'. Whenever the Latins wrote /i in the loss of the palatal letter g, when it is radical and final in verbs ; or the open- place of the Greek spiritus, we may conclude that the original letter was n or have examples in the a cognate letter and we may conclude also that the V in video, and in divido, ing of that articulation to a vowel or diphthong. English bow, from Saxon bugan, to bend buy, from byegan ; brotv, from viduus, individuus, stands for the original labial lost in iifo, and iSios. But breg ; lay, from lagan, or lecgan ; say, from siegan ;fair, bom fager ; flail, there are many words, I apprehend, in which the lost letter is unknown, and from the Getmanflegel, Lat. flagelium; French nier, from Lat. nego, ne- in which the loss cannot be recovered, by any marks prefixed to the words. We may well suppose that hymnus exhibits the correct written form of gate. The same or similar changes have taken place in all the modern langua- uix'o! but what is there in the Greek v(fr,, to lead us to consider this word as Both the Greek the EngUsh woof, and wpau, to be the same as weave ? ges of which I have any knowledge. The loss and changes of radical letters in many Greek verbs deserve par- words have the spiritus asper. find in the Lexicons, irpayua, Trpa7o!, Trpaxiixos, are referticular notice. What proportion of Greek words have been contracted by the loss of an inracro-io to and theme or root to as the pro red to ?rpacT(7u, Trpatiu, ; pnrap, itial or final consonant, cannot, I apprehend, be determined with any pre; rayjia, This reference, so far as it operates as a direction to the cision at least, not in the present state of philological knowledge. It is pro(ppa7tia, to (ppatTo-u. student where to find the verb to which the word belongs, and its explana- bable the number of contracted words amounts to one fourth of all the verbs, But if the student supposes that these words and it may be more. tion, is useful and necessary. are formed from the theme, so called, or the first person of the indicative Similar contractions have taken place in all other languages ; a circummode, present tense, he is deceived. I am confident no example can be stance that embarrasses the philologist and lexicographer at every step of his found, in any language, of the palatals 7 and «, formed from the dentals and researches ; and which has led to innumerable mistakes in Etymology. sibilants, ^ and a, nor is pn™p,or any similar word formed by the addition of know that the Swedish &r, and Danish aar, a year, have lost the articulation the dental to a verb ending in a vowel. The truth is, the last radical in pm of g, asj is in the g, and that the English y in year, is the representative The ra- Dutch jaar. and German ja/ir is lost, in the indicative mode, and in irpao-au;, Trpairco, it is changed. : for the g is found in our mother tongue ; dical lost in pi" is 5 or 9 ; the original word was ptJu or piOw, and the deriva- and in a multitude of words, one language will supply the means of detertives pTiTup, piiTopiKTi, were formed before the radical letter was dropped in the No sooner is the verb restored to its primitive form, than we recogverb. nize its connection with the Irish raJ(Zfta?n, to speak ; Saxon r
;

We

;

;

;

We

;

;

We

;

;

original orthography restored,

INTRODUCTION. orthography which cannot be asrortaincd by another. But doubtless many changes have taken place of which the evidence is uncertain ; the chain which might conduct us to the original orthogand no means now remaining of repairing (he loss. raphy being broken, In no language, has the rejection or change of consonants seived so efibctSo e.xtensive have ually to obscure tlie original words as in the French. been the changes of orthography in that language, tliat luul not the early lexicographers indicated thelo.ss of letters by a mark, it would be impossible now to discover the original orthography, or to trace the connection of words with other languages, in a large portion of (hem. And it is with regret we observe the inliuence of the French practice of suppressing consonants, luinino; the real origin or true

extending itself to other countries. It is owing to the njost servile obsequiousness of nations, that Basil or liusilea, the elegant name of a town in Switzerland, has been corrupted to Basle, and pionounccd most barbarously The fiermans aie pursuing a like course in suppressing the palatal hale. letters: a most unfortunate circumstance for the strength of the language.

The

Italians also ha\'c a disposition to reject letters

wlien Ihey interfere

So also in sigguan, (o sing; laggs, long. In a few English. find (he Swedes and Danes have the word written in bo(h end tycka, tykker, to Ihink.- But in general the Gervviite words of this sort with ng. To show how important it is to know the true original orthography, I will mention one instance. In our mother tongue, the word to dye, or color, is the elcinenis or ladical letters are dg. To determine |Writtcn (/cagare; whether this and the Latin tingo arc the same words, we must first know whether n in tingo is radical or casual. This we cannot know with certainly, by the form of the word itself, for the n is carried through all (he tenses and forms of (he verb. But by looking into the Greek, we find the word w^ritten with 7, T177W and (his 1 Icarly proves the alliance of (be woid with deagan. See Dye in (he Dictionary. We have many Enghsh words, in which a d has been inserted before g, \^sm badge, budge, lodge, pledge, ivedge. In all words, I believe, of ihis class, (he (/is casual, and the g lollowing is the radical \eHer us pledge from the French pleige ; wedge from the Saxon wecg. The practice of inserting d in words of this sort seems to have originated in the necessity of some mode of preserving the English sound of g, whic.li might otfierwise be sounded as the t'rench g before e. And it is for this reason we still retain* and ought (0 retain
instances,

ways,

'inans,

we

as Ihnka, ta-nker

Danes, Swedes and Dutch

;

,

we see, in their language, ^imftore iovjiure ; Jiocco for Jlocro ; a change that has removed a radical consonant, and thus obscured or ratlicr destroyed the affinthe and Latin between Italian the words. ity Another diflerencc of writing and pronouncing, has been produced by the change of a sibilant fetter into an aspirate or econverso, by the change of an aspirate into a sibilant. No person doubts whether the Latin super is (he Greek uirip ; or o.^ciXu is siDiilis ; or aJ.s is sal, salt. The latter in Welsh is balen, hal. So hclyg, a willow, in Welsh, is in Latin salix. The tcr. ior ivait with their habits of pionunciation, and hence

110,

wv'iUcn

i'or

piano

;

:

w

the Latin sepiem, English seven. This in Persic is Ct.x& heft or haft, which approaches the Greek una. It has been commonly supposed, that in this case, (he aspirate in Greek has been converted into an s. There are however strong reasons for believing that the change has been (he reverse, and that s has been dropped, and its place supplied by an (Jreek

irrra is

aspirate.

The word

seven

is,

beyond

a question,

the Shemitic

»

: in Welsh, gwal, i'or wall ; gwain. Cor wain ; gwured, for guard, which in EngHsh is ward, Sp. guarda. In some instances, the « or w is dropped in modern writing, as in the French garenne, a warren : for This difference of garde, guard. orthography makes it difficult, in some

cases, to ascertain the (rue radical letters.

CHANGE OF

SIGNIFICATION.

j^.^

Another cause of obscurity in the affinity of languages, and one thai to have been n>ostly overlooked, is, the change of the primary sense of (he radical verb. In most cases, tliis change consists in a slight deflecsenex, in Welsh hen, seems clearly to be the Ar. sanna, to be old. tion, or difference of application, which has obtained among diflerent famIt is then clear (hat in these words s is radical. In .some cases, the literal sense is lost or obscured, It is probable however ilies of (he same stock. that the aspirate, in some cases, has been and the is retained. The first object, in such cases, is to figurative only changed into s. find the primary or literal sense, from which the various It deserves to be noticed that (he radix of a word is sometimes particular applicaobscured, tions may be easily deduced. in Greek and Latin, Thus, we find in Latin, libeo, libet, or lubeu, by the loss or change of a radical letter in the nomina-

whence

i'ya,

n3l7, Eng. sabbath

;

and the Gaelic sean, old, whence Latin seems

^

We find in Latin nepos, in the nominative, hnepotis in the gen- lubet, is rendered, to please, to like ; lubens, willing, glad, cheerful, pleashonos. honoris, &.c. In these changes, I suppose the letter restored ed; libenter, lubenter, willingly, gladly, readily. What is the primary be (he true ladical Tetter. Thus adamant has been sense, the visible or physical action, from which the ideaoft/'iHrn"- is taken? I find, either by knowing the radical sense of willing, ready, in other aajiaw, to subor by the predominant sense of the elements cases,
;

in the oblique cases to

deduced by our etymologists from the Greek a negative and

;

;

;

m

.'

m

We

VOL.

We

I.

C

INTRODUCTION. a sketching towards an object, coinciding with tlie primary sense of attention. The primary sense of reckon is to strain out sounds, to speak, tell, relate ; a sense now disused. Tile Saxon care, care, ccrrcion, to care, to carli, is connected in origin with tile Latin career, a prison ; both from the sense of straining, whence holding or restraint. To prove how the pi-imary general sense of a word may ramify into diiTerent senses, by special appropriation of the word among separate families of men proceeding from the same stock, let us observe the different senses in which leap is used by the English, and by the nations on the continent. In to leap over a fence. Knglish, to leap is simply to spring ; as, to leap a yard it will be seen that this But on the continent it signifies to run. word as used by the Germans cannot always be translated by itself, that is,i ;

j

Now

and this is precisely the Greek Ppix^^. The primary sense then throw, or drive, in a transitive sense ; or in an intransitive sense, break forth. and to curse have the same radical sense, which is, to send or pour out words, to drive or to strain out the voice, precisely as in the Latin appello, from pello, whence peal, as of thunder or of a bell. The two senses spring from the appropriation of loud words to express particular acts. This depends on usage, like all other particular applications of one general signification. The sense in Scripture is to utter words either in a good or bad sense ; to bless, to salute, or to rail, to scold, to reproach ; and this very word is probably the root oirejiroach, as it certainly is of the Latin ^recor, used, like the Shemilic word, in both senses, /»rat//n^ and cursing, or deforth rain

is

;

to send,

to rush, to To bless

It is also the same word as the English ^irm/, It. pregare, L. precating.'* following pas- precor, the same ^spreach, D.prechen, W. pregethii. To the same family be" Nimm long the Gr. ppoix", Ppioc", Ppi-xaonai, to bray, to roai', to low, Lat. rugio. sage from Luther's Version of the Scriptures. 1. Sam. xvii. 17. fur deine broder diese epha sangen, und diese zehen brod, und /ai*f ins heer Here we see that bray is the same word, applied to the voice of the ass and zu deinen brudern." " Take now for thy brethren an ephah of this parched to breaking ill a mortar, and both are radically the same word as break. The sense of kneeling, if radical, is to throw, and if fiom the noun, the corn, and these ten loaves, and leap to the camp to thy brethren." Leap, instead of run, is good German, but bad English.* There are two other sense of the noun is a throwing, a bending. The Chaldee sense of digging, if radical, is from thrusting in an instrument, words in this passage, of wliich a like remark may be made. The German but perhaps it is a sense derived from the name of fcrot/, loaves, is our breail, which adiidts of no plural; and sangaji is our or breaking the ground a shoot or cion, and in reality, to set a shoot, to plant. singed, which we cannot apply to parched coin. The Syriac use of this word in Matthew xv. 19, is intransitive, to issue, So in some of the Teutonic languages, to tvarp kittens or pup])ies, to rt-arp eggs, is correct language, though to our cars very odd ; but this is only to shoot or break forth. So in Arabic, to rush on, to assault. The sense of a particular application of the primary sense, to throw. We say to lay eggs, firmness in Arabic is from setting, throwing down, as in kneeling ; and hence the sense of breast, the fixed, firm part. but to lay is to throw down. That this word has the sense both of blessing and of cursing or reproachBy this comparison of the different uses and applications of a word, we And it is by this ing, we have demonstrative evidence in the Welsh language. Rheg, in are able, in most cases, to detect its original signification. means, I apprehend, that we may arrive at a satisfactory explanation of the Welsh, is "[13, without the prefix. It signifies a sending out; utterance; manner in which the same word came to have different and even opposite a gift or present ; a consigning a ban, a curse or imprecation. Rhegu, to significations. give ; to consign ; to curse. From rhi}g is formed preg, a greeting, or saluis rendered, in tation, [the very Hebrew and Chaldee word.] pregeth, a sermon, and preIt is well known, for example, that the Hebrew word j'lD, our version of the Scriptures, both to bless and to curse. The propriety of gethu, to preach. Here we liave not only the origin oi preach, but another that who labors to the latter rendering is controverted by Parkhurst, prove, important fact, that preg, and of course 1*^3. is a compound word, composed But this is not all; the Welsh greg, a cackin Kings and in Job, where it is rendered, to curse, it ought to be rendered, of a prefix,/) or b, and rheg. It is true that is formed with the to bless ; and he cites, as authorities, the ancient versions. prefix g on this same rheg. [Dan. ling, gregar, to cackle, in 1 Kings xxi. 10. 13 ; and in Job i. 11, and ii. 5, the seventy have rendered krage, a crow.] the word by ivkoyiu, to bless and other ancient versions agree with the In Welsh, bregu signifies to break ; brig, a breach, a rupture. This But let the word be rendered by bless in the following passa- Owen deduces from bar, but no doubt erroneously. It is from rhegu, and Septuagint. "Put forth thy hand now, and touch his bone, and his flesh, and he there is some reason to think that break is from "1"13, rather than from ges. p^S, " Bless God and die." How will bless thee to thy face." very absurd does but probably both are from one radix, with different prefixes. such a translation appear. It shows the immense importance of understanding the true theory of language, and the primary sense of radical words. observe one prominent sense of the Arabic ,»5jj baraka, is to rain Let us then endeavor to discover, if possible, the source of the difficulty in to pour forth water, as clouds. This is precisely the Greek gpixw ; the case here mentioned. To be enabled to arrive at the primary sense, let violently ; a woid found in all the Teutonic and Gotliic languages, but written either us examine the word in the several languages, first, of the Shemitic, and with or without its prefix. then of the Japhetic stock. Saxon, rtBgn or regn, rain ; regnan, to rain. Heb. "|13 To bless to salute, or wish a blessing to. Dutch, regen, rain ; regenen, beregenen, to rain upon. to bla.spheme. 2. To curse German, regen, rain ; regnen, to rain ; beregnen, to rain on. 3. To couch or bend the knee, to kneel. Swedish, rcgna, to rain. Deriv. A blessing, and the knee. Danish, regn, rain ; regner, to rain. Chaldee, "jlS To bless ; to salute at meeting, and to bid farewell at Saxon, racu, rain; Cimbric, rmkia, id. parting. Here we find that the English rain, is from the same root as the Welsh 2. To bend the knee. rheg. rhegu, and the Shemitic "jl^. 3. To dig ; to plow ; to set slips of a vine or plant for propagation. or reccan, Pursuing the inquiry fiirther, we find that the Saxon recan, Tahn. and Rabbin. [W. rhegu,] .signifies to speak, to tell, to relate, to reckon, the primary sense Deriv. The knee ; a blessing ; a cursing ; a cion ; the young of fowls. of which last is to speak or tell ; also, to rule, which shows this to be the LaTo fall on the knees; to fall or bow down. Judg. tin same Syriac, rego ; also to care, which is the English reck. That this is the V. 27. word as rain, we know fiom the Danish, in which language, regner signiMath. xv. 19. 2. To issue or proceed from. In the German, fies both to rain and to reckon, to tell, to count or compute. 3. To bless. and to a reckon, written little the words are rechnen, regnen, to ilirt'erently

by the same word,

into English.

Take

for

illustration the

;

;

;

We

;

;

3LO

;

Samaritan, Ethiopic,

a'^S To

f\4Tl To

rain.

bless.

bless.

Arabic, isTj-j To bend the knee ; to fall on the breast, as a camel. 2. To be firm, or fixed. Gr. Ppix". 3. To rain violently ; to pour forth r;un, as the clouds. 4. To detract from ; to traduce ; to reproach or pursue with reiuoaches

6.

To bless to pray for a blessing on to prosper to be blessed. To ha^^ten to rush, as on an enemy to assail. The breast the bason of a fouutMn a fish pond, or receptacle ;

;

;

this is a fact

by no means

EngUsh reckon and

governing.

;

;

Dutch, reekenen and regenen; but find that the

straight, stretched. Hence we find that rain ;

;

;

Deriv.

in

reck, and the Latin rego, arc The pi imary sense is to strain, to reach, to stretch. Care the same word. is a stretching of the mind, like attention, fiom the Laiin teiulo, and reHence rectus, right, that is, straint is theradical sense of

to revile. 5.

So

uncommon. Here we

Deriv. the knee.

of

and the Latin regnum, reign, are radically the

same word. Now in Saxon racan, or riecan, is the English reach, to stretch or extend, from the same root, and probably reek, Saxon recan, reocan, to fume or smoke for this is, to send off. ;

might have mentioned before, that the Chaldee n0"13, a cion or branch, Irish Jraic, or rai»/) ; Welsh ftraif ; precisely the CeUic word for arm; the Greek poaxiuv, the Latin brachium, whence the Spanish braio, the French bras, whence the English brace. The arm is a shoot, Heb. and Ch. In the latter sense, usually from j j. pi3. a branch, and branch is from this root oi- one of the family, n being casual ; The Arabic word supplies us with the certain means ol (l.^termining the branch for brach. radical sense ; for among other significations, it has the sense of pouring

water, as in Heb. and Ch. a flash of light.

:

also increase

;

abundance

;

constancy

He

I

splendor;

is

whence whence

o

•

;

walks, he leaps, he runs.

— Cowper.

'•

Imiirobus urget iratis precibus."

— Horace.

INTRODUCTION. if radically to n'ng or sound; the latter sense from straining or throwing, as in other cases. Without n, wring would be wrig, and wrong, wrog ; wrong, wrag, Oermnn spirchen, to speak, Dan. vrag. Swedish spraka, spraA- ; DaIn Greek, pi7oi is a blanket or coverlet, and connected with pirjnmiii ; that The Danish to break; sprekker. and Swedish nish sprog, speech spricka, is, a .spread, from stretching, or throwing over. same word willi n casual is seen in spring, the brmking or opening of the We find also among the Chaldee derivatives the sense of a neck, and a winter and here we see the origin of the majine phrase, to spring a mast, joint. Now we find this word in Irish, braigh, the neck in Greek, withDanish springer, to liiirst, crack or spring. This in Swedish is written out the prefix, fax", the Fi)iiic of the back, Saxon, hrcwca, EngUsh, the without n, spricka, to brea}c, burst, split; hut a noun of this family has n, rack, and fiom the Greek, th.e rickets, from distortion. a spring, a running. fpringa, a crack, ami spring, Coinciding with the Greek P17V0M, lo break, we find in Welsh rhwgaw, to Now let us attend to other Shemitic words consisting of cognate elements. a anil connecta. with and Welsh,

On

this

word,

different, are

let

be further ohservcd, or on

it

formed, with the prefix

s,

or

pis

pi3,

I

the

sprnehe, speech; Dutch fpreeken, Sjwaak

;

;

;

;

rock, rend, coinciding eraig, crag, payja, Chaldee, 113 To rub or scrape; to rub out or tread out, as grain from the ed with these, the Saxon hracod, English ragged, that is, broken ; evidently ear or sheaf; Latin/)i<;o,/no. the participle of a verb of this family. 2. To collect and'bind, as sheaves; perhaps English, lo rake. Hence we find the senses of distortion and breaking connected in tliLs 3. To break or break down. root, in a great variety of instances. In Saxon and Gothic /i«^nan, /ragan, signi4. To question; to doubt. to lighten, to shine or flash, is one of this family. The The Shemitic p-)3,

And under this or dart, to throw, as in all like cases. has the sense, to adorn, as a female ; to make bright or gives the English prank and prink, D. pragi, O.pracht. same family, fiom leaping, starting, darting up. ^ like diaphragm in Englisl In Greek Ppaxi.:, short, stands in the Lexicons as a primary word or root. ing, that is, interrupting access, or separation, The other derivative is rendered rigor, or cruelty that which strains, op- But thi.;is from the rool of break, which is lost in Greek, unless in pn/nm, or rakes, harasses. presses, breaks down, without the prefix. From (5?axu!, or the root of this word, the French lanWilli this verb coinciiles the Irish bracaitn, to break, lo harrow, that is, to guage has abreger, to abi-idge, and what is less obvious, but equally certain, rake. Latin has brevis, by sinking the palatal letis, that from the same root the To rub, so rendered, Lukevi. 1. Lat./Wco. A derivative ter, as we do in bow, from bugan, and in lay, from lecgan ; so that abridge Syr. and abbreviate, brief, are from one root. signifies to comminute. noted. Let this be It .should have been before mentioned that the Latin rrfragor, signifies Deriv. Distortion ; winding twisting. to resist, to strive against, to deny, whence refractory ; a sense that demonand refraction, in strates the primary sense to be to strain, urge, press Ar. Torub.Lat./nVg. ^j.i course of rays of light by turning them ; optics, is a breaking of the direct 2. To hate, as a husband or wife ; lo be languid, or relaxed. a sense coinciding witli that of distortion. Deriv Laxity , ; friability _ ^ .; frangiliility . ._ 1. _flr. sense of break, is, to strain, to distort. see then that one predominant to break off" jq Heb. pi3 To break, burst, or rend ; separate Let us now examine some of tlie bilitcral roots in rg and rk, which, if b Deri\'. A breaking or parting of a road. is a prefix, must be the primary elements of all the words above mentioned. break. Ch. p13 To Ch. JJ1 To desire, to long for. This is the Greek opi^w, and English to 2. Tb redeem, that is, to free, separate or deliver. reach; for desire is expressed by reaching forward, stretching tlie mind to.'?. To explain, as a doubtful question. wards the object. So in Latin appeto, and expeto, from peto, to move toDeriv. One who ransoms or delivers; a rupture; the neck or itsjunc wards. This coincides nearly with the Lalin 10^.), to ask, and the Goth. of the a reed a &c. the ankle ; ; joint ture ; a joint of the fingers, chapter, fragnan. Sax. frcegnan. a or section of a book explanation; exposition, pna, rupture, coinciding: To desire ; and with olaph prefixed,,.^ j to desire, or long ; also ; Syr.^ with the English broke. Latin rigo, irrigo, to irrigate. to moisten also to wet or moisten redeem. To »OL2) Syr. to remove to 2. To dejjart ; ; separate. Deriv. Tender, soft, fresh, from moisture or greenness. Qu. Lat. recens, Deriv. A recess, or withdrawing ; separation ; liberation ; redemption ; a derivative. Here desire and irrigation are both from one root; desire is a reaching safety ; vertebra. Sam. The same as the Syriac verb. forward, and irrigation is a spreading of water. This root, in Hebrew J1X, signifies to weave, or connect as in texture and Ar. »i to separate ; to divide ; to %vithdraw ; to disperse, [qu. Lat. net work ; but tlie primary sense is to stretch or strain. S to cast out ; to immerse. spargo;] to lay open; to disclose ; to \ signifies to emit an agreeable smell ; Deriv. Separation distinction ; distance ; interval dispersion ; aurora,! In Arabic, the same verb , as we say, the break of day also, a garment reaching to the middle of the also breech. breathe fragrance ; radically to throw or send out to eject ; a mere modificathigh, qu. frock; i have placed tlxese two words together, because I am convinced they are tion of the same sense. This is the Latin fragro, whence fragrant, with a both of one family, or formed on the same radical word. The latter coincides prefix ; but according exactly witli the English reek. for n in In Ar. as "IIN in Ch. Heb. Syr. and Sam., signifies to prolong, to extend. frango, is undoubtexactly with the Latin frango,fregi,fractum, Now in Welsh bregti, to break, would seem to be directly con- in Heb. in Hiph. to delay, or retard ; that is, to draw out in time. edly casual. nected with T)2, yet doubtless bregu is the English break, the German in Heb. has been differently interpreted ; indeed, it has been rendered ^yy In truth, the three words yxi, and breehen, the Dutch breeken, &c. ']13 by words of directly contrary signification. The more modern interprep13 are probably all from one primitive root, formed with different prefixes, ters, says Castle, render it, to split, divide, separate, or break; the ancient or rather with the same prefix differently written ; the diff"erent words interpreters rendered it, to stiffen, to make rigid or rough, to wrinkle or tribes of men. different Castle and Parkhurst, however, agree in rendering it, in some bearing appropriate senses, among corrugate. observe in the Chaldee word the sense of questioning. Perhaps this passages, to quiet, still, allay. Jer. xlvii. 6. 1.34. In Job vii. 6. our transmay be the Gothic /rao-nn, to ask, and if so, it coincides with the Latin rogo, lators have rendered it broken, my skm" is broken, [rough, or rigid.] In In the sense o( break, we find, in the Greek, Job. xxvi. 12. it is rendered by divide. the latter without the prefix. He divideth the sea by his power." He agitfr\-ym'j, without a prefix. In Vanderhooght's Bible it is in this place rendered by commovet Most of the significations of these verbs are too obvious to need illustra- ates the sea. The Seventy render it by nurtnavji, he stilled; and this is the tion. But we find in the Syriac the sense of distortion, a sense which at sense which Parkhurst gives it. first appears to be remote from that of or asunder. But is it rendered in our version and Jer. xxxi. li. Isaiah In 35, bursting 15, breaking hy divide. this is probably the primary sense, to strain, to stretch, a sense we retain in " But I am the Lord thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared." " I am the phrase, to break upon the wheel, and by dropping the prefix, we have Jehovah In Vanderhooght's Bible it is rendered in Isaiah li. 1.5, the precise word in the verb, to racA'. ut perstrepant fluctus ejus." In Jer. xxxi. thy God, qui commovens tnare, if this is the genuine sense, we find it gives the English toreck and S.'), commovens mare, ut tumultuenter fluctus agitating or moving the sea, wrack, the Danish vrag, Sw. vrak, a wreck. In Saxon, utiecan, wrecan, that the waves roar, or may roar. The passage in Isaiah is rendered by the is the English loreak, that is, to drive, or throw on ; wrace, is an exile, a seventy, on ©£?i ir.u> Tapao-trci'v rnv 6a\acr(javj Kai tixwv ra njiaya ai,'Tnj, agitawretch. In Dan. iiroo-er signifies to reject; Sw. vraka, to throw away; In the French transting the sea and causing its waves to roar and resound. " all implying a driving force, and that wreck is connected with break is prob-| lation, the passage in Isaiih is [I] qui fend la mer, et ses flots bruient." able for another reason, that the Latin fractus, frango, forms a constituent! who divide the sea and the waves roar. In Jeremiah the passage is " qui of the is which in Danish the sea and therefore part naufiagium, EngUsh shipwreck, simply vrag. agile la mer et les flots en bruient." Who agitates " Now if straining, distortion, is one of the senses of this root, the English the che muovo waves roar. In Italian, the passage in Isaiah is rendered " che commnove il wring, lerong, Danish vrang, Sw. vrang, may be deduced from it, for un- il marc, e le sue onde romoreggiano." In Jeremiah, doubtedly n is not radical in these words. The Dutch have wringen, but mare, onde le sue onde romoreggiano." WTio moveth the sea, wherefore the German drops the first letter and has ringen, both to twist or wind and its waves roar, or become ttimultxious. fies to ash.

sense is to shoot So in English refractory. Prov. ii. 12. Deriv. Froward ; perverse. root, the Arabic Tliisverb is not in the Hebrew; but there are two derivatives, one signishining; which from its use in breakso called of the inner vail the ;' probably temple Prance is of the fying ;

3^3

;

—

.

.

.

,

.

We

1

;

;

}^

;

—

o

~

;

;

;

;

We

—

—

Now

^'

INTRODUCTION. These

dilTerent repJerings

show the importance of understanding

Pi.

the ht-

X13> the verb differently pointed,

to

hew,

to

out down.

Josh. xvii.

m

the 15. 18. for whatever may be the real sense cral or primary sense of words ; Ez. xxiii. 47. 2. To cut down with the sword ; to kill. If we are give to vau ui be to divid-e. nassao-es above mentioned, it cannot 1 Sam. h. 29. 3. To make fat. it is diihcult to make sense ot the the followino- word, its usual sense of and, Thus far the Hebrew. are waves audits sea word yjl by translating it, he stilleih: hestilleth the i. 1. Gen. To create. Nt2 Chal. roar or be agUated ttwndtjwus, or he stilleih the sea that the waves may Is. xl. 20. 2. To cut off. would be, he rougnens This will not answer. The more rational version Talm. 3. To make fat ; to grow sound or strong. In Lthi it into agitation. the sea, and its ^v'aters roar, or he drives, impels and Deriv. Fat ; whole ; sound ; strong. to coagulate, to freeze, to become rigid ; word same the signifies opic, Gen. i. 1. Mark xiii. 19. and with a pretix, /;igeo, and tins sigSyr. j uc:s To create. this is undoubtedly the Latin rigeo, distant as a general rule, a and Deriv. for to remove To distance, (o wrinkle 2. distance, to Lat. ; allied ru^o, nification is perhaps contraho, and this the radical sense of wrinkle is to draw, as in contract, Sam. A-'Na To create. Gen. i. 22. Deut. iv. 32. are allied to rough, seems to be the sense of rigeo. Both these words t _

Castlf.

Castle. Castle.

—

This sense would perhaps well suit is from breaking or wrinkling. To create Job xxxviii. 7. [qu. 4 and 6.] Ar. also that in Job vu. j \j,j the context in these two passages, as it would Nom. V. 28. or guiltless, not obnoxious to punishment. 2. To be' free skin is rough. 31, and xxxii. 22. Rom. vii. 6 Now in Arabic, the general signification of i'JI is to return, to repeat, 3. To free ; to absolve, from a crime ; to liberate ; to dismiss ; to justify h may be from drawing back ; a different application oil to withdiaw, which XX. 7. Num. xiv. 18. Ex. or extend. the original sense, to strain, stretch, the Latin 4. To escape ; to forsake. The°ioot pn in Chaldee signifies to spit, and this is probably to restore to health. Lev. xiii. 5. To recover fioiii disease ; to be healed 18. Josh. V. 8. Math. iv. 23. verb in Arabic same The in varied somewhat \j application. ructo, 6. To cleanse ; to free from impurities to as strain, or teeth, shoot puto to reject, grow long 7. To abstain from. signifies to diive off, to rack ; also to spread, clear as wine precisely the English Deriv. Creator ; free ; unobnoxious clean ; empty. rify or make or make and to pour out. Hebrew pi, to empty, to draw out, to attenuate to spit, to draw out, to attenuate ; SaAr. \ To create. thin, and as a noun, spittle ;' Syriac. J.J to be fine, slender maritan, to pour out, to draw out, to extend ; Ethiopic, 2. To cut off; to hew or pare. has a like significa The verb or thin ; Arabic, to be soft, tender, thin. to distinguish. 3. To separate , to root, same original Hebrew, spread, tion, and is perhaps from the 4. To make thin. pp'y rendered But, says Castle, all the ancient 'interpreters stretch, extend. 5. To oppose ; to strive ; to resist. to strike, to beat, as plates ol the word, to ordain, establish, make lirm 6. To provoke ; to boast, or make a parade. But the sense is to stretch, to spread, and the beating is only the metal. Castle. 7. To distj ibute ; to disperse. with means of extending. Hence i''pi the iirmament, which agrees well to Gesenius, the primary sense of this verbis toheiv, to cut out, And to reconcile andAccording thus to make smooth, and thus to create ; and he deduces these senses Lat. regio, an extent ; in Hebrew, properly an expanse. be remembered it let this of word, in the same order, as he does those of the Arabic verb, which gives the word the ancient and modern interpretations are usually or always from stretching, tension. But there is no ground for this opinion ; and doubtless the verb orilike. tiinl strength and firmness " Regio a rfg-o quod ginated before the use of edge tools. Now let us hear Ainsworth on the word regio. sub regibus erant atque ab his reThe predominant senses of this word, are, to separate, to free, to remove ; priusquam provincis fierent, regiones more natural is it to deduce regio from the prima- as we see by the Arabic and Syriac. gebantur." How much which is to stretch, to strain, to extend! Megio is an exNow hetving is indeed separating, and we have tlie English word pare ry sense of rego, from this root but we must seek for a signification which is more general tent, a word of indefinite signification. In Chaldee and Arabic this verb signifies to mend, to repair, to make than that o( paring, or we shall not be able to account for the sense of makroot the See or over making strong. whole, from extending spreading ing fat, sound, entire, and strong, nor for that of being born. The truth undoubtedly is, this word is of the same family with the Eng'jj infra. observe that JJT and m'\ agree in original signification, with the lish bear, the Latin pario, and the radical sense is to throw, to thrust, to send, to drive, to extend ; hence to throw out, to produce, as apphed to the was formed of of its derivatives root which or some the English reach, on To throw or drive, is the primary sense of bii til of children or of the world. and were formed on any of the foregoing biliteThat lia. stretch. The Engli.«h word deal, when pia separation and division, that is, to drive off. that traced to its To create, is to proral roots we may not be able to affirm ; but it is certain from the Welsh root, presents the same fact. See Deal. the first consonant of the triliteral root is a prefix, and it is certain from the duce or bring forth, the same sense as that of birth, .ipplied to a different biliteral and same in the sense is the the that is from The sense of hewing and paring Shemitic languages primary driving off, separation. In object. or particular significations may Syriac, we observe the general application, in removal, or departure to a triliteral roots, or that all the applications The sense of fattening is derivative, and allied to that of healing distance. readily be deduced from one general signification. To illustrate this subject more fully, let us attend to the various applica- or making whole, sound, strong, in the Arabic, that is, preparing, bringing tions of some other Shemitic words of extensive use to a good state, or from tension, the usual primary sense of strength and

which

:

My

!

.

,

o

;

;

p

;

;

;

We

p3

power.

To obtain a more full and satisfactory view of this subject, let us attend to the same word in the modern languages of Europe.

»ra.

Heb. K^3 To

create.

This,

by most lexicographers,

in all tlie Shemitic languages. signification, Gen. i. 1. produce into being. 2.

To

is

given as the first

Parkhurst says,

form, by accretion or concretion of matter.

Gen.

i.

to create

LATIN.

to

;

21.

to

Paro,

prepare,

make ready, procure,

The

design, &.c.

radical sense of

In Hiph. To make fat to fatten or batten. 1 Sam. ii. 29. paro is probably the same as in the Shemitic languages to produce, to bring forward. So also ready implies an advancing, and so docs promptness. But Num. xvi. 30. 4. To do or perform something wonderful. In Kal, to renew, in a spiritual sense. the various ways of preparing a thing for use naturally give to the word, in 5. In Niph. To be renewed. results Ps. U. 12. process of time, a variety of particular significations; each of which The compounds of paro, are apin bringing the thing to the state desired. Castle says, comparo, to prepare or 1. To create from nothing, or to produce something new or excellent pnro, to prepare, to furnish, accouler or set out make ready ; from another thing. Gen. i. Is. xiii. 5. procure, to make equal, to compare, to join, to dress or to regain, to comIs. xlviii. 7. Ps. cii. 19. 2. In Niph. To be renewed or re-created. ;c;>ai"o, to repair, to create anew, /irrsparo, to prepare Let the Latin uses of this word be compared to pensate to bear away, or remove also to select 3. To cut off; to take away separo. to separate. the same Hebrew word in Joshua xvii. 15, where it is rendered cut with Josh. xvii. 15. 18. Ezek. xxiii. 47. prepare. down. " Ascend to the w»od country and cut down for thyself;" SeptuaGesenius says, This is one mo
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

point.

tions

is,

as in the Ar. ijii.

galaka, to be smooth, to

plane.

3.

make smooth. 2

ITALIAN.

To

Gen. i. 1. 21. 27. form, make. 1. Niph. passive of Kal. No. 2. Gen. ii. 4. Ezek. xxi. 30. Ps cii. 18. 2. To be born.

To

Parare, to prepare to garnish ; to adorn to propose an occasion to from or shelter to repair parry, or ward off, as a blow to defend to cover ;

;

;

:

;

;

;

INTRODUCTION. to teach

a garnishing ed, defended.

;

Apparare,

RUSSI.IN.

horsemanship, to stop parala, a wardiiic off, warded offor parried, sliieldparalo, prepared, ready, prompt,

ahorse

and

to stop,

to learn

;

in

;

apparato, learned, prepared

;

Uherayu, to put in order, to adjust, to mow or reap, apparato, preparation, hair. This word has the common prefi.\ u.

to cut, to dress as the

garnishiiienl.

Parecchio, a preparation; also equal, even, [L. par;] pnrecchiarc, to to make equal, to compare ; apparecchiare, to pre; paregs'iare, set in order appareggiare, to put in com pare, to ornament or garnish, to to equal. petition, to match,

PERSIC.

prepare

;

to

Compnrare,

to

compare.

«>
lo

vj poridan,

cut

off.

to unfurnish, to disgamish Disjiarare, to forget; disparare, sparare, make unready, lo disbowel, to separate, di-join, unpair ; to discharge, as

WELSH.

artillery.

/inparare, to learn. Par, something contiguous, or that is in continuity; a state of readinsss state ; to repair, or resort to, or JRiparare, to repair, to restore to the first or preparedness ; a pair or couple ; a fellow, match. have access to ; to parrif, or ward oil"; riparo, reparation, a fort, a bank Par, a cause the essence, germ or seed of a thing; & spear. fence, mound, remedy, shelter. Para, toconfinue,to endure, to persevere. Parad, a causing; parai, that causes to he. ;

Paraivd, prepared, ready parodi, to prepare. SPANISH. That all the foregoing words in the present European languages, [and sev-« eral others might have been added,] are fomieil from one stock or radix, coParnr, to prepare to stop, detain, prevent to end; to treat or use ill to The only inciding with the l.iatin jiaro, is a fact that admits of no question. stake at cards to point out the game, as pointers. doubt re.specling the correctness of the whole preceding statement, is, whethPiirada, a halt or slopping, end, pause a fold for cattle ; a relay, as of er the Latin and with regard is radically the same as the oriental X"13 paro where a or a or bet horses a dam or bank ; a stake troop: place parade, Indeed there to this point, I should suppose the evidence to be convincing. are assembled to exercise; p/irado, remiss, careless, unemployed. is good reason to believe that the oriental \erbs N13, 113, 1311, and 13J?, Par, a pair; a peer after-birth the handle of a bell. Certain it is that the English bear are all formed fioin one primitive radix. Aporar, lo stretch out Ihe hands or skirLs of a garment for receiving any and the latter corresponds nearly Ihe upper and hind qtiar- comprehends both the Latin/ero and j)ario, thing lo dig and heap earth round plants to close to bear. to dub as a ship. with rns and Eth. to couple male and female animals ter of a shoe lo the sole <(,/!,\^ a wardrobe; But admitting only vhat is certain, that all the foregoing European words Jlparador, a sideboard, a dresser in a kitchen, a workshop, show. are from one radix, we are then to seek for a primary meaning from which aparato, preparation, pomp, Aparear, to match to suit one thing to another, [pair.] may be deduced the following significations Lat. to prepare ; Ital. to adorn, or board on which Aparcjo, preparation, liainess, sizing of a piece of linen toparry, to stop, to defend, to repair, to learn Span, to prepare, to stop, to a ship. Port, to stop, to confine upon or something is to be painted, tackle, rigging employed on board of lay or stake as a wager, ^pair or coirple be contiguous, to drive or aim at, to parry, to pare ; Fr. to deck, toparry, to [Apparel, parrd.] Russ. to adjust, to dress, Comparar, to compare. stop, to pare ; Arm. to dress, to prepare, to parry ; to mow or reap; Welsh, ^re/'are(/«€ss, contiguity, a pair, a cause, to conjDespareJar, to make unequal. tinue or endui'e; and several other significations. J}isparar, to discharge, as fire arms. as to to shelte! to from sequester, goods.] Amparar, protect. [Aragon, The vai'ious siecnifications result throwing, sending, driving. To Eraparedar to confine or shut up. separate or remove is to drive or force apart hence to parry, and hence to Reparar, to repair; to observe carefully, to consider; to mend or correct; defend. Separation implies extension, a drawing out in length or time to guard, defend, protect ; to regain strength or recov- hence the 10 suspend or detain Portuguese senses of confining upon, reaching to the limit. This er from sickness to right the helm. gives the sense o{par, equal, that is, of the same extent, and hence coming Separar, to separate. to, and suiting, as in Latin convenio. Here let it be observed that admitting the word par, equal, to belong to PORTUGUESE. this family, as in the Welsh, we have strong reason to believe that the Shemitic 13n, to join, or fit together, to associate, whence as a noun, an associate, Parar, v. i. to stop, to cease to go forward to confine upon, to meet at is formed from the same root, or X12 for in the Saxon, we find not only to end, (o drive at something, lo aim at the end, to touch, to be bounded but gcfera, a companion, fellow or peer; gefera, answering precisely '* Nao posso parar com fome,* fera, to come to; to imply, involve, or comprise to the oriental word. '* 1 cannot bear hunger. Ninguem podc aqui parar," nobody can live or The sense of betting is from throwing down, as we say, to lay a wager. stay here. [t^ng. bear.] The sense of stopping is from setting, fixing, or from parrying. The sense Parar, v. t. lo stop, to hinder from proceeding to parry or ward off; to of or from extension, enadorning is from putting on, which is from sending, turn or change with regard to inclination or morals to lay or stake as a waof show, largement, as we say, to set off, and hence it is aUied to the sense _Pora«a, a stopping or place of stopping; a bet or wager. ger. or adPreparation is from producing, bringing forward, display, parade. to abet. Amparar, protect, shelter, defend, and often implies advancing, like ready, prompt, and justing, making right Comparar, to compare comprar, to buy, to procure. the latter word, prompt, from promo, to bring forth, affords a good illustraAparar, to pare, as an apple to mend or make a pen to parry a blow. tion of the words derived from paro. Aparelhar, to prepare, to fit, to cut out or rough hew aparelho, tackle in The senses of cutting off, paring, and the like, require no explanation. a ship for hoisting things, Eng. a parrel. The Italian, disparare, and the Spanish and Portuguese, disparar, to dis. Disparar, to shoot, to discharge, as fire-arms. fire arms, present the original sense of the root, to send or drive. This to make charge to observe i?f/)arar, to repair; to parry in fencing; to advert sense gives that of the Welsh pdr, a spear, as well as a cause, or that which iimends; to retrieve; to recover to recruit; to shelter; rc^aro, in fortifiA spear is a shoot, from the sense of thrusting ; and our word .<:pear impels. defense. cation, a pike, a lance, is 'probably formed from the root of bar and Welsh ber, a spit, r a spear, Lat. veru. Now in Chaldec, a bar i< X13i' from 13j;, to pass, a verb which is probably of the same family with X13. It is further to be observsbarra. and barra both written in Italian, bar is Parcr, to deck, adorn, trim, set off, embellish to parry or ward off. " Pa- ed that It is observed above that N13 is the English bear and the Latin pario ; but rerdes cuirs," to dress lether "Tiarerlepiodd'uncheva!," to pare a horse's Hebrew mS. parah,to be fruitful, to hear fruit, hoof. pario would seem to be the But this word seems to denote producing in animals. Parer, v. i. to stop paresse, idleness. applied to plants and However this may be, it is than the production of children. jPari, a lay, bet or wager parier, to bet or lay a wager. general, rather in English, as well as in Saxon, expresses the sense of both bear that certain Appareil, preparation, furniture, train, retinue, [Eng. apparel.] Appa Latin in Latin. The and fero, and the Greek tpipu, signify both raitx, tackle, sails and rigging, [Eng. parrel.] /ero pario or fruit. Pario, does not. So in the Goto carry and to proiluce, as young Pair, a peer, an equal pnire, a pair apparier, to pair, to match. In lo produce young. thic, bairan is to carry, gabairan is to carry and S^emparer, to seize, to invade. German, flihreii is to cairy, and geburen, to bring forth, to bear a child. In RejTirer, to repair. Dutch, beuren is to lift voeren, to carry and baaren, to bring forth, as Separer, to separate. Danish, barer, to cany, to support, children, to bear, to beget, to cause. ARMORIC. and to yield or produce. Sw. bara, to carry barn, a son. Irish, beirim, to bear or bring forth, and to tell or relate, like the Latin/ero, whence Fr. parPara, to dress, to trim, to stop, to parry, lo prepare ier, to speak. ;

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;

,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

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;

FRENCH.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

INTRODUCTION. It appears llicn (hat the English bi-ur and Ihe Saxon from which we have received it, and tlie Gothic and the Danish corresponding words unite, in the fiaine orthography, the senses of two words of difTerent ortliography in other I have found other examples of a similar kind. There is therelanguages. fore solid ground to helieve that all these words are from one primitive root the different n\odes of writing the word, and the several appropriations having originated in different families of the great races of men, before languages were reduced to writing; and when they came to he written, each word was written according to its usual proiumciation, and defined according to its use in each family. And by the intermixture of tribes, two or three derivatives of the same stock might have become a part of the same national language. Unquestionably the Greek (pipw, and tpoofw, are branches of the same stock. have, in the modern languages, decisive evidence that different verbs may have, and in fact have a common radix. Thus in English list and lust, are ditferent modes of writing the same word ; both are united in the other Teutonic dialects. So in Latin fibet and hibet ; and similar instances I have found in almost every language which I have examined. The Latin pareo, lo appear, to come to light, if not a compound word, may be of this family. Paries, a wall, if primarily a partition wall, is of the same stock. Per, belongs to this family, as its signification is TJfls.??/*^. The Sax. faran, to fare, Gr. jr.iptu^M^', seems to be from one branchof this stock, proba;

We

bly n^i?. See the word pass in the Dictionary, in the derivative senses of which there are some resemblances to those of S13.

133.

But it should be considered that the sense of covering is rarely express it. or never jirimary ; it is usually, from the sense of putting on, which is from the sense of throwing or pressing, or it is from overspreading, which is a spreading, stretching or throwing mer ; hence the derivative senses of covering and hiding. These latter senses are sometimes derived from others ; but these are the most general. Ami in this passage of Genesis, the literal sense is probably to put on, or to rub or spread over, a sense which coincides with that of the Chaldee and Syriac, Prov. xxx. 20, different-

though

ly applied.

The real original sense of this Shemitic verb is to remove, to separate, by Hence its application, in the Clialdec, Syrthrusting away or driving off. iac and Arabic, to denial, the rejection of God or truth. To deny or reject, is to thrust away. Hence from the Arabic, cajfer, an infidel, oiie who denies and rejects the Mohammedan religion ; hence Caffraria, the southern so called by the followers of Mohampart of Africa, the country of infidels med, just as the christians gave the name of pagans, to the inhabitants of villages, [pagvs,'\ who rejected the christian religion. This signification expl.ains the Hebrew uses of this word. Its literal sense is applied to the cleansing or purification of sacred things, as the altar. Lev. xvi. 18. In a spiritual sense, to the purification of the soul, a type of the purification by the blood of Christ; hence it is rendered atonement, or expiation. Hence ju'obably the sense of appeasing. Gen. xx.xii. 21. Prov. xvi. 14, though this may be from removing, or smoothing. The sense of forgiveness is from thrusting away or giving back, precisely as in the modern languages ; Lat. remitto, to send back or away ; forgive, to give back or away pardon, in French, Spanish, and Italian, has a like sense, which is more clearly exbitiited by the Dutch vergeeven, German vergcben ; ver being the English/nr, to give fur, to give away, hence, to reject, and remember no more. The sense of give and of the French donTo give, is to send, to cause to pass ; ner, is nearly the same as that of 133. and so of donner. Now it is a question of some moment whether the opinion that 133 is the same as the English cover, has not inclined lexicographers and commentators to render it by this word, in several passages, where the true sense is io forgive, or to purify by cleansing from sin. However this may be, the interpretation given above will fully disprove Lowth's assertion, that this word is never used in the sense of breaking or disannulling a covenant. So confident is the learned Bishop on this point that he ventures to call in question the reading, Isaiah xxviii. 18 ; and to suppose the true word to be 13n from 113 to break. With respect to the. reading I shall offer no opinion ; but if the present reading is correct, I am confident that no word in the Hebrew language is better fitted to expres.s Your covenant with death shall be unped away, abolished, or the sense. And so is the rendering in the Syriac. as in the version, disannulled. If 133 is a compound word and the first letter a prefix, it may be from the ;

:

This verb, says Lowlh, means to c-over, to cover sin, and so to expiate and it is never used in the sense of lireakini; or dissolving a covenant, though that notion occurs so often in the Scriptures nor can it be forced into this sense, but by a great deal of far fetched reasoning. See Isaiah xxvlii. 18. Lowth on Isaiah. Prelim. Diss. " texuit. "IflD, says Castle, operuit, Anglice, to couer; permctathesin, npuirra, Kpu^ri, peculiaiiter bitumine, sive glutinosa aliqua materia obduxit; picavit." Gen. vi. 14. Parkhurst gives to this verb the sense of covering or overspreading, as primary and deduces from it the Greek vpvnru, and English cover and coffer. ;

;

;

He however admits that in Isaiah xxviii. 18, it signifies, to annul, as a covenant. He also considers the sense of atonement or expiation to be radically that of covering. Gesenius agrees with the English Lexicographers, in assigning to this verb He admits the primary sense of covering or overlaying, as in Gen. vi. 14. that this word has the sense, in Isaiah xxviii. IS, oi'blotting out, obliterating. But he gives to it the sense of forgiving, in some passages, in which our In these pasversion has that o( purging aioay. Ps. Ixv. 3, and Ixxix. 9. sages. Castle renders the wo]d, to be merciful or propitious. In all these authors, there is, I conceive, a radical mistake, in supposing the primary sense to be to cover, and in the opinion that this Hebrew word A still greater mistake is in the supposition of is the English verb to cover. Castle and Parkhurst, that this, by a metathesis, gives the Greek upvmu. The English word cover comes to us through the French couvrir, from the Italian coprire, a contr.action of the Latin co-operio, whence co-opcrtus, The Latin aperio, is to open, and Italian coperto, covered, Eng. covert.^ operio, is to cover, both from pario, or one of [he roots in Br, which has just been explained. The root in these worils is per or par, and the sense is varior cover ed by prefixes ; perhaps ad-pario ab-pario and ob-pario. can have no connection with 133, unless this latter word is a compound,

Now

same root as the Arabic But the primary sense is but

whose

gafara,

signification

is

lo cover.

to throw or put on. It signifies also to forgive, to forgive is to send back or away, remitto, and not to cover. And I for want of knowing the primary sense of such verbs, the

apprehend that

word cover has been

often substituted for forgive, in the translating of this

verb.

S3 No.

1.

Heb

h)3,

To

h^

to sustain, to maintain, to

hold, to contain

Sw.

;

halla.

hd^2

To

hold,

comprehend.

So To

measure, that is, to ascertain the contents, or to stretch, and comprehend the whole. case, is very remote. Pah. To feed, to nourish. See '73S. Lotus see if we can gain any hght upon the subject of the primary sense Deriv. A measure also, custom, rite, manner, probably from holding or of 133 from the cognate languages. continued practice. Chaldee, "133 To deny, to reject. Prov. xxx. 9. To measure. Deriv. A measure. " She eateth and Syr. In Aph. 2. To wipe ; wipeth her mouth." Prov. xxx. 20. Matt, xxvii. 24. To follow ; to go behind ; Gr. axoXouOtu; that is, to hold Castle. Eth. tlQ) 3. To wash or cleanse. with 3

for a prefix.

This

may be

the fact, but the connection,

even

in that

Ch.

;

A

Gen. xviii. 1.5. Luke xii. 9. Syriuc, 1.213 To deny. To wipe, to wipe away, to disannul, to abolish. Prov. xxx. 20.

2.'

to, Is. xxviii.

or to press after.

The hinder

Deriv.

part

the poop of a ship

;

;

behind.

French,

cu/.

Castle. No. 2. Heb. 773 To finish to complete to make perfect. Gr. »aXor. 18. Gr. oAm, Eng. all, by the loss of the lirst letter S3 oil ; the whole To deny; todisheheve; to be an infidel to be impious; but in Welsh, holl, or oil ; and in Saxon al, lel and geall. Arabic, Ch. SS3 To crown to adorn Acts Hi. 13, 14. 2 Pet. ii. 1. 5. Jude 1.5. to blaspheme. To to Pih. perfect; 2. To cover; to conceal. complete to comprehend to embrace. a general rule, &c. Deriv. Comprehending to make expiation for one, and free him from crime. 3. To expiate universality Castle. Deriv. a crown all every one. Syr. '^.li.a To crown. ;

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Now the senses of the Chaldee, Syriac and Arabic, to deny, to reject, to disannul, to wipe, wash, or to cleanse by these acts, cannot be deduced from covering. In Hebrew, the word has the sense of covering, as the ark, with bitumen or pitch, in Gen. vi. 14 ; that is, to S77iear, or pay over, as our seamen now

Sam.

ZZiS As

Eth.

^A A

Ar.

V

^5

;

the Chaldee.

The same

;

To be weary

also, to cover.

or dull

;

to

be languid

;

to tire

:

also, to

crown

;

check

;

to shine.

Deriv. *

In this deduction of coKfc from the Latin,

ablest

French etymologist, whose works

I

I

am supported by

have seen.

Lunier, the

No.

3.

All

;

dullness

;

heaviness.

Heb. nS3 To hold Sw. h&lla.

Gr. wXuu;

; to

restrain

;

to shut or confine

;

to

INTRODUCTION. edge, wisdom, ignorance. These different significations may result from the different effects of the prefix on the original verb. Ch. ih3, nSo, '^3 To hold; (o restrain also, to trust tooonfiOein, or In Syr. to cause to perfect ^\\3aj the same word, signifies to be foolish, or mad also, to conto' hope. (See No. (i.) Also, to tinish (0 know, or to give understanding ; to observe to search or know thosume to cause In fail. Vt Gr. «ci,\no ; Lat. caZo to ask or seek to understand to discern or distinguish also to roughljInAph. To call; to cry out; to thunder; err, losin, to be foolish, or perverse. galw Knt;. to vail ; l.at. gullus, from crowing. In Sam. the same word signifies to look, and to be accustomed. See To hold lo restrain to forbid ; to deny. Syr. '\\s Deriv.

A pkce

of

confinement

Lat. caula.

;

;

;

rely on

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O

Deriv.

all

Sam.

A-

;

;

Castell. col. 2.523.

a cork, bar or bolt.

;

That 12S/ is formed on the same root with a different prefix, is obvious and certain, from the correspondence of significations. This word in Hebrew signiiies to understand, or know ; to cause to undeistanJ ; to be wise, or to act wisely ; corresponding with the Ch. SjO above ; and being a mere dialectical orthogiaphy of the word. It signifies also lo deprive, strip, bei^..^> To keep; to preserve; to turn the face towards a thing reave ; and to waste, scatter and destroy also, to cast, as fruit or offspring ; Ar. So in Engli.-h,to behold. Also, to come to the end, a.s also, lo prosper. and look repeatedly. to and Ch. in to Ch. lo to abound food hlDi^ devour ; also, to to ; also, of life ; also, feed, pasture understand^ complete, lo finish ; also, to found, hinder, or detain ; also, to look attentively; also, to sprout ; also, to take up- to lay the foundation. This is T}D with jy prefixed. on a pledge, or upon trust ; supra, Chaldee. (See No. 6.) Syr. to found, to finish, to adorn. No. 4. Heb. Th2 To finish; to consume ; to bring to naught; to waste ; to fail. Ar. ^^'' '^ shakala, to bind under llic belly; to gird ; to bind the' (See No. ^.) No. .5. Ch. SjS To eat to consume ; also, to take ; to hold to con- feet; lo fetter; to shackle; to form, or fashion; to be dubious, obscure, tain. In Aph. to fjed; to give food ; also, to call; to thunder; to roar, or and intricate; to agree, suit or answer to ; to be like ; to have a beautiful form ; to know, perceive, or comprehend ; to hesitate ; lo be ignorant. Debellow also, to piilili-.h to accuse ; to dcfaiuc. See Castell. Col. 3750. Heb. to eat; to consume. rivative, a shackle. To this root Castle refers the English skill ; and it is certain the words ftSam. 2, To eat. correspond both in elements and in sense. Now in the Gothic and TeuTo VV.O to accuse. a crime to as tonic the verbs ; I ; Syr. publish divulge, languages, corre.sponding to these Shemiiic verbs, signify in To sulFice, as wc say, it is well, Lat. valeo ; also, to be Saxon, scylan, to separate, to distinguish Icelandic and Swedish, skilid, Eth. ATl to divide, separate, sever ; whence shield, that which separates, and or exist ; that is, to be held, or to be fixed or permanent, to continue. hence defends ; D. scheelen, to differ; schillen, to peel, or pare ; whence to devour ; to cori'ode ; Lat. hclluo. Ar. to eat scale and shell. To this root our lexicographers refer skill. The prefix in this word would seem to have the force of a Now is negative, like L. ex. in To trust ; to cojumit to another No. 6. Ar. y. confidence. it 5 possible to suppose that these words can be formed from a common root ? The sense of sin and fully is probably from wandering, deviating, as in (See No. 3.) and this is dcliiium a above. as modification of of the primary sense to trust, ; Etli. with a prefix only "73, to Tl Or the tP has, in these Lat. calleo ; W. gallu ; Eng. stretch or extend ; that is, departure, separation. No. To be able lo

Zy

To

hold, or restrain.

Eth. tlAf^ To hold, restrain, or prohibit. Deriv. Lat. oKus ; a fellow, or companion.

;

;

;

;

;

a

A

;

;

^3

®

A

7.

Heb.

8.

Ch.

;

by

prevail

;

;

senses, the Ibrce of a negative. The sense of knowing, understanding, is usually or always from taking, In this appliholding, or extending to; as we say, I take

could.

No.

'7D;>

To

digest

;

to

consume.

(No.

5.)

your meaning.

cation these words would seem to be directly from the Eth. and Ch. ShJ to tie ; to bind ; to unite ; also, to divide, im3- 5^ * To collect to be able ; the Latin calico, to be hard, and to know or be well skilled. This is the |)rimary sense of the word, or rather of this pel, or compel. These to extend. verbs this is from the same root as h^D, vhz, TiSd, we know That to to or word lT\D also, to strain ; impel press; root; urge, by are diU'eronl modilications of one radix ; and lunce the English hold, call, the Samaritan 24 ? iJ which signifies all, and which is a mere dialectical hollow, heal, hale ; the l^ulin calo, caulis, calico, callus ; Greek, K;Ua, «a\ or >ta.\\M ; and a multitude of words in all the modern languages of spelling of the Heb. and Ch. 13. The sense of depriving and wasfing, in tlie Hebrew, is from separation, Europe. The sense of holding, restraining, forbidding, hindering, and keeping, are the sense of the Gothic and Teutonic words but it is to be noticed that loo obvious to need any explanation. They arc from straining. To thij| this sense seems to imply thiowing, as one mode of paiUng, and this is also sense is nearly allied the sense of measuring,, or ascertaining what is held the direct act of fouudmg, laying the foundation. When we turn our attention to the Arabic, new afnnities are disclosed. That which is contained is all, the whole that is or contained.

Ar.

;

;

!

;

compre-

hended, from the

.->ense

bind, to gird, to shackle, and hence the English bind is to strain, the sense of hold. And here origin and piimary sense of shall, should ; Saxon Hence we see scealan, to be obliged ; that is, to be bound or constrained. why the words scale, shell and shall are all written alike in Saxon, sceal ; for scale and shell are fiom peeUng, or covering, binding. From this verb the Saxon has scyld, a crime, or guilt, Lat scelus, and

The

of extension.

The signification of finishing or perfecfing, seems, in a good sense, to be from that of soundness ; a sense which is from stretching or strength. Orj it maybe from Cuming to the end, Wkc: finish Mv\achieve, or from shutling,\^ And the seiise of consuming, wasting, failing, may be froui bringclosing. this may ing to an end. In Latin, to consunie is to take all ; and possibly be the sense of this vci b. but the Arabic sense of failure would seem rather to be fiom holding, slopping, or coming to an end. or be from The sense of eating may taking apart, but from consuming,

first definition is to

word.

we

The

arrive

radical sense of

at

the

The German ha;; the same word in schuld, guilt, culpabiliscyUl, a shield. Danish skulde, should, and scyld, a debt, a ty, debt; Dutch, schuld; This >vord scyld, shuld, aiid schuld, think the primary sense' fault, a crime ; Sw. sktdd. the same. is the Enghsh shoidd, the preterit of the verb -l:all ; and it is the word is to feed, to crowd, to stiill'; the primary sense of tlic root applied to thisj German, Dutch, D.rnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Saxon, lor under the Chaldee loot we find words which signify the used in the particular act nut of a species of oak, the Gr. ixtAi;!, and a collection or crowd of people, {Icelandic, and Swiss Lord's prayer, to express what is rendered in English Here we see the primary sense of the word 'debts ; forgive us our debts. [Gr. xK.!,^ both of which are from collecting or pressing together. The sense of seeing and looking is from reaching or casting and stri- ]is to be held, or bound ; hence, liable. The English word guilt may be from the same root, without a prefix ; but whether it is or not, we observe king, or from holding OY fi.cin g the eyes on. The sense of trusting seoins also to be that of holding lo or resting on. the word expresses more than the English word debt, trespass or offense ; it comprehends the sense of /aurt, or sin, with that of being held, or liable The English itold in beh^ild is liom this root. The sense of calkng, ruuring, and thunder, is from impelling the voice Ito answer or to punishment. Debt, in the modern use of the word, implies or sound ; a pressing, driving, or straining, applied to sound ; like the LatinI ,the latter, but not the former; trespass and offense imply the sin, but not have no English word that includes both senHence the sense of publishing, accusing and defam-i ithe liability to answer. appcllo, from pello. to |ses, except guilt, and this seems to be hardly adequate express the full some of the derivatives of No.

5, I

am

incliiieii to

;

We

ing.

^

j

The sense of sprouting, in the Arabic, is a shooting or pushing out, as in sense of scyld. To account for the various significations of the same word, in different other cases ; Lat. caulis. The sense of ability, power, strength, in No. 7, is from straining, stretch-] 'languages, and often in the same language, it is necessary to find the primaHence Lat. calleo, action expressed by the root; and in compound words it is necessary to ing, or holding, as in other words of the like sense. to^ ry observe or ascertain the different effects produced on the original word by be skilled, and to be haiaWi6ie has two different significations; that may be In Chaldee, to understand, know, or considei ; to look or behold; tocau.sc to understand ; Rabbinic, to be ignorant wlience its derivatives, knowl- imparted ; and in law, not partible, or divisible. Such is the fact also with ;

INTRODUCTION. number of instances of similar diver- cradle, through tlie Hebrew and through the Syriac, with the Latin radi}. sities in tlie application of prefixes may be found in the Shemitic lansjuag^es Here again we find the sense of roughness or grafing. Then turning to and this will account for ditferences which otherwise seem utterly irre- the Welsh, we find grydiaw, which signifies to utter a rough sound to concilable. shout, hoop or scream grydwst, a murmur, fiom gryd, a shout or hoop, and We find in our mother tongue, that the same word signifies to heal, and this froin rhyd, the word above mentioned so that crj/iiw, to shake, whence I

impassirmate.

am persuaded

a vast

;

;

;

;

;

conceal, Lat. celo ; Saxon htel, health ; halan, Jwlaii, to heal, to conceal ; ge-hwlan and ge-hclan, to heal and to conceal ; Old English hele. Hence we see that the English heal and the Latin celo are the same word diiTerently applied, but from a common signification, which is to make strong or fast, or to hold, from the sense of pressing. Or perhaps the Latin cel/> may have this sense of holding, restraining ; and heal may rather be to

from making perfect. No.

We may now

2.

;

is

as

grydiaw, to shout, and this is the Italian SdS.on grtudan ; Sw. grata; Dan. grader; Dutch kryteii ; Geiman greiten. This word in French is contracted, by the omission of the last radical, into crier for crider ; whence, probably, wc have cry, W. crj. Hence we find that the sense of is to utter a fry rough

sound

;

and this is connected with the braying of the ass, ivith shaking, trembling, and with roaring, murmuring, and thunder. The connection in example, is so marked as to preclude all hesitation as to the identity of If this word contains the words.

Supra.

also see the radical sense of holy

from the same root gridare; Sp. and Port, gritar cradle,

Saxon hal and

ge-lial,

;

this

whole, sound, ssife; halig, ho]y; halgian, tohailow. the sense of se|)aration, or driving off, like Latin sacer, as it may. it is fiom The Shemitic roots TU, Din, mn, and all, in some of the languages But I am inclined to be- of that stock, coincide in sense and elementsmp, shutting, confining, or restraining intercourse. with the English grate, French lieve the primary sense of holy is sound, entire, coinciding with tlie radical gralter ; and if the first letter is a prefix, they would seem to unite with sense of heal. the Latin ra(io. But this is a point 1 would not undertake to determine. Clod, Laudo, Claiido. One fact more. The Welsh cri, above mentioned, signifies a cri/ and In Welsh clod is praise, from Hod, a forcible utterance. This is the Eng- as an Now this coincides with the Latin criidus, in adjective, rough, raw. lish loud, and Lat. laudo, which with a pretix becomes plaudo. In Welsh, sense ; and crudus with the Wel*h cryd, above mentioned. llodi signifies to reach out, to crave, from the radical sense of Hod, to thrust The Dan. brygger, English to brew, are probably connected with break, out or extend ; but according to Owen, llodi is from llawd, which signi- viit\\ So under this loot, the Welsh grediaw, sigfreckle, and with rough. fies a shooting out, or a going onward, productiveness, a lad, and as an nifies to heat, scorch, parch, whence grcidyU, a griddle, from graid, that jdjective, tending forward, craving, lewd; llodig, craving, brimming; shoots in rays, heat, ardency, from gra, that shoots, or rises, as the nap or Uodineb, lewdness. Now. beyond all <|uestion, these words are tlic Chal- frieze of cloth. The latter is probably a contracted word, of the same famdee, Syriac, Hebrew, and Samaritan IT to beget to bring forth ; to cause ily, but not the root, as Owen supposes. But the radical sense implies a The Arabians shaking, agitation and roughness. to be be born ; and as a noun, a child of cither sex, a lad. ,•

;

and Ethiopians use vau or

waw, where

the Helirews use yod.

The Arabic Saxon.

corresponding word


is

^

^

(DA,?

the Ethiopic

to beget, to

bring

— Mcetau,io

Meet, mete, measure. put, to place; Fv. mettre,

It.

mettere,S\). Von.

me-

ter, Lat. tnitto.

forth.

Mlaudo. But the same Ametan, gemetan, to meet, to find, to measure. Greek word x\iiw, xKiio^j, signifies to shut or make fast. This is the Latin a Gemeting, gemetmig, meeting. The Saxons used h for the Greek » and the Latin c ; and cludo, claudo. Gemet, gemete, fit, suitable, Eng. tneet ; also, painted or portrayed. with these words accords tlie Saxon Idid, a cover English a lid ; that Gemetegan, gemetian, to moderate ; gemctlic, moderate, modest. which shuts or makes fast. That these words are all from one root, is Mete, measure, mode, Lat. modius, modus. a fact, apparent beyond any reasonable doubt nor is there the least dilfi.Meter, measure in verse, meter. [Not mefre.] culty in ascertaining the affinity, for the radical sense, to reach forward, to JMetere, an inventor, a painter. To thrust, gives the sense of thrust, to strain, solves the whole mystery. MtBte, middUng, [mcdiocris,] modest, moderate. begetting and i)roducing to strain or throw out the voice, gives the sense Mot, gemot, a meeting, a council. of praise ; and to thrust or press together, gives the sense of closing and a council of wise men.

But

this is not all.

In Greek, the verb

xAfiM,

a

;

;

;

fast. In this manner, words, which, at first \'icw, appear to have no connection, will, when pursued through different lang-uages, assimilate and unite, not only without forced analogies, but in defiance of all preconceived opinions and the reluctant mind is at last compelled to admit their

Witena-gcmot, Motion, to meet, especially for debate. Eng. to moot. Gothic. Motyan, gamotyan, to meet, to find. Mota, a place for the receipt of toll or customs. Dutch. Ontmoeten, to meet, to encounter.

identity.

Meet en, and toemeeten,

making

;

There is another set of words whose derivation from the same root is very These are the Danish stutter, to certain, though perhaps less obvious. shut, close, conclude, linish, determine ; stutter, a key-keeper, a jailor ; Swedish, sluia, claudere, obscrare, to shut. or sliutup,or end; slott, a castle D. sleutel, a key slot, a lock, a castle, a conclusion sluiten, to shut, lock, ;

;

;

close, stop, conclude

— —

to measure. Meeter, a measurer, Gemoeten, to meet ; gemoet, a meetiiig. German. Mass, measure, meter ; 7»asse, moderation. Messen, vermessen, to measure ; messer, a measurer. Gemass, measure ; also conformable, suitable ; Eng. meet, suitable man gemassigt, temperate, moderate.

—

;

Ger-

G. schloss, a lock schliessen, to close, conclude, fin; schleuse, a sluice ; D. sluis, id. Eng. sluice, that is, Swedish. Mota, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. [This is or fastens ; Low Latin, exclusa. See Spelman's Glossary. the sense ofjijiditig.] are unequivocally formeil from tlie root of claudo, clausi, by Mote, a meeting. the prefix s, just as the Welsh yslae, slack, loose, is formed on Uac, and Mot, and emot, towards, against; as in motstci, to stand against, to observe all the ysjjeiliaw, on yspail, spoil, and this on the root oipeel. resist. Teutonic dialects use the dental t, as the final radical, except the German. Mala, to measure ; matt, measure, meter, mode. The Latins use both the dental and a sibilant, claudo, clausi, clausus. Mattelig, moderate, middling, frugal, temperate. If the Danish lyd, sound, Sw. lyda, to sound, is the same word as EngMalta, to be sufficient, to satisfy, to cloy. lish loud, these words belong to this family. fetter,

ish,

shackle

;

—

;

which shuts These words

We

Danish.

Cradle.

Another example.

The English word

— Milder,

to

meet,

contrary, opposite, against,

to

to,

convene

towards,

;

mtidcormodc,

for,

a

meeting ; mod,

on, by, aside, abreast, as in

Saxon cradel, is in Welsh modsetter, to set against, to oppose modsiger, to say against, to contradict In Welsh, the verbs crydu, cry- mod-vind, a contrary wind. cryd, a rocking, a shaking, a cradle. diaw, crydian, signify to shake, to tremble. These correspond to the Irish Moed, moden, ripe, mellow, mature. [Qu. Lat. mills.'] creaWmm, to shake Greek «pa5aK, to shake, to swing. The Welsh verbs Mode, manner, fashion. [Probably fi'om the Latin.] are by Owen, deduced from rhyd, which signifies a moving. Now n^^T in Maade, measure, form, style of writing, way, mode, manner, fashion. Hebrew, Chaldee, and Ethiopic, signifies to shake or tremble. The same [This is the native Danish w ord corresponding to the Lat. modus.] Maadelig, moderate, temperate. Mtet, enough, sufficient; tntclter, to satisfy, or sate, to glut. word in Arabic .Xc, signifies to thunder to impress terror; to tremFrom the same root are the G. 7nit, D. ?net, mede, Sw. and Dan. med, Gr. to shake. ble This coincides with the Latin to roar, to and cradle,

;

;

;

;

rudo,

;

bray

we know

;

from the voice of the ass, that roughness or shaking is an ingredient in the sense of this word. know it also from rudis, one of tlie af-

We

finities of 7-udo. There run hither and thither

;

shake.

In

Hebrew lin

Syriac and Eth.

to

is

to

also in

Arabic

i

\

move one way and

signifies to

rub or scrape.

,

which

is

rendered

to

the other ; to tremble ; to tremble or shake, and to palpitate ; in This coimects the word directly with

signifying with. By the first significafion of the Saxon matan, or metan, we find that this word, which is the English mcrt, is also the Frencli mettre and Lat. mitto, Meet is only a modithe sense of which is to throw or send, to put, to lay. 'fication of the same sense, to come to, to fall, to reach, hence to find ; as we say, to fall on. The sense of painting or portraying is peculiar to the Saxon. I am not confident that this sense is from finding ; but we observe that metcre is renIitra,

INTRODUCTION. This application coincides witli the English meet, but particularly with The sense oi paint then may be to find a painter. ithe Swedi.sh and Danish sense of the word. out, to devise or contrive. 4. To make thin, to attenuate The sense of dreaminit is also peculiar to the Saxon. The sen.se may he probably from stretching. Among the Arabic nouns formeil under this root, we fand a measure, or to devise or imagine, or it may be to rove, as in some other words of like si;;modius, showing that this verb is the same as the Ciialdec and Hebrew ; we infra. If so, this sense will accord with the Syriac nification. j.ic find also matter or pus, and lenity. Qu. Lat. mitis. dercd an inventor

anil

j

;

1

The other sifjniiications present no difficulty. To meet, is to come to, to reach in proceeding or in extending; hence to find. The primary seite of is to extend, to stretch to the full length or size of a thing. is from extending or reaching to. fit, suitable, like par, peer, pair, Sos7/!( is from the Latin seguor, through the French, to follow, to press or toward. See yor, under X13. supra. reach to be from the Saxon dialect, but moot The English meet and mete appear from the Gothic. Let it be remarked that in the Saxon, meet and mete, are united in the same orthography ; and in the Dutch the orthography is not very different ; so in the other ontmocten,gemoeten, to meet, and meeten, to measure. Not measure Meet,

languages. In German, mass is measure, and messen, to measure ; but the sense of Yet that mass is the same word as tneet, fit, varied meet, does not occur. is suitable, anonly in dialect, appears from this, that gemass, with a prefix, swering to the English meet. The Swedish and Danish words follow the Gothic orthography ; Swedish

In Chaldee, W3D or nt3D> signifies to come to, to happen, to reach, [to The meet,] to be ripe or mature, to cause to come, to bring or produce. first sense gives that of finding, and tlie latter gives that of maturing, and

we observe tliat matter, or pus, is from the Arabic J^^ madda, and the sense ai mature from the Chaldee NBO mita. Yet in the use o( maturate from the Latin maturo, we connect tlie words, for to maturate, is to ripen, and to generate matter. In Syriac, this verb signifies the same as the Chaldee, to come to; and also to be strong, to prevail, that is, to strain or stretch, the radical sense of power. In Hebrew, NXD has the sense of the foregoing verb in the Chaldee, to « find, to come to, to happen. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to find, and to be strong, to prevail ; bencr both in Hebrew and Chaldee, to be sufficient. Here we see the Danish and Swedish, matter, and mhlta, to be sufficient. This is also meet, dialec-

These significations give to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. lically varied. the sense of finding, and are closely allied to the senses of the Arabic verb In Syriac also this verb signifies to be strong or powerful ; also in Pah. to bring or press out, to defecate, which sense unites this word with the Heb. infra. nSD, to press, to squeeze. In Ethiopic, this verb signifies to come, to hapThe Dauisli verb is mijder, to meet, but in both the Swedish and Danish, pen, to cause to come, to bring in, to bring forth. Now it is evident tjiat Sw. tii^ita, the sense of measure is expressed by a different orthography. NYD, and the Chaldee XBD, are dialectical forms of the same word ; tiie In these two former to measure ; matt, measure ; Dan. maade, measure, mode. coinciding with the German mass, in orthography, but with the and to satisfy. See infra, the otlier languages wo find also the sense of sufficiency, languages, in signification. In Chaldee, ysn signifies the middle, and as a verb, to set in the miiUlc. and Heb. .and Ch. xxn. Ar. Jv to pass the middle, in Qu. bnot fliis a Syriac, to be divided in the middle. But in these Gothic dialects, there is one application of race
^^

^

We

^^\

We

The Latin 7iwdtis is from this root, and by its orthography, it seems to That the Shemitic wonis, nno, XBD, NVD and nDN, are words of the have been received from the Gothic race. The sense is measure, limit, from same stock with meet, mete, Lat. metinr, there can be no doubt, but it is of meeting and meatthe radix of many words not extending, or comprehending. This then becomes easy to understand why the different significations when they are a sense as which express limitation or restraint, moderate, modest, modify uring. "should be united in one word, in the Saxon language, the Shemitic, and in most of the Teudirectly contrary to that of the radical verb. expressed by very different words in In Saxon, Gothic, and other northern lan- tonic languages. We know indeed that in German a sibilant letter is often This leads us a step further. whence English used, in words which are written with a dental in all the other kindred languaguages, jnorf, moed, signifies mind, courage, spirit, anger, moody. The primary sense is an advancing or rushing forward, which ges. But in this case the German mass, measure, mu.st coincide with TO, as or stretching forward, and 'must the Swedish expres.ses mind or intention, that is, a setting mhta, and Dan. maade, and the Saxon metan, Dutch gtSo the Latin animus, also spirit, animation, heat, and lastly, anger. \moeten, Goth, motyan, Sw. mota, Dan. moder, with the Chaldee KOD, hut and the Greek uivoi, mind, signifies also, strength, gives rise to animosity 'not with the word XVD. same radical sense. is from the Mania force, vehemence, and anger. It may not be impossible nor improbable that all these words are fium one Let us now connect this root or these roots, with the Shemitic languages. stock or radix, and that the different orthographies and applications are diaIn Hebrew and Chaldee, ID, a measure. lectical families or races of signifies to measure changes of that root, introduced among different This coincides with the Latin metior, and Gr. niipw, as well as with the men, before languages were reduced to writing. Saxon, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, which all write the word with a denIn the Latin m^msus, from metior, the n is probably casual, the original tal, but the German is mass. reason to think there are I have mesure. being mesus, as in the French In Syriac ^io signifies to escape, to get free, that is, to depart, a modifi- many instances of this insertion of n before d and s. From this exhibition of words and their significations, we may fairly incation of the sense of extending in the Arabic. A derivative in Syriac sigLat. mitto, French mettre, of the foUoiving words. nifies a dvity, toll or tribute and we have seen in the Gothic, that mota is a fer the common origin meet, to come \o,meet, fit, and me(f, to measure, Lat metior, metor, It may be from toll-house. measuring, that is, a portion, or perhaps income. English Gr. M"P«'>t"'Ps". Lat. mensura, Fr. mesure, Eng. measure, Lat. modui, mode. Sax. and Goth, mod, mind, anger, whence moody, Eng. moot, Lat maturus, This word in .\rabic madda, signifies, mature, and Eng. matter. 1. To stretch or extend, to draw out, to make or be long, to delay or give In Welsh, niadu signifies, to cause to proceed; to send, [Lit mitto;'] to lime, to forbear, to bring forth. To extend is the radical sense of measure. and mdd sigto become beneficial suffer to go off; to render productive 2. To separate, or throw offer out; to secern, secrete or discharge. Hence and mad, the or goes forward, hence what is good Here we have nifies, what proceeds to become matter or sanies, to produce pus, to maturate. or beneficial. adjective, signifies, proceeding, advancing, progressive, good the origin of the word matter, in the sense ofpus. It is an excretion, from This word then affords a clear proof of the radical sense ot good. We have throwing out, separating, freeing, discharging. Here we have the sense of like evidence in the English better, best, and in prosperity, which is from the Latin mitto, eniitto. the Greek irpcaf^p", to advance. 3. To assist, to supply. This sense is probably from coming to, that is, to " I was sick and In Welsh also we find madrez, matter, pus mMiru, to dissolve, to putrein visited me. 1 was and prison ye approach or visit. ye That these words are from the same root as the Arabic came to me." Math. fy, to become pus. ,-

;

nO

;

;

A^

;

;

;

;

xxv.

Vol.

I.

D.

INTRODUCTION. jthe

•S^ supra, think to he very obTious; and here we observe that the Welsh have one important sense derived from the root, that of gooiiy which occurs in none of the other lanpiuages. But the primary sense is the same as that of the other significations, to go forward, to advance ; hence to promote interest or happiness. Here we have undeniable evidence that the sense of good, Welsh mad, and the sense of matter, pus, proceed from the

the

I

same as that of light. So the river .9ar, in Europe, is doubtless fiom same source as the Orienntal IIN, to shine, whence air. And inj,

which, in Hebrew, signifies to flow as water, as well fies in Chaldee and Syiiac, to shine.

as to shine, chiefly signi-

To show the great importance, or rather the absolute necessity, of ascertaining the primary sense of words, in older to obtain clear ideas of the sense of ancient authors, more particularly of difficult passages in dead languages, let the reader attend to the following remarks. same radix. In commenting on certain parts of Isaiah xxviii, Lowth observes in his Preliminary Dissertation, the difficulty of determining the meaning of niH, in verse 15th. In our version, as in others, it is rendered agreement but, " The Greek ^i^u is rendered, to speak or say ; to tell, count, or number says Lowth, the word means no such thing in any part of the Bible, exin the ISth verse following nor can the lexicographers give any satisto gather, collect, or choose ; to discourse and to lie down. This last defi- cept factory account of the word in this sense." Vet he with Vitringa, nition shows that this word is tlie English he and and from this agrees applilay ; that in these passages it must have this The difficulty, it signification. cation, doubtless, the Latins had their lectus, a bed, that is, a spread, a lay The Latin lego, the same verb, is rendered, to gather; to choose; to seems, has arisen from not understanding the primary sense of seeing, for the verb to and as a noun the word signifies sight, generally signifies sef,read to steal, or collect by stealing; and the phrase, legere oram, signifies vision and so it is rendered in the Latin version annexed to to coast, to sail along a coast ; Vanderhooghf s legere vela, i< to furl the sails ; legere halt Bible. The seventy render it by o-uwBin.i, a covenant or league ; and they are turn, to take breath; legere littus, to sail close to the shore legere milites, followed " Nous avons intelligence avec le sepulchre." by the moderns. to enlist or muster soldiers; legere pvgno, to strike, perhaps to lay on with French. " Noi habbiam fatta lega col sepulcro." Italian of Diodati. the fist. Parkliurst understands the word to signify, to fasten, to settle, and he cites It would seem, at first view, that such various significations cannot pro" Joab took Amasa by the beard." Here the sense is ceed from one radix. But the fact that they do is indubitable. The prima- 2 Sam. XX, 9, ;nn, obvious and fiom this and other passages, we may infer with certainty, ry sense of the root must be to throw, strain or extend, which in this, as in that the radical sense is to reach to, or to seize, hold, or If the sense is almost all cases, gives the sense of speaking. The sense of fix. collecting, to reach to, then it accords with covenant, conveniens, coming to ; if the choosing, gathering, is from throwing, or drawing out, or separating by some such act or from throwing together. The sense of lying down is, sense is to fix, or fasten, then it agrees with league, Lat. ligo, and with pact, The sense of reading, in Latin, pactum, from pango, to make fast; all from the sense of extension, stretchprobably, from throwing one's self down. Hence the meaning of ntn, the breast; that is, the firm, is the same as that of speaking in the Greek, unless it may be from collect- ing, straining. And if the English gaze is the same word, which is not ing , that is, separating the letters, and uniting them in syllaliles and fixed, strong part. words for in the primitive mode of writing, diacritical points were not used. improbable, this determines the appropriate sense of seeing in this word, to to be or to look or reach with the eye fixed. fix, But probably the sense of reading is the same as in speaking. But we have other and decisive evidence of the primary The phrases legere oram, legere littus, in Latin, may coincide with that of signification of our seamen, to stretch or lay along the shore or coast, or to hxig the land ; this word in the obvious, undisputed meaning of iriN, the same word with to seize ; hence, behind, especially if this word lay in Sanscrit signifies to cling, as I have seen it a prefix, which signifies to catch, or lay hold on stated in some author, but for which I cannot vouch. If this sense is at- following, as if attached to ; and hence drawing out in time, to delay. tached to the word, it proves it closely allied to the L. ligo, to bind. That the .sense of throwing, or driving, is contained in this word, is cerit is not improbable that the Arabic jLs* hauz, may be a word tain from its derivatives. Thus, in Greek, airUiyw signifies to select, to collect; of the same stock and this signifies among other senses, to collect, contract and also to reject, to repudiate, and to forbid ; which imply throwing, or draw together, to accumulate, to have intercourse or commerce with thrusting away. another. The latter sense would give nearly the signification of the HeNow, if throwing, sending, or driving, is the primary sense, then the Lat- brew word. in lego, to read, and lego, legare, to send, are the radically the same word Lexicographers are often embarrassed to account for the difTerent signifiinflections of the verb being varied, arbitrarily, to designate the distinct ap- cation of words that are evidently derived fiom the same root. Thus, plications, just as iupello, appello, appeUere, to drive, and appello, appelin Hebrew, llty is rendered to sing to look, behold, or observe ; and to lare, to call. And here it may be worth a moment's consideration, whether several; rule; and its derivatives, a ruler, a wall, the navel-string, a chain or can a word signify to rule, and to sing, and to look ? &c. necklace, words with prefixes, such as slay, flog, and the Latin plico, W. plygu, are; can be more easy or natural. The sense is in both cases to stretch Nothing not formed on the root of lay, that is, lag or lak. The sense of slay. Sax. or To sing is to strain the voice ; to rule is to restrain strain, to reach. " slogan, slcean, is properly to strike, to beat; hence in Saxon, Hig slo- men ; and to see is to reach, or to hold in view. gon heora wedd," they sleic their league, or contract ; that is, they struck In Latin sero, signifies to sow, to plant, to beget, to spread ; consero. a bargain. It signifies also to throw, as to slag one into prison ; also to fall to set or lay. The sense of killing is derivative from that of striking,! ito sow, and to close or join ; desero, to leave off, to desert ; assero, to plant a striking down. by or near, and to assert, affirm, and pronounce; dissero, to discourse ; to insert, to implant ; resero, to unlock, to open, to disclose. Desero, Ftog-, Lat. _^ig-o, signifies primarily to rwsA, drive, strike, Eng. to lick ; [insero, " utsit desertum and if formed on the root of lay, is precisely the desert, Ainsworth says, is a compound of de and sero, popular i)hrase, to lay on. [to And dissero he supposes must be a metaIf plico is formed with a prefix on or its root, it must have been ori- Iquod non seritur nee colitur." /ay Then to fold, would be to lay on or phorical use of the word. Now, on the principles 1 have unfolded, nothing ginally pe/jco, that is, belico, belay. is easier than an explanation of these words. The sense of sero is to throw, close ; to lay one part to another. this word is ihe Welsh plygu, Ito thrust ; its literal sense is applied to sowing and to fold, which Owen makes to be a planting ; consero is to compound of py and lly. The latter thrust or drive together; desero is to throw from; assero is to throw, in word must be a contraction of llyg. know that the word rejUy is from the French repliquer, the Latin words, or to throw out, as in appello ; dissero is to throw words or arguments, the sense of is to throw or thrust in; 'with itisero to is not to spreading, Now, expatiating; replica. fold back, but to send back, to throw reply, back, as words, or an answer ; and this gives the precise sense of lay, to 'resero is to throw or drive from, hence to unlock or open. It is by resorting to the primary idea of words that we are able to exthrow, to send, which must be the sense of the radical word. It is no inconsiderable evidence of the truth of my conjecture, that wei plain applications, apparently, or in tact, diverse and even contrary. A veconstantly use the phrase to lay on, or lay to, as synonymous with pli/, a ry comnion example of this contrariety occurs in words which signify to word belonging to this family. To pledge, another of this family, is to or defend. For instance, the Latin arceo signifies to drive oft", and to prolay guard down, to deposit ; and the primary sense of play. Sax. plegan, Dan. leger,, tect, secure, hold, restrain, or keep from departingor escaping; two senses diSw. leka, is to strike or drive. This is extremely natural for o/cco signifies to thrust off, jrectly opposite. In Welsh, //wfiau' signifies to throw, drive back and this act defends the person or object attacked. Or if or to to dart; fling, cast, pelt ; drift; repel, from llur. a darting, a flash, glance, or sudden throw ; hence llu(;ed. we suppose tlie sense of strai)iing \o be anterior to that of repulsion, which lightLlug signifies also, that breaks, or begins to open, a gleam, a break- lis not improbable, then the act of straining or holding produces both efi'ecls; ning. ing out in blotches the plague. Llwg siunihes also, that is apt to break to repel or stop what advances to assault, and protect what is inclosed or asout, that is bright, a tumor, eruption. These words coincide with Eno-- saulted. The word- guard and warren present a similar application of the lish light, Lat. luceo ; the and all languages which I have examined, furnish a multiprimary sense of which is lo throw, shoot, or dart primary idea and these words all contain the elements of ^o^ and fling. tude of similar examples.

LEGO.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Now

;

;

;

How

;

Now

I

We

|

I

;

I

;

;

!

;

;

;

In Welsh, llyru signifies to fiill fiat, to lie is evidently allied to lay and lie.

extended, or

to squat.

This

These

exaiiiples illustrate Ihe utility of extensive researches in language ; cogmite languages throw light on each other one language often reThese senses agree also with that of luck, to fall, or come suddenly ; that taining the radical meaning of a word which the others have lost. Who, or to rush drive js, for instance, that is acquainted along. only with the English use of the verb to In Russ. vlagayu is to lay, or put in equivalent to the German einlegen. have, would suspect that this word and happen arc radically one, and that The Latin ^iw is contracted from _^uo-o; and the radical sense of flow is the primary sense is tofall or rush, hence to fall on and seize ? Vet nothing ;

as all

;

INTHODUCriON. 7. To swell, distend, expand, spread. 8. To stir, shake, agitate, rouse, excite. /lafter,9. To .shoot as a plant to grow allied to No. 1. 10. To break, or burst; allied sometimes to No. 3. In like manner the primary sense of venio in Latin, cannot be certainly 11. To lift, raise, elevate; allied to No. 9. determined without resorting to other words, and to kindred languages. In 12. but in from To to or arrive to come tlcc, withdraw, word Spanish, venida, escape Latin, the fly; often allied to No. 1. signifies 13. To rage ; to burn ; allied to No. 7 and 8. venir, the Latin venio, signities not only a coming or arrival, but an attack 14. To fall; to fail; whence fading, Venio coincides in origin with the English yiurf , Saxon Jindin fencing. dying, fitc. 15. To approach, come, arrive, extend, reach. ThisU usually (he sense an ; German and Dutch finden, to tind, to fall or Ught on Danish_^;ider ; Swedish finna, to find, to discover, to meet, to strike against [otfendere.] of gaming. No. 34. 16. To go, walk, pass, advance; allied to No. 6. The primary sense o{ venio then is not merely to come or arrive, but to rush or 17. To -seize, take, hold sometimes allied to No. 31. move with a driving force ; and this sense i.s applicable to coining or going. 18. To strike; to beat; allied to No. 1. That the primary sense is to fall or rush, we have evidence in the Latin We have still 19. To swing to vibrate. No. 29. ventus, and English wind, both from the root of this verb. 20. To lean; to incline ; allied to the sense of further evidence in the word venom, which in Welsh is gwenivyn; gwen, wandering, or departing. 21. To rub, scratch, scrape; often connected with Venom is that while, and gwyn, rage, smart, whence gwynt, wind. driving, and with which frets or excites a raging pain. Hence we may infer that L. venor, to roughness. 22. To swim ; to float. hunt, to chase, is of the same family ; and so is venia, leave, or leave to de23. To stop, cease, rest; sometimes at least from a leaving, coinciding in signiiication with leave. straining, holding, faspai't, or a departure, * Tlie latter word, venia, proves another fact, that the primary sense of ve- tening. 24. To creep to crawl sometimes connected with scraping. nio is, in general, to move in any direction, and that the Latin sense, to come,^

U more

certain.

tained in cation.

In the Spanish language the senses ol both verbs are reand the Welsh Aapiaio gives us the true original signifi-

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

To To To

peel, to strip, whence spoiling. leap, to spring; allied to No. 9 and 1. 27. bring, bear, carry; in some instances connected with producing, ry to recur to tlie derivan\es. Thus the Latin livdo is rendered to hurt ; but, by adverting to allido, elido, and collide), we find that the original sig- throwing out. 28. To sweep. Hurt then is the secondaryi nification is to strike, hit, or dash against. 29. To hang. No. 19. sense ; the effect of the primary action expressed by the verb. 30. To shrink, or contract; that is, to draw. So the Latin rapio, to seize, does not give the sense of rapidus, rapid, See No. 3.

is

a particular appropriation of that sense. In ascertaining the primary sense of words,

2.'>.

often useful or necessa-

26.

but the sense of the latter proves the primary .sense of rapio to be to rush, and in its application, to rush on and seize. These examples will be sufficient to show how little the affinities of language have been understood. Men have been generally satisfied with a knowledge of the appropriate sense of words, without examining from

31. 32. 33.

it

is

34.

To run to rush forward; allied to No. 1. To put on or together; to unite allied to No. To knit, to weave. To gain, to win, to get. See No. 1.5. ;

;

1

and

3.

These and a few more verbs express the literal sense of all the primary But it must be remarked that all the foregoing significations are not visible or physical action, or ;)?^/;^a?t/ sense, that particular application roots. has been derived. Hence the obscurity that still rests on the theory of lan- distinct. So far from it, that the whole may be brought under the significaguage. It has been supposed that each word, particularly each verb, has tion of a very few words. The English words to send, throw, thrust, strain, an original specific sense, or application, distinct from every other verb. stretch, draw, drive, urge, press, embrace the primary sense of a great part We find, however, on a close examination and comparison of the same of all the verbs in every language which I have examined. Indeed it must word in different languages, that the fact is directly the reverse that a be so, for the verb is certainly the root of most words ; and the verb expresverb expressing some action, in a general sense, gives rise to various ap- ses mof ion, which always imphes the application offeree. Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, in most instances at least, if And in the course of my repropriate senses, or particular applications. searches, 1 have been struck with the similarity of manner in which differ- not in all, denote primarily to strain or restrain by exertion of force ; and to ent nations have appropriated derivative and figurative senses. For exam- lie is primarily to throw down, to lay one's self down. So that intransitive ple, all nations, as far as my researches extend, agree in expressing the verbs are rarely exceptions to the general remark above made, that all sense oi pistice aniright, by straightness, and sin, iniquity, tcrong, by a verbs primarily express motion or exertion of force. The substantive verb deviation from a straight line or course. Equally remarkable is the simpli- has more claims to be an exception, than any other for this usually denotes, city of the analogies in language, and the small number of radical signifi- I think, permanence or continued being ; but the primary sense of this verb cations ; so small indeed, that I am persuaded the primary sensie of all the may perhaps be to set or fix ; and verbs having this sense often express exverbs in any language, may be expressed by thirty or forty words. tension in time or duration. So iii»u in Greek is to stretch, but the same We cannot, at tliis period of the world, determine, in all cases, which word teneo in Latin, is to hold ; hence continuance. words are primitive, and which are derivative nor whether the verb or Let us now attend to the radical sense of some of the most common verbs. the noun is the original word. Mon. Gebelin, in his Monde Primitif, Speaking, calling, crying, praying, utterance of sounds, is usually from maintains that the noun is the root of all other words. Never was a great- the sense of driving or straining. Thus in Latin, appello and compello, That some nouns may have been formed before the verbs though of a different conjugation from pello, depello, impello, are from the er mistake. with which they are connected, is possible ; but as languages are now con- same root and although the Latin repello does not signify to recall, yet the structed, it is demonstrably certain, that the verb is the radix or stock from corresponding word in Italian rappellare, and the French rappeler, signify which have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech to recall, and hence the English repeal. Hence also peal, either of a bell belonging to each family. This is the result of all my researches into the or of thunder. This is the Greek i3a^Xtij, and probably waUw is from the We find, indeed, that many modern verbs are form- same root. The sense o( striking is found in the Greek verb, and so it is in origin of languages. ed on nouns ; as to practice from practice; but the noun is derived from a the Lat. loquor, Eng. clock. But in general, speaking, in all its modificaGreek verb. So we use wrong as a verb from the adjective wrong tions, is the straining, driving, or impulse of sounds. Sometimes the sense but the latter is primarily a participle of the verb to wring. Indeed coincides more exactly with ihaXof breaking or bursting. a large part of all nouns were originally participles or adjectives, and Singing is a driving or straining of the voice ; and we apply strain to a the tilings which they denote were named from their quahties. So pard, passage of music, and to a course of speaking. I am not confident that I can refer the sensation ot hearing to any visible pardus, is from T13 barad, hail ; and the animal so named from his spots as if sprinkled with hail, or rather from the sense of it may sometimes be from striking, hitting, touching. But separation. Crape, action. Possibly the Fr. crfpe, is from crfper, to crisp. Sight signifies, primarily, seen ; it we observe that hear is connected in origin with car, as the Latin audio is being the participle of seon contracted from sigan. Draught is the parti- with the Greek on, wtm, the ear whence it appears probable that the verb ciple of draw, that which is drawn, or the act of drawing ; thought is tlie to hear, is formed from the name of the ear, and the ear is from some verb which signifies to shoot or extend, for it signifies a limb. participle of think. As the verb is the principal radix of other words, and as the The primary sense of seeing, is commonly to extend to, to reach ; as it proper province of this part of speech is to of behold, for the radical sense express action, almost all the modifica- were, to reach with the eye. Hence the use tions of tlie primary sense of the verb may be comprehended in one word, othotd is to strain and hence its signification in beholden, held, bound, obto move. See the verb See in the Dictionary. ligated. The principal varieties of motion or action may be expressed by the folThe sense of look may be somewhat different from that of see. It appear! in some instances to have for its primary signification to setid, throw, coat ; lowing verbs. 1. To drive, throw, thrust, send, that is, to send or cast the eye or sight. urge, press. 2. To set, fix, But The primary sense of feeling is to touch, hit, or strike ; and probably this these are from or down. lay. usually thrusting, throwing 3. To strain, stretch, draw, whence holding, binding, strength, power, and is the sense of taste. often health. Wonder and astonishment arc usually expressed by some word that sig4. To turn, wind, roll, wander. Hence the Latin miror, to wonder, is the Armoric nifies to stop or hold. 5. To flow, to blow, to rush. miret, to stop, hold, hinder ; coinciding with the English moor, and Spanish 6. To open, See No. 16. amarrar, to moor, as a ship. part, spht, separate, remove, scatter.

what

;

;

;

;

;

;

INTRODUCTION. on to thrust on. Wc h.ive a familiar examand capio ; for caplo is primarily to fall or rush ple in the Latin incipio, in on and seize. See Begin in the Dictionary. See AsAttempt is expressed by straining, stretching, as in Latin tento. say and Kssay. exPower, strength, iui the corresponding verb, to be able, are usually is the radical sense of ruling or and this pressed by straining, stretching, is an example, which gives rectus, right, governing. Of this the Latin rego

To begin

that

is,

is to

come, or

fall

;

stretched, straight.

Care, as has been stated,

is

usually from strainmg, ftiat

is,

a tension ot

the mind.

To think is to set or fix or hold in the is expressed by setting. approaches to the sense of Si(;V)ose, Lat. «/;>po;!o. And under this word, let us consider the various applications of the Latin to prune, lop or dress, as vines, is rendered verb puto puto. The simple that is, according to Ainsworth, putum, i. e. puruni reddo, purgo, by which or used I understand him to mean, thatj)i((u;« is either a change ofpunim, r are not for it a most improbable supposition, for the radical letters t and coramutable. Puto is rendered also, to make even, clear, adjust, or cast up Its compounds accounts ;Uso to think or consider; to suppose to debate. are amputo, to cut off, prune, amputate, to remove computo, to compute. to to reckon, to think or deem ; disputo, to make clear, to adjust or settle, or lay to, to to ascribe to to jeason or impute, debate, impitto, ; dispute to reckon up, to impute. place to account ; reputo, to consider, to revolve, or account reckon, The Latin depute signifies to think, judge or esteem, to and to prune ; but the Italian deputare, Spanish diputar, and French depuHow can the sense o( think, ter, from the Latin word, all signify, to send. and that of lop or prune, be deduced from a common root or radical sense ? We find the solution of this question in the verb to depute. The primary sense is to throw, thrust or send, or to set or lay, which is from throwing, To prune is to separate, remove, or drive oft"; to force off; to driving. think Is a setting in the mind ; to compute is to throw or put together, either in the mind or in numbers ; to dispute is to throw against or apart, like deand to repute, is to impute, is to throw or put to or on to beat from Thinking

mind.

It

;

;

;

;

bate, ; to think or throw in the mind, repeatedly.

;

To amputate,

is

to separate

by

Puto then in Latin is from the same root probably, as the and also the Dutch English put, or the same word differently applied; a or shoot, Gr. ipuiuv, &c. pooten, to plant ; pool, a paw, twig In attempting to discover the primary sense of words, we are to carry our and consider how rude of state mankind, reflections back to the primitive cutting round.

hard, have

from one the

all

the

root, the

more inclined

same elementary letters, and I suppose them all to be sense of which is, to draw, strain, shrink, contract. I am words coincide with calleo, to be

to this opinion, for these

know ; a sense that imples straining and holding. Hope is probably from reaching tbrward. We express strong desire by longing, reaching towards. Earnestness, boldness, daring, peril, promptness, readiness, willingness, love and favor, are expressed by advancing or inclining. Light is often expressed by opening, or the shooting of rays, radiation; and probaiily in many cases, the original word was applied to the dawn of Whiteness is often connected in origin with light. day in the morning. We have an instance of this in the Latin caneo, to shine and to be white. And that the primary sense of this word, is to shoot, to radiate, that is, to throw out or off, we have evidence in the verb cano, to sing, whence canto, the sense of which is retained in our popular use of cant ; to cant a stone ; to cant over a cask ; give the thing a cant ; for all these words are from one

strong or able, to

stock.

The Latin virtus, the English worth, is from the root of vireo, to grow, is, to stretch forward, to shoot; hence the original sense is strength, a Hence the Lasense we retain in its application to the qualities oif plants. tin sense of virtus, is bravery, coinciding with the sense of boldness, a projecting forward. Pride is from swelling or elevation, the primary sense of some other words that

nearly allied to it. Fear is usually from shrinking or from shaking, trembling; or sometimes perhaps from striking, a being struck, as with surprise. Holiness and sacredness are sometimes expressed by separation, as from common things. The Teutonic word holy however seems to be from the sense of sowidness, entireness. Faith and belief seem to imply a resting on, or a leaving. It is certain that the English belief i^ a compound of the prefix be and leaf, leave, perTo believe one then is to leave with him, to rest or suffer to rest mission. with him, and hence not to dispute, contend or deny. Color may by from spreading over or put'ing on but in some instances, See Dye and Tinge. the primary sense is to dip. Spots are from the sense of separating or from sprinkling, dispersion. The radical sense of making is to press, drive, or force. We use make in its true literal sense, in the phrases, make your horse draw, make your servant do what you wish. Feeding is from the sense of pressing, crowding, stuffing, that is, from ;

sense. men would effect their pui-poses, before the invention or use of the instru driving or thrusting. Eating seems to have a somewhat different The English verb to cut, signifies or Drinking is from drawing, or from wetting, plunging. Drench and raents which the moderns employ. and we are apt to consider this as drink are radically one word. dinarily to separate with an edged tool ; But if so, how can cut, the stroke of a whip Anger, and the like violent passions imply excitement, or violent action. the chief and original sense. which is a legitimate sense of the word, be deduced from the act of severing Hence their connection with burning or inflammation, the usual sense of commotion. have, in this popular use of the word, a clew to guide which is raging or violent by an edged tool ? Agreement, harmony, are usually from meeting, or union, or from exus to the primary sense, which is, to drive, urge, press, and applied to the to. arm, to strike. But we have better evidence. In the popular practice of tending, reaching are from the sense of throwing or setting down, or to ancall Dwelling, abiding, England, it is not uncommon to hear one person speaking in the Latin continuo, from teneo, other when running, and say, cut on, cut on; that is, hurry, run faster, resting, or from stretching ; as we see by This is Gr. Tiivu, to extend. drive, press on ; probably from striking a beast which one rides on. Hence we see, that this verb is the Latin Guarding and defending, are fiom roots that signify to stop, or to cut off; the original sense of the word. or more generally, from the sense of driving off, a repelling or striking ccedo, to strike, to cut down, somewhat differently applied, and cado, to fall, In some cases perhaps from holding. is only a modified sense of the same root, ;uid the compounds incido, to cut, back. the prepositions Opposition is usually expressed by meeting, and licnce and incido, to fall on, are of one family. To cut, is therefore primarily to wliich express opposition. Thus the Danish preposition mod, Swedish mot of before to if the bodies, strike, or drive, and to cut off, severing applied or emot, against, contrary, is the English word to meet. edged tools were used, was to force otT, or to strike oft"; hence the sense of denote breath, air, wind, the radiWords which expiess"s;»V;t primarily separating in the phrase to cut off a. retreat or communication. Hence the connection between So the Latin carpo is the English carve, originally to separate by plucking, cal sense of which is to flow, move or rush. hence passion, animosity. So in spirit and courage, animus, animostis ; pulling, seizing and tearing, afterwards, by cutting. have Greek (p?i»iii!, frenzy, is from (r?i', the mind, or rather from its primary sense, the sense oS is

We

New

Asking

usually expressed by

pressing, urging.

We

This verb signi- a moving or rushing. a clear proof of this in the Latin peto and its compounds. So in our mother-tongue, mod is mind or spirit; whence mood, in Engfies primarily to rush, to drive at, to assault, and this sense, in Dictionaries, in the sense of purpose, have the force of the ori- hsh, and Sax. modig, nioody, angry. Hence ought to stand first in the order of definitions. and impetuous. So tiie Latin rogu, comcides its primary signification, is a setting forward, as intention is from intendo, ginal in the words impetus to stretch, to strain, the sense that ought to stand first in a Dictionary. in elements with reach. of scolding, or throwing The act of understanding is expressed by reaching or taking, holding, Reproach, chiding, rebuke, are from the sense have a pop- out words with violence. sustaining ; the sense of comprehend, and of"understand. 1 take your meaning or your Sin, is generally from the sense of deviating, wandering, as is the pracular phrase which well expresses this sense, tice of lewdness. So in German, begreife7i, to begripe, to apprehend. idea." of stretching, making straight, Right, justice, equity, are from the sense .knowing seems to have the same radical sense as understanding. Pain, grief, distress, and iJie like affections, are usually expressed by or from laving, making smooth. Falsehood is from falling, failing, or from deviation, wandering, drawpressure or straining. Affliction is from striking. of rousing, excit- ing aside. Joy, mirth, and the like affections, are from the sense The primary sense of strange and /orei^n, is distant, and from some verb ing, lively action. to depart. Wild :ind fierce are from a like sense. Covering, and the like actions are from spreading over or cutting off, in- signifying arc from e.vhamting, drawing r'aJH.ua/iif]/, Ji'ane, and kindred words, terruption. Hiding, is from covering or from withdrawing, depai-ture; or concealment out, or fiom departing, withdrawing, falling away. as in the Paleness is usually fromfailure, a departure of color. or fast, be from making may withholding, restraining, suppressing, or making clear. is fiom display, expanding, Glon/ opening, Latin celo. or straining. Heat usually iniplies excitement ; but as the effect of heat as well as of Binding, making fast or close, is from pre.s.sure, of all primitive words cald is sometimes to contract, I think both are sometimes from the same raWriting is fiom scratching, engraving, the sense 4lix. Thuscoid and the Lat. caleo, to be warm, and callus and calleo, to be which express this act.

mmd

We

We

INTRODUCTION. some guftenio is a prefix, the root of this word may be the same. The object however for which this word is here mentioned, is chiefly to show tlie unimen have observed in expressing their ideas making use of Vapor, steam, smoke, are usually from verbs which signify to exhale or formity which 'the same visible physical action to represent tlie operations of the mind and throw olf. Thus passus moral ideas. Stepping seems to be from opening, e.xpaniling, stretching. in Latin i> from pani/o, to open, .but this agrees in origin with pateo, and Silence, deafness, dumbness, are from stopping, holding, or making Grad}is in Latin coinciiles with the Welsh rhawd, \fast. with the (;reek jrar-i.'. War is from the sense of striving, driving, struggling. a way, and thi<, when traced to its root, terminates in the oriental 11, mi, Good is generally from enlarging, or advancing, \\ke prosperous. in or to to stretch to Syriac |>; radah, Chaldoe, expand; go, open, pass. Evil is from wandering, departing, or sometimes from softness, weakness, Walking may be sometimes from a like source but the word walk siguilics or fluxibility, as is the case with the Latin malum, from tlie Welsh flowing primaiily to roll, pre.^.s, work and full, as a hat, whence walker signifies a

A

crowd,

a

mass, a wood. Sac

,

are from collecting or pressing, or

allied sigriitication.

;

I

I

;

mall.

fuller.

Softness and weakness are usually

The primary sense of the names of natural and material objects cannot named from yielding, bending, withbe ascertained. The reasons are obvious. Some of these names are however is sometimes connected with always

Softness smoothness, and perhaps with moisture.

drawing,

as

is

relaxation.

Sweetness seems

to

have

for its

detached branches of a family of words, which no longer form a part of our language, the verb and all the derivatives, except a single name, being extinct or found only in some remote country. Others of these names navie suffered such changes of orthography, that it isdillicult or impossible to asfrom certain the primary or radical letters, and of course the family to which they of Numerous such words in English, as in every occur examples belong.

primary sense, either soflness or smooth

ness.

Soughncss is from sharp points, wrinkling or breaking and acidity is sharpness or pungency, and nearly allied to roughness Death is expressed by falling or departure life by fixedness or continuother language. ance, or from animation, excitement ;

;

.S
Hence in Hebrew J3 ben, signifies both a son, a cion, a branch say, issue. and the young of other animals. A son, says Parkhurst, is from nJ3 banah, tobuild, and hence he infers that a son is so called, because he builds up or continues his father's house or family. But if so, how does the word apply to a branch, or an arrow? What do these buildup? The mistake of this autlior, and of others, proceeds fi-oin their not untlerstanding the original meaning of the verb, which is not to erect, or elevate, but to throw, to set, to found and this verb is probably retained in oui" word found. A son is that which is thrown or shot out, a cion or branch is the same, an offset, one an offset of the human body, the othei- of a plant, and an arrow is that which is shot or thrown. Hence probably the Hebrew J3X eben or even, a stone, W. maen, or vaen, that which is set, so named from its compactness or hard-

But fi'om such facts as have occurred to me, in my researches, I may venture to atfirm with confidence, that most names of natural objects are taken from some obvious quality or action, or some supposed quality of the thing; or from the particular action or operation by which it is produced. Thus tumors are named from pushing, or swelling ; and redness, or red, seems, in Isome instances at least, to be named from eruptions on the body. The human

body is named from shaping, that is, setting, fixing, or extending, and hence sometimes, the general name of the human race. The arm is a shoot, a push, as is the branch of a tree. A board, a table, a floor, is from spreading, or expanding, extending. Skin, and bark are from peeling, stripping, &c. The names of particular animals and plants cannot always be traced to their source but as far as I have been able to discover their origin, i find animals to be generally named from some striking characteristic of external appearance, from the voice, from habits of life, or from their office. There is reason for believing that the Greek sp u9o! and Latin siruihio, or ostrich, is from the same root as the English strut, the strutter; the primary sense of which root is, to stretch, which explains all the senses of the Greek and Latin words of this family. It is certain that the crow is named from its cry, c and the leopard from his spots. ness. And in Arabic j i abana, signifies to think, Lat. opinor, that is, Thus plants were named from their qualities: some from their form, others fiom their color, others from their eflbcts, others from the place of their to set in the mind. Few and small are senses often expressed by tlie same word. Thus, al- growth. The English root, Lat. radix, is only a particular application of rod though/e«> in English expresses merely a small number, yet the same word and ray, radius ; that is, a shoot. Spurge is undoubtedly from the root of the Latin purgo. in French, peu, and in the Italian, poco, signifies little in quantity, as well as There is reason to think that many names of plants were originally adjecfew in number. Cause is from the sense of urging, pressing, Hence it well tives, expressing their qualities, or the name was a compound used for the impelling. expresses that which produces an effect and hence it is pecuUarly expres- same purpose, one part of which has been dropped, and the other remaining sive of that by which a man seeks to obtain a claim in law. A cause in as the name of the plant. Thus pine, pinus, is from pin, pinna, penna ; for in Welsh pin is a pin and a pen or style for writing, and pinbren is a pinecourt is properly a pressing for like action from ago ; and prosecu ri^ht, tion from the Latin sequor, which is our word seek. Hence the Latin ac tree. The tree then was named from its leaf. Fir has a similar origin and signification. cuso, to accuse, to throw upon, to press or load with a charge. The Saxon It is probable or rather certain that some natural saca. contention, suit in law, is synonymous with cause, and from the root objects, as plants and minerals, received their names from their supposed qualities ; as in ages of otseek, sequor. It is the English sake. The word thingm nearly synonymous with cause and sake. See Thing ignorance end superstition, men might ascribe effects to them, by mistake. The whole history of magic and enchantment leads us to this conclusion. tn the Dictionary. Minerals are, in many instances, named from their obvious qualities, as The piimary sense of time, luck, chance, fortune, is to fall, to come, to arrive, to happen. Tide, time and season, have a like original sense. Tide gold from its yellowness, and iron from its hardness. The names can, in some in Saxon is time, not a flow of the sea, the latter cases, be traced to their original, as that of gold and of the Latin^ifrbeing a secondary and mod em application of the word. This primary signification rum Indeed tiie greatest ; but many of them, are not easily ascertained. of time will unfold of the specific names of animals, plants and minerals appear to be obto us what I formerly could not understand, and what I could find no person part to explain, that is, why the Latin tempora should signify times and the tem- scure. Some of them appear to have no connection with any family of words It seems that ples. tempora are ihe falls of the head. Hence also we un- in our language, and many of them are derived tons from Asia, and from derstand why tempest is roots which can be found only, if found at all, in the .\siatic languages. naturally deducible from tempus, as the primary sense is to fall, to rusb. These observations and explanations will be sulficient to show the imporHence tempestivus, seasonable, that comes in itance of developing, as far as possible, tiie origin of words, and of good time. Season has a like sense. comparing Hence also we are led to understand, what has seemed the ditlerent uses of the same word indifferent languages, in order to underinexplicable, how the French heureux, stand either tlie philosophy of speech, or the real force and signification of lucky, happy, can be regularly deduced from heure, an AV e hnd that in Greek and hour. words in their practical application. Latin, the prima'ry sense of hour is time, and time is a coming, a If it should be found to be true, that many of the Shemitic verbs are formfalling, a happening, like the English luck, and hence the sense ol lucky hence fortunate and ed with prefixes, Ukc those of the European languages, this may lead to new happy. The ifordfortunate IS precisely of the same character. illustrations of the original languages of the scriptures. In order to determine this fact, it will be useful to examine whether the Chaldee and Hebrew The primary sense of the Shemitic lan davar, or thavar, corresponds almost precisely with that of eausc and 3 is not often a prefix answering to be in tlie Teutonic languages whether thing in EngUsh, that is, to sUain, Hence it signifies, to speak, and in Ch. and Syr. J and 3 are not prefixes answering to the ga and ge of the Gothic and Teuurge, drive, tall or ruali. to lead to direct, to whether T, and n, and I, a dialectical form of D, do not coincide govern. As a noun, it signifies a word, that which is tonic uttered a thing, cause or matter, tliat is. that which with the Gothic du, the Saxon do not answer to s, sh, and sch in the modem EngUsh And it may be observed, that if the first letter is a striking. prefix answer- and German. ing to the Gothic du, Saxon and English to, in the Saxon to-drifan, to drive, If many of the Shemitic triliteral verbs are compound, it follows that the then the ro.y. 13 coincides .Ki any rate, 1 have no hesitation in ex.ictly with the Welsh /im, to command, which primary radix has not been detected. to retained lu composiUon in Uie Lat. impero. Indeed if the first syllable of affirming that the piimary sense of many of the roots in the Shemitic Ian;

;

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

•

INTRODUCTION. gusges, that sense which is almost indispensable to an understanding of many obscure passages in the scriptures, has been hitherto overlooked or In order fully to comprehend many uses of the words, it will be mistaken. necessary to compare them with the uses of the words of the same family in the modern languages, and this comparison nuist be far more extensive than any hitherto made, and conducted on principles which have not been before duly appreciated and applied. I have introduced the foregoing comparative view of the several si^ifi-

Progress and Changes of the English Language.

It has been already observed that the mother tongue of the English is the Anglo-Saxon. The following are specimens of that language as it was spoken or written in England before the Norman conquest. The first is from the Saxon Chronicle. The original is in one column, and the literal translation in the other. The English words in italics are Saxon words. Thenumberof these will show how large a proportion of the words is reeationsof the same word indifferent languages, not merely to illustrate the tained in the present English. general principles of language, but with a special reference to an explanation of the etymologies which occur in this work. Should my synopsis ever An. DCCCXCI. Her for se here An. 89L Here [this year] fared be published, the learned enquirer might pursue the subject at hispleasure east, and Earnulf cyning gefeaht with the army east and Earnulf, the king, The results of the foregoing remarks and illustrations may be thus reca- tha^m raede-here aer tha scipu co- fought with the cavalry [ride army] pitulated. mon,midEast-Francum,andSeaxum, ere the ships come, with the East1. The nations which now constitute the distinct fanjilies or races of Ja- and Ba>gerum, and bine geflymde. I'rancs, and Saxons and Bavarians, phet and Shem, are descendants of the common fanuly which inhabited the And thry Scottas cwomon to jElfrede and put lliein to flight. And three plain of Shinar, before the dispersion. cyninge on anum bate, butan aelcum Scots come to iElfred, the king, in a 2. The families at the dispersion retained a large proportion of the words gerethum, of Hibernia; and thonon [an] boat, without any rowers, from which were in common use, before that event, and the same were conveyed hi hi bestaelon, forthon the hi woldon Hibernia, and thence they privately to their posteiity. In the course of time, some of these words were drop- forGodes lufan on eltheodinesse bion, withdrew [bestnle] because that they ped by one family or tribe, and some by another, till very few of them are hy ne rohton hwsr. would, for God's love be [or live] retained in their original form and signification by all the nations which where they should not be anxious have sprung from the main stock. A few of them however are still found [reck, care.] all in or nearly all the languages which I have examined, bearing nearly the same signiiication and easily recognized as identical. Se bat wa:s geworht of thriddan The boat was wrought of tteo 3. Although few of the primitive Avords can now be recognized, as exist- healfre hyde, the hie on foron, and hi hides and a half [third half hide,'] in ing in all the languages, yet as we better understand the changes which namon mid him that hie hcefdon to which Ihey fared [came] anrf they have been made in the orthography and signiiication of the same radical seofon nihtum mete, and tha comon took with them that they had for sewords, the more affinities are discovered and particularly, when we un hie ymb seofon niht, to londe on ven nights meat, and they corne derstand Iheprimary sense, we find this to unite words whose appropriate CoiTiwealum, and foran tha sona to about the seventh night, to land in or customary signitications appear to have no connection. iElfrede cyninge. Cornwall, and fared [went] soon to 4. A great number of the primitive radical words are found in JE\(ret he ealra North- Alfred, that he lived north most of Now, n in these words is not radical ; remove manna north mest bude. He cwaeth all the north men. He quoth that severity, rigor, strictness. this letter and we have strog, streg, which coincide with the Latin stringo that he bude on tha^m lande northe- he dwelt in the [them] land northstrictus ; and these words are found to be from the same radix, which weardum with tha west sa. He ward, opposite [with] the west sea. signifies to draw, to strain, to stretch. sa;de theah thast that land sy Ht said though, that that land is due 5. It appears that b,p and/ are often prefixes, either the remains of pre- swythe north thanon ; ac hit is eall north from thence, and that it is all positions, or casual additions to words, introduced by peculiar modes of pro- west buton on feawum stowum sticce waste except [but] in a few places nunciation, which prefixes now precede consonants with which they readily maelum wiciath Finnas, on huntathe [stows] where the Fm»is for the most coalesce in pronunciation, as I and r, forming triliteral words on biliteral on wintra, and on sumera on fiscothe part dwell, for hunting in winter, He saede tha;t he a;t and in summei' [or fishing in that sea, roots; as in block from Hoc, or lock ; play, Sixon plegan, from leg or lek, be there ss. Swedish /fAa, Dan. leger ; flow, Lat. fluo, from lug, or luc, which appears sumum cyrre wolde fandiam hu [by the sea.] He said that he, at in lighl, lux, luceo, and in lug, a river, retained in Lugdumtm. some iimc, would findhow long that lange thiet land north right la^ge. 6. It appears also that c or k and g, are often prefixes before the same land lay right north. consonants, ( and r, as in Lat. clunis, Eng. loin ; W. clod, praise, from Hod. German gluck, English luck ; Lat. gratia, W. rhad. Laws of King iEthelbert. Latin, lavs, laudo 7. It appears also that s is a prefix in a vast number ol words, as in speed, Gif Cyning his Icode to him gehaspoil, swell, sweep ; and it is very evident that st are prefixed to many words If the King shall call [cite] his

—

;

;

,-

original, radical, initial consonant was r, as in straight, strict, strong, tath, and heom mon tha?r yfel gedo, stretch, from the root of right, rectus, reach, and in stride, from the root of II bote and cyning L. scillinga.

whose

people to him,

satisfaction of critics

Gif

man

thone

man

ofslshth,

XX

first consider that conclusions arc not hasty opinions, formed on scil. gebete. isolated facts; but that they have been forced upon nie, in opposition to all former habits of thinking, by a series of successive proofs and accumU scil. lating evidence, during a long course of investigation, in which I have com Gif thuinan (of aslshth) pared most of the radical words, in more than twenty languages, twice and Gif thuman na>gl of weordeth III

my

my

and any one [man]

evil,

pensation be made, to the King.

let

double com-

and Mty shillings

If in the King's town a a

man,

with

man

him compensate

let

slay

[boot]

fifty shillings.

If in an Earl's town one man another man, let him pay twelve shillings for reparation. slayeth

and commentators.

If any persons should be disposed to doubt or contradict these facts, let

them

do

shall there

the Latin gradior, W.rhaz. If these inferences are just, as I am persuaded they are, it follows that there is a more near resemblance and a much closer affinity between the Gif in Cyninges tune man mannan languages of Europe and of Western Asia, than has hitherto been supposed to exist. It tbilows also that some of the most important principles or rudi- ofsleah, L. scill. gebete. ments of language have hitherto escaped obsei-vation, and that philology is yet in its infancy. Should this prove, on further examination, to be the state of philology, it is resei-ved for future investigators to examine the Gif on Eorles tune man mannan original languages of the scriptures on new principles, which may sei-ve to illustrate ofsleath, XII Scil. gebete. some obscure and difficult passages, not hitherto explained to the general 1

If man,

man,

let

[any one] slayeth any him compensate with twen-

ty shillings.

XX

If the thumb shall be cut off, twenty shillings. If the thumb nad shall scytefinger (of be cut off, three shillings shall be the asla-hth,) VIII scil. gebete. Gif man compensation. 7/" any one [off slaymiddle finger (of a slsehth,) IV. scil. eth, striketh off,] cutteth off the fore Gif man gold-finger (of a gebete. finger [shoot finger,] let him comGif man pensate with eight shillings. slaehth,) VI scil. gebete. If one thon litlan finger (of a slshlh) XI cutteth off the middle finger, let him pay four shiUings. If any one cutprimary scil. gebete. That I have succeeded at last, in every instance, can teth off signification. the hardly gold finder [ring finger,] su|i|io3ed let him pay six yet, in most cases, I am perfectly satisfied with the results of If any shillings. researches. one cutteth off the littlefinger, let

some of them three times.

No

scil.

gebete.

Gif

man

part of my researches has given me more trouble or solicitude, than that of arriving at the precise radical signification of moral ideas ; such for example, as hope, love, favor, faith. Nor has it been with much less labor that I have obtained a clear knowledge of some of our physical actions. It is literally true that I have sometimes had a word under consideration for two or three years, before I could satisfy my own mind, as to the

—

pay eleven

\

\

shillings.

INTRODUCTION. Laws

of

Ik was,

King Eadgar.

Thu

wa.st,

Weis wesum, Vus wesuth.

We

Is was. Eis wesun.* order or instruct lliat each Israth that a;lc cristen man In the present tense of the substantive verb, our common people use u'nt man enrneslty accustom liis licarn to ciistendome geornlice chrislian " he d'nl This is evidently a contiaction of the present."' nostei' and [wean] his ctiildreii to Christianity as in this phrase wffiiiige and him pater the Swedish and Danish, Sr, er, present, indicative, singular, of the substantive him and teach credon tace. IChristendvm] Pater Noster and Creed. verb, vara or vcerer, to be, which we retain in are and were. In Swedish, han hr, and in Danish, ban er, he is. Hence he ernot or or We laerath that preost ne beo hun- We direct that a priest be not a not, contracted into he a'nt or e'nt. These facts serve to show how far the Gothic dialect has been infused into ac plegge hunter, nor hawker, nor a gamester ta ne hafecerc ne ta'flere on his bocum swa his hade gebirath. but that he apply to his books, as it the English language. to recite all the It would be tedious and to most readers becomes his order.

We

:

;

;

uninteresting,

changes in the forms of words or tlic structure of sentences which have taobserve by these extracts that rather more than half tlie Saxon words ken place, since the fiorman conquest. Since the invention of printing, art nor have been lost, and now form no part of our language changes in the language have been less rapid, than before but no The distincontinued effort can completely arrest alterations in a living language. the introduced some words Danes, This language, with liy to| be used by the English, till the Norman concjuest. After that event, great guished writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, improved the language, but obsonow arc numbers of Saxon words went into disuse, nol suildenly, but gradually, and could not give it stability; Many words then in common use French and Latin words, were continually added to the language, till it be- lete or have sulTered a change of .signification. In the period between centuries. Queen Elizabeth, and the beginning of the eighteenth century, the langan to assume its present form, in the fourteenth and fifteenth in Vet the writings of Gower and Chaucer cannot now be fully understood guage was improved in granunar, orthography, and style. The writers the reign of Queen .\nn and of George I, brought the language nearly to without a glossary. But it was not in the loss of native Saxon words and the accession of French perfection and if any improvement has since been made, it is in the style science in use of terms and the ima better seleclion of Most or consisted. of our that the diction, words, words alone and Latin by langua(:,e change It is probable, and philosophy with more precision. portant alterations were made in the sounds of the vowels. In regard to grammatical construction, the language, for half a century if nol certain, that our first vowel a had usually or always the broad sound, least as far as as we now pronounce it in/uW, or in some words perhaps the Italian sound, past, has, in my apprehension, been suffering deterioration, at The sound of « was pro- regards its written form. This change may be attributed chiefly to the inas it is now called, and as we pronounce it in ask. whose grammar made its appearance bably nearly the same as it is in French and Italian, and in the northern fluence of the learned Bishop Lowth, to his form of the verb, which languages on the continent of Europe ; which is nearly that of a in favor. nearly sixty years ago. I refer particularly The Saxon sound of i was probably the same as it is .still on the continent, was adjusted to the piactice of writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, instead and the sound of fe or long e. The sound of « was thatof our present oo, French of the practice of authors in the age of William and Mary, Queen Ann, of the verb in the subjuncfive Hence for the form on the 1. he and in most countries European George gives on, the sound it still has in Itahan. It is probable that the change of the sound of 1/ happened in con mode, after the words which express a condition, if, though. Hiq. I love, continent. in a note, that in the subjunctive mode, the sequence of the prevalence of (he French pronunciation after the conquest; thou love, he love, observing in the form of a for the present sound of u may be considered as intermediate, between the event being spoken of under a condition or supposition, or wish, and therelbre doubtful and contingent, the verb itself in the present, full sound of 00, or French ou, and the French sound of « These changes, and the various sounds given to the same character, now and the auxiliary both of the present and past imperfect times, often carry I may serve to perplex foreigners, when learning English ; and tend, in no .small with them somewhat of a future sense ; as "if he come to-morrow, of oui language. This is an unfor speak to him'' " If be should come, I should speak to him." This is true ; degree, to retard or limit the extension tunate circumstance, not only in obstructing the progress of science, but of but for that very reason, this form of the verb belongs to the future tense, or Latin would be in in Grammars. he as such should be arranged come, If Christianity. The piincipal changes in the articulations are the vse of k for c, as in look si vena'it, in the subjunctive future. But the learned author has entirely overlooked the important distinction for locian ; the loss of /i before /, a.s in /(la/from hlttf, lot for hlot, lean for hlinian ; and the entire loss of the prefix ge or ga, as in deal for ge-dtelan between an event or fact, of uncertain existence in the present time, and deem for ge-deman ; and o( to as a prefix, as in to-helpan, to help; to-dai- which is mentioned under the condition of present existence, and a future " If the mail that has arrived contains a letter for me, I In no instance do we feel more sensibly the change of sounds contingent event. Ian, 'o deal. in the \'owels, than in that of (, which in French, Spanish and Italian, is e shall soon receive it," is a phrase that refers to the present time, and ex" If the mail conthe fact. long for in consequence of this, persons, who are not acquainted with these presses an uncertainty in my mind, respecting " if the mail of to-morthat is, foreign languages, mispronounce such words as marino, .Messina, Lima, tain a letter for me," refers to a future time, The first event, are to be pronounced low contain [shall or should contain] a letter for me." giving to i its English sound, when in fact the words conditional or hypothetical, should be expressed by the indicative mode, and mareeno, .Afessecna, Leema. The Saxon form of the verb, if he In grammatical structure, the language has suffered considerable altera- the latter by the subjunctive future. !n our mother tongue, nouns were varied to form cases, somewhat sfcry, if he go, is evidently a contingent future, and is so used in the laws. tions. This distinction, one of the most important in the language, has been so This declension of nouns has entirely ceased, except in the as in Latin. that no provision has been made for it in British Grampossessive or genitive case, in which an apostrophe before s has been sub- totally overlooked, Some of om- pronouns retain mars ; nor is the distinction expressed by the form of the verb, as used by a stituted for the regular Saxon termination es. The plural termination in en has been great part of the best writers. On the other hand, they continually use one their declensions, somewhat varied. senses. The fact is the same in the comdropped, in a number of woids, and the regular plural termination been sub- lorm of the verb to express both mon version of the scriptures. Jfhe go, if he speak, sometimes express a stituted, as hotises for housen. In general esent conditional tense, and sometimes a contingent future. In most cases, the Saxon termination of the infinitive mode of verbs, has " If been dropped, and for gifan, we now write, to give. The variations of the this subjunctive form of the verb in scripture, expresses future time. Thus for the he thus say, I have no delight in thee," expresses a future contingent verb, in the several persons, have been materially changed. " If it far away," exevent. 2Sam. xv. 26. Saxon iniquity 6f in thine hand, put Job xi. 14. in the present time. Ic lufige, We lufiath, presses a fact, under a condition, Thu lufast. Ge lufiath, In many irLstances, the translators have deviated from the original, in usverb to express what in Greek, is He lufath. Hi lufiath. ing the subjunctive form of the EngUsh Matthew iv. 6. Ei vioj ft rov ©tou, if we now writeexpressed in the indicative. Thus I love. We love. tiiou be [art] the son of God. Thou lovest. Ye love. Ch. V. 29 and 30. Et is o of floX/tof am o Jejtos axavSaXi^n ai ; if thy He loveth or aov j;cip ffxoiiaXifft fff, if thy it thee; They love. r; Jf|ia right eye offend, [offendeth]

We

;

;

—

;

—

loves.

thee. right hand offend, [offendeth] In the Saxon phn-al however we see the origin of the vulgar practice So also in Chapter xviii. 8 and 9. retained in some parts of Eugland and of this country. IVe loves, they loves, which aie contractions of lufiath. In the substantive verb, our common people universally, and most persons * This is probably the Latin esse. The Latins dropped the first articulaof better education, unless they have rejected their traditionary language, tion r, which answers to our w. retain the Gothic dialect, in the past tense. The present tense indicative mode of the Latin verb, with the v restored, I was. was. would be written thus. Ye was. Thou wast.

still

We

He

was. They was. people may be ridiculed for this language, it is of genuine origin, as old as the Saxon word were. In Gothic, the past tense runs thus

However

—

Ego vesum, tu ves, ille vest.

nos vesumus, [was,] vos vestis, [was.] illi vesunt, [was.]

V'

INTRODUCTION. " If my bodily strength is equal to the task." ' A negro, "if he works for himself and not a for master, will do double the work." If there is If their conduct displays no true wisdom." Et ovfai tfir »j atna tov avSpuTtarv ittta fjjs yvvaixoi, if the any aggravation of our guilt." " The honorable Case of the man be [is] so with his wife. gentleman may, if he chooses, have the journals read " Whether this is a sufficient tie to unite them." If this measCh. xxii. 45. Et ovv Aa/3i8 xalii, auroi' Knpior, if David then call [calleth] again." ure comes recommended." " If there exists a country which contaias the him Lord. Ch.

xii. 26.

Et o aatavai Tov eatavaf

ix8aK>^fi., if

Satan cast [casteth] out

Satan.

Ch. xix.

10.

'"'

2

arSpwrtoj Sio^^ftprfat, though our outward man perish, [perishes or is perishing.] In all these passages, the English verb, in the .subjunctive, properly expresses a conditional, contingent or hypothetical future tense, contrary to the sense of the original, except in the last passage cited, where the apostle evidently spealis of the perishing of the outward man as a fact admitted, which renders the translation still more improper. Let us now attend to the following passages. Matthew vii. 9. rts i;iv i% vftav ai'flpurtos, op iav aitrjeti o vioi cwtov

Et o

Coi'. iv. 16.

f|to fifiuv

means of

Pitt.

protection."

" If the " If an asprudence of reserve and decorum dictates silence." sembly is viciously or feebly composed." If any persons are to make good " if the deficiences." King of the French has really deserved these mur" derous attempts." If this representation of M. Neckar was false." " Whether the " The system, if it deserves the name." politician looks for a power that our workmen call a purchase, and if he finds the power.''

" If he feels as "

men commonly

Burke.

feel."

" If the effects of climate If climate has such an effect on mankind." arc casual." Coxe's Russ. " If he ' If he thinks his aptop, or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask [shall ask] bread, not finds his collection too small." will he give him a stone. " Whether it leads to truth." "judgment If ne U'ams sufficiently enlightened." Koi tor ixSw aitfjBt], if he ask [shall ask] a fish, will he give him a ser- others This is generally the language of Johnagainst his own failings." pent. son. Here the original tense is varied to express a future or hypothetical In regard to this distinguished author, I would observe that, except the event, yet the verb in English is in the same tense as in the first class of ex- substantive verb, there is in his Rambler but a single instance of the subamples; and what renders the veision more objectionable, is, that the verb junctive form of the verb in conditional sentences. In all other cases the in the first clause, does not correspond with that in the second clause. use of the indicative is uniform. There is no possible way of making good English of the translation, but by Such also is the language of the most distinguished men in the United So it States, siipposing the verb in the first clause ask, to be in the future tense. particularly of those who wrote their native language as they receiwould be in Latin, and so it is, " si petierit." If thy son shall ask (or should ved it from tradition, and before grammars had made any impression on its ask) a fish, will he give, (or would he give) him a serpent? genuine construction. This fault runs through the whole English version of the scriptures, and "The prince that acquires new territory, if he^rwfe it vacant." "If a distinction of tenses clearly marked in the original languages, is generally we are industrious we shall never starve." " If one has more corn than neglected in the translation. he can consume, and another has less." Such is the o{ Franklin. Now the most unlettered man in this country, would express the sense in " If any persons thus qualified are to be found." "languag-e If it is thought pro" If the English, with the same marked distinction of tenses, which appears in the per." docs not choose to out the congress point particular regi" If the Greek. If thou art the son of God ; if thy right eye offends thee ; if the ment." " If I am informed." rightly army has not removed." case of the man is such ; if David calls him Lord ; or if the sense is under- " If a Such is the language of Washproposition has not been made." stood to be future and contingent, if thy son shall ask bread, or if he should ington. " If os/c bread, would be the uniform language of any of the common people of any philosopher prefenrfs." " If he has food for the present day." " our country. There would not probably be a single exception, unless in " If the Christian If a revelation is not impossible." system contains a the use of the substantive verb, which is often used in the sulijunctivc form. real communication to mankind." " If the former of these facts opposes And the most unlettered man would use the corresponding verbs in the two our reception of the miraculous " If the history of the gospel." preceding clauses, if he shall ask, will he give; or if he should ask, would he give. reflections nrc Such is the of late the President Smith.* just." language " The use of the verb in all similar phrases, is perfectly well settled in this deetiis the introduction of or their merIf 3ny government foreigners country, and perfectly uniform among the higher and lower classes of men ; chandize injurious." " Unless he violates the law of nations." " If a per" If he resides in a unless when the practice has been varied by the influence of Grammars, in son has a settlement in a hostile country." belligerent which the conjugation of the verb is according to the antiquated practice country." " If a foreign Consul carries on trade as a merchant." Such «f the age of Elizabeth. is the language of the ex-Chancellor Kent. 1 Tim. v. 4. El. 61 ti; But neither the authors here mentioned, nor most others, even the most XVC"' I'""''* V fxyofa ixn, if any widow, have [has] children or nephews. distinguished for erudition, are uniform and consistent with themselves in Verse 8. Ei Si tif tap ibtuip xai jjaXifa tiMi oixiiav ov itfopoii, if any the use of the tenses. In one sentence we find the indicative used, " If it is to be discovered only by the experiment." " If other indications are to be not for his and for those of his own own, provide [provideth] especially found." In the next sentence, " If to miscarry in an attempt be a house. proof This subjunctive form of the verb, if he be ; if he have ; if he go ; if he of having mistaken the direction of genius." Johnson. " If the former be refined if those virtues are 9ay ; if thou write ; whether thou see ; though he fall, which was geneaccompanied with equal Gibbon. rally used by the writers of the sixteenth century, was, in a great measure, abilities." " If love rcwai-d discarded before the time of Addison. Whether this change was in consehim. or if strike." Cowper. " Or if it does not brand him vengeance to the last." quence of the prevalence of colloquial usage over grammar rules, or beCowper. " If he is a cause discerning men perceived the impropriety and inconsistency of the pagan if endeavors are used if the person hath a liberal of education if I man be not to determine. Certain it to that these miseries. books, Milner. is, Locke, language pretend subject The following expressions occur in Pope's Preface to Homer's Iliad, in Watts, Addison, Pope, and other authors of the first distinction, who adorned the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, the compass of thirteen lines. " If heAas generally used the indicative mode to express condition, uncertainty, and given a regular catalogue of an army." " If he has funeral " If these hypothesis in the present and past tenses. Thus Locke writes games for Patroclus." " If two propositions are by nature imprinted." " If principle* are innate." V\yssesvisit the shades." " If " If he be detained from " Whether that subhis return." any person hath never examined this notion." " If Achilles be absent." " If the soul doth think in " If one C071stance thinks or no." sleep." " If he " If he does not reflect." siders well the.se men's w.iy of speaking." gives his hero a suit of celestial armor." ** Unless that notion produces a constant train of successive ideas." " If I recollect one English author only, who has been careful to avoid this inyour Lordship ?neans." Such is the language of Locke. consistency ; this is Gregory, who, in his Economt/ of JVature, has uniNow what is remarkable, the learned Dr. Lowth, the very author who formly used the indicative form of the verb in conditional sentences of this has, by his grammar, done much to sanction the subjunctive form of the kind. The like inconsistency occurs in almost all American writings. " If verb, in such cases, often uses the indicative in his own writings. " If he " If does not carefully attend to this if this pleasure arises from the shape of moral disposition lie here." preference necessarily involves the the composition if this is not firmly and well established." These verbs are knowledge of obligation." " If the proposition is true." " If the propoin contradiction of his own principles. On Isaiah. Prelim. Diss sition 6e confirmed." " If he refutes any thing." Addison. "If the reader has a mind to see a father of the same stamp.' In a pamphlet now before me, there are no less thzn fifty of these incon" If exercise throws off all superfluities— if it clears the vessels if it dis- sistencies in the compass of ninety pages ; and three of them in one senSuch is the language of Addison, the most tence. sipates a growing distemper." elegant writer of the genuine English idiom in the nation. " If the thief is poor if it obliges me to be conversant with scenes of

H

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

wretchedness."

Wilberforec. is not to be conquered. Lord Chatham. *The substantive verb is often used in the subjunctive form by writers arc to be satisfied with assertions." " If it gives blind confi- who never use that form in any other verb. The reason doubtless is that dence to any executive government." " If such an opinion /las gone forth." be is primarily the indicative as well as the subjunctive mode of that verh. " If our conduct A(M been marked with Fox. I be, we be, as used in Scripture. So in German Ich bin. vigor and wisdom."

" "

If If

Ameiica

we

INTRODUCTION. lIow,1nthis case, is a foreigner to understand the author? and how can tended by the populaiily of Murr.iy's grammar," has been to introduce, or such seiitrnccs be translated into anotlier language without a deviation from establish a form of the verb in writing, which is obsolete in colloq\iial lanthe original ? guage to till our books with a confusion of tenses, and thus to keep the The propiiefy of using the indicative form of the verb to express a pre- language unsettled. Nothing can be more perplexing to the student thali it is most every where to meet with sent or past event conditionally, does not rest solely on usage discrepancies between rules and practice. of There is another erroneous manner of writing, common to the best au(hat most the which words It is well correct upon principle. known, arc used to introduce a condition or hypothesis, and called most improperly thors in the language, which seems to have escaped notice. This is, to conjunctions, arc verbs, having not the least affinity to the class of words connect a verb in the past tense with a preceding one in the same tense, used to connect sentences. If is the Saxon gif, give, having lost its first when the latter verb is intended to express a very di/ferent time from the " Then Manasseh kyiew that letter i/"f«r the ancient giT". the Lord, he was God." 2 Though is also a verb now obsolete, except in former. Thus, Now let us analyze this conditional tense of the Citron, xxxiii. 13. the ini|)era(ive mode. " If the man knows his true interest, he will avoid a The Latins, in tliis case, would probably have used the infinitive Ma"verb. quarrel." Here is an omi.ssion of the word that after if. The true original phrase nasseh novit Jehovam deum esse. In English we ought to write and say, " Manasseh knew Jehovah to was " Jf that the man knows his true interest, he will avoid a quarrel" be God," or, Manasseh kntw that Jehovah he is God. In most .similar cases, the use of the infinitive in English is a« that is, give that [admit the fact which is expressed in the following clause] But there are many cases where the infinitive cannot the man kiwu's his true interest, then the consequence follows, he will elegant as in Latin. That in this sentence is a relative or denionstiative sub- be used. We cannot use it after say " he said him to be a good man," is avoid a quarrel. This will more plainly appear by transpo- not English stitute for the following clause. though he declared, or affirmed, or believed him to be a good ;

;

;

;

—

;

;

" The man h)wu's his true interest sing the clauses. give that [admit that ;] he will then avoid a quarrel. Now let the subjunctive Ibrm be used. "The man knowhis true interest ; give that; he will avoid a quarrel." Here the impropriety of this form of the verb appears in a strong light. It will appear more clearly by the use of other words of equivalent signitication. Grant the man know Ids true interest, he will avoid a quarrel. Allow the man know his true interest. Suppose the man know his true interest. never use the subjunctive form after the three last verbs which introduce the condition. Though is sometimes followed by the in dicative ; .sometimes by the subjunctive ; but it ought always to be follow ed by the indicative, for it supposes the fact to be given and so does admit, when used in hypothetical sentences. Admit that the man knows his inWe have then decisive proof that the use of the indicative form of terest. the verb after if, when it expresses a conditional event in present time, is most correct ; indeed it is the only correct form. This remark is equally applicable to the past tense, conditional. The language of Addison, Johnson, and other distinguished writers of the last century, in the use of the indicative, is therefore, more correct than the language of the writers in the age of Elizabeth and their practice is principally the common usage of our country at this day. 1 have, therefore, constructed a grammar on this usage ; bringing down the standard of writing a century and a half later than Bishop Lowth. I have done this, yir«<, on the authority of strict .analogical principles, as above stated ; secondly, on the authority of the best usage of that cluster of disand tinguished writers who adorned the beginning of the last century thirdly, on the authority of universal colloquial practice, which I consider as the real and only genuine language. I repeat this remark, that general and respectable usage in speaking is the genuine oi legilimate language of a country to which the written language ought to be conformed. Language is that which is uttered by the tongue, and if men do not write the language as it is spoken by the great body of respectable people, they do not write the real language. Now. in colloquial usage, the subjunctive form of the verb, in conditional sentences, is rarely used, and perhajjs neOur students are ver, except when the substantive verb is employed. taught in school the subjunctive Ibrm, if thou have, if he come, &c. and some of them continue, in after life, to write in that manner but in the course of more than forty years, I have not known thiee men who have ventured to use that form of the verb in conversation. We toil in school to learn a language which we dare not introduce into conversation, but which the force of custom compels us to abandon. In this respect, the present study of grammar is worse than useless. This colloquial custom accords with other languages. The French say and write s' (7 est, if he is. The Latins often used the same form, " si quid est in me ingenii, judices ;" but the use of the Latin subjunctive " depends on certain other words which precede ; as cum sit civis," as he is a citizen, or, since he is a citizen ; and the present tense is often used to exThat the Greeks used the indicapress what we express by an auxiliary. tive to express a conditional present tense, we have seen by citations above. By this arrangement of the verb, the indicative Ibrm after if and other verbs introducing a condition or hypothesis, may be used uniformly to exa fact or event under a or condition either in the present press supposition, or past tenses ; the speaker being uncertain respecting tlie fact, or representing it as doubtful. If the man is honest, he will return what he has borrowed. If the ship has arrived, we shall be informed of it tomorrow. If the bill was presentIf the law has been ed, it was doubtless paid. passed, we are precluded from further opposition. On the other hand, when it is intended to speak of a future contingent event, 1 would always use the auxiliaries that are proper for tlie purpose. " If it shall or shoidd rain tomoirow, we shall not ride to town." 1 would never use the subjunctive form if it rain in prose ; and in poetry, only from in this mannecessity, as an abridged phrase lor ifit shall or shovld rain, ner, the distinction between the tenses, which are now constantly conIbunded, maybe preserved and made obvious, both to natives and foreigners. The effect of the study of Lowth's principles, Mhichhas been greatly ex;

We

;

;

;

man,

is

elegant.

understand Uic impropriety of the common mode of using the latter verb, as in the example above cited, it may be remarked, that the present tense is that which is used to express what exists at all times. Thus we God (s or exists, whenever we say, speak of his permanent existence ; wo iron is a most valuable metal ; it is not rt)nsay, gold is yellow or ductile vertible into silver ; plants and animals are very distinct living beings. We do not say, gold was yellow iron was a valuable metal for we mean to express permanent qualities. Hence, in the passage cited from Chronicles, the first verb kneu', referiing to a fact past, is correct ; but the last, which is intended to express the permanent being or character of God, should be in the infinitive or the indicative present tense. The following are examples " His master had of correct language taught him that happiness consists in virtue." Anaeharsis, ii. 120. " Sabellius, who openly taught that there is but one person in tlie Godhead." Encyclopedia. " Out S3.\io\taught that eternal death is the proper punishment of sin." In order

to

;

:

Em^nons. " is the Having believed for many years, following an elastic fluid." The following would be still better : Having believed water to be an elastic fluid." " So the following We know not the use of the epidermis of shells. Some authors have supposed that it secured [secures] the shells from being covered with vermes." Edin. Encyc. " It was just remarked, that marine fossils did not [do not] comprise velb. getable remains." " If readers will turn their back on their old friends, they my thoughts

But very

that water

different

was

I.

E.

:

[is]

'

:

will find it difficult to call a single know that life was short [is short,] '

They

to remembrance who appeared to he was about to lose it." Rambler, jXo. 71.

man till

considered the body as a hydraulic machine, and the fluids

ing through a series of chiuiical changes [is] its

essential characteristic."

'

was declared by Ponipey,

It

violated,

he could stamp «

;

VoL.

;

;

;

a.s

pa.
Mas Darwin.

forgetting that ;uiimation

(hat if the Commonwealth was [should be] ith his foot and raise an arniy out of the ground." Rambler, JVo. 10.

In the foregoing sentence, the past tense is used for the future contingent. " It was affirmed in tlie last discourse, that much of the honorable practice of the world rested [rests] on the substratum of selfishness that society was [is] held together, in the exercise of its relative virtues, mainly by the tie of reciprocal advantage that a man's own interest bound [binds] him to all those average equities which obtained [obtain] in the neighborhood around him and in wliich if he proved [should prove] himself glaringly deficient, he would be abandoned by the respect, and the confidence, and the good will of the people with whom he had [might have, or should have] to do." Chahncr's Com. Dis.4. " In the last discourse, I observed that love constituted [constitutes] the whole moral character of God," Dwight's Tlieology. " And he but if one went [shall or should go] said, nay, father Abraham to them from the dead, they will repent. And he said to him, if they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will tliey be persuaded though one rose [shall or should rise] from the dead." Luke, xvi. 30, 31. ;

;

;

;

" Independent of parties in the national legislature itself, as often as the period of discussion arrived, the state legislaUires, who will always be not *

Lindley Murray, in the introduction to his grammar, "acknowledges, in general terms, that the authors to whom the grammatical part of tjiis compilation is principally indebted for its materials are, Harris, Johnson, Lowth, Priestley, Bealiie, Sheridan, Walker, and Cocte." But on cxaiiMnation, it appears that the greatest portion of Oie grammatical part is tVoai Lowth, whose principles form the main structure of Murrr.y's cor.ipiiition. Some valuable notes and remarks are taken from P;ic.-tley*s grammar. I studied grammar in liie originals long before Murray's compilation appeared, and, in citing authorities, deem it proper to cite the originals.

^/

INTRODUCTION. only vigilant, but suspicious and jealous guardians of the rights of the citizens, against encroachments from the federal government, will constantly

have

awake to the conduct of the national rulers, and will be any thing iuiprojier appears, to sound the alarm to the

their attention

ready enough, people."

if

Let any man attempt to resolve the foregoing sentence, if he can, or render it into another language. " Cicero vindicated the truth, and inculcated the value of the precept, that nothing was [is] truly useful which iL-as [is] not honest." *' He undertook to show that justice was [is] of perpetual obligation." " The author concedes much of his argument, and admits that the sea was [is] susceptible of dominion." [Better still ; he admits the sea to be susceptible of dominion.] "A nation would be condemned by the impartial voice of mankind, if it voluntarily went [should go] to war, on a claim of which it doubted [should doubt] the legality." *' The Supieme Court observed that they were not at liberty to depart from the rule, whatever doubt might have been entertained, if the case icas [had

" And when the year was [liad] expired." 2 Chron. xxxvi. 10. " I only am [have] escaped alone to tell thee." Job i. 15. " And it came to Luke xix. 15. pass, when he was [had] returned." Return is sometimes a transitive verb, and sometimes intransitive. When a sum of borrowed money is returned, the phrase is correct, for this is the of a transitive verb. But when a rnan is form returned, we may passive In this case, the man returns by his own act, ask, who has returned him ? and he cannot be said to be returned. " He found the Coxe. Empress was [bad] departed." " They ivere [had] arrived within three days journey of the spice country." Gibbon, Ch. i. Note. " Neither Charles nor Diocletian were piad] arrived at a very advanced lb. Ch. xiii. period of life." '* The posterity of so many gods and heroes was [had] fallen into the most abject state." lb. Ch. ii. " Silver was [bad] groicn more common." lb. " He was [had] risen fiom the dead, and was [had] just ascended to heaven." Milnei', i. 20. "

been] eniirely new." Hearing that they M-ere [had] orriccd." 7J. 211. ' He held that the law of nations " Claudius vexed because his wife teas prohibited [prohibits] the use of pois[had] become a christian." lb, oned arms," 274. " He iusisted that the laws of war '' not the reader see how much we are [have] already departed no over a Does other power capgave [give] tive 'ban to keep him safely." from chii-itian simplicity .'" lb. 299. " The " general principle on the subject is, that, if a commander makes a My age iS [has] departed." Isaiah xxxviii. 12. " The man out of whom the demons were compact with the enemy, and it be of such a nature that the power to make [had] departed.^' Luke viii.

—

could be reasonably implied from the nature of the trust, it would be valid 35. " Workmen leere and binding, though hf abused his trust." Let any man translate this senMitford. [had] arrived to assist them." " A lb. tence into another language, if he can, without reducing the verbs to some body of Athenian horse was [had] just arrived." This fault is common in Mitford's Histoi'y of Greece. In the writings of consistency. " are more it occurs, but less entiwhich that States were have declared the United law, Roscoe, [are] elegant, frequently. Congress by *' l"he time limited for the reception of the cardinal teas expired." Hostled to priority of payment over jjri\'ale creditors, in cases of insolvency."

it

" The Supreme

r'ourt decided, that the acts of Congress, giving that gen-

United Siates, were [are] constitutional. was admitted that the government of the United States was of enumerated powers." eral piiority to (ht

"

It

" From his past designs and administrations

we

one

[is]

could never argue at

coe, Leo.

"

lb.

"

X.

He inquired whether the report was true, that a legate was arrived." L. Med. Tho nation being [having] once more ^o( into a course of borrowing."

all to

those which were future." [This is an odd combination of words.] "Jesus knowing tbatthe father had given all things into his hands, and he was come from God and went to God." John xiii. 3. " Alexander dispatched Eumenes with three hundred horse to two

" tliat

When

he ivas [had] retired

to his tent."

Price on Liberty. Coxe's Muss.

" He was lb. [had] not yet arrived."* The intransitive verb grow is constantly used by the Engli.sh as a transiThis is never used in the northern states, untive verb, as to grow wheat. less by persons who have adopted it recently from the English.

free that if they submitled and received him, [should or It seems almost incredible that such errors should continue, to this time, as a friend, no evil should befall them." " The apostle knew that the present season was [is] the only time allowed to disfigure the language of the most distinguished writers, and that they should escape animadversion. The practice has evidently been borrowed for this preparation." " What would be the real effect of that overpowering evidence, which from the French or Italian but surely no lover of correctness can excuse our adversaries required, [should require,] in a revelation, it is ditficult to such violation of the best established principles in our language. This fault occurs in a few instances, in the writings of the best American foretell." " It could not otherwise have been known that the word had It is however very rare, [has] this authors, as in the writings of Ames and Hamilton. either in books or in colloquial usage. Even our common people are remeaning." I told him if he went [should go] to-morrow, I would go with him. markably accurate in using the auxiliary have with the participles of intransitive verbs. This fault occurs in our hearing every hour in the day. They always, I believe, say, a ship has arrived, a plant has like fault prevails in other languages; indeed the English may have perished, the enemy had fled, the piice hod fallen, the corn has or had been led into it by reading foreign authors. *' Mais onaremarque avec rai- grown, the time hets expired, the man has returned, the vessel had departSuch also is the language ol' our most eminent writers. It has been remarked ed. son, que I'espace conchoidal etait infini." Lunier. " The Generals Gates and Sullivan have both arrived." with reason that the conchoidal space ivas [is] infinite. But whatever may be the practice of other nations, there would be no difWashington's Letters. " The Indians of the B. Trumbull. village had fled." ficulty in correcting such improprieties in our own language, if as much at"Our Tom has grown a sturdy boy." tention were given to the study of its true principles, as is given to other Progress of Dullness. "Our patriots have fallen." Discourse of D. IVcbster, Aug. 182G. But if in this particular, there is a Brit subjects of literature and science. EUicott. "Our commissary had not arrived." ish or American author who writes his vernacular language correctly, his The exceptions to this correct practice are chiefly in the use of the partiwritings have not fallen under inspection. There is another fault very common among English writers, though it is ciples of co/ne and go. It is very common to hear the expressions he is less frequent in the United States ; this is the conversion of an intransitive come or is gone, in which case, the participle seems to take the character of verb into a passive one. It is surprising that an error of this kind should an adjective although in mo.st instances, the regular form of expression, he have gained such an established use, in some foreign languages, as to be incu has come or has gone, is to be preferred. So dead, originally a participle, rable. Barbarous nations may indeed form languages ; but it should be the is used only as an adjective and deceased and departed are often used in the like manner. business of civilized men to purify their language from barbarisms. say, a deceased, or departed friend ; but it should be In the transitive verb, there is an that some action on an remarked that the original expression was, our friend has deceased, or has

—with assurance

cities

would submit and receive,]

;

A

my

;

;

We

agent

some way affects it. agent and the object change places

object, or in

When

this

performs verb becomes passive, the departed

in the sentence.

Thus, John loves Peter,

In the intransitive verb, transitive, but Peter is loved by John, is passive. is different ; for the action is limited to the agent ; and when it is stated that a thing is done, there is no agent by which it is done. I perish is

the case

intransitive ; lam perished is the passive form ; but tlie latter neither ex presses nor implies an agent by which I perish. This fault occurs frequently in the common version of the Scriptures. " Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom old age was [had] perished." Job xxx. 2. " Their memorial is Ps. ix. 6. [has] perished witl> them." •' The heathen are [liave] perished out of this land." Ps. x. 16. •' Israel is [has] fled before the Philistines." 1 Sam. iv. 17. is

' David '•

is

The days

[has] fled."

2 Sam. xix.

icere [had] not expired."

9.

1

Sam.

xviii. 26.

and this phraseology, by an easy but heedless transition, became is deceased or is departed, in general, however, the conversion of an intransitive verb or form of expression into the passive form, is very rare of New England. among the people There Is a grammatical erroi' running through the writings of so respectaas it seems ble a writer as Mitford, which ought not to be passed unnoticed to be borrowed from the French language, whose idioms are different from the English, but which the English are too apt to follow. This fault is, in using the preterit or perfect tense, instead of the past tense indefinite, usuthis life

;

;

* On this use of intransitive verbs, as the ship was departed, it may be asked, The tree t« who departed it The mail is arrived, who has arrived it perished, who has perished it ? The enemy was fled, who fled them ? The time was expired, who expired it .'

.'

.'

INTRODUCTION. most improperly, the imperfect. Take the followins: sentences for] '* The conduct of Pelopidds towards .\rcudia and its minister at examples. the Persian court has scaicely been the result of mere caprice or resent ment." The verb here ought to be ivas. "The oration [of Isocrates] has been [was] a favorite of Dionysius of Halicarnassus." This form of expressing the time would be good in French, but is very bad in English. And it may be here remarked, that the tense he was, he arThese verbs, and all rived, he wrote, is not properly named imperfect. verbs of this form denote actions finished or perfect, as " in six days God created the heaven and the earth." Imperfect or unfinished action is exhe was in in this manner, reading, they tvcre writing. The pressed English error of calling the former tense imperfect has probably proceeded from a aervile adoption of the Latin names of the tenses, without considering the iJly called

—

difference of application. There are some errors in all the English Grammars, that have been derived to us from antiquity. Such is the arrangement of that among the conKai /caxapia rj rtiftuffasa junctions, like the Greek ^ti, and the Latin ut. OT't

ffat tfXfiwfftj rotj ^-fXa^-jjuffOij avTi] rtapa Kuptov.

And

blessed

is

she

who

believed that there shall be a performance of the things which were her from the Lord. Luke i. 45. In our version, on is rendered /or, but most erroneously. The true meaning and character of ltti will best appear, '• There shall be a perforby a transposition of the clauses of the verse. mance of the tilings told her from the Lord blessed or happy is she who betold

;

three, four, and

every other number in the laosuaire. Take the followiD
VVhen thus used, oh, two, three, are all indefinite that is, ; they are used With nouns which are indefinite, or expressing things not particularly designated. But this is not owing to the essential character of the adjectives, an, one, two, three; for any of them may be used with definite nouns and an ; IS continually thus used. " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries." " The angel stood for an adversary against Balaam." "Make this fellow return, lest in the battle he be an to us." " " " " " "

adversary

Rezon— was on adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon." -\nd he spake a parable to them to this end." And there was a wido»v in that city." .\nd seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain." I will be a God to thee and thy seed after thee." Thou

art

Now let

a God ready

to

pardon."

any of these phrases be tested by the common definition of an or one single tiling of the kind Lowth. " I will be adversaries;" that is, any adversary, one of the kind, but vague or indeterminate." "Rezon was au adversary to Israel;" that is, in a vague sense any adversa"

that It 13 used in a vague sense, to a, point out in other respects indeterminate." " I will be an adversary to thine

:

lieved that." Here otj, that, appears to be what it really is, a relative or substitute for the whole clause in Greek succeeding it. So in Luke xxii. 18. Asyu yap vfuv on ov ^rj jtiu, &c. I say to you that I will not drink. \ will ry," indctcrniinate. And he spake a parable to them ;" that is, anii not drink, I say to you thai. It is the same in Latin, " Uico enim vobis parable, indeterminate. " Thou art a God, ready to pardon;" that is, any God, one of the kind, in a quod non bibam." Quod is here a relative governed by dicu, and referring to the following clause of the sentence. vague sense, indeterminate If it should be said, the noun is rendered So also Matthew ix. 28. nifttitrf oi't iwafxa.v tovto ttoiijaat ; Do determinate, be by other words in ye the sentence, and not an or a, this may be and generally is tnle but lieve that I am able to do this ? [1 am able to do this, do ye believe that?] this .shows that an iloesbynot This error runs through all Grammars, Greek, Latin, French, give to the noun its character of definiteness or English, kc. indefiniteness it retains its But how such an obvious always that the word that and its proper signification, which is one, and I

;

fact,

corresponding words in other languages, refer to the clause of a sentence, should escape observation, age after age, it is not easy to explain. How could it be suppos ed that a word is a conjunction which does 710/ join words or sentences That is used, in the passages cited, not to unite two sentences, but to con iinuethe same sent ci\cv, by an additional clause. The relative, when referring to a .sentence or the clause of a sentence, if not varied, for a variation of case is not wanted. So nottvithstanding and provided iaEnglish, am] pourmt que inFrench, are called conjunctions but most improperly ; as they are participles, and when called conjunclions, they always form, with a word, clause or sentence, the rase absolute or independent. Thu«, " it rains, but notwithstanding that, That fact, (it rains,) not opposing or pre[it rains,] 1 must go to town." Tenting me, that is, in opposition to that, I must go to town hoc non ob:

;

stante.

"

I

will

the fact,

ride,

provided you will accompany me."

That

is, 1

;

nothing more ; and

it is

used indifferently before nouns definite or indefi-

nite.

This mistake of the character of an

was

is

found in other languages

;

but

I

French Grammar in Paris, recommended by the Institute, the author of which had discarded the indefinite article. In English, an or a is, for the most Used with a part, entirely useless. noun in the singular number, it senes no purpose, that which the except form of the word, in the singular number, is intended to answer. It expresses unity only, and this is the province of the Were it singular number. " not for habit, give me orange," would express the sense of " give me an gratified to find a

orange," with precision and certainty. In this respect the Latin language has the advantage over the English. But the use of such a short word is not very inconvenient, and the usage cannot be changed. Other languages are subject to the same inconvenience; even the definite articles, orlletiiiitives, in Greek and in French, are very often useless, and were it not lor will ride, would be usage, improper.

will accompany me, being provided. \ie structure of 'these sentences. See my Philosophical and It is the same in French, pourvu que, that being provided, que leferring to the following clause. There are other points in grammar equally Not only in English faulty. From the period of the first Sason writings, our grammar, but in the grammars of other languages, men stumble at the threshlanguage has been sufferThe first writers, having no guide but the ear, old, and teach their children to stumble. In no language whatever can ing changes in orthography. lollowed each his own judgment or fancy; and hence a there be a part of speech properly called an article. There is no word or great portion of Saxon words are written with different letters, by different authors ; most of class of words that falls within the signification of ar/ic/e, a joint, or that can otherwise than arbitrarily be brought under that denomination. The defin- them are written two or three different ways, and some of them, fifteen or itive words called articles, are all When they are twenty. To this day, the orthogiaphy of some cla.sses of words is not enadjectives or pronouns. used with nouns, they are the signification of the tirely settled ; and in others, it is settled in a manner to confound the learner adjectives, modifying and mislead him into a false pronunciation. Nothing can be more nouns, like other adjectives ; tor this is their proper olfice. When disreputhey stand alone, they are pronouns, or substitutes for nouns. Thus hie, ille, table to the literary characterof a naUon, than the history of English orthogunless it is that of orthoepy. ipse in Latin, when used with nouns expressed, are adieetivcs; hie homo] raphy, 1. The Saxon this man; die homo, that man. When they stand alone, hie, ille, thev dipthong «, which probably had a specific and uniform sound or combination of stand in the place of nouns. sounds, has been discarded and ea generally substiThe fact is the same in other langua<^es. tuted in its place, as brceth, breath. The English the is an adjective, which, for ea thus united have rot a unidistinction, I caH n'definitive form sound, and of course they are no certain guide to adjective, and for brevity, a definitive, as it defines the In pronunciation. person or thing to some which It refers, or rather designates a instances, where the Saxon spelling was not uniform, the modem orBut why parficular person or thin"-. follows the most anomalous and difficult, instead of that which is this should be selected as the only definitive in our languac^e, is very thography strange when obviously this and that are more exactly deYiuiSve desi«, an ,r. r , 1'*'^"'"' •'"'""' ot ncreiy me one,' un,wws, "^ '' where nere u it was to adjective,; •"J"'^">>--,|h retain the sound ot tne of ft A before these vowels r' necessary " ei=. Thus found innearlv iirrt,,:. lir,n.„,„ „V p'^" "1 Thu. inu. rope, .and expressing a single person the Saxon «cea«,

Such

you

is

Practical

Grammar.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

Now

;

<%;

.-

n

;

i

1

—'."'—

...

jj

-

INTRODUCTION. In this country, many of our best writers have rejected the u from all words of this class, and reduced the whole to uniformity.* This is a desirable event; every rejection of an anomaly being a valuable improvement, monosyllables ded to the word, as in the past time and particijjles of verbs, we use k in which .sound judgment approves, and the love of regularity will vindicate and maintain. I have therefore followed the orthography of Gcncial Washthe place of the Saxon c, as in licked, licking. Our early writers attempted to extend this addition to words introduced ington, and the Congress of the United States, of Ash in his Dictionary, of from (he Latin and Greek, in which no such reason exists for the use of k Mitford in his History of Greece, &c. 8. There is another class of woids the orthography of which is not uniThus they wrote publick, iiiusick, rhetorick. In these and similar words the Latins used c for the Greek », as musicus, for \ioou\mi, and the early En- form, nor fully settled, such as take the termination able to form an adjec«. This was absurd tive. Thus Johnson writes proveable with p, but approvable and reprovaglish writers took both letters, the Roman c and Greek and removable ; tameable, enough but they never proceeded so far as to carry the absurdity through ble, without it. So moveable, but immovable After a but blamable, censjirable, desirable, excusable ; saleable, but ratable. the derivatives never writing publickation, musickal, rhetorickal. With like inconsistency Walker and Todd write daub with u and bedawb long struggle with the force of authority, good sense has nearly banished Todd writes abridgethis pedantic orthography from use ; and all words of tliis kind now appear, with !(', deviating in this instance, from Johnson. Walker in most of oar pubUc acts and elegant writings, in their proper sunplicity; ment and judgement with e, but acknowledgment without it. writes these words without e. hut adds it to lodgement. I have reduced all public, publication, music, musical. words of kind to letters have been discarded this in these In many words, formerly ending ie, uniformity. Walker Todd octoedral and 9. Johnson writes octoedrical ; Sheridan, from the singular number, and y substituted. Thus remedie, memorie, are, ; now written remedy, memory. But what is very singular, the plural of Jones follow Johnson ; but Jones has octahedron, which is not in the other these words retains the ie, with the addition of s, as in remedies. This anom- Dictionaries. The Greek, in words of this kind, is inconsistent, for omuj is I have followed the Greek comoy.ia. aly however creates no great inconvenience, except that it has been ex- changed, in compound words, to tended by negligent writers to words ending in ey, as in attornies. But pounds, and have inserted h wliich I consider as almost indispensable in the words ending in ey properly make the plural by simply taking s, as in surveys, English orthography, as octahedron. 10. Johnson introduced instructer, in the place of instructor, in opposiwhen an s is added, as in conveys. to verbs The same rule applies attorneys. tion to every authority which he has himself adduced to exemplify his defi5. In a vast number of words, the vowel e has been discarded as useless as in eggs for egges ; certain for certaine ; empress for empresse ; goodnessi nitions; Denham, Milton, Roscommon, Locke, Addison, Rogers, and the lor goodnesse. This is an improvement, as the e has no sound in modern common version of the Scriptures. But what is more singular, this orthogBut here again we meet with a surprising inconsistency; raphy, instructer, is contrary to his own practice ; at least, in four editions pronunciation. lor the same reason which justiiies this omission, would justify and require of his Rambler which I have examined, the word is uniformly written inthe omission of c linal in motive, pensive, juvenile, genuine, sanguine, doc-\ structor. The fact is the same with visitor. This is a point of little importance in itself; but when instructor had The introduction of e, trine, examine, determine, and a multitude of others. in most words of these classes, was at first wrong, as it could not plead any been from time immemorial, the established orthography, why unsettle the the let- practice ? I have in this word and in visitor adhered to the old orthography. authority in the originals but the retaining of it is unjustitiable, as is not a of it leads There words, ter is not merely useless, but, in very numerous classes particle of reason for altering instructor and visitor, which to[ would not apply to collector, cultivator, objector, projector, and a hundred a false pronunciation. Many of the most respectable English autliors, a^ century ago or more, omitted e in such words as examin, determin, famin,\ other words of similar termination. 11. Most of these and some other inconsistencies have been of long conductil, fertil, definit, &c. but these improvements were afterwards rejected! But there are others of more recent date, which admit of no In like manner, a linal e is inserted in tinuance. to the great injury of orthography. words of modern coinage, as in alumine, chlorine, chloride, oxyde,&LC. with-! apology, as they are changes from right to wrong. Such is the change of the old and correct orthography of defense, expense, offense, pretense, and out the least necessity or propriety. 6. A similar fate has attended the attempt to anglicize the orthography of, recompense, by substituting c for s as in defence. This change was probably another class of words, which we have received from the French. At a made or encouraged by printers, for the sake of avoiding the use of the old very early period, the words chambre, desastre, desordre, chartre, inonstre, long s ; but since this has been discarded, that reason no longer exists. The tendre, tigre, eyitre, fievre, diametre, arbitre, nombre, and others were redu- old orthography, defense, &i.c. is justified, not only by the Lafin originals, ced to the English form of spelling ; chamber, disaster, disorder, charter, but by the rule of uniformity ; for the derivatives are always written with monster, tender, tiger, enter, fever, diameter, arbiter, number. At a later s, defensive, extensive, offensive, pretension, recompensing. In favor 12. No less improper was the change of sceptic into skeptic. period. Sir Isaac Newton, Camden, Selden, Milton, Whitaker, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bryant, and other authors of the first character, attempted of this innovation, it is alledged that the word is from the Greek crxtirrixoi. But True ; but is not scene derived from the Greek atmn, and scepter from to carry through this reformation, writing scepter, center, sepulcher. wxsavos ? Are not all from and ocean from this improvement was arrested, and a few words of this class retain their (THnTTTpov, and ascetic aamttnoi, French orthography; such are metre, mitre, nitre, spectre, sceptre, theatre, these words in exact analogy with each other, in their original orthography It is remarkable that a nation distinguish- Were they not formerly analogous in the English orthography ? W'hy viosepulchre, and sometimes centre. ed for erudition, should thus reject improvements, and retain anomalies, in late this analogy Why introduce an anomaly ? Such innovations, by dividin practice, in classes of words of I am opposition to all the convenience of uniformity. glad that so respecta- ing opinions and introducing discrepancies ble a writer as Mitford has discarded this innovation, and uniformly written like formation, have a mischievous effect, by keeping the language in perIn the present instance, want of uni petual fluctuation. center, scepter, theater, sepulcher. from time immemorial, been which an 13. In like is not the evil. has introduced The had, manner, dispatch, formity only present orthography awkward mode of writing the derivatives, for example, centred, sceptred, written with ;, was changed into despatch, on the wonderful discovery, that one vowel sepulchred ; whereas Milton and Pope wrote these words as regular deriva- the word is derived from the French depecher. But why change " So Coxe, in and not the other ? If we must follow the French, why not write despech, tions of ceH^e/*, scepter, sepulcher: thus, .Vce^/er^*/ King." his travels, " The principal wealth of the church is centered in the monas- or depech ? And why was this innovation limited to a single word Why This is correct. not carry the change through this whole class of words, and give us the teries." Is not Is not disaster from the French desastre? 7. Soon after the revival of letters in Europe, English writers began to benefit of uniformity ? borrow words from the French and Italian and usually with some little al [discharge from decharger ? Is not disarm from desarmer? Is not disobey leration of the orthography. Thus they wrote authour, embassadour, pre- ifrom desobeir? Is not disoblige (rom desutdiger ? Is not disorder from desdecessour, ancestour, successour ; using oi/r for the Latin termination or, 'ordre? The prefix dis is more properly English than de, though both are and the French eur, and writing similar words, in like manner, though not jused with propriety. But dispatch was the established orthography ; why ? of Latin or French What motive could induce them to write then disturb the Why select a single word from the whole class, evil, our aace^lo!s iuUoiiuoeul A' from Uie Greek, writing it generally after f, as in lick, stick, ihungh in some instances, omitting c, as in like and look. in which a syllable beginning with e or i is adHence in all

;

;

\

;

;

I

.'

.'

.'

;

practice

original.

these words, and errour, honour, favour, inferiour, &c. in this manner, But this following neither the Latin nor tlie French, I cannot conceive. orthography continued down to the seventeenth century, when the u began to be rejected from certain words of this class, and at the beginning of the last century, many of these words were written, ancestor, author, error, &c. as they are now written. But favor, honor, labor, candor, ardor, terror, vigor, inferior, superior, and a few others, were written with u, and .fohnson introduced this orthography into his dictionary. Nothing in language is more mischievous than the mistakes of a great man. It is not easy to understand why a man, whose professed object was to reduce the language to some regularity, should write author without ic and errour and honour with it! That he should write labour with u and laborious without it! Vigour, with u, and vigorous, invigorate, without it! Inferiour, superiour, with u, but inferiority, and superiority, without it Strange as it is, this inconsistency runs through his work, and his authority has been the means of continuing it, among his admirers, to this day. !

and introduce a change which creates uncertainty where none had existed for ages, without the smallest benefit to indemnify us for the perplexity and discordance occasioned by the innovation ? It is gratifying to observe the stern good sense of the English nation, preBlackstone, Paley, Coxe, senting a firm resistance to such innovations. Milner, Scott and Mitford, uniformly use the old and genuine orthography of instructor, visitor, sceptic and dispatch. 14. The omission of one / in befall, install, installment, recall, enthrall, &c., is by no means to be vindicated; as by custom, the two letters //, serve as a guide to the true pronunciation, that of broad a or aw. Accordthe letter a in instaling to the established rules of English pronunciation,

* The reformation commenced or received its most decided support and See WashingtotVs Letters, in two volumes, authority at the revolution. 8vo, 1795.

INTRODUCTION. tnent would have the sound it hus in balance ; it is therefoi-e expedient to retain both letters in all words of this chiss. 15. It is an established rule, in the English language, that monosyllabic verbs, ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a long vowel, and other verbs ending in a single accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double the final consonant, in all the derivatives, which are formed by a termination beginning with a vowel. Thxi-i, fit, hint, bar, when they take the terminations, ed, eili, ing, are written fitted, fitJlbet, teth, fitting; blotted, bliitteth, blotting ; barred, barreth, barring. compel, form the like derivatives ; abetted, abetteth, abetting ; compelled, this rule is, that without this duplieompelleth, compelling. The reason of cation of the l,i.st consonant, the vowel of the primitive word would, in the derivative, be naturally pronounced wrong, that is, with it.s long .sound ; fitHence we see the reason why verbs, havcd, bloting, lured, comjieled. ing the long sound of a vowel, do not double the last consonant, as feared, re]Kaled, repeated. The converse of this rule is, that verbs, ending in a single consonant, hut ha\ing the accent on the tir:;t syllable, or on a syllable preceding the last ought not to double the final consonant in the derivatives. Thus limit, la-

bor, charter, clatter, pardon, deliver, hinder, ha\'e Ibr their derivatives, But limited, laboreth, chartered, pardoning, elelivering, hinderest. strange as it may seem, the rule is wholly neglected and violated, in most of the words of this class in the language. Thus we observe, in all authors,

The word (ale is also ill-formed. The original word on the continent of is talk or talg ; and the change of k into e is not merely needless, but worse, for it precludes the use of the regular adjective, talcy. Hence see the adjective used is talcosc, an awkward compound of a Teutonic word with a Latin termination. This word should be written talk or talck, which would admit regular derivatives, talcky, talckiyiess. In like manner, zinc, if written zink, would admit the regular adjective zinky, as written Europe

we

by Kirwan. In botany, as the sexual system of the celebrated Swedish naturalist generally received, it seems proper to make the new terms, by which the classes and orders of plants are designated, a part of our language. Hitherto these names have not been anglicized but from the technical terms, English and .Xmerican writers have begun to form adjectives which are at variance with the analogies of our language. see in books such words as hexandrous, monogamous, polygamous, anil syngeiiesious. The writers who use these words, seem not to be aware of the importance of pursuing settled rules in the coining of words, as uniformity aids both in learning and in recollecting new names. The regular mode of forming adjectives from nouns ending in a or ia, is to add n to the noun, not ous. So we form Italian (torn Italia ; American from America. In some cases, the termination ic is usetl, but rarely or never ous ; or if it is, it is an anomaly. To arrest, if possible, the progress of these irregularities, and at the same time, to make the more important botanical terms really English, by giving them appropriate English terminations, and further to abridge the language of description, I have ventured to anglicize the names of all the classes and i.-»

now

;

We

ballotting, benelling, levelled, travelled, cancelled, rebelling, rivalling, n'or:^hipped, ivorshipper, apparelled, embon'eUed, libelling, and many others, in which the last consonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the oldest and orders, and insert them in this work. Thus from monandria, the name of the class containing plants with flowbest established rules in the language. Perry, in his Dictionary, lays down the rule for guidance, but has not been careful, in all cases, to observe it. ers having one stamen, I form monander, the name of an individual plant of 1 have endeavored to reduce these classes of words to a From monogqnia, the name of the order containing plants regular and uniform that character.

orthography. In like manner, nouns formed from such verbs are written with a single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, worshiper, for the purpose of What establishing a general rule, to which there may be no exception. should we say to a man who should write nudittor, alterrer, barterrer, banYet no good reason can be assigned why the ter7'er, gardenner, laborrer ? final consonant .should not be doubled in these words as well as jeweller, Tlie truth is, tlie syllable to be added is the usual tertraveller, enameller. mination er or ot% and nothing more. Not less remarkable is the practice of doubling the last consonant in equalAnd to add to the inconsistenled, equalling, but not in the xerb equalize. cy, the last consonant is sometimes doubled in tranquillize, a word in exact analogy with equalize. With regard to words which recent discoveries have introduced into the sciences, there may be some apology for ditferences of ni-thography, as writers have not established usage for a guide. Hence we find o.ryd is writ ten also orirfe and nxi/de ; oxygen ami hydrogen, are written z[fo oxige7ie, oxygene and hydrogetie. Sulphate, nitrate, &.C., are written also sulphat,

with flowers which have one pistil, I form monogyn, [pronounced monojyn] to express an individual plant of that order. The adjecti\'es are formed from the nouns with regular English terminations monandrian, monogynian, syngenesian, diecian, monecian,&ic. In describing a plant technically, according to this nomenclature, instead of saying, it is of the class monondria and order monogynia, the botanist nill call it a monogynian monander, a digynian pentander, a trigynian octaiiThese terms designate the class and order, der, a pentandrian diadelph. as perfectly as the use of the Latin technical names and in this manner we unite, in our botanical language, technical precision, witli brevity, correctness and elegance. It is with no small regret, that I see new terms formed, without a due regard to regular English analogies. New terms are often necessary, or at least very useful but they ought to be coined according to the settled prin-

nitrat.

ernize, civilize, animalize, and others, and be written systanize.

m

In adopt

:

;

A

ciples of the language.

neglect of these principles

is

obser\'able in the

word systematize, which, not being borrowed from the Greek, ought to follow the general rule of English formation, in agreement with legalize, modThis

is

what course is the Lexicographer to pursue Shall he the more important, as the derivatives .systemizing, systemization, are of method by which Walker attempts to settle pronunciation, and more easy utterance, than those of systematize, and particularly the noun

this case, tlie

;

.'

each mode of spelling many names appear on one side, and so many on may be asked, will undertake to graduate the scale authorities is to be determined ? Numbers will not

cite authorities in favor of

Then

the result

so systemalizatio7i. the other. l!ut who, it I observe in modern works on Natural History, the words crustaceology, by which the weight of and testaceology ; terms that are intended to designate the science of difleralways decide questions ent kinds of shells, from Crustacea, testacea. But who can countenance the of this sort to the satisfaction of the public. use of such words ? Where do we find another instance of similar terms In this case, I have determined to conform the orthography to established formed from should we violate an established principle adjectives English analogies the only authority from which there can he no legitimate in coining words of this family Besides, who can endure the derivatives, Now, no rule in orthography is better established, than that which crustaceological, testaceological, and much less the adverbs, if they should appeal. we have adopted from the Latin language, of representing the Hreek upsi- ever be wanted ? I have not admitted these anomalous words into this volon by the letter y. In the orthography of oxygen and hydrogen, from c|t! cabulary ; but have inserted the proper words, ctustalogy, testalogy, which and u5wp, this rule has been observed ; and why should oxyd be an excep- are regularly formed, like mineralogy. tion ? On this head I would subjoin a remark or two on the mode of writing InWith regard to sulphate, nitrate, and other names of that class of com- dian names of rivers, mountains and places in America, which we have pounds, I consider the final e as essential to the words, to prevent a false adopted. The French were the first pronunciation ; the vowel o having Its first sound as in/ate, though slightly who explored the country between .'

is,

.'

Why

.'

;

Europeans

pronounced.

The word chimistry has undergone two or three changes, according to Men have blundeied about the plainest fancy or to conjectural etymology. for to determine its true thing imaginable orthography, nothing was necessary but to open an Arabic Lexicon. The inhabitants of the South of Euwho introduced the word, doubtless knew its rope, origin, and wrote it correctly with (, not with y or e ; and had the English been contented to take it as they found it, the orthography would have been correct and uniform. In introducing words from other languages, it is de.siiable that the orthography should be conformed, as nearly as may be, to established English analFor this reason I must approve of the practice of Darwin who drops ogies. the Latin termination o( pyrites, writing with on the first the accent pyrite, ;

the great lakes and the gulf of Mexico, and of course, the first to commit to In dowriting the Indian names which occurred to them in their travels. ing this, they attempted to express the .sounds in letters, according to the French manner of pronunciation. Hence it happened that they wrote ch, where we should have written sh, had we first reduced those names to

Thus we have Chenango, .Michigan and Alichillimackinac,* writing. And as the French have no w in their lanin the French orthography. guage, they could not express the proper sound of the first .syllable of Wabash, IVisconsin, fVachita, otherwise than by writing them Ouabache, All this is Ouisconsin, Ouachita, and Missoori in French is Missouri. very proper for Frenchmen, for the letters used express the true sounds of the words. But in English, the letters used lead to a false pronunciation, Botanic Canto 2. 3.50. and for this Garden, syllable. It is to be reason, should not be used in English compositions. Stalactite has in like manner, been anglicized; and barytcs. it is hoped, deeply regretted tliat our language is thus doomed to be a heterogeneous may sutler the like change. In this manner, the words, in the English! metlley of English and foreign languages ; as the same letters representing form, become susceptible of a regular ])lural ; barytes and pyrites in twol and further they admit of regularly formsyllables, and stalactites in three ed ad}ectives, pyritic, barytic, stulactilic, which cannot be * regularly formThis word is, I believe, customarily pronounced .Mackinaw, and the ed from the Greek terminations. I original may well be suflered to fall into disuse. :

INTRODUCTION. tlie reader who Isyllable of e final, and of the termination ed. But no efibrt was probably In lever made to settle the pronunciation of words, till the last century. have always been a sulyect England, which was settled by various nations, there are numerous dialects of deep regret, and several attempts have been made to banish them Irom or diversities of language, still retained by the great mass of the population. The first settlers of New England, were almost all of English origin, and the language. The tirst attemjit oithis kind was made by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary ol' State, to Queen Elizabeth another was made by Dr. Gill, a coming from different parts of England, they brought with them some diBut in the infancy of the settlements, the people celebrated master of St. Paul's School in London; another by Charles But- versities of language. an attempt was lived in towns adjacent or near to each other, for mutual aid and protection ler several attempts were made in the reign of Charles I. made by Elphinstone, in the last century; and lastly, another effort was from the natives and the male inhabitants of the first generation frequently made by Dr. Franklin. The latter gentleman compiled a dictionary on his assembled for the purpose of worship or for government. By the influence scheme of reform, and procured types to be cast, which he offered to me, |of these ami other causes, particularly by that of common schools, the differwith a view to engage me to prosecute his design. This offer I declined to ences of language among our citizens have been gradually lost so that in this part of tile United States, there can hardly be said to exist adiflerence accept; fori was then, and am still convinced, that the scheme of

different sounds, in dilll-ront languages, sei\e lo understands only his own.

The

eiubanass

irregularities in the English orthography

I

;

;

;

:

;

introdu-j

new

dialect. neither practicable nor expedient. |0f It is to be remarked further, that the first ministers of the gospel, who of success. Any But that some scheme for expressing the distinct sounds of our letters by 'migrated to this country, had been educated at the English universities, and is there to visible marks, ought to be adopted, a point about which be,i brought with them all the learning usually acquired in those institutions, ought and I trust there can be, but one opinion. That such a scheme is practica-j and the English language as it was then spoken. The influence of these Such is, men. who were greatly venerated, probably had no small effect in extinble as well as expedient, I should presume to lie equally evident. tlie state of our written language, that our own citizens never become mas-j guishing differences of speech. Hence it has happened that the traditional pronunciation of the language ters of orthography, without great difficulty and labor; and a great part of them never learn to spell words with correctness. In addition to this, the of well-educated people has been nearly the same in both countries, to this Among the common people, whose pi-onunciation in all countries is day. present orthography of some classes of words leads to a false pronunciation. In regard to the acquisition of our language by foreigners, the evil of our more or less corrupt, the diversities iu this country are far less numerous irregular orthography is extensive, beyond ',vhat is generally known or con- than in England. About fifty or sixty years ago, Thomas Sheridan, an Irish gentleman, who ceived. While the French and Italians have had the wisdom and the policy to refine and improve their respective languages, and render them almost had been the pupil of an intimate friend of Dean Swift, attempted to reduce the English lan- the pronunciation of English words to some system, and to introduce it into the common languages of all well-bred people in Europe guage, clothed in a barbarous orthography, is never learned by a foreigner popular use. His analysis of the English vowels is very critical, and in this but from necessity and the most copious language in Europe, embodying respect, there has been little improvement by later writers, though I an uncommon mass of science and erudition, is thus very limited in its use think none of them are perfectly correct. But in the application of his prinfulness. And to complete the mischief, the progress of arts, science and ciples, he failed of his object. Either he was not well acquainted with the or he had a disposition to introduce into use some Christianity among the heathen, and other rude or unevangelized nations, best English pronunciation, the English did not relish. The principal objection is most sensibly retarded by the difficulties of mastering an irregular or- peculiarities, which made to his scheme is that he gives to s the sound of s/i, in sudorific, superb, thography. The mode of ascertaining the proper pronunciation of words by marks, and other words where is followed by u long. These he pronounces &c. This pronunciation of s correspoints and trifling alterations of the present characters, seems to be the only shooderijic, shonperb, shooperfluiti/, one which can be reduced to practice. This mode resembling the use of ponding to the Sliemitic H/, he probably learnt in Ireland, for in the Irish Thus sean, old, is propoints in the Hebrew, has been adopted by some of the nations on the con branch of the Celtic, s has often the sound of sh. This pronunciation was no sooner published, than continent ; and I have pursued it, to a certain extent, in designating distinctions nounced shean. The scheme I have invented is not demned and rejected by the English. in the sounds of letters, in this work. considered as perfect; but it will accomplish some important purposes, by Another most extraordinary innovation of Sheridan was, his rejection of removing the most numerous classes of anomalies. With this scheme, the the Italian sound of a. as in father, calm, ask, from every word in the lanvisible characters of the language will present to the eye of a reader the true guage. Thus his notation gives to a in bar, the same sound as in barren, sounds of words ; and the scheme itself is so simple, that it may be learned barrel, bat ; to a father, pass, mass, pant, the same sound as in fat, panTo complete a scheme of this kind, a few other altera- ion, massacre, pan, fancy. Such a gross deviation from established Engin a few moments. tions would be necessary, but such as would not materially change the or- lish usage was of course condemned and rejected. learner or to the reader. the least or occasion n his difficulty pronunciation of ti and ci. before a vowel, as in partiality, otnnithography, After these alterations, there would remain a few^ words whose anomalies science, Sheridan is more correct than Walker, as he is in some other words; may he considered as incorrigible, such as knaw, gnaw, rotigh, &c., which such for example as bench, tench, book, took, and others of the same classes. Sheridan also contributed very much to propagate the change of tu into maybe collected into tables and easily learned, and all the other irregulariThis innovation was vinties may be so classed under general rules, as to be learned with very little ehu, or tshu; as in natshur, cultshur, virtshue. dicated on the supposed fact, that the letter u has the sound of yu; and labor. The adoption of this or any other scheme for removing the obstacles natyur, cultyur, virtyue, in a rapid enunciation, become natshur, &c. And which the English orthography presents to learners of the language, must to this day, this error respecting the sound of « is received in England as depend on public opinion. The plan I have adopted for representing the truth. But the fact is otherwise, and if not. it does not justify the practice ; sounds of letters by marks and points, in this work, is intended to answer two for in usage, u is short in nature, culture, as in tun; .so that on the princiFirst, to supersede the necessity of writing and printing the ples of Sheridan himself, this letter can have no effect on the preceding purposes. words a second time in an orthography adapted to express their pronuncia- articulation. This innovation however has prevailed to a considerable extent, although The latter method pursued by the English orthoepists, as applicable to tion. most words, is 1 think not only unnecessary but very inexpedient. The se- Sheridan subjected the change of tu to no rules. He is consistent in applycond purpose is, to exhibit to my fellow citizens the outline of a scheme for ing this change equally to tu, whether the accent follows the t or not. If without the use of is to be changed to (s/i«, in future, and perpetual, it ought to undergo difficulties of our tu the orthography, irregular removing new characters a scheme simple, easy of acquisition, and sufficient to an the same change in /(ituri'ti/, and perpetuity; and Sheridan, in pronounswer all tire more important puiposes of a regular orthography. cing tutor, tutelage, tumuli, as if written Ishuotiir, txhootelage, tshoomult, In other words, however, is certainly consistent, though wrong in fact. Sheridan is inconsistent with himself; tor he pronounces muUitshood, rectitshood, scrvitshood, while habitude, beatitude, certitude, decrepitude, gratitude, Slc. retain the proper sound of t. Walker's rule for changing tu to chu, only when the accent precedes, is As our langviage has been derived from various sources, and little or no and evidently made by him to suit his own practice. It systematic ellbrt has been made to reduce the orthography to any regularity, entirely arbitrary, Each has however the good effect of reducing the chus, and removing the outrathe pronunciation of the language is subject to numerous anomalies. of tshootor, tshoomult, &c. of our vowels has several different sounds; and some of the consonants re- geous anomalies That part of the lanThere are many other words which Sheridan has marked for a pronunciapresent very different articulations of the organs. which the later orthoepists guage whicit we have received from the Latin, is easily subjected to a few tion, which is not according to good usa2:e, and In general, however, it may be asserted that his notation is the fact with most of the de- have corrected. general rules of pronunciation. The same retain their French not warrant a tenth part as many deviations, from the present respectable of French does words rivatives from the Greek. origin Many

cing

characters into the language, attempt of this kind must certainly

is

fail

;

;

;

.'i

m

;

PROXUNCIATION.

orthography, which leads to a very erroneous pronunciation in English; and a large portion of our monosyllabic words of Saxon origin are extremely ir and pronunciation. regular both in orthography If we can judge, with tolerable certainty, from tlie versification of Chau cer, the pronunciation of words must have been, in many respects, different in his age, from that of the present day particularly in making a distinct :

this usage in England, as Walker's yet as his Dictionary was republished in classcountry, it had no small effect in corrupting the pronunciation of some What the es of words, and the effects of its influence are not yet extinct. was in England, I am precise effect of Sheridan's scheme of pronunciation not able to determine. But I have had information from the late venerable Haven, Dr. Johnson of Stratford, and fioin the late Dr. Hubbard of ;

New

INTRODUCTION. England between the yeai- 17G5 anil the revolution, tliat about It that period, the change of ( into chu had not taken place, to any extent. barristers and membegan to prevail on the stage and aniorig the younger bers of parliament, before Dr. Johnson left England, just before the war with conAme'rica, and Sheridan's IJictionary, published soon after, undoubtedly This change presents a new obstacle to tributed to extend the innovation. whose anomalies were before frightfully formithe acquisition of a language, " dable and perplexing. The favorers of innovation, seem not to reflect on the immense inconvenience of a correct notation of sounds in a language, by it.s in that notation proper characters the utilily of uniformity and permanence and the extensive evil of destroying or impairing the use of alphabetical The man who perverts or changes the established sound of a sinwriting.

wliowere

in

;

;

does an injury to that language, and to gle letter, especially of a consonant, the community using it, which tifty men of the same talents, can never repair.

In a few years after the publication of Sheridan's Dictionary, appeared Walker's, the author of which introduces the work to the public, with the following remarks, on the labors of his predecessors. " Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. reduced Elphinstone who, in his principles of the English language, has the cliaos to a system, and laid the foundation ot a just and regular pronunciBut this gentleman, by treating his subject with an allected obscuriation. to alter the whole orthography of the lanty, and by absurdly endeavoring guage, has unfortunately lost his credit with the public, for the part of his labors which entitles him to the highest praise." ' After him Ur. Kenriek contributed a portion of improvement, by his Rhetorical Dictionary, but he has rendered his Dictionary extremely im of doubtful and difii perfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind cult pronuiKdation would naturally be consulted." [Let it be noted, that the same objection lies in full force against Sheridan, Walker, and .lones.J "To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words into ;ls Dr. Kenriek had done, but syllables, and placed figures over the vowels, by spelling these syllables as they are pronounced, seemed to conjplete the idea of a Pronouncing Dictionary, and to leave but little expectation of improvement. It must be confessed that his Dictionary is generally superior to every thing that preceded it, and his method of conveying the sound of of words by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useBut here sincerity obliges me to .stop. The numerous instances I have ful. given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the anal ogies of the language, sufficiently show how imperfect I think his Dictiona' ry is, upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronunciation." " The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his elements of orthoepy, has shown a clearness of method, and an extent of observation, which * deserve the highest encomiums. But he seems, on many occasions to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first ;

;

principles of pronunciation." Soon after the publication of Walker's Dictionary, appeared the Dictionary of Stephen Jones, who undertakes to correct the errors of Sheridan and Walker. This author objects to Sheridan, that he has not introduced the Italian sound of a, [as in fathrr,] in a single instance, and that Walker has been too sparing in the use of it. He objects that Sheridan has not, by any peculiar marks, pointed out the sound of oi or oi/, as in noise and cloy ; and that Walker has given distinctive marks of pronunciation to the diphthong mif which are terrilie to the learner, and not well calculated to express the exact sormd. He considers it as no trivial error in Walker's system, that he uses the long e in place of the short y. which gives to asperity, for example, He notices also :»s a fault in Walker's the ludicrous sound of aspereetee. scheme, that he makes no dift'erence in the sound of oo in tool, tooth, and in look, took. In all these particulars, except that of oi and oy, I think every man who From careful obserunderstands genuine English, will accord with Jones. vation, while in England, I know that Jones's notation is far more correct than that of Sheridan or Walker, and except in two or three classes of words, his pronunciation is exactly that which I uniformly heard in England, and nearly the .same as that of well-educated gentlemen in England. A few years after the appearance of Jones's Dictionary, William Perry published a pronouncing dictionary, in which an attempt is made to indicate the sounds of the letteis by certain arbitrary marks. In this work, the author has rejected most of the peculiarities of Sheridan, Walker and Jones, and given the language nearly as it was spoken, belbre those authors undertook to regulate the pronunciation. This author's manner of designating the sovinds of the letters is too complex for convenience, but his pronunciation is nearer to the actual usage in England, than that of either of his preHis orthography also is more correct, accorddecessors before mentioned. ing to present usage, than that of his predecessoi-s. During the year past, appeared the dictionary of R. S. Jameson, of Lincoln's Inn, intended to combine the merits of the most popular dictionaries, and to correct the false pronunciation of Walker, whose notation in some

New

he cntiiely rejects. He condemns, as a slovenly enunciathe sound given to d, which, before i and «, Walker directs, in certain words, to be pronounced like j. He rejects also his notation of ch, or ish, He rejects in congratulation, flatulent, natural, and all similar words. also the alTected pronunciation of Sheridan and Walker, in such words as gnide and kind. Most of the other errors of Walker, he copies, as he does classes of words, tion,

his antiquated orthography.

The English orthoepists have analyzed, and in general, have well defined or described, the sounds and appropriate uses of the letters of the alphabet. Sheridan's analysis, which appeared a few years before Walker's, is for the most part, correct ; but in describing the sounds of what may be called the broad diphthongal vowel i, I think he h:is erred, in making it to consist of the a or aw and e. He admits indeed that the voice docs not rest on the sound aw, but he contends that the mouth is opened to the same degree of aperture, and is in the same position, as if it were going to sound atr ; but before the voice can get a pa.ssagc to the lips, the under jaw is drawn up to the position, On this it is justly remarked by Walker, that uir and e are for sounding e. If the aw is precisely the component elements of the diphthong oi and oy. must be pronounced exactly alike ; 1 would add, then i and

oy pronounced, and if aw is ttot pronounced, then it is not a conjponent part of the diphthongal vowal i. Walker contends that this diphthong t, is composed of the sound of the If so, he must liave given to a, a Italian a, as in fatlur, and the sound of e. very dilt'erent sound from that which we are accustomed to give it. But* that sound of a is no more heard in i, than the sound of this is a mistake aw. The sound of in fifiht, mind, time, idle, is not /aicc^/i*, mawend, tawem, awedle ; nor is it f/ieght, m/'iend, tocm, iiedle. Let any man utter the aw or the Italian a before the e, and he will instantly perceive the The error, and reject both definitions, as leading to a false pronunciation. truth is, the mouth, in uttering i, is not opened so wide as in uttering aw or chara.; the initial sound is not that of aw or ii ; nor is it possible, by any The initial sound is acters we possess, to express the true sound on paper. not formed so deep in the throat as aio or a ; the position of the organs is The true sound can be learned only by nearly, yet not exactly the same. ;

i'

the ear. is the definition of the diphthongal u, or long u; It to consist of the sounds of e and oo or ^ii. sound indeed in certain words, as in vnite, union, and others; but departure from the proper sound of this character, as heard in cube, abuse, durable, human, jury. These words arc not pronounced, keoob, abeoose, deoorable, heooman,jeoory. The effort to introduce this atfected pronunciation is of most nuschievous tendency. The sound of e is not heard in the proper enunciation of the English », and for that reason, it should not be so stated on paper, nor named yu ; as the error naturally leads Dr. Kenriek remarks that we might as wcU to a corrupt pronunciation. prefix y to the other towels, as to (/, and pronounce them ya, ye, yi, yo. But this is not the whole evil ; this analysis of u has led orthoepists to give to our first or long u, two distinct sounds, or rather to make a diphthong and a vowel of this single letter. Thus they make it a diphthong in almost all situations, except after r, where they make it a vowel equivalent to oo or the French on. They represent ;( as being equivalent to ew, that is, e and 00, in cube, tube, duty, confusion, endure, pronounced, kewbe, tewbe, deutty, confewsion, endewre, but in brute, fruit, rude, intrude, ruby, they make u equivalent to oo ; thus. broote,froot, roode, infroode, rooby. I know not where this alTectation originated ; it first appeared in Sheridan's Dictionary, but it is a most unfounded distinction, and a mo.^t mischievous error. No such distinction was known to Dr. Johnson ; he gives the is observed long u but one sound, as in confusion ; and no such distinction among good speakers generally, either in this country or in England. I was in regard to this particularly attentive to the jiublic speakers in England, the distinction point, and was happy to find, that very few of them made here mentioned. In that country as in this, the long u has a uniform sound

Equally inaccurate

which these writers alledge

has

tliis

this is a

after all the consonants.

The source of the error in this as in another case to be mentioned herearticulations affect after, may be an inattention to the manner in which the To understand this, it will be necessary or the vowels which follow them. useful to examine the anatomical formation of articulate so\mds. "An articulate sound," says Lowth, "is the sotmd of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. A vowel is a simple articulate sound." These definitions seem not to be sufficiently accurate. Articulation, in human speech, is the jointing, juncture or closing of the organs, which precedes and follows the vowels or open sounds, and which partially or totally A vowel or vocal sound is formed simply by opemng intercepts the voice. Thus in sounding a or o, the mouth is opened in a particular the mouth. manner, but without any articulation or closing of the organs. In strictness therefore, a simple vowel is not an articulate sound, as Lowth supposes; and it is certain that many irrational animals, without the power of articulation, do utter vowel sounds with great distinctness. An articulate sound then is properly a sound preceded or followed or both,

Thus ba, ab, and bad, are ararticulation or junction of the organs. the vowel being begun or closed, with a junction of the ; interrupting the voice, in ba and ab ; and in bad the vocal sound being preceded by one articulation and followed by another. The power of arti-

by an

ticulate sounds lips, '

Jn

many

instances, I suppose the writer means.

INTRODUCTION. ronsUUitcs llic oieat difference between men anil hriitef ; the latter being unable to articulate, can utter only vocal sounds. Tlie imperfect articulations of the parrot and some other animals form no exception that deserves notice. I give the name articulation, to the act of joining the organs, and to the In the latter sense, the character or letter which represents the junction. word is equivalent to cotifunant ; and articulation may be considered the preferable term, as it expresses the fact of closing the organs. filiation

Human

speech then consists of vocal sounds separated and modified by articulations of the organs. open the moulli, in a particular manner, to we then close the organs, interrupt that sound, and open the utter a vowel to utter a second vowel, and continue this opening and closing, to tlie end of the word. This process is carried on with surprising rapidity.

We

:

organs

Now

book

is In uutb, fliis notation is generally condemned iii strictly followed. England, and universally rejected in practice." In the notation of sounds, there is a mistake and inconsistency in all the orthoepists, which deserves notice, not on account of its practical importance. so much, as to expose an error in syllabication or the division of words into syllables, which has been maintained by all writers in Great Britain, from time immemorial. The rule is that " a single consonant between two vowels, must be joined to the latter sylbble." According to this rule, habit, baron, tenet, are to be divided thus, ha-bit, ba-ron, te-net. This rule is wholly arbitrary, and has for ages, retarded and rendered difHow is it possible that ficult, the acquisition of the language by children. men of discernment should support a rule that, in thousands of words, makes it necessary, to break a syllable, detaching one of the letters essential to it, and In the words above mentioned^ giving it a place in the next hab, bar, ten, are distinct syllables, which cannot be divided without violence. In many words, as in these, this syllable is the radix of the word the other syllable being formative or adventitious. But where this is not the case, convenience requires that syllables should, if possible, be kept entire ; and in all cases, the ilivision of syllables should, as far as possible, be such ?

in passing ii'om an articulation or close position, to an open position for uttering a vowel, it happens often that a very slight sound of e is uttered ; so as to be perceptible to tVie ear, either before or after the utterance of the proper vowel. This is remarkably the case with tlie long vowels preceding r, for such is the nature of that letter, that bare, mire, more, parent, apparent, Sac, cannot well be pronounced without a slight sound of e, between Thus the woiils above named are pro- as to lead the learner to a just pronunciation. the long vowel and the consonant. As in our language the long and short vowels are not distinguished by nounced nearly haer,mier,mocr.iiatrent,appaerent, and bare, mire, reaWy differences of character, when we see a single consonant bet^veen vowels, form two syllables, though they are considered to be monosyllables. we cannot determine, from the preceding vowel character, whether the like case, though less obvious, occurs in uttering u, particularly after sound is long or short. A stranger to the language knows not whether to In passing from the articulations, eb, the labial and palatal articulations. habit, ha-bit or hab-it. till he is instructed in the customary prowe are apt insen- pronounce eg, em, ep, or ]>e, to the sound of i(, as in nwie and jmre, nunciation. It was to avoid this inconvenience that our ancestors which proceeds from wrote two consonantsprobably of one in a sibly to utter a slight sound of c; and this utterance, instead great number of w ords, as in banthe particular situation of the organs, has been mistaken for the first compoIn this respect however there is no uniformity in English ; as ner, dinner. nent sound of the diphthongal u. The same cause has given rise to the we have retained the orthography of the languages from which generally as guide, guard, kind, pronunciation of e before the vowel in such words we have received the words, as in tutor, rigor, silent, and the like. This is precisely similar to the vulgar pronunciation of cow, gown, it should be observed that guise. although we often see the consonant ieown ; a pronunciation bounty, toivn, &c., that is, keow. geown, keounty, doubled, as in banner, yet no more than one articulation in these cases is This viformerly common in England, and not yet wholly extinct. ever used in speaking. close the organs but once between the first and cious pronunciation, in all words of this kind, whether countenanced by men second is it nor to use both the letters Ji, without pronounsyllable, possible of low life or of fashionable life, ought to be carefully avoided ; as the slencing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening tlie organs and closder sound of e, in such cases, gives a feebleness to the words utterly inconHence in all cases, when the same consonant is ing them a second time. to is essential elowhich enunciation sistent with that full, open and manly written twice between vowels, as in banner, dinner, better, one of them only is quence. represented by an articulation of the organs, the other is useless, except The genuine sound of u long, detached from the influence of consonants, that it prevents any mistake, as to the sound of the preceding vowel. is the same in all the words above specified ; and the reason why it has been In tjie notation of all the orthoepists, there is inconsistency, at least, if not made a distinct vowel after r, as in rnde [rood,] is, that the organs are open, error. If they intend to express the true pronunciation by using the precise before the sound commences ; whereas when it follows most of our conson- letters necessary for the purpose, they all err. For instance, they write or close after an is commenced articulation, posi- bar'run for bar'on, when one articulation only is, or possibly can be, used ; ants, the sound immediately For this reason, u has more so also ballance, tion of the organs, as in mutable and infusion. This is biggot, biggamy, mellon, mettaphor, mellody. than after r ; but not distinctly its diphthongal sound after labials and palatals, only useless, for the use of the accent after the consonant, as bar'on, this accidental circumstance should not be the ground of radical distinctions, mel'on. &c. of answers the

A

Now

New

We

baVance, big'ot,

equivalent to the sounds of different letters. There is, in Walker's analysis of the alphabet, an error peculiar to Iiimself. This is, in making a distinction between the short i when it is Ibllowed by a In this case, he calls the first consonant, and when it is not ; as in ability. but the second he calls open, and equivalent to c in equal. i, in abil, short See principles 107, 544. He also makes the unaccented y at the end of a syllable precisely like the first sound of f, inwif, meter. Ability then written Never was a grosser misaccording to his principles would be abileetee. The sound of i and y in unaccented syllables, whether followed by take. an articulation or not, is always the short sound of e long, that is, e shortened ; the same sound in quality or kind, but not in quantity. To prove this fact, nothing is necessary but an attention to the manner in Avhich the words little and tiny, are pronounced, when they arc made emphatical by utterance. They are then pronounced leetle, teeny and this we hear every day, not only among children, but often among adults. In this change of pronunciation, there is nothing more than a prolongation of the sound of i, which, in the syllables, lit, tin, is short, in leetle, teeny, is long.

completely

purpose

determining

the pronunciation but it is contradictory to their own practice in a vast number of cases. Thus they write one consonant only in ciinl, civic, rivet ; and Walker wiiics kullonade, doubling/, but kulony, kolanise, with a single /. This want of system is observable in all the books which are ofiered to to the public as standards of orthoepy. A still greater fault, because it may lead to innumerable practical errors, consists in the notation of unaccented syllables. In this particular, there is error and discrepancy in the schemes of the orthoepists, which shows the utter impossibility of carrying them into eflfect. The final y unaccented, Walker makes to be e long, as I have before observed ; while Sheridan, Jones, and Perry, make it equivalent to short i, or at least, give it a short to universal Walker sound, according practice. pronounces tlie last vowel in natural and national, as a short ; Sheridan, as e short, naturel ; Jones, as u short, nalurul. Sheridan's notation may be a mistake, for he gives to al in national, the sound of ul. In the adjective deliberate. Walker and Jones give a in the last syllable its proper long sound ; and Sheridan, the sound of e short, deliberet. Dignitary is pronounced by Sheridan digniteand Jones to a The terminaand Walker its short sound, as in at. Walker has made a give different ry, In consequence of this mistake. uniformly notation of i when accented, and followed by a consonant in the same sylla- ting syllable ness is pronounced by Walker and Jones nes, by Sheridan iris, Thus to the as blessed7ies, blessednis. The same dilference exists in their notation oi" ble, and when it stands alone in the syllable and unaccented. less ; Sheridan, pronouncing it lis, as in blamelis, and Walker and Jones, first i in ability he assigns a different sound from that of the second ; and in article, he gives to i the sound of e long, arteecle ; but in articular, articuIt is in consequence of this mistake, tate, he gives it the short sound, tik. that he has throughout his Dictionary assigned to i and y unaccented and to • unaccented terminating words, the sound of elong; an error, which it is From the fact, which Walker relates of himself, Prin. 246, that he made 2/ ascertained by actual enumeration, extends to more than eleven thousand a distinction between the sound of ee in Jlee and in meet, until he had convowels or syllables ; an error, which, if carried to the full extent of his prin- sulted good speakers and particularly Mr. Garrick, who could find no dilferJones and Perry ence in the sound, it might be inferred that his ear was not very accurate. ciples, would subvert all the rules of English versification. have corrected this error in their notations, throughout the language. But his mistake evidently arose from not attending to the effect of the articIf it should be said, that Walker did not intend to direct y in this case, to ulation in the latter word, which stops the sound suddenly, but does not vary be pronounced as c long, but that his notation is intended only to mark the it. It is the same mistake which he made in the sound of i in the second the sound of the second i and it the of sound he either intended sound to be be the quality may replied, syllable of ability, which he calls short, while If he did of y is that of long e. The celebrity of Walker as a teacher of elocution, that of c long, according to his express direction, or he did not. his notation is not according to any good practice, either in England or the ami his key to the pronunciation of ancient names, which, with a few excepU. States, and by changing a short vowel into a long one, his notation would tions, is a good standard work, have led many persons to put more confidence subvert the rules of metrical composition. If he did not, his notation is in his than a close exaoiinatjon of its principles' will ;

;

—

;

adapted

to

mislead

tlie

learner, aud

it

English Orthoepy does mislead learners, wherever his support.

INTRODUCTIOIN. These differences, and many others, run througli giving e its proper sound. their worlcs, and appear in a large portion of all the words in the language. that all these gentlemen pronounced these words alike, it is

Now

probahle

The or so nearly alike that no difference would be noticed by a bystander. mischief of these notations is, that attempts are made to express minute distinctions or shades of sounds, so to speak, which cannot be represented A great part of the notations must, necessarily, to the eye by characters. be inaccurate, and for this reason, the notation of the vowels in unaccented From a careful attention to this subject, syllables should not be attempted. such notations are useless, and many of them all 1 am that persuaded mischievous, as they lead to a wrong pronunciation. In no case can the true pronunciation of words in a language be accurately and completely exNo pressed on paper; it can be caught only by the ear, and by practice. in attempt has ever been made to mark the pronunciation of all the vowels, any other language and in our language it is worse than useless. As Walker's pronunciation has been represented to the people of this country as the standard, I shall confine my remarks chiefly to his work with a view to ascertain its merits, and correct any erroneous impressions which have been received from such representations. 1. The first class of words which I shall mention, is that in which a has what is called, its Italian sound, as we pronounce it in father, psalm, calm. From a hasty enumeration of words of this class, 1 find there are two or three hundred in number, in which Walker gives to a its short sound, as in fat, bat, fancy, when, in fact, the most respectable usage in England, ;

This error well as in the United States, gives that letter its Italian sound. and Perry have corrected. To he correct in this class of words, we have only to retain the customary pronunciation of the northern States. 2. The notation of the sound of oo by Walker is wrong in most or all the words in which oo are followed by k, and in some others. Notwithstanding the distinction between the long and short sound of oo is clear and well established in a great number of words, yet he assigns the short sound to eight words only, viz. wool, tvood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, and withstood. Principles 307. It seems inconceivable that a man bred or resident in London, should assign to oo in book, cook, took, and other like words, the same sound as in cool, boom, boot, food. Jones and Perry have corrected this notation, and given the pronunciation according to good usage, and just according to our customary pronunciation. While in England, I did not hear a single woi'd of this class pronounced according to Walker's notation. 3. To the letters ch in bench, bunch, clinch, drench, inch, tench, wrench and many other words, M'alker gives the French sound, that is, the sound It would seem by this and other of sh, instead of ch, as bensh, insft, &c. examples of wrong notation, that the author had been accustomed to some local peculiarities, either inLondon where all kinds of dialects are heard, or in some other place. In this instance, he gives to these words a pronunciation different from that of other orthoepists, and one which I have never heard His notation is palpably wrong, as either in England or in this country. our customary pronunciation is universally correct. 4. It has been already remarked, that Walker's notation of the sound of i and y short, in unaccented syllables, which he directs to he pronounced like e long, in nie, mete, is contrary to all good usage, and is rejected by every other orthocpist, except Jameson. Walker admits i to be short when followed by a consonant in the same syllable. Thus the first i in ability is Now observe the short, but the second i and the y are long e, abileetee. consequence. In the plural, abilities, according to his rule, must be pronounced afciVfe^ee^ ; but the word is never thus pronounced; universally it is pronounced abilitiz ; the last vowel sound is in practice immediately followed by a consonant, and by his own rule must be short. Then the re.lones

sult

is,

y

in ability

is

long

e,

change of sound no provision that 1 have ever seen.

but is

ie in

made

in

the pluralis short

i.

And

for this

Walker's scheme, nor in any other

In the analysis of the sounds of our letters. Walker alledges the diphthong ow, to consist of the broad a, or aw, and the Italian sound of u. Ac-

3. 0?/,

cording to his scheme, about, abound, round, now, iww, are to be pronounced, abawut, abuwund, rawund, naicit, vawu. But whoever heard this pronunciation ? The fact is not so ; the broad sound of a is not the initial this diphthong ; it is not commenced as deep in the throat, or with the same aperture as ou' it is a sound that can be learned only by the ear; The pronunciation of this diphthong is uniform in both countries. 6. In noting the sound of the unaccented vowels, and those which have the secondary accent, there are mistakes without ninnber, in all the schemes which I have seen, and one continued series of differences between the The following is a specimen. ortlioepists.

sound of

;

Sheridan.

INTRODUCTION. A great part of English words have 13. In the first edition of Walker's Dictionary, the author, under the word requiring iiUerprefalion. " -.in orthography sulficiently regular, and so well adapted to express the true tripod, observes, that all words of two syllables, with the accent on the pronunciation, that a few general rules only are wanted as a guide to the first, and having one consonant between two vowels, ought to have the vowlearner. el in the first syllable long." But this was too rash, for such words as cem'7. Another error of notation, in most of the English books, is that of the eiit, des'ert, preface, prcs'ent. prof it, »('fc'd,*ro/)'ic, and a multitude of others, vowel in the tirst syllable of eircle, circumstance, and many other words, stand, in the author's book, in direct opposition to his own lule. In a subthe tirst syllable of which Sheridan tirst and afterwards Walker and Jones sequent edition, the author, or some other person, has qualified the rule by This ilirected to be pronounced ser. pronunciation I have never heaid ei- an exception in favor of settled usage. This exception destroys the value ther in England or in this country. Perry's notation makes the syllable sur, of the rule ; and indeed there is, and there can be no rule applicable to words of this class. The pronunciation of the first vowel can be known according to all the usage with which I am acquainted. 8. Another objection to the books offered as standards of pronunciation, only by the usage. 14. The derivatives of nation and ratio. Walker and Jones particularly to the dictionaries of Sheridan and Walker, is that the rules are pronounce inconsistent, or t!ie execution of the woik is inconsistent with the rules. nash'onal, rash'onal. If this should be defended on the ground of the shorThus Walker l.iys it down as a rule. No. 357, that c after the accent and fol- tening power of the antepenultimate accent, then let me ask why we have lowed by eUy ia, ie, io, or eons, takes the sound of sh, as in ocean, social,' not nosh' onal from notion, devvsh'onal from devotion, probash' oner from Phocion, saponaceous, which are pronounced as if written oshea7i, sosheal, probation, stashJonary iVom station ? Why make rules and not apply Phosheon, saponasheous. But in the Dictionary, the author departs from them ? Why indulge such palpable inconsistences and multiply anomalies the rule, and directs these words to be pronounced as if written oshun, so15. Possess is, by the English orthoepists, pronounced pozzess ; but why So also in gracious, ancient, especial, provincial, tena- not then pronounce assess, assist, assassin, consession, obsession, with the shnl, saponashus. Can any good reason be assigned for mnVmg possess an excepcious, rapacious, and I know not how many others, the author depaits from sound of z ? his own rule ; so that either his rule or his pi actice must be wrong. tion to the pronunciation of this class of words ? This utterance of sounds And here it may be proper to notice a mistake of the author which has led through the nose is always disagreeable to the ear, and should be restricted to an erroneous notation in a great number of words. The mistake is, that to words in which usage is established. Good taste should rather induce a he assigns to c and t before the vowels ea, ia, ie, eo, and io, the sound of sh. limitation, than an extension of this practice. This remark applies also to Thus in ocean, he considers c as pronounced like sh ^ and in partial he con- some words beginning with dis, in which Walker goes beyond other orthoesiders the sound of sh as proceeding from t only. Now the truth is, that the pists in giving to s this nasal sound. ' sound of sh in these and in all similar cases, results from the combination of 16. Walker lays it down as a fact, that u has the sound of e and oo or yu. that is, from the rapid enunciation and This is true in many words, as in union, unite, c, t, or s with the following vowel unanimity, &.c. Hence blending of the two letters. Then the sound of the first vowel being blend- according to his principle, u in these words is to be pronounced yunion, ed with c or t, it ought not to he repeated anil form a distinct syllable. To yunite, without the letter y prefixed. Yet he writes these and similar make three syllables of ocea??, is to use the vowel e twice. In most cases, words with y, yunion, which upon his principles, would prefix yu to the all the orthoepists agree in pronouncing these combinations correctly in dis- sound of yu, and the pronuncialioii would be yuyuniie, or eooyunite. But syllables, and primitive words; as oshun, grashus, tenashus,parshal, sub- his notation of this sound of u is not uniform ; for he writes disunion and disBut in a number of unite without y, though it must be as proper in the compound as in the stanshal, nashun, relashun, preshus, and the Uke. words that are primitive in our language. Walker and Jones depart from this simple word. The same inconsistency occurs between use, written yuse., rule for although they pronounce conscience in t^vo syllables, conshense, yuze, and disuse, disuze. 17. There is a fault in Walker's notation of a, when it has the sound of oo, yet they pronounce nescience and prescience, in three, neshyense, preshySo also when they make tial one syllable in the primitive word, they tlie French ou. In the Key, he marks o when it has this sound with the ense. make two syllables of these letters in the derivatives partial is parshal, figure 2, and gives move as an example. Then according to his Key, o to error has led and a alone when thus marked, sounds as oo. But in the vocabulary, he thus but partiality is parsheality. Thus one another, large Sheridan and Perry, in marks both vowels in book, look, boot, and all similar words. Then accoipart of all words of this kind are mispronounced. this respect, are consistent and correct ; making one syllable only of eia, cie, ding to his notation, each of the vowels has the sound of oo, and book, look, He certainly did not intend this ; cio, tia, tio, both in primitives and derivatives, throughout the language. A are to be pronounced boo-ook, loo-ook. but such is precisely his direction, or the result of his notation ; and a forsingle line of poetry ought to settle this point forever. Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man. Pope. eigner, without counter-direction, must be led into this pronunciation. The same fault occurs in his notation of ee, as in meet and seek. 9. A remarkable instance of inconsistency occurs in the following words. 18. VoliLnte, Walker and Jones pronounce volyume ; why not then change Armature, aperture, breviature, feature, &c.. Walker pronoimces armatshure, npertshure, breviatshure, overtshure ; hutforfeeture is forfeetyure column into colyum ? Will it be said that in volume the « is long ? This is zni judicature, ligature, literature, miniature, nunciature, portraiture, not the fact at least I never heard it thus pronounced either in England or Can America ; it is always short in common usage, and so marked by Perry. prefecture, quadrature, signature, are pronounced as here written. 19. Inh, uncle, concord, concourse, concubine, are pronounced by Walany reason be possibly assigned for such inconsistency ? 10. Obedience and its family of words. Walker pronounces obejeence, obe- ker, ingh, ungkl, kongkord, kongkorse, kongkubine ; and these odious Expedi- vulgarisms are otfi^red for our adoption. There can be no apology for such jeent, obejeently, but disobedience, disobedient, as here written. ent is either as here written, or expejeent ; but expedience without the alter- attempts to corrupt our language. 20. The words brewery, finery, knavery, nicety, scenery, slavery, are, native. Why this inconsistency ? 11. Obdurate, obduracy, are marked to be pronounced obdurate or obju- by Walker and the other orthoepists, pronounced in three syllables, and imrate, obduracy or objuracy ; but objurately, objurateness, vvithout an alter- agery, in four ; the final e of the primitive word being detached from it, and In these last words occurs another error, the a in the third syllable uttered with /• as a distinct syllable. native. Why savagery has escaped the same It is obvious that in negligent practice, these words is made short, as if pronounced rat ; a deviation from all good usage. fate, I do not know. This notation of obdurate is inconsistent also with that of indurate, and have often been thus pronounced. But the most correct pronunciation rewith that of obdure ; an inconsistency which appears to have no plausible tains the original word entire in the derivative, the slight sound of <; before r no more constituting a syllable, than it does in mora and miVf. Take the pretext. The conversion of d intoj before i, is rejected, I believe, in all words, by following examples. Of marble stone was cut Jones, Perry and Jameson, and before u is rejected by Perry and Jameson, An altar carv'd with cunning imagery. and in many words by Jones. It is a departure from orthography wholly inSpenser. When in those oratories might you see excusable. liieroglypliii-s,

.'

;

;

;

,

;

12. Walker, Principles No, 92, lays it down as a rule, that when a is preceded by the gutturals hard g or c, [he should have said palatals,] it is, in by the intervention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced like heard, heart, gheard, re gheard. Now it is remarkable that in the vocabulary or dictionary, the au thor has departed from his rule, for in not one of the foregoing words, except guard, nor in a multitude of other words which fall within the rule, has h directed this sound of e before the following vowel. Had he conformed to his own rule, he must have perverted the pronunciation oi car, carbuncle, care, carcass, cardinal, cargo, garden, garter, discard, and a long list of other words, too long to be here enumerated. The English orthoepists now confine this prepositive sound of e to guard, guaranty, guardian, guile, hind, and a few others. The probable origin ol this fault, has been already It is an affected pronunciation, which assigned, in treaUng of the letter u. Nares calls " a monster, peculiar to the stage." Indeed this slender sound n( e before another vowel, is wholly incompatible with that manly enuncialion which is peculiarly suited to the genius of the language. Pel ry and .Umeson have rejected it.

polite pronunciation, softened

Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. Your gift shall two large goblets be silver, wrought with curious imagery. Dryden. Prior. What can thy imagery of sorrow mean Pronounced in four syllables, imagery, in these lines, makes a syllable too and in the last and the measure, much, example, utterly destroys it. injures same as it alPrior is the and The true pronunciation of Spenser, Dryden ways has been in my elementary books. 21. Formerly, the vioris puissance puissant had the accent on the second syllable although the poets seem, in some instances, to have blended But the modern change of the acthe four first letters'into one syllable. cent to the first syllable is not in accordance with English analogies, and it impairs the measure of many lines of poetry in which these words occur. In the adverb ^ufssanW^ it has a very bad effect. The foregoing obseiTations extend to whole classes of words, in which the genuine pronunciation has been changed, unsettled and perverted. It would be inconsistent with the limited nature of this Introduction, to enter It into an examination of every particular word of disputable pronunciation.

Of

?

,

;

,

INTRODUCTION. seems to be inexpedient and useless to bestow, page or a page, on a single word, in attempting or, in

many

cases,

to settle a point that,

as

Walker has done, half a The following lists are not complete, hut they comprehend the greatest some trilling point, number of words in their respective classes. The dates at the head of the country, has never been columns designate the year when the dictionaries in my possession were

to settle

in this

published, indicating nearly, but not exactly, the origin of each scheme. In disputed To give a brief statement of the errors, diversities and contradictions of Ithe orthography, I have given the letters used by each author, in the syllathe principal schemes of orthoepy, which have been ollered to the public, ible which contains the ditlerence of pronunciation ; in the others, I have within the last half century, two classes of words only will be sufficient, as||followed the common orthography,

specimens.

Sheridan, 1784.

Abbrevyature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate, &e. Admikstshur, Adventual, Adventshur, Agriculture, Aperture,

Walker,

Jones,

1794.

179S.

Abbrfeveatshurc,

Abbreviature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate,

Perry, 1805.

Abbrev'iature,

Arkitektshur,

Accentshuate, Accentshuatiou, Actshual, Actshuate, Admikstshure, Adventshual, Adventshurc, Agricultshure, Apertshure, Architectshure,

jVi'chitectshurc,

Agriculture, Aperture, Architecture,

Armature,

Armatshure,

Armature,

Armature,

Artuate, Attaintshur,

Artshuate, Attaintshure,

Artuate, Attainture,

Aventshur,

Aventshure, Befortshune, Bountcheous, Calentshure,

Aventure,

Befortune.

Bountyus, Calenture,

Admixture, Adventual, Adventure, Agriculture, Aperture,

Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate,

Admixture,

Jamesttti,

1827.

Abbreveaturc. Accentuate. Accentuation. Actual. Actuate.

Admixture.

Adventual, Adventure,

Adventual. Adventure. Agriculture. Aperture. Architecture.

Attainture.

Aventure.

Befortune,

Befortune,

Bounteous, Calenture,

Bo\inteous,

Calenture,

Befortune. Bounteous. Calenture.

Capitulate,

Capitulate,

Capitulate,

Capitulate,

Capitulate.

Capsular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celature, Cinctshur, Claushur,

Capshular, Captshure, Cartshulary, Celatshure, Cinctshure, Clauzhure,

Capshular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celatshure, Cincture, Clauzhure,

Capsular, Capture, Cartulary, Celature, Cincture, Clauzhure,

Capsular. Capture. Cartulary. Celature.

Commensurate, Commutual, Compactshur,

Commenshurate, Commutshual, Compactshure,

Commenshurate, Commutshual, Compacture,

Commensurate. Commutual. Compacture.

Compostshur, Concretshur,

Compostshure, Concretshure,

Concreture, Congratulate, Conjecture, Conjuncture, Connatural,

Concreture. Conjecture. Conjunkture. Connatural.

Constituent, Constructure,

Constituent. Constructure.

Debcntshur, Decoctshur,

Debentshure, Decoctshure,

Debenture, Decocture,

Dcfeatshur, Dcjectshur, Dcpartshur, Dictatshur, Discomtitshur, Discourt^hus,

Defeatshure, Dejectshure, Departshure, Dictatshure, Discomtityure, Discourtshus,

Defeature, Dejecture, Departshure, Dictature, Discomtityure, Discourteous,

Contexture, Conventual, Counternatural, Curtcheous, Creature, Culture, Debenture, Decocture, Defeature, Dejecture, Departure,

Contexture. Conventual.

Cultr,hur,

Corapostshure, Concretshure, CongraLshulate, Conjectshuie, Conjunctshure, Connatshural, Constitshuent, Constructshure, Contextshure, Conventshual, Counternatshural, Courtsheous, Cretshure, Cultshure,

Commensurate, Commutual, Compacture, Composture,

Disnaturalize,

Disnatshuralize,

Disnaturalize,

Disnatshured, Divestshur,

Disnatshurcd, Divestshure, Duteous or Dutsheous,

Disnatshured, Divestshure,

Dutyus,

Duteous,

Duteous,

Effectual,

Ettbctshual,

Effectual,

Effectual,

Effectual.

Enraptshur, Estuary,

Enraptshure, Eslshuary,

Enraptshure, Estuary,

Enrapture, Estuary,

Enrapture. Estuary.

Estuate,

Eventual, Expostulate, Factshur, Fastuous, Eeatshur,

Estshuate, Eventshual, Expostshulate, Factshure, Fastshuous, Featshure,

Eventual,

Eventual,

Eventual.

Expostulate, Facture,

Expostulate, Facture, Fastuous, Feature,

Expostulate. Facture,

Fistula,

Fistshula,

Fistshula,

Fistula,

Fistula.

Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortune, Fractslmr, Fructuous, Futshur,

Flatshulence, Flatshuous, Fluctshuatc,

Flatulence, Flatuous.

Flatulence.

Fluctuate,

Fluctuate. Fortune. Fracture.

Ciarnitshur,

Gamitshure,

Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortshune, Fractshure, Fructuous, Futshur, Garniture,

Congratulate, Conjectshur, Conjunctshur, Connatural, Constituent, Constructshur, Contextshur,

Conventual, Counternatural, Courtshus, Creatshur,

Fortshunc, Fractshure, FrucLshuous, Futshure.

Congratulate, Conjectur, Conjunctur, Connatshural, Constituent, Constructure, Contextshure, Conventual, Counternatural, Courteous, Creatshure, Culture,

Estuate,

F'astshuous,

Featshure,

Discomfiture, Discurcheous, Disnaturalize, Disnatured.

Divesture,

Estuate,

Fortune, Fracture, Fractuous, Future, Garniture,

Cingkture. Clauzhur.

Congratulate.

Courteous. Creture. Culture.

Debenture. Decocture. Dejecture. Departure. Dictature. Discomfiture. Discourteous. Disnaturalize.

Divesture. Duteous.

Estuate.

Feteyer.

Fructuous.

Futyure. Garniture,

INTRODUCTION. Sheridan, 1784.

JFalker, 1794.

Joneh 1798.

Gestshur,

Gestshure,

Gestshure,

Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticultshur,

Gratshulate, Guttshural, Habitshual, Horticultshure, Hortshulan,

Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticulture,

Hortulan,

Hortulan,

Illnatshur,

Illnatshure,

Illnatshure,

Immenshurable. Impetuous,

Immenshurable.

Immenshurable, Impetshuous,

Importunate, Impostshur,

Impetshuous, Importshunate, Impostshure,

Incestuous, Indentshur,

Incestshuous, Indentshure,

Inetfectual, Infatuate,

lueffectshual, Infatshuate,

Insculptshur,

Insculptshure, Inshular, Inshulated,

Insular, Insulated, Intellectiial.

Intellectshual,

Importshunate, Impostshure, Incestshuous, Indentshure, Ineffectshual, Infatuate,

Insculptshure, Insular, Insulated, Intellectshual, Jointure,

Jointshur,

Jointshure,

Junctshur, Lectshur,

Junktshure, Lectshure,

Junctshure, Lectshure,

Legislatshur,

Legislatshure,

Legislature,

Mantua,

Mantshua, Manufactshure,

Mantua,

Manufactshur, Maturate, Menshurable, Meteor,

Meteor or Metsheor,

Menshurable, Meteor,

Misfortshun,

Misfortshune,

Misfortshune,

Mixtshur,

Mixtshure, Moistshure, Morshure, Mutshual, Natshure, Natshural, Noctshuary,

Morshure, Mutshual, Natshur,

Moistshui-,

Morshur, Mutshual, Natshur, Natshural,

Noctshuary, Nurtshur, Overtshur, Paintshur, Pastshur, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetshuity,

Alatshurate,

Menshurable,

IVurtshure,

Manufactshure, Matshurate,

Mixtshure, Moistshure,

Nattshural,

Noctuary, Nurtshure,

Postshulate,

Postshulate,

Overture, Paintshure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periosteum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshur, Piteous, Plenteous, Postshure, Postshulate,

Presumptuous,

Prezumtshuous,

Prezumtshuous,

Projectshur,

Projectshure,

Promptshur, Punctshual, Punctshur,

Promptshure, Punctshual, Punctshure,

Pustshul, Raptshur, Recapittshulate,

Pustshule, Raptshure, Recapittshulate,

Plentshus, Postshur,

Overtshure, Paintshure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshure, Pitcheous, Plentshus, Postshure,

Pictshur, Piteous,

Projectshure,

Promptshure, Punctual, Punctshure, Pustshule, Raptshur,

Ritshual,

Ritshual,

Recapittshulate, Ritshual,

Ruptshur, Sanclshuary,

Ruptshure, Sanctshuary,

Ruptshure, Sanctuary,

Satsliurate,

Satsliurate,

Scriptshur, Sculptshur, Sept<:huagint,

Scriptshure, Sculptshure, Septshuagint,

Satshurate, Scriptshure, Sculptshure, Septuagint,

Sittshuate,

Sittshuate,

Situate,

Spirittshual,

Spirittshual,

Spirittshual,

Sportshul, Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshur,

Sportshule, Stattshuary,

Sportshule. Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshure, Stattshute, Strictshure, Structshure,

Stattshut, Strictshur,

Stattshu, Stattshure, Stattshute, Strictshure,

Structshur,

Structshure,

Sumptshuous,

Sumptshuous,

Sumtshuous,

Shootshur, Tarantihula,

Sutshure, Tarantshula,

Sutshure, Tarantshula,

Tempestuous, Tenshur, Textshuary, Textshur,

Tempestshuous, Tenshure, Textshuary, Textshure,

Tempestshuous, Tenshure, Textshuary, Textshure,

Tinctshur,

Tinctshure,

Tinctshure,

Perry,

INTRODUCTION. Sheridan,

Walker,

n.s4.

1794.

Titshular,

Tortshur. Tortiihuou'*,

Junes,

Jameson,

Perry,

179S.

1805.

Tittshular, Tortsliure, Tortsliuous,

Titshular,

Titular,

1827. Titular.

Tortshure, Tortshuous,

Torture, Tortuous,

Tortyur. Tortuous.

Tritshuratioii,

Tritshuratioii,

Tiitshuration,

Triturate,

Trituration.

Tshooinultsliuous, Unctshuoiis,

Tumultsluious,

Tumultsimous, Unctuous,

Tumultuous, Unctuous,

Tumultuous. Ungktuous.

Unstatuhutable,

Unstattshutable,

Unstattshutable, Vestshure,

Unstatutable.

Ungktshuous,

Vestsliur,

Vestshure,

Ventshur, Veolentrhelo, Vertshu,

Vertshu,

Vilshuline,

Vitshuline,

Voluptshuous, Vultshur,

Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftshure,

Ventshure, Veolonchelo, Vertshu, Vitshuhne, Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftshure,

Ventsiiure, Veolentshelo,

WalUhur,

This table of words may perhaps be thought a burlesque on English orIt certainly presents a phenomenon altogether novel in the history thoepy. of language. Of these live authorities, the notation of Perry, with the exception of a few words ending in ure, is most nearly accordant to the present usage in England, as far as my obser\'ations, while in that country, extended. That From an actual enuof Walker is by far the most remote from that usage. meration of the syllables in certain classes of words in which the vowel is erroneously pronounced, in Walker's scheme, 1 have ascertained that the number amounts to more than twelve thousand, without including several classes of unaccented syllables, which would swell the number by some thousands. Of this whole number, 1 did not, while in England, hear one vowel pronounced according to Walker's notation. The zeal manifested in this country, to make his pronunciation a standard, is absolute infatuation, as if adopted in its full extent, it would introduce many differences in the pronunciation of words in the two countries, where sameness now exists and even the attempt, should it not be successful, must multiply discordancies and distract opinions, and thus place the desired uniformity at a greater distance than ever. Fortunately, VValker's pronunciation has never been generally received in England, and where it has been received, we see, by ;

Vesture, Venture,

Vestyur. Ventyur.

Violoncello, Virtue, Vituline.

Veolontsello. Virtu.

Voluptuous, Vulture, Wafture.

Voluptuous. Vultvur.

Nodjule, Noctidyal or noctidjeal, Obejeence, Obejeent, Obduracy or objuracy. Obdurate or objurate,

Prelujeus, Presidjeal,

Procejure, Quotijean, Radiate or rajeate.

Radiant or rajeant, Radius or rajeus,

Occidjuus,

Odium

or ojeum, Ojus or ojeus, Ordeal or oijeal,

Rezidjual, Sardius or sarjeus, Sedulous or sedjulons, Studious or stujeus.

Penjulous, Penjuluni,

Tedious or tejeus.

Predial or prejeal. It would seem that, in a large part of these words, we may take our choice, either to retain the proper sound of d, or to convert it into that o( This j. choice certainly makes an odd kind of standard. But why mediate should retain the sound of d, while immediacy and medium suffer a change ; or why radiate should be given in the alternative, radiate or rajeate, while irradiate and irradianee are not subjected to any change ; or why obedi-

ence should be changed into obejeence, and disobedience remain unchanged, I am not able to conjecture. These classes of words exhibit a specimen of the modem orthoepy, so the want of our language ; it is indeed a brief and imperfect specimen, for I called, regulated. See bounteous, courteous, du- have ascertained by actual enumeration, that a catalogue of all the differenteous and plenteous. Why should plenteous be reduced to two syllables, ces of notation in these authors, would comprehend about one tt?'rdof all the when bounteous is pronounced in three ? And what reason can be assigned words in their vocabularies. Amidst this mass of errors and contradictions, our consolation is that the good sense of the English nation, a learned and refor the different notation of capitulate and recapitulate ? A remarkable instance of inconsistency in Walker's notation occurs in spectable people, is triumphing over the follies and caprices of fashion, and words of more syllables than two, ending in ture. Thus we find ture con- frowning on this most mischievous spirit of innovation. In proportion as the importance of settled usages and of preserving invioverted into churc [tshure] in Contextshure Abbreviatshure. Celatshure. late the proper sounds of letters, as the true and only safe landmarks of proDebentshure. Calentshure. Admixtshure. nunciation, shall be appreciated by an enUghtened people, just in that proDecoctshure. Adventshure. Compactshure. portion will all attempts of affected speakers to innovate upon such estabDefeatshure. lished usages be reprobated and resisted. Compostshure. Agricultshure. Concretshure. The intentions of the men who have undertaken to give a standard of pro.\pertshure. Dejectshure. Attaintshure. nunciation, have unquestionably been upright and sincere but facts have Conjectshure. Departshure. Dictatshure. Aventshure. Conjunctshure. proved that instead of good they have, on the whole, done harm ; for instead Overtshure. Divestshure. of reducing the pronunciation of words to uniformity, they have, to a considImpostshure. Indentshure. erable extent, unsettled it, and multiplied differences. The whole process Projectshure. of these attempts, from Sheridan's first publication, is within my memory, But in the following words the terminating syllabic remains unaltered. and I am confident, that whatever has been the effect of these attempts in lUiterature. Literature. Prelature. Great Britain, the result of them in the United States, has been to multiply Miniature. And such is the present state of the Quadriture. Intemperature. greatly the diversities of pronunciation. Investiture. Nunciature. Serrature. authorities, offered as standards, that it is impossible from books to gain a Judicature. Nutriture. correct knowledge of what is the general usage. If I had no other means of Signature. Prefecture. this than the Temperature. Ligature. general usage, English books, I should be utterly uuknowing Limature. ible to ascertain it and should give up the attempt as hopeless.' In this class of words, Sheridan and Jones are also inconsistent with themseveral in the Some of the differences of notation, books, may be rather apselves, though not to the same extent as Walker. Perry and Jameson re- parent than rea/; but with all due allowance for this imperfection of the In these schemes, I am persuaded that there are ten differences among these orthoetain, in all these words, the true orthrography and pronunciation. words also. Walker gives to m, in the last syllable, its first or long sound ; but pists, where there is one in the actual pronunciation of respectable people in this is an inaccurate notation and in most of them, the notation, if strictly the sound, in actual usage, is that of short u, England and the United States at least so far as my observation extends, either in England or the United States. followed, will lead to ten differences of pronunciation, where one only now In the following classes of words, as pronounced by Walker, there is either exists in the actual practice of the two countries. error or inconsistency, or both. This effect of multiplying doubts and diversities, has resulted fi-om very obvious causes. Individual or individjual, Assidjuous, Commodious or commojcus, 1 The limited acquaintance of orthoepists with the general usage, and Ingrejent [for ingredient,]

Jameson's Dictionary, that it is becoming unpopular and obsolete. We observe in the following list, that the three first of these orthoepists

have no rule by which their pronunciation of uniformity iu words of like orthography.

Hence

is

;

;

;

.

Credjulous, Dividual or dividjual. Fastidious or fastidjeOHs,

InsJidious or insidjeus.

Intermedial or intermejeal. Invidious or invidjeus. Mediocrity or mejeocrity.

"

Hideus or liidjeus. Immediacy or immejeasy.

Melodious or melojeus. Meridian or meridjean, Modulate or modjulate,

The multiplicity of books for instructing us in our vernacular language an evil of no small magnitude. Every man has some peculiar notions which he wishes to propagate, and there is scarcely any peculiarity or abThe facility of booksurdity for which some authority may not be found. making favors this disposition, and while a chief qualification for authorship is a dextrous use of an inverted pen, and a pair of scissors, we are not to ex-

Incendiary or incenjeary,

Nidjulation,

pect relief from the evil.

Gradient or grajeent. Gradual or gradjual, Guardian or guarjean,

Medium

or

mejeum.

is

INTRODUCTION. taking the pronunciation of London, or some dialect or local practice in The propagation of such a dialectical or pecuthat city, for the best usage. liar practice would of course distiirl) the uniformity of any other practice, in other parts of England or in tliis country. 2. The dilficulty or rather impracticahihty of representing sounds, and nice distinctions oi" sound, on paper; especially in unaccented syllables. S. The partiality o( authors for the practice of particular speakers, either stage players or others, which would lead them to denominate that the best tlieir

practice,

which had been adopted by

their favorites.

4. A spirit of fiistidious hypcrcriticism, which has led writers to make midistinctions, that are liable to be disputed, and which tend only to perplex the inquirer, and generate uncertainty or diversity, where no essential This spirit is continually prodifference had previously existed in practice. ducing new hooks and new schemes of orthoepy, and every additional book serves only to increase the difficulty of uniting opinions and establishing

nute

uniformity.

the most raisehievons project for corrupting the language, that human ingeBy removing the landmarks of language, all the fencetnuity ever devLsed. which can secure the purity and regularity of the language from unlicensed depredations without end are demolished, the chief use and value of alphabetical Wilting are destroyed, and every thing is given to chance and to caprice.

In determining the pronunciation of words in this work, I have availed myself of the most respectable English authorities, as well as of my owu personal observations in both countries, and of the observations of American gentlemen of erudition who have visited England. In selecting from a mass of contradictory authorities, I may not, iia all cases, have adopted the best pronunciation but I have spared no pains to execute tliis part of the work with fidelity. In general, the rules I have prescribed to myself are these. 1. The usage of respectable people in England and the United States, when identical in the two countries, settled and umlispuled. This rule comprehends most of the words in the language. 2. When usage is unsettled or uncertain, 1 have adjusted the pronunciation to the regular, established analogies of the language, as far as these can be definitely ascertained; having how;

This view of the subject is probably the most favorable (hat can be preThe real fact seems to be this; these men have taken for the standard, what they were pleased to call the best usage, which, in many cases, is a local usage or some favorite peculiarity of particular speakers, at least If they ever, in accentuation, some regard to euphony, or the prosaic melody which have had any authority at all ; or they have given the pronunciation which proceeds from a due succession of accented and unaccented syllables. sented.

There are some words, differently pronounced by respectable people, in happened to please their fancy, though not authorised by usage. In this manner, they have attempted to bend the common usage to their particular which no decisive reasons appear for preferring one mode of pronouncing them to another either might be adopted, without any injury to melody or fancies. It has been in this manner, by presenting to the public local or particular analogy. I see no particular reason, why pat'ent should have its first vowel and ina'tron, pa'tron, and pa'triot, the first vowel long. Much less practice, or mere innovation, for a standard, instead of general or national short, for making the a short in mat'ronal, and usage, that the authors above mentioned have unsettled the pronunciation of dc I approve the reasons assigned many words and multiplied diversities of practice. These attempts to ob- not in ma'tronly, or short in pat'ronnl, and not in pa'troness. The reasons trude local usage on the public, and bend to it the general or national usage, assigned by Walker appear to me to be absolute trifling. The rule of uniare the boldest assumptions of authority in language that the history of lite- formity is paramount to every other, excepting that oi" general undisputed and when the practice is unsettled, it seems to be tile duty of the rature has ever exhibited. In England however these pretensions to direct custom the pronunciation of the nation have less effect than they have in the United lexicographer to be guided by that rule, for his authority may lead to the States, for this obvious reason, that in England pronunciation is regulated uniformity desired. In a few instances, the cotnmon usage of a great and respectable portion almost exclusively by the practice of the higher classes of society, and not by books; hence if books do not exhibit the customary pronunciation, the of the people of this country accords with the analogies of the language, but work which offers it is neglected. not with the modern notation of English orthoepists. In such cases, it falsity of notation is easily detected, and the But in this country, where the people resort chiefly to books for rules of pro- seems expedient and proper, to retain our own usage. To renounce a prac;

;

nunciation, a false notation of sounds operates as a deception and misleads the How long the citizens of this country will submit to these impositions, time only can determine. The English language, when pronounced according to the genuine composition of its words, isa nervous, masculine language, well adapted to popular eloquence and it is not improbable that there may be some connection between this manly character of the language and the freedom of the British and American constitutions. They may perhaps act and react upon each other mutually, as cause and effect, and each contribute to the preservation At the same time, the language is, by no means, incapable of of the other. The attempts to refine upon the pronunciapoetical sweetness and melody. tion, within the last half century, have, in my opinion, added nothing to its smoothness and sweetness, but have very much impaired its strength of exThe attempts to banish the Italian sound pression as well as its regularity. of a and to introduce the sound of e before i and «, as in kind, guard, duty, &c. ought to be resisted, as iujurious to the manly character of the genuine inquirer.

;

English pronunciation.* In order to produce and preserve a tolerable degree of uniformity, and the genuine purity of our language, two things appear to be indispensable, viz. 1. To reject the practice of noting the sounds of the vowels in the unaccented syllables. Let any man, in genteel society or in public, pronounce the distinct sound of a in the last syllable of important, or the distinct sound of € in the terminations less and ness, as in hopeless, happiness, anti he would Indeed so different is the slight sound of a pass for a most inelegant speaker. great part of the unaccented vowels, in elegant pronunciation, from that which is directed in books of orthoepy, that no man can possibly acquire the nicer distinction of sounds, by means of books distinctions which no characters yet invented can express. Elegant pronunciation can be learned only by the ear. The French and Italians, whose languages are so popular in Europe, have never attempted to teach the sounds of their letters by asystem of notation, embracing the liner sounds of the vowels. 2. To preserve purity and uniformity in pronunciation, it is necessary to banish from use all books which change the orthography of words to adapt ;

the pronunciation to the fashion of the day.

The scheme now pursued

is

regular for one confessedly anomalous, out of respect to foreign usage, would hardly be consistent with the dignity of lexicography. When we have principle on our side, let us adhere to it. The time cannot tice confessedly

distant, when the population of this vast country will throw off their leading strings, and walk in their own strength ; and the more we can raise the credit and authority of principle over the caprices of fashion and innovaItion, the nearer we approach to uniformity and stability in practice. It is difficult, if not impracticable, to reconcile the opinions of a nation, in Iregard to every point, either of orthography or pronunciation. Every atitempt that has yet been made, in regard to the English language, has served tonly to increase the difficulty ; and as a gentleman remarked to me in Lona convention of learned men could not efi'ect the for no two men don, object, would think alike on the s\ibject. The language of a nation is the common property of the people, and no individual has a right to make inroads upon its principles. As it is the medium of communication between men, it is important that the same written ivords and the same oral sounds to express the same ideas, should be used by the whole nation. When any man therefore attempts to change the established orthography or pronunciation, except to correct palpable errors and produce uniformity, by recalling wanderers into the pale of regular No local practice, however analogies, he offers an indignity to the nation. There is great dignity, as well as prorespectable, will justify the attempt. priety, in respecting the universal and long established usages of a nation. With these views of the subject, I feel myself bound to reject all modern innovations, which violate the established principles and analogies of the language, and destroy or impair the value of alphabetical writing. I have therefore endeavored to present to my fellow citizens the English language^ in its genuine purity, as we have received the inheritance from our ancesIf the language is fatally destined to tors, without removing a landmark. be corrupted, I will not be an instrument of the mischief.

be

ETYSrOLOGY. Irregular as is the orthography of the English Language, and unsettled or corrupt as is the pronunciation, there is nothing either in English or in any other language of which I have any knov/ledge, which exhibits so strikingly the low state of philology as the etymological deductions of words, or the history of their origin, affinities and primary signification. To enable the young inquirer to estimate the erudition, correctness, or negligence of writers on this subject, and to awaken more attention to this branch of learning, I will state briefly the results of my researches and the opinions which I have been compelled to form on the merits of the principal treatises on this And if these opinions or this statement should be charged to egosubject. tism, or my over-weening confidence in the success of my own investiga-

•The French language, by the loss or imperfect use of articulations, though in utterance, has become so feeble in sound as to be unfit for From the specimens which 1 witnessed in the bold, impressive eloquence. Chamber of Deputies in Paris, I should suppose the orator mu^l depend alon his own animation and action for success in popular speakmost entirely The laning, with little or no aid from the strength and beauty of language. guage of popular eloquence should be neither the mouthing cantof the stage, nor the mincing aflfectation of dandies, nor the baby talk of the nursery. Such was not the language of Demosthenes nor of Cicero; and such may tions, my apology is, that I have suffered so nmch myself by a misplaced never be the language of the British Chatham, and of the Amei lean .\mes. confidence in the erudition of writers ; I have so often embraced errors rendered easy

INTRODUCTION. that if I can pre- guage from which they are immediately derived, especially when the or; vent my fellow -citizens, who have a taste for this study, from being subject- thography is too plain to be mistaken. They inform us that father is from ed to the same evils, 1 shall think the advantage obtained more than a bal- the Saxon feeder, that drop is ti-oni Sax. droppan, that picket is from the French piquet, and the like. So Johnson informs us that accent is from the ance for any unmerited imputation. The lirst example of etymology which I- shall mention, is that of Josephus, Latin accentus, and accept from the French accepter, Latin accipio. All " was this is well, but it can hardly be called etymology, or the deduction of words the historian of the Jews, who iiilbrms his readers, that the first man called Adam, which in the Hebrew tongue signifies one that is red, because from their originals. Whiter, in his Etymologicon Magndm, the first volume only of he was formed out of red earth compounded together ; for of that kind is I have which mere resemfrom a mistake a and true earth." Here is perused, began his work on a good plan, that of bringing toproceeding virgin blance of words ; it being certain that Adam no more signifies red earth, gether words of the same or of cognate radical letters, and in pursuance of than it does red cedar. This mistake is connecteil with another, that Adam his plan, he has collected many real affinities. But he has destroyed the was the proper name of the lirst man, an individual ; whereas the word is value of his work by mistaking the radical sense of many words, and by the generic name of the human species, and like man in English, siguilies confounding words of dilTcreut elements. Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, has Conn, shape, image, expressing distinctively the characteristic eminence or Tliis fact explains the use of the collected the allinities of words in that language, particularly words of distinction of form of the human race. " And God Gothic and Teutonic origin, with industry and probably with judgment and a plural pronoun, in the account of the creation of the species. have and let them o>ir man after make in our Let us good degree of accuracy. In some instances, I think he has departed from likeness; said, image, dominion over the fish of the sea, S;c." Gen. i. 26. It is evident also that jcorrect principles of etymology, and mi.>laken facts, and he, a.s well as Whifalls short of truth in a most important particular, a clear underthe words used in relation to the species, the ima
which

it

has cost ine more labor

to

to learn

unlearn than

published systems of theology. Among the most celebrated authors of antiquity, who have written on the subject of language, is Varro, who has left a treatise De Lingua Latina. On this author's learning, Cicero, Quinctilian and Augustine have bestowed the most unbounded praises. He is pronoimccd to have been vir egregius ; eruditissimus Rumanorum ; peritissimus lingua; Latinai et omnis antiquiHe was doubtless a man of untatis, sine ulla dubitatione, doctissimus.^ common erudition for the age in which he lived and his etymological treatise may be consulted with advantage by persons who have knowledge enough of this subject to separate the certain or probable from the improbBut it is certain from what remains of his treatise, able and conjectural. that his knowledge of the origin of words did not extend beyond the most obvious facts and piinciples. Thus he deduces i;n7aa« from irteo; exitits from exeo ; victoria Irom vinco. All this is well ; and we have reason to think him correct, in deducing tie/Zus, fleece, from vellere, to pluck, as doubtAnd we less fleeces were plucked from sheep, before the use of shears. have reason to believe him when he informs us that imber was originally written himber ; that hircus was written by the Sabines Jirciis, and hadus, ;

fedus.

Very difTerent must be our opinion of the following etymologies. Pater, says Varro, is from patefacio ; ager ciiltus is so called because in seeds coalesce or unite with the earth; referring o^er perhaps to the root o{ a gge>', or the Greek a7{ip'o. Campus, he says, was so named beit

*

Thus far had I written, before I had seen this author's Hermes Sc vthBy this work I find the author agrees with me in regard to the and common origin of many of the Gothic and Greek prepositions.

icus.

identity

I had supposed that proof of such an obvious fact could hardly be neSome of these precessary, in the present state of philological knowledge. positions he has illustrated with a good degree of accuracy^ ; although should this work ever fall into his hands, 1 think he will be convinced that in one or two important points, his explanations are defective. In regard to other prepositions, I am satisfied the author has ventured upon unsafe ground, at least his opinions appear to me not to be well supported. In respect to his explanations of the names of the mythological deities, it appears to me the author, like all other authors whose works I have seen, wanders in darkness. From all my researches into the origin of words, I have drawn this conclusion, that the pagan deities are mostly the powers or supposed powers of nature, or imaginary beings supposed to preside over the various parts of creation, or the qualities of men, deified, that is, exalted and celebrated as supernatural agents. There are few of the names of these deities which I pretend to understand but there are a few of them that seem No person, I think, can doubt that the to be too obvious to be mistaken. Dryads are named from i{m, an oak or tree. Hence I infer that this name was applied to certain imaginary beings inhabiting the forests. No person can doubt, that J\rereus, the deity of the sea, and the nereids,

Indeed

;

cause fruits were first gathered from the open field, deducing the word fiom suNext to this, were the bills, colles, so named colendo, from colo, capio. because these were cultivated next to the open plain. That land or field nymphsof the sea, are named from the oriental ^nj, ^ * a river, from which appeared to be i\\t foundation of cattle and money was CdWeA fundus, the doubts that to flow. No Flora, the goddess of verb, corresponding person or it was so called because it pours forth [fundaf] annual crops. He de-! flowers, is merely a flowerdeified. duces cogitare from cogendo ; concilium from cogitatione ; cura Hence I infer that the true method of discovering the origin of the pagan froinj burning cor, the heart; volo from voluntas, and a volatu, a flying, becausei deities, is to find the meaning of their names. the mind flies instantly whither it will. How low must have been the slate of Now Diana is the goddess of hunting. What quality then is most necesphilology, when such improbable conjectures as these could attract the enWhat quality would rude men, destitute of the weapons sary for a hunter ? comiums before mentioned from Cicero and Quinctilian! which we possess, most value as useful in obtaining subsistence ? Doubtless The reader will find m;uiy things in Isidore and Priscian, worthj' of his! and swiftness. Thus we have substantial reasons for believing that courage attention, though much of what their woi'ks contain is now so famihar to Diana is the Celtic dan or dian, which signifies bold, strong, vehement, scholars of moderate attaiiunents, as scarcely to repay the labor of perusal. the root of Danube, Don, and other names of large rivers. But he who learns that Isidore makes oratio, a compound of oris ratio; no-i impetuous, If we examine the name oi Minerva, we shall find that the first syllable men, a contraction of nntamen ; and that he derives verbvm, from verberato contains the elements of mnH»s, the hand, and o( mind ; and the last constitaere. will hardly think it worth his labor to pursue his researches into that' uent part of the word corresponds well with the German arbeit, D. arbeid, author's works. Nor will he be disposed to relish Priscian's deduction ol^ Well, what are the characteristics labor, work, the last consonant being lost. lilera from legilitera, because a letter aflbrds the means of reading, or from of Minerva Why, she is the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. The sense lituro, to obliterate, because the ancients used to write on wax tables, and of-Moc!, would give one of her characteristics, and that of ;nan«« and arbeit, afterwards to obhtei ate what they had written. the other; but which is the true word, I do not know. Vossius \vrote a folio on the etymology of Latin words but from repeatThe two circumstances which chiefly distinguish Hercules are his labors ed exanunations of his book, I am persuaded that most of his deductions are and his club. We never hear of Hercules but with these accompaniments. far-fetched, conjectural and lanciful many of them are certainly erroneous. Now the first syllable of his name is precisely the root of the Greek ip7ov, and Minshew I have not consulted because from such Menage chiefly ipydi', that is, if'/ or ip«, which would give the sense of work, labor. Whether extracts as 1 have seen, from their writings, I am certain that little reliance the last constituent of the name isnXeici or from that root, I shall not pretend to can be placed on their opinions, except in cases too plain to be mistaken. aflirm. Indeed, I offer these explanations rather as ^jroftaft/t', than as clearly Junius and Skinner, the authorities for most of the etymologies of Bailey but they do appear to be probably well founded. Hercules tlien proved and Johnson, are sufficiently correct in referring English words to the lan- was a name given to any bold, heroic leader of a tribe of rude men, who was disfinguished for his achievements as a warrior and this name must have originated in very early ages, when clubs were the principal weapons of war, * Of the full value of these encomiums we can hardly judge, as most of and instruments of detense. And hence probably the origin of the scepter, Varro's writings h.ave perished, and some of those which survive appear in as a badge of royalty. Now it is worthy of remark that the war club of rude a mutilated form. But the greater his erudition, the more striking will ap- nations, at this day, especially of the savage nations of the south sea isles, is pf pear his ignorance of this subject. !the same shape as the ancient scepter.

^

.-

;

;

;

;

;

INTRODUCTION. The Hermes

of Harris, according to Dr. Lowth, "is the most beautiful and perfect example of analysis, that has been exhibited since the days of Aristotle." This, in my opinion, is not the character of the work, which, for tlie most part, consists ol passages from the works of Aristotle, Ammonius, It is little more than a colApollonius, Priscian, and other grammarians. lection of the opinions of the ancient writers on philology, whose metaTo show how illustrate the subject. physical subtilties rather obscure than when applied to the plainest subeasily men may be misled by metaphysics, from the Hermes. ject imaginable, take the following example as unrespects our primary perception, and denotes individuals known ; the respects our secondary perception, and denotes individuals as known." [This is nearly a hteral translation of a passage in Priscian, Lib. 17.] To illustrate the truth of this observation, the author gives the following example. "There goes a beggar with a long beard" indicating that the man had not been seen before and therefore a denotes the primary perception. A week after the man returns and I say, " There goes the beggar with belong beard;" the article the here indicating the secondary percepAll this is very well. tion, that is, that the man had been seen before. But let us try the rule by other examples, and see whether it is universal, or whether it is the peculiar and proper office of an or a to denote primary

throw. Hue, a darting or flashing, the root of luceo a simple root, that can have no connection with Kl-uc. Excepting Faber's work on the Cabiri, I have seen scarcely a book in any language, which exhibits so little etymological knowledge, with such ;

a series of erroneous or fanciful deductions, as Bryant's Analysis. Drummond's Origines abounds with etymological deductions of a similar character.

Gebelin, a French writer, in his Monde Primitif, has bestowed much labor in developing the origin and signification of words ; but a large part of his labor has produced no valuable efi'ect. His whole system is founded on a mistake, that the noun is the root of all other words. Of all the writers on etymology, whose works I have read or consulted. Spelman and Lluyd are almost the only ones, in whose deductions much confidence can be placed. I do not name Camden. Hicks, Selden and Gibson, as their etymological inquiries, though generally judiciously conducted, were very limited. This is true also in some degree of Spelman and Lluyd ; but the researches of Spelman into the origin of law terms, and words of the middle ages, have generally produced very satisfactory results. From the limited nature of the designs of Spelman and Lluyd, errors may have occasionally escaped them ; but they are few, and very pardonable. I know of no work in any language in which words have been generally perception. "The article a, says Harris, leaves the individual unascertained." Let traced to their original signification, with even tolerable correctness. In a few instances, this signification is too obvious to be mistaken, but inmost inus examine this position. " But Peter took him, I myself also am a man." Now, stances, the ablest etymologist is liable to be misled by first appearances, saying, stand up I have been often misled myself, according to Harris, a here denotes the primary perception, and the individ- and the want of extensive investigation. That is, this man is one, I have never seen before. ual is unascertained. by these means, and have been obliged to change my opinions, as I have " He that cometh to God nnist believe that he is, and that he isa reward- advanced in my inquiries. Hence the tendency of my researches has been Whether a, in this sentence, denotes very much to increase my caution in referring words to their originals ; and er of them that diligently seek him." but sure I am the individual is not left such, I am persuaded, will be the result of all critical and judicious investifirst perception, I cannot determine unascertained. gations into the history and affinities of language. A B says to me, " I have lately dismissed an old servant, who has lived A principal source of mistakes on this subject, is a disregard of the identiwith me for thirty years." Here an may present a primary perception to ty of the radical consonants, and a licentious blending and confounding of To both, the individual must be well words, whose elementary letters are 7iot commutable. Another source of the hearer, but not so to the speaker. error is an unwarrantable license in prefixing oi- inserting letters, for the ascertained. It appears then that this definition of an or a is incorrect, and the pains of purpose of producing an identity or resemblance of orthography ; a fault these metaphysical writers who form such perfect analyses of language, is very justly opposed by Sir William Jones. of the real character an or a On better than learned little The learned Dr. Good, in his Book of JVature, Lecture IX, of the setesting trifling. by usage and facts, we find it is merely the adjective one, in its Saxon or- cond series, suggests it to be probable tliat both papa and father, issued the individual is from the Hebrew source thography, and that its sole use is to denote one, whether 3N, N3N, HON. He then fearlessly ventures to known or unknown, definite or indefinite. affirm, that there is .scarcely a language or dialect in the world, polished or Again Harris translates, " and adopts the definition which Aristotle has barbarous, in which the same idea is not expressed by the radical of one or An articulate sound or part of speech devoid of the other of these terms. True ; the letter X is found in most words of this given of a conjunction. as to help signification, by making two signification by itself, but so formed signification ; although our knowledge of languages is too limited to waror more significant sentences to be one significant sentence." But the attempt to deduce all words signifying rant such a broad assertion. This is so far from being true, that some of the conjunctions are verbs father from the Hebrew must certainly fail for we know from history that In like manner, a equivalent to join, unite or add, in the imperative mode. great part of Asia and of Europe was inhabited before the existence of the the prepositions called inseparable, and used as prefixes, are all significant Hebrew nation. Besides, a large portion of the European population have per se, although by custom, they sometimes lose their appropriate use. For no word for father which can be rationally deduced from 3X. The Welsh example, re, which denotes repetition, has lost its use in reco?n7nend, which tdd, whence our daddy, the Gothic atta, Irish aithair, Basque aita, and But still it has is equivalent to commend, without the sense of repetition. Laponnic atki, cannot be formed from the Hebrew word, the letter D and even when T ordinarily an appropriate sense, which is perfectly understood, not being commutable with B. One would suppose that a learned physiLet any person prefix tliis word to pronounce for first prefixed to a word. the true cause of the similarity of words, bearologist could not fail to assign the first time, and direct a boy of fourteen years old to repronounce his ora The ing the sense of father and mother, among the nations of the earth. tion, and he would perfectly well understand the direction. truth is, the sound of a is very easy and probably the easiest for children, " Bryant, the author of An Analysis of Ancient Mythology," whose works being formed by simply opening the mouth, without any exertion of the orSo also the articulations b, m, and d or t, beI should love to read, if I could have confidence in his opinions, has given gans to modulate the sound. to the public a history of the Cuthites or descendants of Ham, a race of bold ing natural and easy, will generally enter into the first words formed by adventurers, who, as he supposes, made expeditions by sea and land, intro- children. The labials are formed by simply closing the lips, and the denthe piopagation of tals, ducing arts, founding cities, and corrupting religion by by placing the tongue against the root of the upper teeth ; the position For proof of his opinions, he relies very much on etymology which it naturally occupies in a healthy child. From these circumstances, Sabianism. and the signification of names. Two or three examples of his deductions we may fairly infer, a priori, that such words as ab, aba, papa, tad, mamHam or Cham, signifying ma, must be the first words uttered by children. Indeed, were the whole will be sufficient to show his manner of proof. heat and the sun, he deduces from DDD to be hot, to heat. So far he may human race to lose their present names for /a(Acr, mother, and nurse, simbe correct. But he goes on to deduce from this root, also, as Castle had ilar names would be formed by a great portion of mankind, without any done before him, the Greek »auna, heat, not consideiing that this is fiom communication between different nations. is not radical, but probably s is the radical conso«aiu, to burn, in which The author further observes, that the generic terms for the Deity are " Beor Allah, Theus or De%is, and God. nant, as this occurs in the derivatives. Kcw^a has no connection with Ham chiefly the three following, From Cam or Cham he then deduces the Latin Camera, Or. napiapa, an sides these, there is scarcely a term of any kind, by which the Deity is dearched roof or vault, whence our chamber, though it is not easy to discover signated, in any part of the world, whether among civilized or savage man. the connection between this word and heat, and from the same root, he de- Yet these proceed from the same common quarter of the globe." True ; duces Camillus, Camilla, and many other words, without any support for men, and of course words, all came from a common quarter of the globe. In But it so happens, that these three terms must have originated among difhis opinions, but a mere similarity of orthography in the first syllable. all this, he is certainly wrong. ferent families, or from different sources, for they are all formed with differThe Greek ©los, God, he supposes most unwarrantably to be formed from ent radicals, and can have had no connection with a common radix. But it the Egyptian Theuth or Thoth, Mercury. happens also, that not one of these terms, as far as I can learn, exists among The sun he supposes to have been styled El-iic ; El [nXips] and uc or the Slavonic nations, who compose a large portion of all the population of This word, says Bryant, the Europe, and whose name of God is Bog, a word radically distinct from all oc/i, a title of honor among the Babylonians. Greeks changed into '.uao;, [a wolf,] and hence the Latin lux. luceo. A which the author has mentioned. Now if Bryant The author proceeds to say, " that the more common etymon (or death, strange conjecture this, not to call it by a harsher name. had examined the Teutonic dialects, and the Welsh, he would have seen bis among aH nations, is mor, mart or mut." But if either of these terms for mistake for the Saxon leoht, liht, Dutch and German lirlif, are from \death, is a native word among the great Gofliic, Teutonic, and Slavonic famthe common root of the Welsh llwg, a shooting or gleaming, lluciaw, to; jilies. which constitute the half or two thirds of all the inhabitants of Europe,

"A

—

;

;

;

;

m

;

M

INTRODUCTION. 1

have not been able

to find

it.

Besides,

mor and mut

are words radically

and thus originated in different tamiiies. " is, in our language, the common title of respect Sir," says the author, and the same term is employed in the name sense throughout every quarter of the globe. In the Sanscrit and Pci-sian, it means the organ of the head

Change of Unguals. Eng. escort, Sp. Port, escolfa. Fr. blanc, white, Port, hranco.

distinct,

"

He finds the word in Arabia, Turkey, in Greek, among the Peruitself." vians in South America, in Germany, Holland, and the contiguous counIn some of the languages of these countries, I have foun
that,

Letters formed by different organs are not commutable hence we are not admit a radical word beginning or ending with 4, /or v, to be the same as word beginning or ending with g. d, t, r or s ; nor a word whose radical to be the same as If n, one whose are m, elements r, d, or s, t. such words are in any case the same, they must have suffered some anomalous changes changes which are very unusual and which are never to ;

to

a

letters are

;

be admitted without the clearest evidence.

When this work was in the press, I first obtained a sight of a "History of the European Languages," by the late Dr. .\lexander Murray, Profcs.sor of Oriental languages in the University of Edinburgh. From a hasty i)erusal of the first volume, I find this learned professor studied the European languages with much attention and profit. He has gone lurther into the origin and formation of languages, than any author whose works I have read; and his writings unfold many valuable principles and

But he formed a theory which he attempted to support, in my opinlittle success at least, on his principles, all the usual rules of etymology are transgressed, and all distinction between words of different radical letters is abandoned. According to his theory, nine words are the foundations of language, viz. ag, wag, hwag,bag or hwag, [of wbich/ag^ and pag are softer varieties,] dwag, thwag or twag, gwag or ctvag, lag and Mag, mag, nag, and hnag, rug and hrag, swag. " By the help of these nine words and their compounds all the European languages have been from truth, and even from probability. formed." These are the author's words. To make out his scheme, he joins ag, having, to wag, move, and forms a The governing principles of etymology arc, Jir.'if, the identity of radical no attinity be- diminutive, wagag, to move a little or often. With ba, bear or bring, and letters, or a coincidence of cognates, in diltcrent languages ing admissible, except among words whose primary consonants are articu- la, hold, wagaba signifies literally move-bearing, and wagla is move-having. Then V or as as and Th S and lations of the same organs, D, T, B, F, M, P, jcagafcn contracted into wubba, to wave, lo weave, and !co;?/<7 into or as G, C hard, K and Q R, L and D. Some exceptions to this rule must wala, to turn. From dag, to wet, bedew, comes damp ; from ceag, to be admitted, but not without collateral evidence of the change, or some evi- chew, comes cAnm;); /a/, joined, wrought together, from ybo-, lo work, lo dence that is too clear to be reasonably rejected. join; hwal and hal, to hold, and turrt, from hwag ; bat from bngd or bagt ; Secmid. Words in diflijrent languages are not to he considered as proceed- *'§', a bite, from bigt ; bladder from blag; modera, mother, the producer, have the same signification, or one from magd, pioduced bottom from bogd, a stump, root or foundation field ing from the same radix, unless they And on this point, much Irom fagd -dearth from airtha,acertha, from acer, aker, ager ; field, an unclosely allied to it, or naturally deducible from it. knowledge of the primary sense of words, and of the manner in which col- cultivated plain, from fag, to make to fall. It seems that in order to maintain his from one radical idea, is necessary to secure the lateral senses have sprung theory, it was necessary to make it A competent knowledge of this branch of etymolo- appear that g formed a part of all original words, and that this letter has, in inquirer from mistakes. gy cannot be obtained from any one, or from two or three languages. It is modern words, been dropped. The author then introduces this letter into almost literally true, that in examining more than twenty languages, I have words where it never had anyplace, such as field, earth, bat, &c. The aufthor's work presents one of the most found eaeh language to throw some light on every other. singular me
ion with

:

;

W

;

;

;

;

;

,

;

;

to

sUde from one form into another.

The

following examples will illustrate this subject.

Labial letters commuted for other labials. English bear, hat.fero,pario, G. ip£pu>, (popso), D. voeren, G.ftihren. Here is the same word written in different languages, with five different

initial letters.

German wahr,

true, L. verus. Celtic lamh, lav, the hand, Goth. lofa. L. guberno, Fr. goiwerner, Eng. govern.

Dental letters

Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng.

commuted

for other dentals.

dew, G. thau. good, G. gut. (iarc,

Gr.

fiuppsw.

day, G. tag. thank, D.danken. brother,

D. broeder.

Palatal letters comnuited for other palatalB.

W

galw, Gr. kcHiu. Eng. call, Eng. get, It. catlare. Greek xfiMt", ^- hiems, winter. .

Dentals converted into sibilants. Eng. water, G. wasser. Lat. dens, a tooth, (!. zahn.

Eng. let, Fr. lai.^ser. Ch. no, Heb. WDSax. tid, time, G.

Vol.

I.

zeit.

G.

purpose but contempt.

to

confound the student and bring the study of etymology into

ACCENTUATIOX. Accent is

the more forcible utterance of a particular syllable of a word, by which it is distinguished fiom the others. The accented syllable of a word serves therefore as a kind of resting place or support of the voice, which passes over the unaccented syllables with more rapidity and a less distinct utterance.

Accent is of two kinds, or rather of two degrees of force, primary and Words of one syllable can have no accent. Words of two sylWords of three and four syllables may lables have the primary accent only. have the primary and secondary accent; but many of them have no secondary accent that deserves notice; suchare dignity, enemy, annuity. fidelity. In words of four, five or more syllables, a secondary accent is often essential secondary.

Thus heterogeneous to a clear distinct articulation of the several syllables. cannot be well uttered without two accented syllables; the fourth syllable receiving the principal stress of the voice, and the first clearly distinguished by more forcible utterance, than the second, third, fifth, and sixth. The accent of most English words has been long established ; and evidently, it has been determined by the natural ease of speaking, without the If any man should ask, why we lay the accent aid of rules or instruction. of such words as elocution, meditation, relation, congratulation, on the last syllable, except one ; the answer is, tliat such accentuation renders the pronunciation more easy to the organs of speech and more agreeable to the ear, than the accentuation of any other syllable. The ease of speaking, and a kind of prosaic melody, resulting from a due proportion of accented and unaccented syllable-, which enables the speaker to bound with ease from one accented syllable to another, without omitting those which are unaccented, are the two great principles by which the accentuation of words has been

INTRODUCTION. And

be extremely regretted that these principles should,

-porous, as carniv'orous, graniiniv'orous. -tomy, as anat'omy, lithot'omy. any instances, be neglected, or forced to yield to arbitrary reasons of deriWhen we know vation, or to a pedantic atTectation of foreign pronunciation. -raphy, as gcog'raphy, orihog'raphy. that the great mass of a nation naturally fall into a particular manner of proCompound words, as book-case, ink-stand, pen-knife, note-book, usually have a sUght accent, that is, one syllable is distinguished by some stress of rule or we this a without instruction, word, any may rely upon nouncing but as to voice the that their accentuation is other syllable is significant by itself, it is uttered with indication as a certain according tendency pretty the analogies of the language, by which their habits of speal
it is

to

in

;

;

;

;

move it can ever succeed. The words accessory, desultory, exemplary and peremptory would all have the accent on the second syllable, were it not very ditficult, with this

DISSYLLABLES. No

accent, to articulate the three last syllables of the
general rule can be given for the accentuation of words of two syll It is however, worth observing that when the same word is both a adjective and a verb, it happens, in many instances, tliat the noun or adjective has the accent on the first syllable, and the verb on the last Instances of which we have in ab'sent, to absent' ; con'cert, to concert' to The reason is, the preterit and participles of the verbs cx'port, expdrt. require to have the same syllable accented, as the verb; but if the first syl lable of the preterit and participles were to be accented, it would be difficult to pronounce the words, as may be perceived by attempting to pronounce ub'senting, con'certed, con'ducted, with the accent on the first syllable. In a few instances, the word has a different accent when a noun, from that which it has when an adjective ; as Au'gust, august' ; gallant', gaVlant. bles.

noun or an

,

TRISSYLLABLES. Words of three syllables, derived from dissyllables, usually retain the accent of their primitives. Thus Ptiet, pdetess; pleas'ant, plea^'antly ; gra'cious, graciously; relate, rented;

poli'te,poli'test.

In like manner, words of four syllables, formed from dissyllables, generally retain the accent of the primitives ; as in collect'ible from collect', ser'I'iceable from ser'vice. In

all

cases, the preterit and participles of verbs retain the accent of the

!

verbs.

Words ending

in tion, sion, iian, cious, tious, cial, cian, tial. Hate, tient,

cient, have the accent on the syllable preceding that termination as motion, christian, precious, erudition, patient, &c. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ly, have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult; as gratuity, propriety, prospaity, insensibility. Trissyllables ending in mcnt, for the most part have the accent on the first syllable, as compliment, detriment; but to this rule there are many exceptions, and particularly nouns formed from verbs, as amendment, conunandment. Words with the following terminations have the accent on the last syllable except two, or antepenult. ;

-fluous, as super'fluous, mellifluous. -ferous, as bacciferous, argentifei-ous. -fluent, as circum'fluent.

-cracy, as democ'racy, theoc'racy. -gonal, as diag'onal, sexag'onal.

-gony, as costnog'ony, theog'ony. -machy, as logom'achy, theom'achy. -loquy, as ob'loquy, ventril'oquy. -mathy, as polym'athy. -meter, as barom'eter, hygrorn'eter. -nomy, as econ'omy, astron'omy. -pathy, as ap'athy, antip'athy. —phony, as eu'phony. sym'phuny.

—parous, as ovip'tirous, vivip'arous. —scopy, as

deuteros'copy, aeros'copy. —strophe, as apos'trophe, catas'trophe.

—vomous,

as igniv'o/naus.

effort, al'ternating, dem'onstrating. In extirpate, compensate and confiscate, the accent on the second syllable leaves the last syllables of the participle most miserably weak. What a feeble line is this of Pope :

Each seeming ill compen'sated of course. This evil is remedied by placing the primary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary one on the thiid com'pensate'd ; com'pensating ; ex'tirpating ; ex'tirpated; con'fiscating; con'fiscated; the full sound of a giving ;

due strength

to the last syllables. further to be observed that there are some words which, in poetry and prose, must be differently accented, as the accent has been transferred from one syllable to another within the two last centuries. Nares by usage enumerates more than a hundred words, whose accent has been thus changed since the age of Shakspeare. Of this class of words are aspect, jnocess, sojourn, conve.v, contest, retinue, converse, the noun horizon, which Milton accents on the second syllable, and acceptable, which he accents on the first, as he does attribute and contribute. But the accent of all these words has been changed the seven first have the accent indisputably on the first syllable the two last, on the second syllable and although some difference of opinion may exist, as to the accentuation o[ horizon and acceptable, yet the common popular practice of accenting horizon on the first and acceptable on the second, is according to regular analogies and cannot well be altered. Nor ought it to be the poetic accent, in both, is harsh and unnatural. This difference of accent is a slighl inconvenience but custom is the arbiter in language ; and when well settled and general, there is no appeal from its decisions, the inconvenience admits of no remedy^ It is

'

;

;

;

;

;

INTRODUCTION. Of Tohmon's Dictionary, and of the manner in which the following work is

executed.

Dr. Johnson was one of the greatest men that the En2;lish nation has ever produced and when the exhibition of truth depended on liis own gigantic powers of intellect, he seldom erred. But in the compilation of his dictionary, he manifested a great defect of research, by means of which he often fell into mistakes and no errors are so dangerous as those of great men. The authority created by the general excellence of their works gives a sanction to their very mistakes, and represses that spirit of inquiry which would investigate the truth, and subvert the errors of inferior men. It seems to be owing to this cause chiefly that the most obvious mistakes of Johnson's Dictionary have remained to this day uncorrected, and still con tinue to disfigure the improved editions of the work recently published. In like manner, the opinions of this author, when wrong, have a weight of Tlic sentiment conauthority that renders them extremely mischievous. ;

;

tained in this single line

Quid

esccmptajuvat spinis de pluribus

te

una ?

is of this kind; tliat we are to make no corrections, because we cannot complete the reformation; a sentiment that sets itself in direct opposition to all improvement in science, literature and morals; asentiment, which, if it had been always an efficacious principle of human conduct, would have condem-

7. The mistakes in etymology are numerous; and (he whole scheme of deducing words from their original is extremely imperfect. 8. The manner of defining words in Johnson, as in all other dictionaries, is In a great part of the more important words, susceptible of improvement. and particularly verbs, lexicographers, either from negligence or want of knowledge, have inverted the true order, or have disregarded all order in the definitions. There is a primary sense of every word, from which all the other have proceeded; and whenever this can be discovered, this sense should stand first in order. Thus the primary sense of make is to force or compel; but this in Johnson's Dictionary is the fifteenth definition; and (bis sense o{ facia in Ainsworth, the nineteenth. 9. One of the most objectionable parts of Johnson's Dictionary, in my opinion, is the great number of passages cited from authors, to exemplify his definitions. Most English words are so familiarly and perfectly understood, and the sense of them so litlle liable to be called in question, that they may be safely left to rest on the authority of the lexicographer, wKhout examples. Who needs extracts from three authors, Knolles, Milton and Berkeley, to prove or illustrate the literal of hand ! Who needs extracts from meaning Shakspearc, Bacon, South and Dryden, to prove hammer to he a legitimate EngUsh word, and to signify an instrument for driving nails? So under household, we finil seven passages and nearly thirty lines employed to exemplify the plain interpretation, a family living together.

In most cases, one example is sufficient to illustrate the meaning of a word and this is not absolutely necessary, except in cases where the signed not only our language, but our manners and our knowledge to everlast- nification is a deviation from the plain literal sense, a pardcular application a And hence whenever or in a case, where the sense of the word may be doubtful, pioposition is made to conect the of the term ing rudeness. orthography of our language, it is instantly repelled with the opinion and and of questionable authority. Numerous citations serve to swell the size Thus while the nations on the Euj'opcan continent of a Dictionary, without any adequate advantage. Bu( this is not the onlv ipse dixit of Johnson. have purified their languages and reduced the orthography to a good de- objection (o Johnson's exemplifications. Many of the pa-ssages are taken whose style is now antiquateil, gree of regularity, our enemies of reform conteml most strenuously for re- from authors now little read, or not at all taining the anomalies of the language, even to the very rags and tatters of and by no means furnishing proper models for students of the present age. barbarism. But what is more extraordinary, the very persons who thus In the execution of this work. I have pursued a course somewhat dillerstruggle against the smallest improvement of the orthography are the most ent; not however without fortifying my own opinion with that of other genready to innovate in the jironunciaiinn, and will, at any time, adopt a tlemen, in whose judgment I have confidence. In many cases, where tho change that fashion may introduce, though it may infi'ingc the regularity of sense of a word is plain and indisputable, I have omitted to cite any authorithe language, multiply anomalies, and increase the difficulty of learning it. I have done the same in ty. many instances, where the sense of a word is Nay, they will not only innovate themselves, but will use their influence to wholly obi^lete, and the definition useful only to the antiquary. In some propagate the change, by deriding those who resist i(, and who strive to re- instances, definitions are given without authority, merely because I hail tain the resemblance between the written and spoken language. to note the author, or had lost the reference. In such cases, I A considerable part of Johnson's Dictionary is however well executed neglected must stand responsible for the correctness of the definition. In all such and when his definitions are correct and his arrangement judicious, it seems cases, however, I have endeavored to be faithful to (he duty of a lexicoIt would be mere aflectationor to be expedient to follow him. folly to alter and if in any instance, a mistake has escaped me, I shall be happy grapher what cannot be improved. to have it suggested, that it may be corrected. In general, I have illustrated the significations of words, and proved theni The principal faults in Johnson's Dictionary are to be legitimate, by a short passage from some respectable author, often 1. The want of a great number of well authorized words to the belonging In many cases, I have abridged from the whole passage cited by Johnson. This detect has been in Mason and T"odd but language. part supplied by brief sentences of my own; using the phrases or sentences in which their supplemental list is still imperfect even in common words, and still given the word most frequently occurs, and often presenting some important more defective from the omission of terms of science. or sentiment in religion, morality, law or civil policy. maxim Under words 2. Another great fault, that remains uncorrected, is the manner of noting which occur in the scriptures, I have often cited passages from our common the accented syllable the accent being laid uniformly on the vowel, whethnot only to illustrate the scriptural or theological sense, but even er it closes the syllable or not. Thus the accent is laid on e in te'iiaiit as version, the ordinary significations of the words. These passages are short, plain, well as in te'acher, and the inquirer cannot know from the accent whether and familiar to most readers. In a few cases, where the sense the vowel is long or short. It is surprising that such a notation should still appropriate, of a word is disputed, I have departed from the general plan, and cited a be retained in that work. ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

number of authorities. considered as a material fault, that in some classes of words, JohnIn the admission of words of recent origin, into a Dictionary, a lexicois either not correct upon principle or not uniform in the writes heedlessly, with .ss, but grapher has to encounter many dilficulties; as it is not easy, in all cases, to carelesly, with one s , dedetermine whether a word is so far authorized as to be considered legitimate. fence, with c, but defensible, defensive, with s; rigour, iiiferiour, with u, Some writers a licentiousness in coining words, which good sense but rigorous, inferiority, without it; publick, authentick with k, hut pub- would wish to indulge At the same time, it would not be judicious to rerepress. lication, authenticate, without it; and so of many other words of the same classes. ject all new terms; as these are often necessary to express new ideas; and the progress of improvement in arts and science would be retarded, by de4. The omission of the participles or most of them, is no small defect, as a in to terms given to things newly discovered. dictionaries, of them by use have become proper adjectives, and require distinct nying place many definitions. The additions of this kind in this work are very numerous. It But the lexicographer is not answerable for the bad use of the privilege of new words. It seems to be his duty to insert and explain all words is also useful both to natives and foreigners, to be able, by opening a ilictioa- coining which are used by respectable writers or speakers, whether the words are ary, to know when the final consonant of a verb is doubled in the participle. The future destined to be received into general and permanent use or not. 5. The want of due discrimination in the definitions of words that arp use must depend on public taste or the utility of the words; circumstances nearly synonymous, or sometimes really synonymous, at other Umes not, is which are not within the lexicographer's control. a fault in all the dictionaries of our which I have seen. Permeate, language, sometimes censured for in are their Johnson, to and inserting vocabularies, says signifies, pass through, Lexicographers permeable, such as may be passed through. But we pass through a door or gate; although we do not vulgar words, and terms of art known only to particular artisans. That this permeate it, or say that it is permeable. Obedience, says Johnson, is obse- practice may be carried too far, is admitted ; but it is to be remarked that, in quiousness, but this is rarely the present sense of the word ; so far from it general, vulgar words are the oldest and best authorized words in language; and their use i| as necessary to the classes of people who use them, as elethat obedience is always honorable, and obsequiousness usually impliesj meanness. {Peculation, says Johnson, is robbery of the public, theft ot gant words are to the statesman and the poet. It may be added that such pubUe money. But as robbery and theft are now understood, it is neither. words are often particularly useful to the lexicographer, in furnishing him with the primary sense, which is no where to be found, but in popular use. Inaccuracies of this kind are very numerous. so far as John.Jon and Todd have done, in 6. There are in Johnson's Dictionary, some palpable mistakes in orthog- In this work, I have not gone quite raphy, such a.s comptroller, bridegroom, redoubt, and some others, there admitting vulgar words. Some of them are too low to deserve notice. The catalogue of obsolete words in Johnson has been considerably augbeing no such legitimate words iu the language. In other instances, the author mistook the true origin of words, and has erred in the orthography, as mented by Mason and Todd. I have, though somewhat reluctantly, insertin chymistry and diocess. ed nearly the whole catalogue, which, I presume, amounts to seven or eight. 3.

It is

son's orthography class.

Thus he

INTRODUCTION. Most of these may be useful to the ten thousand words. antiquary but to the great mass of readers, they are useless.* I have also inserted many wonis which are local in England; being retained from the diHercnt languages that have been spoken in that country, but which are no more a part of our present language in the United States, than so many Lapland words. These however occur in books which treat of books which are occasionally road in this country. agriculture and the arts ; Law-terms, which are no part of the proper language of the U. States, and never can be, as the things they express do not exist in this country, are however retained, as it is necessary that the gentlemen of the bar should understand them ; and it will be time to dismiss them from books, when and perhaps,

to

;

they are obsolete in practice. As to Americanisms, so called, I have not been able to find many words, These I have admitted in respectable use, which can be so denominated. and noted as peculiar to this country. 1 have fully ascertained that most of the new words charged to the coinage of this country, were lirst used in England. In exhibiting the origin and afiinilies of English words, I have usually placed first in order the corresponding word, in the language from or through which we have received it then the corresponding words in the languages of the same family or race ; then the corresponding word in the languages of other families. Thus, for example, the word break we have from our Saxon ancestors ; I therefore give the Saxon word first then the same word in the other Teutonic and Gothic languages then the Celtic words; then the Latin ; and lastly the Hebrew, Chaldaic and Arabic. This order is not followed in e\ery instance, even of vernacular words, but it is When there can be no rational the more general course I have pursued. doubt respecting the radical identity of words, 1 have inserted them without any expression of uncertainty. When there appears to be any reason to the probability only of an affinity question that identity, I have mentioned ;

;

;

regular form of orthography in English, that wc are perplexed with such words as burlesque, soup, group, tour, corps, depot, suite, pacha, ennui, and many others. In this respect, modern writers manifest less taste than the writers of former centuries, who, when they borrowed foreign words, wrote them in conformity to English analogies. This practice of blending with the English many words of an orthography, which in our language is anomalous, is very embarrassing to readers who know only their vernacular tongue, and often introduces an odious difference between the pronunciation of different classes of people ; an evil more sensibly felt in this country, than in Great in short, it multiplies the irreguBritain, where differences of rank exist larities of a language, already so deformed by them as to I'ender it nearly impracticable for our own citizens ever to overcome the difficulties of its which ; orthography irregularities foreigners deem a reproach to the taste of a literary nation. Where is the good sense which should dictate a manly firmness in preserving the regular analogies and purity of the language ? Where is there a due attachment to uniformity which constitutes the principal beauty and excellence of a language, and beyond all other means facilitates its acquisition ? I would not refuse to admit foreign words into the language, if necessary or useful ; but I would treat them as our laws treat aliens ; I would compel them to submit to the formalities of naturalization, before they should be admitted to the rights of citizensliip I would convert them into English Nor would I permit the same word to be written words, or reject them. and pronounced in two different ways, one English, the other French. The French suite in English is suit, whether it signifies a set of clothes, or of apartments, or of armor, or of attendants. In the orthography of certain classes of words, I have aimed at uniformity; but I have not proceeded so far in this desirable reformation of the common spelling, as my own wishes, and strict propriety might dictate. Thus if vicious, from the Latin vitium, is written with c, the verb vitiate should regularly be written with the same letter, and we have precedents in the words appreciate and depreciate, from the Latin pretimn. In like manner, expatiate shouXA be conformed to the orthography of .t/jaciotts ; exceed, proceed, and succeed, should follow the analogy of concede, intercede, and reThese are points of minor importance, but far from being unimportant. cede. In writing the termination of such verbs as civilize, legalize, modernize, there is a diversity which may be corrected without inconvenience. indeed have some of the verbs of this class from the French in which language iser is the termination ; but most of them we have borrowed directly from the Latin or Greek, or perhaps from the Spanish or Italian, or they are As the termination ize is conformable to the Greek of our own coinage. original, and as it expresses the true pronunciation in English, it seems expedient to reduce the whole class to a uniformity of orthography. :

;

Vet I am aware that or inserted a query, to invite further investigation. many things, which, in my view, arc not doubtful, will appear so io persons not versed in this subject, and who do not at once see the chain of evidence which has led me to my inferences. For tliis there is no remedy but further investigation. In regard to words, which have been introduced into the language in modern days, I have generally referred them to the language, from which A great part of these are from the the English immediately received them. Latin through the French; sometimes probably through the Italian or Span In some instances however the order is reversed ; indeed it cannot al ish. ways be known from which language the words have been received, nor is it a matter of any consequence. One circumstance however deserves to be particularly noticed; that when 1 refer a vernacular word to the corresponding word in one of the Shemitic Enterprise, devise, comprise, revise, compromise, and surprise, belong to languages, I would not have it understood that the English word was deriv ed or borrowed from that oriental word. For example, I have given the a different class and retain the orthography of their originals. There is a fact respecting the pi'onunciation of gn, in cognizance, and reShemitic pl3 as the verb corresponding with the English break, that is, the which seems to have escaped observation ; this is, that g was same word in those languages; not intending by this that our ancestors bor- cognizance, introduced to express a nasal sound, as in the French gn, or Spanish)!, but rowed or received that word from the Chaldean';, Hebrews or other Shemi This is not the fact. It would be just as correct for the com not for the purpose of being pronounced as g. It is probable that the Latins tic nation. con before nosco into changed cog for this reason; and it may be inferred piler of a Chaldee or Hebrew lexicon to derive pl3 from the English break from the modern pronunciation of these words, that the Greeks omitted or So when I deduce coin, through the French, Spanish or German brechen. softened the sound of 7 in yiYvwcrxco and 7i7vc|iai. However this may be, the old pronunciation of the words was undoubtedly conusance, or conizance, or Italian, from the Arabic ^^Lj , I do not consider the word as borrowed reconizance, and hence in the old writers on law, the letter g was omitted. from the Arabic but as proceeding from a couimon radix. With regai'd to Indeed there is a harshness in the pronunciation of g in these words, that vernacular words, in any European language, such deduction is always in- offends the organs both of the speaker and hearer, and which well justifies Yet errors of this kind abound in every book I have seen, which the pronunciation of the old lawyers; a pronunciation which we frequently correct. treats of this subject. The truth is, all vernacular words in the languages hear, at this day, among gentlemen of the bar. of Europe, are as old as the same words in Asia; and when the same words Whether the Latins pronounced the letter g in such words as benignus, are found in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, it is almost demonstr;ibly condignus, malignus, it is of no moment for us to determine. In our mode certain that these words were in use before the dispersion ; the nations of of writing benign, condign, maUgn,iho sound of g must be dropped; but it both families have them from the conmion stock, and the words, like the fami- is resumed in the derivatives benignity, condignity, malignity : so in delies of men, which use them, ai-e to be considcied as of the same antiquity. sign, designate ; resign, resignation.* When therefore I state the words of another language as corresponding In noting the obsolete words which amount to some thousands, I may have with vernacular words in the English, they are offered as affinities, or the committed mistakes for words obsolete in one part of the British dominions, same word, varied dialectically perhaps, in orthography or signification, but or in some part of the United States, may be words in common use, in some from the same words root as the English. Thus under the word bright, 1 other part of such dominions, not within my knowledge. The rule I have state the Saxon word, and then the corresponding word in the Ethiopic, the generally observed has been to note as obsolete such words as I have not participle of a \e\\) ; not that our ancestors borrowed the word from the heard in colloquial practice, and which I have not found in any writer of the The notation of such words as are disused may be of use to Ethiopians, but that the verb, from which iri'g/if was derived, though lost last century. in the Saxon, is still retained in the Ethiopic. This fact proves that the an- our own youth, and still more to foreigners, who learn our language. cestors of the Saxons once used the verb, but sufi'ored it to Under the head of etymology, in hooks, the reader will observe referengo into disuse, ces to another vvoik, for a more full explanation or view of the affinities of substituting shine, scinan, in its place. It is much to be regretted that British authors and travelers admit into the woids under which these references occur. These are references to a

We

;

their writings foreign words without conforming them, in orthography, to Synopsis of the principal uncompounded words in twenty languages ; a work regular English analogies. It is owing to this disregard of the purity and that is not published, and it is uncertain whether it will ever be published. But if it should be, these references will be useful to the philologist, and 1 * There is, among some poets of the present day, an affectation of reviv tliought it e.vpedient to insert them. Some of these may perhaps be revived to ing the use of obsolete words. but when this *The Spanish 7)(oio is the Latin;)i(g)J«s,-and our word ;)a«'«,theD.7)a)irf, to so far as make a neadvantage; practice proceeds glossary So we pronounce mi;)»Hf, (or impugn, French imcessary to the understanding of a poem, it seems to be a violation of good is the Latin ;j(>;i»s. taste. How different is the simple elegance of Oryden. Pope, Gr.iy, Gold- pugner, from the Latin pugno, pugna. How far these facts tend to show smith and Cowper the Latin pronunciation, let the reader judge. !

PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL

GRAMMAR

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE,

ADVERTISEMENT. In the year 1 803, of the Letter. " I take the

I

received a Letter from Lindley Murray, with a copy of his

Grammar.

The following is a copy

author of Dissertations on the English Language,' will do me the favor liberty of requesting that the character. copy of the new edition of my grammar, as a small testimony of my respect for his talents and At the same time, I hope he will permit me to thank him for the pleasure and improvement, which I have derived '

to accept a

from perusing his ingenious and sensible writings. " should occur to him, by which he thinks the work may be further imIf, on looking over the Grammar, any thing favor and will give it an attentive and respectful conproved, I will take "the communication of it, as a particular ;

Should he prepare any remarks, he will be so good as to send his letter to my brother John Murray, I am very respectfully, &c. Pearl Street, New York, who will carefully forward them to me.

sideration.

jun.,

LINDLEY MURRAY." Holdgate, near York, 1803." with Twenty years before the date of this letter, 1 had prepared and published a Grammar, on the model of Lowth's, some variations, and on the same principles, as Murray has constructed his. This work passed through many ediBut before this period, my researches into the structure of tions, before Murray's book appeared in this country. Grammar wanted malanguage had convinced me that some of Lowth's principles are erroneous, and that my own it to be immoral to publish what appeared to be false the public continued to actually did so although As I had the same objections to the call for it, and my bookseller urged for permission to continue publication of it. which was executed in 1807 ; Murray's Grammar, as I had to my own, I determined on the publication of a new work, and with a view to answer Lindley Murray's request, but in a different manner, I sent him a polite letter? with a copy of Grammar. I have understood from his friends in New York, that these never reached him ; but he received a

terial corrections.

rules

and

In consequence of this conviction, believing

principles,' I

determined to suppress

my Grammar, and

;

my

new edition of his own Gramcopy of my Grammar from his friends, and soon afterward prepared for publication a " mar, in the octavo form. In the preface to this edition, dated in 1808, he informs his readers, that, in preparing for the octavo edition, the author examined the most respectable publications on the subject of grammar, that had reextend and improve his work." On carecently appeared ; and he has, in consequence, been the better enabled to were selected from my book. fully comparing this work with my own Grammar, I found most of his improvements

ADVERTISEMENT. In the

first

edition of this work, the compiler

gave

me

credit for

one passage only, (being nearly three pages of

my

Grammar,) which he acknowledged to be chiejly taken from my work. In the later editions, he says, this is in part taken from my book, and he further acknowledges that a.few positions and illustrations, among the syntactical notes and observations, were selected from my Grammar. Now the fact is, the passages borrowed amount to thirti/ or more, and they are so incorporated into his work, that no person except myself would detect the plagiarisms, without a particular view to this object.

It

may be

further observed that these passages are original remarks,

some of them

overlooked by all British writers on the subject. This octavo edition of Murray's Grammar, has been repeatedly published in this country, and constantly used in our higher seminaries of learning ; while the student probably has no suspicion that he is learning my principles in

illustrating principles

Murray's Grammar.

For the injustice done to me, by this publication, in violation of the spirit, if not of the letter of the law, for securing to authors the copy-right of their works, I have sought no redress but while I submit to the injury, it seems to be my duty to bear testimony against this species of immorality. A man's reputation, and character, and writings, are ;

much

his property, as his land, and it is to be hoped that correct morality will, in due time, place the protection of the former on as high ground as that of the latter. Being perfectly satisfied that some principles of Lowth's Grammar, which constitutes tlie body of Murray's, are

as

entirely erroneous, I

have prefixed a brief

the mature result of

all

subject.

The

It

investigations.

Grammar It

is

to this Dictionary ; which is committed to my fellow citizens, as the last effort I shall make to arrest the progress of error, on this

needs the club of Hercules, wielded by the arm of a giant, to destroy the hydra of educational prejudice. I pretend not to possess, and my efforts may be fruitless ; but it will ever be a satisfaction to

club and the arm,

reflect that I

me

my

have discharged a duty demanded by a deep sense of the importance of

truth.

It

is

not possible for which is not

to think with indifterence, that half a million of youth in our schools are daily toiling to learn that It has been justly observed that ignorance is preferable to error.

true.

Some of the more prominent errors of the English Grammars, are, 1. The admission of the ar/«fZe, as a distinct part of speech, and an entire The word article signifies, if any thing, joint ; but there indefinite article. a.

the conjunctions, which can, with a

shadow of propriety, be brought under

mistake respecting what is called the no class of words, unless it may be

is

that denomination.

The words

called

languages, adjectives ; words limiting or in some way qualifying the sense of names or nouns. most languages, they are varied like the nouns which they qualify, and attached to them like other adjectives. articles, are, in all

In

2. The arrangement of words in a class to which they do not belong. Thus, that is called sometimes a pronoun, and sometimes a conjunction, when in fact it is always a pronoun or substitute, and never a conjunction. So also if, though, unless, notwithstanding, are called conjunctions which is a most palpable mistake. Notwithstanding, ;

placed by Murray among the conjunctions. But after he procured my Grammar, he inserted, under his twenty-first " It is rule of Syntax, the following remark. very frequent, when the word notwithstanding agrees with a number of words, or with an entire clause, to omit the whole, except this word and in this use of notwithstanding, we have a striking proof of the value of abbreviations in language," &c. The whole passage, taken from my Grammar, and is

;

The remark to be made here is, that the author, by the two subsequent passages, are too long to be here recited. attempting to patch a defective system, falls into the absurdity of making notwithstanding a conjunction, in one part of his book, and in another, he makes it a word agreeing tvith a number of words, or with an entire clause ! There

3.

The is

is

no correct and complete exhibition of the English verb in any British Grammar which I have seen. which are as important as the indefinite, are wholly wanting and the second future in Murray It seems that he had in his first editions inserted this form, thou shalt, or yc shall hare loved, but in his

definite tenses,

imperfect.

;

To prove this, he in the second and third persons is incorrectly applied. " Thou " He shalt have served thy apprenticeship, before the end of the year." gives the following examples. but author true the shall have completed his business, when the messenger arrives." ; forgot that by placing Very octavo edition, he informs us that shall

when

or after, as an introduction to the sentence, the use o{ shall is not only correct, but in many cases, necessary. shalt or you shall have served an apprenticeship, after he shall have completed his business, are perfectly

When thou

correct expressions.

paradigm.

But

in

consequence of this oversight, Murray's second future

is

defective throughout the whole

ADVERTISEMENT. Grammar

that I have seen, is extremely imperfect. There are many English which are not brought witliin the rules; and of course they phrases which are perfectly well established and correct,

The Syntax

4.

of every British

cannot be parsed or resolved by the student.

There are several

5.

false rules

of construction which mislead the learner

;

rules

which are

in direct

opposition to

the practice of the best writers. 6. There are some phrases or modes of expression, frequently used by authors, which are not good English, and which it is the business of the Grammarian to correct, but which are not noticed in any British Grammar. Some of these have been considered in tlie preceding Introduction. There is a great difficulty in devising a correct classification of the several sorts of words and probably no classiThere are some words fication that shall be simple and at the same time philosophically correct, can be invented. ;

that

do not

making

to

strictly fail

remedy

this

under the description of any class yet devised. but such schemes as I have seen, do not, evil ;

old schemes, nor simplify the subject. the subject, by substituting

On

the other hand,

new arrangements and new

all

that

I

Many attempts have been made and are still in my apprehension, correct the defects of the have seen, serve only to obscure and embarrass

terms, vrhich are as incorrect as the old ones, and less intel-

ligible.

the subject of the tenses of the verbs, for example, we may attempt philosophical accuracy, and say that there and there can be three tenses only, to express the natural division of time mto past, present, and future. But a language which should have words to express these three divisions only, would be miserably imperfect. We want to with respect to ourselves or the time of speaking and writing, express not only the past, the present, and the future,

On

are,

but the past with respect to other times or events. When we say, the mail will have arrived before sun-set, we extime of speaking, but an event to be 2)ast before another event, the setting of the press not only a. future event, at the Hence I have given to that form of words, the denomination o( the priorfuture. So of the past time. He sun. had delivered the letter, before I arrived, denotes an event not only pas?, as to the time of speaking, but past before another event, istry,

my

This tense

arrival.

define themselves.

or beyond more than

The

old

I call

the prior-past.

names of the

finished or past,

I

These denominations,

like the

latter tense, pluperfect or preterpluperfect,

have discarded.

These small

terms of the new chim-

more than

finished or past,

alterations of the old system will,

I

hope, be

well received. If it should be said, that our verbs have not tenses, because they have not variations of termination to express them would reply, that this may be considered as a mistake, proceeding from an early bias, impressed upon us by the Greek and Latin forms of the tenses. A tense is a term intended to denote a form of verbs used for expressing time or some division of it, and it is just as properly applied to a combination of words for that purpose, as to a modification of the simple verb. The use of it is entirely arbitrary. Locutus sum are not the less a tense, because two words It is ihe /me and not the form of words used to express it, which stamps propriety on the denomare employed.

;

I

ination.

we attempt

some of the English tenses, by analyzing them, and resolving them into their primaparsing the words composing them, each distinctly, we shall meet with insuperable difficulties. Let a man attempt to make out the sense of this phrase, he had been writing, by analysing it. Had alone denotes " he had an estate in New York." Then in the held, possessed, as in the phrase, phrase above, it will signify, he held or 2yossesscd been writing. If

to dispense with

ry elements, that

is,

The point It is alledged that the auxiliary verbs are not secondary, but the most important verbs in the language. of importance must be determined by this fact, that by themselves they do not make complete sense they leave the sense or affirmation imperfect. He may, he can, he will, he shall, are incomplete sentences, without another verb expressed or understood. They express nothing definite which is intended to be affirmed. When I ask, whether you can lend me a sum of money, and you reply, I can, the verb lend is understood. Not so with the verbs consid;

When I say, / write, I walk, the sense or affirmation is complete without the use of another verb. with perfect propriety, that such verbs as can be used only in connection with others, should be considered as of a secondary character, and being used to aid in forming the tenses, they may very justly be denominated auxered as principal.

Hence

it is

iliars or auxiliaries.

Some

of our verbs are used either as principal or as auxiliary, as have and ivill ; and will takes a different and regwhen principal I will, thou wiliest, he willcth or wills an estate or a legacy ; but when auxiliary, thou wilt,

ular form

he will bequeath

;

his estate.

ADVERTISEMENT" I loill walk or ride ; but as an auxiliary, it Will, indeed, in its primary use, expresses volition, as when we say, When it is said, " it will rain to-morrow," what relation has will to volition ? often loses this signification. To show the utter futility of attempting to explain phrases by the primary signification of the auxiliaries, take the May and might express power, liberty or possibility have and had express holding or possession. following example. On this plan of explanation, resolve the following sentence. " He might have had more prudence than to engage in speculation ;" that is, he was able, or had power, to hold or possess, held or possessed more prudence than to engage ;

in speculation.

So

the following.

" It

may have

rained on the land." That

is, it

has power or

is

possible, to hold or possess, rained

on the land. All attempts to simplify our forms of the tenses by such resolution, must not only fail, but prove to be perfectly ridicIt is the combination of words only that admits of definition ; and these must be exhibited as tenses ; forms ulous.

of expression presenting to the hearer or reader the precise time of action. This is necessary for our own citizens ; but for foreigners, indispensable, as they want to know the tenses in Enghsh which correspond with the tenses in their

own

Nor

languages.

shall

we succeed much better in attempting

fo detect the

primary elements of the terminations which form the

We

variations of the simple verb. may conjecture any thing ; we may suppose loved to be a contraction oHove-did but in opposition to this, we find in our mother tongue, this termination ed, was od, or ode. Ic liifode, I loved

; ;

same as that in the early Roman laws, Besides, lufodon, in which esto was written estod ; and I believe we have no evidence that do and did ever belonged to the Latin language. But what settles this question, is, that did itself is formed of do and this same termination, do-ed. Here

we

we

the question

We

loved.

may

if I

mistake not,

this

termination

is

the

rest.

conjecture that the personal terminations of the verbs were originally pronouns, and this conjecture is certainly better founded than many others ; but we find in our mother tongue, the verb lore, in the plural number, is written, we lufiath, ge hifiath, thi lufiath, all the persons having the same termination ; but certainly the same word

may

to express we, you or ye, and they. have attentively viewed these subjects, in all the lights which my opportunities have afforded, and I am convinced that the distribution of words, most generally received, is the best that can be formed, with some slight alterations

was never used 1

adapted to the particular construction of the English language. Our language is rich in tenses, beyond any language and I have endeavored to exhibit all the combinations of words forming them, in such a manner that in Europe students, natives or foreigners, may readily understand them. ;

all the observations I have been able to make, I am convinced the dicand grammars which have been used in our seminaries of learning, for the last forty or fifty years, are so and imperfect, that they have introduced or sanctioned more errors than they have amended in other words, had the people of England and of these States been left to learn the pronunciation and construction of their vernacular language solely by tradition, and the reading of good authors, the language would have been spoken and written with more purity than it has been and now is, by those who have learned to adjust their language by the rules which dictionaries and grammars prescribe.

I

close with this single remark, that from

tionaries

incorrect

;

PHILOSOPHICAL. AND PRACTICAL GRAMMAR,

A<

The Granimni- of a language is a colleelion of principles and rules, taken At the beginning of words, y may be considered a consonant, as in year. Wis properly a vowel, having the same sound as 00, in wool, the French from the established usages of the nation using that language in other words, an exhibition of the genuine structure of the language. These principles o«, the Italian, German, and Spanish u. It is the same in English as iu and rules are derived fiom the natural distinctions of words, or they are ar- the Welsh. Thus dwell is pronounced dooell. When initial, it has been considered to be a consonant, as in u
—

X

;

;

— M m— :

N n— o— P p— Q q— R r— S s—T t— U u— V v— W w— X x— Y y— Z

The articulations in English may all be thus expressed eb, ed, ef, eg, ek, Of these, three, a, e, and o, are always vowels ; i and it are either vowels el, em, en, ep, er, es, et, ev, ez, eth, aspirate and vocal, esh, ezh, ing. or diphthongs ; and 1/ is a vowel, diphthong, or consonant. To these may be These articulations may be named from the organs whose junctions they added U', wliich is actually a vowel. His an aspirate or mark of breathing represent Thus and the rest are consonants, or articulations. Labials, or letters of the lips, cb, ef, ev, ep, em. A vowel is a simple sound formed by opening the mouth, in a particular Dentals, ed, et, eth, es, esh, ez, ezh, en. manner. This may be known by the power we have of prolonging the Palatals, eg, ek, el, er. sound, without changing the position of the organs, as in uttering a, e.and 0. Nasals, em, en, ing. When the position of the organs is necessarily varied, during the utterance, The letters « and z, are also called sibilants, or hissing letters to which the sound is not simple, but diphthongal; as in uttering i and u. may be added, esh, and ezh. The vowel characters in English have each several different sounds, Qis precisely equivalent to Ar,but it differs from it in being always follow.f has four .sounds ; First or long, as in/a(e, ale. ed by u. It is a useless letter; for qitest might as well be written kuest or 2. Short, as in at. bat. bati. This is nearly the fourth sound shortened. kwest, in the Dutch manner. 3. Broad, as in all, fall, and shortened, as in what. A diphthong is a union of two vowels or simple sounds uttered so rapidly 4. Italian, as in father, calm, ask. and closely, as to forui one syllable only, or what is considered as one syllahas two sounds; First or long, as in mete,me, meter. as oi and oy in voice and joy, ou in sound, and ow in vow. ble 2. Short, as in met, bet, pen. This is nearly the first sound of a shortened. A triphthong is a union of three vowels in one syllable ; as in adieu. has also the sound of a long, as in There are many combinations of vowels in English words, in which one prey, vein ; but this is an anomaly. rhas two sounds; First or long, and diphthongal, as in fine, wine, mind. vowel only is sounded as ai, ea, ie, ci, oa, ui, ay, ey, &c. These may be 2. i^horl, ns inpit, This is the short sound of e long. called digraphs. ability. They can be reduced to no rule of pronunciation. O has three sounds ; First or long, as in note, roll. The combinations au and aw have generally tlie sound of the broad a, as in 2. Short, as in not, nominal. This is the short sound of broad aw, as in: fraud, and law. The combination ew has the sound of u long, as in pew, what, ivarrant. new, crew; and sometimes at the beginning of words the sound oiyu, as in 3. The sound of 00, or French on, as in move, tomb, lose. eucharist, euphony. 17 has three sounds; First or long, as in cuJe, rwrfc, enumerate; a diph The letters cl, kl, at the beginning of a word, are pronounced as tl, as in clear. Gl at the beginning of words arc pronounced as dl, as in glory. thongal sound. 2. Short, as in cub, but, number. 3. The Italian u, as in bush, bullet; the short sound of 00. has two sounds the first and long is the same as tliat of long, as in z.

:

—

—

E E

;

:

DmsiON or SYLLABLES.

V

)'

;

dffy, rely, try, chyle. 2. Short, as in symptom, pitu

Vol.

I.

The ;

H.

the same as the short sound of

i.

Ithat

first

belong

and principal rule to the

same

in dividing syllables, is not to separate letters syllable, cscejjt iu cases of anomalous pronunciation.

GRA3IMAR OF THE best division of syllables is that which leads the learner most easily to a| individuals have a common character, or predominant qualities which create Thus, hab-it, ham-let, bat-ter, ho-Ii/, lu-cal, en-gage,\ a simihtude between them, this common character becomes in the mind o just pronunciation. and the proper name of an individual possessing this character, adaii-i-?>ial, al-i-ment, pol-i-cy, eb-o-ny, des-ig-nate, lam-ent-a-bk. jn'ef-, species, mits of the definitives and of plural number, like a common name. Thus a ei-a-ble. An exception to this rule occurs in such words as vicious, ambition, in conspirator is called a Calaline ; and numbers of them Catalines or the Catawhich the ci and ti are pronounced like sh. In this case, it seems jirel'era- lines of their country. A distinguished general is called a Cesar an eminent orator the Cicero of his age. hle todinde the words thus, vi-cious, am-bi-tion. But names, which are common to a whole kind or species, require often In dividing the syllables of derivative words it seems advisable to keep the to be limited to an individual or a certain number of individuals of the kind original entire, unless when this division may lead to a wrong pronunciation. Thus aet-or, kelp-er, op-jii-css-or, may he considered as a better division than or species. For this purpose the English language is fuinished with a numto deviber of words, as an, or a, the, this, that, these, those, and a few others, in But it be cases, ac-ior, Itel-per, op-pres-sor. many may eligible Thus op-pres-sion seems to be more convenient both which define the extent of the signification of common names, or point to ate from this rule. the particular things mentioned. These are all adjectives or attributes, for children in learning and for printers, than op-jiress-ion. having a dependence on some noun expressed or implied.

The

—

RULES FOR SPELLING.

—

Rule L A noun or name, without a preceding definitive, is used either in an unlimited sense, extending to the whole species, or in an indefinite 1. Vcrbsof one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a a number or quantity, but not the whole. short vowel, and verbs of more syllables than one, ending with an accented sense, denoting *' The proper study of mankind is man.^^ Pope. in the double the final consonant a short consonant preceded by vowel, parHere man comprehends the whole species. a vowel. Thus, ticiple, and when any syllable is added beginning with " In the first jilace, woman has, in general, much stronger propensity than Permit, Sin, Abet, to the perfect discharge of parental duties." man Life of Cowper. Permitted, Sinned, Abetted, Here woman and 7nan comprehend each the whole species of its sex. Permitting, Sinning, Abetting, Permitter. Sinner. Abettor. Note. The rule laid down by Lowth, and transcribed implicitly by his 2. When the final consonant is preceded by a long vowel, the consonant " A substantive without any article to limit it, is taken followers, is general. is usually not doubled. Thus, The examples alin its widest sense; thus man means all mankind.^'' Defeat, Seal, Repeal, ready given prove the inaccuracy of the rule. But let it be tried by other Defeated, Sealed, Repealed, examples. Defeating, RepeaUng, Sealing, "There are fishes that have wings, and are not strangers to the airy reDefeater. Sealer. Repealert Locke, h. 3. ch.6. 12. If the rule is just, tliat ^sAes is to be gions." 3. AVhen the accent falls on any syllable except the last, the final conso- " taken in its widest sense," then all fishes have wings nant of the verb is not to be doubled in the derivatives. Thus,

—

—

'.

Equal, Worship, Rule lI.^The definitive an or a, being merely one, in its English orEqualed, Worshiped, Biased, thography, and precisely synonynjous with it, limits a common name to an Equaling, Its sole use is to express unity, and with respect Worshiping, individual of the species. Biasing, Biaser. Equaler. Worshiper. to number, it is the most definite word imaginable; as an ounce, a church, « The same rule is generally to be obsci-ved in nouns, as in jeweler, from ship, that is, oHeship, o?if church. It is used before a name which is indefias jewel. nite, or applicable to any one of a species ' He bore him in the thickest These are general rules though possibly special reasons may, in some troop. instances, justify exceptions. As doth a lion in a herd of neat." Shakspeare. word of the a limits the sense but Here lion, and that of herd to o7te " CLASSIFICATION As a?iy lion does or would do in does not specify the particular one herd." any Words are classified according to their uses. Writers on grannnar ai-e not This definitive is used also before names which are definite and as specific But I shall, with as "The Lord God planted a garperfectlv agreed in the distribution of words into classes. as, "Solomon built a temple." possible one exceptTon, follow the common distribution. Words then may be distrib- den eastward in Eden." London is a great commercial city. M decisive 2. The 1. 'V\ic nume ornoun. uted into eight classes or parts of speech. The English obtained a signal naval vicbattle was fought at Marengo. Quarrel, Quarreled, Quarreling, Quarreler.

Bias,

;

;

—

—

OF WORDS.

:

pronoun or substitute. 5. The adverb. verb.

3. 6.

The The

or attributive. adjectii^c, attribute

preposition.

7.

The

4.

The

connective or con-

tory

at

the

mouth

of the Nile.

—

Note. When the sense of words is sufficiently certain, by the construc" a de- Uon, the definitive may be omitted ; as, The participle is sometimes Duty to your majesty, and regard rivative from the verb, and partalces of its nature, expressing motion or ac for the preservation of ourselves and our posterity, require us to entreat lion. But it sometimes loses its verbal character, and becomes a mere ad your royal attention." It is also omitted before names whose signification is general, and requires jective, expressing quality or habit, rather than action. no linutation as "wisdom is justified of her children" "anger resteth in

junction.

8.

The exclamation

or interjection. treated as a distinct part of speech;

it Is

—

—

the bosom of fools." A'ames or JVouns. The definitive a is used before plural names preceded by few or many or noun is that by which a thing is calle
—

A name

—

—

—

of common, or those which

N.\MF.s are of two kinds; represent the ideaofj whole kind or species and proper or appropriate, which denote individuThus animal is a name common to all beings, having organized bodies motion. Plant and vegand with and endowed life, digestion, spontaneous etable are names of all beings which have organized bodies and life, ivithont the power of spontaneous motion. J<'owl is the common name of all fethereil animals which f\y—fish, of animals which live wholly in water. On the other hand, Thomas, John, William, arc proper or appropiiate names, each denoting an individual of which there is no species oi* kind. London, Paris, Amsterdam, Rhine, Po, Danube, Massachusetts, Hud.son, Potomac, are also proper names, being appropriate to individual things. Proper names however become common when they comprehend two or more individuals as, the Capets, the Smiths, the Fletchers. " Tu-o Hoole's Tosso, b. 20. Hoberts there the pagan force defy'd." a

lar

number " Full ••

;

;

as

many

;

Limitalion of JVames. are sufficiently definite wiihout the aid of another word Yet when certain to limit their meaning, as Boston, Baltimore, Savannah.

Proper names

a

Rule.

III.

of purest ray serene." rose bud rears its blushing head."

gem

Where many a

als.

—The definitive the

is

employed before names,

of signification to one or more specific things Hence the person others of the same kind. eader or hearer, as the twelve Apostles, the good breeding. This definitive is also used with names of which we consider as single, as the Jews, the

and

also

before words

when used by way

Gray. Seattle. to limit their

the kind, discriminated from or thing is understood by the laws of morality, the rules of

things which exist alone, or Sun, the Globe, the Ocean; of distinction, as the Church,

the Temple.

Rule IV.— The is used rhetorically before a ber, to denote the whole species, or an indefinite

name in the singular numnumber; as, '-the fig-tree Sol.

Song. pulteth forth her green figs." " The almond tree shall Houri4i, and the grasshopper shall be a burden." " Or ever the sihe>- cord shall be loosed, or the golden bou-t be broken," &c. Kcclenifistes.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. of the the words radius, focus, index, &.C. which now begin to be used with reguTlie Christian, who, with pious honor, avoided the abominations infernal snares," &c. lar English plural terminations. This tendency to regularity is, by all means, circus or the theater, found himself encompassed w ith Gib. Bom. Einp. ch. 15. to be encouraged ; for a prime excellence in language is the uniformity of The facts here stated will be evinced by a few authorities. its inflections. " The heart likes naturally to be moved and affected." " Vesiculated corallines are found adhering to rocks, shells andyucMses." Campbell's Rhet. ch. 2. Encyc. art. Corallines. " Note 1.—This definitive is also used before names employed figuratively Many /etuses are deficient at the extremities." Dar. Zoon. Sect. 1, 3, 9. in a general sense; as, i -, 2. " His mates their Lusiad, Baker's Livy, 4. 491. "Five hundred Jenariiiscs.'' .safety to the waves consign." " The radiations of that tree and its Here waves cannot be understood of any particular wanes; but the word fruit, the principal focuses of which is a metaphor for a particular thing, the oceait. are in the Maldivia islands." Hunter's St. Pierre, vol. 3. of metallic calxes into metals." "Tlie reduction is selected which an before attribute, Note 2. The definitive the is used " The Ency. art. Metallurgy. very frame of spirit from others belonging to the same object; as, See also J/eJiunw, Campbell's Rhetoric, 1, 1.50 Co/^ies, Darwin's Zoon. in objects, is so difierent from proper for being diverted with the laughable Caudexes, Phytologia, 2, 3 Irises, Zoon. 1. 444. Reguluses and 2. 1,74 that which is necessary for philosophizing ou them." Campbell's Rhet. 1. residuums. Ency. art. .Metal. In authorities equally respectable, we find stamens, stratums, funguses ; Kiimher. and in pursuance of the principle, we may expect to see lamens for lamina ; for lamellae; barytc for barytes; pyrite for pyrites; strontite for lamels indior more or of two of a to occasion have As men single object, speak iov the plural stalactites. These reforms are necessaviduals of the same kind, it has been found necessary to vary the noun or strontites; stalactite to enable us to distinguish the singular from the plural number. name, and usually the termination, to distinguish plurality from unity. The ry difierent forms of words to express one or more are called in (Grammar, num3. The third class of irregulars consists of such as have no plural Class bers ; of which there are in English, two, the singulnr and the plural. termination; some of which represent ideas of tilings which do not admit of The singular denotes an individual, or a collection of individuals united in a plurality ; as rye, barley, flax, hemp, flour, sloth, pride, pitch, and the names a dozen. The plubody as, a man, a ship, an office, a company, a society, of metals, gold, silver, tin,zink,anUniony, lead, bismuth, quicksilver. When, ral denotes two or more individuals, not considered as a collective body; as, in the progress of improvement, any thing, considered as not susceptible of men, ships, offices, companies, societies. The plural number is formed by plurality, is found to have varieties, which are distinguishable, this distincthe addition of s or es to the singular. Thus in early ages our ancestors tion gives rise to a plural of the term. Rule 1. When the terminating letter of a noun will admit the sound of took no notice of different varieties of wheat, and the term had no plural. in agriculture have recognized varieties of this s to coalesce with the name or the Last syllable of it, .f only is added to foim But modern improvements the The same remark is apwhich have name a plural form. given the plural; as sea, seas; hand, hands; pen, pens; grape, grapes; vale, grain, plicable to fern, clay, marl, sugar, cotton, &c. which have plurals, formerly vales ; vow, vows. unknown. Other words may hereafter undergo a similar change. 2. When the letter .s does not combine in sound with the word or last sylOther words of this class denote plurality, withouta plural termination as lable of it, the addition of s increases the number of syllables; ius, house, mazes. cattle, sheep, swine, kine, deer, hose ; trout, salmon, carp, perch, and many houses; grace, graces; page, pages; rose, roses; voice, voices; maze, other names of fish. Pish has a plural, but it is used in the plural sense 3. When the name ends in.r, s.«, sh, or ch with it-s English sound, the pluwithout the termination ; as, ral is formed by adding es to the singular; for a single s after those letters " are to blame for eating these fish." Anacharsis 6. 272. cannot be pronounced; as, fox, foxes; glass, glas.ses; brush, brushes; " The^sA reposed in seas and crystal floods, church, churches. But after ch with its Greek sound, like k, the plural is " The beasts retired in covert of the woods." Hoole T. 2. 726. formed by s only ; as monarch, monarchs. Cannon, shot and sail, are used in a plural sense ; as, 4. When a name ends with y after a consonant, the plural is formed by " One hundred cannon were landed Itom the fleet." has a Alkali as vanities. vanity, regular pludropping t/ and adding tcs; JVaval Hist. 732. <•

—

—

—

—

;

;

We

ral, alkalies.

But

after ay,

leys; joy, joys;

ey,

and oy,

s

only

is

added

;

as,

delay, delays; valley, val-

money, moneys.

Note. — A few

Burchett,

Ibm.

fired." ''

—

is

here used,

rules in the ending.

Under

this class

45.'i.

TZim. 426.

ships."

In the sense in which sail

English nouns deviate from the foregoing formation of the plural number ;

" Several shot being " SCTera^saiV of

may be noticed

a

number

it

does not admit of a plural

of words, expressing time, dis-

tance, measure, weight, and number, which, though admitting a plural termination, are often, not to say generally, used without that termination, even ivhen used with attributes of plurality; such are the names in these expresselves, lives, sheaves. self, sheaf, Ufc, sions, two year, five mile, ten foot, seven pound, three tun, hundred, thouknives, half, halves, shelf, shelves. Yet the most unlettered knife, sand, or million, five bushel, twenty weight, &c. wives, beef, beeves, wolf, wolves. wife, people never say, two minute, three hour, five day, or week, or month ; nor leaves. staff, staves. wharves. leaf, wharf, two inch, yard or league nor three ounce, grain, dram, or peck. calves. loaf. loaves. thief. thieves. A like singularity is observable in the Latin language. " Tritici quadracalf. medium." Liv. lib. 26. 47. Forty thousand medium of wheat. Class 2. The second class consists of w^ords which are used in both ginta millia Ibm. 27. 10. millia pondo auri," four thousand pound of gold. Quatuor with numbers, plurals irregularly formed; as. Here we see the origin of our pound. Originally it was merely weight children. child, hypothesis, hypotheses, From denoting weight generally, pondo four thousand of gold by weight. feet. brothers or brethren, brother, foot, became the term for a certain division or quantity; retaining however its teeth. tooth, pennies or pence, penny, in Lat'm. Twenty signification of unity, and becoming an indeclinable men. dies or dice, die, man, pound then, in strictness, is twenty divisions by weight ; or as we say, with women. woman, pea, peas or pease, a like abbreviation, twenty weight. oxen. criterions or criteria, ox, criterion, The w Olds horse, foot and iifantry, comprehending bodies of soldiers, are lice. focuses or foci, louse, focus, used as plural nouns and followed by verbs in the plural. Cavalry is someradiuses or radii, radius, geese. goose, times used in like manner. beaux. indexes or indices, beau, index, Class 4. The fourth class of irregular nouns consists of words which theses. calxes or calces. thesis, calx, have the plural termination only. Some of these denoting plurality, are alemphases. €mpba.sis, phenomenon. phenomena. as the following antitheses. joined with verbs in the plural ;

—In

some names, utterance, changed into v ; as.

Class

1.

/

in the singular,

for the

convenience of

;

—

—

—

:

ways

antithesis.

Pennies is used for real coins ; pence for their value in computation. Dies denotes stamps for coining; dice, pieces used in games. Peas denotes Brothers is the the seeds as distinct objects ; pease the seeds in a mass.

Annals,

drawers,

archives, ashes,

downs, dregs,

plural used in common discourse; brethreti,iD the scripture style, but is not restricted to it. Cherubim and Sernphim are real Hebrew plurals; but such is the propensity in men to form regular inflections in language, that these words are used as in the singular, with regular plurals, cherubims, seraphims. In like

assets, betters,

entrails,

manner, the Hebrew singulars, cherub and seraph, have obtained regular

calends,

goods, hatches,

breeches.

ides.

— —

plurals.

The influence of this principle is very obvious in other foreign words, ivhich the sciences have enlisted into our service; as may be observed ia'

bowels, compasses, clothes,

embers, fetters, filings,

lees.

GRAMMAR OF THE Other words of

this class, thougli ending in s, are used either wholly in number, or in the one or tlie other, atthe pleasure of the writer.

the singular

Amends,

wages,

alms, bellows,

billiards,

catoprics,

fives,

dioptrics, acoustics,

conies,

sessions,

gallows, odds,

means, pains,

news, riches,

economics, mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics,

measles, hysterics, physics,

statics,

hydrostatics, analytics,

statistics,

politics.

ethics,

spherics,

optics,

tactics.

pneumatics,

Of ral ral

these, pains, riches, and ivages,* are more usually considered as plu — news always singular — odds and means are either singular or plu— the others are moie measles the name of a singular is

strictly

;

for

dis-

is

no more plural than gout or fever. Small ^jw, for is sometimes considered as a plural, but it ought to be used as singuBilliards has the sense of game, containing unity of idea; and ethics, physics and other similar names, comprehending each the whole system of a particular science, do not convey the ideas of parts or particular branches^ but of a whole collectively, a unity, and hence seem to be treated as words belonging to the singular number. ease, and in strictness,

pocks, lar.

AUTHORITIES. Pre-eminent by so rnuch odds. With every odds thy prowess I defy. Where the odds is considerable.

Milt. P. L. Hoole Tas. 6.

1.

474.

19.

40

Camp. Rhet, ch. 5 death. Bible Much pains has been taken. Enfield Hist. Phil. ch. 2, Let a gallows be made of fifty cubits high. Bible Here he erected a fort and « gallows. Lusiad 1. 134 The riches we had in England was the slow result of long industry and wisdom, and is to be regained, &c. Davenant, 2. 12.

The wages

of sin

is

Mathematics informs Politics

us.

Encyc.

art. strength

of Materials.

the art of producing individual good by general measures.

is

Beddoes' Hygeia. 2. 79. Locke, vol. 2. 408.

Politics contains two parts. Locke however uses a plural verb with ethics. are conversant about." B. 4. 12. 8.

"The

—

ideas that ethics

Pains, when preceded by much, should always have a singular verb. Means is so generally used in either number, every means, all means, this means, and these means, that authorities in support of the usage are

deemed

superfluous.

Gender.

Gender,

in

grammar,

is a

difference of termination, to express distinc-

tion of sex.

There being two sexes,

tnale cinA female, words which denote males are masculine gender those which denote females, of the/e;HWords expressing things without sex, are said to be of neuter There are therefore but ftco genders; yet for convenience the

said to be of the

;

Miine gender.

gender. neuter is classed with the genders ; and we say there are three, the masculine, feminine and neuter. The English modes of distinguishing sex are these 1. The regular termination of the feminine gender, is ess; which is added to the najne of the masculine as lion, lioness. But when the word ends in or, the feminine is formed by retrenching a vowel, and blending two syllables into one ; as actor, actress. In a few woi'ds, the feminine gender is represented by ix, as testatrix, from testator and a few others are irThe following are most of the words which have a distinct termiregular. nation for the feminine gender :

;

;

:

Actor,

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. a relative or personal pronovin, used to introduce a new clause or affirmation into a sentence, whieli clause lias an immediate dependence on; IVho is also used to ask questions, and hence it is called the preceding one.

WTio

\s

an interrogative. ll^ich is also a relative, but is of neuter gender. It is also interrogative. These pronouns have two cases the nominative which precedes a verb, and the objective which follows it. Tlicy arc inflected in the following manner. ;

^ing.

Nominative Objective

Nom. -

Obj.

Noni. Olij.

Nom. Obj.

—

jjoTE. Mine, thine, his, hers, yours and theirs, arc usually considered But the three first are cither attributes, and used as the possessive case. with nouns, or they are substitutes. The three last are always substitutes, of names which are understood, as may be seen in the note used in the place

below.* Its and whose have a better claim to he considered as a possessive case; but .as they equally well fall under the denomination of attributes, I have, for the sake of uniformity, assigned them a place with that part of speech.

GRAMMAR OF THE U

—

also a sulislitute for the

Such is the true construction of sentences the definitive that, fnstead of preceding clause of the sentence, and it hecomes redundant. The use then of the inceptive it appears to be to enable us to being a conjunction, is the representative of a senlence or distinct clause, begin a senlence, without placing a verb as the introductory word and by preceding that clause, and pointing the mind to it, as the subject which folthe use of it and that as substitutes for subsequent members of tlie sentence, lows. And it is^as definite or demonstrative in this application to sentences, the order is inverted without occasioning obscurity. as when it is applied to a name or noun. It is to be noticed also that this neuter substitute, it, is The following sentence will exhibit tlie true use of that as a substitute equally proper to " It " He recited his former calamities ; to which itas now to be added that he begin sentences, when the name of a jyersoti is afterwards used ; as, was John who exhibited such powers of eloquence." But if we transpose was the destroyer of the man who liad expiated him. the words, and place wAo or that, the substitute which bes;ins anew clause, Beloe's Herodotus, Clio, 45. next after the inceptive word, we must u.se he for the inceptive " He, who According to our present grammars, that is a conjunction if so, the preor that exhibited such powers of eloquence, was .John." " to which ceding verb teas, has no nominative word. But the sense is, In interrogative sentences, the order of words is changed, and it follows was to be added that" which is related in the Iblloning words. the verb. Who is it that has been tlius eloquent The use and importance of this substitute are more clearly manifest, when There is a sentence in Locke, in which the inceptive it is omitted. it denotes purpose or elTect as in this passage, "And he came and dwelt in " Whereby cornes to pass, that, as long as any uneasiness remains in the a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled a-hich was spoken by the mind. B. ch. 21. In strictness, this is not a' defective sentence, for that prophets, ' He shall be called a Nazarine.' " Matt. ii. 23. Here that is may be considered as the nominative to comes. W^hereby that conies to equivalent to that purpose or effect. He came and dwelt in Nazareth, /o)Or the whole subsequent sentence may be considered the jmrpose expressed in u^hat follows. It and ivhich pass which follows. represent the last as the nominative for all that comes to pass. But the use of the inceptive clause in the sentence " He shall be called a Nazarene." The excellence it is so fully established as the true idiom of the language, that its omission and utility of substitutes and abbreviations are strikingly illustrated by this is not to be vindicated. use of that. This substitute has a similar use in this introductory sentence. That ue This and that, these and those. may proceed that here refers to the following words. The true construcThis and that are either definite attributes or substitutes. As attributes, tion is. But that ire tnay proceed bat, as will hereafter be shown, denoting they are used to specify individuals, and distingufsh them from others ; as. siipjdy or something more oi- further So that the literal intepretation of the *' '* is .More that or further that, we ma;/ proceed. It is the simTttis my son was dead and is alive again." Certainly this was a right- expression eous man." " The end of that man is peace." " Wo to that man by whom ple mode our ancestors used to express addition to what has preceded, equivthe son of man is betrayed." This and thai have plurals, these and those. alent io the modern phrase, let us add, or we may add wlrat follows, by of The general distinction between this and that, is. this denotes an object way illustrating or modifying the sense of what has been related. to be presenter near in time or place That, like icho and which, has a connecting power, which has given (o But this distincthat, to bo absent. tion is not always observed. In correspondence however with this distinc- these words the name of relative ; in which character, it involves one member of a sentence within another, by introducing a new verb; as, *' He. tion, when, in discourse, two things are mentioned, this and the.^e refer to In this passage, that the last named, or nearest in the order of construction; that and those to that keepcth his mouth, keepeth his \i(e."Prov. xiii. the most distant keepeth his mouth, is a new atSrmalion, interposed between the first nomas, " inative and its verb, but dependant on the antecedent nominative. and to one end reason Self love aspire, "The of the titat waited knew flock, Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire ; that, it was the word poor upon me, of the Lord." Zech. xi. 11. In this passage we have that in both its charBut greedy that [self love] its object would devour, acters the first that is a substitute for poor of the flock the second, for the TTiis [reason] taste the honey and not wound the flower." Pope. '' last clause of the sentence, it was the word of the Lord. Some place the bliss in action, some in ease. This exposition of the uses of that enables us to understand the propriety Those call it pleasure, and contentment these." Ibm. The poets sometimes contrast these substitutes in a similar manner, to de- o( "that M(j( joined in construction. Let me also tell you that, that faith, which proceeds from insufficient or note individuals acting or existing in detached parties, or to denote the bad piinciples, is but little better than infidelity." In this passage, the first whole acting in various capacities ; as, " 'Twas war no that is a substitute for the whole subsequent part of the sentence ; the semore, but carnage through the field. cond that is an attribute agreeing with faith " That faith which proceeds Those lift their sword, and these their bosoms yield." Hoole's Tasso. b. 20. from bad principles is little better than infidelity let me tell you that." •' Hence it might be well always to separate the two words by a comma. We Nor less the rest, the intrepid chief retain'd ; These urged by threats, and those by force constrain'd." /J;n. now distinguish these words by a stronger emphasis on the l.xst. " He, wliom thou now hast, is not thy husband ; in that saidst thou truly." There is a peculiarity in the use oi that , for when it is an attribute, it is ;

—

—

;

.'

;

—

—

—

— —

—

—

—

;

;

—

;

—

—

That is, in that whole declaration. in the singular number but as a substitute for persons or things, John iv. 18. From these passages and the explanation, we learn that that is a substiplural as well as singular, and is used for persons as well as things tute, either for a single word or a sentence ; nor has it any other character, in the language ; as, when an attribute. I knew a man that had it for a by-word, when he saw men"hasten to except This is much less frequently a substitute for sentences than that, but is a conclusion, Stay a little that we may make an end the sooner.' " Bacon on Dispatch. used in this character, as well as in that of an attribute as, Let no prince Here that is the representative of man, and it stands for the last clause measure the danger of discontents by this, ivhtther they be just or unjust ; for that were to imagine people to be reasonable, who do often spurn at their of the sentence or by-word. " Let states that aim at nor own whether the this, take heed how by their nobility and genyet good; griefs whereupon they rise be in greatness Bacon on Kingdoms. tlemen multiply too fast." Bacon. fact great or small." Here this, in each part of the sentence, is the representative of the clause Here that is a substitute for a plural name. So also in the following. " that are whole need not a physician, but they that are sick." in Italics succeeding. They ' " Can we suppose that all the united powers of hell are able to work such had eaten were about four thousand" " they that are in the They that '* " bless them that curse flesh" astonishing miracles, as were wrought for the confirmation of the christian they that weep" yon." Can we suppose that they can control the laws of nature at pleasAnother very common use of this and that, is to represent a sentence or eligion and that with an air of sovereignty, and professing themselves the lords ure, of a sentence as, part ** If we can believe this, then we It is seldom known ttiat, authority thus acquired is possessed without of the universe, as we know Christ did? &c. observe here, this represents a series of sentences. insolence, or that, the master is not forced to confess that, he has enslaved deny," In some cases, this represents a few words only in a preceding sentence, himself by some foolish confidence." Rambler, J^o. 63. In this sentence, the first that represents the next member " Authority as in the following—" The rule laid down is in general certain, that the thus acquired is possessed without insolence, tliat is seldom known." It rep- king only can convoke a parliament. And this, by the ancient statutes of resents the same clause. The second that represents all which follows, in- the realm, he is bound to do, every year or oftenor, if need be." Blacks. Comment. B. 1. ch. 2. cluding two clauses or members. The third that is the substitute for the last If we ask, what is the king bound to do ? The answer must be, convoke a clause. In strictness the comma ought always to be placed after that ;' which punctuation would elucidate the use of the s\ibstitute and the true parliament ; for which words alone this is the substitute, and governed do. construction; but the practice is otherwise, for Mrt^ in this and like sen- by The plurals, these and those, are rarely or never used as substitutes for The first that in the foretences, is either a nominative or an objective. going sentence is the nominative, coinciding with ((, or in apposition to it ; sentences. and when the clauses are transposed, the inceptive it, being redundant, is Which. dropped, and that becomes the nominative. The same remark is applicable to the second that ; the verb and first clause, it is seldom known, llliich is also a substitute for a sentence, or part of a sentence, as well as being " if there can be understood. The third that is the objective after confess. " The master for a single word ; as, any other way shown, how men may has enslaved himself by some foolish confidence he is forced to confess that come to that universal agreement, in the things they do consent in, always

it

;

is

more frequently than any word " '

;

—

—

—

.'

;

We

—

—

—

all

that is

seldom known."

which

I

presume may be done"

Locke on Und. B.

1. 2.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. —

In prose we would say, " such contest and rage as." TVhich, in this passage, represents all which precedes ivhicli or nil that .is sometimes refers to a sentence or member of a sentence, and someis above related, may be (lone. " Anoih.r reason that makes me doubt of any innate practical principles, limes its place may be supplied by which. "On his return to Egypt, os I rule be proposed, whereof a man learned from the same authority, he levied a mighty army." Beloe, Herod. is, that 1 think there cannot any one moral Jfhich I learned. "On his return to Egypt, he levied a mighty army, may not justly demand a reason; ivlikli would be perfectly ridiculous and absurd, if they were innate, or so much as self-evident, wliicli every innate ivhich [fact] I learned from the same authority. " :!. Ibm. Jls often a sentence. Jls to the three orders of pronouns already Clinp. begins principle nuist needs be." In this passage, the first which represents the next preceding part of the mentioned, they may be called prepositive, as may indeed all sub.stantives." which juxvir of deinatidin^ Harris. That is, concerning, resjiecting the three orders, or to explain that .sentence, anum may justhj demand a reason a reason would be ridiculous The second which is a substitute for self- which respects the three orders, &c. evident ; which, that \^, self-evident, every piinciple must be. " Judas declared him innocent, which he could not be, had he, in any reBoth. Led. 2. Here which represents spect, deceived the disciples." Portcus, Both is an adjective of number, but it is a substitute also for names, senthe attribute innocent. and tor of attributes. tences, sentence-, with a parts connective. That would eipially well represent the same word, "Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech, and "Judas declared him innocent, and that he could not be," &c. io
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—

What.

This substitute has several uses. Firs*, it has the sense of that which ; as, have heard what has been alledgcd." Secondly VIHial stands for any indefinite idea; as, "He cares not what he says or does." " We shall the better know what to undertake." Locke on Und. 1. 6. IVhat U an attribute, cither in the singular or plural number, Thirdly " In what and denotes something uncertain or indeterminate as, character, Butler was admitted into that lady's service, is unknown." Juh}is^n''s Life of Butler. " It is not material tehat names are to them." assigned Camp. Rhet. 1.1. •' I know not what impressions time may have made upon your person." Life of Cowp. Let. 27. " To see what are the causes of Locke 2. 21. wrong judgment." Fourthly What is used by the poets preceding a name, for the or that which, but its place cannot be suppHed by these words, without a name be**

I

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—

;

—

tween them

;

as,

" IVhat time the sun withdrew his cheerful light. Hoole's Tasso. b. 7. And sought the sable caverns of the night." That is, at the time when or in which. " Jiliat will be Fifthly \ principal use o( what is to ask questions as, the consequence of the revolution in France ?" This word has the singular property of containing tiro cases ; that is, it in and of another in the objecoffice of a word the the nominative, performs '* 1 have, in what tive case as, goes betbre, been engaged in physical inLocke 2. 8. Here what contains the obquiries farther than I intended." ject after in and the nominative to ^oes. What is used with a name as an attribute and a substitute as, " It was agreed that whet goods were aboard his vessels, should be landed." .Mick-

—

;

;

;

Discovery of India. 89. \\e\'i^ what goods, are equivalent to the goods ivhich ; for what goods include the nonjiuative to two verbs, were and should be landed. This use of the word is not deemed elegant. le's

As.

In the

last

Bating, on Ex-ile. example, both represents the parts of the sentences in italics. and usually does precede theiri ; both disadvantageous and iid'a-

When it represents two atliibutes, it may " He endeavored to render commerce as, nious."

jMickle.p.

1.59.

As an attribute, it has a like position before names ; as, " Tousa confessed he had saved both his life and his honor." Ibm. 160. " It is bulk more and no inconsiderable aid to the

accurate, proves tight understanding of things, to discriminate by different signs such as are truly

Campbell's Rhet. 1. 33. In this pa.ssage, both represents more accurate, and the following member of the sentence ; but the construction is harsh. •' The necessity which a speaker is untler, of suiting himself to his audience, both that he may be understocl by them, and that his words may have an influence upon them." Camp. Rhet. ch. 10. Here both represents the two following clauses of the sentence. The definitive the is placed between both and its noun ; as, " To both the prethe term is ceding kintjs, burlesque ap|)lied." Camp. Rhet. 1. 2. difibrcnt."

Same.

The attribute same is often used as a substitute for persons and sentences or parts of a sentence ; as, " Nothing appears so clearly an object of the mind or intellect only, as theyii/t/re does, since we can find no place for its existence any where else. Not but the same, if we consider, is equally true of the ;)a.s(." Hermes, p. 112. In this ill constructed sentence, same has reference to all which is predicated of the future tense that is, that it is an object of intellect only, since we can find no place for its existence any where else The same, all this, is true of the past also. " For iraeeaud Lusiad, 1. generous ever are the same."

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—

Many., few, all, any. These words we often find used as substitutes for names. " For many shall .Matt. come in my name, saying, I am Christ, and shall deceive many." " .ill that come " xxiv. 5. .Many are called, but file chosen." xx. lli. into the tent, and all that is in the tent shall be unclean seven days." A'um. " If a soul shall sin xix. 14. against any of th? commandments." Lev. iv. 2.

.?s, primarily signifies like, similar; the primary sense of which is even, equal. It is used adverbially in the phrases, as good, as great, as probable ; Hence it frethe sense of which is like or equally good, great or probable. " Neither is there quently follows si/('?(. "Send him such books as will please him." I5ut in any, that can deliver out of my hand." l>eut. xxxii. 3?. this and similar phrases, as must be considered as the nominative to «.(7/' " Senil him .sucli several or we must an of words. ; please supjjose ellipsis First, last, former, latter, less, least, more, most, books as the books which will please him, or as those which will please him." So in the following sentences. are often used as substitutes. " The victor's " have been accustomed to repose on its veracity with such humble laurel, as the martyr's crown, Hoole's Tasso. 6. S. confidence as suppresses cuiiosity." The first 1 hope, nor less the last I prize." Johnsoji'*s Life of Cowley. " All the " The last shall last." Matt. xx. IB. to see inthcted on sin is onpunishment which (iod is concerned be,/irs(, and lUe first ' " It will not be amiss to inquiic into Ihe cause of this strange phenomely such as answers ihc ends of government. " Many wise men contented themselves with such probable conclusioivs non ; that, even a man of discerinnent should write without meaning, and as were sutlicient for the practical purposes of life." not be sensible that he hath no meaning ; and that judicious people should Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 11. read what hath been written in this way, and not discover ihe defect. Both " The malcontents made such demands as none but a than the last." Camp. Rhet. 2. 7. tyrant could refuse." are surprising, but Ibe first much more Here both represents the two clauses of Ihe sentence, preceded by that Bolingbroke on Hist. Let. 7. In the last example, if ns is to be considered as a pronoun, or substitute, both of those propositions arc surprising. First and last stand in the place it is in the objective case. of the same clauses. " These and similar phrases are anomalous ; and we can resolve them only Sublimity and vehemence are often confounded, the latter being conCamp. Rhet. 1. 1. liy supplying the ellipsis, or by considering as in the nature of a juonoun, sidered as a species of the/urmcr. " Leonis refused to and the nominative to the verb. go thither with less than the appointed equipment." In the following form of expression, we may supply it for the nominative. .1/(cA/e, 1. 181. Here/es.s- supplies the place of egl^i/lm«i^ and prevents •' Do every thing as was said about mercury and sulphur." Encyc. llie necessity of its repetition. 'As it was said." "To the relief of these, Noronha sent some supplies, but while he was In poetry, as supplies the place o( such. Mickle, 1. 180. preparing to send more, an order from Portugal arrived." "From whence might contest spring and mutual rage, Here more is sufficiently intelligible without a repetition of the name " .is would the camp in civil broils engage." Hook's Tasso. supplies.

We

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—

GRAMMAR OF THE •

And

the cliilJicn

•I cannot go beyond

"Then began he were done." "

Israel did so, and gathered

ol'

tlie

word of

upbraid the

to

Was

not

tliis

Lord,

tlie

my

are

God,

to

wherein most of

cities

love indeed

?

Wc men say ?nore, Our shews

some more, some less." Exod. xvi. 17.

swear more, but indeed more than will."

do less or more.'

One, when contrasted with other, sometimes represents plural names, and joined with a plural verb, as in this passage, "The rea,son why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, zuiitie other, only lor bare powers, is

A'mnb. xxii. 18. seems to be," &c. Locke, b. 2. ch. 8. 25. One and another, have a peculiar distributive use in the following and the mighty works Malt. xi. 20 like expressions; "Brethren, let us love one another." The effect of these words seems to be, to separate an .ict allirmed of a number collectively, and

his

distribute it the other."

Shaks. Twelfth A'ight

among " If

the several individuals

ye have love one

to

— "Let us love— each one love — " by love serve one anothlet

another"

One another, in this phraseology, have the comprehensive sense of " By love serve" every one serve the other. Each is used in every one. a like sense They loved each other that is they loved each loved the er."

Such.

—

—

' Jabal was the father of

—

—

—

s)«-ft as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. other. Thou shalt provide able men such as fear God." E.c. xviii. Several. "Objects of importance must be portrayed by objects of importance; such as have grace, by things graceful." Several is an attribute, denoting originally one thing severed from others. 1. 2 Rhet. Camp. Such here supplies the place of a name or noun, but it retains its attribu- But this sense seems to be now confined to technical law language as a tive sense and the name may be added. In common use, it is always plural, expressive "joint and several estate." of an indefinite number, not very large. It is frequently a substitute as, ••

;

" Several of

Self and own. Self tensive

is

said to

word

to

;

my unknown

Spectator, 281.

correspondents."

have been originally an attribute, but is now used as an inSometimes it is give emphasis to substitutes and attributes.

Some.

In the plural, it Ibrms selves. It is added to the attributes The attribute some is often used as a substitute ; as, " Some talk of subas myself, yourself,' ourselves; and to him, her, thcjn, as others praise virtue who do not practice it." jects they do not understand And though annexed to suljstitutes in the obhimself, herself, themselves. Johnson. jective case, these words arc inditfereutly in the nominative or objective. Each, every, either, neither. Self is never added to his, their, mine, or thine. Each is a distributive attribute, used to denote every individual of a numThe compounds himself, herself, thyself, ourselves, themselves, may be " The of Israel and the placed immediately after the personal'substitute, as he himself wrote a let- ber, separately considered ; as, king of Judah sat " Thou also andking each on his throne." ter to the minister, or immediately after the Aaron, take each of you his censer." following verb or its object, as "He wrote a letter himself." "he went himself to the admiralty." In " The /o»r beasts had cocftof them six wings." In these passages, each is a substitute for the name of the such phrases himself not only gives emphasis to the affirmation; biit gives persons or ob" He went to an impUed negative, the Ibrce of one himself to jects, one separate from the other.* expressed. the minister," carries with it a direct negation that another person went. In Every denotes all the individuals of a number considered separately. It is " attribute, but sometimes a substitute, chiefly in the He did not write the letter therefore a distributive negative sentences, it has a different eli'ect. " every of the clauses and conditions." It is generally followhimself," implies strongly that he wrote it by an agent, or had an agency in law style ; as, ed by the name to which it belongs, or by the cardinal number one. procuring it to be written. sometimes see every separated from its name These compound substitutes are used after verbs when reciprocal action by the definitive the and " an attribute of the superlative degree ; as, " is expressed ; as, They injure themselves." every the least variation." " this is the book itself." Locke. Itself is added to names for emphasis as, Either and neither are is an attribute usually classed with the conjunctions; but in denoting property, used with names to render the sense emphatical; as, "this book is my own." strictness, they are always attributes or substitutes. Their correlatives or Own is sometimes a substitute; as, came unto his own and his own and nor, though considered as conjunctions, belong to the latter class of words ; or being merely an abbreviation of other, and nor received him not." Johni. 11. being the same word " This is an invention of his with the Saxon negative prefixed, as will be hereafter shown. own." Either and or denote an alternative ; as, " I will take either road at your That I will take one road or the other. pleasure." is, In this use, either is none. One, other,

used as a noun.

my, your, own,

;

—

We

;

.

Oum

"He

another,

an attribute.

" Either of the roads is The attribute one is very often a substitute other is used in the same Either is also a substitute for a name as, good." manner, and often opposed to o/ie. "All rational or deductive evidence is It also represents a sentence or a clause of a sentence as, " No man can derived from one oi- the other of these two sources." Camp. Rhet. ch. 5. serve two masters, for either, he will hate the one and love the other, or To render these words more definile, and the specification of the alternative else," &c. Matt. vi. 24. To understand the true import of either, let or be more explicit, the definitive fAe is placed before them; as, "either he will also reduced back to its original orthography, " for either, he will hate the hate the one and love the other." one and love the other; other else he will hold to the one and despise the jinother has sometimes a possessive case as, "the horse is another's •" other." Here we are presented with the sentence as it would have stood but this form of speech is but little used. in the Saxon and we see two distinct athrmations, to the first of which is Another is the Saxon an, one, and other one other. It is an attribute prefixed either, and to the last other. These words then are substitutes for but often used as a substitute. " Let another praise thee and not thine own the following sentences when they are intended to be alternative. Either mouth." p,.OT,, xxvii. 2. and or are therefore signs of an alternative, and may be called alternatives. J\'one [no one] is often a substitute as, " Ve shall lie down and Either is used also for each ; as, " Two thieves were crucified^on either none shall make you afraid." Lev. xxvi. 6. It is used in the This use of the word is constantly condemned by critics, and as plural as well as the|! side one." singular number. constantly repeated by good writers but it was the true original sense of The cardinal numbers are all used as substitutes, when the things to the word, as appears by every Saxon author. which they refer are understood by the train of discourse, and no is Either used also to represent an alternative of attributes as, " the emoambiguity " The rest of is created by the omission of the name as, the people also cast tion must be either not violent or not durable." Camp. Rhet. 1. 2. JYcither is not either, from the Saxon ne-either ; and nor is ne-othcr, not lots, to bring ojieof (en todwell in Jerusalem." J\'eh. xi. 1. One has sometimes the possessive form as, •' One's person is to be other. As cither and or present an alternative or a choice of two protected things, so bylaw;" and frequently the plural number; as, "I have commanded my neither and nor deny both or the whole of any number of particulars as, sanctified ones, and I have called my mighty ones." ha xiii ^ " Fight neither viHh small nor great." 1 Kings, xxii. 31. Which sentence " ;

;

;

;

'

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

when

resolved stands thus Fight not either with small, not other with Such is tlie curious machinery of language great." Meilher is also used as an attribute and as a substitute for a name; as, " have alled"-JVeither otiicc is filled, but neither of the offices will suit the candidate." ;

!

*

In this compound,

we have

a strong confirmation of what I in the singular number, when used of Note. Or, either, nor and neither are here explained in their true origiSelf invariably in the singular— s<;7«e« in the plural ityoii is to be classed with plurals in all cases, we must, to be consist- nal character ; but when they stand for sentences, it is more natural to conent, apply yourselves to a single person. Yet we make the proper distinc- sider them as connectives, under which head I have arranged them. tion—i/ourse// is applied to one person— In general, any attribute [adjective] which describes persons or But upon the j/ou
ed respecting the arrangement oS you a single person.

—

is

Now

saying yourself were," when address a single person— which is false construction. Whatever verb therefore is used with you when applied to an individual, must be consideredj! »s a verb in the singular number.

we

I

* Each is as applicable to a hundred or thousand as to two. " The prince had a body guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high."

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. "

"

The rich liavc many fi iends"— As.sociulc be used as a substitute as, with the wise and good"—" The future will resemble (he past"—" Such is the opinion of the learned." ;

Attributes or Adjectives, in grammar, are words wliich denote the quali a splendid equip as, a bright sun lies inherent in, or ascribed to things house an honest man; an amiable age; a mi,ierab! ehnt; a magnijicent woman liberal charity false honor a quiet conscience. be compared with As qualiUes may exist in difl'ercnt degrees, which may each other, suitable modes of speech are devised to express ihcue comparaIn English, most attributes admit of three degrees of compartive degrees. There are therefore four degrees of comand a few admit of ;

;

;

;

;

ison,

;

.'

;

From

the various uses and significations of verbs, have originated several The only one in English which seems to be correct and sufficiently compiehensivc, is, into transitive and intransitive. To these may be added a combination of the verb be, w ith certain auxiliaries and participles, which is called a passive verb." 1. A transitive verb denotes action or energy, which is exerted upon some object, or in producing some effect. In natural construction, the w'ord expressing the object, follows the verb, « ithout the intervention of any other " word, though the order may be sometimes varied. Thus, ridicule provokes anger," is a complete proposilion ridicule is the agent or nominative word, which causes the action ; provoke is the verb, or alfirmation of an act anger is the object or effect produced, following the transitive verb provoke. " The wind propels a ship," is the affirmation of an act of the wind exerted and ship, the object. on a ship, li^ind is the agent ; propels, the verb 2. An intransitive verb denotes simple being or existence in a certain state, as to be, to rest ; or it denotes action, which is limited to the subject. " .Tohn to Thus, sleeps," is an affirmation, in which John, the nominative sleeps, is the subject of the affirmation ; .ileeps is a verb intransitive, affirming a particular thing o( Johrt, which extends to no other object. 3. The passive verb in English is formed by adding certain auxiliaries and It denotes pa.ssion orsnflering; that is, thattlic participles to the verb be. subject of the affirmation or nominative is affected by the action affirmed; as, divisions or classes.

JIttributes or Adjectives.

;

2(1. To command, exhort or invite; as go, attend, let us observe. 3d. To |iray, request, entreat as, may the spirit of grace dwell iu us. 4tb. Toinquirc, or question as, docs it rain ? Will he come

/win-.

parison.

and is expressed by tlie The/)-6Y denotes a slight degree of the quality, termination ish ; as reddish, brownish, yellowish. This may be denominated the imperfect degree of the attribute. The second denotes such a degree of the attribute as to constitute an absoThis is as red, brown, great, small, brate, wise. lute or distinct quality called the positive degree. The third denotes a greater or less degree of a quaUty than exists in another object, with which it is compared ; as greater, smaller, braver, ;

This is called the comparative degree. tviier. The fourth denotes the utmost or least degree of a quality ; as bravest, unsest, poorest, smallest. This is called the superlative degree. The inqieil'ect degree is formed by adding ish to an attribule ; as yellow, vowel is omitted ; as white, whitish. yellowish. If the attribute ends in e.'tbis The comparative degree is formed by adding r to adjectives ending with e, as wise, wiser ; and by adding er to words ending with an articulation, as cold, colder ; or by prefixing more or less, as more just, less noble. The superlative degree is'lbrmed by adding st to attributes ending with f, as wise, ivisest ; and est to those which end with an articulation, as cold, coldest ; or by prefixing most and least, as most brave, least charitable. Every attribute, susceptible of comparison, may be compared by more and

;

;

;

" Laura is loved and admired." is convinced ;" In the tranIn this form of the verb, the agent and object change places. agent precedes the verb, and the object follows; as, "John In the passive form the order is changed, and the has convinced Moses."

John

sitive fbrni the

" Moses is convinced agent follows the veib preceded by a preposition ; as, by John." To correspond with their nominatives, verbs are used in both numbers, and W'ith the three persons in each. .\s action and being may be mentioned as present, past and future, verbs

have modifications to express time, which arc called tenses. .\nd as action and being maj^be represented in various ways, verbs have various modificaless and least. Hence to verbs beAll monysyllables admit of er and est, and dissyllables when the addition tions to answer these purposes, called modes or moods. loftiest. long person, number, tense and mode. easily pronounced as happy, happier, happiest ; lofty, loftier, The persons, which have been already explained, are I, thou or you, he. But few words of more syllables tlian one will admit of er and est. Hence most attributes of more syllables than one are compared by more and most, she, it, in the singular number; in the plural, wc, ye or you, they. The less and least ; as more fallible, most upright, less generous, least splendid. numbers have been before explained. When attributes end in y after a consoriant, this letter is dropped, and i substituted before er and est ; as lofty, loftier, loftiest. Tenses, A few attributes have different words or irregular terminations for-expresbad or evil, worse, There are six tenses or modifications of the verb to express time. Each sing the degrees of comparison as good, better, best ; worst ; fore, former, jirst ; less or lesser, least; much, more, most; near, of these is divided into two forms, for the purpose of distinguishing the definearer, nearest or next ; old, older, oldest or eldest ; late, later, latest or last. nite or precise time from the indefinite. These may be thus explained and When qualities are incapable of increase or diminution, the words which exemplified. them do not admit of comparison. Such are the numerals, first,

most,

may be

;

;

express second, third. Sac, and attributes of mathematical figures, as square, spheror square, ical, rectangular; for it will readily appear, that if a thing is^rs( it cannot be more or less so. The sense of attributes however is not restricted to the modification, exin an indefibe varied but of the common may comparison, by pressed signs Thus the attribute very, which is nite number of ways, by other words. the French vrai, true, formerly written veray, is much used intensively to express a great degree of a quality, but not the greatest; as very wise or In like manner are used ?>nich, far, extremely, exceedingly, and learned. most of the modifiers in ly. Some attributes, from particular appropriate uses, have received names, by which they are distinguished. But the usual classification is by no means correct. The following distribution seems to result from the uses of the

words named.

An

Present Tense., indefinite. This form of the present tense afBrms or denies action or being, in present It expresses also time, without limiting it with exactness to a given point. facts which exist generally, at all limes, general truths, attributes which are without reference to a permanent, habits, customary actions, and the like, is man and God is imperfect and deas, just; infinitely great specific time fishes sii'im. plants sprmo- from the earth ; birds/y; ;

pendent;

Present Tense,

rJefinite.

This form expresses the present time with precision usually denoting aclam wribeing which corresponds in time with another action; as, ting, while yoic are waiting. ;

tion or

or a, the, this, that, these, those, other, another, one, none, some, may he called definitives, from their office, which is to limit or define the extent Past Tense, indefinite. of the name to which they are prefixed, or to specify particulars. took place at a given This form of the past tense represents action which My, thy, her, our, your, their, and mine, thine, his, when used as attri" In six and completely past ; as, days, God creabutes, with names, are possessive attributes, as they denote possession or time past past, however distant .\lexander conquered the Persians." ownership. Its and it'hose, if ranked with attributes, belong to the same class. I(«nhc heavens and the earth.' ' The Earl of Chatham v;as an eloEach and every are distributives, but they may be classed with the de- " Scipio was as virtuous as brave."

quent statesman."

finitives.

Either

is

an alternative, as

is

which

or,

is

now

considered merely as a

connective.

Own is an intetisive adjective. The words to which self is affixed, himmyself, themselves, yourself yourselves, ourselves, thyself, itself, may be denominated intensive substitutes, or for brevity, intensives. Or they self,

may

be called compound substitutes.

Past Tense, definite, [imperfect.] This form represents an action as taking place and unfinished in some spetime as, " I was standing at the door when the proces-

cified period of past

;

sion passed."

Verb.

*The common distribution into active, neuter and passive, is very objecof The verb is a primary part of speech, and next to the name or noun tionable. Many of our neuter verbs imply action in a pre-eminent degree, the most importance. The uses of the verb are, and the young learner cannot easily cbnceive why 1st. To affirm, assert, or declare; as, the sun shines ; John loves study ; as to run, to irdlk, tofiy ; such verbs are not called active. God is just and negativelv, avarice is not commendable. " ;

Vol.

I.

I.

GRAMMAR OF THE 3. It gives great life and effect to description, in prose or verse, to represent past events as present ; to introduce them to the view of the reader or Hence the frequent use of the preshearer, as having a present existence. ent tense for the future, by the historian, the poet and the orator: " She spoke ; Minerva burns to meet the war And now heaven's enipi ess calls the blazing car ; At her command rush forth the steeds divine. Hiad, 5. Rich with immortal gold, the trappings shine." The definite tenses, it will be observed, are formed by the participle of the This participle always expresent tense, and the substanfive verb, be. a past or future tense common than a mistranslation of this tense. for, / presses present time, even when annexed to It is to be noted however that this perfect indefinite tense is th.at in which was tvrillns, denotes (hat, at the past time mentioned, the action was preslather has lived about ent; I shall be writing, denotes future time, but an action then to be present. we express continued or repeated -Mlion ; as, " " He has " The The past tense of every regular verb ends in eil ; d being added to a verb eighty years." king has reigned more than forty years. as hate, hated ; look, use it also when a been frequently heard to lament." Life of Couper. ending in f, and eii to a verb with other terminations; the looked. specified past time is represented, if that time is expressed as apart of " have been together The future tense is formed by the present tense of shall and will; for, I present period. Thus, although we cannot say, " have been together this morning, or this shall go, he will go, are merely an appropriate use of / shall to go, I will to yesterday," we usually say, evening." AVe even use this tense in mentioning events which happened go. See an explanation of these words under the head of auxiliaries. " I am at a greater distance of time, if we connect that time with the present ; as, There are other modes of expressing future time ; as, going to " He has not seen " His brother has vifited him once within two write" " I am about to write." These have been called the inceptive fuyears." his sister, since the year 1800." ture, as they note the commencement of an action, or an intention to com-

Perfect Tense, huhfiniie. This form of the perfect tense represents an action completely past, and often at no great distance, but the time not specified as, "I have accomplished my desif;n." But if a particular time is named, the tense must be "I have seen the past; as, "1 accomplished my design last week." is not correct In this last friend week," respect, the French English. my idiom is different from the English, for "J'ai vu mon ami hier" is good French, but "I have seen my friend yesterday" is not good English. The words must be translated, "1 saw my friend yesterday." No fault is more ;

;

;

My

We

We

We

;

action without delay. have another mode of expression, which does not strictly and posia necessity of performing an act, and tively foretell an action, yet it implies For example, "I have to pay & clearly indicates that it will take place. sum of money to morrow." That is, I am under a present necessity or obli-

mence an

We

Perfect Tense, definite. This form represents an action as just finished; France."

as,

"

I

have been reading

a history of the revolution in

2i act. gation to do future The substantive verb followed by a radical verb, forms another idiomatic Prior-past Tense, indefinite, [pluperfect.] " Eneas " John is to command a regiment." expression of future lime as, This form of the prior past tense expresses an action which was past at or went in search of the seat of an empire which was, one day, to command before some other past time specified; as, " he had received the news before the world." The latter expression is a future past that if, past to the narthe messenger arrived." rator, but future as to the event, at the time specified. ;

;

Modes.

Prior-past, definite.

This form denotes an action to be just past, at or before another time speMode, in grammar, is the manner of representing action and being, or the " I had been as, reading your letter when the messenger arrived." wishes and determinations of the mind. This is performed by inflections of the verb, or by combinations of verbs with auxiliaries and participles, and

cified

;

Future

by

Te7ise, indefinite.

their various positions.

As there are scarcely two authors who are agreed in the number and deThis form of the future tense gives notice of an event to happen hereafter nominations of the modes in English, I shall offer a distribution of the verbs, " Your son will obtain a commission in the navy." " We shall have a and a display of their inflections and combinations, somewhat different from fine season." any which I have seen. 1. The first and most simple form of the verb, is the verb without inflecFuture Tense, definite. This form usually has the prefix to; tions, and uncomiected with persons. This form expresses an action which is to take place and be unfinished at as to love. " He loill be a specified future time as, This form of the verb, not being restricted to person or number, is usually preparing for a visit, at the time ;

as,

;

I

you arrive." This form of the future tense denotes an action which will be past at a fu ture time specified as, " They will have performed their task, by the ap pointed hour." ;

Prior-Future, definite. This form represents an action which will be just

past at a future speci" shall have been making preparafions, a week before our as, friends arrive."* In the use of the present tense, the following things are to be noticed. 1. The present tense is customarily used to express future time, when by any mode of expression, the mind is transported forward to the time, so as to conceive it present ; as, " I cannot determine, till the mail arrives." " As

fied time

;

We

soon as it is light, we shall depart." " When he has an opportunity, he will write." The words till, when, as soon as, carry the mind to the time of an event to happen, and we speak of it as present. 2. By an easy transition, the imagination passes from an author to his writings; these being in existence and present, though long after his decease, we substitute the writer's name for his works, and speak of him as living or in the present tense thus, Milton rese>nbles Homer in sublimity and invention, as Pope resembles Virgil, in smoothness of versification. Plato is ;

fanciful

;

the Infinitire .Mode. 2. Another use of the verb is to affirm, assert or declare some action or existence, either positively, as he runs, or negatively, as you are not in 'This form is called the Indicative Mode. 3. Another othce of the verb is to command, direct, ask, or exhort; as This is called the Imperative Mode. arise, make haste, let us be content. 4. Another form of the verb is used to declare the power, liberty, possiof certain words called auxbility or necessity of acting or being, by means This form is called the Potential Mode ; as, iliaries, as may, can, must, &c. / may or can ivrite ; he must wait.' 5. Another use of verbs is to represent actions or events which are uncertain, conditional or contingent; as, if he shall go; if they would attend. This is called the Subjunctive Mode, but would better be denominated the The Indicative and Potential become cmiditional, by means Conditional. of words used to express condition; as if, though, unless, whether. The Modes then are five the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Imperathe Potential, and the Subjunctive. jtive, It may also be observed that the combinations and arrangements of our verbs and auxiliaries to express negative and interrogative propositions, are the verb for each really modes of the verb, and a place might be assigned to For purpose, were it not for the inconvenience of having modes of modes. the sake of distinction, 1 denominate these verbs interrogative and negative, and have exhibited the conjugation of each.

jcalled

Prior-Future, indefinite.

'health. 1

;

Aristotle is profound.

Participles. Participles are derivatives from verbs, formed by particular terminations, distribution of the tenses, are so and having the sense of verbs, attributes or names. utterly incor reet and incompetent to give a just idea of their uses, that I have ventured There are two species of participles; one denoting present time, and to offer a new division, retaining the old names, as far as truth will warrant. formed to the verb, as turn, turning, or when the verb ends The terms prior-past iiud prior-future, are so perfectly desciiptive of the with by adding ing But e is as that letter and

*The common names and

place, placing. e, by dropping adding ing, tenses arranged under them, that I cannot but think they will be well reThe distinction of indefinite and definite is not wholly new ; but I ceived. * have never seen the definite forms displayed, though they are as necessary This mode is inserted in compliance with the opinions of many Gramas the indefinite forms. Indeed, I see not how a foreigner can learn our lan- marians, but in opposition to my own. It is in fact tlie indicative mode, afguage, as the tenses are commonly distributed and defined. firming the power, &c. of acting, instead of the act itself. ,

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. When a man expres^^cs his own determination of mind, I will, we are acretained in dyeing from dye, to color, to distinguish it from dying, the partiused to prevent the diiplicalion of /. In customed to consider the event, or act willed ascertain; for we naturally ciple of (
;

—

ing

participle

a superior couunands with authority, you shall go ; oi' implying a right in the second and third person to expect, and hence denoting a promise in the " speaker ; as, you shall receive your w.ages." This is radically sayin"', •' you ought to receive your wages ;" but this right in the second person to receive, implies an obligation in the person speaking to pay. Hence shall in the second, /);o;nisf.'i, commands, or in the first person foretells eipressff determination. When shall in the second and third persons, is uttered with combination, is called passive. determination it in the and formed from a.nintransitive verb, cannot, except emphasis, expresses But this participle, when speaker, implies an authority " Vou shall enforce the act. to go." in a few instances, be joined to the substantive verb, or used in a passive Must expresses necessity, and has no variation for person, number or sense; but it unites with the other auxiliaries. This participle often loses its verbal character, and becomes an attribute ; tense. Do is a principal and a transitive verb, si/fnifying to act or make; but is In this character it admits of comparias a concealed plot, a painted house. " a most " resjiected magistrate ;" and a few of used in the present or past tenses as an auxiliary to give emphasis to a decson, as a more admired artist," these verbal attributes receive the termination ly, and become modifiers, as laration, to denote contrast, or to supply the place of the principal verh. " It would have been impossible for Cicero to inflame the minds of the pointedly, more conceitedly, most dejectedly. to so high a pitch against oppression, considered in the abstract, as he tense anil Those verbs, whose past participle end in ed, are deemed regu people All which deviate from this rule, are deemed irregular, anil their par actually did inflame them against Verres the oppressor." lar. Camp. Rhet. 1. A list of them will be 10. Here did expresses emphasis, tense end mostly in t, n and g. ticiples of the perfect " It was hardly possible that he should not distinguish you as he has done." found in the sequel. Coup. Let. 40. Here done stands in the place oi distinguished you. For Auxiliaries. it must be observed that when do is the substitute for another verb, it supIn English, a few monosyllabic verbs are chiefly employed to form the plies the place not only of the verb, but of the object of the verb. "He loves not plays modes and tenses of other verbs, and from this use, are denominated auxiliaThese are followed by other verbs, without the prefix As thou dost, Anthony." ries or helping verbs. " he That is, as thou lovest plays. to, as may go ;" though they were originally principal verbs, and some Do is also used in negative and interrogative sentences; the present and of them still retain that character, as well as that of auxiliaries. The verbs which are always auxiliary to others, are may, can, shall, must past tenses of the Indicative Mode being chiefly formed by this auxiliary; " I do not reside in Boston." "Does John bold a commission ?" those which are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs, arc as, To these may be added need and dare. Have is also a principal and transitive verb, denoting to possess ; but much will, have, do and be. or permission as, " he may go, if he will used as an auxiliary, as " He has lately been to ATay conveys the idea of liberty Hamburg." It is often useil " to supply the place of a principal verb, or Or it denotes possibility ; as, he may have written or not."" preventing a repetition " I have notparticiple, of it, and the object after it Can has the sense of to be able. seen Paris, but my brother has," as, to denotes be with that has seen Paris. is, Shall, in its primitive sense, obliged, coinciding nearly But this signification, though in the German. Equally common and extensive is the use of be, denoting existence, and otight ; which sense it retains of this word, is much obscured. The hence called the substantive verb. Either in the character of a evidently the root of the present uses principal verb, or an auxiliary, it is found in almost every sentence of the following remarks will illustrate the several usesof H'iW and shall. language. Hence the German wolThe inflection of a verb, in all the modes, tenses, numbers and persons, is IVill h.is a common origin with the Latin volo. The English verbs have few inflections, or len, the old English woU,^ni\ the present contraction won't, that is, woll-not.i termed Conjugation. changes This was originally a principal verb, and is still used as such in our Ian of termination ; most of the tenses and modes being formed by means of the guage. It denotes the act of the mind in determining, or a determination ; auxiliaries. ifbr he tcills to go, and he will go, are radically of the same import. Note.— In the following conjugations, a small n in an Italic character, is inserted in the place where not should stand in negative sentences. The * The primitive idea expressed by tnay was power ; Sax. magan, to same place is generally occupied by never, but not in every case. It is believed this letter will be very useful, he able. The learner especially to foreigners. that the Roman c was 1 1 is as our wolo. the verb with or without at tc, supposed pronounced may conjugate not, pleasure.

termination ness; as willingness, from willing. The other species of participle is formed from the verb, by adding dor erf, a,s loved, in regular verbs, it corresponds exactly with the past time of the petfect tense. preceded. This may be called the participle This participle, when its verb is transitive, may be joined with the verb the in such and a to form in all its verb, participle, inflections, passive he,

and

;

;

;

;

!

CONJircATION OF TtlE AUXILIARIES. May. — Present Tense. Singular. I may n Person, Thou mayest 2d M. Person 1 erson, < ^

^^^ ^^^

^^^

Singular. C mas.

Plural.

We may

1st.

n

C (

n

3d. Person,
( neut.

Ye niay n Vou may n

Plural.

He may n It

i

grammar,

glish

that

Plural.

Singular.

may n

he meets with you in the pluIt may be remarked once for all, that thou and ral number only, though he finds it the represenye are the second person used in the sacred stylo, tative of an individual. Now if you is always pluand sometimes in other grave discourses. In all ral, then you yourself is not grammatical, but abother cases, you is the second person of the singu- surd the true expression then must be, yon yourThen I must say lar number, as well as of the plural. It is not one of selves, applied to an individual. the most trivial absurdities which Uie student mustl to a friend, who visits me, please to seat yourselves. now encounter at every step, in the stttdy of En-j Sir. This is equal to the royal style, we Ourself' *

Past Tense

They may n

She may n

(

I might n Thou mightest n You might ;i

He

5 I

(

might n

Can.— Present

;

We might J

I can n Thou canst n You can Ji He can n

Ye

miglit

n )i

You might ti They might n

Tense.

We ^

I

can n

Ye can ti You can n They can «

GRAMMAR OF THE Perfect Tense.

Past Tense

Plural. could n Ye could n Thou couklst n You could 11 You could u He could II They could n SQUALL.- -Piesent Tense. .Singular.

1 C I

could

I shall

y y

We

V/e have re had (Ye have re had ( Thou hast re had had have re had ( You have re ( You He has or hath n had They have re had Prior-past Tense. We had re hail I had re had Thou hadst re had (Ye had re had had You had »» had ( You had n He had re had They had re had Note. In these tenses, the perfect and priortransitive. past, this verb is always principal and

((

I

n

shall

Ye shall ?i You shall u They shall «

Thou shalt a You shall « He shall n I

I

should

We should n

?i

Thou shouldst n You should « He should «

Will. I

i (

will

Thou

(

Ye should » You should n

They — Present Tense.

will

n

C

re

I

re

will n Ye will n You will « They will re

C

would

We

re

Thou wouldst

<

re

would )* would re

^ Y'ou

He

Note.

—

(

when

IVill,

a principal verh,

is

I

Pa-st

We

Thou shalt re have You shall re have

C I

He

reRii-

shall

re

( (

have

re

(

He does

or doth

^ ( re

love

I did

n

love

Thou didst re love You did n love He did n love

\

( (

Infinitive Mode. To do.

Note.

Let us re have Let them n have

We

Note. A command, request or exhortation, must, in the nature of things, be addressed to the second per.son nor can these phrases, let me have, let MS have, be considered, in strictness, as the first person of this mode, nor/e( Aim Aaue, as the third but they answer to the first and third persons of this mode in other languages, and the mere nam ing of them is wholly immaterial. The true force and effect of the verb, in this mode, depend on its application to characters, and

'"^'^

did

—

n love

Ye did re love You did re love They did re love

This verb,

is

done.

used in sacred and solemn lan-

common and

when

familiar language.

principal and transitive, has

the tenses and modes, I have done, will do, &c. Have. -Infinitive

I

all

had done,

1

might

re

C (

—

re

have had

Ye may re have had You may n have had They may re have had

Tense the principal verb only. We have had

Ye

Thou mightest re have

might n have had

You

|

Conditional or Subjunctive Mode, Conditional or Subjunctive Mode

The

is the with some preceding word expressing condition, supposition or contingency. These words are, )/, though or although, unless, except, whether, lest, albeit. If is n corruption of gif, the imperative of gifaii, the Saxon orthography of give. Though, the Saxon theah, signifies permit, allow. Although is a compound of all and though, give or allow all. The old word thof, still used in some parts of Eng-

same

as the Indicative,

is the imperative of the Saxon thafinn, to alUnless is the imperative of the Saxon oreExcept is the imperalysan, to loose or dissolve. Lest is from lesan, to lease or tive of that verb. Albeit is a compound of all, be and it, dissolve.

land,

low.

let

be

it

so.

These words,

if,

and use,

though, answer in signification

to the following admit, grant, allow, " If \suppose, as signs of a condition or hypothesis. :

shall go," is simply, "give, that is, give that condition or fact

you

;

Participles.

done, having — In the thirdDoing, person singular of the pre-

sent tense, doth guage; does in

n

Do re you have

love

"

Past Tense. C

Imperative Mode. Plural. Singidar. Have ye n, have you

have Let me n have Let him re have

re

You may re have had He may re have had

the

You do re love They do re love

^'"^ '^°

Thoumayestrehavehad

I

the indicative mode.

when

Have re or have thou re Have you n or do re you

We do

n love Thou dost re love You do re love

We may

may re have had

(

had ^ You might re have had He might re have had

;

do

Perfect Tense. In this tense, have is a principal verb only.

Prior-past

1

I

They might n have They should n have They could n hav'e They would n have

You would re have

re

I

—

C

He might have He shonld have He could have He would n have

<

J

He must )i have loved They must re have loved Do. — Indicative Mode — Present Tense.

\o\i might re have You should re have You could re have

might re have! should '>i have

Ye could re have Yc would n have

have They [ In the same manner with should, could and Ye shall re have You shall n have tvould. There is no future tense, distinct from that of They shall re have will

Prior-Future. This tense foretells, and is used only

loved

You might re have You should n have You could re have You would n have

Ye

re

C

Must. verb is principal. Must has no change of termination, and is joinWe shall n have had I shall re have had ed with verbs only in the following tenses. fThou shalt or wilt re Y'e shall or will re have Present Tense. had have had We must n love I must n love You shall or will re have 1 You shall or will re ( Yc must re love Thou must n love had have had ^ [ re love re love He shall or will n They shall or willre \ You must ( Y'ou must He must re love They must re love have had have had Perfect Tense. TVill is not used in the first person of We must re have loved thisNote. I must n have loved it tense being incompatible" with the nature ("Thou must n have We cannot say, I will have had Ye must n have loved of a promise. loved J a year, on the first of October next;" possession You must n have You must re have loved but ) I shall have had, is a common expression. ^

Ye

re

(

n have

will

Thou mightest n have Thou shouldst re have Thou couldst re have Thou wouldst re have

I

You will re have They will n have form promises, commands or de

will re have will re have

He

The following termines.

wonld re

Ye would re You would /( They would re

conjugated; I will, thou wiliest, he wills. tense, / willed.

larly

had

You

(

Past Tense. I

re

Future Tense. In this tense the verb is principal or au.-ciliary with the same form of conjugation. The following form foretells. We shall re have I shall re have ( Yc willre have C Thou wiltn have

should re

We

II

wilt

Y'ou will

He

J

have

—

Past Tense.

J

Plural.

Singular.

We

;i

you

shall

go;"

allow or sup; to be so. has been, and is still customary for authors the second of to omit the personal terminations and third persons of the verb in the present tense, to form the subjunctive mode ; if thou go, if he it

pose It

write.

The

construction of the subjunctive precisely the same as that of the indicawhich has it is used in popular practice, idiom of the language; if thou the true preserved go, hast, if he has or hath ; to denote present uncer-

the manner of utterance. C'uine, go, let him if uttered with a respectful address, or in a civil

correct

mode

is

tive

as

;

tainty.

But

a

future contingency may be

ex-

Mode, Present Tense.- To Aare. manner, may express entreaty, request or exhort- pressed by the omission of the personal terminaTo have had. ation. On the other hand, such words uttered tions if he go, that is, if he shall go. Perfect Tense.

—

—

;

Having. Participle of the Present Tense. Of the Perfect Tense.— Had.

— —

Compound. Having had. Mode. Present Tense.

Indicative I ^ (

have

He I

5 (

We

re

Thou hast re You have re has or hath re* Past Tense.

had

had

—

{

You have re They have n

We re

re

Ye have re

re

Thou hadstn You had re

He

have

(

had re had re

C

Ye

I

You had re They had re

Note. In the foregoing tenses, this verb used either as a principal verb or an auxiliary. »

Hath

familiar.

is

used

in the

solemn style

;

has

in the

with a tone of authority, and addressed to inferiors, Be. express comitiand. Be is a verb denoting existence, and therefore It is very irregular, Present Tense. Potential Mode. called the substantive verb. In the following tense, this verb is either auxil- being derived fi'om dilterent radicals, and having undergone many ilialectical changes. iary or principal. To be. We may or can re have Infinitive Mode, Present Tense. I may or can re have To have been. Ye may or can re have Perfect Tense. C Thou may est or canst re < have Being. Participle of the Present Tense. You may or can re have Of the Perfect.— £f(;re. ( You may or cann have He may or can re have They may or can n Having been. ConipoiMid. Present Tense. have Indicative Mode. We are re Must is used in the foregoing tense, and in the I am n

—

—

—

—

— —

perfect also.

^

Past Tense. In this tense, the verb is principal or auxiliary.

have

I

might

I I

should n have could re have

1

would

re

re.

have

We might 7i have We should have We could have Wu would have re

re

re

(

^

Thou art ra You arc n

He

? She isn (

(Y'e are l

You

re

are

re

is re

They aren

It is re

The foregoing form of the present tense is now But the followgenerally used by good writers.

I

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ing form is (lie most ancient, and ual in popular practice.

Wc

lie

n

Vou be n

Ve

or

you be n

He Thou

second person, Past Tense.

is

Thou wast n You was or were » He was n

( (

\

The

not in use.

"W^e

l

C

(

{

shall or will

I

^

/?

We

be

I

But

He

tional future

—

the future

The

\

I sliall II

»i

f

;

if

1

You

will

or

shall

You

n

We

were

I

He were

n be

He

Love.

will

or

shall

They

will

Exhortation

»»

(Th Thou

,•

may or can ?i be Thou mayst or canst n

ou

^ 1 .,

,

I

Past Tense. ^

I

We might n be

might n be

Thou mightest n be You might n be He might n be

^ I

Ye nnght n be You might n be They might n be

j

In the same manner witli could, should and

may

Perfect or can have n

Tense

L

71

can n have

Ye may

or canst

have been ii

or can n

|_

or can

n have

havej

or can n' have been Prior-past Tense. I might n have been We might n have been i Thou mightest n have C Ye might nhave been J You might >l have been < You n have been been might ^ (_ He might (i have been They might n have been In the same manner with could, would and There is no future tense in this mode.
Subjunctive Mode.

(

\

Thou art You are

He

is

are I Ye ate \ You are They aie

71

love

We

n

shall or will

been

You

be

ii

(

\

did

n

Thou

You have

71

have

Ye

71

have

You

hast

n been loving 71

love

We shall n have been

have loved

loving

shall or will

been loving iThou He shall or will

have

Ye

n have

You

me

Let

Love 77

That

have

They shall or will 7t have been loving

Imperative Modt. Let us

Love

77

been

lov-

71

been

lov-

had

71

the lore perish.

is, let

Be ignorance thy choice, where knowledge leads to woe." Ibm. Potential Mode. Present Tense, indefinite. I may or can 7t love We may or can 71 love Thou mayst or canst 71 C Ye may or can 77 love love < You may or can 7i You may or can n love ( love He may or can 71 love They may or can 71

—

'

'

\

love

Must I

is

used in

may

or can

TTbou mayst J

77

and

this tense

loved Thou hadst 77 loved Sv ou had 71 loved He had n loved

We

C (

in the perfect.

We may

be loving

or canst

had 7i loved Ye had n loved You had it loved They had 77 loved

Ye may

n be

loving

You may

J

or can

be lov--

77

I

He may or

been

loving

7!

love

or can

77

be

77

be

loving

Prior-past, indefinite. I

n

77

Do 77 love Do ye or you

love

Definite. 77

They have

loving

n

shall or will

have been loving 71

love

7i

n

shall or will

have been loving

been loving

"

ing

been

n

Definite. lov-

have been

77

loving 71

Ji

shall or will

thou 71 love 77 love Do you 71 love Let them 71 love Let him 71 love In the place of let, the poets employ the verb without the auxiliary " Perish the lore that deadens young desire." Beat. Minst.

You have n been

been loving

n

or

They

shalt or wilt7i

Do Do

will

shall or will

shall

n have

been loving

You

)l

have loved

have loved

shall or will

shall

71

loved

shall or will

ing

were n loving

We have

lovin.

has or hath

71

shall or will

We shall

loved I

I

He

be

will

be lovins Prior-future, indefinite

have loved

7J

ing

(

shall or

They

loved

You

He

Ye were n loving You were n loving

Ye have (

be

7i

he loving

be lov-

71

Definite. 71

/i

shall or will

loving

[

will

shalt or wilt

We

have

We shall or will Ye

r

loved {Thou

loving They were 7i loving Perfect Tense, indefinite. I have n loved have n loved C Ye have n loved ^ Thou hast 7^ loved ' \ You have 7i loved \ You have n loved He has or hath n loved They have ii loved I

n be

or wilt

I

ing

Ye did n love You did »j love They did n love

We

loving

He was n

Present Tense.

We

\

n love n love C did n love I did » love Definite.

was

?i

loving

I shall

Ye love rf* You love ti They love n

did

He I

They may

This Mode is formed by prelixing any sign of condition, hypothesis or contingency, to the indie ative mode in its various tenses.

am

f

Thou wast 7) loving You was ri loving

been

been

If I

n

You

|

You may or can n have

have

been

He may

(

been

You may or can

Wc

lovest love n

shall or will

You shall 71 love They shall n love

(

Definite. be lov-

loving

—

—

( 'i'hou didst

been

TThou mayest )

j

I

We may or

been

— —

love love

71

n

loving iThou He shall or

Past Tense, indefinite. I loved )i We loved 7i ( Tliou lovedst n ( Ye loved n \ You loved J^ ( You loved n He loved M They loved n With the auxiliary did.

would. I

(

I

We

or can n be the perfect

also.

I

shall n love Ye will ;i love You will 71 love They will ;i love

C

ing

We

can n be ye may or can n be You may' or can n be

V ou may or can n be He may or can n be They may Must is used in this tense, and in "^

I

were

lovcth or loves n With the auxiliary do. do n love I do )! love ( Thou dost n love ( Ye do n love ( You do n love ( You do )! love He dotli or docs n love They do n love Definite. I am n arera loving loving Thou art 7i loving C Ye are n loving You are » loving \ You are n loving He is n loving They are n loving

We may or ,

I

You

He

them n be. Potential Mode.

I

"if

as in the indica-

Compound. Having loved. Mode. Present Tense, indefinite.

Indicative I love n

be, let

Entreaty

;

shall

shall

shalt

same

—

have been

;

7iot

He

Participle of the Present Tense. Loving. Of the Perfect. Loved.

Imperative .Mode. Be n ; be thou 7i ; do 7i thou be, or' do n be be ye n do n you be, or do you « be, or do ;i be. Let me n be, let him n be, let us n

Command

You were They were

am

You

(

Ye were

(

—

7!

[

have

shall or willn

been

(_

or

shall

were

(

The Conj\igation of a Regular Verb. Infinitive Mode, Present Tense. To love. To have loved. Perfect Tense.

« have

have been

have been

Thou wilt n love You will 71 love

He will 71 love that is, the verb without the sign of, The form of promising, commanding and deterhe be, for if he shall be. is the form of expressing supposi- mining. I will 71 love and may be called the ^Ve will 71 love C Thou shall II love C Ye shall 77 love Hypothetical Tense.

Thou wert You was or were

i

(

shall or will

We

following

If

been

have been

J

Ye

Future Tense, indefinite. The form of predicting.

tion or hypothesis,

We shall n have been

have been

Theyhad7ibecnlov-

n love

shall

I

They be

" If I were," supposes I C Ye shall or will »! be not," supposes I am. sh.nll or will n be ( You The other tenses are the shall or will ii be They shall or will n be mode. tive Prior-future Tense.

or wilt ("Thou shall

ing ou had K been lov-

been loving

7i

be

more properly the form of the condi-

Thou shall or wiltn be You shall or will n be

He

had

ing

We

Ye be You be

C

be

this is

Ye had n been You hadn been They had n been shall or will

He

lov-

n been lov-

1" ing

;

Thou be You be

have been

Future Tense. ^

(

been

71

had

e

Thou hadst n been loving You had n been loving

i

:

i

Ye have been You have n been

<

We had

had n been loving

I

tenses express uncertainty or they admit exists or existed following form is used for the like

fact

The

purposes If I be

I ha
Thou hadstn been You haiUi been He had n been

(

foregoing

the fact.

hath or has n been They have n been Prior-past Tense. ^Vc had n been )! been

He

were

Ye were You were They were

(

He was

whether a

were n Ye were n You were n They were n

Perfect Tense.

have n been

I

Thou hast « been You have ;i been

<

Thou wast You was or were

V

We

was n

Definite.

We

If\ was

They hen

isn

beest, in tl-e

I

Past Tense.

very gen-

n

lie

1

5 5

if still

l_

can n be lov--

or can

loving

You may or can n be loving

They may

or can

be loving Past Tense indefinite. I might 77 love We might 77 love C Thou mightest 71 love Ye might 77 love ing

\

You might

He

might

love love

77

71

You might 77 love They might 7t love

71

GRAMMAR OF THE "

when

I say, If it rained, we should be obliged] to seek shelter," it is not understood that I am uncertain of the fact; on the contrary, it is underI might »! he loving might >! he loving stood that I am certain, it does not rain at the time Ye might nhe loving of speaking. Or if I say, " if it did not rain, I C Thou mightest n be lov You might n be lev would take a walk," I convey the idea that it does \ ing This form of our You 71 he loving ( ing [ing rain at the moment of speaking. might He might n be loving They might n be lov tenses in the subjunctive mode has never been thej With could, would and should in the same man- subject of much notice, nor ever received its due

With couUI, would and shovld

in

tliesame man-

ner.

Definite

We

ner.

Perfect Tense, indefinite

—

canst n ( You may can n He may or can n

<

—

Definite I

may

We may

n have

or can

or can

n have

been loving been loving C Thou mayest or canst C Ye may or can n have n have been loving j been loving 1 You or can n You may may or can n have J J ' have been loving been loving f He may or can n have They may or ran n been loving have been loving Prior-past Tense, indefinite.

I We might n have loved might n have loved f Thou mightest »i have C Ye iiiight n have

J J

(

loved

loved

You might n have

You might n have

I

loved

He

loved

I

[loved

They might n have

might nhave loved

Definite,

We might nliave

might n have been loving

been

—

—

loving

Thou mightest n have

Ye might Jihave been loving J been loving You might n have You might n have J ' been loving been loving He might n have been They might n have been loving been loving With could, would and should in the same man ner, in the two last forms. C

explanation and arrangement. For this hypothetical verb is actually a present tense, or at least init definite certainly does not belong to past time. It is further to be remarked, that a negative sentence always implies an affirmative " if it did not On the contrary, rain," implies that it does rain. an affirmative sentence implies a negative " if it did rain," implies that it does not. In the past time, a similar distinction exists ; for "if it rained yesterday," denotes uncertainty in the speaker's mind but "if it had not rained yesterday," implies a certainty, that it did rain. Passive form of the Verb. Indicative Jilode. Present Tense. I am n loved We are 71 loved C Thou art ;i loved C Ye are 71 loved \ You are n loved \ Vou are n loved He is n loved They are n loved Past Tense. I was »i loved We were »j loved C Ye were n loved Thou wast 71 loved J n loved ( Y'ou were n loved ( \'ou was or were He was 71 loved They wei'e u loved Perfect Tense. I have n been loved We liave 71

—

I may or can « C Thou mayest or

i

I

(

Tliou hast

J!

been loved

You have » been

loved

I

He

n been

has or hath loved

Prior-past Tense. I

though, unless, &c. prefixed to its tenses, without any variation from the foregoing inflections. This may, for distinction, be called the Conditional Potential. if,

—

I

been loved

With

love.

this

— (/ thou

love,

which

single variation,

I

if he

deem

contrary to the principles of our language, the subjunctive mode differs not in the least from the indicative, and to form it the learner has only to prefix a sign of condition, as if, though, unless, &c. 10 the indicative, in its several tenses. With this exception, however, that in the future tense, the Thus auxiliary may he and often is suppressed. instead of shall or will love If I shall or will love Thou shaltor will love 5 Ye shall or will love 5 You shall or will love I You shall or will love I He shall or will love They shall or will love

We

Authors write. If, Sfc. I ^

We

love

Thou love You love

<

Ye

love love

You love They love This form is properly used, when shall or will may precede the verb, and when the verb is preceded by a command or admonition as, " See that \

He

\

love

;

none render

e\ii for evil to

any man."

1 Thess. V. 1.5. In the subjunctive mode, there is a peculiarity in the tenses which .should be noticed. When I it it is understood that I am uncerrains, say, if tain of the fact, at the time of But speaking.

Vou

They had n been loved

Future Tense. shall or will

»i

be loved

We

shall or will )!be

loved

Ye

shall or will

n be

loved

You

'1

the second and third persons

71 been loved loved had?? been loved

Ve had n been

(

He had n I

Subjunctive Mode. Present Tense. If, though, unless, whethn; suppose, admit, fyc. I love n Wc love 7i Thou lovest « ( Ye love n You love n ( You love n He lovethorlovesfi They love » Some authors omit the personal terminations in

We had

had n been loved

The potential mode becomes conditional by means of the modifiers,

shall or

will

?i

be loved shall or will

They

?!

be loved Prior-future Tense,

have

been

We shall

?i

have been

loved

Ye

shall

or will

?i

have been loved

You

shall or

will

n

have been loved

They

or will been loved

.shall

have

?i

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. be

If, S(C. I (

We

loveil

11

Thou be n loved You be 71 loved

\

He

{ (

be n loved

be n loved Ye be n loved You be n loved They be n loved

Have

An exhibition of the verb in the interrogative form, with the sign of the negative. Present Tense, indefinite. Indicative Mode.

—

Love In?

n

t Lovest thou \

Love you n

?

S

?

\

Love we n 7 Love ye n ? Love you n ? Love they n ?

The

fol-

J ^

I 7J

loving ? Art thou n loving Are you n loving Is he n loving

(

? .'

(

.'

Pa.st

we

loving ? ye n loving ? you n loving ? n they loving

I

n love

7i

?

Was

71

Tense, indefinite.

?

loving

.'

were you

or

^

? ;

;»

Were Were

loving

Was he n

Were we n loving Were ye n loving

loving.'

yoti

n

loving

n

Have we n been

lov-

<

lov-

loving

ing

<

?

\

lov-

Had Had Had Had

have loved ? Shall or will you have loved ? Shall or will he have loved ?

7

?

\ ' "

we n

loved

?

ye n loved ? you n loved ? they n loved

The

Had we n been loving 'Hadst thou n been < Had ye Ji been loving? ' Had you n been loving? J loving? Had you n been loving? Had they n been lovJ Had he n been loving ing? Had

?

they n loving?

I

n been loving

loving

?

Shall I nhave loved ? Shalt or wilt thou n

'

n been Have they n been

?

will

loving

?

ye n be

n be n be

?

Prior-future, indefinite.

'Dg

(

wen be

n be f Shall or

1 loving ? loving ? Shall or will you Shall or will you n be J j f loving ? f loving ? Shall or will they Shall or will he n be

Have yen been loving? Have you n been lov-

?

Definite. ? Shall

loving

?

ing C

n be

I

1

Definite. ?

?

n loving

I

?

lov-

I n loved Hadst thou n loved Had you n loved ? Had he n loved ?

?

?

)

n I

n

Shall we n have loved? Shall or will ye n have loved ? Shall or will you n have loved ? Shall or will they n

have loved

definite form of this tense

JVill, in this tense, is not first

?

is little

used.

elegantly used in the

person.

The interrogative form is not used in the impermode a command and a question being in-

ative

;

?

Future Tense,

.'

Was

(

Shall

C Shalt or wilt thou

Prior-past, indefinite.

.'

C Wast thou

n loved ? Have ye Ji loved ? Have you n loved ? Have they n loved ?

<

loving? [ing ?

been been

'ig or hath he

Had

n

Didst thou

Ji

Has

I

Did we n love ? love ? < Did ye n love ? »i love ? Did you 7» love \ Did you \ Did they Ji love Did he n love ? The oilier tbrni of this tense, loved he ? is selDefinite. dom used.

Did

<

n been

Hast thou Have you

!

I

Are Are Are Are

I

loving

Definite.

Am

Perfect Tense, indefinite. Have we n loved?

Definiti!'.

Have '

or loves he n ? used. The foregoing form is but little lowing is the usual mode of asking questions. Do we n love ? Do I n love ? ? ( n love ? Do love n < Dost thou ye Do you n love ? n love ? < I Do you Does or doth he n love ? Do they 7i love ?

Loveth

I

Hast thou n loved ? Have you n loved ? I Has or hath he n loved <

Shall I n love ? r Shalt or wilt thou love ? ) (Shall or will you love ? Shall or will he love ?

;(

compatible.

indefinite.

Shall we n love ? ( Shall or will ye »i love 'Shall or will you love ? [ Shall or love ?

not necessary to exhibit this form of the Let the learner be verb in the potential mode. only instructed that in interrogative sentences, the nominative follows the verb when alone, or the first auxiliary when one or more are used; and the sign of negation not, (and generally never,) immediately follows the nominative. It is

?i

they

IRllEGULAR VERBS. All verbs

deemed

whose

and perfect participle do not end in ed are Infin. of tliese is about one hundred and seventy Cleave, I Cleave, I of the perfect are the .same as Cling hit, hurt, let, put, read, rent, Clothe Wet has Come thrust, sweat, wet. the practice is not respectable. Cost and quit in the past time and participle, but they Crow

'

past tense

iri-egular.

The number

aie of three kinds. 1. Those whose past tense, and participle the present; as, beat, burst, cast, cnxt, cut, rid. set, shed, shred, shut, slit, sjtlil, spread, sometimes tvetted ; heat sometimes het ; but

seven.

They

present;

meet, met ;

Dare Deal Dig

sell, sold.

3. Verbs whose present and past tense and participle are all different ; as, hnoiv, kneiv, knotcn. A few ending w ith ch, ck, x,p. It, ess, though regular, suffer a contraction Do of ed into t ; as, snatcht for snatched, checkt for checked, snapt for snapped, Draw mixt for mised, dwelt for dwelled, past for passed. Others have a digraph Drive

shortened ; as, dream, dreamt ; feel, felt ; mean, meant ; sleep, slept ; deal, Drink Dwell In a few, v is changed into/,- as bereave, bereft ; leave, Itjt. dealt. As some of the past tenses and participles are obsolete or obsolescent, it is Eat

deemed proper

to set

student.

these in separate columns for the information of the Engrave Fall

IRREGULAR VERBS Past

Past tense obs. Part.

obs.

crowed crept cut

durst, dared'

dared

dealt, dealed

dealt, dealed

dug, digged

dug, digged done

did

drew

drawn

drove drank dwelt, dwelled

driven, drove

begun

Bend Bereave Beseech

begun, began bended, bent

bended, bent bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft besought besought

Bid

bid

bid

engraved

fallen

fell

Bind

bound

bound

Bite

bit

bit, bitten

Grave

Bleed

bled

bled

Grind

Blow

blew

blown

Break Breed Bring

broke bred

broke, broken

flung

got gilded, gilt girded, girt

got, gotten

Gird

Give

gave

bounden

Go

went

given gone graved, graven

Gild

graved ground

gat

gilded, gilt girded, girt

ground

bred

Grow Have Hang

brought

brought

Hear

hanged, hung heard

Build Burst

builded, built

built

Hew

hewed

bin-st

burst

Hide

hid

Buy

bought

bought

Hit

hit

hit

Cast

cast

cast

Hold

held

held

Catch Chide Chuse,choose

catched, caught catched, caught chid chid chose chose, chosen

grew

grown

had

had hanged, hung heard

hewed, hewn hid,

hidden

bolden

chidden

When

transitive, this

[drunk drunken,

dwelt, d»-elled [ved engraven, eugra-

bidden

brake

drave

drank eat, eaten

eat, ate

forgot, forgotten forgat forsaken, forsook frozen, froze

borne

Part. obs.

cloven

crew

flown

bore beat

bade

crowed crept cut

fled

Fly Forget Forsake Freeze Get

Bear Beat Begin

obs.

clad

forgot forsook froze

Fling

boat, beaten

cost

fought found

arisen, risen

bare

clothed

come

cost

flung flew

abode

been

arose, rose

awoke, awaked awaked

clothed

came, come

fled

abode

was

wake

clave clove

clung

felt

Arise, rise .4

cleft

fought found

Am

Participle.

Past tense

cleaved

felt

Abide

tense.

Participle.

clung

Feel

Fight Find Flee

Infin.

tense.

cleaved

split cleft

Li^ht and quit have lit Creep are also regular. 2. Verbs whose past time and participle are alike, but different from the Cut as,

Past

stick

verb

is

always regular

;

as,

" he dared him.'

GIRAMMAR OF THE Jnjin.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. the fact with our participles in fil ; the e being suppressed in pronunciation, we have tlie words spiikn, writtn, holdn, in actual practice. than this nasal Notliinjr can be more weak, inefficient and disagreeable sound of the half vowel n ; it is disagreeable in prose, feeble inverse, and Were it possible to banish every sound of this kind in music, intolerable. from the language, the change would be desirable. At any rate, when of these sounds, writers, who value people in general have laid a.side any the beauties of language, should be the last to revive them.

Such

is

Defective Verbs. Verbs which want the past time or participle, are deemed defective. Of we have very few. The auxiliaries moi/, can, will, shall, immt, class. Ought is used in the present and having no participle, belong to this these

—

with the regular inflection of the second person only / past tenses only, he onght, Wc, you, they ought, quoth is wholly obought, thou oughtcst, It has no infleclion, and is used solete, except in poetry and burlesque. the nominative following it, qnoth he. chiefly in the third person, with Wit, to know, is obsolete, except in the intinitive, to introduce an explanation or enumeration of particulars; as, "There are seven persons, fo iei(, H'ot and unst are entirely obsolete. four men and three women."

Adverbs or Modifiers. Adverbs are a secondary part of speech. Their uses are to enlarge, re strain, limit, define, and in short, to modify the sense of other words. Adverbs may be classed according to tiicir several uses. 1. Those which qualify the actions expressed by verbs and participles; Here furnished." as, "a good man lives ^ioit-sd/ ;" "a room is fZcifanWy piously denotes the

manner of

living

;

elegantly denotes the

manner of be-

In this class may be ranked a number of other words, as when, soon, then where, whence, hence, and many others, whose use is to modify verbs. 2. Another class of adverbs are words usually called prepositions, used with verbs to vaiy their signification; for which purpose they generally follow them in construction, as to fall on, give out, bear with, cast up; or as overcome, underlay. (hey are prefixed and become a part of the word, In these uses, these words modify or change the sense of the verb, and when prefixed, are united with the verb in orthography A few modifiers admit the terminations of comparison; as soon, sooner, Most of those which end in ly, may be soonest ; often, oftcncr, oftcnest. compared by more and most, less and least ; as more justly, more excellent ;

by or, the verb and predicate belong to one only. One very common use of or, is to join to a word or sentence, something added by way of explanation or definition. Thus, " No disease of the mind can more fatally disable it from benevolence, than ill-humor or peevishness." Rambler, J\'o. 74. Here peevishness is not intended as a distinct In this case, thing from ill-humor, but as another term for the same idea. or expresses only an alternative of words, and not of signification. As either and or are aflirmative of one or other of the particulars named, " For I am so neither and Jior are negative of all Ihc pariiculars. Thus, persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalilies, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor highth, nor depth, nor any other creature shall be able to separate us from the love of God." Rota. Here neither is in fact a substitute for each of the following viii. 38, .39. not particulars, all of which it denies to be able to ctfect a certain purpose either of these which follow shall separate us from the love of God. It is laid down as a rule in our gi'ammars, that nor must always answer to neither; but this is a great mistake, for the negation o{ neither, not either, extends to every one of the following alternatives. But nor is more generally used, and in many cases, as in the passage just recited, is far the most

[thus joined

—

eiiiphatical.

iut is used for two Saxon words, originally by mistake, hut now by esbet or bote, the radical of our modern words better, boot, and denoting st(/^cie;!cj/, compensation, mure, further, or something addiand baton or butan, equivalent to without tional, by way of amendment tablished custom

;

;

or except.

In the former sense, we have the word in this sentence *' John resides York, but Thomas resides at Bristol." The primitive sense here is, John resides at York It does moi'e, add or supply, Thomas resides at Bristol. not signify opposition, as is usually sujiposed, but some addition to the sense ;

at

ingfurnished.

ly

as connectives. Their use is to express an altarnative, and I shall call thcnj " alternatives. Thus, Either John or Henry will b;; at the Exchange," is an alternative sentence ; the verb or predicate belonging to one or the other, but not to both ; and whatever may be the number of names or proposition*

less honestly, least

criminally.

Prepositions. serve Prepositions, so called from their being /)«f before other words, connect words and show the relation between them, or to show the Thus a man of benevolence, denotes a man who pos condition of things. Christ was crucified between two thieves. Receive sesses benevolence. to

the book/ro?» John and give it to Thomas. The prepositions most common, are to, for, by, of, in, into, on, upon
We

;

of

what goes

before.

In the latter sense, or that of butan, it is used in this passage, " He hatli not grieved me, but in part." 2 Cor. ii. 5. That is, " He haSi not grieved me, except in part." The first assertion is a complete negation the word " but, (butan,) introduces an exception. Nothing, but true religion, can Here also is a complete negation, with a saving give us peace in death." introduced by but. Nothing, except true religion. These were the only primitive uses of Jut, until by means of a mistake, a third sense was added, which is that of oii/^y. Not knowing the origin and true meaning of but, authors omitted the negation in certain phrases where it was essential to a true construction ; as in the following passages, " Our 2 Cor. iv. '• If they light aflliction, which is but for a moment." kill us, we shall 6uf die." 2 Kings, vii. The but, in these passages, is baton, be out, except ; and according to the true original sense, not should precede, to give the sentence a negative " Our " turn. shall light affliction is not, but (except) for a moment." As they now stand, they would in strictness signify. Our not, bid die." can except die, which would not light affliction is except for a moment be sense. To correct the sense, and repair the breach made in the true English idiom, by this mistake, we must give but a new sense, equivalent to only. Thus we are obliged to patch and mend, to prevent the mischiefs of innovation. The liistory of this word but should be, as Johnson expresses the idea, " a guide to reformers, and a terror to innovators." The first blunder or innovation blended two words of distinct meanings into one, in orthography and pronunciation. Then the sense and etymology being obscured, authors proceeded to a further change, and suppressed the negation, which was essential to the buton. have now therefore one word w itli three diflTerent and unallied meanings and to these may be reduced the whole of Johnson's eighteen detinitions of 6»i. Let us however trace the mischief of this change a little further. As the word but is now used, a sentence may have the same meaning with or with" he hath not out the negation. For example grieved me, but in part," and " he hath grieved me, but in part," have, according to our present use Or compare different passages of of but, precisely the same meaning. scripture, as they now stand in our bibles. He hath not grieved me, but in part. Our light affliction is but lor a moment. ;

We

— We

We

Connectives or Conjunctions.

Connectives are words which unite words and sentences in construction, joining t^vo or more simple sentences into one compound one, and eontinu ing the sentence at the pleasure of the writer or speaker. They also begin sentences after a full period, manifesting some relation between sentences in the general tenor of discourse The connectives of most general use, are and, or, either, nor, neither, To which may be added because. hut, than. And is supposed to denote an addition ; as, " The book is worth four shil That is, it is worth four shillings, add sixpence, or lings and sixpence." with sixpence added. " John resides at York, and Thomas, at BosThis however is not all ; for the innovation being directed neither by ton." That is, John resides at York, add, [add this which follows,] Thomas resides at Boston. From the great use of this connective in join- knowledge nor judgment, is not extended to all cases, and in a large proof phrases to which but belongs, it is used in its original sense with of which the same is words atiirmed or thing predicated, it may be just- iporlion ing " There is none !a preceding negation, especially with nothing and none. of eminence ly called the copulative by w^ay but one, that is God." Matt. xix. 17. This is correct— there is none Thedistingmshing use "of the co'nne'cTive is to save the repetition ofllgood, ' He saw a fig-tree in the way, and found words ; for this sentence, John. Thomas and Peter reside at York," con-! good, except one, that is God. *' This is also correct .Matt. xxi. 19. tliereon but leaves only." Thomas resides nothing tains three simple sentences ; ''John resides at York," " It amounts " he found •* nothing, except leaves ;" the otily is redundant. at York," Peter resides at York ;" which are all combined into one, to no more but this." Locke, Und. b. 1. 2. This is a correct EngUsh with a single verb and predicate, by means of the copulative. " it amounts to no more, excci^t this;" but it is nearly obwlete. or have been already explained under the head of substitutes,', Phrase; Either Hence the propriety of these phrases. "They could not, but be known for in strictness they are the representatives of sentences or words; but as or has totally lost that character, both these words will be here considered |before." Locke, 1. 2. " The reader may be, nay cannot choose but be ;

:

New

New

—

—

mA

Vol.

I.

J.

—

GRAMMAR OF THE 4. Verbs formed from nouns and adjectives by the termination ize ; a= understanding of it." Lncke, 3. 9. Here but is used inl its true ronse. They could not, except this, be known before. That is, thei method, methodize ; system, systemize moral, moralize. When the primcontraiy was not po.ssible. The other phrase is frequently found in Shaks-I iiive ends with a vowel, the consonant t is prefixed to the termination ; as peare and other old writers, but is now obsolete. They cannot choose but,] stigma, stigmatize. that is, they have no choice, power or alteruative, cixcpt to be very fal-I 5. Verbs formed from nouns and adjectives by the addition of en or n ; lible. ;is lengthen, widen, from length, wide. But is called in our grammars, a disjunctive conjunctton, connecfingi 6. Verbs formed byfy; as brutify, stratify, from brute, stratum. To illustrate the use ofj 7. Nouns foi-med from adjectives by 7icss : as goodness, from sentences, but expressing opposition in the sense. good ; grathis ex-l ciousness, from gracious. this word which Joms and difjoins at the same time, Lowlh ^ivcs " You and I rode to Here the! 8. Nouns formed by dom and ric, denoting jurisdiction; as kingdom, London, but Peter staid at home. ample; Bishop supposed the but (o express an opposition in the sense. But let but\ bishopiic, from king and bishop, i'o/n and ric, are nouns denoting jurisdicbe omitted, and wdiat diflerence will the omission make in the sense ? "You! tion or territory. and I rode to London, Peter staid at home." Is the opposition in the sense 9. Nouns formed by houd and ship, denoting state or condition ; as manles-:; clearly marked than when the conjunc'ion is used ? By no means. hood, lordship, from man, lord. And the truth is, that (he opposition in the sense, when there is any, is never 10. Nouns ending in ment and age, from the French, denoting state or expressed by the connective at all, but always by the following sentence or act ; as commandment, parentage, from command, parent. " 11. Nouns in er,oraud ec, used bj' way ofopposiiion, the former They have mouths, but Ihey speak not; eyes have they,6ut see phrase. denoting not." Psalm cxv. 5. I.ct but be ondttcd. " They have mouths, they speak the agent, the latter the receiver or person to whom an act is performed ; as not ; eyes have they, they see not." The omission of the connectives makes assignor, assignee; indorser, indorsee. not the smallest alteialion in the sense, so far as opposition or difference of 12. Adjectives formed from nouns by the addition of y ; as healthy, from idea in the members of the sentence is concerned. Indeed the Bishop is [health ; pithy, fiom pith or ly added to the noun; as stately, from statemost unfortunate in the example selected to illustrate his rule ; for the cop- \Ly is a contraction o( like. ulative and may be used for but, without the least alteiation in the sense 13. Adjectives formed from nouns by the addition oSful; as hopeful, from " You and I rode to London, and Peter staid at liome." In this sentence hope. which proves the opposition is as completely expressed as if bat was used 14. Adjectives formed from nouns or verbs by ible or able; as payable, that the opposition in the sense has no dependence on the coimective. from creditable, from credit ; compressible, from compress. Able de" Man notes pay Nor is it true that an in the sense always follows but. or

very

fallible in the

;

'

—

:

—

;

;

oppo-ition capacity. power 15. Adjectives formed from nouns or adjectives by i^A; as whitish, from by bread alone, but by every word which pioceedeth out ofj Here the last clause expresses no oppo- white blackish, from black waggish, f -om wag. the mouth of God." Matt. iv. 4. for sense o{ used an fact. The true but when bvit additional 16. sition, merely Adjectives formed from nouns by less, noting destitution as fatherless, from lather. bote, is supply, more, furtlier, something additional, to complete the sense In 17. Afljectives formed from nouns by ous; as famous, from fame it may be in opposilion to what has preceded or in continuation only. grais appropriately used before a clause of a cious, fiom grace. general, however, the word but 18. Adjectives formed by adding some to nouns; as delightsome, froi:; sentence, intended to introduce a new anil somewhat difte'rent idea, by way shall not live

;

;

;

;

;

This use is very naturally
—

;

;

phuric, from sulphur. 24. Nouns formed by ate, to denote the union of substances in salts ; as carbonate, in the chimical nomenclature, denotes carbonic acid combined with another body. 25. Nouns ending in ite, from other nouns, and denoting salts formed by the union of acids with other bodies; as sidphite, fiom sulphur. 26. Nouns ending in ret, formed from other nouns, and denoting a substance combined with an alkaline, earthy or metallic liase ; as sulphuret, carburet, from sulphur and carbon. 27. Nouns formed from other nouns by adding cy ; as ensigncy, captaincy, from ensign, captain. Words are also formed by prefixing certain syllables and words, some of them significant by tliomselves, others never used but in composition; as re, pre, con, mis, sub, super; and great immbers are ibrmed by the uiuon

Exclamations. Exclamations are soimds uttered to express passions and emotions usutho-e which arc violent or sudden. They are called interjections, words throivn in between the parts of a sentence. But this is not always the fact, and the name is insignificant. The more appropriate name is, exclamations ; as they are mere irregular sounds, uttered as passion dictates ;

ally

and not subject lo rules. A few of these sounds however become the customary modes of expressing particular passions and feelings in every nation. Thus in English, joy,' surpiise and grief are expressed by oh, uttered with a diiferent tone and, countenance. Jllas expresses grief or great sorrow pi.*ih, ]ishau\ express contempt. Sometimes verbs, names, and attributes are uttered by way of exclamation in a detached manner as, Hail! Welcome.' Bless me! Gra-; cious heavens of two words; as bed-room, ink-stand, pen-knife. In (wo or three instances, exclamations are followed by names and substitutes in the nominative and objective; as, O Mok, in the nominative; Syntax. ah 7ne. in the objective. Sometimes that follows O, expressing a wish But in such eases, we may consider that the Lord would guide my ways." of sentences. Syntax teaches the rules to be observed in the construction wish or some other verb to be understood. A sentence is a number of words arranged in due order, and forming a a sentence complete affirmation or pioposition. In philowphical language,

—

;

!

I

;

"O

Derivation. Thus, consists of a subject and a predicate, connected by an aifirmation. " God is of God, omnipotent," a complete propo lition or sentence, composed the wonis in a language, the number of radithe predicate or thing affirmed, cormected by the words is small. Most words are formed from others by addition of cer-' the subject, omnipotent, verb is, which forms the affirmation. tain words or syllables, which were originally distinct words, but which " The predicate is often included in the verb as, the sun shines." have lost their distinct character, and are now used only in combination! A simple sentence then contains one subject and one personal verb, that with other words. Thus cr in lover, is a contraction oiircr, a Saxon word' the noun and the I'crb ; and without these, no proposition can be formed. denoting man, [the Latin I'ir ;] ness denotes state or condition ly is an ab- lis, or more of two consists A compound sentence simple sentences, joined by breviation of like or liche ; fy is homfacio, to make, &c. The divisions of a compound sentence may be called inemMost of the English derivatives fall under the following heads (connectives. 1. Nouns formed from noun=, or more generally from verbs, by the addi-| jbers or clauses. Sentences are declaratory, as, I am wriUng, the wind b}oni— imperative, tion of r, er or or, denoting an agent; as lover, hater, assignor, flatterer, ? who art thou ?— or from love, hate, assign. Hatter. In a few instances, words thus formed are as, go, retire, be quiet— !H(f/)-o^a(tDe, as, where am I as glazier, from glass; courtier, from court; parishioner, from; iconditional, as, if he should arrive. less regular The rules for the due construction of sentences fall under three heads parish. TAiri/, arrangement or concord Second, to as from government— 2. Nouns converted into verbs by tlie prefix water, cloud, to, \First, ; agreement— and punctuation. water, to cloud. In agreement, the name or noun is tlie controlling word, as it carries with 3. Adjectives converted into verbs in the same manner; as to lame, to In government, the verb is lit the verb, the substitute and the attribute. ool, to warm, from lame, cool, warm.

However numerous may be

cal

;

;

:

—

I

;

:

;

I

I

I

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. —

Note 8. We sometimes see a nominative introduciog a sentence, the sense suddenly intonuptcd, and the nominalive left without its intended verb; as, "The name of a procession; what a great mixture of independent ideas of persons, habit.*', tapers, orders, motions, sounds, does it conA'rrecmcnt or Concord. This form of expression is often very striking in tain," Si.c. Locke, 3. 5. 13. Rule I.- -A verb must agree with its nominative in number and person [animated discourse. The first words being the subject of the discourse and invite attention; and the Examples. llirnpoiiant, are made to usher in the sentence, to " i. 9-: Heb. in the fervor of animation, quitting the trammels of a loved niiivd of the speaker, Thou hast In solemn style. righteousness. " Thou shall not steal." Commn/!(/men<. fo,.,„ai arrangement, rushes forward to a description of the thing mentioned. 1 Co»". vii. "Jlrt thou called, being a servant ?" 21.j|jnj presents the more striking ideas in the form of exclamation. 1 Cor. vi. \ name, a nominative case, or a sentence, joined with a par Rule II. .\ But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified." llji IJ] I ivrite; John reads; JVcwton was the 0rst "'' ticiple of the present tense, may sl.mri in construction without a verb, form In familiar language " Jesus had or clause independent ; as, conveyed astronomers. ing the case absolute, i Note 1.— The noniin.itive to a verb is "found by young learners, by askmg himself away, a multitude beinx in that place." John v. 13. Here mulEumcucs, a young man of great titude, the noun, joined with being, stands without a verb. who or what does what is affirmed. with harassed His father the his father. or or from heat sweet, object be liglit, yellow abilities, inherited a large estate By memory we conceive with a multiplicity of business, recoinmendcd ing removed." Locke, 2. 10. competitions, and perplexed " I the quiet of a private station." Let the question be asked, who inherited have, notwithstanding this discouragement, attempted a dictionary the of the Johnson's Preface. a large estate ? The answer is Eumeiies, which i.s the nominative to English language." " Whatever substance His neverb inhtriliil. Who recommended the quiet of a private station begins to exist, it must, during its existence, to the verb recommended. Locke, 2. 27. 28. cessarily be the same." father, which is therefore the nominative Note 2.— Let the following rules be observed respecting the position of " The penalty shall be fine and imprisonment, any law or custom to the the nomin.ative. contrary notwithstanding." as The latter phraseology is peculiar to the technical law style. In no other I. The nominative tisually precedes the verb in declaratory i)lirases; " God created the world ;" " the law is a rule of right." But the nomina. case, does notwithstanding follow the sentence. But this position makes " as, Liberty no difl'erence in the true construction, which is, "any law or custom to the tive may be separated from its verb, by a member of a pei iod can only be found inademocra-, contrary not opposing" the real clause independent. say the fanatic favorers of popular power, Jltiarcharsis, ch. 62. It is very common, when this participle agrees with a number of words, cy_" II. The nominative often follows an intransitive verb, for such a verb ora wbole'elause, to omit the whole except the participle; and in this use can have no object after it, and that position of the nominative creates no of notwithstanding, we have a striking proof of the v.alue of abbreviations " Gradual sinks " .\ hove it stood the /s. vi. For example " Moses said, let no man leave of it till the in language. Seraphim." ambiguity; thus, not unto Moses." Jix. xvi. the breeze." Thomson. morning. JVotwithstanding, they hearkened Here notwithstanding stands without the clause to which it beIII. When the verb is preceded by here, there, hence, thence, then, thus, 19. 20. the same, herein, therein, vhtrein, and perhaps longs; to complete the sense in words, it would be necessary to repeat the yet, so, nor, neither, such, " Moses the verb, especially ie said, let no man whole preceding clause or the substance of it by some other words, Ibe nominative may follow sent from God ;" leave of it until the morning. jYotioithstanding this command of Moses , as, "here are five men;" "there was a man " then came the"hcncCj " thence heararise wars ;" scribes] or notwitkslanding Moses said that which has been recited, they proceed our vicious "habits ;" Yet required not I bread of the kened not unto Moses." and Pharisees ;" " thus saitb the Lord." " So O Lord." Psalm " Folly meets \^ ith success in this world ; but it is ti'ue, notwithstanding. panteth my soul after thee, governor." J\'eh. v. 18. "Such is. John This that it labors under disadvantages." Porteus, Lecture 13. "Neither hath this man sinned nor his parents." xlii. passage at " Herein consists the excel-l " were the facts;" " the same was the fact." Folly meets with success in the world ; but it is length would read thus BlacUstone's Comm. b. 1. true, notwithstanding folly meets with success in the world, that it labors IcDcy of the English government." IV. When anemphatical attribute introduces a sentence, the nominative under disadvantages." By supplying what is really omitted, yet perfectly " and well understood, we learn the true construction; so that notwithstanding may follow the verb ; as, Great is the Lord, glorious are his works, is a participle always agreeing with a word or clause, expressed or underhappy is the man who has an interest in his favor." V. In certain phrases, which are conditional or hypothetical, the sign of^ stood, and forming the independent clause, and by a customary elhp^is, it after the nominative and the auxilia-||gtands alone in the place of that clause. the condition may be omitted, placed " " Did he but know Had I know Such is its general use in the translation of the Scriptures. In the folmy anxiety," for if he did but ry ; as, " known the fact," for if I had known " Would they consent," for if they lowing p
ence

but names and jirepojitions hove their share of ioflu

I

also.

I

I

—

i

;

•

1

—

;

:

—

,•

—

—

—

—

—

;

—

e-HfiessKi—" concerning vapor.' In poetry, the verb in certain phrases is omitted, chiefly such pursue happiness." It is not uncommon to omit the participle of the present tense, when a verbs as express an address or answer; as, "To whom the monarch" that " The son of God, while cloththe of said or perfect tense is employed. is, replied. participle Note 6. When a verb is placed between two nominatives in different ed in flesh, was subject to all the frailties and inconveniences of human nanumbers, it may agree with either, but generally is made to agree with tliejture, sin excepted." Locke, 3. 9. That is, sin being excepted the clause " His tneat was locusts jindependent. first, and this may be considered as preferable ; as, This omission is more frequent when the participle provided is used, than and wild honey." " It [piracy] is the remains of the manners of ancieni " In the one case, Anarch, ch. 3B. in any other case. provided the facts on which it is Greece." Note 7. Veibs follow the connective than, without a nominative ex- founded be suftlciently numerous, the conclusion is said to be morally cer" Not that Here being is omitted, and the whole late los-. tain." Campbell on lihet. 1. in. of our occurs in ; as, thing consequence any pressed " The on which it is founded are 62, lelause in it.dics is independent Let. facts more afflictive than ivas to be expected." Life of C'owper, " He felt himself addicted to with more ardor \sufficiently numerous, that being prosiiled, the conclusion is morally cer-

tion; as,

Note

5.

—

—

—

—

—

—

philosophical speculations, Roman and a senator."

than consisted with the duties of a

jtain."

Murphy's Tacitus,

"All words

that lead the

mind

to

These forms of

expres.sion

seem

to

be

That

\

in

such cases,

is

equivalent

to

given, admitted or sup-

posed.

" In mathematical rea-soning, provided you are ascertained of the reguideas, than are supposed really Locke, 2. 25. lar procedure of the mind, to affirm that the conclusion is false, implies a " more afflictive than contradiction." Jbm. 134. elliptical ; In this phrase, that may I'ollow provided provided that, you are ascerti-hich or those ivhich will

any other

to exist in that thing."

that ifhich was to be expected." ally supply the ellipsis.

4. 57,

Provided,

i

gener-

—

I

'tained, &c., as intiie case o( nolwithstaruling, before

mentioned; that be-

GRAMMAR OF THE —

Is not the distributive effect of either and every, such a* to demand a singu' The lar verb? So in the following: judicial and every other power is accountable to the legislative." Palet), Phil. 6. 8. NoTK 2. Wiien names and substitutes belonging to different persons, are thus joined, the plural substitute must be of the first person in preference to the second and third, and of the second in preference to the third. /, you and he are represented by ive ; you and he, by you. Pope in one of " Either hi, letters makes you or / to be represented by ice or you. you or j ^j.^ ijQj jij JQ^jg ^^.j([j jj^j, Qtij(.r." The sentence is an awkward one, and not to be imitated. Rule VU. When an affirmation or predicate refers to one subject only among a number, which are separately named in the singular number, the subjects are joined by the alternative or, or nor, with a verb, substitute and name in the singular number; as, " Either John or Peter was at the Exbut neither John nor Peter is there to day." change yesterday; Errors. " A circle or square are the same in idea." Locke, 2. 8. '• But whiteness or redness are not in the porphyry." Ibm. " Neither of them [Tillotson and Temple,] arc remarkable for precision." £lair. Substitutes for sentences, whether they represent a single clause, or the Locke, 1. 2. parts of a compound sentence, are always in the singular number; as, "It is covery." That any thing can exist unthout existing in space, is to my mind in true indeed that fnany have neglected opportunities of raising themselves honor and to wealth, and rejected the kindest offers of fortune." Ramcomprehensible." Darwin, Zoon. sect. li. Here the definitive suhstitutePto " It is " Any thing can exist bier, jVo. 58. Here it and that refer to the clauses which follow may be transferred to a place next before the verb true that, many have rejected the kindest offers," &c. without existing in space," that [whole proposition] is incomprehensible. Rule IV. The infinitive mode may be the nominative to a personal Rule VUl. Collective or aggiegate names, comprehending two or verb ; as, *' to see is desiraldo ;" " to 'lie is the inevitable lot of men." Sonie- more individuals under a term in liio singular number, have a verb or sub" to be blind is calamitimes an attribute is joined with the infinitive ; as, stitute to agree with them in the ..iingular or plural ; as, the council is or In this case the attribute has no name expressed to which it refers are unanimous ; the company was or ivere collected ; this people, or these tous." The proposition is abstract, and applicable to any human being, but not ap- people. No precise rule can be given to direct, in every case, which number is to plied to any. Rule V. In some cases the imperative verb is used without a definite be used. Much regard is to be had to usage, and to the unity or plurality nominative ; as, " I will not take any thing that is thine— sauc only that of idea. In general, modern practice inchnes to the use of the plural verb Gen. xiv. 23. 24. and substitute; as may he seen in the daily use of clergy, nobility, court, which the young men have eaten." " Israel burned none, save Hazor Josh. xi. 13. council, commonalty, audience, enemy and the like. only." " I would that all were such as I am, "The clergy began to withdraw themselves from the temporal courts." except these bonds, .ficts xxvi. 29. " Our ideas are movements of the nerves of sense, as of the Blackstone's Comni. Introduction. optio nerve in " Let us take a view of the recollecting visible ideas, suppose of a triangular piece of ivory. principal incidents, attending the nobility, exDarwin. Zoon. sect. 39. clusive of their capacity as hereditary counselors of the crown." This use of certain verbs in the imperative is very frequent, and there is a Blackstone's Comm. 1. 12. " The Ibm. peculiar felicity in being thus able to use a verb in its true sense and with commonalty are divided into several degrees." for the verb is thus left its proper object, without specifying a nominative "The enemy were driven from their works." or I may sa\'e or except, or you third to the second first, person. applicable Portuguese Msia. .Mickle. ](>3. these we shall If we examine or we sentences, "The chorus resistance at his first the chorus may suppose. may except, /)re/)a>e approach smgs be convinced of the propriety of the idiom; for the ideas require no appli- of the battle the chorus entertains the stage." Johnson's Life of JUilton. " The carion to any person whatever. nobility are the pillars to support the throne." Rule VI. When the .same thing is affirmed or predicated of two or Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. more subjects, in the singular number, the nominatives are joined by the Party and army, in customary language, are joined with a verb in the Constitution cannot be plural. Church may be singucopulative and, with a verb agreeing with them in the plural number; as,] singular number. " John and Thomas and Peter reside at Oxford." In this sentence, rm-| lar or plural. JUankind is almost always plural. dence at Oxford is a predicate common to three persons ; and instead of The most common and palpable mistakes in the application of this rule, octhree affirmations John resides at Oxford, Thomas resides at Oxibrd, Peter cur in the use of sort and kind, with a plural attribute these sort, those resides at Oxfoid, the three names are joined by and, and one verb in the kind. This fault infects the works of our best writers; but these words are plural applied to the whole number. strictly singular, and ought so to be used. " Reason and truth constitute intellectual When a collective name is preceded by a definitive which clearly limits gold, which defies destrucJohnson. " Why aie whiteness unA coldness snow?" Locke. the sense of the word to an aggregate with an idea of unity, it requires a verb tion." "Your /o( and minf, in this respect, have been very different." Cowp. and substitute to agree witii it in the singular number; as, a company of Lei. 38. t rt fA/s people i.< become troop of cavalry i/'os raised troops teas detache(l Note 1. The rule for the use of a plural verb with two or more names a great nation ; that assembly was numerous ; " a government established in the singular number, connected by and, is laid down by critics with tool by that people." Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. and On much positiveness Yet our language seems to be averse to the use of if, as the substitute for universality. original principles, all the names, " How except the first, are in the objecMve case for it is probable that and contains names, even thus limited by a, this or that. long will this people " John and Thomas and Peter reside at in it the verb add. York," on prim- provoke me, and how long will it be ere they will believe me for all the itive principles must be thus resolved "John, add Thomas, add Petei- re-i signs that I have shewed among them ?" ,\'um. xiv. 11. " Liberty should But without resorting to first principles, which arc now lost each every individual of a people ; as they all share one common nature." side at York." or obscured, the use of the singular verb may be justified by considering the; Spectator, JVo. 287. In these passages, it in the place of they, would not be verb to be understood after each name, and that which is expressed, agree- i-elished by an English ear nor is it ever used in similar cases.* " Nor were the ing only with the last as, young fellows so wholly lost to a] Rule IX. When the nominative consists of several words, and tlie last sense of right, as pride and conceit has since made them affect to be." Ram-i of the names is in the plural number, the verb is commonly in the plural That is, as pride has and as conceit has. " Their safety and bier, JVo. 97. "The number of also; as, "Apart of the exports consist of raw silk." w^elfare is most concerned." Spectator, JVo. 121. In our best authors the "Of which seeming oysters increase." Golds. Anim. JVat. vol. 4, ch. 3. singular verb is fiequent in such sentences.} we have no other measure, but such as the train of our ideas equality " Tlie What will the hypercritic say to this sentence, " Either sex and every age have '2. 14.21. in our memories." Locke, greater part of lodged j/'os engaged in the pursuits of industry." Cribbon, Rom. Emp. ch. 10. philosophers have acknowledged the excellence of this government." Anarch, vol. 5. 2T2. Rule X. Pronouns or substitutes must agree with the names they rep^ Provided that, says Johnson, is an adverbial expression, and we some resent, in number, gender and person ; as, times fee provided numbered among the conjunctions, as its correspondent word is in French. What strange work has been made with (irunmar!

the following sentence that which ing a definitive substitute, pointing to follows being pforrdrd* It is not t:n'07nmcn for authors to carry the practice of Abridging discourse An instance freso far as to obscure the common regular construction. the nominative and the participle in quently occurs in the onii-^sion both of " Conscious of his own weight and\ For example the case independent. be directed by nothins; but the •importance, hir. conduct in pai liauient would is no noun expressedi Here of a peer." .hmius. Let. 19. constitutional duty " \Ve are therefore to supply the necesto which conscious can be referred. " He being conscious" forming! sary words, to complete the construction the clause independent. Rule Hi. A sentence, a number of woids, or a clause of a sentence may be the nominative to a verb, in which case the verb is always in the third person of the singular number; as, "Jill thai is in a man's power in this case, is, oidy to observe what the ideas are which take their turns in Here the whole clause in italics is the the understanding." Locke 2. 14. nominative to is. " To attack vices in the abstract, imthout totiching persons, may be safe Pope, Let. 48. fighting indeed, but it is fighting with shadows." •' I deny that men's coming to the use of reaso>i, is the time of their dis-

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.

.

—

—

—

—

—

'

—

—

—

—

—

;

—

—

—

—

—

m

'

—

;

;

;

—

]

1

;

—

;

—

* example an evidence that mine is in the possessive case The Romans used a greater laUtude in joining plurals with collective " also a very common practice with the best Greek and Roman names, than we can. Magna j^ars in villis repleti cibo vinoque." Liv. 2. J\Iens enim, et ratio, et consilium, in senibps esf. Cicero, de 26. Here is an attribute plural of the masculine gender, agreeing with a, " Scd etiam ipsius terra vis ac natura delected. Senec. ca. V). Ibm. 15 noun in the singular, of the feminine gender. t

Is this last

i

This was

writers.

I

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 1 Cor. ix. 13. iheiu that do examine me is this." •' Soul. ix. 8. These arc not the children of God." ' Speak to the children of Israel and say to them, when ye come into the A'unih. xv. 18. land whither 1 bring i/ou." "This is the heirVcome, let u5 kill him, and let us seize on his inherit.Matt. xxi. 38. ance." " Ksther put on her royal apparel she obtained favor in his sight then '•

Mine

verb, and the other is governed by the verb or a preposition in the " objective case, or by a noun in the possessive as, Locke, whom there is no reason to suspect of favoring idleness, has advanced." Ramb. 89. Here reason is the nominative to is, and whom is governed by suspect. " Take Geti. xxii. Here are thy only son Isaac, uJhoiu thou lovcst." two substitutes, one the nominative to the verb, and the other governed by it in the objective. " God is the sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to fill us Esth, v.

ttiitiwcr to

king said unto her." river went out of Eden

"A

to

;

'

—

—

tile

to the

water the garden, and

it

The woman ii-kom thou gavest to be with me." •'Ignatius, who was bishop of Antioch, conversed with

—"

was parted Gen. ii. Gen. in.

with awe, to whom bound to obey."

10.

It is not unusual cond, as a second

we owe

all

possible reverence,

whom we

and

are

sec in periods, a third clause introduced within a setirst, each with a distinct substitute for a " Paley, Evid. sect. 3. nominative; as, Those modilications of any simple idea, which, as has been said, I call simple modes, are distinct ideas." •A letter, which is just received, gives us the news." Locke, 2. 13. Involution to be this extent may used with caution, without embarrassing thou who rtilest in the heavens." H'lio and whom arc exclusively the substitutes for persons; whose is of a period ; but beyond this, if ever used, it can hardly fail to occasion obscuIndeed the third member included in a second, must be very short, »11 Renders, and as correctly applied to things as to persons. rity. '• The question whose solution I require." Dryden. or it will perplex the reader. " When " That (brtjidden .Milton. .Substitutes are sometimes made to precede their )irincipals thus, fruit ji'/iose mortal taste." a rnan declares in autunni, when he is eating them, or in (Joldsmith. suns." whose system imagined spring when there " These are the arc none, that he loves grapes ." Locke, 2. 20. But this arrangement is charming agonies of love, awkward and Thomson. seldom allowable. Whose miseries deligh." usually Rule XIII. When there are antecedents in difTcrent persons, to which It, though neutei-, is used as the substitute for infant or child ; the disa nominative substitute I'efers, the substitute and verb following tinction of sex in the lirst period of life being disregarded. may "agree Formerly which was used as a substitute ia: pensons ; as appears "from old with either, though usage may sometimes oH'er a preference as, I am authors, and especially in the vulgar version of the scriptures mighty! the Lord that make "" things; that stretch forth the heavens alone; that men which were of old." But this use of the word is entirely discarded, jspread abroad the earth," &c. Isa. xliv. Here /and Lord are of di(li;rcnt W?i.<:A however represents persons, when a question is asked or discrimina-Hpersons, and (A«( may agree with either. If it agrees with /, the verbs " I am the Lord that make." If that 1 know not which tioi: ;niended ; as, which of the men was it person it was, must be in the first person: agrees IVho is sometimes used as the substitute for thinp;s, but most unwarrant- with Lord in the third person, the verb must be in the third person " I " The countries wno ." JJavenant on Rev. 2. 13. ' Tlie towns am the Lord that makrth." But in all cases, the Ibllowing verbs should all ably. who—." Hume Cnntin. 11. ch. 10. "The faction or party who ." Equally be of the same person. " the birds who ." Rule XIV. The definitive adjectives, thi.': and WiaY, the only attributes faulty is the use of u-ho and tvhom for brutes ; The use of it for a sentence, seems to have given rise to a very vague ap- which are vaiied to express number, must agree in number with the names si, all 1 contrive it to attend to which they refer ; as, this city, that church these cities, those plication of the word in phrases like this: How 12.

the apostles."

to

within the

is

O

:

"A

—

—

—

;

;

—

:

— —

—

;

How

fares iV with you? But such phrases, whatever may have churches. This and tha^ are often used as substitutes for a name in the .singular them, are used chiefly in familiar colloquial language, and are iieeiued inelegant in any other style. number, which is omitted, but the same name in the plural immediately A more justifiable use of it is seen in this sentence: "But it is not this follows after a connective; as in this example, "The mortality produced rtis and other diseases." real e.ssence that distinguishes them into species; iMs men who That is, by this Life of Washington, Z. S. rangejlby them into sorts," &c. Locke, 3. 6. 3().l|disease and other diseases. The sentence may be varied thus, by this disHere it is in the singular, though referring to men in the plural. The eoise and others; but the first form is the most common, and it occasions no cause or origin of this, in otu' language as in others, may perhaps be found obscurity. in the disposition of the mind to combine the particular agents etiiployeil in Other adjectives and participles, used as adjectives, are joined to the performing an act, into a single agent. The unity of the act or effect 'names which they qualify without inflection as, a wise man, wise men an seems to predominate in idea, and control the grammatical construction of amiable child, or amialile children a received truth, or received truths a

conn?

rise to

given

j

;

;

;

the substitute.

Rule XL — In

substitute or relative, who, which or that, employed to introduce anew clause, is the nominative to the verb or verbs belonging to that clause, and to others connected with it; as, " The thirst after curiosities, which often draws contempt." Rambler, J\"o. ivho suffers not his faculties to lie torpid, has a chance of doing 83. good." Ibtn. "They that are after the flesh, do mind the things of the Rom. viii. .5. " Among those who are the most richly eyidowed flesh." by nature, and [are] accomplished by their own industry, how few are there whose virtues are not obscured by the ignorance, piejudice or envy of their beholders." Sped. A'o. 2.53. In a few instances, the substitute for a sentence or a clause, is introduced as the nominative to a verb, before the sentence or clause, which it repre"There was is all that we tr/iicA therefore, sents; as, assert, a course of life pursued by them, different fioin that which they before led." Paley's Evid. ch. I. Here which is the representative of the w hole of the last part of the sentence, and its natural position is after that clause. The substitute what combines in itself the otiices of two substitutes,

compound sentences, asingle

"He

;

Ishining character, or shining characters. Adjectives are often used as substitutes for the names of men and things which they describe by their qualities ^s,few were present the wise are the bravest are not always victorious. respected In this character, adjectives take the plural form, and are qualified by other adjectives as (Ite goods of fortune, two Jinites or infinites, univer" The sals, generals, the chief good, a happy feio. extraordinary great." Burke on the Sublime, 304. " The blue profound." Akenside. W'hen nouns are joined by a copulative, an adjective preceding the first is " From applied to the others without being repeated ; as, great luxury and Enlicentiousness, converted to strict sobriety and frugality of manners." Here great belongs to licentiousness as well as to luxury. Held. Rule XV. Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns to whicli a ici«e An obedient subject; a pious clergjTnan jirince ; they belong as,

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:

;

a

brave soldier.

Exception it

1.

When some

word or words are dependent on an adjective, knowledge requisite for a statesman furniture

noun ; as, for a family.

follows the

convenient

;

which, if expressed, would be the nominatives to two verbs, each in distinct Exception 2. When an adjective becomes a title, or is emphatically ap" Add to as Charles the Great this, ivhat, from its antiquity is but little plied to a noun, it follows it subsequent clauses; as, Henry the First ; Lewis known, has the recommendation of novelty." Hermes, pref. 19. Here the Gross Wisdom incomprehensible. for stands what that, which ; and the two Ibllowing verbs have no other Exception 3. Several adjectives belonging to the same noun, may prenominative. cede or follow the noun to which they belong as a learned, wise and marThis use of what is not very common. But tchat is very frequently used tial prince, or a prince learned, wise and martial. as the representative of two cases one, the objective after a verb or prepoException 4. The verb be often separates the noun from its adjective : sition, and the other, the nominative to a subsequent verb. as, w-ar is expensive gaming is ruinous. Examples " I heard what was said." " He related ichat was seen." Exception 5. An etnphatical adjective is often useil to introduce a sen" We do not so love what has in which case it precedes the notin which it qualifies, and sometimes done us tence, good." constantly Locke. 2. 20. 14. jat a considerable distance as, '-Great is the Lord ;" auspicious will be that " .Agreeable to what was afterwards directed." Black. Com. b. 2. ch. 3. 'event fortunate is that young man who escapes the snares of vice. " Pridcaux, p. 2, 6. 3. Exception 6. The adjective all may be separated from its noun by the. Agreeable to what hath been mentioned." " There is something so overruling in whatever inspires us w iih awe." which never precedes it in constrticiion as, "all the nations of Europe." Burke on the Sublime, 304. In these sentences what incluiles an object ^f>iich and many are separated from nouns by a; as, "such a character is " I have '• after a verb or preposition, and a nominative to the following verb. irare;" many a time." heard thai, which was said." All adjectives are separated from nouns by a. when preceded by so and Rule Xll. When a new clause is introduced into a sentence, with two \as, as "so rich a dress," " as splendid a retinue ;" and they are separated " how or one willi of and a one them is the nominative noun, pronouns, pronoun distinguished on 'by o or the, when preceded by how and however, as ;

;

;

;

1

;

:

;

j

;

;

I

;

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I

GRAMMAR OF THE Hcl of bravery,"

"

how

brilliiint

the

prize,"

" however just

tlie

com-

plaint."

Tlu;

"

word soever may be interposed between t)ie adjective and the noun " liow remote soever it clear soever this idea of

;

In the first of these examples, relatively is used very awkwardly for ag relative, or as relating, or as it relates, or in relation ; (or the word has a direct reference to government.

how

In the second exajuple, independently is used as if it had been intendecl as, may infinity ;" Locke. to modify the verb ei'alt the perceptions are independently exalted. But seem." the manner of e-calting is not the thing described. If is not that the perDouble is separated from its noun by the ; as " double the distance" But a precedes double, as well ceptions are exalted in an independent manner, nor in a manner independent the in such cases, never preceding double.

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but the fact, tliat the perceptions are exalted into a source of exquisite pleasure, is independent of every relation of interest. Equally faulty is the following sentence ^^ to this children are bound to support their parents." law, Agreeably Paley, Phil. Rule XVIII. Adjectives arc used to modify the action of verbs, and to express the qualities of things in connection with the action by which they are produced. Examples " Deut. xv. 8. Open thine hand wide." We observe in this passage, that wide, the attribute of hand, has a connection with the vei'b open ; for it is not " open thy wide hand," but the atclause, tv be blind, Sfc. Pule XVII. Adjectives belong to sentences, or whole propositions. tribute is supposed to be the effect of the act of opening. Nor can the modfor it is not simply the manner of the act which is ifier, tvidely, be used Examples: " but the effect. Agreeable to this,M-e read of nanus being blotted out of God's Hook." intended, '• Let us write slow and e.vact." Guthrie's Quintilian, 2. 375. liurder'.i Oriental Customs, 375. We might perhajts sub-.litute slowly for slow, as describing only the manWhat is agreeable to this ? The answer is found in the whole of tlie last ner of writing but exactly cannot be substituted for exact, for this word is clause of the sentence. " Antiochus to intended to denote the effect of wi iling, in the correctness of what is writDanof him the character by prophetically given verify The adjective expresses the idea with a happy jtrecision and brevity. iel, acted the part of a vile and most detestable person, agreeable to what ten. As this is one of the most common, as well as most beautiful idioms of hath been aforementioned of him." Prideaur,part 2. b. 3. " Her our language, which has hitherto escaped due oi)Scrvation, the following aumajesty signified her pleasure to the admiral, that as soon as he had he should thorities are subjoined to illustrate and justify the rule. left a squadron for Dunkirk, agreeable to what he had proposed, " We could hear which sounded sweetly soft and Burchet's .A'tro. Hist. 439. distinctly the bells proceed with the fleet." " Chandler's Travels, ch. 2. Independent of his person, his nobility, his dignity, his relations and pensive." " A Ibm. vol. 2. 3. Guthrie's Quintilian. southernly wind succeeded blowing/cesA." friends may be urged," &c. " His " No were shoit." made a Burchet's .Vac. Hist. 3.57. mixed modes are that ideas can doubt but these provisions very of grown by body *' When the caloric exists with the w'ater of solution." combined fioiii in the collection ideas mind, ready independent of put together voluntary Trans, ch. 5. 3. 5. Lavoisier, Locke, any original patterns iu nature." " The " purest clay is thai which burns white." Encyc. art. Chimistry. Whereupon God was provoked to anger, and put them in mind how, " Johnson's Diet. Bray, to pound or grind small." contrary to his directions, they had spared the C'anaanites." " When death Beattie's JUinsf. Winston's Joseplnts, b. 5. eh. 2. lays waste thy house." " All which looks " Greece, which had submitted to the arms, in her turn, subdued the uniicry little like the steady hand of nature." Paley, Phil. ch. 5. derstandings of the Romans, and contrary to that which in these cases comfeels smooth; calcarious earths feel dry; lithomarga feels and manners the the the "Magnesia of conquerors adopted opinions monly happens, Enfield, Hist. Phil. 6. 3. 1. very greasy or at least smooth, yet some feels dry and dusty." conquered." " This letter of Kirwan.vol. 1.12. 189. Pope Innocent enjoined the payment of tithes to the par** sons of the respective parishes, where any man inhabited, agreeable to By this substance, crystals and glasses are colored blue." what was afterwards directed by the same Pope in other count lies." Chaptal, Trans. 299. " There is an Bluckstone's Comm. b. 2. ch. 3. apple described in Bradley's work, which is said to have one side of it a sweet fruit, which boils soft, and the other side a sour fruit, "Agreeable io ih\a, we find some of the Angto-Saxoyi ladies were adwhich boils hard." Darwin, Phytol. 105. mitted into their most august assemblies." " Drink Pope. deep or taste not the Pierian spring." Henry, Hist. Brit. b. 2. ch. 7. and b. 4. ch. 1. sect. 4. " Heaven '* Milton, P. L. 7. As all language is composed of significant words variously combined, a opened wide her ever during gates." ** The victory of the ministry cost them dear." Hume, Contin. 11. 9. knowledge of them is necessary, previous to our acquiiing an adequate " And idea of language." Pope. just as short of reason he must fall." Kncyc. art. (Grammar. *' " His Thick and more thick the steely circle grows." Hoole's Tasso. b. S. empire could not be established, previotis to the institution of pret" Ancus marched strait to Fidenae." Hooke, Mom. Hist. 1. 6. Smellie, Phil. J\'al. Hist. 3.39. ty numerous .societies." " The cakes eat short and " Suitable to I'icar of TVaktfield. crisp." this, we find that men, speaking of mixed modes, seldom " A steep ascent of steps which were cut close and deepinto the lock." Locke, 3. .5. 11. imagine. &c. " At? such Hampton's Polybius, 2. 2<;5. original convention of the people tvas ever actually held, an" It makes the tecedent to rtie existence of civil government in that country." Encyc. art. Agriculture. plow go deep or shallow." " The Lusiad, 1. 91. king's ships were getting ready." Paley, PhU. b.6.ch. 3. " After Sped. JVo. 282. Note. Writers and critics, misapprehending the ti-ue construction ofj growing old in attendance." " The sun shineth Bacon. Apoph. these and similar sentences, have supposed the attribute to belong to the watery." " Thomson, Spring. But a little attention to the sense of Soft sighed the flute." verb, denoting the manner of action. " I made him Milton, 3. i)8. such passages will be sufficient to detect the mistake. For instance, in the J«si and right." " He drew not /Jni. 645. nigh unheard." example from Enfield, the attribute contrary cannot qualify the verb adopt" When the vowel of the ed ; for the conquerors did not adopt the opinions of the conquered in a manpreceding syllable is pronounced short." the manner the act is not the ner contrary to what usually happens Murray's Grammar. of " Is not that trim .'" is and rolled smooth. cut close Here grass gravel thing affirmed, nor does it come into consideration. The sense is this, the Boswell, Johnson, 3. fact, that the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the con" Slow tolls the deep mourns the turtle." village clock quered, was contrary to what commonly happens in like cases. The atBeattie's Minstrel. The same explanatribute belongs to the whole sentence or as other adjectives.

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of a relation to interest

Jill and singular or every precede the before the noun in these phrases " All and Ail and sintjular the articles, clauses and conditions" every of articles" phrases of the law style. Rule XVI. Adjectives belong to verbs in the infinitive mode ; as, " to " " to calumniate see is pleasant ;" to ride is more agreeable than to walk ;" is detestaide." Sometimes the adjective belongs to the infinitive in union with another " to be a coward is *' to be blind is unfortunate ;" adjective or a noun as, Here the attribute unfortunate is the attributive of the first disgraceful."

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tlie

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:

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;

;

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;

—

;

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proposition. " If is applicable to every similar sentence. Pope, Let. you would try to live independent." " He In consequence of not attending to this construction, our hypercritics, obliged the Nile to run bloody for your sakes."" Whiston's Josephus, 3. 5. are very apt to distrust popular practice, and substitute their own rules " Correct the heart and all will Leet. 3. Porteus, for customary idioms founded on common sense, have condemned this use go right." The poets sometimes use adjectives in this manner, when modifiers of the attribute and authors, sutfeiing themselves to be led astray by these would express the idea. Sometimes they are induced to it by the measure, rules, often use an adverb in the place of an adjective. " The and not unfrequently by the obvious superiority of the adjective in expresgreater part of philosophers have acknowledged the excellence of this government, which they have considered, some relatively to society, sing the idea with force and precision. and others as it has relation to the general system of nature."

tion

who

;

Anarch, " The perceptions are exalted into

a source

of exquisite

pendently of every particular relation of interest."

eh. 62.

pleasure inde-

*

" Cruentam etiam fluxisse aquam Albanam, quidam auctores erant." lib. 27. 11. Some authors related that the Alban river ran bloody.

Studies ofJVature, 12. Liv.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. When

two qualifying words are wanted,

tJiough applied to a verb

;

as,

"He

tlie latter

may be an

beat time tolerably exact."

GoUhmith, " Tlie

air will

be found diminished

in

Jin.

—

do not a little encourage me." adjective, sons of the best sense is a great deal better ;" a trifle stronger ; the last of

It is

RuLC XXI. —The

what the

adjectives each, every, either and neither, have verbs Laiwi.iier. ch. 3. and substitutes agreeing with them in the sirjgular number as, ' (intdsmith. Each one leus a head of the house of /lis fathers." Josh. xxii. 1-1.

weight exactly equal

to

iron has gained." " Horses are sold extremely dear." " And Thmmon. Spring. greatly independent lived." "This was applying a just principle very ill." I'alltl, Trans. 2. 7. It will be reniaiked that we have no adverbial form of the adjective in (he comparative and superlative degrees, except ibat of mure and most, less

;

' ' * '

^md least, preli.wd. But we use the adjectives with llie regular terminations, in thc
" Spectator, 124.

which expressions

ch. 12. colloquial.

J\/'at.

Gen. iv. 14. Every one t]td,t fimlcth me, shall slay me." And take every mnnhis censer." JVum. xvi. 17. Nadab and Abihu took either of them his censer." Z,ev. x. 1. J\'eithcr of the ways of separation, real or mental, is compatible to pure

Locke, 2. 13. space." Errors. " Let each esteem others better than thentselves." It ought to be hinisetf. " There arc bodies, each of which are so small." iMcke, 2. 8. It ought

Then

the ple.ising fujce Of nature and her kind parental care. Worthier I'd sing." jlkenside. Pleas, oflmag. 1. 323. " So while «'e taste the fragrance of the rose. lim. 2. 77. Glows not her blush the fairer ?" " When we know our what to understrengtii, we shall the better know Locke, 1. (>. take with hopes of success." And he that can invst inform or best understand bim. will certainly be welcomed." J!amt)ler,JVo. 99.

to

he

is.

Note.

—

.\ plural verb, which affirms something of a nundier of particufollowed by a distributive which assigns th(^ affirmation to the " Thus, If metals have, each a peculiar particular objects or individuals. earth." Hence we may consider each as the nominative to has understood " If metals have, if each metal has a peculiar earth." There is no other

lars, is often

—

way of resolving the phrase. This" manner of expression is common, though It has if each metal has," is sufficient. quite useless; as the la.st clause, This phrase, " Let us love one another," !not the merit of an abbreviation. ranch nearer be approaches to his end." " I have dwelt the lis of a similar construction, but it is not easy to find a substitute of equal longer on the discussion of this point." Junius, Let. 17.i;brevit5-. "The next contains a spirited command and should be pronounced much!! Rule XXII. Nouns of measure or dimension stand without a govcrn" a wall seven feet high and two higher." ,Murrai/s Grammar." ing word, followed by an adjective ; as. :feet thick ;" "acarpet six yards wide ;" "a line sixty fathoms long;" "a "Leviathan, which God of all his works " water ten feet Created htigest that swim th' ocean's stream." .Wilton, 1. 201. kingdom five hundred miles square ;" deep." *' " But is a similar phrase. Ibm. 3. 134. An thousand shall shine." first and last army forty strong," mercy brightest • Such Note. Double comparatives and superlatives, most straitest, most higJiopinions aa seemed to approach nearest [loj the trulh." Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 59. ''est, being improper and useless, are not to be vised. The few which were " Her JVorser, a mistake in spelling wyrsa, is obsosmiles, amid the blushes, lovelier show ; formerly used arc obsolete. Amid her smiles, her blushes lovelier glow." Hoole's Tasso. b. 1.5. lete ; but lesser, a mistake for lessa, is still used, as well as its abbreviation. Authors, ndsguided by Latin rules, and conceiving that every word! /fs.?. which is used to qualify a verb, must be an adrerb. have pronovinced manyj The superlative form of certain attributes, which in the positive degree, of the passasres here reeled and similar ones to be incorrect; and in such' contain the utmost degree of the quality, as earfremcsf, chirfest, is improper But authors indulge in a most unwarrantable license of anas arc too well cs'ablishcd to bear censure, they call the adjective an drf-'.and obsolete. Were it not for this influence in early education, which impresses al'nexing comparison to attributes whose negative sense precludes increase or vcrb. notion that all languages must be formed with the like idioms, we shouldj|diminution ; as in these sentences, "These arc more formidable and mor^ never have received an idea that thcsanxe word may not modify a noun, an impassable than the mountains." Goldsmith, Jin. A''at. ch. 2. "This difwas rendered still more insurmountable by the licentious spirit of adjeclivc and a verb. pficulty So far arc the words here used from being adverbs, that they cannot be our young men." .Murphy, Tacit. Oral. 3.i. "The contradictions of imJtTassiUon. Serm. to the Great. changed into adverbs, without impairing the beauty, weakening the force, piety are still niore incomprehensible." Let the sentences be put to then Similar to these are numerous expressions found in good authors more or destroying the meaning of the passages. test Magnesia feels smoothly the calces eat shortly and crisply the ap-i!impossible, more indispensable, less universal, more uncontrollable; and is not only improper, but rather enor not her blush the more in which the of fairly. comparison hardly glows sign pies boil softly Everyj others, English ear rejects Ibis alteration at once ; the sentences become nonsense. feebles the epithet; for the word itself expresMug tlie full extent of the Korean the adjective he separated fioui the verb " Amid her smiles, her idea, ought to bear some emphasis, which, if a qualifying word is prefixed, blushes, being lovelier. glow"^tbis is not the sense ; nor will it answer to, will naturally be transferred to that word.* " Her lovelier blushes In a few instances, this usage seems to be too well established to be alglow" this is not the idea. The sense is, tliat 6ay, the attribute expressed by lovelier, is not only a quality of blushes, but a! tered, and particularly in the use of more and most, less and least perfect. In general, it would indicate more precision of thought to apply a term of quality derived, in a degree, from the aclion of the verb, glow. burns white be seen double rise diminution to the aflirmative attribute less pos.sifr/f. less surmountable, less Thus, clay objects may may high fall low grow strait, or thick, or thin, or fat, or lean one may .speak loud, 'Controllable, rather than a term of increase to a negative attribute, to ^row wiser,' the sun shines c/ert/" the ^^ner a substance is pulverized Note 2. In English, two nouns are frequently united to form a new and similar expressions without number, noun; as earth-worm, drill-plow, itik-stand, book-case. In some cases, to plunge deeper, spread under constitute a well established idiom, as common as it is elegant. these compounds are by custom eflectually blended into one term ; in other Rule XIX Some adjectives are vised to modify the sense of others and cases, they are separated into their component parts by a hyphen. In other of participles ; a.s, a very clear day ; red hot iron a more or mj)st excellent cases, words are united, and the first term forms a sort of occasional adjeccharacter ; moj-e pressing necessity ; i7iost grating sound. " Without com- tive to the second; n^ family-use, or famdy-consumption. " .V closer Note 3. From a disposition to abridge the number of words in discourse, Lavoisier, TVans. ing atiy nearer." Locke grained wood." ** Eull many a gem of purest ray serene." Gray. we find many expressions which are not reducible to any precise rule, " Some deem'd bim wondrous wise." Such are, at first, at last, at best, at Bcaltic's .Minstrel. formed at first by accident or ellipsis. In these expressions the last attribute belongs more immediately to the wor.':t, at most, at least, at farthest, at the utmost. In these expressions noun expressing its quality and the first attribute qualifies the second. there may have been an ellipsis of some noun; but they are well establishthe ^Hmoas ofJUerNot unfrequently two attributes are used to modify a third, or the princi 1, brief and significant, and may be numbered among " The manner in which external force acts upon the body is:icury. pal one; as, N(OTE 4. We have certain adjectives which follow a verb and a noun to Rambler, .Vo. 7S. very little subject to the will." Rule XX. .Adjective; are used to qualify the sense of adverbs ; as, allwhich they belongr, but never precede the noun. Such arc, adry, afeared. city was very bravely defended ; the soldiers were most am nply rewarded a'afraid, alone, alike, aware,akin,aliKe,a.sIeep, awake, alhirst, aloft, aghast, worth ; to which may be added, donation moce beneficially bestowed; a house lc.is elegantly furnished afloat, askew, ashamed, pursuant, plenty, man the least peaceably disponed. amiss, aground, a.ihorc, aside, and a few others which may be used as atWe have a few other words which are often used to modify adjectives as tributes or modifiers. We saj', one in adry. ashamed, alive or awake; but We say, "A proclamation well as verbs as, a little; a great deal ; a trifle. " Many letters fiom per- ne\'er an atlry person, an ashamed child, ^c. But wc can in no case place w;is issued pursuant to advice of council." ^pursuant before a noun. "

How

—

,

—

;

—

—

—

—

—

—

11

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

I

1

—

—

—

;

—

;

—

—

;

;

_^

In remarking upon such phrases as "The vices which enter deeper orl deepest into the soul," Murray says, deeper and deepest, should be more^ "This effect may proceed also from another consideration. If the adjeccideeply, most deeply. Change the atlriinite in the two p;issages I have " fhe' five alone is ted " The vowel of the preceding syllable is pi-onounced shortly" used, its sense precludes the idea of increase or diminution it next should be pronounced much more highly.'" This alteration will put' expresses all that can be expressed. But admit comparison, and it ceases bis lule to the test. to exivress the utmost extent of the quality. **

^

—

—

—

I

GRAMMAR OF THE not only follows the noun wUicli it qualifies, but is followed by ai noun denoting price or value as, a book worth n dollar or a guinea ; it is well ivorth the money. " It is worth obscrvatlaa." Peioe's HerodotusJ Erato. 98. If a substitute is used after woi'th, it must be in the objective case. It is worth them or it. But worthy, the derivative of ivorth, follows the usual construction of adl-J'orth

;

jectives,

and may precede the noun

Rule XXIII. —One

it

qualifies

;

as, a

worthy man.

Regimen or Government. noun

signifying the

same thing with another, or de-

scriptive of it, may be in apposition to it ; that is, may stand in a like character or case, without an intervening verb; as, Paul, the apostle; John, the baptist; Newton, the philosopher; Chathauj, the orator and statesman.

—

Note

1. In the Ibllowing sentence, a noun in the plural stands in appotwo nouns in the singular, joined by an alternative. "The terms of our law will hardly find words that answer them in the Spanish or Ital-

sition to

ian, no scanty languages." Locke, 3. 5. 8. Note 2. Nouns are not untrequently set in apposition to sentences ; as, " Whereby if a man had a positive idea of infinite, either duration or space,

—

which are much better authority, guage by grammar, and neglect usages and the basis of correct grammar. " Pieces of iron arranged in such a way as seemed most favorable for the combustion being communicated to every Lavoisier, Trans. There is no reason for hydrogen being an exception." Ibm. These expressions are not English. Rule Vf. Transitive verbs and their participles require the objective case or the object of action to follow them : as, " In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth." " If ye love >nf , keep iny commandments." "0 righteous father, the world hath not known thee." Sometimes the object and often the objective case of substitutes precedes " The the goveining verb as, spirit of truth, whoin the world cannot rf" fVhoni ceive." ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." Whom and u-hieh, when in the objective case, always precede the verb. In verse, a greater license of transposition is used, than in prose, and nouns are often placed before the governing verb. " But through the heart part." '

XX

—

;

Should jealousy its venom once diffuse." Thomson. " She with extended arms his aid TbTU. implores." infinites together ; nay, make one infinite infinitely bigA noun with whatever, ichatsoever or whichei^er, preceding, is placed beger than another: absurdities too gross to be confuted." Locke, 2. 17. 20. fore the governing verb as, "whatsoever positive ideas we have." Here the absurdities are the whole preceding propositions. 2. 17. Locke, " You are too humane and considerate; things few people can be charged Note 1. We have some verbs which govern two words in the objective with." Pope Let. Here things is in opposition to /iHmnnf and considaate. case ; as, " Did I Such a construction may be justified, when the ideas are correct, but it is request thee, maker, from my clay not very common. To mould me man?" Milton, 10. 744. " The Dutch were "God seems to have made him what he was." formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight Life of Cowper. of almost all other trading nations; they were also the bankers for all Eu"Ask him his opinion." " Vou have asked me the neits." Will it be said that the latter phrases are elliptical, for "ask oj him his rope advantages by which they have gained immense sums." Zimmerman's Survey, 170. Here advantages is put in apposition to the two first opinion ?" I appiehend this to be a mistake. According to the true idea ol members of the sentence. the government of a transitive verb, him must be the object in the phrase Rule XXJV. When two nouns are used, one denoting the possessor, under consideration, as much as in this, " Ask him for a guinea ;" or in this. the other the thing possessed, the name of the possessor precedes the otberl " ask him to go." " in the possessive case In my Father's house are many mansions." This idiom is very ancient, as we often see it in the Latin. " Intcrrogaas, Men's bravery ; England's fleet ; a Christian's hope ; Washington's pru- tus sententiam." Liv. 26. 33. " Se id Scipionem orare." Ibm. 27. 17. "Auxilia regem orabant." Ibm. lib. 2S. 5. The idiom in both languages dence. Note 1. When the Oiing possessed is obvious, it is usual to omit the had a common origin. '' He is at the PresiNote 2. Some verbs were formerly used as transitive, which are no noun ; as, " Let us go to St. Paul's," that is, church ; " he him" " flee thee away" longer considered as such ; as, dent's," that is, house. " he was swerved" " the sum was repented " Nor think a lover's are but fancied woes." amounted," &c. which are held imC'owper. " Whose book is this ? William's." That is, a lover's woes. proper. " Cease nouns, the Note 2. When the possessor is described by two or more Cease, however, is used as a transitive verb by our best writers. • Edward, the this impious rage." Miltmi. " Her lips their music cease." Hoole's Tasso. sio'n of the possessive is generally annexed to the last; as, Bacon on Empire. Rule XXVII. Intransitive verbs are followed by the name of the act se'cond of England's Queen." " In Edward the third's time." Blackstone's Comm. b. 1, ch. 2. or effect, which the verb expresses in action ; as, " to live a life of virtue ;" " John the Baptist's head." Matt. xiv. " to die the death of the righteous ;" " to dream dreams ," " to run a race ;" " jj member Burke. " to sleep the sleep of death." of parliament's paying court to his constituents." as We observe, in these examples, life is the name of living supposed to be is But if the thing possessed represented belonging to a number sever" He of the possessive is repeated with each ; as, complete, as race is the name of the act of running when accomplished. ally specified, the sign " Note. Nearly allied to this idiom is that of using, after verbs transitive It was my father's, mothhas the surgeon's and the physician's advice." or intransitive, certain nouns which are not the objects of the verb, nor of er's, and uncle's opinion."* Note 3. When of is used before the possessive case of nouns," there is precisely the same sense, but which are either the names of the result of "A Vital air the verb's action, or closely connected with it. a double possessive, the thing possessed not being repeated; as, Examples guinea *' " a crown Combustion, as now understood, was a weighs five penny weight, six grains;" was a discovery o/i-*)"ics?/ey's." weighs nineteen penny " a piece of cloth measures ten yards." discovery of Lavoisier's." The sense of which is, that vital air was one of weight;"* "And on their This idiom prevents the repetition of the the discoveries of Priestley. hinges grate harsh thunder." "And rivers run potable " The "Groves whose rich trees wept same word. crispid brook ran nectar." gold." Milton. Note 4. The possessive may be supplied by of, belbre the name of the odorous gums and balm." "Grin a ghastly smile." " Her But (/ does not always denote of a christian." Thomson. lips blusli deeper sweets." possessor; as, "the hope "To ascend or descend a flight of stairs, a ladder, or a mountain." or in, concerning, &c. and in these possession it denotes also consisting of, " To cost a Thus cloth of guinea." cases, its place cannot be supplied by the possessive case. Under this rule or the following may be arranged these expressions. wool, cannot be converted into wool's cloth ; nor a cup of water, into water's "When matters have been brought this cup ; nor an idea of an angel, into an angel's idea; nor the house of Lards, "Let them go their way." " We turn our into the Lord's house. length." Lavoisier, Translation. eyes this way or that Rule XXV. Participles are often used for nouns, and have the like way." " Reckoning any tvay from ourselves, a yard, a mile, &c." Locke, 2. 17. effect in governing them in the possessive case; as, "A courier arrived Similar to this idiom are tlie phrases, to go west or east pointing north from Madrid, with an account of his Catholic majesty's having agreed to " In case of his Catholic the neutrality." majesty's dying without issue." or south, north-west or south-east, and the hke, which I find to be Saxori " Averse to the nation's and in ancient. itself another war." Contin. Hume, very phrases involving " Who can have no notion of the same In some instances verbs of this sort are followed by two objects; as, "a vol. 7, 6.2, ch. I. person's possessSpectator, JV'u. 150. ring cost the purchaser an eagle." ing different accomplishments." Rule XXVIII. Names of certain portions of time and space, and espeThis is the true idiom of the language ; yet the omission of the sign of the possessive is a common fault among modern writers, who learn the Ian cially words denoting continuance of time or progression, are used without a " governing word ; as, Jacob said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel.'" " And dust shalt thou eat all the " And he abode with * days of thy life." The contrary rule in Murray is egregiously wrong as exemplified in " This was my father, mother and uncle's advice." This is not this phrase, * The radical idea of weight is carry, bear or sustain, fiom the Saxon When we s
he could add two

;

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:

—

;

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

:

—

;

—

—

—

;

—

—

But when two or three distinct nouns are used, the article pos- guinea weighs five penny weights, six grains that is, carries or sustaijis " It was is described as my father's advice, my that weight in the scales. How much of the propriety, and even of the belonging to each. mother's advice, and my uncle's advice." We can omit advice after the beauty of language is lost, by neglecting to study its primitive state and two first, but hy no means, the sign of the possessive. principles

possessive.

sessed

!

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. him the upace of a month." " The tree of life yielded her fruit everi/]^ Rule XXXI.— Tlie inriniiivc mode follows, first, another verb or partimonth." "In those days I DyiiicI was mourning three full weeks." ciple as, "he loves ^l (//ms/i tli" social affections ;" "he -- persua persuaded /n " Whosoever shall " To walk afconi/on a vicious " h,; is lit.';" to encounter urge thee to go a mile, go with hiin twain." "he was ;

a mile, or a league." " Effects occurring ri-ert/ moment to ourselves." " Vou have asked me news a hunttrett times." Pope. Words expressing particular or preci.se points of time, are usually preceded hy a pieposition as, " at that hour ;"" ou that day." But to both these rules there are exceptions. ;

Rule XXIX. — The

danger;"

willing

proceeding

to relate]\\?.

The

adventures."

"

noun ; as, The next thing natural for the Locke. " He has a task fopofbrm." 3dly. It follows an ailjeclivc or vcrb.il attribute; as, " a question difficult " it is ' to be solved." delightful to contemplate the goodness of Providence. " God is worthy to be loved and trusted." " Be prepared to receive your 2dly.

mini

to

infinitive follows a

do."

friend."

verb he has (he same case after it as before it; or " an " a 4thly. It follows as ; thus, " Jt object so high as to be invisible ;"' in construction are in the same case. .so obscure as to perplex the understanding." be not afraid." " Thuji art she." " // is Ac." " IVho was he?" question " llHio do men " fVhom do 5thly. It follows Mon after a comparison: as, "Nothing makes a man sussay that / am .-"" they represent me to be." pect much, more than to know little." Bacon on Suspicion. But " fVhom do men say that I am," is incorrect. " What 6thly. It follows the preposition /or, noting cause or motive as, Rule XXX. Transitive verbs and their participles admit of a sentence, went ye out for to see?" Matt. xi. " This is the true original idiom, but it is usual now to omit a clause or number of words as their object as, " He is not alarmed so far, /or; as, he went to see a reed shaken with the wind." In as to consider how much nearer he approaches to his end." of this every phrase soH,for

two substitutes connected with be

is /,

—

;

;

is

Rambler, JVo. Consider what

?

The whole

following clause,

which

is

78. the object of the

implied in the sense

The

verb.

infinitive

phrase

"If he escapes being banished by

;

as,

"

;

mode

It is

but the is

u.se of

the

word

is

viilg.ir.

independent, standing as a substitute for a whole ten attempts that you can find the case you say nothing of those numerous points of conduct

not once in

himself" seek, in any law book to Pope, Let. to Swift., concerning which the law professes not to prescribe." J'tdei/. Phil. ch. 1. Rule XXXII. The verbs, bid, make, see, hear, feel, lit, with the auxilHere being banished stands in the place of a noun, as the object after! aries, may, can, 7nusl, shall and will, and dare and need, when used as auxescapes. " Add to this, what, from itg antiipiity is but little known, has from Ihntl iliaries, are followed by the infinitive without the prefix to; a-s, "he bids " we cannot make them uiuierstniul ;" " let me see you write ;" very circumstance, the recommemlation of novelty." Hermes, Preface. me come ;" In this sentence the whole of the clauses in italics, is what is to be "we heard him relate the story ;" " we felt the earth tiemble." " Which added, " and is the actual object governed by the verb add. He may go, can gw. must g», shall go, will go." they let pass." Locke. " I dare " He need not be "Suppose then the world we live in to have had a creator" " Suppose anxious." engage; I dare say." the disposition ivhich dictated this council to continue." Note 1. In the uses otdare and need, there are some peculiarities which Paley, Ev. 1. " For that mortal deserve remark. dint. When dare signifies to defy or challenge, it is regular in the tenses and Save he who reigns above, none can resist." 2. 815. .Milton, " I wish I could give you any good reasons for your coming hither, ex- persons, is a transitive verb, and is followed by the infinitive with the usual " he dares me to enter the list." But when it is intransitive, cept that, J earnestly invite you." Pope, Let. prefix as, ' Lord Bathiirst is too great a husbandman to like barren hills, except denoting to/iarccourao^e,it more generally drops the personal terminations, they are his own to improve." Pope, Let. Sept. 3, 172t>. has an anomalpus past tense, and is followed by the infinitive without to; in short it has the form of an In these and similar piissages, the object of the verb is a whole auxiliary, and in the German, it is classed with proposi-! " 1 dare tion or statement, in a sentence or clause of a sentence. In this passage,! the auxiliaries. Examples; engage." Pope's Works, Letter to " I dare not confess." " I dare "Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish," the fact excepted is af- Gay. Swift to Gay. say." Locke. "But firmed in a single verb. Take away this fact " that you shall repent," and my Lord, you dare not do either." Junius, Let. 28. "Durst I venture to the consequence must be, you will perish.' This is oiie of the modes of ab-' deliver my own sentiments." Hume. Es. 7 breviation in language which I have .so frequently mentioned, and which The past tense, when regular, is followed by the infinitive with the usual " You have (/aicd to constitutes a principal excellence of the throw more than a suspicion upon mine." iprefix. English. We observe, in some of the passages here cited, the pronoun that, after !-^"»""*' i*''- 20- The same remark may be extended to the future tense. the verb. This is probably the true He will not dare to attack his adversarj-." original construction ; the substitute, In like manner, need, when a transitive verb, is that, poinfing to the whole following clause. " He could do no regular in its inflections mighty works " A man needs more " The there, save that, [except that single fact which follows,] he laid his hand as, prudence" army needed provisions." But on a few sick and healed them." when intransiUve, it drops the personal terminations in the present tense, is formed like an auxiliary, and is followed by a verb, without the Note. It may be here observed that in some of the prefix ^oy passages cited the as. " verb has no definitive nominative; the rerhs save, Nobody need be afraid he shall not have scope enoiiub." Locke, 2. 22. 9. except, suppose, add, ^c. "I need not y^o any farther." ]bm. " Nor need we uonrffr." Ibm. "The are in the imperative mode, but the address is not made to any particular " There need be no dilfiperson or persons. .And this probably has led authors to cla.ss save and ex-\ lender need be under no fear." Anarch, ch. 69. " She need dig no more." Spectator, Bcddoes, Hygeia,l. 21. cept among conjunctions, preposifions or adverbs, or to consider them .is culty." " A man need not be used adverbially for it has been already observed that the class of adverbs .Xo. 121. uneasy on these grounds." Boswell, 3. 41. " He need not has been a sort of common sink to receive all words which authors have urge to this honorable court." Judge Chase. not! In the use of this verb, there is another been able to comprehend. irregularity, which is pecuhar. ^eib being without a nominative, expressed or implied. "Whereof here Is it not strange that suppose, add, admit, allow, and other verbs which 's"'* »ieerfsno account." are constantly used in the same manner, should have hitherto "There is no evidence of the JUilton, P. L. 4. 235. escaped the This is an established use oi need. same doom? In the passages above cited from fact, and there needs none." Paley, suppose is used pre Note 2, The infinitive mode has. in its sense and use, a near affinity to ci.sely in the same manner, as except and save in others. Indeed nothin; a noun and often has the construction of one. but the most inexcusable It is much employed to intronegligence could have led critics to this classifica' duce sentences which are the nominatives to verbs, as well as the objects lion oisave and except for in many passagesof scripture, these very words them as, " To tmll is present with me, but to perform that which in the sense in which they are called conjunctions or adverbs, have an ob following ^"^ '^'^ ''.''** |n'J"''J^'^ is the nondnative to is, and the ject following them, like other transitive verbs as, " Israel burned none ofl'* ^"°^ ' ''"'' °°'" them, .sfltie Hazor only." Josh. xi. 13. Ye shall not come into the land, second begins the sentence which is the object after^'nd. Note 3. A common mistake in the use of the infinitive is, to use the ,save Caleb and Joshua." JVum. xiv. 30. I would that all were as I am perfect tense after another verb in the past time, when in fast one of the except these bonds." Jlcts, xxvi. verbs in the past time would correctly express the sense thus, " It would This use of verbs without a definite nominative occasions no inconvenhave been no difficult matter to have compiled a volume of such amusing preience; for the address is not made to any particular person, but is equally Cowper to Hill, Let. 29. Here the first verb states the time apphcable to any one who will apply it. See the subject further expl.iined cedents." under rule 38. The following passage in Locke, 2. 27. 2. contains another past when it was not difTicult to compile a volume at that time the compilation could not be past; the verb therefore should have been to verb used in the same manner " Could two bodies be in the same compile, place at which is the same time, then those two parcels of matter must be one and the present and always indefinite. same, In the following passage, we have a like use of verbs which is correct. take them great or little." The error of con.sidering .wre as an adverb or conjunction, has however j" A free pardon was granted to the son, who was known to have offered inproduced a multitude of mistakes in construction, "as in these passages; jdignities to the body of Varus." Murphy's Tacitus, ti. I. Here the offer" Save he who " Which no man was a fact precedent to the time stated in the verb was reigns above." Milton. knowcth, saving ing of indignities he that receiveth it." Hev. ii. 17. The nominative he cannot be reconciled to •known ; a!id therefore the verb, to have offered, is well employed. any principle of true construction. He ought to he him, the obitc' after the Rule XXXIII. The infinitive signifying motive or purpose, oflen inVerb. Except might have been used, anri'this word beine called a prcposi troduces a clause or sentence which is not the no.ninative or objective to any tion, would have required after it the " To see how far this But both words are objective case, reaches, and what are the causes of w'roiij, Jyerb; as, verbs, and ought to have the same construction. I'judgment, we must remember that things are judged good or bad in a double others,

I

fear lie will banish

;

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—

—

;

[|

—

;

i

—

;

—

—

;

;

—

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;

:

I

I

.

I

Vol.

I.

K.

—

GRA3IMAR OF THE "

To pretenl property from being too unequally Locke, 2. 21. 61. distributed, no pei-son should be allowed to dispose of his possessions to the sense."

prejudice of his la^vful lieirs." Anarch, eh. 62. Note. This ionn of sentence seems to be derived from the use oi for before the verb,y'()r to set. The modern practice is to prefix some noun, as " With a view to ill order to see, or prevent." Rule XXXIV. In the use of the passive form, there is often an inversion of the order of the .--uhject and object ; thus, "The bishops and abbots were allowed their seats in the house of Lords."

—

—

" Thus

shalt thou do unto the Levitcs, touchiiig their charge."

A'arn. viii. 26. stand without a noun, sentence or referable to either of not possible to act otherwise, considering

Rule XXXVIII. —Participles often substitute, on

which they immediately depend, being

the persons indefinitely ; as, " It the weakness of our nature."

Note.

— — Johnson,

is

in his Dictionary,

Spectator. calls

this

a

kijid of conjunction,

" It had been more granmiatically written considered ; vu, French; but considering isahvays used." This criticism indicates an incorrect view of the subject. Blackstone, Comm. b. 1, ch. 2. Considered, " Here the true construction would be, Seats in the house of Lords were cannot be used without a change in the structure of the sentence "The weakness of our nature being considered." But to make this form of exallowed to the bishops and abbots." "Theresa was forbid the presence of the emperor." Murphy's Tacitus, pression correspondent to the other clause, that ought also to be varied, and "

and adds

—

2.

NoTK.

510.

—This

is

a

common

phiaso.

It

may

—

be resolved thus

:

Th

presence of the emperor was forbid to Theresa or, Theresa was forbid to approach the presence of the emperor. KuLE XXXV. The participle of the present tense without a definitive a or the, or with any jjossessive attribute, usually retains the sense of its " The clerk is verb, and has the objective case after it; as, engrossing the "The love we bear our friends is generally caused by our finding bill."

—

the

same

dispositions inthcui,

which we

feel in ourselves."

Pope's Letters. to your inviting me to your forest." fbm. But when the participle is preceded by a or the, it takes the character and government of a noun, and in most cases, must be tbllowed by of; as, "The middle station of life seems to be most advantageously situated for the gaining o/* wisdom. Poverty turns our thoughts too much upon the supplying of our wants, and riches, upon enjoying our superfluities."

"In retuin

Spectator, JVo. 464.

In many cases this participle becomes a noun, without n or the ; as, " It more properly talking upon paper, than writing." Pope, Let. Note. Tlio foregoing rule is often violated by our best writers, and to make it universalis to assume an authority much too dictatorial. "Some were employed in blowing of glass others in weaving of linen." is

—

;

Gihbmi,

—

Rule

Rom. Emp.

ch. 10.

It docs not uppear (to us) possible to act thus, person introduced otherwise, the weakness of our nature tieing considered." But this amendment would be of no advantage. To comprehend the use of such expressions, we should consider that men find it useful to deal in abstract propositions and lay down truths without reference to persons. This manner of di.scoursing is often less invidious than to apply propositions or opinions to persons. To accomplish this purpose, men have devised words and modes of speech which enable them thus to communicate their ideas. In the passage cited, the first clause contains a *' It is not general abstract proposition, equally applicable to any person That is, it is not possible for me, for you, for possible to act otheiwise." btit it might be invidious to specify persons. It is not poshim, or for her sible for John or Thomas to act otherwise, he considering the weakness of his nature. Hence the proposition is left without application; audit follows naturally that the persons who are to consider the cause, the weakness of our nature, should be lef~t indefinite, or unascertained. Hence considering is left without a direct application to any person. Whatever foundation there may be for this explanation, the idiom is common and well authorized. " Generally speaking, the heir at law is not bound by the intention of the testator." Paley, Phil. 23. " Supposing that electricity is actually a substance, anil taking it for granted that it is dilfeient from caloric, does it not in all probabililv contain caloric, as well as all other boilies ?" Thomson, Chim. art. Caloric. a definite

;

—

;

XXXV'I. Particij)les of the present tense, either single or in union with the participle of the perfect tense, often perform, at once, the office Here is no noun expressed or implied, to which suppiosing and taking of a verb and a noun ; as, " The faking from another what is his, without his Locke, 2. 28. 16. can he referred ; we would be most naturally understood. knowledge or allowance, is called stealing." " " By the tnind's changing the object to which it compares any thing." Supposing the first stratum of particles to remain in their place, after Locke, 2. 25. their union with caloric, we can conceive an affinity, &c." Ibm. Here " To save them from other people's damning them." Wycherley to Pojie. supposing may be referred to tec, but is this the real construction ? " " Such a For supposing parliament had a right to meet spontaneously, witboiii plan is not capable of being carried into execution." Anarch, ch. 62. being called together, it would be impossible to conceive that all the mem" bers would agree," &c. Blackstone, Comm. B. 1. 2. They could not avoid submitting to this influence." " The articles of this on Hist. Let. 8. charge, considering by whom it was brought, were Baling, Note 1. The participle inm^, though strictly active in its signification, not of so high a nature as might have been expected." " a modern authors in sense More is not unfrequently u.^ed by as, ; passive Henry, Brit. B. 4. ch. 1. " It is most reasonable to conclude than are necessary for nutrition or for the that, excepting the assistance he may living particles are produced restoration o( decomposing organs," that is, organs suffering decomposition. be supposed to have derived from his countrymen, his plan of civilization " From which caloric is Darwin, Zoon. sect. 39. 9. Enfield, HiM. Phil. 1. ch. 9. disengaging," that is. was the product of his own abilities." " None of us put ofl'our clothes, saving that every one put them ofl" for undergoing the process of separation. Lavoisier, Translation. "The number is augmenting daily." Ibm. "They seemed to think Cesar was slay- washing." J\"eh. iv. 23. " And he said unto before their rather than he was slain." Gnth. 2. 18. that hinder me Quin. them, not, ing eyes seeing the Lord hath prospered " The nation had cried out Geyi. xxiv. 56. loudly against the crime while it was commit- my way." " " on 8. Lie Hist. Let. lives are re-printing." Johnson not one to another, seeing that ye liave put off the old man with his Baling, titig." deeds." Col. iii. 9. to Bosu'cll, 1782. " Many of this kinarticiples in the place of a noun is one of the most fi'oqucnt practices of our best writers as, " This did not prevent John's words whose signification they are intended to affect. First. They are placed before adjectives as, truly wise ; sincerely upbeing acknoicledgcd and solemnly inavgvrated Duke of Normandy." HenThe participle being with an attribute, supplies the right ; unaffectedly polite. ry, Hist. Brit. b. .3. " As to the difference of Secondly. They usually follow a verb when single ; as, he spoke elobeing mure general, that place of a noun also.

—

—

My

—

XXXIX. —

;

:

maxim more remote from being innate.'' Locke, 1. 2. 20. Rule X.XXVll. Participles, like attributes, agree with a sentence,

makes

and

verb

transitive with an

object following, the adverb a follows the object; a-s, "John received the present gratefully." " To this rule, the exceptions are very numerous, and not to be classed part of a sentence, or a substitute for a sentence; as, Concerning relation " So it " Men in general, these things may be cunsidei-ed." Locke, 2. 25. under general heads. often deceive frequently happens." Here concerning relates to the whole of the last clause of the sentence themselves." Indeed, in many cases the position of the modifier makes no " These all which is concerning relation in difference in the sense, and may be regulated entirely by the preference of things may be considered" sound, in the general structure of the period, provided it is not such as to general. ^' This criterion will be different, according to the nature of the object mislead the reader, in the application of the word. When one auxiliary and a participle are used, the modifier is which the mind contemplates." Thirdly. Enfield, Hist. Phil. 2. 15. That is, the ditTerence of criterion will accord with the nature of the ob- usually placed between them or it follows the participle ; as, " he was gra" he was received ciously received," or graciously." The first is the most ject. this

—

According

to

Hierodes, Ammonius was induced

to

a distinct eclectic school," Sic.

Here

the whole statement of facts in the last clause

if

a

execute the plan of elegant. Ihm.p. 63. Fourthly.

is

When two auxiliaries are u.sed, the adverb is usually placed " have been kindly treated." But it may follow as, the participle, as " have been treated kindly ;" and in some cases it Oen. 19. may precede the auxiliaries, as " .\.nd certainly you must have known." .funius. Letter S. Kph. v. 32

was according

rodes ; that is, it accorded with his testimony. " I have accepted thee, concerning this thing also." " I Christ and the church." speak concAning

:

—

—

"

quently

-

to

Hie- after the second

We

;

We

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. The preposition is someliiuLS separated from the word which governs ; as, adverbs are emphatical, they may introduce a sentence, Fifthly. " How With a longing for that state which he is charmed with," instead of with and be separated from tlie word to whiih they belong ; as, compltle-^ of human virtues had taken possession of his soul!" which he is chainied. ly this most amiable In many cases, the relative pronoun may bo suppressed, as " I did not Port. Lect. 8. This poiitiou of the modilier is most frequent in interrogasee the person he came with," that is, unth whom he came ; and in other tive an
When

—

—

—

Pope, Let. tuting short words of easy pronunciation for those which are more difficult. tion." " and Ambition, envy, will take up our minds, without we can possess ourAgainst this disposition and its efiects, the critic remonstrates in vain ; Spectator, wVu. 143. we may rest assured that common convenience and utiUty are better guides selves with sobriety." Note. obsei-ve, in the foregoing passages, the preposition has two in whatever respects the use of words, than the opinions of men in their No word or syllable in a language, which is essential, or very use- uses. One is to precede a word"to which other words are annexed as neclosets. about the beginning." Here the .sense is ful, is ever lost. cessary to complete the sense Undle is a noun denoting time, and not a modifier. In this phrase, " I not complete ; the time is not designated. To define the time wliich is the " of the will go lehile you stay," the word is used in its primitive manner, without object of the prepor^ition about, it is necessary to add the words eleventh century" about that time. So that the whole clause is really a month, a leeek. like many other names of portions of time government, W^e are accustomed to use, as modifiers, a little and a great deal. '* The the object after the preposition. The other use of the preposition is to precede nouns, verbs or other words many letters I receive, do not a little encourage me." Spectator, JVo. 121. not the object of the preposition, but which have a construction IVIany names are used in like manner, as modifiers of the sense of verbs. which are " You don't care Johnson. independent of it as, " after men became christians." Here men is the six-pence whether he was wet or dry." Rule XL. In polite and classical language, two negatives destroy the nominative to became ; yet the whole proposition is ;is really the object gov" " A''or did he not as the word hour, in the phrase, after that hour. erned an and after, as, Against affirmative; them," by perceive express negation This phraseology is not common nor agreea- 1 see you," is a phrase of like construction. No single word is an object or that is, he did perceive them. affirmation the whole is the but after in the case of our to the ble object. against ; objective tongue. genius The following is a common and well authorized use of negatives. " His " Without we can possess ourselves," has a like construction, and though manners are not inelegant," that is, are elegant. This manner of expres- superseded, in a degree, by unless, a word of similar import, is a true EnAfter [this fact] men became christians— Against [that time sion, however, when not accompanied with particular emphasis, denotes a glish phra-se. moderate degree of the quality. when] I see you Without [this fact] we can possess ourselves. Rule XLIII. The modifiers of sentences, if, though, unless, and lest, Note. In popular language, two negatives are used for a negation, acthe usual auxiliaries, cording to the practice of the ancient Greeks and the modern French. This may be followed by verbs in the future tense, without idiom was primitive, and was retained in the Saxon; as, *' Oc se kining shall, will or should; as, "If his son ask bread, will he give him a " Peada ne rixade none while." Saj:. Chron. p. 33. And the king Peada did stone ?" " If he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent ?" Though he slay the not eat of not reign none while, that is, not a long time. The learned, with a viewl me, yet will I trust in him." "He shall holy things, unless " Lest thou to philosophical correctness, have rejected the use o( two negatives for one, he wash his flesh with water." say I have made .-Vbram rich." " The consequence is, we have two modes of speaking directly opExcept has a like eflect upon the following verb as, I will not let thee negation. " He did not owe Whether has been numbered also among the posite to each other, but expressing the same thing. go, except thou bless me." " and be owed the conditional mode, but by an egregious misnothing," in vulgar language, nothing," in the style of the conjunctions, which require It is not a connective, nor does it imply a condition or hypothesis, but take. learned, mean precisely the same thing. Rule XLI. Prepositions are followed by the names of objects and the an alternative. Rule XLIV. ConnecHves join two or more clauses or members in a as,/)o(H New \ ork to Philadelphia; across the Delaware objective case or#?rland; 6i/ water; (/iroi/gA the air ; with us ; for me ; to them; myou; compound sentence; as, "Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from among the people ; toward us. speaking guile." Here are two clauses united by and, which continues the sense and preThe preposition to is supposed to be omitted after verbs of giving, yield" give tliem bread," instead of give bread vents the repetition of the verb keep. ing, affording, and the like as, "I sought the Lord, an(/ he heard me, and delivered me from all my fo them. "Aflbrd him protection;" "furnish her with books." But this Here are three clauses combined into a sentence or period by the fears." idiom seems to be primitive, and not elliptical. From is sometimes suppressed ; i>s in this phrase, " He was banished the help of ami ; but a new verb is introduced in each, and the second connective prevents the repetition of the substitute he only. Icingdom." wise son hcareth bis father's instruction ; but a scorner heareth not Home, after a verb denoting motion to, is always used without to ; as, " are going home." rebuke." Here but joins the two clause-', but anew character i.^ the nomiAfter the attribute near, to isof^en omitted; as, "To bring them nearer tlic native to a distinct verb, in the second clause, which exhibits a contrast to truth." Massilloti. Aho akei adjoining ; as, " a garden adjoining a river." the first, and no word is omitted.

—

— We

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—

;

— —

—

;

—

—

;

;

;

"A

We

GRAMMAR OF THE Rule XLV. — Connectives join

A

single words, which are the nominatives simple .sentence or clause contains an affirmation, a command or a to the same verb, expressed or understood, or words which tbl!ow a transi- question, that is, one personal verb, with its nominaiive and adjuncts. By tive verb or a preposition in tlie same case. Connectives also join verbs, adjunct^h meant any phrase or number of words added by way of modifyKxample: adjectives, and adverbs. ing or qualifying the primary words. Thus when it is said, "" Cicero was " Peter and John went into the an orator a "le latter a up Temple." words, of diffuse style, are the adof diffuse
"He

A

Rule

omit the connective ; as, " We hear nothing of causing the blind to see, the be supaiated by any point whatevei- ; as, " Hope is necessary in every condition of life." But when a simple sentence is long, or contains a distinct lame to walk, the deaf to hear, the lepers to be cleansed." Paley, Evid. After the connective than, there may be and usually is an ellipsis of a phrase or phra.ses, modifying the alfirmation, it may be divided by a comma " There is none "To be very active in laudable puisuits, is the'distinguishing' characterverb, a noun, or other words as, greater in this house than as, " istic of a man of merit." I." Gen. xxxix. 9. That is, than 1 am. By revenging an injury, a man is but even with "Only in the throne will I be greater than thou." Gf(t. xli. That is, his enemy." In mo-it cases, where a short pause will give distinctness to than thou shalt be. ideas, a comma is well placed after an important word; as, " To mourn with" He loves his money more than his honor," that is, more than he loves out measure, is folly not to mourn at all, insensibility." The pause after measure, in this sentence, is essential to the sti his honor. ength of the expression. "The king of the north shall return and set forth a multitude greater "The idea of beauty is vague and undefined, dilferent in dilTerent minds, and diversified by lime or place." than the former." Dan. xi. 13. That is, than the former nniltitude. Rambler. " I will Rule II. When a connective is omitted between two or more words, That is, pull down my barns and build greater." Luke xii. whether names, adjectives, pronouns, verbs or modifiers, the place is .supgreater barns Sometimes other words may be suppressed without obscuring the sense ;;|Pl'6'^ by a comma ; as, " Love, joy, peace and blessedness are reserved for ' • _.. " It is better for me to die than to live." Jonri/i iv. That is, better than [the good." "The miseries of poverty, of sickness, of captivity, would. as, without hope, be insupportable." Rambler. " We hear for me to live. nothing of causto see, the lame to walk, the deaf to hear, the Precise rules for the ellipsis of words, in all cases, cannot be given. In ing the blind lepers to be "' " " " Ho who a writer will be governed by a regard to perspicuity, and omit nol;'^'^''"^*^'^ loves, serves and obeys his maker, is a piPaley. general, " and Industry steadily, prudently word, when the want of it leaves the .sense obscure or ambiguous, nori|°"^ "i™, vigorously pursued, leads to wealth." "David was a when it weakens the sti'ength of expression. But the following remarks biave, martial, enterpii^in" prince." "The most innocent pleasures are the most rational, the most and examples may be of use to the student. deUghtful and the 1. When a number of words are joined in construction, the definitive most durable." Rule 111. Two or nM)re simple sentences closely connected in sense, ilitiy be omitted, except before the tirst ; as the sun, moon and stars ; a house and' garden. So also when two or more attributes agree with the sanieii"'' dependent on each other, are .separated by a connna only ; as, " When name ; as a great, wise and good prince. But when attributes or names are our vices leave us, we flatter ourselves we leave them." "The temperate " That all man's pleasures are durable, because they are the particularly emphatical, the definitive should be expressed before each; as regular." duties of morality ought to be practised, is without the sun, the moon and the stars. difficulty discoverable, " because ignorance or uncertainty would immediately involve the world in 2. The repetition of names adds emphasis to ideas as, Christ, the power of God and the wisdom of God," is more emphatical than " Christ, the confusion and distress." Rambler. Rule (V. The sentence independent or case absolute, detached affirpower and the wisdom of God." mations or phrases involved in sentences, and other important clauses, must 3. An to two or moi'e nouns joined by a connective adjective belonging before the first; as »ii/ house and garden; separated from the other parts of a sentence, by a comma; as, " The may be omitted except ;^o()rf,jbe " Their interest and solicitation " has returned, his business being accomplished." The and actions. envoy 56. Nor qualities Rambler, envoy, havdoes it make any difference that the nouns are in different immbers, as our ing accomplished his business, has returned." " Providence has, I think, " The decision of adjectives have no distinction of number, the same word may be applied to displayed a tendeiness for mankind." Rambler. patronthe singular number and the plural as a age, who was but half a goddess, has been sometimes erroneous." Ibm. magnijicent house and gardens; " The sciences, after a thousand indignities, retired from the palace of pathis house and lands. But when a precedes the hrst adjective, this construe " It tion is not elegant. is, in many cases, apparent." Jbm. ronage." Ibm. Rule V. A comma is often required to mark contrast, antithesis, or re4. In compound sentences, a nominative pronoun or noun may be omitted markable points in a sentence, and sometimes very properly separates words before all the verbs except the first as, I love, fear and respect the magistrate instead of, 1 love, 1 fear and I The substitute may some- closely dependent in construction as, " a good man will love himself too respect. well to lose, and his neighbor too well to ivin, an estate by times be suppressed ; as the man I saw, fdi- the man whom 1 saw. gaming." " " It is 5. An adverb need not be harder to Prospciity gains friends, and adversity tries them." repeated with every word which it qualifies, avoid censure, than to gain applause." the connective and rendering it uimecessary ; as, he spoke and acted graceHere gracefully belongs to speaking as well as to acting. "Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull." fully. Rule VI. A single name in apposition is not separated by a comma ; A preposition may be omitted after a connective ; as, he walked over the " the hill' and the valleys, that is, oner the as, Apostle Peter :" but when such name is accompanied with an advalleys. " it should be separated ; as, After like and near, to is usually omitted as, " Like three distinct Parmenio, a friend of Alexander's, hearpowers junct, in mechanics." Blackstone's Comm. 1. 2. That is, like to three. " Such ing the great offers that Darius had made, said, " Were I Alexander, I " So would " were I Paras would seemed to nearest the truth." I," replied Alexander, accept them." opinions approach That is, Enfield, 2. 59. to menio." the truth. nearest Rule VII. Terms of address, and words of others repeated, but not inLikewise- after join and adjoin, to is sometimes omitted; as, " a garden " troiluced as a quotation, are separated by a comma as, adjoining the river." Wherefore, Sirs, " be of good cheer." For is onutted by the poets after mourn. My son, hear the counsel of thy father." "Thus " He mourn'd no recreant hath sent me unto you." friend, no mistress coy." Beattie. shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I ;

;

;

'

.

•

_

;

—

;

—

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;

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AM

Exodus.

PUNCTUATION.

Rule

Vlll.

Mollifying words and phrases, as however, nay, hence, be&c. are usually separated by a comma as, however, the task of criticism to establish principles." Rambler.

sides, in short, finally, forjuerly

"

It is,

.

;

Punctuation is the marking of the several pauses which are to be observed, in reading or speaking a sentence or continued discouise. By Semicolon. means of pauses, a discourse is divided into periods or complete sentences, and periods into clauses or simple sentences, and these, into The semicolon is placed between the clauses of a period, which are less phrases. A period is a sentence complete, making perfect sense, and not connectclosely connected than such as are separated by a comma. ed in constniction with what follo»-3. The pause after the First. When the first division of a sentence completes a proposition, so period is marked by a point [.] and in speaking, is distinguished by a cadence or fall of the as to have no dependence on what follows ; but the following clause has a voice. dependence on the preceding, the two parts are separated generally by a The members of a period, or clauses and phrases, are all more or less con- semicolon " It as, may be laid down as a maxim, that it is more easy to nected in sense, and according to the nearness of the connection, are mark- take away superfluities than to supply defects ; and therefore he that is culed by a comma [,] a semicolon [;] or a colon [:] because he has passed the nuddle point of virtue, is always accounted The comma is the shortest pause, and is often used to mark the construc- pable, a fairer object of hope, than he who fails by falhng short." Rambler. In tion, where very little interruption of voice is allowable this sentence the part of the sentence preceding the semicolon is a perfect ;

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. period in itself,

thor has added another division, by

on

It closes a discourse full point ; but the au- voice, and the longest pause used between sentences. of inference, and this is dependent also, or marks a completion of a subject, chapter or section. full point is used also after initials used alone, as after N. S. one has all that

and miglit have beeu closed with a

tlie first division.

The

autlior

way

1

when

The

proceeds— "The

perfec-^ for Style ; and after abbreviations, as Croc. Anglic, for Crocus An; the other, tion requires, and more, but the excess may wants the qualities requisite to excellence." Here the first division makes glicanus. To these may be added. a complete proposition but the antithesis begun by the numeral one, is not The dash [ ] which marks a break in the sentence or an abrupt turn; as, complete, without the last division. ** but O how fallen !" If thou art he ' to outEconomy is no disgrace ; for it is better to Uve on a little, than The interrogation point [.'] that closes a sentence which asks a question; live a great deal." " Be in one counselor of a as, " have but nevertheless, long, ye simple ones, will ye love sinipUcity ?" with many; peace The exclamation point [I] which is used after sudden expressions of surthousand." ad- prise, or other emotions; as, "O happiness Our being's end and aim !" " A friend cannot be known in prosperity ; an enemy cannot be hid The parenthesis ( ) and hooks [ ] include a remark or clause not essential versity." In general then, the semicolon separates the divisions of a sentence, to the sentence in construction, but useful in explaining it or introducing an when the latter division has a dependence on the former, whether the for- important idea. They mark a moderate pause, and the clause included is read with a depressed tone of voice ; as, on the latter or not. has a

New

be easily retrenched

li

—

;

—

How

m

'

!

I (

mer

dependence

"Know then this truth (enough for man to know) several members of a sentence have a dependence on for the same principal word, and the Virtue alone is happiness below." Pope. constitute distinct propositions, the semicolon It will be readily seen that the sentence is not at all dependent on the " may be used; as, Wisdom hath builded her house; she hath hewn out; parenthetical clause but the converse is not true, for that clause ha.s a deher seven pillars; she hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine;; pendence more or less remote on the sentence. Thus, enough for man to she hath also furnished her table." Prov. ix. know, is not intelligible without connecting it with the parts of the sentence " If preceding and following. So in this passage any one pretends to be so Colon. sceptical, as to deny his own existence (for really to doubt of it, is manifestThe ly impossible) let him enjoy his beloved happiness." Locke, 4. 10, 2. The Colon is used when the sense of the division of a period is complete, included clause here is connected with the preceding part of the sentence, so as to admit of a full point, but something is added by way of illustration and it is a substitute for existence. " A brute arrives at a in a point of perfection that he can never pass as, With regard to the duration of the pauses, it may be observed that the to and were he five is few years he has all the endowments he capable of, comma, semicolon, colon and full point, may bear to each other the proporten thousand more, would be the same tiling he is at present." tion of one, two, four and six; and the interrogation point and exclamation Spectator, A''o. Ul. But point may be considered each as equal in time to the colon or period. no precise rule can be given, which shall extend to every case the length Period. of the pauses must depend much on the nature of the discourse, and their reThe Period or full point marks a completion of ths sense, a cadence of the spective proportions may be often varied to advantage by a judicious speaker^ Secondly.

j

When

each other, by means of a substitute clauses, in other respects,

;

;

;

:

;

DIRECTIOiVS FOR THE

PRONUNCIATION OF WOMD8. The principal sounds of the vowels are the first or long, and the second or short. X.

Examples of the second

Examples of the first or long sound.

i

u y

or short

gle, kle, pie, tie, zle

sound.

a in make, fate, grace. in me, mete, meter.

wrinkle, supple,

a in mat, ban, grand. e in bet, men, send,

e

in pine, bind, strife.

i

o u

in note, hold, port. in true, duty, rude.

in bit, pin, miss, in not, boss, bond, in dun, must, refund,

XH. The ns

XIII. y in pity, cycle, synonym, imply. The principal things to be regardet in learning the pronunciation of Eng lish words, are the accent and the sound of the vowel of the accented syllable. II.

This mark called an accent, designates the accented syllable. The accent placed immediately aiter a vowel indicates the vowel to have its first or long sound, either at the end or in tlie middle of a '

I.

IV.

An

lable,

unpointed,

short; as in hab'it, ten'et, con'duct,

ul'cer,

sym'bol; adapt', intend', predict', despond', abrupt'. Exceptions. 1. A pointed vowel has the sound designated by the point or as in full'ness, al'terable, book'ish, convey'. a before //, Id and Ik. in monosyllables or accented syllables, has its broad sound like aw; as in befall', bald'ness, walk'ing. 3. before // is long ; as in enroll'. V. An accent immediately after a diphthong, or after a syllable containing one. designates the accented syllable, but the diphthong has its proper sound as in renew', devour', avow', appoint', annoy'. VI. This mark called in Greek the grave accent, i)laced before a vowel, indicates that vowel to have its Itahan sound, as in ^ask, h*ar, faIn words of two or niore syllables, when no other acther, m^ask. cent is used, this designates the accented syllable ; as in \mswera-

points

;

2.

;

^

ble, b'argain.

VII.

Two

accents immediately before c, ( or s, indicate that c, t or s, in pronunciation, coalesces with the following vowel, and forui the sound of sh or zh, which closes the syllable, and of course the preceding vowel is short. Thus, vi"cious, ambi"tion, are pronounced vi'sion is pronounced vizh'un. vish'us, anibish'on before a, o and u. and in some other situations, is a close articulation, like k, and in the vocabulary of this work, whenever it is equivalent to k, it is marked thus Before e, i and y, c is precisely equivalent to s, in same, this ; as

C

C

E

otis in adjectives and their derivativesis pronounced as in gracious, pious, pompously. ce, ci. ti, before a vowel, have the sound of sA; as

in cetaceous, gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate, pronounced cetashus, grashus, moshon, parshal, ingrashate. But ti after a consonant have the sound of ch ; as in christian, bastion, mixtion, pronounced chrischan, baschan, raixchun. So in

;

as in

Ephe-

pronunciation,

both in the middle and at the end of words, are silent ; as in pronounced caut, baut, frite,

caught, bought, fright, nigh, sigh ni,

;

si.

—

Exceptions. In the following words gh are pronounced as/ cough, chough, dough, enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. XV. When wh begin a word, the aspirate h precedes in pronunciation, as in what, wliifi', whale, pronounced hwat, hwif, hwale jc having precisely the sound of vo, French (ni. In the following words, i<> is silent who, whom, whose, whoop, whore. whole, XVI. /falter r has no sound nor use as in rheum, rhyme, pronounced reum, ryme. XVII. and g before n are silent ; as in know, gnaw, pronounced no, naw. XVIII. IK before r is silent ; as in wring, wreath, pronounced ring, reath.

w

;

—

;

K

XIX. B

after

XX. L

m is silent

before tank.

k

is

;

silent

as in dumb, numb, pronounced dum, num. as in baulk, walk, talk, pronounced bauk, ;

wauk,

XXI. Pli have the sound of as in philosophy. XXII. The combination n^ has two sounds; one, as in sing, singer The latter is the more close other, as in finger, linger, longer. /",-

in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.

IX.

termination ;

nunshashon.

;

atal

sound

XXIII. The

;

but the distinction can only be learned by the ear. answering to kl, are pronounced as if written

letters c/,

clear, clean,

;

VIII.

mangle, man'acl.

broken, pro-

The combinations

XIV. Gh,

suitable.

a'bl,

negotiation, they may be pronounced ce, instead of she, to prevent a repetition of the latter syllable ; as pronunciashon, instead of pro-

cented syllable; as in discourse, encroach, bestow, enroll, courser,

is

which are pronounced

When

accent placed immediately after a consonant, or combination of consonants in the same syllable, indicates that the vowel of that sylif

able, manacle, cradle, ruffle,

puzzle,

combustion, digestion.

;

A

as in

Si after an accented vowel are pronounced like zh sian, confusion, pronounced Ephezhan, confuzhon. ci or ti precede similar combinations, as in

desyllable ; as in sa'cred, pre'cept, ri'ot. po'et, mu'sic, cy'press gra'de, reple'te, divi'de, explo'de, intru'de. horizontal mark or point over a vowel shows it to be long, and when no accent is found in the word, this mark designates the ac-

III.

;

rattle,

cra'dl, ruPfl, nian'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl. e is usually silent ; as in token,

XI. In the termination en, nounced tokn, brokn.

in dry, defy,

Rule

In a lew words of foreign origin, e final forms a syllable ; urin syncope, simile. These are noted in their place. is silent after / in the following ternnuations, ble, cle, die, fle,

E final

ai'c

pronounced

the paltl ;

tlear, tlean.

Gl are pronounced as dl ; glory is pronounced diory. .XXIV. jVafter m, and closing a syllable, is silent as m hymn, condemn. XXV. P before s and t is mute as in psalm, pseudology, ptarmigan, pronounced sam, sudology, tarmigan. ;

;

The

unaccented and terminating words of more syllables than one // tinal answers the following purposes. is short, like in pity and ability. This letter, in the plural number of nouns 1. It indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete, and in the third person singular of the present tense of verbs, is dropped, and sire, robe, lyre abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude. ie substituted and followed by s. The termination thus foi-med is pronoun2. It indicates that c preceding has the sound of s, as in lace, ced iz as from is formed vanities, pronounced vanitiz; from the verb ; vanity, and that has of the sound as in charge, lance, g preceding j, to pity is formed pities, pronounced jutiz. page, challenge. 3. In proper English words, e final never forms a But when y hi monosyllabic verbs, and accented y in other verbs ends the syllable, and in most words, in the terminating unaccented syllabic, it is si- word, the termination its in the third person is pronounced izc ; as in flies lent and useless. Thus, motive, genuine, exandne, juvenile, from fly, defies from defy. So cries, both the verb and noun, is pronounced reptile, granite, are pronounced motiv, geuuin, examin, juve- crize. nil, reptil, granit. S has two sounds its proper sound as in sec, and that of z as in his. It letter

(

;

;

PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. which English characters, according to our use of them, will not t, k, C, ami '/' as-j guages, Hut in regard to etymology, such exact expression final ; as in express with precision. rliiefs.j For exam|)le, in regard to the affinity of words, It has of sounds is not necessary. caps, streets, franks, hates, hopes, fates, flakes, breaths, wreaths. the sound of z, after 6, c followed by e final, d, g, gh, I, m, n, n, r, s and ss, it is wholly immaterial whether the Hebrew 3 is expressed by 6, v, or bh; both in novins th and whether T is expressed by d, th, or dh ; whether n is expressed by h or z, r, aw, ay, ew, ey, ow, oy, sh, ng, vocal, ch, oe, ie, verbs, and whether these letters end the word or arc followed by e final eh ; and whether is expressed by k, q, or qu. So in .\rabic it is immatep in robs, robes, races, rods, lides, rags, rag"es, toils, dreams, sighs, rains, bars, rial whether j^ is expressed by th or ds, and .^ by ^ or kh. waves, roses, passes, mazes, laws, days, news, preys, vows, joys, brushes, The Arabic vowel/aWia, I am informed, is differently pronounced by Die #ings, breathes, churches, foes, goes. Hies. Sc before e, i and y, have oidy the sound of the single letter s or c. Thus Persians and Arabians; the one nation pronouncing it as the English a in scene is pronounced ,scrte; scialist, siolist, mate; the other, generally, as a in fall. I have expressed it by a or aw. S before m, in the ternjinations, asm, earn, ism, has the sound of «,- as ni It was desirable that the Russ, Saxon, Swedish, and German words should be printed with the appropriate types; but the utility would have hardly .spasra, telesin, bapli-^ni. The pronunciation of the word which is radical or primitive in English is compensated for the expense of suitable fonts, and no essential inconveniThus the letter s is directed to lie pro ence can result from the want of them; the English characters being suffi(0 be observed in the derivatives. nounced as z in bniise, and tiiis direction is to be observed in all its deriva- cient to express the sounds of the letters, with all the exactness which etytives. Earth being directed to be pionounced erth, all its derivatives and mology requires. compounds are to follow the same direction. So freight is pronounced y'ra^e proper sound after the following; consonants_/", p, pirate, whether they end llie word or are followed by c iias its

ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.

POINTED LETTERS. A

has the short sound of aw; as

€

in alter, what.

[tc] is the same as k ; as in cape, access. wl)etlier by itself or followed by i or y, lias the as in where, there, rein, ,
E

adv. con.

sound of a

has

tlie sound of the sound of has the sound of

I

QO

liave the sliort

e

long, or ee

;

exclam. n. Obs.

;

O has

stands

a.

as in machine.

French ou ; as in move. u; as in come, wonder. sound of oo ; as in hook. look. oo, or sliort

has tlie sound of oo ; as above, as in full, pull. have tlie Freiiidi sound, like sh ; as in chaise. has the sound of j. TH have their vocal sound as in thou, this. has the sound ofyu ; as in unite, use. pronounced ymiHe,yuse. In digraphs or combinations of vowels, of which one only is pronounced the mark over one vowel designates the sound, and the other vowel is quiescent as in bear, bijat, cilur.se, soul, blood, bow, low, crow, bestow.

for

„ „

for

,,

„

prep. pp. ppr.

,,

,, ,,

pret.

G

;

V

;

The digraphs ea,

ee, ei, ie

feet, seize, siege. Before the letter r,

there

have uniformly the sound of long

e

;

as in

meat j

a slight sound of e between the vowel and the consonant. Thus bare, parent, apparent, mere, mire, more, pure, pyre, are pronounced nearly baer, paerent, appaerent, me-er, mier, moer, puer, pyer. This pronunciation proceeds from the peculiar articulation r, and it occasions a slight change of the sound of n, which can be learned only by the ear. The vowels in unaccented syllables are either short, or have their is

they first sound slightly pronounced. Thus in the words produce, domestic, o has its first sound, but pronounced rapidly and without force. In syllables which have a secondary accent, the vowel is often long, and little distin-j guishable from that in syllables liaving the primary accent as in legislature, in which a in the third" syllable has its long sound. In syllables wholly unaccented, the sounds of the vowels are so rapidly uttered, that they cannot be designated by written characters; they are ail sounded nearly alike, and any attempt at a proper notation of such evanescent sounds serves only to perplex or mislead the learner. Words of anomalous pronunciation, not falling under the foregoing rulesare printed in an ortliography which expresses their true ;

|

pronunciation. z has the sound of the vocal th, in thou. In the expression of the sounds of foreign words in English character's there is often an insurmountable difficulty, as there are sounds, in some lan-

The Welsh

»

i.

1'.

I.

Jlrm.

•

for obsolete.

for preposition. for participle passive. for participle of the present tense. for preterit tense. for pronoun.

,,

Ch.

adverb. connective or conjunction. exclamation, or interjection. name or noun.

for

„

./Ir.

for

,,

,,

prffil.

for

„

__\J

OH

for adjective.

„

„

„

for

verb intransitive. verb transitive.

for

Arabic.

for for

Armoric. Chaldec.

Com.

„

for Cornish.

Dan. D. Eng.

„ „

for

Danish.

for

,,

for

Dutch or Belgic. England or English.

Eth. „ Fr. „ G. or Ger. „ Gr. „ Goth. „ Heb. ,,

for Ethiopic. for French.

Ice.

for Icelandic.

If. /'.

Lat. or L. Per. Port.

Russ.

Sam. Sans. ^<"^.

Sp.

„ „ ,,

„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Sw.

„

Syr.

„

TV.

„

for for

German. Greek.

for Gothic. for

Hebrew.

for Irish, Hiberno-Celtic, for Italian.

and Qaelip.

for Latin. for Persic or Persian. for Portuguese. for the

Russ language, or Russian.

for Samaritan. for Sanscrit. for

Saxon, or Anglo-Saxon.

for Spanish. for Swedish. for Syriac. for Welsh.

ALPHABETS. Hebrew

AN

AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

tions, as well as vowels, as, an tid, a timedenm ; and .V the first letter of the Alphabet in most for non liquet, it is not an gear, a year [See An.] of the known languages of tlie earth in evident and the judges voted by ballots the Ethio])ic however it is the thirteenth, This letter serves as a prefix to nmny Engthus marked. In stands for inscrijitions, lish words, as in and in the Runic the tenth. It is naturally asleep ; awake ; afoot or for ; Augustus ager, aiunt, aurum, arthe first letter, because it aground ; agoing. In some cases, this is gentum, &c. represents the contraction of the Teutonic ge, as in asleep, i is also used for n?!7io, or ante ; as in Anfii-st vocal soiuiil naturally formed by the human organs being the sound uttered aware, fi-oni the Saxon geslapan, to sleej) no Domini, the year of our Lord anno gewarian, to beware the Dutch getvaar. with a mere opening of the moutli witliout mundi, the year of the world ante meridSometimes it is a corruption of theSaxon iem, before noon and for arts, in artium constraint, and without any effort to alter as from on, the natural position or configuration of the again ongean, awake from on magister. master of arts. Among the Rowacian, to watch or wake. Before parti Hence this letter is iound in many l/C stood for anno ab urbe condilips. mans, words first uttered by infants ciples, it may be a contraction of the Celtic which ta, from the building of the city or Rome. words are the names of the objects with (ig, the sign of the participle of the present In algebra, a and the first letters of the altense as, ag-radh, which infants are first concerned, as the saymg a saying, ago phabet represent known quantities the Or this may be"a contraction of on, ing. last letters are sometimes used to breast, and the parents. Hence in Herepreor what is equally probable, it brew DX am, is mother, and 3N ah, is father. may have sent unknown quanthies. In Chaldee and Syriac abhn is father in proceeded from a mere accidental sound In music, is the nominal of the sixth note jiroduced by neghgcnt utterance. In in the natural diatonic scale Arabic, aba ; in Ethiopic, ab{ ; in Malacalled by some words, a may be a contraction of Guido la. It is also the name of one of yan and Bengalese, bappa ; in Welsh, tad, at, of in, to, or an. In some words of Greek whence we retain daddy ; in Old Greek and the two natural moods and it is the open in Gothic atta ; in original, a is privative, giving to them a note of tlie 2d string of the violin, by which Irisli, atfhm'r ; in Cannegative sense, as in anonymous, from a the other strings are tuned and regulated. taljrian, aita ; in Lapponic, nfki ; in Abysand ovofia name. In a or aa, abbreviations of the sinian, abba ; in Amharic, aba ; in Shilhic pharmacy, and Melindane, African dialects, baba : Among the ancients,^ was a numeral (
L

*fi- is

I

;

;

:

—

A

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

—

;

A

;

—

;

;

A

;

AAA

;

A

E

;

—

i

A

;

;

A

—

U

—

A

;

;

—

A

:

A

B

ABA

ABA

" a landlord has a hundred phraseology a year," " llie sum amounted to ten dollars a man," a is merely the adjective 07ic, and this mode of exprerfsion is idiomatic a ;

hundred in a [one] man.

[one]

year

ten dollars to a

;

in the

Doric orders.

anil

n. [Ch. nnx, or non a cuhit, a measure A measure of containing 5 or palms.] liquids among the Dutch equal to 288

pints.

Tus^

Encyc.

ABAN'DONER, n. One who abandons. ABAN'DONING, ppr. Forsaking or

ABACUS PYTHAGORICUS, The muhi- serting wholly renoimcing one's self without restraint. plication table, invented by Pvthagoras. ABACUS HARMONICUS, The structure ABAN'DONING, n. A forsaking ;

and disposition of the keys of a

AAM,

English

can

ABA

phnth above the bouhin

to the

de-

yielding

;

;

total de-

sertion.

tnusical

He hoped

instrument.

his past meritorious actions

might

ABACUS MAJOR, A trough used in mines, ovitweigh his present abandoning the thought of future actions. Clarendon. to wash ore in. Encyc. AB'ADA, n. A wild animal of Africa, of the ABAN'DONMENT, n. A total desertion a ;

•A'VRON'l€. ti. rert&ining to Aaron, the Jewish High P) icst, or to the priesthood of which he was the head. Doddridge. A2, In Engl;? h nranes, is an abbreviationof Abbey or Abbot as Ahbingdon, Abbey-

of a steer, or half grown colt, having its forehead and a third on the nape of the neck. Its head and tail resemble those of an ox, but it has cloven feet, like the stag. Cyc.

two horns on

;

town, Abbeyhill, Abbol-town. AB, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latui preposition, as in abscond, is the Greek arto, and the Eng. of, Ger. ab, D. af, Sw. Dan. af, written in ancient Latin af It denotes from, separating or departure. AB, The Hebrew name of Father. SeeAbba. AB, The eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and tlie firth of the ecclesiastical

state

size

tree.

1.

The ady

71.

A

;

a species of

Palm-

[See Adi/.]

ABANNI'TION,

[keb. Ch. Syr. Sam. n3N, to be lost, or destroyed, to perish.] The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless Rev. ix. pit. The bottomless pit. Milton

ABAD'DON,

of being forsaken.

ABAN'GA,

banishment

n.

[Low

Lai.]

one or two years

for

for

man-

Diet. [JVoi used.'] n. The perforating part of the trephine, an instrument used ui tre-

n.

slaughter.

ABAPTIS'TON,

Coxc.

panning.

ABA'RE, V. t. [Sax. abarian. See Bare.'] AB" AFT, adv. or prep. [Sax. eft or afl, again. To make bare to imeover. [jVb< in use.] Hence efler or cefter, after, subsequent ABARTICULA'TION, n. [See Articulate.] Sax. (cftan, behind in place to which In anatomy, that species of articulation or word be is prefixed beaflan, behind, and structure of joints, which admits of manithis word is corrupted into ab(ft.] fest or extensive motion called also diaryear, answering to a part of July, and a A sea-term signifying in or at the hinder of In the throsis and dearticnlation. part August. Syriac Calendar, Encyc. Coxe. ab is the name of the last summer month. part of a ship, or the parts which lie to- [ABAS', n. A weight in Persia used in wards the stern oppfised to afore. RelaAB' AGIST, n. [from abacus.] weighing pearls, one eighth less than the 2.

;

;

—

;

;

;

One

that

[JVot

casts

ABACK'

accounts

;

a

denotes further aft or towards the as abaft the mainmast. Abaft the that arch of the horizon whicl beam, is between a line drawn at right angles with the keel, and the point to which the stern is directed. It is often contracted

iised.]

and back. Sax. on bctc ; at, on or tow ards the back. See Back.] Towards the back on the back part backward. In seamen's language it signifies ;

;

when

pressed back against the mast by the wind. Taken aback, is when the sails are carried liack suddenly by the wind. Tjaid aback, is when the sails are purposely placed in that situation to give the ship Mariner's Diet. sternway. sails,

Mar.

into aft.

AB AGUN, word

ABAISANCE, [See AB.VLIENATE v.

t.

n. [Latin

from abigo, ab and

In law, one that feloniously drives aw-ay or steals a herd or numbers of cattle at once, in distinction from one that steals a sheep or two.

AB'ACUS

n. [L. abacus,

any thing

flat,

Crabbe.

Obeisance.] [See Alienate, Aliene

n.

laiv proceedings.

The

2.

;

t.

Encyc.

[Fr. abaisser, W. hais ;

Eng. base ; See Abash.]

things. To cast down to reduce \ow ; to de])ress ; to liunible ; to degrade applied to ;

transferriug of

the passions, rank, oflice, and condition in hfe.

Those that « alk in pride he Dan. iv. Whosoever exalteth himself Mat.

[See Alienation.]

xxiii.

Job,

xl.

Among the Romans, a cupboard orbufi^et. An instrument to facilitate operations in are drawn lines a counter on the lowest line, is one ; on the next, ten ; on the third, a hundred, &c. On the spaces, counters denote half the number of the line above. Other schemes are called by the same name. The name is also given to a table of numbers cast vip, as an abacus of addition and by analogy, to the art of numbering, ^ as in ICnighton's ;

on

this

i.

able to abase.

shall

be abased.

[Fr.

;

God shall be abandoned. Dr. .Masnn. To renounce and forsake to leave with a view never to return to desert as lost or desperate as to abandon a country to abandon a cause or party. To give up or resign without control, as when a peison yields himself, without res;

ABA'SEMENT,

n. ;

;

;

;

;

4.

;

;

over entirely. Verus abandoned the wiser colleague.

ABASH'ED, cares of empire to his

Gibbon

71. One who totally forsakes Obs. Karnes. relin(|Mishment. [JVot used.] ABAN'DONED, pp. Wholly forsaken orl deserted. 2. Given up, as to a vice ; hence, extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint ; irre-

ABAN'DON, or deserts.

•7.

Cha7Jibers. Bailey. act of humbling

The

or bringing low also a state of depression, degradation, or humiliation. ABASH', V. t. [Ileb. and Ch. tyU bosh, to be confounded, ov ashamed.] To make the s]>irits to fail to cast down the countenance to make ashamed to conas to abandon traint, to a propensity fuse or confoiuid, as by exciting suddenly a one's self to intemperance. Abandoned over and abandoned of are obsolete. consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority,&c. To resign to yield, relinquish, or give Afilton.. They h,'ard and were abashed. ;

3.

;

Chronicon. Encyc. In architecture, a table constituting the upper member or crowning of a colinnn and its capital. It is usually square, but sometimes its sides are arched inwards. The name is also given to a concave molding on the capital of the Tuscan pedestal ; and

is

xi.

abandonner ; Sp. and ABASED, pp. Reduced to a low state, Von. abandonar ; It. abbandonare ; said to humbled, degraded. be from ban, and donner, to give over to In heraldry, it is used of the wings of eagles^ the ban or proscription or fi'om a or ab when the tops are turned downwards toand bandiim, a flag or ensign.] wards the point of the shield or when the To forsake entirely as to abandon a wings are shut, the natural way of bearing them being spread, with the top pointhopeless euterprize. Wo to that generation by which the te^itimony ing to the chief of the angle. V.

of

;

3.

2 Cor.

;

grams.]

arithmetic

has, low,

;

The literal sense of abase is to toiver or depress, to throw or cast down, as used by Bacon, "to abase the eye." But the word is seldom lused in reference to material

;

1.

from

Latin and Gr. Abbassare ; Sp. baxo,

;

1.

p^N cause the ancients used tables covered with dust for nialdng figures and dia-

2.

It.

;

—

common

to property.

ABANDON,

as a

cupboard, a bench, a slate, a table or board for games; Gr. aSol. Usually deduced from the Oriental, abak, dust, be-

fowl in Ethi

Abbot.

title

ABALIENA'TION, title

low. 1,

Diet.

of property from one to a term of the civil law rarely or

the

never used in

two crowns.

basis

beauty and for a The its head.

its

V.

or the bottom

growing on

signifies statelv

—

ago, to drive.]

The name of a

sort of horn,

The cap of State, formerly To transfer AB'ACOT, another used by Enghsh Kings, wrought into the figure of

n.

remarkable for

oi)ia,

n.

ABACTOR,

Eurojieau carat.

ABASE,

;

is in

adv. [a

the situation of the

it

tively

calculator.

stern

much

A

claimabJy wicked.

pp. ;

Confused with shame followed by at.

;

confounded put

ABASHING,

to silence

ppr.

;

Putting to shame or

confusion.

ABASII'i^IENT,

n.

Confusion from shame.

[Little used.]

AB.\'S1NG,

ppr. bringing low.

Iliuribling,

ABAS'Sl,or ABASSIS,

n.

A

depressing, silver coin

of Persia, of the value of twenty cents, about ten pence sterUng. Encyc^

ABB

ABA ABATABLE, ted

That may or can be aba-«ABATTIS,

a.

V.

Port, bater, abater;

Heb. Ch.

£33n, to

Saxon has

abbattere

;

«'•

^a.*^

down,

to prostrate.

sunk to a in abate, and See Class Bd. No. 2.3, :?3.] is

To beat down in

battere,

VB'ATURE,

The

lost in

to pull down ; to destroy to abate a nuisance.

;

down.

I

Fr. abattre.]

In fortification, piles of trees, or branches of trees sharpened, and laid with the points outward, in front of ramparts, to prevent assailants from mounting the walls.

the participle gebatod, abated.

prefix

beat. 1.

;

i-lI-*A^b Rabata, to beat, and

>**•=>•

kabatiia, to beat

The

It.

beat; Syr.

;

abatir

S|i. batir,

;

A B D

any manner; as

n.

or trampled

Encyc. Grass beaten

[from abate.] a stag in passing.

down by

;

Encyc.

AB'BOTSHIP,

n. [Sax. ab or ob.] yarn for the warp.

ABB,

wool

ABBA,

Among

and

is

Sp. abreviar abbrevio,

Bishops bestow the title, by way of distinction, on the Bishop of Alexandria. To overthrow to cause to fail to frus Hence the title Baba, or Papa, Pope or as to abate a trate by judicial sentence great father, which the Bishop of Alexanwrit. To deject to depress as to abate the dria bore, before the Bishop of Rome. 4|AB'BACY, n. [from abba. Low Lat. abbasold. Oba.

break,

;

6.

1.

;

;

To

2.

The dignity, riglus and privileges of an abbot. It comprehends the government and revenues.

tia.]

add and nothing to abate. Pope 7. To cause to fail ; to annul. By the English law, a legacy to a charity is abated by

Nothing

to

a deficiency of assets.

ABBAT'ICAL.

^

\BBATIAL,

\

" „ Bclongmg .

,

AB'BE, n. M'by, [from abba.] In Connecticut, to remit, as to abate a tax. In a monastic sense, the same as an ahbol; ABA'TE, V. i. To decrease, or become less but more generally, a title, in Catholic as pain abates ; a in strength or violence coimtries, without any determinate rank, office or rights. The abbes are numerous storm abates. and generally have soyie literary attain2. To fail to be defeated, or come to naught; as a writ abates. ments they dress as academics or scholBy the civil law a legacy to a charity does not abate by lieficiency ars, and act as instructors, in colleges and of assets. or as tutors to young private families 3. In law, to enter into a freehold after tlie gentlemen on their travels and many of death of the last occupant, and before the them become authors. heir or devisee takes possession. AB;BESS, n. [from abba.] Blackstone. A female superior or governess of a 4. In horsemansliip, to perform well a down nery, or convent of nuns, having the ward motion. A horse is said to abate, or authority over the nuns which the abbots take down his curvets, when, working have over the Monks. [See Abbey.] upon curvets, he puts both his hind legs AB'BEY, n. ptu. abbeys, [from abba.] to the ground at once, and observes the A monastery or society of persons of either same exactness in all the times. sex, secluded from the world and devoted Encyc to refigion. The males are called monks. ABATED, pp. Lessened decreased and governed by an abbot; the females defeated remitdestroyed mitigated are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. ted overthrown. ;

;

;

;

;

mm

;

;

;

which

;

see.]

To shorten to make shorter by contracting the parts. [In tliis sense, not mucft used, nor often applied to material sub;

To shorten to abridge by the omission or defalcation of a part to reduce to a smaller compass as to abbreviate a ;

;

;

writing. 3. In matlicnialics, to reduce fractions to the , ,, to an abbey. lowest terms. Wallis.

8.

;

v. t. abbreviare ; [It. Port, abbreviar ; from L. fioni breris, short con-

;

brevio,

stances.]

;

deduct;

;

tracted from Gr. Rpa;tvj, from the root of

;

5.

id.

ABBREVIATE,

demand

or sorrow. 4.

from from

abreuvoir,

masons, the joint between stones in a wall, to be filled \vith mortar. Did. [I know not whelher it is now used.]

;

;

state of an abbot.

[Fr.

Sp. abrevar,

;

Among

Encyc.

Chaldee and Syriac, a Sans, figuratively a superior.

The 7!.

water

abreuver, to Gr. Bpf j;u.]

weavers,

Hence abb-wool

for the abb. n. In the

n.

ABBREUVOIR,

Diet.

To lessen ; to diniinisli to moderate as father, appen. to abate zeal ; to abate pride ; to abate a In the Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopic churches, to abate courage. ; it is a title given to the Bishops, and the 3. To lessen ; to mitigate ; as to abate pain 2.

the habit of the order; ant\ commendatory, such as are seculars, but obliged, when of The title is suitable age, to take orders. borne also by some persons, who have not the government of a monastery as bishops, whose sees were formerly abbeys.

[from beating or pulling,

down Rubbish.

[Fr. abattre, to beat

t.

baitre, to beat, to strike

Ar.

AB'ATIS,

as an abaiaUe writ or nuisance.

;

ABA'TE,

n.

}

;

ABBREVIATED,

pp. Shortened reduced abridged. In botany, an abbreviated perianth is shorter than the tube of the corol.

in length 2.

;

;

ABBRE'VIATING,

;>;)/•.

Martyn. Shortening; con-

tracting in length or into a smaller

com-

pass. n. The act of shorteuing or contracting. 2. A letter or a few letters used for a word as Gen. for Genesis U. S. A. for United States of America. 3. The reduction of fractions to the lowest terms. ABBRE'VIATOR, n. One who abridges or reduces to a smaller compass. ABBRE'VIATORS, a college of .seventy-

ABBREVI.VTION,

:

;

two persons whose duty

in tlie is

to

chancery of Rome, draw up the Pope's when granted,

briefs, and reduce petitions, to a due firm for bulls.

;

ABATEMENT, n. The act of abating the state of being abated. 2. A reduction, removing, or pulling down, as of a nuisance. 3.

Blackstone

Diminution, decrease, or mitigation, as of grief or pain.

sum withdrawn,

4.

Deduction, account.

3.

Overtlirow, failure, or defeat, as of a writ Blackstone The entry of a stranger into a freehold after the death of the tenant, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone.

G.

7.

In heraldni, a

of arms, for

mark of dishonor

stain

a coat

its dignity is debased on the character of the

wearer.

ABATER,

n.

The person

or thing that

abates.

ABATING,

ppr.

Pulhng down, diminish-

ing, defeating, remitting.

ABATOR,

n.

A

person

who

freehold on the death of the before the heir or devisee.

exist in Catholic countries. n. name given to monks, in contempt for their idleness.

A

ABBEY-LUBBER, ABBOT,

71.

ABBREVIATORY,

a.

tracting.

ABBRE VIATURE, ter

for

shortening

n. ;

Shortening, con-

A

letter or characan abridgment, a

compend.

[formerly ahbat, from abba, A. B. C.

The

three

first letters

of the alpha-

from Heb. jilnral nUN^ Also a bet, used for the whole alphabet. The superior or governor of an abbey or little book for teaching the elements of Sliak. monastery. Originally monasteries were reading. foiuided in retired places, and tlie religious AB'DALS, n. The name of certain fanatics hail no concern with secular aftairs, bein in Persia, who, in excess of zeal, sometimes run into the streets, and attr'inpt to But the entirely subject to the prelates. kill all they meet who are of a diflerent abbots possessing most of tlie learning, in and if they are slahi for their religion ages of ignorance, were called tioni their seclusion to aid the cluirches in op|>osing madness, they think it meritorious to die, heresies monasteries were lijuudcd and by the vidgar are deemed martyrs. latinized abbas, or

;

in

whicli

liy

some

as from an

These instit\itions were snj)pressed in England by Henry VIII.; but they still

enters into a

last i)ossessor.

Blackstone.

;

abbots became aml)itious and set themselves to acquire wealth and honors; some of them assumed

the vicinity of cities

;

tlie

the miter, threw ott" their dependence on the bishops, and obtained seats in parlia ment. For many centuries, ])rinces and noblemen bore the title of abbots. At present, in catholic coiuitries, abbots are regular, or such as talcc the vow, and \\ear

AB DEIilTE, a mariliiue

n.

An

town

in

Encyc. inhabitant of Abdera, Thrace. Democrittis

so called, from being a native of the As he was given to laughter, foolplace. ish or incessant laughter, is called abdeis

rian.

ABOIeANT, a. [See Abdicate.] renouncing.

Wliitaker.

Abdicating ;

ABE

A B D AB'DICATE,

V.

[L. abdico

t.

;

ab and

dieo,

to dedicate, to bestow, but the literal ])rimary sense ot'dico is to send or thrust.] 1. In a g-enfraZ sense, to relinquish, renounce, or abandon. Forster. Q.

To abandon an a formal red

it,

without

office or trust, resignation to those

who

or without their consent

;

conferalso to sur-

abandon a throne, without a formal

render of the crown. Case of Ki7}g James, Blacksione.

argentine, atherine, herring and carp.

ABDOMINAL

ABE

mullet,

and in morals, a fault, a deviation fiom rectitude. Brown. error, mistake

flying fish, Enci/c.

or INGUINAL RING, an oblong tendinous ring in both groins, through whicii pass the .sjiermstic cord in men, and tlie round ligaments of

women.

tlie iiferns in

the

Cowper.

[L. abduco, to lead away, of at and duco, to lead. See Duke.] 3. To relinquish an oflice before the expira- To draw from ; to withdraw, or draw to a tion of tlie time of service. different part ; used chiefly in anatomy. Case of Diocletian, Gibbon; also Case of ABDU'CENT, a. Drawing from, pulling

Paul 4.

To

reject

;

Core's Russ.

III.

to renoiuice

Burke.

right. 5.

To

cast

cate

away;

our mental

renounce; as to abdi-

to

faculties.

[Unusual.']

J. P. Smith. In the civil lata, to disclaim a son and expel him from the family, as a father; to disinlierit during the Ufe of the father. Encyc. AB'DI€ATE, V. i. To renoimce to abandon to cast off; to relinquish, as a right, power, or trust. 6.

;

;

Though a ICing may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate lor the monarchy. Burke

AB'DICATED, pp. Renounced;

rehnquish-

ed without a formal resignation; abandoned. ABDICATING, ppr. ReUnquishing with out a formal resignation abandoning. ;

The act of abthcating n': the abandoning of an office or trust, witli out a formal surrender, or before the usual or stated time of expiration.

ABDICA'TION,

2.

A

back used of those muscles which pidl back certain parts of tlie body, for sepaThe rating, opening, or bending tlieni.

3.

;

abandon as a

to

;

casting off; rejection.

abducent

opposed

called abductors,

muscles,

to the adducent

VVandermg, strayuig from [Rarely used.] n. [L. abeirntio.]

The

act

;

t.

('.

way.

of wandering fiom the right way; deviation from truth or moral rectitude deviation from a strait line. In astronomy, a small apparent motion of the fixed stars, occasioned by the progressive motion of light and the earth's annual motion in its orbit. By this, they sometimes appear twenty seconds distant from

to the abdo-

;

risrht

ABERRATION,

Med. Diet.

AEiJOM'INOUS, a. Pertaining men having a large belly.

ABDU CE,

;

ABER'RANT, a.

RING,

their true situation. Lunier. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light, when inflected Vjy a lens or speculum,

by which they are prevented from uniting in the same point. It is occasioned by the figure of the glass, or by the unequal re-

are

muscles or adduc

Med. Diet. frangibility of the rays of light. Encyc. In a general sense, the Crown of abeiration, a luminous circle surrounding the disk of the sun, depending on the aberration of its rays, by wliicli its the broken parts recede from each other ajipareut diameter is enlarged. Cyc. 3. In logic, a kind of argumentation, called ABER'RING, part. a. Wandering going Broum. astrav. by tlie Greeks apagoge, in which the major is evident, but the minor is not so ABERRUNCATE, i>. t. [L. arerrunco.] To As to extirpate utterh . clear, as not to require farther proof. pull up by the roots Diet. in this syllogism, "all whom God absolves [Xot used.] are free from sin God absolves all w ho ABET', c. t. [Sax. hetan, gebetan ; properly to push forward, to advance ; hence to are in Christ ; therefore all who are in Christ are free from sin." amend, to revive, to restore, to make betEncyc. 4. In law, the taking and carrying away of a ter; and applied to lire, to increase the Hence to flame, to excite, to promote. child, a ward, a wife, &c. either by fraud, aid by encouraging or instigating. Hence persuasion, or open violence. in Saxon, " Na bete nan man that fy'r." Blackstone ABDUCTOR, n. In anatomy, a muscle Let no man bet, [better, excite] the fire, LL. Ina. a or back which serves to withdraw, pull 78.] certain jiart of the body as tlie abductor 1. To encourage by aid or countenance, but " To now used in a bad sense. outwards. the tors.

ABDUCTION,

n.

act of drawing apart, or carrying away 2. In surgery, a species of fracture, in which

;

;

;

;

ocuii,

which

eye

pulls abare,

chiefly

T

abet an opinion," in the sense of suppoti, abaran.] is used by Bishop Cumberland but this Spenser. use is hardly allowable. hide ; ab and ABEA'RANCE, n. AB'DITIVE, [from abear, now disused do.] Having the power or quality of from bear, to carry.] Behavior, demeanor. 2. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite or assist in a criminal act. Diet. [Little used.] Blackstone. hiding. [Little used.] n. The act of aiding or encouraging AB'DITORY, n. place for secreting or ABECEDA'RIAN, n. [a word formed from ABET', in a crime. [JVot used.] Cowel. preservi)ig goods. the first four letters of the alphabet.] One /!. The act of n. [L. per ABET'MENT, AB'DOMEiSf, or abetting. who teaches the letters of the alphabet, or pp. Incited, aided, encourhaps abdo and omentum.] a learner of the letters. i. The lower belly, or that part of the body aged to a crime. a. Pertaining to, or formed which hcs between the thorax and the TING, ppr. Counselling, aiding or by the letters of the aljihabet. bottom of the pelvis. It is lined with a encouraging to a crime. On or in bed. adv. One who abets, or incites, n. membrane called peritoneum, and eon- ABED', or [See Bed.] n. An obsolete ABE'LE, ABEL-TREE, or aids tains the stomach, hver, spleen, pancreas encourages another to commit a name of the white poplar. [See Poplar. crime. In treason, there are no abettors; kidneys, bladder and guts. It is separated or A LIANS, all persons concerned bemg principals. Irom the breast internally by the diaITES, in Church history, a sect in Africa ABEVA€UA'T10N, ?i. [ab and c acvMtion.] phragm, and externally, by the extremi Ill medicine, a ])artial evacuation of morOn its outer surface it is which arose in the reign of Arcadius ties of the ribs. but lived in continence, bid humors of the body, eitlier by nature they married, divided into four regions the epigastric, after the manner, as they pretended, of or art. the umbilical, the hypogastric and lumbar. Cyc. Abel, and attempted to maintain the .sect .\Bl:;Y'ANCE, n. ]iron. abayance. [Norm. Qitincy, by adopting the children of others. abbaiaunce, or abaizance, in expectation ; 2. In insects, the lower part of the animal Enryc. united to the corslet by a thread. In some boyance, expectation. Qu. Fr. buyer, to trivial name of a sjieA'BELMOSK, n. gape, to look a long time with the mouth species, it is covered w ith wings, and s The cies of hibiscus, or Syrian mallow. case. It is divided mto segments and open to stand looking in a silly manner a herbaceous three or rises on stalk, plant It. bndare, to amuse one's self, to stand of which are small rings, on the sides " tenere a out or three .side two four feet, sending bada," to keep at bay ; trifling spiracles by which the insect respires. branches. The seeds have a musky odor, D. .Yat. Hist "Starabada," to stand trifling. If

AB'DI€ATIVE, abdication.

Causing or implyin

a.

[LAttte used.] a. [L. abdo, to

Diet.

ABEA'R, bear

;

V.

[Sax. to behave. Obs. t.

;

;

A

ABDOMEN,

ABETTED,

ABECEDARY,

ABET

ABETTOR,

BEL

ABELONIANS

ABE

:

—

A

;

;

;

ABDOMINAL, o.

Pertaining to the lowei

bellv.

In re. plu. abdominals. ichthyology the abdominals are a class of fish whose ventral tins are j)laced behind the to tlie pectoral, and whicli belong division of bony fish. The class contains nine genera the loche, sahnon, pike

ABDOM'INAL,

—

(whence

its

name,

noaxoi,) for

which rea-

son the Arabians mix them with coffee.

ABER'RANCE, ABER'RANCY,

}

n.

aberro.

[L. abcrran.^

from of ab I to wander and erro, to wander.] A wandering or deviating from the right way, hut rarely used in a literal sense. I a figurative sense, a deviation from truth. ;

Bd

are the radical letter.s, it seems to belong See Bay.] to the root of abide. In expectation or contemplation of law. The fee simple or inheritance of lands and tenements is in abeyance, when there is no person in being in whom it can vest ; so that it is in a state of expectancy or waiting until a proper person shall appear.

A B

A B

1

A B L

J

the consequences, as to abide by the event, Thus if land is Iisased to a man for life, that is, to be fixed or permanent in a parretiiaiiidoi- to another for years, the reticuhir condition. mainder for years is in abeyance, till the Blackstone. ABI'DER, ?i. One who dwells or continues. death of the lessee, for life.

ABHOR', to set

v.t.

up

ah and horreo, to look shiver or shake dl"

[L. abhorreo,

bristles,

hate extremely, or with contempt to Sliak. lothe, detest or abominate. Ps. xxii. 24. Amos 2. To desi)ise or neglect.

residence

;

Ps. Ixxxix.

cast off or reject.

ABHOR'RED,

tinue

tested.

1.

ABHORRENCE,

)

ABHOR'REiNCY,

S

n.

Extreme

hatred, de-

2.

[Vr.habilelf ; ll.abilita; Sp. h. habititas, ableness, fitness,

ABJU'RER,

with abliorrcuce. Contrary, odious, inconsistent with, ex " Slan pressive of extreme opposition, as, In tier is abhorrent to all ideas of justice." this sense, it should be always followed

—

by to abhorrent from the English idiom.

ABHORRENTLY, adv. ABHOR'RER,

n.

is

ABLAC'TATE, and

One who

Tliey gave after their ability to the work. Ez. ii. a aversion, 3. 3Ioral power, depending on the will in Isaiah metaphysical and theological sense. "An abhor- 4. Civil or legal |iower the power or right to do certain things, as an ability to trans

abhors.

—

Ixvi. for the object

ring to

A'BIB,

of hatred

—

all flesh."

;

to ])roduce the first or early fruit

grown car of corn.] first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical It begins at the year, called also Nisan. spring equinox, and answers to the latter a'^N, a tun

The

March and beginning of

part of

1.

2.

April.

Its name is derived fi'oia the full growtl of wheat in Egypt, which took place an cieiitly, as it does now, at that season.

Cyc a. [L* ab and intcstawithout a will, fi-om in am W. tyst ; Arm. bear witness

ABINTESTATE, tus

—dying

testor, to

breast.

and lac, milk.

weaning of a

ancient gardeners, a Tnethod of grafting in which the cion was not separated fi-oiu the ]iarent stock, till it wa.s united to that in which it was infirmly

Among

ablnqucatio,

from

laijucar, a roof or covering.] laying bare tlje roots of trees to expose thcin to the air and water a practice among gardeners.

—

A

[h.ab and lalio, a carry-

n.

ing-]

carrying away. In medidne, the taking from the body whatever is hurtful evacuations in general. In rhimistry, the removal of whatever is finished or no longer necessary. ;

AB'LATIVE,

will.

To throw away;

[L. ab

Lacto, to suckle.] In medical autltors, the child from the breast.

ABI^.V'TIUN,

witness. See Test and Testify.] In the aril law, inheriting the estate of one v.t.

n.

ab and

A

;

dying without a

from ab

;

tlie

serted. This is now called grafting by approach or inarching. [See Graft.] Lncyc.

test,

ABJEC'T',

[L. 'ablaelo

ABLAQUEATION, "[L.

—

fir property or dis])Ose of effects ability It is opposed to disability. to inherit.

[Hcb. 3N, sweUing, protuberant

?i.

Ch. 33X,

t.

To wean from

ABLACTATION,

With abhorrence

ABHOR'RING,^^;-. Having great As a noun, it is used detesting.

v.

lac, milk.]

[Little u.sed.]

;

not agreeable to

Shah.

upon oath;

»t. One who abjures. ppr. Renouncing upon oath; disclaiminir with solemnity.

mind, and acquired qualifications. Franklin. Riches, wealth, substance, which are the means, or which furnish the poiver, of certain acts. doing

algure

;

ABJURING,

standing;

Hating, detesting, struck

en-ors

Renounced pp. solemnly recanted.

is

ABHORRENT, a.

;

;

ABJURED,

;

deny upon

;

as to abjure reason. To recant or retract. To banish. [.Vo? used.]

Haioeia.

;

to

abjuro,

To renounce upon

to reject 3.

n. ;

[L.

and juro,

to swear.] oath to abandon as to abjure allegiance to a prince. To renounce or reject with solemnity ;

;

from habeo, to have or hold.] Physical power, whether bodily or men tal natural or acquired force of under-

t.

oath, from a6 1.

to con- 4.

skill in arts or science. Ability active power, or power to perform ; as o]iposed to capaciti/, or power to receive. In the plural, abilities is much used in a like sense and also for faculties of the

testation, great a

sion.

2.

fixed state

manner

In a

adi:

permanently.

;

habilidad

.T8.

;

an enduring.

.\BI'DINGLY,

Hated extremely, dc

pp.

Contiiuiance

n. ;

ABIL'ITY,

vi. 8.

To

ppr.

ABIDING,

To

3.

Dwelling; remaining; continuing; endm'ing; awaiting.

;

terrible.] 1.

ABIDING,

ARJU'RE,

t'.

L. ahlativus

to cast

o. ;

[F. ablatif; h. ablativo ; L. ablafus, from avfero, ti>

carry away, of at and /fro.] ABI'DE, V. {. pret. and part, abode. [Ar. ^x j 1 ABJECT, a. [L. abjectus, from abjicio, to' A word applied to the sixth case of nouns in the Latin language, in which case are used throw away, from 06 nndjacio, to throw abada, to be, or exist, to continue W. W(jrds when the actions of a low Sunk to condition to 1. Sax. bidan, abidnn; Sw. bida ; applied pci carrying away, hod, to be or taking from, are signified. sons or things. Hence, D. beiden ; Dan. bier; Russ. vitayii, to 2. Worthless, mean, despicable, low in esti- Ablative altsolute, is when a word in that dwell, rest, contiiuie, stand firm, or be is without or in mation, case, for hope regard. independent, stationarv construction, of anytime indefinitely. Class the rest of the sentence. AB'JEt'T, n. A person in the lowest con Bd. No Obs.

out.

Spenser.

;

;

;

7.]

1.

2.

3.

To rest, or dwell. Gen. xxix. 19. To tarry or stay for a short time. xxiv. 55. To

ABJECT EDNESS, picable condition.

continue permanently or in the same be firm and innnovable. Ps

ABJECTION,

state to cxix. 90. ;

•I.

To

remain, to continue. Eccles. viii. 15.

ABIDE, for

;

V.

t.

To

wait for

Acts, xxvni. 31

To

To 3.

To

tlic

to

be prepared

;

Acts, xx. 23

n.

n.

A

ABLE, 1.

hence a low state adv.

;

;

servilelv. n. The

meamiess

;

state

man

to bear patiently.

" I cannot abide his impertinence." This verb when intransitive, is followed bv in or at before the i>lace, and with before the person. "Abide u-ith me «f Jcrusa lem or in this land." Sometimes by on

—

2.

of being

;

;

;

;i

h.-ivitig

Having strong or imusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualificafions ; as an Provide out of

;!.

;,

A

ahlez.] ;

able minister.

n.

that is their lives by abjuring the realm the sv.ord shall abide on his cities ; aiuj by takijig an oath to quit the kingdom forin the sense ol'ivait, by for, abide/or jne. ever. Hosea, iii. 3. Sometunes by by, abide 61/ 2. rejection or denial with solemnity the crib. Job, xxxix. total abandonment; as "an abjuration of In general, abide by signifies to adhere to, heresy." maintain, defend, or stand to, as to aliidc \BJURATORY, a. Containing abjuration. by a promise, or by a fi-iend or to sufier Encyc.

Norm,

;

;

Joel x.

;

abstract subjects.

servility.

[See Abjure.] The act of jibjuring a renunciation upon oath as " an abjuration of the realm," In which a person swears to leave the coiuiIt is used alst try, and never to return. for the oath of reiuinciation. Formerly in England, felons, takuig refuge in church, and confessing their guilt, couhi not be arrested and tried, but might sav(

[L. kahilis

—

meanness of

In a contemptible

a. a'bl.

Having physical power sitfficient

competent power or strength, bodily or mental as a man able to perform miUtary service a child is not able to reason on

of being cast

state

baseness.

ABJURATION, 1.

Ps. xxxv.

A very low or des-

[Little used.]

ABJECTNESS, abject;

indignation of the Lord.

bear or endtn-e;

;

nor; nieanlv ;

cntlure or sustain. abide

away sjiirit

ABJECTLY,

to await.

Bonds and afflictions abide me. [For is here understood.] 2.

and despicable.

dition

Gen;

Kvcry man I.

5.

Israel able

men.

Ex.

xriii. ;

or

shall give as lie is able.

Dcut. xvi. Having competent strength or fortitude. He is not able to sustain such pain or alfliction

Having sufiicient knowledge or He is able to speak French. .She

G.

all

Having large or competent property simply having property, or means.

is

skill.

not able to play on the piano.

Having competent moral power or

quali-

fications.

An

illeai'iinato

son

is

not aile to take by mher-

if.inre.

\'BLE-BODIED,(i. Having a sound, strong body, or ;i body of competent strength for In marine language, service. skill in seamauship.

it

dene tcs

Mar. Did.

v

ABO -

or

AB'LEN, water

AB'LET,

AB'LEPSY, sight

;

Ability of body or

)i.

vigor

;

small fresh

n.

[Gr.

Want

otf^t^-ia.]

ABO'DING, of

superl.

of able. to let out.]

[L. abloco, ab let out ; to lease. t.

To

ABLOCA'TION,

A letting

n.

and

Calvin.

;

wash

to

;

or lua,

Ix. lo

water.]

clean

Washing

cleansing by water or U-

;

[Litlk used except as a noun.] n. In medicine, that which thins, purifies or sweetens the blood. quids.

AB'LUENT,

Qiiincy.

[See Diluent and Abstergent.] n. [L. abhitio, from ab and luo or lavo to wash.] 1. In a general sense, the act of washing a cleansing or purification by water. 2. Apjjropriately, the washing of the body as a preparation for religious duties, enjoin-

ABLUTION,

;

ed by Moses

;uid

practiced in

still

many

countries. 3.

(^uincy.

In medicine, the washing of the body fxas by baths or internally, by

fernally,

;

diluting fluids. 5.

The cup

to

void;

Isa.

idols.

Tim.

prognosticaaboleo

deny.

\_Mt used.]

[L.

W.

;

;

A

;

niuiciation

;

);.

One who

denies, re-

nounces, or opposes any thing. Saytdys. n. [L. abnodo ; ab and The act of cutting away nodus, a knot.] the knots of trees. Diet.

ABNODA'TION,

ABNORMTTY,

n.

ab and norma, a fiirmity.

[L. al»o;»()s, irregular; rule.]

[hittle used.] a. [L.

ABNORM^OUS,

Irregularity

;

To

ii.

This sense

i.

is

Diet.

;

the genus, anas.

ABORIG'INAL,

abolish

not

a.

[L. ab and origo, orighi.

;

;

;

common.

n. The act of annuldestruction. Hooker. n. abolishun. The act of or the state of being abolish abolishing ed an annulhng abrogation utter des truction; as the abolition of laws, decrees ordinances, rites, customs, debts, &c. The application of this word to persons and To things, is now umisual or obsolete. abolish persons, canals and senses, the Ian guage of good writers formerly, is no lon-

VBOL'ISHMENT, ling

;

abroeation

;

ABOLI "TION, ;

;

;

Aborigincd.]

ABORSEMENT, Abortion.

hateful 2.

o.

detestable

;

[See Abomitiate.] Very lothesome.

1.

2.

Levit. vii

The

3. quality or

;

;

1

sinfidly.

Kings

;

2.

ABOM'INATE,

V. t. [L. abomino, supposed to be formed by ab and omen ; to depre- 3. cate as ominous ; may the Gods avert the

4.

evil.]

hate e.xtremely

to

;

abhor

;

VBOM'INATED, tested

;

pp.

abhorred.

Hated

The fetus brought forth before fectly formed. a. Brought forth in ture state failing, or before it is comjdete.

xxi.

sively.

To

usually deduced from ab and orior.] The act of miscarrying, or producing tune, or before the fetus is perfectly formed. In a figurative sense, any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or any thing which fails in its progress, before it is matured or perfect, as a design or pro-

ABOR'TIVE,

vulgar language, extremely, exces

In

[JVotimise.] Btirton. n. [L. ato?'
ject. n.

state of being very odious; hatefulness. ABOMTNABLY, adv. Very odiously de

testably

All abortion.

young before the natural

;

JABOM'INABLENESS,

2.

»i.

ABORTION,

Milton.

Unclean.

orior.]

Herbert.

ABORT',

This word is apphcable to whatever is odious to the mind or offensive to the

3.

n.uborsment. [See Abort.]

[JVot in use.]

ABORT', V. t. [L. aborto ; ab and ortus, To miscarry in birth. [JVb< in use.]

ger legitimate.

de-

abnormis, supra.]

Edwards, the black-belhed whistling duck. This fowl is of a reddish brown color, with a sort of crest on its head the belly is spotted with black and white. It belongs to

—

;

Hammond.

self-denial.

AB'NEGATOR,

ABO'RD, v.t. To accost. [M'otinuse.] ABO'REA, n. A species of duck, called by

;

;

abnego, to deny, net;o ; naca, nacau ; Sw neka, to deny W. nac, no Eng. nay; L. Ir. itach, not.] denial a renee, not n.

from ab and

Hall from

;

annul; to abrogate;

senses.

To

v. I.

ABNEGATION,

Shak.

[Fr.

.

ability.

AB'NEGATE,

See Border.] Literally, arrival, but used for first ajipcarance, manner of accosting, or address, but not an word. English Chesterfield.

secret

71.

See Origin.] death, 2 First original jiriniitive aboriginal people To are the first inliabitants of a country. abolish posterity, in the translation of PauAboriginal tribes of America. President Smith sanias, Lib. 3. Ca. 0. is hardly allowable. ABOL'ISHABLE, a. That luay be annul- ABORIG'INAL, n. An original, or primitive inhabitant. The first settlers in a country led, abrogated, or destroyed, as a law, rite, are called aboriginals ; as the Celts in Eucustom, &c. rope, and Indians in America. ABOL'ISIIED,;);). Annulled; repealed; abPresident Smith. rogated, or destroyed. ABORIGINES, n. plur. Aboriginals but ABOL'ISHER, n. One who abohshes. ABOLISHING, ppr. Makuig void; aimul- not an English word. It may be well to let it pass into disuse. [See ling destroying. ish

ABOM'INABLE,

given to the laity without conseJohnson with great

cration, in po|)ish churches. A'BLY, adv. In an able mamier

;

ABO'RD,

—

Pope has used ablution for the water used in cleansing.

6.

To make

;

In chimistry, the purification of bodies by the affusion of a proper liquor, as water to dissolve salts.

4.

A

[from bode.]

Presentiment

applied chiefly and apjjropriately to established laws, contracts, rites, customs and institutions as to abolish laws by a repeal, actual or virtual. To destroy, or put an end to; as to abol-

to hire.

;

n.

tion.

loco,

ABLU'DE, i'.(.[L. abludo, ab andludo, to play.] To be unlike to differ. [JVot used.] Hall. AB'LUENT, a. [L. abluo, to wash away luo, or lavo,

n.

Dryden.

ABOL'ISII, V. t. [Fr. abolir; " L. ab and oleo, olesco, to grow 1.

V.

ABO

To be an omen.

anticipation of soiuething future.

bliiulnes.s.

AB'LOCATE,

v.i.

ABO'DEMENT,

mmd

capability.

;

A'BLER, and A'BLEST, Conip. and

ab and

ABO'DE,

the bleak.

fisli,

A'BLENESS, force

ABO A

n.

to detest. Southern.

Failing in

its

it

is

per-

an imma-

to naught,

coming

miscarrying; pro-

effect;

ducing nothing as an abortive scheme. Rendering abortive as abortive gulf, in Milton, but not legitimate. Pertaining to abortion as abortive vellum, made of the skin of an abortive calf ;

;

;

5. In botany, an abortive flower utterly; defalls without jiroducing fruit.

That which

is

Encyc. one which

Martyn.

brought [hittle used.] Diet. ppr. Abhorring ; Iiatin; ABOR'TIVE, forth or l>orn prematiu'ely. [LAttle used.] board. See Board.] extremely. Within a ship, vessel, or boat. ABOMINA'TION, n. Extreme hatred de ABOR'TIVELY, adv. Immaturely ; in an manner. untimely To SCO aboard, to enter a ship, to embark. testation. Su-ift^ n. The state of being To fall aboard, to strike a shi]j's side. 2. The object of detestation, a common signi- ABOR'TIVENESS, abortive a faihng in the progress to perMoard main tack, an order to draw a corner fication in scripture. fection or maturity a failure of producing of the main-sail down to the chess-tree. The way of tlie wicked is an abomination to the intended eflect. the ,._ Lord. Prov . ._ Encyc. Mar. Diet. n. [from bode.] An omen. 3. Henc"e,'defilement, pollution, in a phvsicaJlJABORT'iMENT, n. An untimely birth. Irregular

ABOARD,

ABOMINATING,

deformed,

;

adv. [a

n.

is

and

;

;

;

ABO'DANCE, [Ao/

pret. ?i.

in a i)lace ter time. 2.

A

Johnson.

used.]

ABO'DE, ABO'DE,

;

c^f

abide.

[See Abide.] Stay: continuance residence for a longer or shor-

place of continuance

;

a dwelling

;

a

habitation.

To make abode, to dwell or reside. ABO'DE, v.t. [SeeBorfe.] To foreshow.

3.

Sliak.

sense, or evil doctrines and which are moral defilements,

|)ractices,

idols

and

The called abominations. idolatry, Jews were an abomirialion to the Egy|.)tians; arid the sacred animals of the Egyptians were an abomination to the Jews. The Roman army is called the abomination of desolation. Mat. xxiv. l.'J. are

is an object of extreme an abomination.

In short, whatever hatred,

is

called

Bacon. v.i. [L.abundo ;Fr. abonder; It. abbondare ; Sp. abundar. If this word is from L. unda. a wave, the latter has probably lust its first consonant. Abound may naturally be deduced from the Celtic. Ann. fonn, plenty; fo7ina, to aliound; W. to produce, to generate, to abound, fyniai'c, from fwn, a source, the root of fynon. L. fu7ts, a fountain.]

ABOUND',

To have or possess in great quantity; to be copiously supplied; followed by icith or in ; as to abound ivith provisions to abound in good things. To be in great plenty to be very prevalent. Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Rom. v.

1.

ABO

ABO

A B G 4.

The weight is above a tun. More in degree in a greater degree. Hannaniah feared God above many. Neh.

ABRIDGE',

vu. 2.

1.

;

;

V.

abridj', [Ft. ahrigtr,

t.

from

Gr. ^^axvf, short, or its root, from the root of break or a verb of that fam.ily.] To make shorter to epitomize ; to contract by using fewer words, yet retaining used of writings. the seiise in substance Justin abridged the history of Trogus Pom;

Gen. m. serpentis cursed above all cattle. in excess. In stripes above measure. 2 Cor. xi. God will not suffer you to be tempted above peius. in great plenppr. Having what ve arc able, 1. Cor. X. 13. 2. To lessen ; to diminish ; as to abridge ty; being in great plenty; being very pre- 6. Beyond ; in a state to be unattainable as labor ; to al/ridge jiowcr or rights. Smith. valent generally prevaiUng. above To deprive ; to cut ort'from followed by 3. comprehension. things South 7. Too n. Increase. or enjoyproud for. of; as to abridge one of his rights, This man is above his business obsolete ments. To abridge from, is ABOUT', prep. [Sax. abutan, onbutan, emaround ; on or emb, coincid 8. Too elevated in mind or raiili ; having too or

2.

;

The

5.

Beyond

—

;

ABOUND'ING,

;

;

;

ABOUND'ING,

now

butan, about, without, [see ing with Gr. a/if, and butcin, but,] Uterally,

1.

around, on Iht outside.] exterior part or surface

much

4. In algebra, to reduce a cortipound quantity dignity for as This man is above mean actions or equation to its more simple expression. often used elUptically, for heaven, or The eipiatiou thus abridged is called a forthe celestial regions. mula. Let not God regard it from above. Job, iii. ABRIDG'ED pp. Made shorter ; epitomized ; above.

j

I

;

It is

Around on the ;

improper.

Bind them about thy neck. Prov. iii. 3. 1. Hence, to in place, with the sense of circula

Isa.

The powers 10 In a book or writing,

reduced to a smaller compass ; lessened ; it denotes before or deprivefl. a former place, as what has been said one n. One who abridges This mode of sjieakiiig ABRIDG'ER, above; supra. who makes a com])end. in the ancient manner of writoriginated time. to in 3. Near lessening; /)p-. Shortening '^('{ABRIDG'ING, of Mat.xxi.3 on a hour. beginnin tliird the parchment, strip He went out aftwut ing, deprivinif debarring. one end and jnocecding to the other. The 4. Near to, in action, or near to the performABRIDG'MENT, n. An epitome a combeginning was the upper end. ance of some act. pend, or siunmaiT of a book. adv. Overhead in a higher place. ABOVE', mouth. his to about Paid was reduction as open contraction Bacon. 2. Diminution ; Acts, They were about to flee out of the ship. an abridgment of expenses. Before. xwii. 30. Dnjden. xviii. 14 |3. a debarring or restraint as 3. Deprivation to the clothes. :i. Chief in rank or power. Deut. xxviii. 5. Near to tlie person ; appended an abridgment of jileasures. Is 'Ibove cdl is order. elliptical; above all consideraEvery tiling about him is in adv. [Sec Broach.] ? tions chiefly in preti lence to otherthings. ABROACH, or your snuft'box about you ' Broached ; letting out or yielding liquor, in transition or table the e board the ail abc)\ Move board ; sides, From nearness on as a cask i.s in a posture for letting out Hence, is easy to a concern with. open sight without trick, concealment abroach. Figuratively used by Shakes]icare reor deception. This ex])ression is said by C. Concerned in, engaged in, relating to, diffor setting loose, or in a state of being Johnson to be borroweel from gamesters, " Set miscliief abroach specting. ;" but this fused, business. Luke, I must be about my father's who, when they change their cards, put sense is unusual. The painter is not tn tal
2.

Near

rity.

Get you up from about the tabernacle. Num.

in

;

xvi.

;

;

;

— —

;

;

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

— We

;

;

A

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

To go

about, signifies to enter upon to prepare ; to seek the means. W hy go ye about to kill me. John,

;

also

ABOVE', D. 1.

prep. [Sax. abufan, bufan, bufon

;

tlie

earth.

Gen.

More in number or quantity. He wa.s seen by above live hundred at once, 1. Cor. xv. 6.

abra'zhun. ofl";

The act of also substance! quincy.i

a and

breast.] the breasts in a line.

[fi-om

Side by side with rode abreast. Ill marine language, ships are abreast. when their heads are equally advanced and they are ahrcnst of obje.ts when the! witli the bcam.objects "are on a line ;

Two men

in place.

Literally, higher The fowls that fly above

n.

worn u'ffbv attrition. ABREAST'," «(/!'. abrest', 1.

ftorcH.] i.

20

2. Figuratively, superior in any respect. tsaw a light above the brightness of the Sun. Acts, xxvi. The price of a virtuous woman is above rubies, Prov. x\xi. 3.

ABRA'SION,

wearing or rubbing

™

"

brethren

2.

;;

Hence, 3.

Opposite ship

was

seaman's

;

establi>ibed

line

;

annulled by

\B'ROGATING, ppr. Repealing itv

;

by author-

[liakiiig void.

.'iiROGA'TION,

n.

The act of abrogating;

a repeal by authority of the legislative

power.

VBROOD'

adv. [See Brood.] In the action Sanrrofl. [.Vot t)i !i.?e.]

of brooding.

ABROOD

l\G,

n.

A

sitting

abrood.

[Xot Basset.

in use^,

in use. phrasi:.

&:c.

an act of uiitboritv.

with — as against on a abreast of Montauk point. — Ai ABRyQIv', ;

customs

AB'ROGATED;>p. Repealed

V.

t.

To brook,

Pec Brook.]

to endure.

[Xot Shak.

A B

A B

S

ABRO TANUM, n. [Gr. Agpoforo..] A species ol" jilant arranged under the GenusArtemisia; called also soiitliern wood. a. [L. ahriiptus, from abrumpo, to See Ruptwe.] off, of 06 and rumpo. Literally, broken off, or broken short.

ABRUPT', break 1.

Hence, 2. Steep,

craggy

;

applied to rocks, precipi

ces and the hke. 3. Figurative/}/,

without notice to

;

;

as an ab

Unconnected having sudden transitions from one subject to another as an abrupt ;

;

Ben Jonson.

style.

In botany, an abrupt pinnate leaf

5.

which has neither

leaflet,

the end. ~-

ABRUPT' sides.

"

is one nor tendril at

Martyn.

n. A chasm or gulf with steep Over the vast abrujit." Milton.

[Tliis vse

of the word

^ABRUP'TION,

A

n.

is ivfreqvent.]

sudden breaking

off;

of bodies. fVoodward. adv. Suddenly; without giving notice, or without the usual forms ; as, the Miifister left France abruptly. a violent separation

ABRUPT'LV,

n. A state of being brok craggedness stee]>ness. suddenness imccremonious

ABRUPT'NESS, en

;

;

9. Figuratively,

;

haste or vehemence.

ABSCESS,

n.

[L. abscessus,

from ab and

cedo, to go from.] A collection of morbid impostluuue. matter, or pus in the cellular or adipose membrane matter generated by the suppuration of an intlannnatory tumor. Quinc'i/. Hooper. ABSCIND', vt. [L. abscindo.] 'To cut off.

Au

;

[L/iltle

used.]

AB'SCISS, n. [L. abscissus, from 06 and Gr. ff;iifw. See Scissors.] seindere, to cut In conies, a part of the diameter, or transverse axis of a conic section, intercepted between the vertex or some other fixed point, and a semiordinate. Encye. ;

'

ABSClS"SION,

A

:

:

;

;

n.

[See Absciss.] cutting off, or a being cut off. In surgery, the separation of any corrupted or useless part of tlie body, by a sharp instrument

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

words, he does not wish to be disturbed by company. ABSENT', V. t. To depart to such a distance as to prevent intercourse to retire or withdraw to forbear to appear in ])resence used with the reciprocal pronoun. Let a man absetit himself from the company ABSENTEE', n. One who withdraws from his coimtry, oflice or estate one who removes to a distant place or to another country.

sent.

Barroiv.

ABSINTH'IAN,

a.

[from absinthium.] Of Randolph. a. Impregnated with Diet

the natuie of wormwood.

\BSINTH'IATED, wormwood.

ABSINTHIUM, o

^i daic.

n.

[Gr.

o^weio,'

;

.-

\

afsinthin

Budwus

in

his

;

the

same

in

;

pleteness in itself Despotic authority, or that

no extraneous

ject to

which

is subrestriction, or con-

trol.

;

;

;

lute declaration.

used.]

3. 4.

Unconditional, as an absolute promise. Existing indeitendent of any other cause, as

God

is

person

law, a remission of sins

pronounced by a

])riest

ABSOLV'ATORY,

;

absolute.

ABS€OND'ING,

Withdrawing pri- 'i. UnUmited by extraneous power or control, ppr. as an ab.iolute goverinnent or prince. vately from public view as, an absconding rfeJ/or, who confines himself to his apart- G. Not relative, as absolute sjiace. Stillingfleet. himself to avoid the nii- In ments, or absents grammar, the case absolute, is when In the latter sense, it is word Ol- member of a sentence is not imjnsters of justice. ;

mediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government. AB'SENCE, n. [L. ulisens, Absolute equation, in astronomy, is the agab and sum.] abesse, to be away 1. A state of being at a distance in place, or gregate of the optic and eccentric equa;

2.

Chal

comiuentaries on

from luiblic view, or from the ental word.] place in which one resides or is ordinarily Theconnnon wonnwood; a bitter plant, usto be found to withdraw, or absent one's ed as a tonic. A species of Artemisia. self in a private manner to be concealed AB'SIS, In astronomy. [See Apsis.] appropriately, used of persons who secrete AB'SOLUTE,a. [h.a'bsolutus. St-e Absolve.] themselves to avoid a legal process. 1. Literally, in a general sense, free, indepenTo hide, withdraw or be concealed as, dent of any thing extraneous. Hence, "the marmot a6sfo«rf.5 in winter. [Little 3. Complete in itself; positive as an abso-

front ahsum,

nie Milton.

in favor of a penitent. Among protestants, a sentence by which an exconimiinicated person is released fiom his liabihty to piniishment. Ayliffe. South. Per. AB'SOLUTORY, a. Absolving; that ab-

Theophrast, supposes the word composed of a priv. and ^ti-Soj, deUght, .so named from its bitterness. But it may be an Ori-

place.] 1. To retire

properly an adjective.

command

Independence com-

AB'SOLU^ENESS, n.

n. In the civil law, an ABSENt'ER, n. One who absents himself ABSOLU'TION, acquittal or sentence of a judge declaring ABSENT'MENT, n. A state of being ab an accused innocent. In the canon

abs and condo, to hide, i. e. to withdraw, or to thrust aside or uito a corner or secret

Ray. n. One who withdraws from pubhc notice, or conceals himself from public view.

peremptorily, as

Positi\'ely,

absolutdi/ not to go.

;

ABSCOND',

ABSeOND'ER,

reigns absolutely. Without condition, as God does not forgive absolutely, hut upon condition of faith

and repentance.

;

:

;

4.

;

;

applied to the sotl ]iarts, as amputation is to the bones and flesh of a limb. (^uincy. f.i. [L.abscondo, to hide, of

2.

S

;

sudden

pre|»are the mind for the event rupt entrance and address. 4.

A B

S

not in company. It is used to denote an}' tions. The apparent inequality of a distance indefinitely, either in the same planet's motion in its orbit, arising from its unequal distances from the earth at town, or coiuitry, or in a foreign coimtry and primarily supposes a prior presence. different times, is called its optic equation " the eccentric inequahty is caused by the Speak well of one in his absence." Want destitiuion implying no previous uniformity of the planet's motion, ui an " In the absence of conventional presence. elliptical orbit, which, for that reason, law." Ch. Kent. apjiears not to be luiiform. •3. In law, non-appearance a not being in .Absolute numbers, in algebra, are such as court to answer. have no letters annexed, as 2a-|-3(i=48. 4. Heeillessness inattention to things jireThe two latter numbers are absolute or sent. Absence ofmindisthe attention of ])ure. Encyc. the mind to a subject which does not occu- Absolute space, in physics, is space considered witlioiu relation to any other object. py the rest of the company, and which draws the mind from things or objects Bailey. which are present, to others distant or for- Absolute gravity, in philosophy, is that propeign. erty in bodies by which they are said to AB'SENT, a. Not present not in compa- weigh so much, without regard to circumstances of modification, and this is always ny at such a distance as to prevent communication. It is used also for being in a as the quantity of matter they contain. foreign country. Bailey. A gentleman is absent on his travels. AB'SOLUTELY, adv. Completely, wholly, as a thing is absolutely uuinteUigible. Absent from one iinother. Gen. xxxi. 49. in a Heedless inattentive to persons pre- 2. Without de|)eiidence or relation state unconnected. sent, or to subjects of conversation hi comAbsolutely we cannot discommend, we canpany. not alKolutely approve, either willingness to An absent man is uncivil to the company. Hootter. live, or forwardness to die. 3. In familiar language, not at home as, the master of the house is absent. In other 3. Without restriction or limitation as God

a.

[from absolve.] Conor release ;

taining absolution, pardon, to absolve.

having jiower

Cotgrave.

V. t. abzolv', [L. absolvo, from ab solvo, to loose or release ; Ch. nSlV, to absolve, to finish ; Heb. '7!^, to loose or

ABSOLVE', and

See

loosen.

Solve.]

To

set fi-ee or release from some obligation, debt or responsibility or from that which subjects a person to a burden or penalty ; as to absolve a person from a promise to absolve an oftender, which amoinits to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. Hence, in the civil law, the word was used for forforoC(;«t<,- and in the canon law, In ordigive, or a sentence of remission. nary language, its sense is to set free or ;

;

release fi-oni

an engagement.

Formerly,

good writers used the word in the sense of fnish, accomplish ; as to absolve work, in "Milton but in this sense, it seems to be ;

obsolete.

ABSOLVED,;?;). Released; mitted

:

acquitted; re-

declared innocent.

ABSOLV'ER,

One who

absolves; also one that pronounces sin to be remitted. J!.

A B

A B

S

ABSOLV INO, flebt. oi-

Setting fne fioiii ppr. cliarge arqiiitting reinittinj;. ;

;

[Seo Absonous.] Wide Croin the purpose contiuiy to reason. AB'SONOUS, a. [L. absomis; ah and sonus,

AB'SONANT,

A B

S

belonging to abstinence; as an abstemious diet; an abstemious life.

a

ABSTE'MIOUSLY,

a.

adv.

Temperately

;

with a si)aring use of meat or drink.

;

ABSTE'MIOUSNESS,

n.

The

quality of

being temperate or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. This word expresses a greater degree of [L. absorbco, ab and sorbeo, abstinence than temperance.

sound.] Unimisical, or iintimahlo.

Fotherhy.

ABSORB', to drink

V-

I.

Ar.

in;

sliaraba

c^^^

;

ABSTERciE',

Eth.

;

;

;

;

;

or swallowed. ;

;

h

pp.

;

;

;

wasting. n. The act or process ofl imbibing or swallowing either by water which overwhelms, or by substances,which drink in and retam Uquids as the absorption of a body in a whirlpool, or of water by the earth, or of the humors of the body by dry powders. It is used also to express the swallowing up of substances by the earth in chasms made by earthquakes, and the sinking of large tracts in violent commotions of the earth. 2. In chimistry, the conversion of a gaseous tluid iiUo a liquid or sohd, by union with another substance. Ure. ABSORPTIVE, «. Having power to imbibe. Darwin. ABSTA'IN, V. i. [L. eibstineo, to keep from

ABSORPTION,

;

;

abs and teneo, to hold. See Tenant.] In a general sense, to forbear, or refi'ain from, voluntarily but used chiefly to denote a restraint upon the jiassions or ;

api)etites ; to refrain from indulgence. Mxtain from meats oft'eied to iilols. Acts, xv. abstain from the use of ardent spirits ; to abstain from luxuries.

To

ABSTE'MIOUS,

ahstcmius : from uhs and temetum, an ancient name of strouii wine, according to Fabius and Gellius a.

[L.

But Vossius supposes it to be from absliIt may be neo, by a change of n to m. from the root of fimeo, to fear, that is, to refrainiu withdraw.] Sparing in diet from a free use of food and strong drinks. ;

Instances of longevity are chiefly among the ahftemiovs. .Irbuthnnt. 2.

3.

10 men, they become concrete. cleanse by resolving obstructions in the Abstract or pure mathematics, is that body. \Vsed chiejiy as a mediced term.] which treats of magnitude or quantity, ABSTER(i'ENT, o." Wiping; clean.sing. without restriction to any species of parn. A which fi-ees medicine ABSTERti'ENT, ticular magnitude, as arithmetic anil the body from obstructions, as soap but geometry opposed to which is mixed the use of the word is nearly supersedeil nuithematics, which treats of simple propby detergent, which see. erties, and the relations of quantity, as n. ABSTER'SION, [t'rm\L.aJ)stergeo,abster- applied to sensible objects, as hydrostator a cleansus.] The act of wi])ing clean ics, navigation, optics, &'c. Encyc. sing by medicines which resolve obstruc- 2. Separate, as existing in the mind only tions. Bacon. [See Deterge, Delersion.] an abstract sulyect an abstract question a. the ABSTERSIVE, Cleansing; having and hence flifficult, abstruse. quality of removing obstructions. [See AB'STRACT, ?!. A summary, or epitome, Detcr.nve.] containing the substance, a view, ABSTINENCE, n. [L. abslinentia. See or tlu' jnincipal heads of general a treatise or In the act or Abstain.] general, jiractice iyall.
/icn's Lavoisier.

ABSORPT',

or

;

in

;

;

swallowed wasted engaged lost study wholly engrossed. ABSORB'ENT, a. Imbibing; swallowing. ABSORBENT, n. In anatomy, a vessel which imbibes, as the lacteals, ijniphatics, and iidialing arteries. In medicine, a testaceous powder, or other substance, which imbibes the humors of the body, as chalk or magnesia. Eneyc ABSORB'ING, /)/?(•. Imbibing; engrossing; bibed

[L. abstergeo,

Encyr.

which express ab-

:

A

ABSORB' ED,

absterj'.

color or figure. terms arc those

stract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any subject in which they exist or abstract terms arc

;

That may be imbibed

a.

t.

its

.Ibstract

;

;

ABSORBABLE,

V.

else. An abstract idea, in metaphysics, is an idea separated from a conq)lex object, or fioni other ideas which natin-ally accompany it, as the solidity of marble contemplated apart fi-om

the names of orders, genera, or of abs and tergeo, to wijie. Tergeo may species of have a conuuon origin with the Sw. lorcka, things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. Stewart. G. trockncn, D. droogen, Sax. drygan, to Abstract nmubers are numbers used willifor these Teutonic verbs to dry signify oiu application to things, as, 6, 6, 10 wipe, as well as to dry.] To wipe or make clean by wiping to but wlien applied to any thing, as 6 feet,

or lU/jn, id. Rab. tjlB^, to draw or wlieuce simp, sherbet, shrub.] drink in a? to imbibe to suck up 1. To drink in a s])unge, or as tlie lacteals of the body. 2. To drink in, swallow up, or overwliehn with water, as a body in a wliirlpool. to 3. To waste wholly or sink in expenses exhaust; us, to absorb an estate in luxury. 4. To engross or engage wholly, as, absorbed in study or the piu-suit of wealth. state or quality NABSORBABIL'ITY, n. of being absorbable. f\i(\

S

from something


Sparing in the enjoyment of animal pleasures of any kind. [TViis sense is less common, and perhaps not lescilimate.] Sparingly used, or used with temperance

;

;

;

;

ABSTRACTED, ;

;

Dryden.

than temperance. Besides, ABSTRACTEDNESS, n. The state of beimplies previous free indulBarter. ing abstracted. temperance does not. ABSTRACTER, n. One who makes an AB'STINENT, a. Refraining from indul- abstract, or summary. in food and the use of gence, especially ABSTRACT'ING,/)/)r. Separating making drink. a summary. AB'STINENTLY, adv. With abstinence. ABSTRACTION, n. The act of separating, AB'STINENTS, a sect which appeared in or state of being separated. France and Spain in llie third century, 2. The operation of the mind when occupied who opposed marriage, condemned the by abstract itleas as when we contemuse of flesh meat, and placed the Holy plate soiue |)articular part, or property of a Spirit in the cla.ss of created beings. conq)lex object, as separate from the rest. ABSTRACT', v. t. [L. abstraho, to draw Thus, when the mind considers the branch from or separate of a tree by itself, or the color of the tiom abs and traho, which is the Eng. draw. See Draw.] leaves, as separate from their size or So 1. To draw from, or to separate as to abstract figure, the act is called abstraction. an action from its evil eftects to abstract also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, cristence, as separate from any paj-spirit from any substance by distillation ticular objects. but in this sense extract is now more genEncyc. The power wliich the understanding has erally used. of separating the combinations which are 2. To separate ideas by the operation of the to is mind to consider one part of a complex it, distinguished by logipresented cians, by the name of abstraction. Stewart. object, or to have a partial idea of it in the Abstraction is the ground-work of clasmind. Home. 3. To select or separate the substance of a sification, by which things are an"anged in book or writing to epitomize or reduce orders, genera, and species. separate in idea the qualities of certain objects to a sunnnary. Watts. which arc of the same kind, from others 4. In chimistry, to separate, as the more which are different in each, and aiTange volatile parts of a substance by repeated the objects having the same properties in a distillation, or at least bv distillation. class, or collected bodv. AB'STRACT, a. [L. absii-actus.] Separate

enjoyments abstinence

gence

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

We

;

:

9

•

ABU

ABU A

A C A

separation from worUUj' oljjects u re- It denotes also fidlness, overflowing, as the nftioirfajiff of the heart. Mat. xii Luke, vi cluse life as a lierniit's abslracllon. inattenlion to present ABUND'ANT, a. Plentiful; in great quan4. Absence of miiul as an abundant suptity fiilly suflicient objects. In scripture, abounding having in 5. Ill tlie process of distillation, the term is ply. used to denote tlie separation of the volatile great quantity overflowing with. The Lord God is abundant in goodness ant] are conparts, which rise, coine over, and ti-utli. Ex. xxxiv. densed in a receiver, from those which is one, the It is cliiefly used, wlien a Abundant luimbcr, in arithmetic, are fixed. .«um of whose aliquot parts exceeds the fluid is repeatedly poured upon any subThus 1, 2, 3, 4, (j, the number itself stance in a retort, and distilled ofi", to aliquot parts of 12, make the sum of 1(>. cliansre its state, or the nature of its comThis is opposed to a defcienf number, as 14, J^icholson. position. ABSTRACT'IVE, a. Having the power or whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the .sun of which is 10 and to a perfect number, " quality of ahstractin?. which is equal to the sum of its aliquot ? a. Abstracted, or ABSTR'A€T'IVE, drawn from other parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 3 3.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

In the sense of deceitful, as reproachful. an abusive treaty. [Littk used.] Bacon. ABU'SIVELY, adv. In an abusive manner; nidely re]iroachfully. ABU'SiVENESS, n. lU-usage the quality of being abusive rudeness of language, or violence to tlie person. Barlow. ;

;

;

To [Fr. aboutir. See Aboxit.] border upon ; to be contiguous to ; to meet : in .-itrictness, to adjoin to at the end ; biU

ABUT',

<,

from vegetables,

pubstaiices, particularly

without fermentation. Cyc. Separately absolutemanner unconnected witli ly in a state or any thing else as, matter abstractly con-

AB'STRACTLY, adv.

;

ABUND'ANTLY, tifully

;

;

sidered.

has not always been obThe word is chiefly used in describing the bounds or situation of land, and in popular language, is contracted into but, as butted and bounded. served.

A separate

a state of being in contemplation only, or n.

state

away.

v.

1.

;

n. The head or end; that which unites one end of a thing to an-

ABUT'MENT,

plen-

other chiefly used to denote the solid pier or moimd of earth, stone or timber, which is erected on the bank of a river to siqiportthe end of a liridge and connect it with the land. That which abuts or borders on another. ;

a suflicient degree.

Abuse.

n.

s as

t.

z.

[JVot used.] [Fr. abuser: Sp. abuL. abutor, abusus, of

sar ; It. abusare ; ab and vtor, to use Ir. idh ; W. givcth, use Gr. (Sw, to accustom. See Use.] To use ill to maltreat ; to misuse to use with bad motives or to wrong purposes as, to abuse rights or privileges. They tliat use this worid as not abusing it

thrust or

1

away,

Avktaiada;

;

;

Bryant.

ABUT'TAL,

Cli.TiD,to thrust;

conSyr. Sam. id.; F.nf:. to thrust.] Hid; cealed hence, remote from a}>prehension difficult to be comprehended or understood opposed to what is obvious. [JVot used of material objects.] Metapliyxics is an abstruse science. Encyc. ABSTRU'SELY, adv. In a concealed manner ; obscurely in a manner not to be easily understood. "ABTRiJ'SENESS, n. Obscurity of meaning the state or (juaUty of being ditiiculf to lie understood. Boyle. ABSURD', a. [L. absurdus, from ab and ;

Cor.

3.

To

4.

To

deceive

to

;

Nor be with

all

Spenser.

these tempting words abused.

ABYSS',

with reproachful lan-

priv.

of advantages, &c.

atiise

Liberty may be endanp;ered by tbe abuses of abuses of power. libei-ty, as well as by the deaf, insensible.] Opiiosed to maninconsistent with reason, or the Federalist. .Madison ; sense. An abcommon 2. corrupt practice or custom, as the aiusf» plain dictates of of government. surd man acts contrary to the clear dictates of reason or sound judgment. An ab- 3. Rude speech ; reproachful language ad-

also for hell, Erelius.

That which is immeasurable that in which any thing is lost. Thy throne is darkness, in the abyss of light. ;

.su7-dus,

ifest truth

A

surd proposition contradicts obvious truth. An absurd practice or opinion is repugnant to the reason or common apprehension of men. It is absurd to say six and six make ten, or that plants will take root in stone. VBSURD'ITY, n. The quality of being in consistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. Want of judgment, applied to men want of propriety, applied to ;

things. 'i.

That which is absurd

;

in this

Johnson. sense it has

a plural; the absurdities of men. adv. In a manner inconsistent with reason, or obvious propriety.

ABSURD'LY,

ABSURD'NESS, and

n.

The same

as absurdity,

less used.

\BUND'ANCE,

n.

See an overflowing

abo7idance.

[F.

Great plenty

Abound.]

;

in strictness

quantity anijile sufliciency applicable to quantity only but customarily used of number, as an abundance of ;

;

:

Mdison. peasants. In scripture, tlie abundance of the rich is great H-eaUii. Eocl. v. Mark, xii. I^uke, xxi. The abundance fish.

Dcut.

x:?xlii.

of the seas

is

great plenty of

dressed to a person contumely reviling Milton. words. Seduction. After the abuse he forsook me. Sidney. Perversion of meaning improjier use or application ; as an abuse of words. ;

4. 5.

oi

is also used for an immense cavern in the earth, in which God is suppo.sed to have collected all the waters on the third day of the creation. It is used

The word

;

;

Shak.

gulf

[Gr. ASvoao;, bottomless, from o bottom. Ion. for 8v6os.

ffuoio;,

before the flood. Darkness was upon the face of the deep, abyss, as it is in tlie Septuagint. Gen. i. 2.

;

;

Spenser. abime.

now

See Bottom.] A bottomless gulf; used deep mass of waters, supposed to have encompassed the earth

To pervert the meaning of; to misapply ; as to abuse words. )!. Ill use; improjier treatment or employment application to a wrong puras an abuse of our natural powers ])Ose an abuse of civil rights, or of rehgiouspri vUeges

;

[Old Fr.,

by some

ABU'SE,

;

n.

and

A

also for a

mocked and almsed them shamefully. .Mac.

5.

;

n. abyzm'.

See Abyss.]

;

lie

;

V.

ABYSM',

impose on.

treat rudely, or guage to revile.

ABY',

;

abide.] by improper sexual main. Obs.

Pope.

;

;

vii.

To violate ; to defile intercourse.

The butting

or boundary of a head-land. Spelman. Coivel. t. or i. contracted from [Probably To endure to pay dearly to ren.

land at the end

;

To

[Infra.]

[L. abstnisus,fromahsiru- 2. to conceal; abs and

o.

do, to thrust

Ar.

t.

[J^ot used.]

ABSTRU'SE, ;

r.

amply

;

;

not connected with any object.

ABSTRU'DE,

trudo

in

;

;

AB'STRACTNESS,

j)ull

;

ABU'SAGE, ABU'SE,

adv. Fully

i.

this distinction

;

ABSTRACTI'TIOUS,

V.

Jildton. 3.

;

4.

Ttie o6^ss of time. Drydtn. In antiquity, the temple of Proserpine, so called from the inmiense treasures it was supposed to contain. In heraldry, the center of an escutcheon. He bears' azure, a fleur de lis, in abyss.

;

ABU'SED,

pp. s as

z.

Ill-used

;

used to

ABYSSINIAN,

a

bad purpose treated with rude language misenqiloyed perverted to bad or wrong ;

;

ends; deceived; defiled; violated. a. Using or practicing abuse abusive. [JVot xised.] Bp. Barlow.

ABU'SEFUL,

n. s as :. One who abuses, in speech or behavior; one that deceives; a ravisher a sodomite. 1 Cor. vi.

ABU'SER,

a.

Ar.

o~.

habashon.

...... Ethiopians, from ^^^j habasha, to collect, or congregate. A name denoting a mixed multitude or a black

Abyssiniaiis,

race.

Litdolf.

Castle.

ABYSSIN'IANS, n. A sect of christians Abyssinia, who admit but one nature

in in

Jesus Christ, and reject the council of Chalcedon. They are governed by a who .'\BU'SING, ppr. s as :. Using ill employbisho]), or metiopohtan, called Abuna, to bad is appointed by the Coptic patriarch of ing purposes; deceiving; violating the person perverting. Cairo. Encyc. .\BU'SION, n. abu'zhon. Abuse ; evil or cor- A€, in Saxon, oak, the initial syllable of names, as acton, oaktown. rupt usage; reproach. [LAttle used.] ABU'SIVE, a. Practicing abuse; offering A€A€'ALOT, } n. A Mexican fowl, the Tantalus Mexicanus, or harsh words, or ill treatment as an abu ACALOT, \ Corviis aquaticus, water raven. See Acalot. sive aiUhor an abusive fellow. 9. Containing abuse, or that is the instni- A€A'CIA, n. [L. acacia, a thorn, from Gr. ment of abuse, as abusive words rude axr;, a point.] ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A C A

Encyc. ACACIA, ill medicine, is a name given toj the inspissated juice of the imripe fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica, which is brought fi'om Kgypt ill roundish masses, in blailders. it is of a deej) brown color internally, of a reddish or yellowish brown of a firm consistence, but not very
Externally,

;

;

given

among

antiquaries,

is

a

cation.

A

society of men united for the promotion of arts and sciences in general, or of

in the

some

hands of emperors and

A€AMAe'U,

n,

A

bird, the Brazilian

catcher, or Todus. a.

a prickly shrid).] prickles. called acanacew. n.

A

thorn.] In botany, a prickle

Mitne. a spine or

an acute process of the ver-

tebers. les,

Encyc. a.

Armed with

prick-

as a plant.

celero, xtt.iri

or

3.

3.

Sp,

t. t-. [L. accelero, of ad hasten, from celer, quick

to

:

Ileb.

;

be

to

Ch. Syr. and Eth. SSp, nimble Syr. to has-

light,

;

In Ch. and Ar. this root signifies

ten.

also to he small, or minute.] To cause to move faster; to hasten; to quicken motion ; to add to the velocity of a moving Iiody. It unplies previous motion or progression.

To add to natural or ordinary progresas to accelerate the growth of a plant, or the progress of knowledge. To bring nearer in time to shorten the time between the present tune and a future event as to accelerate the ruin of a government to accelerate a battle. sion

A€AN'THARIS,

;

rhp

1.

in zoology, a spine or

;

roll of petitions and some, a pur])le bag of earth, to remind them of their mortal-

jirickly fin

Gr.

class of ])lants are

[Gr. axavOa,

A€ANTHA'CEOUS,

;

and

fly

Cyc. acana'shus. [Gr. axaroj,

Armed with

;

;

terms proposed.

to the

ACCELERATE,

particular art.

A€ANA'CEOUS,

in

ppr. Agreeing assenting becomuig a party to a treaty by agreeing

n. [Contracted from aca^alotl.] Blexican fowl, called by some the aquatic crow. It is the ibis, or a fowl that very much resembles it.

consids. Some take it to represent a handkercliief ndled U]), with which sig nals were given at the games others, a ;

A€CE'DING,

A€'ALOT,

A

Hence

agreeing to the terms of a treaty, or convention.

bers of an academy meet; a place of edu-

name ACANTH'A,

to sonietliing like a roll or bag, seen

onmedals, as

mem

A

and appears with elegance on paper.

A-eACIA,

A C C

A C C

tor teaching a particular art, or particular to terms proposed by another. a negotiation. sciences, as a military academy. 2. To become a hou.se, in which the students or party, by

EgyiJtian thorn, a species of )ilant ranked by Liuiie under the genus mimosa, and by Of the others, made a disthict genns. flowers of one species, the Chinese make a yellow dye which bears washing in silks,

;

;

;

;

In entomology, a spe-

n.

cies of Cimex, with a spinous thorax, and Encyc. a ciliated abdomen, with spines found in Church History, wore cerACA'CIANS, tain sects, so denominated from their lead Jamaica. Cyc. ers, Acacius, bishop of Cesarea, and Aca ACANTII'INE, a. Acanthus.] Some Pertaining to the [See cius, patriarch of Constantinople. The plant, acanthus. of these maintained that the Son was only acanthine garments of the ancients were a similar, not the same, substance with the made of the down of thistles, or embroid Father others, that he was not only a ered in imitation of the acanthus. ity.

in

;

;

distinct but a dissimilar substance. Encyc.

Bacon.

ACCELERATED,

pp. Quickened in moprogress. ppr. Hastening; increasing velocity or progression. ACCELERA'TION, n. The act ofincreasor ing velocity progress the state of being quickened in motion or action. Accelerated motion in mechanics and physics, is Encyc. that which continually receives accessions tion

;

hastened

in

ACCELERATING,

;

ACANTHOPTERYG'IOtS, [Gr axa.9o;, of n. An academy a society of| velocity ; as, a falling body moves toa thorn, and rttifvyiov, a Uttle feather, fi-om wards the earth with an acceleration of ve[Not used.] Ttrifov, a feather.] a. Pertaining to an acadeIt is the opposite of retardation. locity. In zoology, having back fins, which are hard, Acceleration of the moon, is the increase of the my. bony and pricky, a term applied to certain moon's mean motion from the sun, comA€ADE'MIAN, n. A member of an acad Linne. Jishes. a student in a emy; university or col AC.ANTH'US n. pared with the diurnal motion of the earth [Gr. axavOo^, L. acanthus, the moon moving with more velocity now lege. from axai'Sa, a prickle or thorn. See a. than in ancient times a discovery made A€ADEM'IC, Belonging to an I A€ADEM'I€AL, $ academy, or to a col 1. acantha.] by Dr. Halley. The plant bear's breech or brank ursine or as academic studies diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, lege university a genus of several species, receiving their |Tlie also noting what belongs to the school or is the time by which they anticipate the name from their prickle.s. mean diurnal revolution of the sun, which philosophy of Plato as tlie academic sect. In an ornament resembling A€ADEM'i€, n. One who belonged to the the architecture, is nearly three minutes, fifty-six seconds. fohage or leaves of the acanthus, used school or adhered to the philosophy of Cyc. in capitals of the Corinthian and CompoSocrates and Plato. The latter is consida. Adding to velocity ACCEL'ERATIVE, site orders. Milton. Encyc. ered as the founder of the academic Reid. phiquickening progression. A€AN'TICONE, n. See Pistacite. losophy in Greece. He taught, that matter is eternal and infinite A€ARN'AR, n. A bright star, of the first ACCEL'ERATdRY,a.Accelerating;quickening motion. magnitude, in Eridanus. Bailey. but without form, refractory, and tending v.t. [L. accendo, to kindle; ad to disorder and that there is an intelli- A€ATALE€'TIe, n. [Gr. axara^-jjxTo;, not ACCEND', and candeo, caneo, to be white, canus, defective at the end, of xara and Xyjyu to gent cause, the author of spiritual beinir, white; W. c«u, white, bright also a song. cease Ir. lieghim.] A verse, which has and of the material world. Etijteld. Whence, c«n
A€ADE'ME

;

a.

;

persons.

ACADE'MIAL,

;

—

— —

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A€ADEMI"CIAN, n. [Fr. A member of an academy,

acadtmicien.] xara^aufforu to comprehend.] or society for Impossibility of conij)lete thscovery or comparticularly, prehension incomprehensibility. [LAttle Whitaker. used.] doctrine of the ACAT'ECHILI, n. Mexican bird, a speacademic pliilosopliy. Baxter. cies of Fringilla, of the size of tlie siskin. EMIST, ?!. A" member of an Acad- A€.\TER, AeATES. See Caterer and Catcs. emy for promoting arts and sciences; also a. and Gr. ) a.

promoting arts and sciences

member of the French A€AD'EjMISM, 71. The a

;

;

academies.

A

A€AD

an academic philosopher.

A€AD'EMY, n.

ACAU'LINE, ACAU'LOUS,

[L.

\

caulis,

priv.

miaos, a stalk

;

W.

haul; D.

[L. academia, Gr. Axo^jjHia.' See Colcwort.] kool, cabbage. it is said, a garden, grove, or villa In botany, without a stem, having flowers near Athens, where'Plato and his follow on the as the Carline

Originally,

1.

ers held their philosophical conferences. school, or seminary of learning, hold ing a rank between a university or col lege, and a common school; also a school

A

ground

resting

;

thistle.

ACCE'DE,

[L. accedo, of ad and cedo, to yield or give place, or rather to move.] I. To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or V. i.

The kindle, L. candidiis, candid, >vhite. primary sense is, to throw, ilart, or thrust ; to shoot, as the rays of light. Hence, throw.

to cant, to

To

kindle

;

on

to set

See Chant and Ca)it.] fire. [The verb is not

used.]

ACCENDIBILITY,

n.

Capacity of being

kindled, or of becoming inflamed.

ACCEiXD IBLE,

a.

Capable of being

flamed or kindled.

ACCEN

infjre.

The

act of kindling or setting on fire ; or the state of being kindled ; inflanmiation.

SION,

n.

Chiniistn/. )i. [h. accentus, from ad and facanu ; Corn, kana : no, cantum,to sing ;

ACCENT, Jr.

canaim.

W.

Sec Accend.]

A C C

A C C I.

Tl]i' iiioilulatioii

of tlie voice

speaking, as practiced by the ancient Greeks, wliich rendered tlieir reliearsal musical. More strictly, in English, "i. A ])articular stress or force of voice upon certain syllables of words, wliich distinguishes tlien) from the others. Accent is of two Idntis, ])rimary and secondary as in as'pira'tioii. In uttenng this word, we observe the_^r.s< and third syllables are distinguished the third by a full sound, which constitutes the primary accent the of force in the voice _first, by a degree which is less than that of the jtrimary accent, but evidently greater than that which falls on the second and fourth syllables. When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel has its long sound, as in vo'cat; but when it falls on an nrticidation or con.sonant, the preceding vowel is short, as in hab'it. Accent alone regulates English verse.

A

not good to accept the person of the wicked. Prov. xviii. 2 Cor. viii. It

In theology, acceptance with God iuiforgiveness of sins and reception into

3.

Accept 4.

gratifying as an acceptable present. Agreeable or pleasing in jierson as, a man makes himself acceptable by his services or civilities.

The

tender accents of a

Manner of speaking. A man of plain cucent.

woman's

cry.

Pj-ior.

n.

)

The

used, or not at

adv.

In

a

please, or give satisfaction. Let us have grace whereby we

Heb.

acceptably.

manner may

serve

tion

is fit to

as

;

They

Isa.

altar.

The

work done

shall

l.\.

receiving of a

der, in such a

hear.

to acceptance.

come up with acceptance on my bill of exchange or or maimer, as to bind the ac

ceptor to make payment. This must be and to charge the by express words drawer with costs, in case of non payment, the acceptance must be in writing, under, across, or on the back of the bill. Blackstone. An agreeing to terms or proposals in com-

In music, a swelling of sounds, for the purpose of variety or expression. The principal accent falls on the first note in

the bar, but the third place in conunon time requires also an accent. 8. A pecuhar tone or inflection of voice. A€'CENT, v.t. To express accent to utter a .syllable with a particular stress or mod In poetry, to utter ulation of the voice. or pronounce in general. Also to note accents by marks hi writing. Locke. Wotton pp. Uttered with accent; marked with accent. A€'CENTING, ppr. Pronouncing or marl^ ing with accent. ACCENT'UAL, «. Pertaining to accent. v. I. To mark or pronounce with an accent or \v\i\\ accents.

3.

ACCENTED,

ACCENTUATE,

A€CENTUA'TION,

n.

The

5.

accents in writing, or of pronouncing

them

and

cap-ioj

aceptar ; Port, aceiter ; Lat. capio. Class G. b.] I.

To

It.

accettare.

er's acceptance in jiayment. Formerly, the sense in \vhicli a

;

Bless. Lord, his substance, and

3.

accept the

work of his hands. Deut. xxxiii. He made an offer which was accepted.

in this

faith

Rom. v. Admission

to sexual intercourse. During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless tire contrary be shown. Slackstone.

NESS. approachable

;

or of admitting access.

ACCESS'IBLE, a. That may be apiiroached reached approachable applied to things ; as an accessible town or mountain. Easy of apjiroach afl'able used ofpersons, or '2.

;

;

;

;

ACCESS'ION, n.

A coming to

[L. accessio.]

an acceding

;

sense acceptableness

is

more

;

accession to 3.

;

;

;

•3.

the improvement provided the tiling is not changed into a different species. Thus the owner of a cow becomes the owner of Blackstone. her calf The act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. That which is added. The only accession which the Roman Emof Britain. pire received, was the province Gibbon. The invasion of a fit of a periodical disease, or fever. It tliftijrs liom exacerbation. Accession imphes a total jirevious intermisexacerbation implies sion, as of a fever only a previous remission or abatement of ;

is

generally used. The meaning or .sense in which a word or expression is understood, or generally re ceiveil as, a term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. Reception in general. Obs. ;

4.

;

ACCESSARY, See ACCESSORY.

.5.

n.

Some things are of great dignity and acceptation with God. Hooker But

take or receive what is offered, with to receive with ap

a consenting mind probation or favor.

;

Approach, or the way by which a thing may be approached as, the access is by a Bacon. neck of land. Means of approach liberty to approach:

ACCESSIBIL'ITY,)!. The quahty of beuig

4.

word

Obs.

gard.

See

;

ACCESSARILY, See ACCESSORILY. ACCESSARINESS, See ACCESSORI-

acceptance of the terms of the lease and binds the party. Larv. In mercantile language, a bill of exchange accepted as a merchant receives anoth-

;

[L. accepto, from accipio, ad to take; Fr. accepter; Sp

See

accede.

;

wealth or territory. Inlaw, a mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the thing added or

is

[See Acceptation.] Kind reception; a receiving with favor or ajijirobation. This is a saying worthy ol' all acceptation 1 Tim. i. A state of being acceptable favorable re-

(. t.

;

from

admitnear approach admission as to gain access to a to

concluded

understood.

in speaking.

ACCEPT',

n. [L. accessus,

Fr. acch.]

conhng

A:i agreeing to the act or contract of an other, by some act which binds the person in law ; as, a bisliop's taking rent reserved on a lease made by his predecessor, is an

ACCEPTA'TION,

act of placin^

A

(5.

;

6.

to accept. [J^Tot B. Jo7ison.

Ready

to and joining as a king's a confederacy. Increase by something added that which is added augmentation as an accession of

merce, by which a bargain and the parties bound.

;

Hammond.

used.]

Addition; increase by something added;

;

Drifdeyi 7.

a.

as an access of territory ; but in this sense accession is more generally used. The return ol' a fit or paroxysm of disease, or fever. In this sense accession is generallv used.

God

n. A receiving with ap probation or satisfaction favorable recep-

now

5.

xii.

;

heaven alone

4.

to

ACCEPT' ANCE,

;

implying previous obstacles. By whom also we have access by

all.]

ACCEPTABLY,

per-

;

3.

quality of]

I being agreeable to a receiver, or to a person w'nli whom one has uitercourse. [The latter word is little

A

pruice. 2.

;

ACCEPT'ABLENESS,

bear, as

1.

ACCEPTABIL'ITY,

Shak

Obs.

ACCESS',

;

Poetically, words, language, or expressions in general. Words, on your wings, to heaven her accents

Such words

;

[JVot

used.]

tance

In commerce, to agree or promise to pay, bill of exchange. [See Jlcceptance.] ACCEPT'ABLE, a^. That may be received with pleasure hence j)leasing to a receiv

n.

[See Acceptance.] ppr. Receiving favorably; understanduig. )!. The recei^'ed sense of a

ACCEPT'IVE,

as a

er

it.

Accede.

have a particular idea

to

;

with an undulating sound. A modulation of the voice expressive of

])ay

agreeing to

the terms. ;

ACCEPTOR,

or

ACCEP'TION,

of; to receive in a ])articular sense. How is tills plnase to be accepted ?

passions or sentmients.

C.

()/'

To understand

;

ACCEPT'ING,

;

o.

;

5.

;

;

;

;

;

word.

To consent or agree to to receive as terms of a contract as, to accept a treaty often followed by oj'.

repp. Khidly received agreed to understood received of exchange.

son who accepts the person who receives a bill of exchange so as to bind himself to

favor.

liis

;

hill

ACCEPTER,

is

])lies

;

4.

as a

esteem.

mark

or character used in writing to direct the stress of the voice in proiunicia tion. Our ancestors borrowed from the Greek language three of these characters, the acute (',) the grave (") and the circum In the Greek, the first flex (' or '.) shows when the voice is to be raised the second, when it is to be depressed and the third, when the vowel is to be uttered

ACCEPT'ED, garded

received an appointment or the offer of a commission, but he did not accept it. To regard with partiality ; to value or

;

3.

receive

He

;

;

A C C

Observe the difference between and accept.

in reailiiig or

G.

;

violence.

ACCESS'IONAL, a. ACCESSO'RIAL, a.

Additional.

Pertaining to an accessory; as accessorial agencj', acces.iorial guilt. Burr's Trial.

ACCESSORILY, adv. the

[Sec Accessory.] In by subordi-

manner of an accessory

;

A C C

A C C

Date means, or in a secondary oharai^ter not as principal, but as a subordinate agent

AC'CESSORINESS,

n.

The

state

A C C

tous taking place not according to the usual course of things opposed to that which is constant, regular, or intended as

Gr. Eol. x%invi; Sax. clif, a bank or shore; clifian, cleofian, to cliff, See Cliff.] cleave, or split. slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or a side descending. ascent the talus of a Rising ground rampart. ACCLI'VOUS, a. Rising, as a hill with a Ir.

;

;

of being

;

A

an accidental \\sit.

accessoiy, or of being or acting in a secondary character. n. [L. Jlccessorius, from ac

Non-essential not necessarily belonging to as songs are accidental to a play. ACCESSORY, See .Accede. This word is Accidental colors, are those A\hich de|)end cessiis, accedo. the affections of the eye, in distincaccented on the first syllable on account of iipoii^ tion from those which the derivatives, which require a secondabelong to the hglit itself: but the natural ry accent on the third Encyc. accent of accessory is on the secontl sylla Iccidental point, in perspective, is that point in the horizontal thus it is often ble, and line, where the projecpronounced by ;

;

_

;

;

tions

Encyc. n. In laiv, one who is guilty felony, not by committing the ofl'ense person or as jnhicipal, but by advising or commanding another to commit the crime, or by conceahug tlie offender. There may be accessories in all felonie: but not in treason. An accessory before the fact, is one who counsels or commands another to commit a felony, and is not present when the act is executed after the fact, when one receives and conceals

of a

in

;

the offender. 9.

allv

Accessory, among pauiters, an epithet given to parts of a history-piece which are merely ornamental, as vases, armor, «Stc. n.

;

Arm.

fall;

kuctha,

to

\r.kudaim; Corn, kotha : fall. See Case and Ca

Class G d.] or falling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation an event which proceeds liom an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expect dence.

1.

A coming ;

ed

2.

chance casualty contingency. That which takes place or beguis to exist without an efficient intelligent cause and without design. ;

All of

;

them,

;

opinion, owe their beini to fate, accident, or the blind action of stupfd matter. in his

Dwight

^.

In logic, a property, or quality of a being is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper. Also all qualities are called accidents, in opposition to substance, as sweetness, softness, and tilings not essential to a body, as clothes. Encyc. In graynmar, something belonging to a word, but not essential to it, as gender,

which

4.

5.

being casual.

The quaUty

n.

of

cerna, a species of Trigla. Cyi In ornithology, the name of the order ol'| rapacious fowls The accipiters have a hooked bill, the superior mandible, near the base, being extended on each side beyond the inferior. The genera are the vultiu-, the falco, or hawk, and the stri.x, or owl.

;

a.

Happenmg by

or rather unexpectedly

;

casual"

chance, :

fortui-

to agree.

apply or

;

ACCI'TE, call

;

to cite

;

[L. to summon.

[J^'ot

used.]

to cry out

V.

n.

A

shout of joy

;

tion.

A

n

;

structed for the purpose. In modern times, acclamations are expressed by huzzas; by clapping of hands and often by repeating vivat rcT, n'i'a/ respubli ca, long live the king or republic, or other

ACCLAai'ATORY,

wislies.

ACCLIV TTY,

n.

[L. acclivus, acclii'is, as-

cending, from ad and

cliviis,

an ascent

;

as, to ac-

Paley.

To

supply with or furnish followed by ; as, to accommodate a man with apartments. To supply with conveniences, as to ac;

To ance

reconcile things which are at varito adjust as to acco7ni/iodatc differ;

;

ences.

To show

fitness or

agreement

to api)Iv

;

;

—

ACCOM'MODATE,n. ed

as

;

Suitable;

means accommodate

fit;

ACCOJI'MODATED,

pp.

adapt-

to the end.

Ray. Fitted

Tillotson. ;

adjust-

ed also furnished adajjted apj)lied with conveniences. We are well accommodated with lodgings. ;

;

;

ACCO.M MODATELY', adv.

Suitably;

tle

fitly.

More.

[Little used.]

ACCOM MOD ATENESS,Ji.

Fitness. [Lit-

used.]

ACCOMMODATING, suitable

making

;

ppr. Adapting reconciling furnishing ; applying.

;

;

with conveniences

ACCOM MODATING,

a.

Adaptmg one's self to; obliging; yielding to the desires of others disposed to comply, and to oblige another as an accommodating msin. ;

;

ACCOMMODATION, n. tion

a.

;

;

commodate a friend. 4.

;

words expressive of joy and good

suitable

occasions.

;

In the later ages of Rome, acclamations were performed by a chorus of music in-

make

In an intransitive sense, to agree, to be conformable to, as used by Boyle. Obs.

See

military, nuptial, senatorial, synod theatrical, &c. they were musical, and rythmical and besto^^•ed for joy, reand even reproach, and oflen acwith words, companied repeated, five, twenty, and even sixty and eighty times.

to

icith

tical,

cal,

adapt, or

fit,

To

Acclaim.] shout ofapplau.se, uttered by a multitudeAnciently, acclamation was a form of words, uttered with veliemence, somewfiat resembhng a song, sometimes accompanied with ajjplauses which were given b\ the hands. Acclamations were ecclesias-

spect,

to

as, to acf07nniorfa^e prophecy to events. 6. leiul a commercial sense.

acclamaMilton

[L. acclamatio.

To

2.

Halt. 5.

ACCLA'IM,

[L. accommodo, from ad and co7iimodo,

commodate ourselves to circumstances; to accommodate the choice of subjects to the

t.

;

[Little used.]

suit,

Mode.] 1.

.3.

[L. acclamo, ad and clamo, Sp. c/«mnr; Port, clamar; It. clamare ; W.ltei^ain; Ir. liumhnm. See Claim, Clamor.] To applaud. [Little used.]

ACCLA'IM,

;

;

To

cilb, to cite.]

to

fill

Spenser.

of con, with, and modus, profit or helj) measure, proportion, limit, or manner. See

Ed. Encyc.

ad and

t.

to

ACCOM'MODATE,f./.

ra-

[Supra.] Seizing as the accipitrine order of fowls.

V.

to .stuff;

;

[See Cloy.]

but whether an embrace or a blow, .seems not to be settled. Cyc. a. [Fr. accommodablc. See Accommodate.] That may be fitted, made suitable, or made

ACCIP'ITER, n. [L.arf and ca;)!"o, to .seize.] 1. A name given to a fisli, the niilvus or hi

a.

fill

Coil.]

ACCOM'MODABLE,

9.

ACCIP'ITRINE,

To

t.

[See

knighthood

{Little used.' a.

Pertaining to the acMorton. [JVot used.]

cidence.

V.

[.Vol used.]

AC'COLA, n. A delicate fish eaten at Malta. ACCOLA'DE, 71. [L. ad and collum, neck.] A ceremony formerly used in conferring

casu-

Expressing joy or applause by shouts, or clapping of hands. ACCLIMATED, a. [Ac for ad and cliHabituated to a foreign climate, mate.] or a climate not native so far accustomnumber, inflection. ed to a foreign chmate as not to be pecuEncyc. In heraldry, a point or mark, not essential liarly liable to its endemical diseases. to a coat of arms. Med. Repositoi-y. Encyc.

ACCIDENT'AL,

satiety.

not essentially.

;

ACCIDRNT'AT.NESS,

A small ACeLAMA'TION,

[See Accident]

book containing the rudiments of grammar. 71. [L. accidens, falling, from ad and cado, to fall W. codum, a fa

A€ CIDENT, cwyzaw, to

fortuitously

some-

belong.? to

ACCLOY',

each other, ACCOIL'.

ACCIDEN'TIARY,

;

ACCIDENCE,

;

l)acious

That which accedes or

thing else, as its principal. Accessory nerves, in anatomy, a pair of nerves, which arising from the medulla in the vertebers of the neck, ascend and enter the skull then passing out with the par vaguni, are distributed into the muscles of the neck and shoulders.

to

meet the perspective plane.

sic.

ACCESSORY,

lines parallel

ACCIDENT' ALLY, arfy. By chance;

to the princijjal agent.

Usually, in u bad sense, as John was accessory to tiir fi'lony. 0. Aiding in certahi acts or effects in u secondary manner, as accessory sounds in mu-

of two

;

;

slope.

;

good speakers.] 1. Acceding contributing aiding in produc ing some effect, or acting in suborilination

did;

;

followed by

The

Fitness; adapta-

to.

organization of the its functions.

body with accommo-

dation to

2.

3.

4.

Hale. Adjustment of (hfferences; reconciliation; as of parties in dispute. Provision of conveniences. In the plural ; conveniences tilings furnished for use chieffy applied to lodgings. In mercantile language, accommodation is used for a loan of money which is often a great co7ivenience. An accommodation ;

;

5.

;

A C C

A C C

bank

the language of

ill

,'ole,

one drawn and the purpose of bornn\ is

iiig its

amount,

;

A€€OM'MODATOR, modates; one that

One

n.

in

A€€OM'PANABLE,

a.

[See Accompany.]

Sociable. [M'ot used.] pp. n.

[Vv.A'compagne-

menf. See Accoinpany.] Something that attends as a circumstance, or which is ad

ded by way of ornament to tlie principal Thus thing, or for the sake of symmetry. instruments of music attending the voice small objects in painting dogs, guns and ;

;

game

in

a hunting piece

;

warlike instru-

ments with the

portrait of a inilitai-y character, are accompaniments. n. The performer in sic who takes the accompanying part.

3.

V. t. [Fr. accompagner ; Sp. Port, acompanhar. See Com-

To

;

to attend

;

Bacon

Obs. To cohabit.

Milton. In music, to perform the accompanying part in a composition. Busby.

;

2.

3.

To execute

Th' according music of a well mist

;

or fury. Lev. xiii. and ,\x. To gain to obtain or effect by successful ;

state.

Pope.

Swift acconi-

ppr. Finishing com pleting; fulfilling; executing; effecting; furnishing with valuable iiualities.

Noble is the fame that is built on candor and ingenuity, according to those beautiful lines ot

n.

One who

;

Our

;

zeal should be according to knowledge.

;

Sprat

Sir

ful-

;

John Denham.

-

Spectator.

;

;

;

;

The

accordare.

Lat. has concors, concordo.

border, coast;

-side,

G.

kiiste

;

D.

cote, kttst :

Qu. coi- and cordis, the heart, or from the Dan. kyst.] same root. In some of its applications, it To ajiproach to draw near to come side is naturally deduced from chorda. It. corby side, or face to face. [JVbt in use.] ;

da, the string of a musical instrument.] 1.

Agreement

;

harmony of minds

;

2.

Acts, 3.

i.

Concert iiarniony of sounds the union of diflerent sounds, which is agreeable to the ear ; agreement in pitch and tone as but in this sense, it is tjie accord of notes more usual to employ concord or chord. ;

To

;

first to

speak

to address.

;

Milton.

consent

or concurrence of opinions or wills. They all continued with one accord in prayer

AC€OST',

V. i.

To

ACCOST' ABLE,

Dryden. adjoin.

o.

Easy

iar.

;

A€€OST'ED,

;

to.

in use.] Spenser. of access ; familHoicell. [J^Tot

pp. Addressed

;

first

spoken

In heraldry, being side by side.

;

3.

4.

Agreement just correspondence of things as the accord of hght and shade in painting. Will voluntary or spontaneous motion used of the will of persons, or the natural

A€€OST'ING, speaking

;

;

;

motion of other bodies, and preceded by

accooshdre. [Fr.] assists Avomen in childbirth.

man who ACCOUNT',

own

Being more forward of his

accord.

2

viii.

That which groweth of

shalt not reap.

'2.

To

ACCORD',

i.

;

his account.

Hall.

agree

;

to

be in corres-

3.

pondence.

My heart accnrdeth with my tongue. To agree in jiitcli and tone.

A

;

;

;

To

[Fr. conte

n.

ties to the transaction, date, and price or value of the tiling. Account signifies a single entry or charge, or a statement of a number of jiarticular debts and credits, in a book or on a separate paper and in the plural, is used for the books containing such entries. A computation of delits and credits, or a general statement of particular sums; as, the account stands thus let him exhibit

;

V.

first

;

bring to an agreement to settle, ad as to accord suits or con

just or compose troversies.

n.

lu conto ; Sp. cuenta; Arm. count ; an account, reckoning, computation. Formerly writers used tiom the Fr. accompt compte. See Count.] A stun stated on paper; a registry of a debt or credit of debts and credits, or charges ; an entry in a book or on paper of things bought o;' sold, of payments, services &c., including the names of the par-

own. Cor.

Addressing by

ppr.

to.

ACCOUCHEUR,

C

as to accomplish a vow, wrath

harmoni-

Suitable agreeable in accordance with. In these senses, the word agrees with or refers to a sentence.

;

entirely. That iJe would accomplish seventy years in the deJolation of Jerusalem. Dan. ix.

;

;

L. com-

complete

that aids, or favors

Agreeing

ppr.

zing.

its own accord thou Lev. xxv. plega. See Compter and Pledge.] An asso- 5. Adjustment of a difference reconciliation. The mediator of an accord. ciate in a crime ; a partner or partaker in It was formerly used in a good 0. In law, an agreement between parties in guilt. .sense for a co-operator, but this sense is controversy, by which satisfaction for an It is obsolete. followed injury is stiiiulated, and which, when exwholly by with bewas an accomplice fore a person ; as, Blackstone. ecuted, bars a suit. with in the murder of Dryden uses 7. Permission, leave. it with to before a thing. ACCORD', r. t. To make to agree, or corto one to another. respond ; adjust thing A€€OM'PLISII, !'. /. [Fr. accomplir, to finHer hands accorded the lute's music to th ish, from ad and L. compleo, to complete. voice. Sidney. See Complete.] To to tinish ;

B

One

n.

;

W.

A

conso-

Shak.

A€€ORD'ER,

ACCORDING,

2.

;

plicatus, folded together, of co)i, with, and plico, to fold plegy, to plait ; Arm. ;

;

adjusted.

;

;

with as a companion. [Fr. complice

Corre.sponding

;

A€€OM'PANYING,p;)r. Attending; going n.

effected.

ing a finished education. Fashionable.

;

as

;

A€COM'PLICE,

;

a.

agreeable.

filment entire pertbrmance as the accomHere the whole preceding pmls of the sentence are to accord, i. e. agree with, plishment of a prophecy. The act of carrying into effect, or obtaincorrespond with, or be suitable to, what attainment as follows. According, here, has its true ing an object designed partithe accomplishment of our desires or ends. cipial sense, agreeing, and is always fol3. Acquirement that which constitutes exlowed by to. It is never a preposition. cellence of mind, or elegance of manners, VCCORD'INGLY, adv. Agreeably; suitaacquired by education. bly in a manner conformable to. A€COMPT'. Obs. [See Account.] Those who live in faitii and good works, will A€COMPT'ANT. Obs. [See Accountant.] be rewarded accordingly. A€€ORD', n. [Fr. accord, agreement, con- \e€ORP'ORATE, V. t. To unite [mt ia sent accordei; to adjust, or reconcile Sp. Milton. use.] [See Incorporate.] acordar Arm. accord, accordi ; It. accordo, A€COST' V. t. [!• r. accoster ad and

toin\

be with as connected

pain accompanies disease. v. i. To attend; to be an associate as to accompany with others.

3.

executed

;

3.

A€€OM'PANY, 2.

;

complet-

A€€OM'PLISHMENT, n. Completion

To go

on a

fulfilled

nant

A€€ORD'£D, pp. Made to agree

pILshcs.

;

'i.

;

Gower Agreement u>itt a per

[Little used.] ;

A€€OM'PLISHING,

pany.]

with or attend as a coinpanion or associate on a journey, walk, &c. as a man accompanies his friend to church, or

Agreeable; consonanf-

n.

conformity with a thing.

;

ACCORD'ANT,

a. Well endowed with good (lualities and manners; complete in acquirements; hav-

AecOM'PLISHER,

Busby.

1.

This that is written must yet be accomplished me. Luke, xxii.

ed 2.

ACeOM'PANY, ;

a.

A€€ORD'ANCE, son

ners.

mu

AeeOM'PANIST,

acompanar

as, to accomplish

;

;

Attended; joined

in society.

ACCOM'PANIMENT,

or bring to pass

AeeOM'PLISHED, pp. Fini-shed

accom-

Warburton.

adjusts.

A€€5M'PANIED, with

that

fulfil

To fin-nish with riualities which serve to render tlie mind or body complete, as with valuable endowments and elegant man-

").

tended as notUiig more than accommodations 8.

To

a prophecy.

of those quotations were probably in-

Paley In marine language, an accommodationladder is a hght ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway.

AeCORD'ABLE,

xiii.

in' 4.

opposition to a note, wliieli tlie owner lias' received in payment for goods. In England, accommodation hill, is one' given instead of a loan of money. Crabb 0. It is also used of a note lent merely to accommodate the borrower. 7. In theology, accommodation is the appUcation of one thing to another by analogy, as of the words of a prophecy to a future event.

Many

A C C

exertions as to accomplish a purpose. Prov.]

directors, offerer! for discount, for

Shak

A

computation or mode of reckoning ; applied to other things, than money or as the Julian account of time. trade Narrati\ e relation statement of facts ;

4.

;

;

:

transactions antl events, verbal or written as an account of the revolution in France. Ilcnce, An assignment of reasons explanation l)y a recital of |)articular transactions, given by a person in an employment, or to a sn])erior, often implying responsiliility. Give zn account of lliy stewardship. Luke, xvi.| Without responsil)ility or obligation. He giveth not account of his matters. Job, ;

5.

;

xxxiii.

6.

7.

Reason or consideration, as a motive as on all accounts, on ci cry account. Value importance estimation that is, ;

;

;

;

A C C

A C C

A C C of particular

recital

ACCOTJNT'ABLENESS,

Liabloncss to answer or to give account tlie .state of beijig answerable, or liable to the payment of njonev or damages. n.

;

ACCOUNT ANT, n. accounts

tile

;

One

more

who

skilled in

1.

keeps accjiunts an oflicer in a ]iuboffice who has charge of tlie accounts. 2. In (ireat l?ritain, an oflicer in the courtj of cliancery, who receives money and pays it to the bank, is called accountant;

-general.

accoimts are

A

n.

book

in

which' Swifl.

kej)t.

such a state of persons or things*, as rend- ACCOUNT'ED, pp. Esteemed; deemed them worthy of more or less e.stimaconsidered regarded valued. as men of account. tion Accounted for, explained. What is the son of man that thou makest acACCOUr/TTNG, »/)r. Deeming esteeming count oihim. Ps. cxliv. reckoning rendering an account. Profit advantage that is, a result or proasfor, rendering an account To find Accountingthe duction worthy of estimation. reasons unfolding tlie causes.! signing our account in a pursuit to turn to acACCOUNTING, n. The act of reckoning!

ers

;

;

growing

Increasing by growth; as the ;

;

V. i. [Fr. accrocher, to fix on a hook from croc, crochet, a hook, from the same elements as crook, which see.] To hook, or draw to, as with a hook but ;

;

;

a.

adding to by growth motion of plants.

ACCROACH,

;

;

;

accretive

I

;

8.

bodies by the accession of parts. Plants have an accretion, but no alimentation. Bacon. In the ciiril law, the adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes ])osse.ssed of a right to another as, when a legacy is left to two persons, and one of them dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to the survivor by right of accretion. Encyc.

ACCRETIVE,

;

;

;

;

;

mercan-

generally, a person

lic

ACCOUNT'-BOOK,

ad and crcsco ; Eng. accrue ; Fr. accroitre. See Increase, Accrue, Groiv.] A growing to an increase by natural grow til applied to the increase of organic

1.

;

;

in this sense not used. or adjusting accounts. 2. To encroach to away from anTo couple to other. Hence in draw V. t. accvp'pk. old laws to assume the ; join or link together. [See Couple.] exercise of royal prerogatives. public affairs. n. A \CCOUPLEMENT, accup'plement. Put that to mine account. Philem. xviii. Btackstone. To make account, that is, to have a previous coupling a connecting in pairs ; junction. The noun accroachment, an encroachment, or [Tyittle used.] opinion or e.xpectation, is a sense now obattempt to exercise royal power, is rarely v. t. accur'age. CoiirACCOUR'AGE, [See solete. or never used. [See JSncroaeh.] To encourage. [Mot used.] age.] writ of account, in law, is a writ which ACCRUE, V. i. accru'. [Fr. accroitre, accru, Spenser) the plaintiffbrings demanding that the deincrease L. accresco, cresco ; Sp. crecer V. t. [See Court.] To entertain' to fendant should render his just account, or ACCOURT, and acrec(r; It. crescere, accrescere ; Port. with courtesy. [Ao( used.] Spenser.' show good cause to the contrary called crecer : Arm. cris(]i.] V. t. accoot'cr. [Fr. accoutrer ; Cowel. ACCOUTER, also an action of account. to grow to; hence to arise, procontracted from accoustrer, from Norm.j Literally, ceed or come to be added, as increase, AecOUNT', V. <; To deem, judge, considcostc, a coat, coster, a rich cloth or vester, think, or Iiold in opinion. as, a |)rofit accrues to profit or damage ment tor festivals. 1 tliink this to be the' I and son Solomon shall be accounted ofmy government from the coinage of copper; true origin of the word, rather than con-, fenders. 1. Kings, i. a loss accrues from the coinage of gold, dre, couture, coxduAer.] 2. Toaccountof, to hold in esteem to value. and silver. Let a man so account of us as of ministers In a general sense, to dress to cqui]) but Accrue, n. accru'. Something that acof Christ. 1 Cor. iv. api>ropriately, to array in a military ilress; cedes to, or follows the property of anSilver was not any thing accounted of in the to put on, or to furnish with a military other. Obs. dress and arms to equip the body for' days of Solomon. 1 Kings, x. ACCRUTNG, ppr. Growing to; arising; 3. To reckon, or compute; as, the motion of military service. coming being added. the sun whereby years are accounted ACCOUt'ERED, pp. Dressed in arms; ."VCCRU'MENT, n. increase. Addition also to assign as a debt as, a |n-oject acequipped. [Little used.] Montagu. counted to (lis service but these uses are ACCOUTERING, ppr. Equipping with; • n. [L. accubatio, a reclinantiquated. military habiliments. count.

9.

Philip.

4.

Regard; behalf; sake; a sense deduced from charges on book as on account of

ACCOUPLE,

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

—

I

;

;

;

j

;

V. {. To render an account or relation of jiarticidars. An oflicer must account with or to the Treasurerybr money

ACCOUNT', received. ^.

To give reasons to assign tlie causes to explain with for ; as, idleness accounts for poverty. To render reasons to answer for in a ;

;

responsible character. must account for all the talents entrusted

We

to us.

^ACCOUNTABIL'ITY, n. The state of being answer

liable to

for one's

conduct

;

liabif-

ity to give account, and to receive reward or punishment for actions.

The

awful idea oi accountability.

R. Hall.

2. Liability to the

damages

;

;

Every man

Liable to be caUed to to a siqierior. accountable to God for his cona.

answerable is

age

;

In

common

;

usage, an old or unusual dress.

;

to

[Obs-]

Spenser. V. t. [Fr. accrediter; Sp. acreaccreditare ; to give authority or

ACCRED'IT, ditar;

It.

reputation from L. ad and credo, to behove, or give faith to. See Credit.] give credit, authority, or reputation to' accredit an envoy, is to receive liini in his ;

duct.

;

and give him

])ublic character,

credit

and

ACCREDITED, with reputation character.

receiver of good.s. .Accountable for, that

ACCRE'TION,

[.Vot

Ch7-ist.

a.

[See ^ccrefi'on.]

Shuckford. ;!

}

a.

[L. accumbens, accumbo,

See Accubation.] Leaning or

rechning, as the ancients at their meals. v.t. [L. aecumido. ad and cumulo, to heap; cumulus, a heap; Sp. acumular ; It. accumutare ; Fr. accumu-

ler, 1.

In- 2.

n. [Lat. accretio, increase accres'co, to increase, litcrallv. to srrow to

cubo.

ACCU'MULATE,

Obs

Giving authority or

State of being accum-

n.

bent or reclining.

rejjutation.

creasing.

be explained.

|

.Allowed; received! authorized in a public

ACCREDITING, ;>;>r.

ACCUjM'BENCY, from

pp. ;

Encyc.

V. i. [L. accumbo ; ad and cuio.] to recline as at table. [.Yot used.]

.\CCUM'BENT,

rank accordingly.

ACCRES'CENT,

may

rupted manners.

.\CeUMB',

1

To

down. See

lie

Cube.] \ lying or reclining on a couch, as the ancients at their meals. The manner was to rechne on low beds or couches with the head resting on a pillow or on the elbow. Two or three men lay on one bed, the feet of one extended behind the back of another. This practice was not permitted among soldiers, children, and senants ; nor was it known, until luxury had cor-

;

;

caress.

from ad and cubo, to

ing,

Dress; equip

body appropri and arms equijiage

ACCOY', V. t. [old Fr. accoisir. Todd.] To render quiet or diffident to soothe

2. Subject to pay, or make good, in case of loss. A sheriff is accountable, as bailiff and

etesant.]

phi.

furniture for the

ately, miUtary dress for mihtary service.

ACCREDITA'tl'ON, n. That which gives payment of money or of title to credit. [Lnttle used.]

responsibility for a trust.

ACCOUNT' ABLE, account

AeCOUt'ERMENTS,»i.

;

;

3.

[[ACCUBA'TION,

comhler.]

To heap up to pile ; to amass as, to accumulate earth or stones. To collect or bring together; as to arcumulate causes of misery to accumulate wealth. :

;

;

ACCU'MULATE,

r.

i.

To grow

to a great

ACE

A C C

ACE

to increase 2. The size, liimiber or quantity charge of an offense or crime the declaration containing the fireatly as public evils accunmlale. ;

a.

Collected into a mass,

Bacon

orqnantitv.

They

Collected into a pp. or great qnantity. ppr. Heaping up increasing aniassinjT; reatlv. A€CUMULA'TION, n.'Tlie Kct of accuinu latins; the state of being accumulated ; an liea])

A€€U'MULATING, ;

as an amassing; a collecting together acrimndation of earth or of evils. In lau\ the concurrence of several titles to the same thing, or of several circinn-

same proof. Encyc. In Universities,an accumulation of de^ees, is the taking of sevei-al together, or at .smaller intervals than usual, or than is allowed by the rules. Encyc. AeeU'BIULATIVE, a. That accmnulates heaping up accumulating.

a. A term given to a case of nouns, in Grammars, on which the action of a verb terminates or tiills; called in English Grammar the oi/fcitfe case ACCU'SATIVELY, adv. In an accusative manner.

In relation to the

2.

an accusation

accumu-

that

71.

1.

[L. nccuratio, from accuad and curare, to take See Care.]

rare, to take care of; 1.

;

f!(ra, care.

;

nicety; correctness; precision which refrom care. The accuracy of ideas or opuiions is conformity to truth. The value of testimony depends on its accuracy copies of legal instruments shoidd be taken ^

'i.

with accuracy. Closeness tightness as a tube sealed with ;

;

[L. accuratus.] In exact conformity to truth, or to a standard or ride, or to a model free from failure, error, a.

;

or defect as an accurate account accurate measure an accurate expression. Determinate precisely fixed as, one body may not have a very accurate Influence oil ;

;

;

3.

;

;

another. Close perfectly tight ing or hitijig. ;

A€'€URATELY, rate

2.

demeanor. To charge with a

Bacon. as an accurate seal-

;

adv. Exactly; in an accu-

maimer; with precision; without

er-

ACEL'DAMA,

n. [Ch. a field, and Spn, Ch. Syr. and Sam., blood.] have lain south of Jerusalem,

Km,

A

field said to

the same as the potters field, jiurchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his master, and therefore called the feld of blood. It was ajipropriated to the interment of strangers. ACEPH'ALOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and«to)i,, a head.] Without a head, headless. In liistory, the term Acejihali, or Acephahtes was given to several sects who refused to follow some noted leader, and tf> such bishops as were exempt from the jurisdiction and dis-

fault

;

to

of their patriarch.

cipline

was

also

;

Modern

ed these

blame.

It

given to certain levelers wlio acknowledged no head in the reign of Henry 1st. It was also applied to the Blemmves, a liretended nation of Africa, and toother tribes in the East, whom ancient naturalists represented as having no head their eyes and mouth being placed in other parts.

discoveries have dissipat-

In English Laws,

fictions.

who

men

held lands of no particular lord, and who were under no bishop. I. Cowel. ACEPH'ALUS, n. An obsolete naine of the t
or excusing

followed by o/betbre the subject of ac cusation the use of for after this verb is

It is

clergymen L. L. Hen.

;

;

;

accuracy.

A€'€URATE,

9.

;

;

sults

ti. <. sasi. [L. occhso, to blame, or accuse ad and causor, to blame, or accuse causa, blame, suit, or process, cause ; Fr. acciiser ; Sp. acusar ; Port. accusar; It. accusare ; Arm. accusi. The sense is, to attack, to drive against, tol charge or to fall upon. See Cause.] To charge with, or declare to have committed a crime, either by plaint, or con ])laint, information, indictnient,or impeacl ment to charge with an offense against the laws, judicially or by a jiublic process as, to accuse one of a high crime or mis ;

Exactness; exact conformity to truth; or model freedom iiom mistake

to a rule or

;

;

or amasses.

lates, gathers,

ACCURACY,

in

Accusing containing as an accusatory libel.

;

;

One

;

a.

ACCU'SE,

;

n.

accusative case

Grammar.

ACCU'SATORY,

'A.

A€€U'MULATOR,

Mat.

ACeU'SATIVE,

;

stances to the

;

over his head his accusation.

set

xxvii.

AceU'MULATED,

care

very small quantity; a particle; an atom; a tritle as a creditor will not abate an ace of his demand.

charge

ACeU'MULATE,

'2.

A

2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

temper in man. to habituate or inure as to practice ACER'IC, a. [L. acer, a maple tree.] accustom one's self to a spare diet. Pertaining to the maple obtained from the vial accttratelt/ stopped. Comstock. ACCUS'TOM, V. i. To be wont, or habituUre. maiile, as aceric acid. A€'€URATENESS, ?;. Accuracy; exact- ated to do any thing. [Little used.] a. [L. acerosus, 2. To cohabit. chaffy, from ness nicety precision. Milton. AC'EROUS, [JVotused.] In botany, chaffy ; acxts, chaft'or a jioint.] n. Custom. t. V. ACCUS'TOM, A€€URSE, [JVotused.] accurs', [Ac for ad and chaff. resembling Milton curse.] To devote to destruction to iinpre 2. An acerous or acerose leaf is one which a. Of long custom cate misery or evil upon. [This verb is r\CCUS'TOMABLE, is linear and permanent, in form of a neehabitual used. See customary. ror or defect as a writing accurately copied. Closely so as to be perfectly tight as a

;

;

;

3.

;

;

;

;

;

;

rarely

A€€URS'ED,

tion or miseiy 'I.

[Little used.]

;

Cui-se.]

pp. or a.

Doomed to destruc- ACCUS'TOMABLY, custom or

:

habit.

adv.

According

[Little iised.] n. Custom

to

dle, as ui pine.

ACES'CENCY,

Martyn. n.

[L.

ctcescens,

turning

from acesco. See Acid.] A turning .sour by spontaneous use or practice. a decomposition [JVotiised.] Boyle. ACCUS'TOiMARILY, adv. According to state of becoming sour, tart, or acid and hence a being moderately sour. I could wish custom or accursed common from Christ. myself practice. [See CusSt. Paul. tomarily.] [Little used.] ACES'CENT, a. Turning sour becoming Worthy of the curse detestable ; exe- ACCUS'tOMARY, a. Usual; customary. tart or acid by spontaneous decompo.sition.

The city shall be accursed. John vi. Separated from the faithful cast out of the church excommunicated.

ACCUS'TOMANCE,

;

habitual

sour,

;

;

;

;

;

il.

;

crable.

Keep from the accursed tiling. Josh. vi. Hence, 4. Wicked malignant in the extreme. ACeU'SABLE, a. That may be accused chargeable with a crime blamable Uable to censure followed by of. ;

[See Customary.]

ACCUS'TOMED,

;

;

n.

ACCUSA TION,

One who n. The

accuses. Hall. act of charging the act of accus-

with a crime or olfense ing of any wrong or injustice. ;

Being

familiar

by

;

as in their ac-

;

ACE, It.

A

;

the card or die so marked.

slightly sour

but the latter sense usually e.xpressed by acidulous or sub;

J\/icholson.

ACES'TE, papiho

familiar

ppr. Making inuring. n. [L. as, a unit or pound; Fr. as; asso ; D. aas ; G. Sp. as.] unit a single point on a card or die or

by practice

is

acid.

;

;

ACCUS'TOMING,

;

ACCU'SANT,

pp.

use habituated inured. a. Usual often practiced customed manner. ;

2.

;

Hence

[Little used.]

:

v\

In entomology, a species of

n.

or

butterfly, in India.

ings, found

ACES'TIS,

n.

chrysocolla, urine,

and

subdentated Oyc.

factitious

made of Cyprian

niter.

ACETAB'ULUM, egar.

A

[Gr.]

with

See Acid.]

sort

of

verdigris,

Cyc. n.

[L.

from acetum, vin-

Among

the

Romans

a

A C H

A C

A C

I

I

a. Pertaining to Achaia in In the shape of a needle having sharp point* vinegar cnisc or like vessel, anil a meas A€TIE'AN, like needles. Kirivan. Martyn. fiireece, and .a celebrated league or conlire of about one eigbtli of a ]iiiit. 1. In anatomy, the cavity of a bone for receivfederacy established there. This State lay An acicular prism is when the crystals are on sh-nder and straight. the of Corinth, within Pelopongulf Phillips. ing the protuberant end of another bone, nesus. and therefore forming the articulation calAClC'ULARLY, adv. In the manner of needles, or prickles. It is used especially for A€II1*;RN'ER, 11. A star of the first magniled enarthrosis. tude in the southern extremity of the con- ACID, a. [L. acidus ; Sax. ceced, vinethe cavity of the os innominatuni, which stellation Eridanus. from the root of acies, edge ; Gr. gar receives the head of the thigh bone. 2. In botfiHj/, the trivial name of a species of A€H'ERSET, n. An ancient measure of axr; ; VV. awr, an edge or ])oint. See Edge.] its corn, supposed to be about eight bushels. Sour, sharp or biting to the taste, having the peziza, the cup peziza so called from taste of vinegar, as orirf fruits or resemblance to a cup. Encyc. liquors. That AC'ID, n. In chimislry, acids are a class of 3. A glandular substance found in the placen- ACHIE'VABLE, a. [See Achieve.] of substances, so denominated from their Barrotv. ta of some auLinals. may be performed. taste, or the sensation of .sourness which 4. It is sometimes used in the sense of Coty- ACHIE'VANCE, n. Performance. Elyot. ACHIE'VE, v.t. [Fr.ac/ifi'er, to finish; Arm. But the ledon. they i)roduce on the tongue. name is now given to several substances, acchui ; old Fr. chcvcr, to come to the eml, 5. A species of lichen. Ci/c. AC'ETARY, n. [See ./Icid-] An acid pulpy frotu Fr. chef, the head or end old Eiig. which have not this characteristic in an eminent degree. The properties, by which chcve ; Sp. and J'ort. acaiar, from cabo, end, substance in certain fruits, as the pear, inSee Chief.] closed in a congeries of small calculous they are distinguished, are these: cnpe. 1. VViien taken into the mouth, 1. To perform, or execute to accom])lish bodies, towards the base of the fruit. they occasion the taste of sourness. They are corto finish, or carry on to a final close. It Grew. ^ unless diluted with water and some ACETATE, n. [See ,^cid.] In chimistry, a apiiropriatcly used for the effect of efforts rosive, of them arc caustic. made by the hand or bodily e.xertion, as neutral salt formed by the union of the deeds achieved by valor. 2. They change certain acetic acid, or radical vinegar, with any vegetable blue colors To gain or obtain, as the result of exertion. to red, and restore blue colors which have salifiable base, as with earths, metals, and Sliovv all the spoils by valiant Kings achieved been tinned green, or red colors which alkalies; as the acc/afe of alumine, of lii Prior. ha\ e been turned blue by an alkali. or of co|)per. Lavoisier. AC'ETATED, a. [See AciJ.] Combined ACHIE'VEP, /);). Performed; obtained 3. Most of them unite with water in all proacconqilished. with acetic acid, or radical vinegar. ])ortioiis, with a condensation of volume -VCHIE'VEMENT, n. The performance of and evolution of heat; and many of them ACE'TIe, a. [See Acid.] A term used to an action. have so strong an attraction for water, as denote a particular acid, acetic acid, the 2. A acnot to ajipear in the solid state. great or heroic deed something concentrated acid of vinegar, or radical 4. They have a complished by valor, or boldness. stronger affinity for alkaIt may be obtained by exposing vinegar. 3. An obtaining by exertion. fies, than these have for any other subcommon vinegar to fi-ost the water freez 4. An escutcheon or ensigns armorial, grantstance and in combining with them, most iiig leaves the acetic acid, in a state of pii ed for the performance of a great or honof them produce efl^ervescence. rity. orable action. Encyc 5. They unite with earths, alkahes and meACETIFICA'TION, n. The act of making ACHIE'VER, n. One who accomphshes a tallic oxyds, forming interesting comacetous or sour; or the operation of makpurpose, or obtauis an object by his exerpounds, usually called salts. ing vinegar. Cyc. tions. 6. With few exceptions, they are volatilized ACE'TIFY, V. t. To convert into acid or ACHIE'VING, ;);;). Performing; or decomposed by a moderate heat. executing .flikin. vinegar. ;

;

;

;

;

;

'

;

;

—

;

;

AC'ETITF^,

n.

[See

Jlcid.]

formed by the acetous able base

A

acid,

neutral salt

with a

salifi

as the acctitc of copjjer, alumi nous acetitc. Lavoisier. ;

ACETOM'ETER, and

n.

[L. aceimn,

vinegar,

instrument for ascertaining the strength of vinegar. Ure. ACETOUS, a. [See Acid.] Sour; hke or having the nature of vinegar. Acetous acid is the term used by chimists for distilled vinegar. This acid, in union wilji dift'erent bases, forms salts called acetites.

See Acid.]

n. [L.

Vinegar; a

sour liquor, obtained from vegetables dissolved in boiling water, and from fermented and spirituous liquors, by exposing lliem to heat and air. This is called the acid or acetous fennentation.

AellE,

r. {. ake.

ache or be primary .sense to

the oriental 1.

2.

plj?

[Sax. ace, ece ; Gr. aj;tu, pain axoi, pain. The to be pressed. Perhaps

m

;

is

to press.]

To suffer iiain ; to have or be in pain, or in continued pain ; as, the head aches. To suticr griet', or extreme grief; to be distressed

;

AGHE,

as,

the heart aches.

n. ake. Pain, or continued pain, in opposition to sudden twinges, or spasmod ic iKiin. It denotes a more moderate de of grce pain than pang, angiush, and tor

ture.

Being

in

pain

;

suffering

now deemed

distress.

inaccurate. They are also divided into oxygen acids, hydrogen acid.s, and acids destitute of these acidifiers. Another division is into acids with simple acids with double radicals, radicals, acids with triple radicals, acids with miknown

A'€HING,»i. Pain; con tinned pain or distress. A'CHIOTE, n. The anotta, a tree, and a drug used for dyeing red.

The bark of the tree the wood is used

makes good cordage, and

ftffpm; mea.siire.]

An

ACE'TUM,

The old chimists divided acids into animal, vegetable, and mineral— a division

gaining.

A'CIIING, ppr.

to excite fire

by

friction.

[See Anotta. Clavigero.

A'€HOR,

radicals,

o.x<^p,

;

;

;

j

;

I

Vol.

L

conqiound acids, dubious acids,

sordes capitis.] and acids destitute of oxygen. 1. The scald head, a disease Lavoisier. Thomson. JVicholson. Aikin. forming scaly eruptions, sujjposed to be a critical evac- ACIDIF'EROUS, a. [Acid and L, fero.] uation of acrimonious humors a species Containing acids, or an acid. of herpes. Hooper. Qiiiricy. Acidiferous minerals are such as consist of In mythology, the God of flies, said to have an earth combined with an acid as carbobeen worshipped by the Cyreneans, to nate of hme, aliimhiite, &c. Phillips. avoid beinff vexed bv those insects. Encyc. ACID'IFIABLE, a. [From Acidify.] A€HROMATl€, a. [Gi: a piiv.mid xf^'f^a. Capable of being converted into an acid, by union with an acidifying principle, withcolor.] Destitute of color. Achromatic telescopes out decomposition. are formed of a combination of lenses, ACIDIFleA'TION, n. The act or process which separate the variously colored rays of acidifying or changing uito an acid. of light to equal angles of divergence, "at ACID'IFIED, pp. Alade acid; converted different angles of refraction of the mean into an acid. In this case, the rays behig made to ACID'IFIER, n. That which ray. by combinarefract towards contrary parts, the \v hole tion forms an acid, as oxjgen and liychoiren. ray is caused to deviate from its course,! without being separated into colors, and- ACID'IFY, f, /, [Acid aiKl L.facio.] the o[)tical aberration arising fi-om the va-' To make acid but approi)riately to convert rious colors of light, is jirevented. This' into an aciil, chimically so called, by combination \\ith any substance. telescope is an uivention of Dolland. J\'icholson.i ACIDJFYIXG, ppr. Making acid; conACI€'ULAR, a. [L. aticula, Priscian, aj >erting into an acid having power to needle, from Gr. axr;, L. acies, a itoiut. See change into an acid. Oxygen is called the Acid.] acidifying jirinciplc or element. n. [Gr.

A C K -ACIDIM'ETER,

A C O

[Add and Gr.

n.

Isa. vi.

measure.]

An

iiistrument for ascertaining the strength 8.

of acids.

lire.

ACID'ITY, The quality of being sour; n.

ness

;

[Fr. aciditi,

sharpnes.s to

AC'IDNESS,

?;.

from «aW.] sourness; tart

A C O

they are the seed which the Lord hath blessed.

ixitftoy,^

I

To own, avow or assent

an act

to

Mediterranean isles is the swiftest of its kind, and coils itself upon a tree, from ACKNOWL'EDgED, pp. Owned con which it darts upon its prey. fessed noticed with regard or gratitude 2. A comet or meteor resembhng the serpent. received with approbation owned betbre adv. and ;

;

ACOP',

;

At the

A€KNOVVL'EDgING,

ppr. Owning confessing approving grateful but the latter sense is a gallicism, not to be used. n. The act of moderate degre. A)huthnol. owning ; confession ; as, the acknowledgACID'ULATED, pp. Tinged with an acid ment of a fault. made slightly sour. 2. The owiiuig, «ith approbation, or in the ACID'ULATl"NG,;)/>r. Tinging with an acid AC'IDULE, } n. In chimislry, a compound true character as the acknowledgment of ACID'ULUM, I salt, in which the alkahne a God, or of a public minister. base is s(q)ersaturated with acid as, tarta 3. Concession admission of the truth as, of a fact, position, orprincijile. reous adduhtm ; oxalic addulum. 4. The owning of a benefit received, accoma. addulus. See t.

;

in a le

gal form, to give it validity ; as, to ucknowl edge a deed before competent authority.

authority. v.

;

;

tlie taste.

The quahty of being sour

acidity.

ACIDULATE,

length of a light gray color with black spots, resembling eyes the belly perfectly white. It is a native of Aliica and the:

Cor. xvl.

acidulus, shghtly sour ; Fr. acidukr, to make sour. See Add.' To tuige Willi an acid ; to made acid in a [L.

;

;

;

1.

ACKNOWL'EDgMENT,

;

;

;

;

;

ACIDULOUS, Slightly sour cess of acid

;

;

Add.}

[L.

sub-acid, or having an ex as, addulous sulphate. a. [L. acinaces, a cime

ACINAC'IFORM,

tcr, Gr. axnaxrji, and h./orma, form.] In botany, formed hke, or resembling a cim

eter.

AC'INIFORM,

a.

Mnrtyn. [L. annus, a grape stone,

and forma, sha])e.] Having the form of grapes like

;

The uvea

grapes. the

men of

iris

in the

being ui clusters or posterior lais called the

eye,

Anatomists apply the glands of a similar tbrma

tunic.

adniform term to many tion.

ACINOSE, ACINOUS,

(^uincy. I

a.

L.

[From

Hooper.

acinus.

See

Adniform.] Consisting of minute granular concretions used in mineralogy. ICinvan ACINUS, n. [L.]' In botany, one of the small grains, which comj)ose the fruit of I

[a

cope.]

Obs.

top.

Jonson,

A'€ORN,

;

2.

71. [Sax. cecem, from ace or ac, oak, and corn, a grain.] The seed or fruit of the oak; an oval nut which grows in a rough permanent cup. The first settleis of lioston were reduced to the mcessity of f'oeiiing on clams, muscles, B. Trumbull. ground nuts, and acorns. In marine language, a small ornamental piece of wood, of a conical shape, fixed on the point of the sjiindle above the vane, on the mast head, to keep the vane from beMar. Diet. ing blown off. Ill natural history, the Lepa.s, a genus of shells of several species tbund on the Brit-

panied with gratitude and hence it com- 3. bines the ideas of an c.rpression uf thanks. ish coast. The shell is multivalvular, uiiHence, it is used also for something given or done in return for a favor. the valves are eipial, and fixed by a stem A declaration or avowal of one's own act, parallel and perpendicular, but they do not to give it legal vahdity as the acknowledgopen, so that the animal iterforms its funcment of a deed before a ])roi)er othcer. tions by an aperture on the top. These shells are always fixed to some solid Acknowledgment-money, in some parts of Engbody. land, is a sum paid by tenants, on tlie death A'€0RNED, a. Furnished or loaded with of tlieir landlord, as an acknowletlgment acorns. of their new lords. Kncyc. .\'€ORUS, n. [L. from Gr. oxopot.] 1. Aromatic ACME, n. Ac'my. [Gr. ax/^y;.] Calamus, sweet flag, or sweet The top or highest point. It is used to derush. note the maturity or iierfection of an ani- i2. In natural history, lAue coral, which grows in the form of a tree, on a mal. Among physicia7is, the crisis of a rocky bottom, in some parts of the African seas. Old nied disease, or its utmost violence. It is ical writers divided the jirogress of a dis brought from the Camarones and Benin. ease into four periods, the arche, or beginE7icyc. ning, the anabasis, or increase, the acme •3. In medicine, this name is sometimes given or utmost violence, and the paracme. to the great galangal. Encyc. or decline. But acme can hardly be con- ACOTYL EDON, n. [Gr. a priv. and xori-sidered as a legitimate English word. X);6iui' from xoTt*>;, a hollow.} In botany, a plant whose seeds have no side A€'NE, n. Ac'ny. [Gr.] A small hard pimple or tubercle on the face. lobes, or cotyledons. Martiin. ;

;

;

the lilackberry, &c. a. In ichthyology, a genus of fishes, of the order of chondropterygii, having an obtuse head the mouth under a. Having no side the head, retractile and without teeth. (^iiincy. To this genus belong the sturgeon, ster- ACNES'TIS, n. [Gr. a priv. and xioco, to rub lobes. or gnaw.] ACOUSTIC, a. [Gr. axovitixos, fi-om axova, let, huso, &c. Cyc. That part of the spine in quadiiipeds which to hear.] -ACIT'LI, n. A name of the water hare, or extends I'rom the metaplirenon, betwet Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of heargreat crested grebe or diver. the shoukler blades, to the loins which ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. Diet. ofJVat. Hist the animal cannot reach to scratch. Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus auditov. t. Aknol'edge, [ad Coxe. (^uincy. ius, or external jiassage of the ear. and knowledge. See Know.] AC'O, n. A Mediterranean fish, called also Acoustic vessels, in ancient theaters, were bra]. To own, avow or admit to be true, by a saracliiis. zen tubes or vessels, shaped lilie a bell, declaration of assent as to aeknowledge Ae used to projiel the voice of the actors, so OLIN, n. A bird of the partridge kind the being of a God. in Cuba. Its breast and belly are white as to render them audible to a great dis9. To own or notice with particular its back and tail of a dusky yellow brown regard. tance in some theaters at the distance of Ill all Prov. iii. thy ways acknowledge God. Dwt. ofjVat. Hist. 400 feet. Encyc. Isa. xxxiii. Acoustic instrument, or auricular tube, called A€OL'OTHIST, ? "• ,„ i , a 3. To own or confess, as implying a cont^'"- """^"^f**"-] in popidar language, a speaking trumpet. \ sciousness of guilt. In the ancietit church, one of the subordinate Encyc. 1 acknowledge my transgressions, and my otficers, who hghteil the lamps, prepared Acoustics, or acousmatics, was a name given sin is ever before me. Ps. li. and xxxii. the elements of the sacraments, attended to such of the discijiles of Pythagoras, as 1. To own with assent to admit or receive the bishops, &c. An othcer of the like had not completed their five years probawith approbation. character is still employed in the Romish tion. He timt acknowledgeth the son, hath tlie Church. the father also. 1 John ii. 2 Tim. ii. Encyc. ACOUS'TICS, n. The science of sounds, n. [L. aconitum Gr. axoviToi'.] teaching their cause, nature, and phenom5. To own with gratitude ; to own as a ben- A€'ONITE, The herb wolf's bane, or monks-hood, a ena. This science i.s, by some writers, diefit as, to acknowledge a favor, or the revided into diacoustics, which explains the poisonous plant and hi poetry, used for ceipt of a gift. ill poison general. jiroperties of sounds coming directly from MMon. They his gifts acknowledged not. ACON'TIAS, n. [Gr. axovtioi; axoftiov, a the sonorous body to the ear; and catacou0. To own or admit to belong to as, to acdart, from axur.] stics, which treats of reflected sounds. knowledge a son. 1. A species of serpent, called dart-snake, or But the distinction is considered of httl© 7. To receive with respect. real utility. jaculum, from its manner of darting on its AU that see them shall acknowledge that prey. Tiiis gerjient is about three feet iji| 2. lu medicine, this term is sometimes usetj

ACTPENSER,

;

ACOTYLEDONOUS,

;

A€KN0WL'EDGE,

;

;

;

ACOLYTE,

;

;

;

;

;

hearinj^.

AeQUAiNT,

V.

make known

from opposition or open discontent

Quinaj. [Old Fr. accointer, to wlience accointance, ac-

ACQUIES'CENT,

^ o J

easy submitthig ;

Qu. Per. (Jva.Si kimda, qiiaintancc. knowing, intelligent; Ger. A»«rfe, knowledge kund, known, public D. korid oi' Sw. kund, known kunde, knowledge Dan. kiender, to know, to be acquainted These words seem to have lor their with. primitive root the Goth, and Sax. kimnan, to know, the root of cunning Ger. kennen; D. kunnen, kan Eng. can, and ken which see.] ;

;

;

;

an

a.

;

Resting satisfied; disposed to submit.

ppr. Quietly submitting

ACQUIRABLE,

a. That may be acquired. V. t. [L. acquiro, ad and quaro, to seek, that is to follow, to press, to urge acto jiursue to the end or ob quiro signifies

a charge or duty

a.s, the jury acquitted the acquit a man of e\ il intenfollowed by of before the obIn a reject to acquit from is obsolete. ciprocal sense, as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle, the word has a like sense, implying the discharge of a duty or Hence its use in expressing obligation. excellence in performance ; as the orator acquitted himself well, that is, in a manner

tions.

rary possession is not exjjressed by acquire, but by gain, obtain, procure as, to obtain [not acquire] a hook on loan. Descent is the title whereby a man, on the the deatli of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by

n.

;

knowl-

Familiar

pp. Gained, obtained, or received from art, labor, or other means, in distinction from thos(4,tliings which are bestowed by nature. Thus we say, abilities, natiual and acquired. It implies title, or some |)ermanence of possession.

;

known.

slightly

or that which is

is

in opposition to natural gifts

used

m

;

demanded.

me

six.

;

;

n.

The

act of acquitting,

or state of being acquitted. South. [This word is superseded by acquittal.] ACQUITTAL, n. A judicial setting tVee, or deliverance from the charge of an ottense as, by verdict of a jury, or sentence of a :

court. TTie acquittal of a principal operates as an acquittal of tlie accessories.

ACQUITTANCE,

n.

A

discharge or re-

lease from a debt. 2.

The

writing, which is evidence of a discharge ; a receipt in full, wliich bars a fm-ther demand. pp. Set fice, or judicially

ACQUITTED,

discharged from an accusation released from a debt, duty, obligation, charge, or suspicion of guilt. ;

as.

music and jiainting. eloquence, and skill are acquirements ; genius, the gift of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in oi)position to material or external things gained, which are more usually called ac quisitions but this distinction is not always observed.

Ixxxviii.

acquaintance are estranged from

n. The act of acquiring acquired; attainment. It

ACQUI'REMENT,

Lover and friend hast thou put far from me and mine acquaintance into darkness. Ps.

Acquaintances, in the plm-al, is used, as apbut plied to individual persons known more generally, acquaintance is used for one or more. Jicquaintant, in a like sense, is not used.

that his situation and public expectation

Blackstone

ACQUI'RED,

;

;

we

ACQUIT'MENT,

right of representation, as his heir at law.

;

;

It is

;

low.

A

edge a state of being acquainted, or of having intimate or more than slight or suas, 1 knoiu the man, perficial knowledge bnt have no acquaintance with him. Sometimes it denotes a more slight knowledge, A person or persons well known usually persons we liave been accustomed to see and converse with; sometimes, persons

My

set free ; to release or discharge from an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever Ues upon a person as

grief.

acquaint one^s self, is to gain an inti mate or j)articular knowledge of. Jlcquaint now thyself with him and be at peace. Job xxii.

Job

To

prisoner

To

more

;

;

;

ACQUAFNTANCE,

3.

to leave, or forsake ; Fr. quitter, to forsake ; Sp. quitar ; Port, quitar It. quilare, to remit, forgive, remove D. kwyten ; Ger. quit-

Fr.

improper.

3.

Miltou.

ac^umr; Sp.adquirir; Ar. Sys, Heb. Ipn to seek, to make towartls, to fol-

inti-

;

mately

used.]

;

;

;

[Ml

ACQUIT', v.t. [Fr. acquitter; W. gadu, gadaw L. cedo ; Arm. kitat, or quytaat,

ACQUI'RE,

ject

See Acquest.

n.

tiren.]

The L. qximsivi, unless contracted, is See class jirobably from a different root. Gr. and Gs.] Isaiah liii. To gain, by any means, sometliing which is in a degree permanent, or vvhicli becomes 2. To inform ; to communicate notice to ; as, a vested or inherent in the possessor ; as, to friend in the country acquaints me with hi snccess. Of before the object, as to ac- acquire a title, estate, learning, habits, skill, dominion, &c. Plants acquire a green quainl a man o/'this design, has been used, mere tempo color from the solar rays. but is obsolete or t.

ACQUIST',

;

resting content.

;

To make known to make fully or known to make faniiUar. A man of sonows and acquainted with

as,

Johnson.

A€QUIES'CING,

;

;

;

acquiescence in the decisions of a court, or in the allotments of providence.

t.

;

A C R

A c a

A c a remedies for deafness, or imperfect

for

ppr. Setting free from acreleasing from a chai-ge, obliga-

ACQUIT'TING,

cusation tion, or suspicion of guilt. ;

ACRA'SE, ACRA'ZE,

)

^

v.t.

To make

fatuate.

crazy; to in[See

[.Yot in use.]

Crazy.]

n. A person who acquires. 2. Toinqjair; to destroy. [JVotinwse.] 71. [Gr. axpaaia, from a priv. and ppr. Gaining by labor or AC'RASV, other means, something that has a degree xpaoi;, constitution or temperament.] of permanence in the possessor. In medical authors, an excess or predominanledge. cy of one (luality above another, in mixAeUUA'INTING, ppr. Making known to ACQUI'RY, ?i. Acquirement. [.Vb< used.] Barrow. ture, or in the human constitution. Bailey. giving notice, or information to. AC'QUISITE, a. s as z. Gained. [AV used.] ACRE, n. a'ker. [Sax. acer, acera, ar acer ; A€QUEST', n. [L. acquisilus, acquiro.] Burton Ger. acker ; D. akker ; Sw. acker ; Dan. 1. Acquisition the tiling gained. Bacon, fi-om acLat. n. ACQUISP'TION, 2. Conquest a place acquired by force. [L. acquisitio, ager ; W. eg ; Ir. acra ; Gr. aypo; ACQUIESCE, V. i. acquiess'. [L. acquiesce, quisitus, acqutesivi, which are given as the ager. In these languages, the word retains its primitive sense, an open, plowed, of ad and quiesco, to he quiet; quies, rest part, and prct. of acquiro ; but qua'sivi is In Eng. it retained its orior sowed field. Fr. jtrobably from a difterent root \V. ceisiaw

ACQUAINTED,

Known;

pp.

known informed having ;

;

familiarly

ACQUIRER,

ACQUI'RING,

personal know-

;

;

;

;

.

To rest satisfied,

or apparently satisfied, or without opposition and discontent; usually implying previous opjiosition, tm easiness, or dislike, but ultimate conqili ance, or submission as, to acquiesce in the dispensations of providence. to rest

To

assent

to,

upon conviction

;

as, to

etc

an opinion that is, to rest satisof its correctness, or propriety. .Acquiesced in, in a passive sense, complied with submitted to, without o])position as, a measure has been acquiesced in. ACQUIES'CENCE, n. A quiet assent; a silent submission, or submission with apjiarcnt content distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, rjuiesce in

;

fied

;

;

Eth. chUUUJ chasas, chas Ar. ^^3 kassa, to seek. Class Gs. ] The act of acquiring as, a man takes pleasure in the acquisition of property, as well as in the possession. The thing acquired, or gained; as, learning is an acquisition. It is used for intellectual attainments, as well as for external and in a things, property, or dominion

ginal signification, that of any open field, until it was limited to a definite quantitv .31. Ed. 35. Ed. 1. 84. H. 8.

;

1.

;

3.

:

;

acquiescer.]

1

3.

by statutes

;

;

good sense, denoting something estimable. aca. That is acquired

ACQUISITIVE, quirei!

:

;

ment, with

to

adv.

Cowel.] A quantity of land, containing 160 square rods or jierclies, or 4840 square yards. This is the Enghsh statute acre. The acre of Scotland coiuams 61.50 2-5 square yards. The French arjient is nearly equal to the Scottish acre, about a fifth larger than the English. The Roman juger was

3200 square yards. Mogul's dominions, acre

JValton. 2. In the

[but improper.]

ACQUIS ITIVELY,

1.

Noting acquire-

or for following. Lilly's

Grammar.

is

the

^'ame as lack, or 100,000 rupees, equal to CI 2,500 sterUng, or S55,.500. .icre-ftght, a sort of duel in the open field.

combatants on

a.

perty.

ACRID,

a.

Possessing acres or landed proPope[Fr. acre ; L. acer.]

Sharp; pinigent

ACRON l€ALLY, manner

tlieir frontiers.

Acre-taz, a tax on lanrl in Eiifrlanrl, at a certain sum for each acre, called also acre-shot.

A'€RED,

;

ACT,

A

To

t.

[Gr. oxpo;, a spire, or spiral line.] the plume, or shoot, or sproiu of a seed from its spiral tbrm. called so plumule,

perform

to represent

;

2.

To

dTteipa,

your

part, there all the

3.

Having a sprout, or

having sprouted at both

feign or counterfeit. acted tear the villain thus pursued.

and

To put m motion movements. Most people

Mortimer.

eiuls.

prep, akruus'. [a

cross.

lies.

VV'itli I

Mortimer.

\€ROSS',

honor

Pope. Obs. or improper.

;

a.

a

character on the stage.

highest, and

n.

AC'ROSPIRED,

See

;

in the

to actuate

From

side to side, opposed to along, Avhich is in the direction of the length ; atliwart a quite over ; as, a bridge is laid across

;

Dry den. to regulate

world are acted by levity. South. Loclee.

[In this latter sense, obsolete actuate, which see.]

Cross.] 1.

V.

Jict well

A€'ROSPIRE,

the taste; acrimonious; as otn'rf salts. ACRIDNESS, n. A sharp, bitter, pungent quahty. A€RIMO'NIOUS, a. Sharp; bitter; corrowitli

In an acronical at the rising or setting of tlie adv.

sun.

sharp or biting to

bitter;

;

ACT

ACT

A C R formerly fought by English and Scotch

and superseded by

ACT,;!. The exertion of power; the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; as, In thia the act of giving or receiving. river. sense, it denotes an operation of the mind. passing o^er at any angle Intersecting Thus, to discern isan odofthe understandacross another. will. to is an act of the ACRIMONY, n. [L. acrimonia, from acer, as a line passing ing judge n. [Gr. axpa, extremity or beTliat which is done a deed, exploit, or sharp. The latter part of the word seems A€ROS'Tl€, to denote likeness, .state, condition, like ginning, and atixoi, order, or verse.] achievement, Avhether good or UI. .\ composition in verse, in which the first And his miracles and his acts wliich he did head, hood, in knighthood ; in which case it in the midst of Egypt. Deul. xi. may be from the same root as maneo, Gr. letters of the hnes, taken in order, form the name of a person, kingdom, city, &c., 3. Action performance jiroduction of efjUffW.] which is the subject of the composition, But this sense fects as, an act of cliarity. 1. Sliarpnes.s a quality of bodies, which cor-

abounding

sive;

acrimony.

Figuratively, severe; sarcastic; apphedto language or temper. A€Ri[M6'NIOUSLY, aih: With sharpness or bitterness. 2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

or

some

title

or motto.

rodes, dissolves, or destroys others ; as, the Bacon. acrimony of the humors.

ACROS'TIC,

or severity of temper; bitterness of expression proceeding

ACROS'TIeALLY,

2. Figuratively, sliarpiiess

i'rom anger, ill-nature, or petulance. South.

AC'RISY,

n.

[Gr. a

priv.

and

xinitf,

judg-

That relates

a.

to,

or contains

adv. .In the

manner of

is closely allied to the foregoing. 4.

an acrostic.

rfJ-ffri^,

n. [Gr. a^po;,

The

extreme, .5.

end.]

Abstruse

;

./Icrid.]

m

j)ertainii!g to to exoteric.

deep learning

and

;

feet.

G.

of a prince, legislative body, council, court of justice, or magistrate ; a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve, decision

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

hangs

shoulder.] tliat part of the spine of the scapula, which receives the extreme jiarl of the clavicle. Qiw'nci/. u/io?,

In anatomy,

ACRON'I€, A€RON'lCAL,

I

S

a.

[Gr. axpo;, extreme, and

"I'i,

night.]

In astronomy, a term apjilied to the rising of a star at sun set, or its setting at sun rise. This rising or setting is called ucronical.

The woyj

is

opposed to cosmical. Bailey. Encyc. Johnson.

3.

A partordivisionof aplay, to be performed without interruption after which tlie action is suspended to give respite to the performers. Acts are divided into smaller ;

Aristotle's lectiu'es opposed ACROTHYM'ION, n. [Gr. a.^pof, were of two kinds, acroatic, acroainatic, or and dvfiof, thyme.] esoteric, which were delivered to a class of Among physicians, a species of wart, with a who had been select disciples, previously narrow Ijasis and broad top, having the instructed in the elements of learning and It is called Thymus. color of thyme. exoteric, wliicli were delivered in public. Cetsus The former respected being, God, and na- ACT, r. i. [Gr. a"/u, Lat. ago, to urge, the principal subjects of the latter tiu'e drive, lead, Itring, do, pcrfunn, or in genwere logic, rhetoric, and policy. The abCantabrian, eral, to move, to exert force struse lectures were called acroatics. W. cg-nr; Ir. cig-ca)!, force Ir. eg, force Enfield. or carry on eachdam, to do or (lige, to act a. a sumACROCERAU'NIAN, [Gr. axpa, act eacht, acht, deed, actaim, to ordain mit, and xspciviof, thunder.] It. agire, to do or F. agir act, condition An epithet apphed to certain mountains, act.] between Epirus and lUyricum, in the 41st 1. To exert power as, the stomach acta upon into the of latitude. Tliey project degree food the will acts ui)on the body in pro Adriatic, and are so termed from being ducing motion. often struck ^vith lightning. Encyc. •2. To be ui action or motion to move. and n. ACRO'MION, He between in doubt to act or rest. [Gr. axpo;, highest, ;

;

denotes incomplete

portions, called scenes. The result of pidjlic deliberation, or the

Encyc. extreme,

;

it

She was taken in the very act. John In act is used also to signify incipient action, or a state of preparation to exert " power ; as, In act to strike," a poetical use.

;

A€'ROTER, n. [Gr. oxpori^p, a sunmiit.] Bailey. In architecture, a small pedestal, usually with out a base, anciently placed at the two bitterness to the tasle ; ; the middle of pediments or extremes, or heat. biting frontispieces, serving to support the statues, A€ROAMAT'I€, a. [Gr-axpoctuatcxos, from &c. It also signifies the figures placed a to hear.] axpooofiai, ornaments on the tops of churches, and the Abstruse ; jiertaining to deep learning ; an sharp pinnacles that stand in ranges about balusters. epithet applied to the secret doctrines of flat buildings with rails and Aristotle. Enfield. Anciently the word sigjiified the extremiACROAT'IC, a. [Gr. a.xpoaf.^co?.] ties of the body, as the head, hands, and [Little itsed.]

[See

in,

viii.

;

;

In general, act denotes action completed action.

;

diciousness.

seeds of plants are not at first in act, but what they afterwards grow to be. Hoolier.

but preceded by

ecclesiasticed xvrilers, an appellation of which no right .judg Among a given to any thing added to the end of ment can be formed that of wliich no or hymn as a doxology. psahn, matter in disi>ute choice is made inju-

A state or condition

AC'RITUDE, n. An acrid quahty

of reality or real existence, as

in possibility,

,\€ROTELEU'Tl€, and

state

opjiosed to a possibility.

an acrostic.

ment.]

A

award, determination as an act of parliament, or of congress. The term is also ;

transferred to the book, record, or writing, containing the laws and determinations. Also, any instrument in writing to verily facts.

In the sense of agency, or power to j)roduce effects, as in the passage cited by Johnson, from Shakespeare, the use is improper.

To tiy the vigor of them and apply AUajiiients to their act. in English Universities, is a thesis maintained in public, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. At Oxford, the time when masters

Act,

and doctors complete their degrees is also called the act, which is held with great soUnited lemnity. At Cambridge, as in the

Encyc. States," it is called commencement. Pope. To behave, demean, or conduct, as in Act offaith, auto da fe, in Catholic countries, is a solemn day held by the Incpiisition, morals, private diuies, or ]niblic offices and the of the tor heretics, minister has acted a punishment as, we know not why absolution of accused persons found innoBin in lliis sense, it in tills manner. cent or it is the sentence of the Inquisimost in as, ;

frecjuent

popular language

how the man acts or has acted. To act up to, is to equal in action

;

;

tion.

Acts of the Apostles, the title of a book in the New Testament, containing a history of or perform a correspondent action as, he the transactions of the Apostles. lias acted vp to his engagement or his Acta Diwrna, among the Romans, a sort of advantages. ;

to ;

fulfil,

ACT

ACT our newspapers. ^cta populi, or itda publica, the Roman registers of asseiiihlies, trials, executions, buildings, birth-i, iiiarri:iges, Eind deaths ot'

;

.S'e/ia<«s,

and digestion.

8.

Roman

made of a

in the

also conmientarii,

senate, called

tiji'

ip'i

Ae'TIAN,

and promontory of Epirus, games, which were instituted by Augus-

;

performing

;

%i6oi,

n. [Gr.

behav-

ActinoUte

is

.ind

crystalized, asbestifoim,

Phillips:.

a.

Like or pertaining

to

actinolite.

A€'TION, 1.

n.

See

[L. actio.

Act.]

hence, the state of L/ilernlli/, a di-iving acting or moving exertion of ])ower or force, as when one body acts on another; or action is the effect of power exerted on ;

;

real estate

demanded,

is

4.

Busy

;

in

constantly engaged

;

.5.

action

;

pursuing business withvtgor and assiduity ; oi(j)osed to dull, slow, or ijidolent; as an active officer. It is also opposed to sedentary, as an active life. Requiring action or exertion; practical; operative producing real effects oi)posed to speculative ; as, the active duties of life. ;

In grammar, active verbs are those which not only signify action, but have a noun or name following them, denoting the object of the action or impression called ;

also transitive, as they imply the passing of the action expressed by the verb to the chose in action, is a right to a thing, object ; as, a ])rofessor instructs his pupils. in o[)position to the possession. bond 6. Active capital, or wealth, is money, or pro|)or note is a chose in action [Fr. chose, a erty that may readily be converted into money, and used in commerce or other thing,] and gives the owner a right to prosecute his claim to the money, as he has an Hamilton, enij)loyment f(>r profit. absolute property i)i a right, as well as in 7. Active commerce, the commerce in which a nation carries its own productions and a lhing,m possession. In .some countries of Europe, action is a foreign commodities in its own ships, or which is prosecuted by its own citizens ; share in the capital stock of a company, as contr.idislinguished from passive comor in the public funds, equivalent to our

A

axtw, a ray, and

glassy.

Hence, 3.

Blackstone.

A

a stone.]

A€TINOLIT'I€,

when

;

mineral, called, by Werner, strahlstein, It ray-stone, nearly allied to hornblend. occurs in prismatic crystals, which are long, and incomplete, and sometimes exIts tremely minute and even fibrous. prevailing color is green of different shades, or shaded with yellow or brown. There are several varieties, as the common, the massive, the acicular, the glassy, and the fibrous. Werner. Kinvan. Cleavdand.

mijred,

;

;

A€'TlNOLltE,

disposition to move with speed ; nimble ; lively ; brisk ; agile ; as an active animal.

\

with damages for a wrong sustained. Actions are also ciwY or penal ; anV, when instituted solely in behalf of private persons, to recover debts or damages penal, when instituted to recover a penalty, imposed by way of punishment. The word is also used for a right of action as, the law gives an action for every claim.

ing; rci)re.senting the character of another. n. Action act of performing a Shnk. Churchill. partofaplav.

A

is 3.

or

;

and

naval victory over Anthony, near that town, Sep. 2, B. C. ;il. They were celebrated every five years. Hence, Actian years, reckoned from that era. Encyi\ tus, to celebrate his

Acting,

;

;

demand

a

a claim made before a

;

a town as Actian

Relating to Actiiim,

ACT'ING,/(/)r. Doing

Encyc. urging for right a

by which ;

real, personal real, or feudal, when the demandant claims a title to real estate personal, when a man demands a debt, jiersonal duty, or damages in heu of it, or satisfaction for an injin-y to person or property

mixed represent-

stage. «.

right

Actions are

tribunal.

conunentaries.

ACT'ED, pp. Done; performed; ed

cation, deglutition, In law, literally, an suit or process,

minutes of what passed

contains the principle of action, independent of any visible external force as, attraction is an active power: or it may be defined, that communicates action or motion, opposed to passive, that receives action as, the active powers of the mind. Having the power of quick motion, or ;

;

illustrious piM'sDiis, &('.

Acid

ACT

the body, vital, animal, and natural vital and involuntary, as the action of tht heart and lungs animal, as muscular, and all voluntary motions; natural, as manclu

Gazette, containing an authorized account oCtiaiisaotioiis in Rome, nearly similar to

1*.

term share

; and consequMitly, in a more The word is general sense, to stocks.

movable effects. In painting and sculpture, the attitude or

also used for 10.

position of the several parts of the body, by which they seem to be actuated by passions ; as, the arm extended, to represent the act of giving or receiving. 11. Battle ; fight ; engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water, or by a greater or smaller number of combatants. This and the f^th definition exhibit the hteral meaning of adion a driving or urging.

—

merce, in which the productions of one country are transported by the people of another country. The connnerce of Great Britain and of the United States is active ; that of China is

passive. It maybe the interest of foreign nations to de))rive us, as far as possible, of tm active commerce in our own bottoms. Federalist, Hamilton.

ACTIVELY,

adv. In an active maimer; nimbly briskly also in an active signification, as a word is used

by action

;

;

;

one boily by another motion produced. act i veil/. Hence, action is opposed to rest. Action, when produced by one body on another, is Quantity of action, in physics, the product ACT'IVENESS, n. The quality of being of the ma.ss of a body by the sjiace it active; the faculty of acting; nimblene.ss; mechanical ; when produced by the will of runs through and its velocity. a living being, spontaneous or voluntary. quickness of motion; less used than activity. Encyc. In many cases action and act are synony- ACTIVITY, n. The quahty of being ac[See Def. 3.] mous but some distinction between tive; the active faculty niinbleness; agil2. An act or thing done a deed. also the habit of dihgent and vigorous them is observable. Action seems to The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him ity are actions weighed. have more relation to the power that 1. 8am. ii. ])ursuit of business as, a man of activity. It is applied to persons or things. i. In mechanics, agency acts, and its operation and process of! operation driving eftoil of one and moi-e another relation to the effect Sphere of activity, is the whole space in which act, im]iul.se acting hotly upon or operation com])lete. Action is also more the virtue, power, or influence of any obas, the adjon of wind upon a ship's sails. Also the effect of such action. ject, is exerted. generally used for ordinary transactions 4. In ethics, the external and act, for such as are remarkable, or To put in activity, a French j)hrase, for putsigns or expression of the sentiments of a moral agent conall our actions should be regting in action or employment. as, dignified duct ; behavior demeanor that is, moulated by i)rudence a prince is distinguish- .\CT OR, n. He that acts or performs; an tion or movement, with respect to a rule acti\e agent. ed by acts of heroism or humanity. Encyc. or propriety. Action taking, in Shakespeare, is used for Uti- 2. He that represents a character or acts a 5. In porin/, a series of events, called also part in a play a stage player. gious. the subject or table this is of two kinds A€'TIONABLE, a. That will bear a suit, 3. Among civilians, an advocate or proctor the principal action which is more strictly in civil courts or causes. or for which an action at law may be .susthe fable, and the incidental action or epitained as, to call a manathicf isac/i0Ha6/e. ACTRESS, n. A female who acts or persode. forms, and especially, on the stage, or in Encyc. A€'TION,\BLY, adv. In a manner that sub6. In oratory, gesture or gesticulation a play. the jects to legal process. external deportment of the speaker, or the A€'TIONARY or A€'TIONIST, n. In ACT U.IL, a. [Fr. actuel. See Act.] acconnnodation of his attitude, voice, gestEurope, a proprietor of stock in a traduig Real or effective, or that exists truly and one who owns acitons or ures, and countenance to the subject, or to shares as, actual heat, opposed to absolutely company the thoughts and feelings of the mind. of stock. that, which is virtual or potential ; artual ;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Encyc. 7.

ACTIVE, a.

[L. activus

In physiology, the motions or function.s"of That has the power

Fr. actif] or quaUty of acting ;

;

that

cautery, or the burning by a red-hot iron, opposed to a cautery or caustic apphcation,

ADA

A D

A C U

that may produce the same effect upon AC'irRU, V. The name in India of a fragrant 4d valorem, according to the value, in com« nierce and finance, terms used to denote As. Researches. aloe-wood. the body by a different ])rocess. duties or charges laid iqioii goods, at a 2. Existing iu act; real; in opposition to A'CUS, Ji. [L.] The needle-fish, or gar-fish. or sand eel. certain rate per cent, upon their value, a? Cyc. specidative, or existing in theory only; 2. The ammoclyte stated in their invoices in 0])position to a cimex. The 3. as an actual crime. oblong Cyc. a. [L. acutus, sharp-pointed Qu. 3. In theology, adiial sin is that which is specific sum upon a given quantity or nunjlier. from acuo, acus, or from the Oriental -\T\ committed by a person himself, opposed had or chad, sharp, Heb. Ch. Ar.] to original sin, or the corruption of nature AD'AgE, n. [L. adagium, or adagio; It. in end a at the ending sharp point adagio.] supposed to be communicated from Adam. Sharp 4. That includes action. opposed to blunt or obtuse. An acute angle \ proverb an old saying, which has obtained credit by long use a wise observation Besides her walking and other actual perin geometry, is one which is less than a ;

ACUTE,

;

;

;

;

;

formances.

ACTUALITY,

n. Reality. adv. In fact ; leally n. [L. actuarius.]

A€T'UALLY, A€T'UARY,

A register or clerk

Haweis. ;

in truth.

a term of the civil law, originally in courts of civil law but in Europe used for a jurisdiction ;

2.

Applied

To

pp. Put in action

;

;

;

4.

incited to

action.

;

5.

ACTUATING, /i;h-.

;

having power to feel or perceive small objects as, a man of acute eye sight, hearing, or feeling. An acute disease, is one which is attended with violent symptoms, and comes speedily to a crisis, as a pleurisy opposed to chronic. sions

legitimate.

ACT'U.Vl'ED,

senses ; having nice or quick susce|Hible of slight impres-

to the

sensibility

;

;

ADA'gIO,

antiquity.

n. [It. arfff^i'o,

and agio,

otium',;

AD'AM,

soiier.

ILdttle used.]

I. [from act.]] put into action ; to move or incite to action as, men are actuated by motives, or passions. It seems to have been used formerly in the sense of invigorate, noting but the use is not increase of action

handed down from

a compound of arf Sp. and Port, omo ; L. Eng. ease.] As an adverb, Figuratively, a]>plied to mental powers: In music, a slow movement. AVheii slo^^ ly, leisurely, and with grace. having nice discernment penetrating repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs tlie perceiving or using minute distinctions movement to be very slow. op])osed to dull or stupid; as an acute rea acute angled triangle

leisure

Fi: aise

;

;

;

;

clerk or register generally.

Put in action.

An

than

less

ninety degrees. is one whose three angles are all acute or less than ninety degrees each.

and used

ACTUATE, a. A€T UATE, V.

which subtends

right angle, or

Shnl{.

[Hardly legitimate.]

Putting in action; in

All acute accent,

that wliich elevates or

is

sharpens the voice.

n.

Ill

Ileb. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar., Jl/a;! ; name of the human species,

primarily, the

mankind

;

approiiriately,

the progenitor of the

the

human

first

Man,

race.

The

word signifies form, shajie, or suitable form hence, species. As a verb, the word signi-

:

Etliiopic, to please or be agreeable ; in Arabic, to join, unite, or be accordant, to fies, in

agree.

It is

evidently connected with Tint

damah, Heb. Ch. Syr., to be like or equal, Whence to form an image, to assimilate.

the sense of likeness, image, form, shape ; In music, acute is applied to a tone which Gr. itfia;, a body, like. [See Man.] sharp, or high opposed to grave. In botany, ending in an acute angle, as a Adam's apple, a species of citron, [see Citleaf or jierianth. ron;] also the prominent part of the throat. Martyn of the with Ad'am's needle, the popular name adv. Sharply ; keenly cultivated in yucca, a plant of four species, nice discrimination. Of the roots, the Indians make ACTUATE, t'.<. [L. acuo, to sharpen. See "gardens. but .seldom n. Sharpness ACUTENESS, a kind of bread. [See Yucca.] Acid.] To sharpen to make pungent, or corrosive. used in this literal sense, as apphed to ma- AD'AMANT, n. [Gr. aSa/ia; L. adwnas ; terial things. a word of Celtic origin W. ehedvaen, a Harvey. [Little vsed.] Figuratively, the faculty of nice discernstar of the fourth magniload stone, from elied, to fly or move, and ACUBE'NE, ?i. ment or perception ai)plied to the senses, Chaucer uses adatude in the southern claw of Cancer. raf 71, or maen, a stone. or the understanding. By an acuteness of mant for the load stone. Romaunt of the ACUT'TION, n. [from L. acuo, to shaqien.] feehng, we perceive small objects or slight L. 1183. Ger. diamant, is adamant The sharpening of medicines to increase Rose, impressions by an acuteness of intellect, and diamond Sp. diamante ; Sw. damanl ; their effect. we discern nice distinctions. See Diamond.] Fr. aimant, loadstone. ACU'LEATE, a. [L. aculeus, from acus. 3. Sharpness, or elevation of sound, in rhet- A Gr. axr„ a point, and the diminutive ul very hard or impenetrable stone a name oric or music. Boyle. to the diamond and other substanSee Acid.] given 4. Violence of a disease, which brings it ces of extreme hardness. The name has In botany, having jirickles, or sharp points speedily to a crisis. often been given to the load stone but in pointed used chiefly to denote prickles modern mineralogy, it has no technical lixed ill the bark, in distinction from ACUTIATOR, n. In the middle ages, a perciting to action.

ACTUATION,

6.

n.

The

state

of being put

in

Gtanvitle. action; effectual operation. ACT'US, n. Among the Romans, a measure In in building equal to 150 Roman feet. agricullure, the length of one furrow.

is

;

7.

ACUTELY,

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

thorns,

which grow from the wood. Milne.

2.

In zoology, having a sting. In botany and zoology, re. [L.]

ACU'LEI,

prickles or spines. or AC'ULOS,

AC'ULON,

n.

tlieir

ADAMANTE'AN,

ADAMANTINE,

a.

«.

Hard

I\Iade of

;

;

;

;

acuo.]

sharp point and figuratively, quickness of perception, the faculty of nice discrim ;

illation.

;

ACU'MINATE,

a.

acumincdus,

[L.

from

acumen.]

Ending

signification.

as adamant. Milton. adamant having the quahties of adamant that cannot be broken, dissolved, or penetrated as adamantine bonds, or chains. nns, Ar. j^;;^, to come near, to approach; Adamantine Spar, a genus of earths, of three from which root we may also deduce at. The color of the first is gray, varieties. In composition, the last letter is usually with shades of brown or green the form when regular, a hexangular prism, two changed into the first letter of the word to for adclamo. Thus which it is jtrefixed. sides large and four small, without a the Romans wrote acclamo ; for adgrcdior. its surface striated, and with a ])yramid thin co\ ering of white mica, interspersed aggredior ; for adfirmo, affirmo ; for adlego, its fracture, \\ itli particles of red felspar allego ; for adpono, appono ; ti)r adripio for ascribo ; adtineo, foliaceous and sparry. The second variety arripio ; for adscribo, attineo. The reasonof this change is found is whiter, and the texture more fohaceous. in the ease of pronunciation, and agreea The third variety is of a reddish brown bleness of tlie sounds. This stone is very hard, and of cohn-.

instruments. Encyc AD. A Latin preposition, signifying to. It is proliably from Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. [Gr. uxvxoj,

probably from ac, an oak.] The fruit or acorn of the ilex, or scarlet oak. ACU'MEN, n. [L. acumen, from news or

A

son whose office was to sharpen instru ments. Before the invention of fire-arms, such crfticers attended armies, to sliar|jen

in a

;

sharp point

;

pointed.

ACU'MINATED, a. Sharpened to a A sharpening ACUMINA'TION, ?i.

;

point. termi-

nation in a sharp point.

ACUPUNCTURE,

n. [L. acus, needle,

and

punctura, or punctus, a jiricking.] Among the Chinese, a surgical operation performed by priiking the part att'ected with a needle, as in head-aches and letharEncyc. gies.

Ad

homineni, to the man, in logic, an argu ment, adapted to touch the prejudices of

the jierson addressed. inguirendum, in law, a judicial writ manding inquiry to be made.

Ad

Ad

libitum, [L.] at pleasure.

com

Encyc. Ckaveland.

ditticult fiision.

A variety of corundum. AD'AMic, a. Pertaining

to

Adam. \Adamic

the term given to common red means of a mistaken clay, so called by earth. opinion that .\dani means red earth,

is

ADD

ADA AD'AMITES, in visionaries, who

Church history, a sect of pretended to establish a Btate of innocence, and like Adam, went naked. They abhorred marriage, holditi, it to be the effect of sin. Several attempts one have been made to revive this sect as late as the 15tli century. Encyc. ADAMIT'IC, a. LUie the Adamites.

ADA'YS, phrase,

2.

promote perspiration. The tree is named from M. Adanson, who has given

ADAPT', t>./. and

ad.

To make

it.

[^p.adaptar; It. adattare fit Gr. ortru.]

apto, to

suitable

an instrument

;

L.

;

or suit as, to adapt uses we have pro-

fit

4.

To augment.

Thou shalt add

Rehoboain

To add

to its

;

ADAPT'ABLE. a. ADAPTA'TION,

is

appUed

That may be adapted. The "act of maldng

n.

suitable, or the state of being suitable, or fit

;

fitness.

ADAPT'ED,

Suited

pp.

;

made

See

ADAPT

n.

A saltish

Parkhursl. n. [Gr. oSapxjjs.]

marshy grounds

hi Galatia.

It is

lax and

porous, like bastard spunge, and used to clear the skin hi leprosy, tetters, &c.

Quina/. Plot. In Jemsh antiquity, a gold ADAR'CON, coin worth about three dollars and a tliird, or about fifteen shillings sterling. n.

ADAR'ME,

n.

A

Spanish weight, the

teenth of an ounce

Spanish ounce is than that of Paris.

AD'ATIS,

A

n.

six-

Fr. demi-gros. The seven per cent, hghter ;

Encyc. Span. Diet. muslin or species of cotton

cloth from India. It is fine and clear ; the piece is ten French ells long, and tliree

quarters wide.

AD>AUNT,

v.t.

To

subdue.

See Daunt.]

ADAW, used.]

t'.

t.

[JVot used.

Skflton

To daunt

;

to subject.

[.Vol

Spenser.

additus and ment. See Add.] addition, or rather the thuig added, as furniture in a house any material mixed with the principal ingredient in a compound. Ancient anatomists gave the name to an epiphysis, or junction of bones without ai-ticulation. [Little used in either

An

Matt.

word is understood to "In conference they

;

ADOPTION, 1.

n. [h. additio, from addo.] The act of adding, ojiposed to subtraction, or diminution as, a sum is increased by ;

addition.

ADDED,

consideration I',

to sentence.

;

t.

united

put together. To award [See Deem.]

ing numbers.

;

Simple addition

is

the join-

ing of sums of the same denomination, as pounds to pounds, dollars to dollars. Compound addition is the joining of sums of different denominations, as dollars and

;

[Little used.] [Sax. aetter or aettor,

n. a serpent D. adder. Qu. Sax. naedre, a serpent Goth, nadr ; G. natter ; W. Corn, naddyr ; Ir. nathair ; L. ; iiatrir, a serpent.] venomous serpent or viper, of several ;

cents.

;

4.

neider

ADDER-FLY,

concretion on reeds and grass in

from

v. I. [L. ad and decimus j2. Any thing added, whether material or immaterial. tenth.] To take, or to ascertain tithes. Diet. 3. In arithmetic, the uniting of two or more numbers in one sum ; also the rule or pp. Joined in place, in smn, in branch of arithmetic which treats of addmass or aggregate, in lumiber, in idea or

JWwton month, answering to

Palestine.

ADAR'CE,

[L. additam.entum,

ADDEC IMATE,

A Hebrew

glorious, from the exuberance in that mouth, ui Egy])t and

;

;

increasing.

ADDIT'AMENT, n.

as equivalent

Gen. xxx.

Joining

Encyc. putting together

sense.]

A

become

ADDING, ppr.

when used of things, add imphes a principal thing, to which a smaller is to be amiexed, as a part of the whole sum, mass, or number.

state of' being fitted.

of vegetation,

creditors.

course. In general,

A

;

to

xii.

com-

;

legitimate.]

part of February and the beginning of March, the 19llioftlie sacred and 6th of the civil year so named from "nx,

1

intransitive, but

is

ellipsis. to, is useil in scripture,

and poison

tlie latter

your yoke. 1 Kings,

you.

AD'DER,

[A'ot used.]

A DAR,

Deut. iv. used, the \erb

devoted. His addiction was to courses vain. Shak. Among the Romans, a making over goods to another by sale or legal sentence also an assignment of debtors in service to theii;

to

added nothing to me." In narration, he or he added words, they added, is ellijitical or what follows, or he continued his dis-

adopter.

[Little used, NESS, n.

more of refuge.

word wliich

to the

In Gal. ii. the signify instruction.

;

fitting.

add

vi.

ADAPT'IiVG,;);>r. Suiting; making fit. ADAPTION, n. Adaptation tlie act of

and hardly

add

said, I will

to give, or bestoiv upon.

;

fitted.

ADAPT'ER.

three cities

may be an

ADDEE'M, suitable

state

ADDICTION,

alledged, let this argument

Deut. xix. 2.

not

shall

mand there

The quaUty or

ppr. Devoting time and attention practicing custoniarilv. «. The act of devoting or hi giving up practice ; the state of being

ADDICT'ING,

increase number.

As here

n.

of being addicted. ;

To what has been

To

Ye

Devoted" by customary

practice.

ADDICT'EDNESS,

;

he added.

;

It vision adapted to our wants. to things material or innnaterial.

ADDICTED," pp.

subjoin.

;

to

adays.

3.

food, to

a description of

for assigning debtors in service to their creditors, is found in Ben Jonson, but is not legitimate in English.

[L. addo, from ad and do, to give.] or put together, join, or unite, as, one thing or sum to another, in an aggreas, add three to four, the sum is gate seven. To unite in idea or consideration to

sixty-five to seventy-eight feet in circum-

and covered witli a greenish down, under wliicli is a hard ligneous rind. It hangs to the tree by a pedicle two feet long, and contains a white spungy substance. The leaves and bark, dried and powdered, are used by the negroes, as ])epper, on their

word

as in the

;

Taylor.

The branches shoot horizontally ference. to the length of sixty feet, the ends bending to the ground. The fruit is oblong, at both ends, ten inches in length, pointed

;

t.

Ethiopian sour gonrd,

n.

monkey's bread, or African calabasli-tree. It is a tree of one species, called haobrih, a native of Africa, and the largest of the The stem rises not vegetable kingdom. above twelve or fifteen feet, but is from

now

ADD

or in days

ADD, v. 1. To set

;

ADANSO'NIA,

On

adv.

In to

laiv,

show

title annexed to a man's name, his rank, occupation or place of

a

Richard as, John Doe, Esq. Roe, Gent Robert Dale, Mason ; Thomas Way, of .Vf if- York. fly or libellula ; sometimes called adder-bolt. 5. In music, a dot at the siile of a note, to ADDER'S-GRASS, n. A plant about which lengthen its sound one half 6. In heraldry, something added to a coat ol' serpents lurk. ADDER'S-TONGUE, n. A plant whose arms, as a mark of honor, opposed to abateseeds are produced on a spike resembling ments, as bordure, quarter, canton, gyron, See these terms. a serpent's tongue. pile, &c. Encyc. ADDER'S-WORT, n. Snakeweed, so named 7. In distilling, any thing added to the wash or liquor in a state of fermentation. from its supposed virtue in curing the bite 8. In popular language, an advantage, ornaof serpents. ment, improvement that is, an addition ADDIBIL'ITY, n. The possibility of being bv way of eminence. added. Locke AD'DI "tlONAL, a. That is added. It is a. AD'DIBLE, [See Add.] That may be used by Bacon for addition ; but unpropadded. Locke. species.

residence

;

;

;

A name

n.

of the dragon-

i

;

AD'DICE, ADDI€T', ADDICT',

erlv.

ohs.

[See Adz.] Addicted.

[Xot much used.] [L. addico, to devote, from ad and dico, to dedicate.] To apply one's self habitually; to devote a.

V.

t.

tune and attention by customary or constant practice sometimes in a good sense. ;

They have addicted themselves try of the saints.

1

to the minis-

Cor. xv.

More

usually, in a bad sense, to follow customarily, or devote, by habitually practising that which is ill as, a man is addicted ;

to

To

intemperance.

addict one''s self to a person, a sense borrowed fiom the Romans, who used the

ADDI' TIONALLY,

adv.

Byway

of addi-

tion.

ADD'ITIVE, is to

a.

That may be added, or that

be added.

ADD'ITORY, a. That adds, or may add. AD'DLE, a. [W. hadyl, corrupt hadlu, to ;

Heb. Vin,

decay, to putrify ;

to fail

;

Ar.

t° declme, and J Jsi»' J j,.^to frustrate, to fail, to cease.]

In a morbid state putiid apphed to eggs. Hence, baiTen, producing nothing. "' " His brains grow addle. Dryden. ;

'

'

;

'

ADD AD'DLED,

A D E

Morbid, coirupt, putrid, or

a.

Brotim.

Ijari'cii.

AD'DLE-PATED,

a.

A D H

ADDRESS'ING, ppr. Spealdngor applying

.\J)'EN0S,

A

11.

species of cotton, from

Aleppo, called also ma/-ine

to; directing; courting; consigning.

Having empty brains. ADDU'CE, V. t. [h. adduco, to lead or bring ADEPT', 11. to ad and duco, to lead. See Duke.] Dryden adipiscor.]

[L.

adeptus,

cotton.

fi-om

obtained,

;

ADDOOM',

V.

ADDORS'ED,

[See Doom.]

t.

To

adjudge. Spenser [L. ad and dorsum, the

a.

back.]

In heraldiy, having the backs turned to eaclj other, as heasls.

ADDREi^S', rezar

v.t.

forward, present or ofler

as, a

;

was adduced to prove the fact. To cite, name or introduce as, to adduce

witness 2.

;

an authority or an argument. pp. Brought tbnvard

ADDU'CED,

[Fr. adresser

Bp. ende-

;

dirizzare, to direct, to make Tliis is supposed to be from L

ADDU'CENT,

a.

;

have found the philosopher's stone, or the Encyc. a. Well skilled completely versed or ac(|uainted with. Boyle. )>anacea.

ADEPT',

Bringing forward, or to applied to those muscles of

a word body which

gether

One tidly skilled or well versed in any art. The term is borrowed from the Alchimists, who ajiplied it to one who pretended to

cited

;

alledaed hi argument.

It.

;

To brmg

1.

;

ADEP'TION,

n. [L. adeptio.]

one part towards An obtaining acquirement. Obs. Bacon. another. dirigo ; it also coincides with Ch. Vin, [See Mductor.] AD'EQUACY, )!. [L. adeequatus, ofarfand ADDU'CIBLE, a. That may be adduced. eequatus, made equal.] Ai-. to direct, to rectify, ADDU'CING, ppr. Bringing forward cituig The state or quality of Syr. id., lyOy'S being equal to, proin argmnent. to fit. portionate, or sufficient a sufficiency for See Dress.] " the n. The act of a particular purjMjse ?\DDir€'TION, as, bringmg To j)repare to make .suitaljlc dispositions adequacy forward. of sujjply to the expenditure." for. straight.

tlie

pull

;

)

;

;

1.

;

;

Tumus

men

addressed his

ADDUC'TIVE,

to single figlit.

ADDUCTOR,

IJrt/dcii

Tiic archano;el and the evil spirit addres:
[This sense y.

To

3.

I

is,

believe, obsolete or little used.]

words or discomsc

to ap])lyto address a discourse to an to address tliejudges. To direct in writing, as a letter or to direct and transmit as, he addressed a letter Sometimes it is used with to the speaker. the reciprocal pronoun, as, he addressed himself to the speaker, instead of, he adThe phrase is dressed his discomse. faulty ; but less so than the following. To sucli I would address with this most afectiouate petition. Young Tumus to the beauteous maid addrest. ilirect

by words assembly

;

;

as, to

;

;

;

Dryden an

.

The

latter is admissible in poetry, as

I.

To |)reseut au address, as a letter of thanks or congratidation, a petition, or a testimony of respect as, the legislature addressed the piesident. To court or make suit as a lover. In commerce, to consign or entrust to the care of another, as agent or factor as, the ship was addressed to a merchant in Bal;

5.

6.

;

part of the liody as the adductor oculi, which turns the eye towards the nose the adductor poUicis manus, which draws the tlunnb towards the fingers.

n. A speaking to verbal apa formal manner of speech as, introduced, the president made a

plication

when

;

\DDULCE, cis,

To

V.

t.

adduls'.

[L. ctd

and

dul-

a.

Equal

;

fVar in Disguise. pro|)ortionate

;

to ; fully sufficient adequate to the object ; we

;

means

have

no adequate ideas of infinite ])ower. ideas, are such as exactly represent their object. v. f. To resemble exactlv.

Mequate

AD'EQUATE,

sweet.]

[JVot used.]

Bacon. sweeten. [.\'ot tised.] n. An Egyptian weight of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, which is a weight of about two drams less than the EngUsh! But at Rosetta, the adeb is only poiuid. 150 okes. Ency'c.

AD'EB,

ADELANTA

DO,

or of a province

A governa lieutenant governor. Robertson.

M. [Spanish.] ;

n. A title of honor, given by our Saxon ancestors to the children oi'

AD'ELING,

and

to

nobles.

as,

correspondent

Shelford.

AD'EaUATELY,

adv. In an adequate exact proportion with just correspondence, representation, or proportion in a degree equal to the object. !\D'EQUATENESS,n. The state of being adequate justness of proportion orrepre-

manner

in

;

;

;

;

sentation

;

sufficiency.

ADEQUA'TION,

)!.

Adequateness. [JVbt Bp. Barlow.

used.]

ADESSENA'RIANS,

n. [L. adesse, to

be

present.]

com-

young In church histon/, a sect who hold the real posed of adel, or rather cttliel, the Teuton presence of Cinist's body in theeucharist, ic term for nohle, illustrious, and ling, but not by transubstantiation. They difyoung, posterity. Spclman. Sw. adelig ; fer however as to this presence some D. edel ; Ger. edel and adelig, noble Hp. the body of Christ to be in the We observe the term in many holding hidalgo. bread others, aiou/ the bread. Encyc. Saxon names of ])rinces, as Ethel-wolf, It is

;

;

;

V j;(

ADFE€T'ED,n.

In a/gftra, compounded consisting of difterent powers of the unknown quantitj'. Bailey. o. Adopted as a son. [See athala, to be well rooted, to be of ADFIL'IATED,

nol)le wolf, or noble help, Ethel-bald, noble Ar. Ethel-hert, noble brightness.

bold,

:

djfiliale.]

;

;

short address. a meswritten or formal api)lication 2. sage of respect, congratulation, thanks, pean tition, &c.; as, an address of thanks officer is remo\'able u])on the address of

A

;

;

3.

;

;

timore.

ADDRESS',

AD'EQUATE,

[L.]

towards another

princes,

elliptical phrase.

That brings forward.

a.

n.

Anmscle which draws one

Class Dl.

noble stock or birth.

AD'ELITE,

n.

ADFILIA'TION, n.

Adehtes or Almogaiiens,

in

A

Spain, were conjiu'ers, who predicted the fortunes of individuals by the flight and singing of birds, and other accidental cir

[L.

ad andjilius, a

son.]

Gothic custom, by which the children of a former marriage, are put upon the same footing with those of a .succeeding one ; still retained in some parts oi'Gcrmany.

Ed. Ennjc. cmnstances. yVDHE'RE, V. i. [h. udhcereo, ad and hwreo. both houses of assembly. .ADEMP'TION, n. [L. adimo, to take to stick ; Ir. adharadh.] Manner of speaking to another; as, a man 1. To stick to, as glutinous substances, or by away oiad and emo, to take.] In the civil law, the revocation of a grant natural growth of pleasing address. as, the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. donation, or the like. Courtship more generally in the plural, addresses ; as, he makes or pays his addresses ADENOGRAPHY, n. [Gr. aS^jv, a gland^ 2. To be joined, or held in contact to cleave ;

;

4.

;

;

5.

to a lady. Skill ;

as, the G.

dexterity

;

skillful

management

;

envoy conducted the negotiation

with address. Direction of a

and ypa(!iu, to describe.] That part of anatomy which glands.

AD'ENOID,

a.

[Gr.

aB)jv,

letter, includuig the name, form.] and place of residence of the person In the form of a gland

to.

treats of the 3. Figuratively, to hold to, be attached, or remain fixed, either by personal union or

a glaud, and

fi5o;,

glandtdous : ajjphed to the prostate glands. Hence these for whom it is intended. to the ]>articidars are denominated, a man's ADEN0L0g'T€AL, a. Pertaining doctrine of the glands. (tddress. Encijc. ADDRESS'ED, pp. Spoken or applied to ; ADENOL'OGY, «. [Gr. aSr,v, a gland, and directed; courted; consigned. ^oyoj, discourse. .\DDRESS'ER, n. One who adcbesses or In anatomy, the doctrine of the glands, their nature, and their uses. jietitioii!^. title,

;

glandiform

conformity of faith, principle, or opinion as, men adhere to a party, a leader, a church, or creed. To be consistent ; to hold together as the parts of a system.

;

;

4.

Every thing adheres together.

/\DHE'RENCE, 3.

n.

The

Shah.

quality or state of

sticking or adhering. Figurativebj.a. being fixed in attachment;

A D

A D

r

steady attachment as, an adhe rente to a ))arty or opinions, ADHE'RENCY, n. Tlie same as adherence. In t)ie sense of that ivhich adheres, not lefidelity

;

Decay of Piety.

gitimate.

ADlIE'RENT,n. The person who adheres; one who follows a leader, party or profes a believer sion ; a follower, or partisan in a particular faith or church. Obs. In the sense of an appendage. ADHE'RENTLY, adv. In an adherent ;

manner.

ADHERER,

n.

One

that adlieres

;

an ad

herent.

ADIIE'SION, n. adhe'zhun. [L. adhmsio.] 1. The act or state of .'iticking, or beuig united

God

A D

J as an everlasting

;

v.

t.

To

convert into

adipocere.

AD'IPOCERE, Fr.

n.

wax.] imctuous or

[L. adeps, fat,

and

cera,

cire,

soft

of a which tiie muscular

waxy

sidistance,

light brown color, into fibers of dead animal bodies are convert-

ed, when protected from atmospheric air, and under ceitam circumstances of tem perature and humidity. This substance was first discovered by Foiurroy, in the burying ground of the Church des Inno It i: cons, when it was removed in 17>-7. speedily produced, when the body is immersed in running water.

;

See

jungo.

L. adjungo,

Join.']

join or unite to to ]>ut to, by placing in contact to unite, by fastenuig together with a joint, mortise, or knot. But in these transitive senses, it is rarely used. ;

[See Join.] V. i. To lie or be next to, or in contact to be contiguous as, a farm adjoining to the highway. This is the common use of the word, and to is often omitted as, adjoining the highway.

ADJOIN',

;

;

;

ADJOIN'ANT,

a.

Contiguous

to.

used.]

ADJOIN'ED, pp. Joined to ADJOIN'ING, ppr. Joining

;

[Xot Carew.

united. to;

adjacent;

contiguous.

ADJOURN',

V. t. Adjum'. [Fr. ajoumer, from journee, a day, or day's work, or journey; It. giomo. Bee Jom-nal, Journey.] Lxinier. Med. Repos. Ed. Encyc, to ]iut oti; or defer to another day AD'IPOSE, } a. [L. adiposus, from adeps, Literally, but now used to denote a formal intermisAD'IPOUS, S fat. Qu. Ch. B'SD, to grow tiit sion of business, a putting off to any fuHeh. and Ch., fat, gross, stupid Ar ture meeting of the same body, and approe o, jiriately used of public bodies or private

to as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, and the hke. Mhesion is generally used in a literal adherence, in a metaphorical sense. 2. Sometimes figuratively, adherence, unJ^i.js , fat, bulky.] ion or steady attachment linmiess in Fat. The adipose membrane is the cellular opinion as, an adhesion to vice but in membrane, containing tlie fat in its cells, this sense nearly obsolete. The union of and consisting of ductile membranes, con bodies by attraction is usually denominanected by a sort of net-work. The adipose ted cohesion. vein spreads itself on the coat and fat that ADHE'SIVE, a. Sticky tenacious, as glucovers the kidneys. The adipose ducts are tinous substances apt or tending to adthe bags and ducts which contain the fat. here. Thus gums are adhesive. Coxe.

and attached

aiu\

To

J

v.t. [Fr. adjoindre;

;

n. The act or process of being changed into adipocere.

ADIPOCERA'TION,

A

ADJOIN', ad

ADIPOC'ERATE,

ADHERENT, a.

Sticking, uniting, as glue or wax ; united with, as an adherent mode in Locke, that is, a mode accidentally joined with an object, as wetness in a cloth.

of

care

to the adieu.

;

;

;

;

;

commissioners, entrusted with business; as, the court adjourned the consideration of the question. ADJOURN', V. i. To suspend business for a time as, from one day to another, or for a longer period, usually pubUc business, as of legislatures and courts, for repose or refreshment as, congress adjourned at four o'clock. It is also used for the act of Q^uincy. ADHE'SIVELY, adv. In an adhesive man- AD'IT, n. [L. aditus, from •adeo, aditum,Xo closing the session of a pubhc body; as, ner. ad and to the court ap])roach, eo, go.] adjourned without day. It was moved that parliament should ADHE'SIVENESS, n. The quality of stick- An entrance or passage a term in mining, adjourn for six weeks. used to denote the opening by which a Select Speeches, Vol. v. 403. ing or adhering stickiness tenacit}'. mine is entered, or liy wliicli water and ADJOURNED, pp. Put off, delayed, or ADIIIB'IT, B. t. [L. adhibeo, ad and habeo, deferred for a hmited time. ores are carried away. It is usually made to have.] in the side of a hill. The word is some '2. As an adjective, existing or held by adTo use, or apply. [Rarely used.] times used for air-shaft, but not with strict journment, as an adjourned session of a ADHIBI'TION, n. AppUcation use. court, ojiposed to stated or regular. j)ropriety. jmiaker. Encyc. AD'HIL, n. A star of the sixth magnitude, ADJA'CENCY, n. [L. adjaceo, to lie con- ADJOURN'ING, ;)pr. Deferriiag; suspending for a time closing a session. upon the garitient of Andromeda, under tiguous, from ad and jaceo, to lie.] the last star in her foot. The act of adEna/c. The state of lying close or contiguous a ADJOURN MENT, n. ADilORTA'TION, n. [L. adhortatio.] journuig as, in legislatures, the adjournborilering uiion, or lying next to as the Advice. [Seldom used.] ment ol'one house is not an adjournment of adjacency of lands or buildings. In the .VDHORT'ATORY, a. [L. adhortor, to ad- sense of that which is adjacent, as used by the other. The putting off till another day or time vise, ad and hortor.] Brown, it is not legitimate. Advisory containing coimsel or warning. specified, or without day ; that is, the ADJA'CENT, a. Lying near, close, or con Potter^s Antiq. closing of a session of a pubhc or official tiguous bordering upon as, a field adjaADIAPII'ORISTS, n. [Gr. oiuj^opo;, mdifbody. cent to the highway. 3. The time or intenal during which a pubferent.] Moderate Lutherans a name given in the ADJA'CENT, n. That which is next to or lic body defers busuiess as, during an adLorke contiguous. [Little used.] sixteenth century, to certain men that But a suspension of business, ADJE€T', v.t. [L. adjicio, of ad ami jacia jounitnent. followed Melancthon, who was more between the tbrmuig of a house and an i)ato throw.] cific than Luther. adjournment for refreshment, is called a Encyc. The adiaphorists lield some opinioiis To add or put, as one tiling to another. recces. In Great Britain, the close of a MackniM. session of parliament is called a and ceremonies to he indifferent, which proroga71. The of act ADJE€'TION, or Luther condemnisd as sinful or heretical. adding, tum ; as the close of a parliament is a disadded. Brown. thing [Little used.] solution. But in Great Britain, as well as ADIAPH'OROUS, a. Indifferent neutral ADJE€TI "TIOUS, a. Added. in the United States, adjournment is now a name given by Boyle to a spu-it distilled Parkhurst, Gram. used for an intermission of business, for from tartar, and some other vegetable subAD'JECTIVE, n. In grammar, a word used any indefinite time as, an adjournment of stances, neither aciil, nor alkaline, or not with a noun, to express a quality of the parliament fijr six weeks. possessing the distinct character of any thing named, or something attributed to Select Speeches, Vol. v. 404. chimical body. it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or /. I'. ADJUDGE', [Fr. adjuger, from juge, ADIEU', Adu'. [Fr. it diev, to God acorn describe a thing, as distinct from somejudge. See Judge.] pound word, and an elliptical form of thing else. It is c:dled also an attributive To decide, or determine, in the case of a conspeech, for / commend you to God. It is or attribute. Thus, in the phrase, a imsc troverted question to decree by a judicial called an adverb, but it has none of the ruler, wise is the adjective or attribute, ex used appropriately of courts of o])inion projierties of a modifying \\ord.] ])ressing a particular jiroperty of ruier. law and ecjuity. Farewell an expression of kind wishes at Tlie case was adjudged in AD'JE€TIVELY, adv. In the manner o{\ the parting of friends. Hilary term. nn adjective as, a « ord is used Tlie prize was adjudged to the victor adject a n. A ;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ADIEU',

Vol.

farewell, or

I,

commendation

;

ively.

criiiiiual ivas

adjudged tosufler death.

A D

;

ADJUNCTIVELY,

opinion

The

n.

act of judging

sentence.

Ttiiifjle.

ADJU'DI€ATE,

v.

t.

2.

See Judge.] To adjudge to try and determine, as a It has the sense of adjvdge. court. ADJU'DICATE, II. 1. To try and determine

ly,

sentence.

;

judicially the case.

;

as, the

tried

and

Adjudging;

ppr. ing an
;

[L. adjuro, to

;

man

information of occmrences to the general.

thtlier

Encyc.

ADJU'TE, V. To help. [JVoJ used.] ADJU'TOR, n. A helj)er. [Little used; t.

before the Lord, that rlseth Josh, vi

biiildeth this city of Jeticho.

is in

compound coadjutor

To

common

its

use.]

charge earnestly and solenndy, on ADJU' VANT, 0. Helping assisting. Howell. pain of God's wrath. ADLEGA'TION, «. [L. ad and legatio, an I adjure thee by the Uving God. Mat. xxvi embassy, from lego, to send. See Legate.] Acts, xix. In the public laio of the German Empire, a To conjure to charge, urge or summon right claimed by the states, of joining their with solemnity. own ministers with those of the Emperor, The magistrates adjured by all the bonds of in pidjlic treaties and negotiations, relating civil duty. .MiUon to the common interest of the Empire. Ye sacred be all of ;

3.

;

you adjured.

stars,

Dry den

Encyc. it. [See Allocution.] t. admezh'ur. [ad and measure. See former adjudications. Blackstone Measure.] on oath, or with 1. To measure or ascertain dimensions, size In Scots law, an action by wliicli a cred- ADJURED, pp. Charged a denunciation of God's wrath solemnly or cai>aeity used for measure. itor attaches the heritable estate of 1 to assign to eacii claimant 2. To apjiortion urged. debtor, or his debtor's heir, in payment or his right .\DJU'RER, n. One that adjures one that a.s, to admeasure dower or comsecurity of his debt or an action by which mon of pa.«ture. exacts an oath. Blackstone. the holder of an heritable right, laboring on oath, or ou pp. Measmed apporunder a defect in point of form, may su])- .ADJURING, ppr. Charging tirmed. the penalty of a curse beseeching witli ply tliat defect. Encyc. The measursolenuiitv. n. ;

3.

ed to his care. Their bu.suiess was to correspond with that ])rovince, by their delegates, emissaries or visitors, and give

swear .solemnfrom ad and

charge, bind or command on oath, or inider the penalty of a curse. Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, cursed be the

try

The act of ad n. judging the act or process of trying an
ADJUDICATION,

t.

or compel one to swear

To

up and 3.

decided.

ADJU'DICATING,

V.

n.

juro, to swear.] 1.

court adjudicated upoi

ADJU'DICATED,;;;?. Adjudged;

adjutant.

The

act of adjuring. Adjutants General, among the Jesuits, were a select number of fathers, who resided a solenm charging on oath, or under the with the general of the order, each of penalty of a curse. whom had a province or country assignThe form of oath. Addison.

ADJURE,

to give

[L. adjudko,

connection will

In

adv.

LY,

consequently.

ADJURA'TION,

sentencing.

ADJUDGMENT,

guards, receives and distributes ammunition, assigns jilaces of rendezvous, &c. Adjutant- General, in an army, is tlie chief

adv. In an adjunctive

manner.

ADJUNCT

;

;

ADM

A D J

J

has been used in the sense of to judge ; as, he adjudged lihn unwortliy of his friendBut this sense is unusual. sliip. ADJUDGED, pp. Detenuincd by judicia opinion decreed sentenced. ADJUDG'ING, ppi: Determining by judicial It

.

The Commissioners adjured them not to lei pass so favorable an oi>poriunity of securing their liberties. .Marshall's Life of JVashinglon.

ADLOCU'TION, ADMEAS'URE, v.

'

;

;

;

;

;

;

ADMEASURED,

;

;

AD'JUMENT,

ADMEASUREMENT,

n.

[L. adjumentum.] \DJUST',"i'. /. [Sp. ajuslar; Port, id; It ing of dimensions by a rule, as of a ship, Help ; support, [.^otnsed.] Fr. ajusler, to tit or frame ; of ; cask, and the like. AD'JUN€T, n. [L. adjvnclus, jouied, from aggiuslare L. ad, a.\u\ Justus, just, exact. See Just. 2. Tlie measure of a thing, or dimensions asadjungo. See Join.] 1. To make exact; to lit; to make corres certained. 1. Something added to another, but not esor a cont'ormable to In these uses the word is equivalent to as, pondent, adjust sentially a part of it ; as, water aljsorbed measurement, mensuration and measure. garment to the bod)-, an event (o the prea cloth or is its Also by spnnge adjujxcl. i3. The diction, or things to a standard. adjustment of proportion, or ascera person joined to another. taiimient of shares, as of dower or pasture Swift. Locke. Addison In metaphysics, a qtiality of the body or 'J. held in common. This is done by writ of 3. To put in order ; to regulate or reduce to the mind, whether natural or acquired; as admeasurement, directed to the sheriff. system ; as to adjust a scheme ; to adjust color, in the body thinking, in the mind. Blackstone. aflairs. 3. In grammar, words added to illustrate or n. One that admeasures. 3. To make accurate ; to settle or bring to amphfy- the force of other words ; as, the a satisfactory state, so that parties are ADMEAS'URING,p/jr. Measuring ; apporof the American revolution. The History tioning. agreed in the result ; as to adjust accounts ; words in Italics are the adjuncts of His the differences are adju.
;

ADMEAS'URER,

ADMENeURA'TION

mode and

The

the

adjunct

modes of its two

deities,

were

among

fifths.

the

ADJUST'ER,

;

the Good Genius, the Lares; to the Evil, the Lemures. In the royal academy of sciences at Paris, the adjuncts are certaiii members at tached to the study of particular sciences. They are twelve in number, created in 1716.

A

n.

person

who

adjusts

lielji

)!. The act of adjusting regulation; a reducing to just ibrm or or der a making lit or conformable settle ment. Watts. Woodward.

ADJUST'MENT,

lias

;

The [See Adjutant.] skillfid airangement. Burke. Encyc. AD'Jl'TANT, n. [L. adjulans, aiding from been used for a colleague, but of ad and jiero, jutum, U adjuto, to assist

AD'JUTANCY,

n.

oHice of an adjutant

;

;

H'otton.

rarely.

AD'JUNCT,

17.

Added

to or

as an adjunct professor.

AD.tUN€'TION,

n.

The

affairs, an officer whose busines.is to assist the Mcjor by receiving am conmiunicatjng orders. Each battalion of foot, and r::ch regiment of hoi-se has

act of joining

;

tlie


a.

Joining;

having the

quality of joiniuff.

ADJUNCTIVE,

help.]

united with, In militanj

thing joined.

ADJUNCTIVE,

n.

is

joitied

wlo

receives orders ti-om tl Major, to comnuiincate to tl He places Colonel, and to subalterns. adjutant,

Brigade

That whicli

sup)iort.

[Ao< used.^

jyiinister.]

;

;

;

Adjunct

;

Encyc. that which regulates. ADMINICULAR, a. Supplying help; helpRomans. ADJUST'ING, ful. ]>pr. Reducing to due form fitting; making exact or correspondent: ADMIN'ISTER, r. i. [L. administro, of ad See anil ministro, to serve or manage. settling.

inferior deities which were added a~ assistants to the iivincipal gods ; as Be/loto Vulcan, the Cabin ; to 710, to JMars

1.

To act as minister or chief agent, in manpublic affairs, under laws or a constitution of government, as a king, It is president, or other sujireme officer. used also of absolute moiiarchs, who rule not in subordination ; but is more strictly applicable to limited monarchs and other aging

supreme executive

officers,

and

to

gover-

nors, viee-roys, judges and the like, who are under the authority of laws. lung or a president administers the government or laws, when he executes them, or carries them Uito effect. judge administers the laws, when he applies them to particular cases or persons. In short, to adyninister is to direct the e.xecutic>ii or application of laws.

A

A

ADM

ADM To

dispense, as to administer justice or| tlic saerainent. 3. To afford, give or furnish as, to adminisTo ter relief, that is, to act as tlie agent. admin^ater medicine is to direct and cause it to lie taken. to cause to swear 4. To give, as an oath according to law. ADMINISTER, v. i. To contribute to bring aid or supplies to add something as, a shade administers to our conifon. 2. To perform the office of adniuiistrator admiyiisters upon the estate of B. as, 2.

;

;

ADMINISTRATORSHIP,

A D M n.

The

otiice

of an administrator. n. A female who administers upon the estate of an intestatt also a female who administers government.

ADMINISTRATRIX,

AD MIRABLE, To

a.

[L. admirahilis.]

be admired; worthy of admiration

;

hav-

ing quahties to excite wonder, with approbation, esteem or reverence; used of persons or things as, the admirable structm-c of the body, or of the universe. ^D'MIRABLENESS, n. The quality of beADMINISTERED, ;)j3. Executed; mana- ing admirable the power of exciting admiration. afforded given disgoverned ged AD'MIRABLY, adv. In a manner to excite pensed. ADMINISTE'RIAL, a. Pertaining to ad- wonder, mingled with approbation, esteem or veneration. ministration, or to the executive pait ol^ AD'MIRAL, n. [In the Latin of the middle government. ;

;

;

the supreme court for the trial of maritime causes, held before the Lord High Admiral, or Lords of the admiralty. Ill general, a court of admiralty is a court for the trial of causes arising on the high seas, as prize causes and the like. In the Unitetl States, there is no admiralty court, distinct from others but the district courts, established in the several states by Congress, are mvcsted with admu-alty ;

powers.

;

;

A

ADMIRATION,

;

;

;

ADMINISTERING,

has been used, but

ister,

;

of admin-

.-

not well author-

is

si

ized.

;

ernment of pubhc affairs tlie conducting of any office or employirient.

The

executive part of government, conof the constitutional

2.

affairs,

and the enforce-

The

persons collectively, who are entrusted with the execution of laws, and the superintendence of public affairs the chief magistrate and his council or the council

;

A 1.

;

alone, as in Great Britain. Dispensation ; distribution ; exiiihition as the administration of justice, of the sacrament, or of grace. ICor. xii. 2 Cor. ix. 2. 5. The management of the estate of an intestate person, under a conunissi
the proper authority.

Tliis

management

con.sists in collecting

and (J.

legacies,

debts, paying debts and distributing the property

among the heirs. The power, office

3.

Surrogates are authorized to grant adminis Laws of JVew- York. It is

more usual

to say, letters

tion.

of administraBlackstone. 4.

This name is given by the Spaniards, to the sta|)le magazine or warehouse, at Callao, in

Peru, where foreign ships nuist un-

'"a
ADMIN ISTRATIVE,

Enei/c. a.

ADMINISTRATOR,

n.

G.

A man

virtue of a connnission

who, by

from the Ordinary, Surrogate, Court of Probate, or other proper authority, has the charge of the goods and estate of one dying without a will.

One who

administers, or

who

directs,

manages, distributes, or dispenses laws and rites, either in civil, juiUcial, poUtical, 3.

or ecclesiastical affairs. In Scots law, a tutor, curator or guardian, having the care of one who is incapable of acting for himself. Tlie term is usually applied to a father who has jiower over his children and their estate, during their jninority.

.5.

That administers,

or by vvliich one admmisters.

2.

;

Encyc:

;

;

The

Admiral, an officer next in to the Admiral, has of the second squadron. carries his flag at the fore top gallant mast head. This name is given also to certain officers who have power to hold courts of various parts of the vice-admiralty, British dominions. The Rear Admiral, next in rank to the Vice Admiral, has command of the third squadron, and carries his flag at the niizen toi) gallant mast head. The commander of any single fleet, or in

or affection. When he shall come saints and be admired in

Vice

command

U

2 Thes.

general any flag officer. The ship which carries the admiral ; also the most considerable ship of a fleet of merchantmen, or of fishing vessels. zoology, a species of

Enryi [See

to all

be

2.

glorified in his that love him.

them

i.

This word has been used

m

tration.

;

;

command or commission of an

;

;

rank and

administrator.

7.

;

;

;

4.

.

I',

legal powers, the general superinten-

ence of national ment of laws.

Dry den

When I saw her I wondered with great admiration. Luke xvii. Ch. Syr. Sam. lax, to .speak. The ADMIRATIVE, n. A note of admiration, terminating syllable of admiral may be thus \J\'ot used.] Cotgrave. from aXj, the sea. This word is said to t. [L. admiror, ad and miror, have been introduced into Europe by the ADMLRl'I, to wonder ; Sp. and Port, admirar ; Fr. Turks, Genoese or Venetians, in the I2th mlmirer ; It. ammirare Fr. mirer, to look, or VSth century.] to take aim Corn, miras, to look, see or marine commander in chief; the comface Arm. miret, to stop, hold, keep \V. mander of a fleet or navy. also fair, comely and maer, mir, visage The Lord High Admiral'm Great Britain, one that looks af^cr, keeps or guards, a is an officer who superintends all mari mayor, or bailift': Russ. zamirayu, to be astime affairs, and has the government of tonished or stninfied :a, a prefix, and mir, the navy. He has also jurisdiction over miryu, to pacify peace zamiriayu, to all maritime causes, and conuiiissions the make peace. The primaiy sense is to naval officers. Ch. and Syr. hold, to stop, or strain. The Admiral of the fleet, the highest officer L. demiror. See Moor and "im Mar.] under the admiralty. When he embarks on an expetlition, the union flag is display- 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with approbation, esteem, reverence ed at the main top gallant mast bead. !

sisting in tlie exercise

and

JJnon.

has been sometimes used in an ill sense, denoting wonder with disapprobation. Your boldness I with adiniralion see.

Ileb.

;

2.

com

to

mand, j,;^^J, a commander; Sans, amara

management; gov-

direction;

"liie.

It

Fr. aimVaijfrom Ar. j.^1 amara,

ADMINISTRATION, n. The act of administering

- ?

with

;

ages, Jlmira, Amiras, Admiralis, an Emir Sp. almiranle; Port, id.; It. ammiraglio ;

;

;

in the place

Wonder mingled ;

;

ppr. Excculing cardispensing.

rying into effect; giving

ADMIN'ISTRATE,

n.

pleasing emotions, as approbation, esteem, love or veneration a compoimd emotion excited by something novel, rare, great, or excellent applied to persons and their works. It often includes a shght degree of sur|)rise. Thus, we view the solar system with admiration. Very near to admiration is tlie wish to ad-

;

in

an

ill

sense,

hut seems now correctly restricted to the sense here given, and implying something great, rare or excellent, in the object admired. To regard with affection a familiar term ;

for to love greatly. V. i. To wonder; to be affected with slight surprise sometimes with at ; as, to admire at his own contrivance. Ray. To admire at sometimes implies (fisapproba-

ADMl'RE,

;

tion.

pp. Regarded with wonder, mingled with jdeasiirahle sensations, as

ADIMI'RED,

estei'in, love

or reverence.

n. One who admires; one esteems or loves greatly. 2. Also a butterfly, which lays her eggs on ADiAH'RING, ppr. Regarding with wonder the great stinging nettle, and delights in united with love or esteem. brambles. Encye. ADMI RlN(iLY, adv. With admiration hi AD'MIRALSIIIP, )!. The office or power the manner of an admirer. of an admiral. [Little used.] ADM1SSH5IL ITV, n. The quality of being n. In Great admissible. Chase. ADMIRALTY, Britain, the This office ADMISS IBLE, a. [See admit.] That may office of Lord High Admiral. is discharged by one person, or by Combe admitted, allowed or conceded; as, the testimonv is admissible. missioners, called Lords of the Admiralty ; ADJUSS ION, ?(. [L. admissio.] usually seven in number. The admiralty court, or court of admiralty, is I. The act or practice of admitting, as the 7.

Ill

Valuta.]

shell-fish.

ADMIRER, who

;

.

ADM of aliens

admission

ADO our

into

country 2. ;

also the state

2.

oi" being admitted. power or permission to enentrance ; access power to approach our laws as, give to foreigners easy admis sion to the rights of citizens the admission of a clerk to a benefice. Allowance grant of an argument

Admittance

ter

I

;

;

;

3.

;

position not fully proveil. V. t. [L. adinHh, from ad and 7nitto send, Fr. meitre.] To suffer to enter; to grant entrance wliether into a jdace, or an office, or into the mind, or consideration; as to admil a student into college ; to admit a serious thought into the mind.

ADMIT',

2.

To give right of entrance as, a ticket admits one into a play house. ;

3.

To

allow; to receive as true

gument or

fact

is

;

as,

the ar-

warned

ADO'NIA,

ADMON'ISHER,

One who reproves

n.

;

ppr. Reproving coun.selmg; directing.

ADMON'ISHMENT, n. Admonition. ADMONI"TION, n. Gentle reproof; ties

It

of Cyprus. He was fond of juuuing, and received a mortal woiuul from the tusk of a wild boar. Venus lamented his death, linn into the flower, aue-

Shak coun-

ADO'NIS,

;

Skakespeare uses the word for the custom or prerogative of being admitted " Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admittance" but

;

AD.MON'ITORY, tion

[Heb. Ch. and Syr. jnx adon, Lord, a scriptural title of the Su-

the license ap|)roach

iniwarrantable.

is

Permitted to enter or allowed conceded. gianted

;

;

;

ADMIT'TER, n. He tliat admits. ADMIT'TING, ppr. Permitting to else.

;

II.

allowing

or admlstio

t.

a.

one thing to another. Brown. [L. ad and nascens,

n.

which is also

admix'chun, [L. admixlio, to mix.

mingluig of bodies ; a union by mixing substances together. It differs

different

from composition or chimical combination for admixtion does not alter the nature of the substances mixed, but merely blends them together whereas in composition, the particles unite by affinity, lose their former pro))erties, and form new com poimds, witli different properties. ;

;

ADMIX'TURE,

The

n.

[From admix.]

substance mingled with another sonieof mixture. We say, an admixture of sulphm- with alum, or the admixture of different bodies. ADMON'ISH, V. t. [L. admoneo, ad andino;

tuiies the act

neo, to teach, warn, admonish iter; Norm, amonester ; Sp.

;

Fr. admon-

amonestar ;

Port. amoestar, or admoestar ; It. ammonire : G.mahnen, crmulinen; D. maaner!, to dun,

vermaanen, ;

instead of Jehovah.

ADOPT', 1.

;

to

Dan.

admonish

;

Sw. mana,

maner, formaner

mwnan, to mean.] To warn or notify of a

;

for-

Sax.

called alhuginea,

and

is

2.

some-

times confoiuided with tlie conjunctiva. It lies between the sclerotica, and con-

of ad and misceo,

;

annexed

;

[L. admoveo.]

to bring

ADNAS'CENT,

See Mix.]

mana

V. ;

maintain

name Jehovah, which the Jews were Ibrbid to utter, and the true ]M-oiuuiciation of which was lost they were therefore always to pronounce the word Monai,

To

t.

ADIMIX'TION,

].

to

[Little used.]

growing.] enter or Growing on something else. Evelyn. conceding. ADNA'TA, n. [L. ad and nalus, grown, with from nascor, to grow.] mingle sometliing 1. In [See Mix.] anatomi/, one of the coats of the eye,

approach

ADMIX',

A

ADMOVE',

who

points ordinarily

;

that admonishes.

To move

Hebrew

consonants of the word Jehovah, are not the natural jKiints belonging to that word, and that they do not express the true pronunciation of it but that they are vowel points belunging to the words, Mo7iai and Elohim, ajjplied to the ineffable

n. The reducing of lands or tenements to mortmain. [See Encnc Mortmain.]

pp.

cntics, a sect or party

that the to the

Containing admoni-

a.

n.

preme Being.]

Among

(iDMORTIZA'TION,

:

ADMIT'TED,

;

eye or pheas-

botany, bird')

ADO'NISTS,

;

[JVot

4.

in

ant's eye.

;

;

;

Cue. Bailey. n. An Adonic verse. 71. In mythology, the favorite of said to be the soii of Venus, Cinyras, king

i;l'Pe.

and changed mony.

;

^tsed.]

Encyc a. Motiic Verse, a short verse, which the death of Adonis was bewailed. consists of a dactyl and spondee or tro-

in

;

;

Faber. anciently

l)leasmes.

or

instruction in duagainst a fault caution direction. Tit. iii. 1 Cor. X. In church discipline, public or private to reclaim an offender or allowed. a step reproof preliminnrv to excommunication. ADMIT'TANCE, n. The act of admittin allowance. More tisually, ADMONI"TIONER, n. A cUspenser of admonitions. 2. Permission to enter ; the Hooker. power or right of entrance and hence, actual eiurance ADMON'ITIVE, a. Containing admonition. Barroiv as, he gained admittance into the chinch. 3. Concession admission allowance as ADMON'ITOR, n. An admonisher, a monitor. the admittance of an argument. seling

Adonis.

ADO'NIC, j

warn

;

to

n. Festivals celebrated

honor of Adonis, by females, who spent two days m lamentations and infamous

counsels.

ADMON'ISHING,

Growing; advancing

nuuihood.

ADO'NIC, ADO'NIS,

advised

;

a.

to

Pertaimng

in

.

Reproved

pp. instructed.

;

a.

Adonean Venus.

Fair

colleges.

ing

To

ADONE'AN,

uistruct or direct.

ADM(JN'ISIIED,

admitted.

permit, grant or allow, or to be capable of; as, the words do not admit of such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or omitted. ADMIT'TABLE, a. That may be admitted 4.

To

from childhood i

iii.

;

to,

1.

ADOLES'CENT,

;

Moses was admonished of God, when he w.is about to make the tabernacle. Heb. viii. In ecclesiastical affairs, to reprove a member of the church for a fault, either pidjlicly or privately the first step ol'church disciphne. It is followed by of, or against ; as, to admonish (if a fault committed, or against It has a like use ii connnitting a fault.

;

3.

counsel against wrong practices to caution or advise. .idmonisli one another in psalms and hymns Col.

;

ADO

To

V.

t.

Encyc.

[L. adopto, of

ad and

opto, to

desire or choose. See Option.] To take a stranger into one's family, as son and heir ; to take one who is not a child, and treat him as one, giving him a title to the privileges and rights of a child.

In a spiritual sense, to receive the sinfid children of men into the invisible church, and into God's favor and protection, by which they become heirs of salvation by

Christ. Brown. Such pans of animal or vegetable bodies 3. To take or receive as one's own, that as are usual ami natural, as the hair, which is not naturally so ; as, to adopt the wool, horns ; or accidental, as fungus, misletoe, of another or to receive that ojiinions and excrescences. which is new as, to adopt a particular Offsets of plants, mode of husbandry. germinating under ground, as from the lilv, narcissus, and 4. To select and take as, which mode will

junctiva. 2.

;

;

;

"

you adopt ? pp. Taken as one's own ; received as son and heir selected tor use. growing to it. Martmi. ADOPT'EDLY, adv. In the maimer of n. and AD'NOUN, [ad something adopted. noun.] In grammar, an adjective, or attribute. n. One who adopts. [Lit- ADOPT'EH, tle 2. In used.] chimistry, a large round receiver, with two necks, diametrically opposite to each ADO', n. [Qu. a and do.] Bustle trouble one of which admits the neck of a labor to other, difficulty ; as, make a great ado about trifles; to perretort, and the other is joined to another hyacinth.

AD'NATE, In botany,

Quincy. Encyc. a. [L. ad and natus, grown.]' pressing close to the" stem, or

;

;

suade one with of ad and

Heb.

nS;f,

to

;

;

much

ADOLES'CENCE, ing,

ADOPT'ED,

n.

olesco,

receiver.

ado.

ascend

;

Ar.

;

used

in distillations, to

give

to elastic vajiors, or to increase the length oftlie nei-k of a retort. ADOPT'ING, ppr. Taking a stranger as a s
high.to reprove fault with mildness. The_ state of growing, applied to the young Count him not as an enemy, but admonish of the human race youth, or the period bim as a brother. 2 Tliess. iii. of life bet« ecn childiwvd and manhood. ;

It is

more space

[L. adolescens, growto grow, from oleo.

;

ADOP'TION, 1.

The

n. [L. adoptio.] act of adopting, or the state of being

the taking and treating of a stranger as one's own child.

adopted

;

ADO

ADO receiving as one's own, wiiat is new or not natural. 3. Gofl's taking the sinful children of men into his luvor and protection. Eph. iv. Adoption b;i arms, an ancient ceremony of presenting arms to one for his merit or valor, which laid the person under an obligation to defend the giver. Adoption by baptism Ls the spiritual affinitj' wliicli is contracted by god-fathers and god-childreTi, in the ceremony of baiitisni. It was introduced into the Greek church, and afterwards among tlie ancient Pranks. 2.

The

Tliis affinity

was supposed

tion, tliat

out scrutiny.

Encyr. used for many kinds

adopter.

In Europe, adoption is of admission to a more intimate relation,

and is nearly ei|uivalent to reception ; as, the admission of persons into ho.spitals, or monasteries, or of one society into ano ther.

Encyc.

AnOPT'IVE,

a. [L. adoptivvs.] as an adoptive father; or that is a(lii])fed, as an adoptive son. ADOPT'IVE, n. jjcrson or thing adopted. ADO'RABLE, a. Tliat ought to be adored; worthy of divine honors. In popular use, worthy of the utmost love or respect.

That adopts,

A

)i. The quality of being atlorable, or worthy of adoration. ADO'RABLY, adv. In a manner woilliy of adoration.

ADO'RABLENESS,

V.

[L. adoro.

t.

-nx^, to

honor,

adorn

Heb. nnx,

;

;

kiss one's

hand, ; as, in order to a. IL. Adria, or Hadria, the hand is carried to one's mouth. See Cal- ADRIAT'I€, gulf of Venice.] met, ad verbum, who cites, in confirmation to

the Gulf, called, from Venice, of this opinion, the ancient practice of kiss- Pertaining the Venetian Gulf See Job. xxxi. 1 Kings, ing the hand. n. The Venetian Gulf; a Ainsworth sup- ADRIATIC, Ps. ii. Gen. xli. xix. Gulf that washes the eastern side of Italy. poses the word to be a compound of ad

and if the word is comore, to pray pound, as I suspect, this opinion is most probably correct.] To worship with profound reverence; to address with exalted thoughts, by prayer to pay divine honors and thanksgiving and

I.

;

n.

a. or adv. [Sax. adrifan, gedrifan,aui\drifan, to drive. See Dnve. Adrijl is the participle of the verb.] floating at ranfloating Literally, driven dom impelled or moving without direc-

ADRIFT',

;

to

•2.

to

;

honor as a god or as divuje.

Dryden. To love in the highest degree ; to regard with the utmost esteem, affection and the adore their jirince. people respect as,

norm

A

Tatter.

ly

reverenced

ADORER,

;

high

greatly beloved.

;

One who

n.

ors as divine

;

worships, or hon in popular language, an ad

ppr.

to

(lilt

on.]

To deck add

or decorate

;

to

make

beauty by dress external ornaments. to

to

;

to

esteem

pro-

Adoration, among the Jews, was performetl by bowing, kneeling and prostration. Among the Romans, the devotee,

with his head uncovered, appHed his

rightj

to his lips, bowing and turning him-! from left to right. The Persians fell on the face, striking the forehead against: tlie earth, and kissing the ground. Tlie' adoration paid to the Grecian and Roman' emjierors, consisted in bowing and kneel-: ing at the feet of the prince, laying hold of his robe, then withdrawing the band audi

self

;

Arm.

;

See Right.]

dret.

;

;

readv

skilfiil

;

With

adv.

dexterity

manner.

ADROIT'NESS,

;

in

a

Chesterfield.

Dexterity rcadhies.s in the use of the limbs, or of the mental facn.

;

Home.

ulties.

ADRY',

[Sax. adrigan, to diy.]

a.

[This

noun.]

(dways follows

adjective

Spectator.

[L. ascititius, fiom add or join.] taken as supplemental additional

ADSCITI'TIOUS,

a.

adscisco, ascisco, to

Added

;

;

;

Warton.

not requisite.

ADSTRIC'TION,

A

n. [L. adstrictio, astrictio, fast.

of ad and slringo, to strain or bind See Strict.]

binding fast. Among physicians, the rigidity of a part of the body, occasioning a costive-retention of usual evacuations ness a closeness of the emunctories ; also the styptic effects of medicines.

ity.

4.

To display the beauty or excellence to adorn the doctrine of

ADORN', ADORN',

n. a.

Ornament. Obs. Adorned decorated. ;

ADORN'ED,

pp.

Decked

of; as,

God. Titus

;

Spenser. 04*.

Milton decorated ; em-

bellished.

ppr. Ornamenting ; decorating displaying beauty. ADORN'ING, n. Ornament ; decoration. 1 Pet. iii.

ADORN'ING, ;

ADOSCULA'TION,

)i.

[L.

ad and

plause, given to public performers mid the! election of a pope is sometimes by adora-i

ADOS'SED, to set

back

a. [Fr. adossie, part,

to

back

;

osculatio,

of adosser,

dos, the back.]

;

ii.

a kissing, from oscuhim, a kiss, or mouth.] clapping it to the lips. In modern times The impregnation of plants by the falling of adoration is paid to the pope by kissingj the farina on the pistils. Encyc. his feet, and to princes, by kneeUng and Adosctilation is also defined to be the insertkissing the hand. This word was used by hig of one part of a plant into another. Crabhc. the Romans for acclamation or great ap;

contracted from the

;

;

found reverence.

hand

Encyc.

a. [Fr. from droit, right, straight, droite, the right hand ; It.

ADROIT' LY,

;

in high

its

rogo, to ask.

whence

;

beautiful; in want of drink. deck with Thirsty, the

The

and

active in the use of the skilful hands, and figuratively, in the exercise of the mental faculties ingenious ready in invention or execution.

preme Being.

Homage paid to one

always follows

adrift.

[L. arf

diritto, right, straight,

;

2.

n.

to the parties.

Honoring or ad- Dextrous

a.

was

the boat

See Interrogate and Rogation.] species of ado|)tion in ancient Rome, by wliicli a person, capable of choosing for himself, was admitted into the relation of a son. So called from the questions put

direct

;

is,

adjective, it

L. directus, dirigo

or

dressuig as divine regaijling with great love or reverence. ADORN', II. t. [L. adorno, ad and orno, to deck, or beautify, to dress, set oft", extol, furnish; Fr. orner ; Sp. Port, ornar ; It Orno is probably ornare ; Ann. aonrna. the Saxon hrinan, gerenian, gerinan, gehrinan, to touch, to strike, to adorn, that 1.

as,

;

ADROIT',

miring lover.

ADO'RlNG,

As nn

ADROGA'TION,

;

ADO'RED, pp. Worshipped as divine

;

;

tion.

;

A bride adnrnetti herself with jewels. Isa. vi act of paying 2. To set off to advantage ; to add ornaments to to embelhsh by any tiling exhonors to a divine being ; the worship paid ternal or adventitious ; as, to adorn a speech to God ; the act of addressing as a God. by appropriate action, sentiirients with Adoration consists in external homage, ac elegance of language, or a gallery with companied with the highest reverence. It pictures. is used for the act of praying, or prefer .3. To make as, ]ileasing, or more pleasing ring requests or thanksgiving, to the Sugreat abilities adorned by virtue or affabil-

ADORA'TION,

;

to

OS, oris

;

adoption as adjitiation. Kncyc, Adoption by testament is the appointing of a person to be heir, by will, on condition of his taking the name, arms, &c. of the

Encyc. In Ch. and Ileb, reverence or glorify, to

heraldry, denoting two figures or bearings placed back to back. Encyr.

ADOWN', prep, [a and doicn.'\ From a higher to a lower situation downwards ; implying descent. be magnificent or ADOVVN', adv. Down; on the ground ; at Tin to to glorious, glorify. magnify, the bottom. word is usually referred to the Latin ad Afa. Adred'. ADREAD', [See Dread.] ad and orare, to carry to one's mouth fected bv dread. Obs. the

ADO'RE,

to entitle tlie

god-child to a share of the god-father's estate. Encyc. Adoption by hair was performed liy cutting on the hair of a ])ersMn and giving it to tlie TIlus Po|ie John VIII adoptive father. adopted Boson, king of Aries. Adoption by matrimony is the taking the children of a wife or husband, by a former marriage, into the condition of natural children. This is a |)ractice peculiar to the (iermans liut is not so properly

A D U

by sudden acclamation with In

is,

Encyc.

Quincy. [See

ADSTRIC TORY, ADSTRING'ENT. Astringent.]

ADULA'RI.\,

[From Adula,

n.

the

summit

of a Swiss mountain.]

A

mitieral

deemed

tlie

most perfect variety

of felspar; its color white, or with a tinge of green, yellow, or red. Cleaveland.

ADULA'TlbN, what

is

n.

[L. adulatio.]

praise in excess, or beyond merited high comi)liment. Shak.

Servile flattery

;

;

AD'ULATOR,

n.

A

flatterer

;

one

who

of-

fers praise servilely.

AD'ULATORY,

a.

Flattering; containing

excessive praise or compliments; servilely praising as, an adulatory address. n. A female that flatters ;

AD'ULATRESS, with

servility.

A D U

A D V

-VDULT', [L. adultus, grown to maturity, from oho, to grow Heb. nSj?, to ascend. Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength as an adult person or


'2.

n.

A person grown to

full size

and

as, to

;

advance an opinion or an

argument, (i.

In commerce, to supjily betbrehand to furnish on credit, or befiire goods are delivered, or work done; or to finnish as a part of a stock or fund as, to advance money on loan or contract, or towards a |)urchase or estabhshment. To finnish for others; to supply or pay for others, in expectation of reimburse;

thoro.

;

ADULT',

notice

;

;

plant.

A D V

ment grant absolute

n.

In a scriptural sense, all manner of lewdness or unchastity, as in the seventh com-

;

mandment. It strength, or to the years of manhood. also applied to full grown plants. 3. In scripture, idolatrj', or apostasy from the 7. Among civilians, a person between four- true God. Jer. iii. teen and twenty-five years of age. Enci/c. 4. In old laws, the fine and penalty imposed ment. ADl'LTERANT, n. The person or thing for the offense of adultery. 5. In ecclesiastical affairs, the intrusion of a that adulterates. They advanced the money out of their own and took the sheriff's deeds in their own ADUL'TERATE, v. t. [L. adultero, from person into a bishopric, during the life of funds, name. Kent, Johnson's Rep. the bishop. adulter, mixed, or an adulterer ; ad and Encyc 6. Among ancieitl naturalists, the grafting of 8. To raise to enhance alter, other.] as, to advance the To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an trees was called adidtery, bemg eonsitler- price of goods. ed as an imnatural imion. admixture of baser materials; as, to adul To move or Pliny. V. i. forward is

;

ADULT'NESS,

or the coin of a country.

terate liquors,

Boyle.

The

n.

ADUM'BRANT,

state of being adult. [See Adumhrate.] Giv-

a.

ing a faint shadow, or slight resemblance. ADUL'TERATE, Obs. ADUM'BRATE, v. t. [L. adumhro, to shade, ADUL'TERATE, o. Tainted with adulte- from umbra, a shade Fr. ombre ; Sj). sombra ; It. ombra.} ry debased by foreign mixtin-e. ADUL'TERATED, pp. Corrupted debased To give a faint shadow, or slight hkeness to exhibit a faint resemblance, hke a of less value. by a mixture with v. i.

;

ADVANCE,

go proceed as, the troojis advanced. improve, or make progress to grow better, greater, wiser or older as, to adto

2.

To' commit adulteiT,

;

;

To

;

;

vance in knowledge, in stature, in wisdom, or in years. To rise in rank, office, or consequence : to be preferred, or promoted as, to advance in pohtical standing. shadow. n. A moving forward, or toADUMBRA'TION, n. The act of maldnj ADV'ANCE, wards the fi-ont. Clarendon. a shadow or faint resemblajice. 2. Gradual progression improvement as, 2. A faint sketch an imperfect repiesentaan advance in religion or knowledge. tion of a thing. Bacon Atterhury. 3. In heraldry, the shadow only of a figure, 3. Advancement promotion preferment outUned, and painted of a color darker as, an advance in rank or office. than the ;

;

;

something

ADUL'TERATENESS, state

The

n.

fpiahty or

of behig debased or couiUerfeit.

ADUL'TERATING, rupting

;

ppr. counterfeiting.

ADULTER A'TJON,

n.

Debasing; cor

;

state

;

-3.

of ad and sexual commerce with any married woHookedness man, except his wife. [See Adultery.] In scripture, an idolater. Ezek. xxiii.

[.Vo?

in

hookedness

The 5.

commerce

Hall.

spurious. n. In the cmV faic, a child issuing from an adulterous connection. ;

ADUL'TERINE,

ADUL'TEROUS,

a.

Guilty of adultery;

In

«C)i}rfHrp, idolatrous,

and

xvi.

Mark,

very wicked. Mat.

Adunk'.

a.

Hooked.

13.

[J^Tot

Bacon.

used.]

ADU'RE,

II.

t.

aduro, ad and uro,

[L.

Gibbon.

In trade, additional price profit advance on the prime cost of goods. ;

A giving beforehand

;

as, aji

a furnishing of something, on contract, before an equivalent is received, as money or goods, towards a capital or stock, or on loan or the money or goods thus furnished as, A made large ;

;

to

;

burn.]

To burn up. ADUST', a.

{J^Tot

Bacon.

used.]

advances to B. 7.

[L. adustus, burnt, the participle of aduro, to burn.]

Burnt

and

pertaining to adulter}'. xii.

hook. Bacon.

ADUNQUE,

amoiiis of an empress require the plainest

advances.

Arbuthnot

;

;

;

the plural.

form of a hook.

An apostate from the true faith, or one ADUN'eOUS, [L. aduncus.] who violates his covenant engagements Hooked bent or made in the form of a

a very wicked ])erson. Jer. ix. and xxiii. 4. One devoted to earthly things. James, iv. ADULTERESS, n. A married woman guilty of incontinence. ADUL'TERINE, a. Proceeduig fiom adul-

2.

a bendhig

:

;

First hiiU by way of invitation fir.st step towards an agreement as, A made an advance towards a j-econciliation with B. In this sense, it is very frequently used in ;

Cranmer

n. [L. aduncitas, uncus, a bm :ik.] ;

4.

a.

terous

;

;

Diet.

tinio.

;

used.] ADUL'TERER, n. [L. adulter.] 1. A man guilty of aduhery a man who has ADUN'CITY,

9.

;

;

Theact of aduher-

of being adulterated, corrupted or debased by foreign mixture. field. The adulteration of liquors, of ih-ugs, and even of bread and beer, is common, but a ADUNA'TION, n. [L. ad and unus, The state of being imited union. scandalous crime. ating, or the

3.

scorched

;

;

become dry by heat

;

with great pleasure, make the necessaiy advances. Jay. The account was made up with intent to show I shall,

fiery.

ADUST'ED,

a.

Become

hot and dry burnt ;

;

what advances had been made.

scorched.

viii.

A furnisliing of money or goods for others, in expectation of reinibiusement or the property so furnished. ;

hot

Kent.

before ; also beforeact of burning, scorch In advance, in front hand ; before an equivalent is received, or ing, or heating to di-yness ; a state of being terate.] when one partner in trade has furnished 1. Violation of the thus heated or dried. bed a ; crime, marriage more than his [n'oportion is in or a civil injury, which introduces, or as, may ADV'ANCE, V. t. adv'ans. [Fr. avancer; Sj). a thousand dollars or pounds. advance to introduce, into a family, a spurious otiIt. avanzare, avanzar, to move forward to get or increase ; Ai'in. avans, to advance. spring. pp. Moved forward ; pro-

ADUL'TERY,

«.

[L.adultcrium.

SeeMul- ADUS'TION, n. The

;

A

;

B

;

By the laws of Connecticut, the sexual intercourse of any man, with a married v\oman, is the crime of adultery in both such intercourse of a married man, with an unmarried woman, is Ibrnication ui both, and adultery of the man, within the meaning of the law respecting divorce but not a felonious adultery in either, or the Clime of adultery at common law, or ;

This latter ofi'ense is, in Engby land, proceeded vi ith only in the ecclesiastical courts.

moted

This word is formed on van, the front, which seems to be the Ch. and Heb. nji3, D'J3, surface, face ; whence, Fr. avant, It.

:

statute.

ADV ANCED,

avanti, before.] 1.

To

bring forward

to

;

move

further in

2.

To

as, to

to iaiFn~to a higher rank; advance one from the bar to the

advanced

2.

3.

To improve or make better, which is considered as a progression or moving Ibr-

;

;

in years an advanced age. n. The act of niovmg forward or ]iroceeding. The state otbeing advanced preferment promotion, in rank or excellence the act of promoting. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. Provision made by a parent for a child, by gift of pro|
;

;

;

bench.

ward ; as, to advance one's true interests. In common u.tage, adultery means the 4. To forward to accelerate ; growth ; as, to unfuithfiilness of any married ])erson to advance the growth of plants. tlie marriage bed. "in England, Parlia- 5. To offer or propose to bring to \ lew or

improved; finuished beforehand

ADV ANCEMENT,

front.

Hence, promote;

;

situated in front, or before the rest; also old, having reached the decline of life ; as,

3. 4.

to which the child would be entitled as heir, after his parent's death. life,

-

R. M. Sherman.

A D V

A D V ADV'ANCER,

One who advances

n.

a

A D V

VDVE'NIENT, a. Advening

ADVENT'UROUSLY,

coming from!

adv. Boldly daroutward causes. ingly in a manner to incur hazard. sportsmen, a start or branch of a AD' VENT, n. [L. adventus, from advenio, of ADVEiXT UROUSNESS, n. The act or ad and venio, to come. See Find.] buck's attire, between the back antler and ([uality of being adventurous. the pahn. Encyc. \ coming; appropriately the coming of our AD'VERB, n. [L. adverbium, of ad and verADV'AN'CING, jipr. Moving forward pro- Savior, and in the calendar, it includes bum, to a verb.] In four to sabbaths before grammar, a word used to modify the higher Christmas, begimnng ceeding promoting raising sense of a verb, |)articiple, adjective or on St. Andrew's Day, or on the sabbath rank or excellence improving supplynext before or after it. It is intended as attribute, and usually placed near it ing beforehand, as on loan, or as stock in a.«, he writes well; paper ertremely white. a season of devotion, with reference to the trade. ADV'ANCIVE, a. Tending to advance, or coming of Christ in the flesh, and his sec- This part of speech might be more signiond to named a coming ficantly promote. judge the world. Encyc. modifier, as its use is to ADV'ANTAgE, n. [Fr. avantage, from iVDVENT'INE, a. Adventitious. [.Vo< used.] modify, that is, to vary or qualify the It. sense of another word, by enlarging or Bacon. avant, bel<)re vantaggio ; Sp. ventaja.] 1. Any state, condition, or circumstance, "TIOUS, a. [L. adventitius, from restraining it, or by exi)ressing form, (pudadvenio. See Advent.] favorable to success, prosperity, interest, ity or manner, which the word itself does not express. The term adverb, denoting Added extrinsically accidental not essenor reputation. TTie enemy had tlie advantage of elevated casual foreign. position merely, is often improper. tially inherent Diseases of continuance get an adventitious' ADVERBIAL, a. Pertainins to an adverb. ground. 2. Benefit Jiacon. /VDVERB'IALLY, adv. In the manner of an strength from custom. gain profit. \\ hat advantage will it be to thee Job xxxv. ADVENTl'TIOUSLY, arf». Accidentally. adverb. There exists, in the economy and course of a. Accidental adventitious.; ADVERSA'RIA, n. [L. from arfcersu*. See nature, an indissolul'le union between virtue and Bacon: [Little used.] Mverse.] happiness; between duty and advantage. ADVENT'IVE, n. The thing or person that Among the ancients, a book of accounts, so Washington. comes from without. [Little used.] named from the placing of debt and credit 3. Means to an end opportunity convenBacon.', in opposition to each other. A commonience for obtaining benefit as, students a. Relating to the season of ADVENT'UAL, place book. Encyc. for improvement. enjoy great advantages advent. Saunderson.l AD'VERSARY, n. TTie General took advantage of his enemy's [See Adverse.] n. from 1. An [Fr. aventure, enemy or foe one who has enmity at negligence. advenio. See Mvent.] heart. 4. Favorable state or circumstances as, L Hazard risk chance that of which one TTie Lord shall take jewels set to advantage. vengeance on his adverhas no direction as, at all adventures, that saries. \ah. i. 5. Sii])eriority, or ])revaleuce over with of at all hazards. is, [See Venture.] or over. In «cri/)(ui-e,Satan is called adver2. An of hazard a bold imder-: enterprize Lest Satan should get an advantage of us, (or sary, by way of eminence. 1 Pet. v. over us.) 2 t'or. ii. taking, in which hazards a^e to be encoim-! 2. An opponent or antagonist, as in a suit at tered, and the issue is staked upon unforeG. Superiority, or that which gives it as, the an opposing law, or in single combat seen events. Drydeni advantage ot'a good coMstitiition. ;

;

promoter.

:

;

[

Among

i

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ADVENTI

;

;

;

;

;

;

.'

I

ADVENTTVE,

;

;

;

;

ADVENTURE,

;

;

|

;

;

;

;

;

THE

j

;

;

;

3.

increase; overplus.

7. Interest;

And with advantage means

to

pay thy love. Shak.

That which

is put to hazard a sense in use witii seamen, and usually'

popular

;

pronounced venture. Something which aj seaman is permitted to carry abroad, with' a view to sell for profit. ADV^ANTAGE, v. t. To benefit to jield A hill of adventure, is a writing signed by a profit or gain. person, who takes goods on board of his What is a man advantaged, if he gain the ship, wholly at the risk of the owner. whole woildj and lose liimself, or be cast away Encyc: Luke ix. ADVENT'URE, v. t. To risk, or hazard to] 2. To promote to advance the interest of put in the power of iniforeseen events as, Obs.

8.

litigant.

AD'VERSARY,

a. Opposed; opposite to; adverse. In law, liavmg an o))posing parin distinction ty, as an adversai-y suit

Additional circumstance to give prepou

;

from an ai)])lication, which no O])position

deration.

j

;

ADVERS'ATIVE,

law or equity, to made. Noting .some differ-

in is

a.

ence, contrariety, or opposition is an honest man, but a fanatic.

I

?

as, John Here but

;

is called an adversative conjunction. This ilenomiuation how'ever is not always correct for but does not always denote to adventure one's hie. Venture.] [See opposition, but something additional. ADVENT'URE, v. i. To dare" to try the ADVERS'ATIVE, 7i. A word denoting conchance as, to adventure on the tempestrariety or opiiositiou. tuous .sea of liberty." AD'VERSE, a. [L. adversus, opposite of arf ADVENTURED,;)/). Put to hazard ven- and versus, tinned from verto, to turn. tured risked. See Advert. Tliis word was formerly acii. One who hazards, cented, by some authors, on the last syllaor |)iits something at risk, as merchantble but "the accent is now settled on tlie ;

;

ADV>ANTAGEABLE, venient

;

gainful.

Profitable

a.

;

con-

[Little used.]

ADV'ANTAGED,/);}.

Benefitted promoted ;

ADV ANTAgE-GROUND,

n. Ground that a state gives advantage or superiority that gives superior advantages for annoy ance or resistance. Clarendon. ;

ADVANTAGEOUS, tage

;

a.

Being of advan-

;

;

;

;

;

;

adveiiturers.

tageous maimer

adv.

;

usefully

Arhuthnot

conveniently.

ADVANTA'GEOUSNESS,

The

n.

qualitj-

or state of being advantageous; profita bleness usefulness convenience. ;

;

ppr.

ADVE'NE. and

To

ADVENT' UROUS,

II.

i.

[L. advenio, to

come

jiart

[Little used.]

to

of,

;

to be

come

added

to,

ad

to,

or

though not essential

The

;

unfortunate

qual-

nicious

a.

;i

[Fr. aventureux.] ;

enterprizing applied to persons. Full of hazard attended with risk :

;

;

1

\

Inchned or wilhng to incur hazard bold encounter
to

Profiting; bene

venio.]

n.

of being bold and venturesome. ADVENTURING, ppr. Putting to risk hazarding. ity

'2.

accede, or

become a

;

ADVENT'URESOMENESS,

1.

fiting.

a. Bold daring [See Ventziresome.]

incin-ring hazard.

Boyle.

ADV'ANTAGING,

Opposite ; opposing ; acting in a contrarj' direction ; conflicting ; counteracting ; as, adverse winds ; an adverse ])arty. 2. Figuratively, opposing desire ; contraiy to the wishes, or to supposed good ; hence, 1.

terprizes.

ADVENTURESOME,

In an advan-

profitably

;

first.]

One who seeks occasions of chance, or attempts bold, novel, or extraordinary en-

;

;

ADVANTAGEOUSLY,

;

;

ADVENTURER,

fm-nishing convenience, or opportu

nity to gain benefit gainful ])rofitable ; u.seful beneficial ; as, an advantageous position of the troo])s ; trade is advantageous to a nation.

;

;

ex-

requiring coin-age posing to danger applied to things ; as, an adventurous undertaking. Ajid followed freedom on the adventurous tide ;

Trumbull

;

calamitous afflictive perunprosperous as, adverse fate or ;

;

;

;

circumstances.

ADVERSE,

I',

advers'.

t.

To

oppose.

[.Yot Goicer.

In an adverse

man-

used.]

ADVERSELY, ner

;

adv.

oppositely

])erously ; in a or success.

unfortunately

;

unpros-

manner contrary

to desire

;

.AD'VERSENESS,

n.

Opposition

;

unpros-

])eroiisness.

ADVERSITY, n. An events,

event, or

of which oppose success or desu'e : .series

A D V

A D V

A D V

grants of land, with power to lead the vascalamity sals of the church to war. state oriinhappiness. Fisced advocates, in ancient Rome, defended advisable or expedient. Ill llie (lay of oi/rcrsify, consider. Eccl. vii. causes in which the pubUc revenue was Yc have rejected God, who saved you out of ADVI'SE, V. t. s. as z. [Fr. aviser; Arm. concerned. 1 Sam. x. ;ill avisa ; Sp. avisar ; It. avvisare. See Advice.] your advcrsitief:. ADVERT', V. i. [L. adverto, otad and verto, 1. To give counsel to to offer an opinion, as Juridical advocates became judges, in conseI followed to be to tinn.] as, quence of their attending cau.ses ih the worthy or exjicfbent earl's court. To turn tlie mind or attention to to regard, advise you to be cautious of speculation. observe, or notice with to ; as, he adverted 2. To give information to connnunicate no- Matricular advocates defended the cathedral cliurclies. followed to what was said, or to a circumstance to make ac(|uaijited with tice that occurred. conmiunicated as, Military advocates were employed by the by of, before the thing cliurch to defend it liy arms, when force Attended to regarded the merchants were advised of the risk. pj). witli to. gave law to Europe. 3. To deliberate, consider, or consult. direction of tlie Mvise thyself of what word I shall bring Some advocates were called nomtwah're, from ADVERT'ENCE, ) n. 1 Ch. xxi. their being nominated by the pope or king; sent me. to him that mind to attention \DVERT'ENCY, ^ again is intransitive. some regular, fiom their being qualified by But in this sense, it notice usually regard ; consideration ; heedfulness. ADVISE, v. i. To deliberate, weigh well, a proper course of .study. Some were or consider. supreme ; others, subordinate. ADVERT'ENT, a. Attentive heedful. I shall return to Advocate, in the German and see what answer Advise to pohty, is a magisADVERTING, ppr. Attending regard him that sent me. 2 Sam. xxiv. trate, appointed in the emperor's name, to ing observing. tlie for consult is to puq)Ose administer justice. ADVERTI'SE, v. t. s as :. [Fr. avertir; Toofadvise ttrith taking the opmions of others. Arm. avertisza, to inform ; fi-om ad and Faculty of advocates, \n Scotland, is a society ADVISED, ^p. Informed; counseled also of emuient lawyers, who practice in the See Advert.} verto, to turn. cautious prudent ; acting with dehberato give notice, advice or intel\. To inform highest courts, and who are admitted tion. members only ujion the severest examinaligence to, wlietlier of a past or present Bacon Let him he advised in his answers. It consists tion, at three diflerent times. event, or of something future. With the well advised is wisdom. Prov. xiii. of about two hiuulred members, and from I will advertise thee what tills people will do Done, formed, or taken with advice or Num. xxiv. this body are vacancies on the bench to thy people in the latter day. advised act an intended dehberation it as, ; advertise to I thee, saying buy tliought usually supplied. or scheme. before the inhabitants and elders of my people Lord advocate, in Scotland, the principal Ruth iv. ADVISEDLY, adv. With deliberation or crown lawyer, or prosecutor of crimes. advice heedfully purposely by design In this sense, it has of before the subject Judge advocate, in courts martial, a person of information as, to advertise a man of as, an enterprize advisedly undertaken. who manages the prosecution. consideran. Dehberate his losses. VDVrSEDNESS, In Enghsli and American courts, advo% To publish a notice of; to publish a writ- tion; prudent procedure. cates are the same as counsel, or counselten or printed account of; as, to advertise ADVrSEMENT, n. Counsel; informaors. In England, they are of two degrees, tion circumspection. goods or a farni. barristers and Serjeants the fonner, being notified Informed 2. Consultation. ADVERTI'SED, ;);;. ajiprentices or learners, cannot, by ancient warned iised of persons : published made Tlie action standing continued nisi for advisecustom, be admitted Serjeants, till of sixMass. Rejyorts. known used of things. ment. teen years standing. Blackstone. Encyc. ad n. Information ADVI'SER, n. One who gives advice or 3. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses monition notice given. More generally, admonition also, in a bad sense, one who a cause, by argument one who is friendly a publication intended to give notice; this to as, an advocate for peace, or for the instigates or persuades. may be, by a sliort account jirinted in a ADVI'SING, ppr. Giving counsel. ojipressed. newspaper, or by a written account posted, ADVI'SING, ?(. Advice comisel. Shak In scripture, Christ is called an advocate for or otherwise made public. liis people. ADVrSORY, a. Having power to advise. ADVERTI'SER, n. One who advertises. We have an advocate with the father. The general association has a general advisO' This title is oflen given to public prints. 1 John, ii. ry superintendence over all the ministers and ADVERTI'SING, ppr. Informing giving Trnmlmirs Hist. Conn AD'VO€ATE, v. t. To plead in favor of; to chuiches. notice publishing notice. Hist. Car Madison. Hamsay, defend by argument, before a tribmial to 2. a. Furnishing advertisements ; as, adversupport or vindicate. Containing advice ; as, their opinion it Those who advocate a discrimination. tising customers. merely advisoi-y. Hamilton's Report on public debt. 3. In the sense of monitory, or active in giv AD'VO€ACY, n. The act of pleading for; Tlie Duke of York advocated the amendment. as used by Shakespeare. ing intelligence, Brown. ntercession. on the Regency in the House of Debates now nstd.} [JVot law-suit. Chaucer. 2. Judicial pleading Dec. 27, 18III. ADVrCE, n. [Fr. avis, opinion, notice AD'VO€ATE, n. [L. advocatus, Crom advoco, Lordi, The Earl of Buckingham advocated the oriArm. avis. This and the verb aviser, to of ad and voco, to call for, to plead for Ibid. ginal resolution. be iiiislortmie

;

;

affliction

;

distress

South. Open to advice. ADVI'SABLENESS,}i. The quality of bemg

2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ADVERTED,

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ADVERTISEMENT,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

advise, seem to L. visa, to see, to

;

formed of ad and the

visit.]

to call.

See

Vocal.]

Advocate, in its primary sense, signifies, who pleads the cause of another in a court of civil law. Hence, 2. One who pleads the cause of another before any tribunal or judicial court, as a barrister in the Eiighsh courts. say, conduct. Franklin a man is a learned lawyer and an able deliberate consideration. '}. Prudence advocate. Shak. notice intelligence ; as, we In Europe, advocates have different titles, 3. Information have late advices from France. accordmg to then- particular duties. Consistorial advocates, in Rome, appear beTo take advice, is to consult with others. fore the Consistory, in opposition to the n. vessel to ADVI'CE

1.

an opbiion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed. What advice give ye 2 Ch. x. With good advice make wai-. Prov. xx. We may give advice, but we cannot give

Counsel

;

1.

one

.'

We

;

;

BOAT,

;

A

employed

carry dispatches or information. ADVI'SABLE, a. [See Mvise.] 1. Projier to be advised prudent expedient proper to be done or practiced. ;

It is CI

;

not advisable to proceed, at this time, to of officers.

(.•hoire

disposal of benefices. Elective advocates are chosen

by a

The idea of a legislature, consisting of a single branch, though advocated by some, was generally reprobated. Ramsay, Hist. Carolina. How little claim persons, who advocate this sentiment, really possess to be considered calfrom the following quotation. will vinists, appear Mackenzie's Life of Calvin.

The most eminent

orators

to

AD'VOCATED,;);). Defended by argument

;

vindicated.

AD'VOCATESS,

n.

AD'VO€ATING,

ppr.

A

female advocate. Taylor.

bislio]),

abbot, or chapter, with hcense from the prince. Feudal advocates were of a militaiy kind, and to attach them to the church, had

were engaged

advocate his cause. Mitfurd. A part only of tlie body, whose cause he advocates, coincide with him injudgnient. Scott. Chris. Obs. xi. 434.

Supporting by rea-

sons; defending; maintaining. ADVOCATION, n. A pleading for: plea; apology.

A E D

A E R

A F F

^9liU of advocation, in Scotland, is a written /E'GII.OPS, n. [Gr. aiyiXu^; ai4, a goat, and A description of the air-; that branch of phi u^-, the eye.] losoj>hy which treats of the air, its conapplication to a superior court, to call an action before them from an inferior court. A tumor in the corner of the eye, and a plant stituent j)arts, properties, and phenomena. so called. The order of the superior court for this (^uincy. Encyc. M'GlS, n. [Gr. aiyi;, a goat skin, and A'EROIWANCY, n. [Gr. arp, and tiavfua, purjjose is called a letter of advocation. ADVOU'TRESS, n. An adulteress. Bacon. shield from at|, a goat.] divination.] A or defensive armor. Divination n. means of the air and winds. ADVOU'TRY, by Adidtery. [Little used.] .--^^isild, Bacon. JEX^al, alh or eal, in Saxon, Eng. all, arc seen [Liftle used.] in many names n. He that has the ri^ht of as, in JElfred, .'Mtred, all AEROftl'ETER, n. [Gr.oirp, air,and ,ufrpoj, Gibson. Cowel. advowson. peace JElwin, all conqueror. measure] 2. The advocate of a church or religious JEhF, seems to bo one form of help, but more An instrument for weighing air, or for ascerhouse. Ci/c. taining the mean bulk of gases. generally written elph or tiljih ; as, in ;

ADVOWEE

;

,

;

ADVOWSON,

n. s as z. [Fr. avo\ierie,from avouer, to avow Norm, avoerie, or avoeson. But the woril ai us latinized, advocatio, from advoco, anil avow is from adimco.] In English law, a right of presentation to a vacant benefice or in other wends, a right of nominating a person to ofliciaie in a va-

JElfwin, victorious aid trious help.

;

;

cant church. The name is derived from ndi'ocatio, because the right was first obtained by such as were founders, lienefactors or streinious defenders, advocates, of the church. Those who have this right are styled patrons. Advo\vs()ns are of three

kinds,

prcsentaiive,

collative,

and

donative; presenlative, when the patron presents lus clerk to the bishop of the diocese to be instituted collative, when the bishop is the patron, and institutes, or collates his clerk, by a single act donative, when a church is founded by the king, and assigned to the patron, without being subject to the ordinary, so that the patron confers the benefice on his clerk, without presentation, institution, or induction. Advowsons are also appendant, that is, annexed to a manor or, in gross, that is, annexed to the person of the patron. Blackstone. ADVOY'ER, or Avoy'er, [Old Fr. advoes.] A chief magistrate of a town or canton in Switzerland. A'DY, n. The abanga, or Thernel's restorative a species of Palm tree, in the West

;

formerly

An

iron Instrument with an arching edge, across the line of the handle, and ground from a base on its inside to the outer edge used for chipping a horizontal surface of tunber. Encyc. .'E, a diphthoiig in the Latin language used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Sax. (e has been changed into e or ea. In derivatives from the learned languages, it is mostly superseded by e. ;

\.

combination, the reader will therefore search luuler the letter E. ed, ead, syllables found in names from the Saxon, signity ; as,

Eadric, happy happy kingdom Eadrig, hap|)y victory Edward, prosperous watch Edgar, successful weapon. Gibson. Lye. .-E'DILE, n. [Lat.] In ancient Rome, an ;

;

;

officer or magistrate, wlio

litid

the care of

the public builiUngs, [aides,] streets, high ways, public spectacles, &c.

Vol.

I.

;

partakingof

of air;

as, aerial particles. air as, aerial

A'ERONAUTISM, n. The practice of ascen-

'?.

Produced by

Inhabiting or frecpienting the air

5.

;

honey.

a:

AEROS'COPY,

aerial songster*. Placed in the air ; high ; lofty as, aerial spires ; aerial flight.

elevated

;

;

n. In church history, a branch of Arians, so called from Aerius, who main tained,that there is no diftereuce between bishops and piiests.

A'ERlE, n. [W. cryr. Corn, The nest of a fowl, as of an

er,

air

with

eagle or

Shak.

;

with

filled

[Gr.

observation of the

o.jp,

and

axirtTof,a,.

A'EROSTAT,

A

air.

[Little used.] n. [Gr. aj;p, and ataro;, susiarr;fii, to stand.]

from machine or vessel sustaining weights

taining,

the air

name given

a

;

in

to air balloons.

Encyc.

hawk AEROSTAT'IC,

Theact of combining

n.

the state of being

n.

to see.]

The

an eagle.]

a covey ofbirds.

AERIFICATION,

ding and floating in the atmosphere, in balloons. Journ. of Science.

Pope. ;

AE'RIANS,

a.

in air

Suspending pertaining to the art of aerial navigation. n. Aerial navigation the science of raising, suspending, and guiding machines in the air, or of ascendAdams. ing in air balloons. The science of weighing air. ;

AEROSTATION,

air

:

Fouro'oy 2. The act of becoming air or of changing into an aeriform state, as substances whicl 2. are converted from a liquid or solid form AERY-LIGHT, in Milton, light as air used for airy light. into gas or an elastic vapor the state of .AJF'AR, adv. [a and far. See Far.] being aeriform. Fourcroy. 1. At a distance in place to or from a disair or A'ERIFIED, pp. Having infused, tance used Avith from preceding, or off combined with. as, he was seen from afar ; I following A'ERIFORM, a. [L. aer, air, and forma, saw him afar off. form.] 2. In scripture, figuratively, estranged in afthe form or nature of or of an Having air, :

;

;

;

;

with

infuse air into or to combine air with.

air,

;

to

AEROG RAPHY, n. [Gr. or,,, air, ypoifu, to describe.] A description of the air or atmosphere is

aerology

used. chiefly '

;

AEROLOgT€AL, logy.

AEROL'OgIST,

n.

One who

is

versed in

aerology.

AEROL'OgY, description.]

[Gr.

ar,p,

air,

and

a/at' off.

assisting. Why standest thou afar off, 4. Not of the visible church.

Ps. xxxviii.

Lord

Eph.

.'

Ps. x.

ii.

AFE'ARD,

ed by

ular use,

AF'FA,

!^o/o5,

n.

is

expressIbllowed by of, but books, and even in pop-

It is

terrified.

no longer used

in

deemed

A

weight

vulgar. u.sed

coast, equal to an ounce. is called eggeba.

AFFABIL ity

n.

alienated.

;

Absent; not

a. [Sax. aferan, to make afraid. See ulfeard is the participle passive. but ; Fear.] Afraid ; aflected with fear or apprehension, in a tiiore moderate degree than is XiSoj,

and

n. [Gr. ar^f, air, and a stone.] stone falling from the air, or atmospheric a meteoric stone. regions Guidotte. Med. Rep. a. Pertaining to aero-

A'EROL'lTE,

A

fill

kinsmen stand

My 3.

To

v. t.

fection

The gases are aeri-

elastic, invisible fluid. fluids.

form

AERIFY,

initial

JED,

the air; RIAL, a. [L. aerius. See ^iiV.] pertaininff to aerial sailing. Belonging to the air, or atmosidiere as, AERONAUT'I€S,H. The doctrine, science, or art of sailing in the air, aerial regions. by means of a balloon. the nature (-'onsistingof air;

4.

;

and convenience seems to require it to be wholly rejected in anglicized words. For such words as may be found with this

Swift

AE 2.

;

n. [Sax. adese ; Sp. azuela written in Eng. addice.]

[as above.]

of tneasuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, rarefaction, elasticity, "

;

;

ADZ,

AEROM'ETRY,)!.

Gibson

V. t. To cond)ine and condensation. Encyc. [See .'lir.] with carbonic acid, formerly called fi.xed Rather, aeronietry is the art or science of air. ascertaining the mean bulk of the gases. [The word has been discarded from modem chimislry.] Encyc. Vre. A'ERATED, pp. Combined with carbonic A'ERONAUT, n. [Gr. a);p, and .aur.;;, a acid. sailor, from ron^, a shi]).] One who sails or floats in the air; an aerial A'ERATING, ppr. Combining with car bonic acid. navigator applied to persons who ascend in Burke. .\ERA'TION, n. The act or operation of air balloons. a. Sailing or with carlmnic acid. AERONAUTIC, floating in combining

;

tall, upright, without branches, with a thick branching head, which furnishes a juice, of which the natives make a drink by fermentation. Encyc. Coxe.

Journ. of Science. The science

.'Ethelnidph, illus-

A'ERATE,

;

Indies,

;

AE'OLIST, n. [L. .'Eolus.] A pretender to inspiration.

ITY,

of being

verse

n.

[See

atfable

on the Guuiea

The

;

half of it Enaic.

The

qualreadiness to con-

.Iffable.]

and coiu-teousness, ceiving others, and in conversation ;

civility

in re:

con-

A F F

A F F descen^ion in nianiicrs. .iffuhilili/ ot coiintenance is that inikluesa of aspect, which [L. affuhilis,

others to reserve; courof easy manners teons coniplait^ant to condescending usually applied superiors as, an affable prince. A])i)lied to external appearance, affable

Easyof ronvcisation; admitting ;

;

;

;

;

denotes

which

that combination of invites to conversation,

features,

and ren-

ders a person accessible, 0|)posed to a forbidding aspect mild benign as, an affa;

ble

;

;

countenance. n. Affability.

In an atfaWe manner;

invitingly.

;

Inchned

to

wannlv

;

attached.

'

[LittU

Bacon

used.]

AFFECTIONATELY, tion

;

fi)ndly

tenderly

;

With

adv. ;

1.

kindly.

AFFE€'TIONATENESS,

aftec

Thes.

ii.

Fondness:

n.

Touched in the feelings; having the feelgoodwill affection. ings excited as. affected with cold or heat APFE€'TIONED, a. Disposed; having an 'i. affection of heart. Having the passions moved; as, affected witli sorrow or joy. Be ye kindly affectioned one to another. 4. a. Inclined, or disposed followed by (o ; Rom. xii 2. Affected; conceited. Obs. Shak. as, well affected to government. 5. a. Given to false show assuming, or AFFECTIVE, a. That affects, or e.xcites emotion suited to affect. what is not natural pretending to possess [Little used.] or real as, an affected lady. AFFECT'IVELY, adv. In an affective or (i. a. Assimied artiiiciall}' not natiu'al as, impressive manner. AFFE€T'OR, ^ n. One that affects one affected airs. that practices affectation. In AFFECT'ER, an affected man S AFFE€T'EDLY, adv. ner hypocritically with more show than AFFE€T'UOUS, a. FuU of passion. [JVot unnaturalLeland. wscrf.] studiously reality formally 2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AF'FABLENESS, AF'FABLY, adv. courteously

;

the bank.

free conversation witliout

3.

interest; 4.

the like as, we by the failin-c of

force, loss,, danger, and are more or less affected

o( ad and fub-

See Fahk.^

ulor. 1.

«.

In

having suffered some change by external

invites to free social iiitercomse.

AF'FABLE,

A F F

touched, either in person or

;

;

to It

;

ly

;

;

;

;

AFFA'IR, n. [Fr. affaire, from /aire, make or do; L. face re Sp. hacer ; The jirimary sense of yacto is fare.

as, to

walk

affectedly n.

AFFE€T'EDNESS,

affectedly civil

;

The quahty

of

AFFEE'R, To confirm. AFFEE'R,

V.

t.

[Fr.

aff.er,

to set.]

[Xot used.]

[Fr. offerer, affturer, or afforer, to assess or value.] urge, drive, impel.] ppr. Iminessing having an effect on ; touching the feehngs In law, to assess or reduce an arbitrary 1. Business of any kind ; that which is done, or amercement to a precise sum ; or is to be done ; « ii'ord of very indefinite the penalty moving passions ; attempting a false to reduce a general amercement to a sum show ; greatly desiring ; aspiring to pos and wndefinabh signification. In the plural, sess. it denotes transactions in general ; as liucertain, accorduig to the circumstances man affairs ; political or ecclesiastical af- 2. a. Having power to excite, or move the of the case. Blackstone. pp. Moderated in sum ; aspassions ; tenduig to move the aflfections fairs : also tlie business or concerns of an sessed ; reduced to a certainty. individual ; as, his affairs are embarrassed. pathetic ; as, an affecting address. n. The act of The most affecting music is generally the 2. Matters ; state ; condition of business or afTeering, most simple. or assessing an amercement, concerns. Mi'tford according to adv. In an tiie circumstances of the case. I have sent that ye may know our nffairs. affecting in a vi. manner to excite emotions n. One who affeers ; a permanner; Eph. n. The state of being afson sworn to assess a penalty, or reduce •3. In the singular, it is used for a private dis- AFFE€'TION, fected. an uncertain penalty to a certainty. Coicel. [Little iised.] pute, or duel ; as, an affair of honor ; and sometimes a partial engagement of troops. 2. Passion ; but more generally, or conaffetto, [It., from L. bent of mind towards a particular obIn the phrase, at the head of affairs, the 3. affecius.'] word means, the pubUc concerns of ex- ject, holding a middle ])lace between dis In music, Si direction to render notes soft and to

being affected

;

affectation.

AFFEeTTNG,

V.

t.

;

AFFEE'RED,

AFFEE'RMENT,

AFFECT'INGLY,

AFFEE'ROR,

AFFETTUO'SO,

A

which is natural, and passion, excited by the presence of its exAffection is a permanent bent of the mind, formed by the jn-esence of an object, or by some act of another person, and existing without the presence

ecuting the laws, and administering the Junius. government.

AFFE€T'

position,

[L. afficio, affectum, o{adM\A facio, to make ; L. affecto, to desire, from the same root. 'Effect is to make to, or upon, to press upon.]

!.

V.

t.

To act upon change upon

;

;

produce an effect or cold affects the body

to as,

;

loss affects our interests. 2. To act upon, or move the passions affected 3.

;

as,

with grief

To aim

at

aspire to

;

;

is

citing

object.

of its object. Encyr. In a more particular sense, a settled good will, love or zealous attachment as, the It was affection of a ])arcnt for his child. formerly followed by to or towards, but now more generally followed by for. Desiie incliuation ; propensity, good or ;

desire or entertain

pretension to as, to affect imperial sway. [See the etymology oi' Affair.] To tend to by natural attinity or disposition as, the drops of a fluid affect aspheriial form. To tove, or regard with fondness. Think not that wars we love and strife affect. ;

4.

4.

which

5.

affecting.

AFFI'ANCE,

n,

[Norm,

affiaunce, confi-

Fr._/?«»iefr, to betroth ; S^. fianza, security in bail, afianzar, to give security or bail, fromfiar, to trust, to bail, to confide in Port, id ; Vv.fier, to trust It. fidare,

dence;

;

;

affidare, to tnist,fidanza,

zare, to betroth,

The marriage

1.

2.

conf\dence,fidanfrom h. fido, fides.] contract or promise faith ;

pledged. Trust in general

The

;

confidence

Christian looks to

reliance.

;

God with

implicit ajji-

Hammond.

ance.

;

V. t. To betroth to pledge as, virtuous or vile affections. Rom. i. AFFI'ANCE, one's faith or fidehty in marriage, or to Gal. 5. 6. In a general sense, an attribute, ([uality promise marriage. or proijcrty, whii-h is inseparable from its To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser as, love, tear and ho|)e are affec 2. To give confidence. object tio7is of the mind; ./iffianeed in my faith. Pope. figure, weight, &c., are Fairfax. AFFI'ANCED, pp. Pledged in marriage affections of bodies. betrothed bound in faith. [This sense is closely allied to the third.] 7. Among physicians, a disease, or any parTo make a show of to attempt to imi- ticidar morbid state of the n. One who makes a conbody; as, a AFFI'ANCER, to study tract of marriage between parties. tate, in a manner not natural gouty affection ; liysteric affection. the appearance of what is not natiu'al, or 8. In painting, a lively representation of AFFI'ANCING, ppr. Pledging in marriage :

evil

;

;

;

r>.

;

;

;

I}.

;

;

real

;

as,

to

to

affect

be grave

affected

;

friendship. It seems to have been used formerly for convict or attaint, as in Ayhfle's I'arergon; but this sense is not now in use.

AFFECTA'TION, n. [L. affectatio.] 1. An attem)it to assume or exhibit what ;

1.

Fondness

;

affection.

AFFECT'ED,

pp.

a. [Fr. affcctionn^.] love, or affection ; fond ; as,

affectionate brother. in affection ; zealous. in his love to God, and desire to please hirii, can never be too affectionate. Sprat.

Warm Man,

3.

Hall.

Impressed; moved, or

AFFIDA'VIT, perfect tense

A

;

he

made

oath

;

from ad and

fides, faith.]

In the United States, more generally, a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and sworn to, before an authorized magistrate. \FFrED, a. or part. Joined by contract ; declaration

upon

oath.

Shak. affianced. [JVot u.^ed.] Proceeding from affection indicating benevolent; tender; as, the affec- AFFI'LE, V. t. [Fr. affiter.] care of a parent an affectionate To polish. [.Vo< used.] Chaucer. countenance. •VFFIL'IATE, JJ. t. [Fr. affdier, to adopt, ;

love;

[JVot used.]

Hooker.

Having great an

;

;

2.

;

AFFECTIONATE,

is 2.

not natural or real false pretense artificial appearance, or show as, an affectation of wit, or of virtue.

promising fidehty. n. "[An old law verb in the

passion.

Shakes])care uses the word for affectation but tliis use is not legitimate.

tionate

;

A F F

A F F to initiate into the mysteries of a religious order L. ad &\\Afilius, a son.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son. 2. To receive into a society as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, or intrigues a sense in which the word was muih used hy the Jacobins in France, during the

;

;

—

revolution.

AFFILIA'TION, in the

n.

Adoption

same family or

AFFIN'ITY,

n.

;

APFIRM'ANCE, 2.

nffinis,

Solomon made

affinity

;

relation

;

Kings

;

.3.

In chimistry, attraction elective attraction, or tliat tendency whicli different species of matter have to unite, and combine

There are two kinds of

nation.

aftinity.

of aggregation, wliich is tlie power that causes two homogeneous bod ies to tend towards each otlier, unite and cohere, as two drops of water, whicli unite \. AJjinity

in one.

of composition, wliicli is the tendency of bodies of different kinds to unite and form new combinations of bodies witli different properties.

;

;

'I'lipy afflict tliy

2.

To

heritage,

O

Ps. xcv.

Lord.

trouble; to harass; to chstress. Affected with continued ;;;). ])ain, either of body or mind ; suftering grief or distress, of any kind followed by at, by or with as, affiicted at the loss of a child, by the rheumatism, or with losses.

AFFLICTED,

or often repeated ;

;

AFFLICT'EDNESS, affiicted

n.

The

state

but superseded by

;

AFFLICT'ER,

affiiclion.

One who

n.

of being

afflicts,

or

causes pain of body or of mind. AFFLICT'ING, ppr. Causing continued or durable pain of body or mind ; grieving an act o/^rm;

Confirmative; ratifying; alive (if

common

as,

:

law.

distressing.

algebra, jiositive ; a term applied to munbers wiiich liave the sign -\-plus, de noting addition, and opposed to negative, or such as have the sign nu'«M«, denoting subtraction. Obs. 4. Positive ; docmatic. Taylor. AFFIRM'ATIVE, n. That side of a ques tion which atfirms or maintains ; op])osed i.

In

—

.\FFLICT'Ii\G, as,

n. The state of being afa state of pain, distress, or grief. ; .Some virtues are seen only in affliction. pain of body or

The cause of continued mind, as sickness,

calamity, ad-

losses,

versity, persecution. Many are the afflictions of the righteoiu" Ps. xxxiv.

;

on tlie opposed

a. Giving pain ; causing continued or repeated paui or grief; pain-

aifirina

to

nega

Hall.

distressing.

fiil;

AFFLICT'IVELY,

In a manner to

adv.

give pain or grief.

lively.

AFPIRM'ED,^;). Declared ;

Grievous; distressing:

flictetl

3.

In an aflirma-

adv.

manner ; positivelj' tive side of a question ;

tive

red

a.

afflicting event.

AFFLICTIVE,

gative.

AFFIRMATIVELY,

is

an

AFFLICTION,

to negative ; as, there wtre seventy votes in tlie affirmative, and thirty-five in the ne

2. Affinity

the affinity which unites acids and alkalies, the results of which combination are neutral salts. The operations of tliis principle are vaWhen heterogeneous bodies liave rious.

Such

;

a. That afiirms, or asserts; declaratory of what exists ojiposed to negative ; as, an affirmative proposition.

;

witli certain other bodies, and the power tliat disposes tliem to contimie in conihi

is continued or of some permanence to grieve, or distress as, one is afflicted with the gout, or with melancholy, or with losses and misfortune.H.

;

;

AFFIRM'ATIVE,

;

connection blance as, sounds, of colors, or of languages. ;

;

ny given imder oath.

ili.

resemthe affinity of

conformity

n. One wlio affirms. n. The act of affirming or asserting as true ; opposed to negation or denial. Shak. is Tliat which asserted position declared as true averment. Hammond. Confirmation ratification an establishing of what had been before done or decreed. Hooker. •A .solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who coiian oath decline which taking sci(!ntiously aflirination is in lav/ equivalent to testimo-

iiinh.Jlekan, to strike. Hence, Ger. Jlegel : D. rtegel Eng. fail, g being suppressed ; L. fiigellum. See Flog.] 1. To give to the body or mind pain which

;

with Pharaoh. 1

Agreement

;

;

;

3.

;

2.

ratifi-

AFFIRM'ANT,

2.

from

I

v.t. ['l,.qffi;go,affiicto,i)l'ad and fiigo, to strike ; Eng._^o^ ; Gr. Eol. ^%tyu, to strike Gr. «>-'?7>j, L. plaga, a stroke ;

AFFLICT',

AFFIRMATION,

society.

[L. affmitas,

Confirmation;

n.

cation as, tlie affirmance of a judgment; a statute in affirmance of common law. Declaration affirmation. [Ldttle used.] Selden. Cowper. ;

association

adjacent, related by marriage ; ad and finis, end.] 1. Tiie relation contracted by marriage, between a husband and his wife's kindred, and between a wife and lier Ijusbanc kindred in contradistinction from consanguinity or relation by blood.

A F

or declared followed by of; as, an attribute (iffirmable of every just man.

confirmed

;

asserted

;

aver-

AF'FLUENCE, fluo, lo flow.

ratified.

;

One who

n.

See

[L. affiuentia, Floiv.]

Brown. of ad and In

flowing to, LAlerally, an equal attraction, it is called AFFIRM'ER, AFFIRM'ING, ppr. Asserting; declaring this sense it is rarely used. It is sometimes compound affinity. When one substance written affiuency. confirmmg. positively decomposes a combination of otliers, AFFIX', V. t. [L. affigo, affiruia, of ad and 2. Figuratively, abundance of riches great fgo, unites with one of them and precipitates to fix Gr. nrjyu, n^jyiiu, ytr^^u Eng. peg. plenty of worldly goods; wealth. Rogers. the other, tlie power is called the affinity See Fix.] AF'FLUENT, a. Flowing to more generalbodies will When not of decomposition. to subjoin, annex, or 1. To unite at the end abomiding in goods or riches ly, wealthy unite, but by means of a third, which ena Prior. abimdaiit. add at the close as, to affix a syllable to a bles them to combuie, this is affinity by word to affix a seal to an instrument. AFFLUENTLY, adv. In abundance abunmeans of a medium. To attach, unite, or connect with, as dantly. Dorible affinity is when by means of four names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to AF'FLUX, n. [L. affiuxum, frotn affiuo. bodies, two decompositions and two new See Flow.] things. combinations are effected. In this The act of flowing to a flowing to, or that 3. To fix or fasten in any manner. Fourcroy. Hooper. whicli flows to; as, an affiux of blood to senso,fix is more generally used. AFFIRM, V. t. affenn'. [L. affirmo ; ad and AF'FIX, ?i. A the head. syllable or letter added to the See Firm.] firmo, to make firm. act of flowing to ; 71. The end of a word. AFFLUX'ION, 1. To assert positively to tell witli confi that whicli flows to. United at the end annex [See Afflux.] dence ; to aver to declare the existence AFFIX'ED, pp. ed attached. AF'FORAGE, n. [Fr. afforer,\o value. See of somethmg to maintain as true oppoAFFIX' ING, ppr. Uniting at the end; sub- Affeer.] sed to deny. In France, a duty paid to the lord of a disjoining; attaching. Of one Jesus whom Paul affirmed to be alive. for to sell wme or other at the n. The act of n.

aflirms.

or concourse.

a

1.

mtitually

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

tXFFIX'ION,

Acts 25.

2.

To make ratify

;

firm to establish, confirm or as, the Supreme court affirmed the

end,

;

or state of being so

uniting united. [Liltli

AFFIX'TURE,

n.

That which

is

affixed.

Drake.

judgment.

AFFIRM'

V, i. To declare solemnly before a court or magistrate, for confirming fact, or to have an affirmation administer ed to, by way of confirmation, or as a substitme for an oath ; as, the witness affirmed to the fact, or he was nffirmed to the

AFFLA'TION,

i

fiict.

AFFIRM'ABLE.

a.

That may be asserted

A 2.

A

ijermission

liquors, within his seigiiorv.

n. [L. affio, afflatum,

of ad

n.

n.

Encyc. and/orce.J a fortification for

[arf

In old charters, a fortress defense. Obs.

;

Cyc. v.t. [ad and tlie root of forth, further; G.fordern, to further or promote D. voorderen ; Dan. hefordrer, to fiirther. The sense is to send fiirth. But I have not found this (irecise word in the exact sense of the English, in any other lan-

AFFO'RD,

and Jlo; Kiig. blow. See Btou:] blowing or breathing on.

AFFLATUS, 1.

trict,

AFFO'RCEJIENT,

used.]

;

[L.]

breath or blast of wind.

communication of divine In.spiratiou knowledge, or the power of prophesy. ;

Spence.

guage.] 1.

To

yield or produce as fruit, profit, issue.'.

A F F

A F

ur result. 'I'lius, the earth affords itra'in a well affords \vater trade affords profit ;

S.

3.

To

a good

a frightful

;

AFIRE,

with fear

pp.

Suddenly alarmed

terrified

followed by at or

;

;

more generally by at the cry of fire.

teith,

AFLO'AT,

To be able to expend without injury to that mav excite great fear ; dreadful. one's estate as, a man can afford a sum AFFRI'GIITING, ppr. Impressing sudden fear yearly in charity or be able to bear e,x terrifying. penses, or the price of the thing purchased AFFRI'GHTMENT, n. AflTright terror the state of being frightened. [Raretii used.] as, one man can afford to buy a farm, which another cannot. [In common discourse, the use of this word, in To be able without loss or with profit. all its forms, is superseded by fright, frightThe merchant can afford to trade for smaller ed, frightful.] Hamilton. AFFRONT', V. t. [Fr. affronter, to encounter profits. ;

;

AFFO'RDED, duce or

result

pp. Yielded as fruit, prosold without loss or with ;

1.

profit.

AFFORDING,

bearing expenses. [ad anCl forest.] into forest, as was done

t.

;

first Norman kings in England, for the purpose of afforihng them the pleasures of the chase. AFFORESTA'TION, n. The act of turn-

2.

1

land. Btackstone.

forest.

chise

The

[See Fran-

w.

and Disfranchise.] making free, or hberating from

act of

dependence or servitude.

AFFRAP',

V.

t.

[Little used.]

;

i.

(,

en

;

rffr'ui.

terror

;

others.

A

legal sense,

fighting in private is not, in a an aflfray. Blackstone.

In popular lan/i-uas^e, fray is vised to express any fighting of two or more persons but the word is now deemed inelegant. Tumult disturbance. Spenser. ;

as,

;

a design

;

3.

fore.]

;

;

degree of abuse than ;

insult.

[JVot usual.]

disgrace.

displeasure.

2.

;

;

The

grass which withereth afore Ps. cxxix.

up.

these .senses

all

and superseded by 4.

now

is

it

it

groweth

inelegant,

before.

In seaman's language, toward the head of the sliip further forward, or nearer the stem as, afore the windlas. Jlfore the mast, ;

;

which is applied to a common who does duty on the main deck, or has no office on board the .ship. is

a jilirase

one

sailor,

Mar. Diet

AFOREGOING, Foregoing, which

AFO'REHAND,

Gomg

a. is

before.

[See

chiefly used.]

adv. [afore

and hand.]

In time previous by previous provision as, he is ready aforehand. She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark xiv. ;

.

pp.

Opposed

face to face; 2. a. Prepared

abused. In popular language, offended; slightly angry at ill treatment, by words or actions ;

;

;

Arbulhnol.

popular language, shght resentment

dared

;

In

;

Shame

Prior in time before anterior prior time being considered as in front of subseqiient time.

as, to

defied

;

;

dis])leased.

AFFRONTEE',

In heraldry, front to epithet given to animals that a.

front ; an face each other.

AFFRONT'ER,

Jlsh.

One

n.

that affronts.

t.

as, previously provided to be aforehand in business. Hence in well popular language, amply pi-ovided with the means of living supphed having means beyond the requirements of necesThis word is sity moderately wealthy. ;

;

;

;

;

popularly changed into aforehanded, beforehanded, or rather forehanded ; as, a forehanded farmer. o.

[afore

and men-

;

;

;

or freight.

Commerce. pp. Hired ibr transport-

ing goods.

AFFREIOHT'ER,

and

[a

AFFREIGHT', v. affra'te. [See IVeight.] AFFR0NT'ING,;7/)r. Opposing face to face AFO'REMENTIONED, tion.] To hire a ship for the transportation of goods defying abusing otierhig abuse, or any

AFFREIGHT'ED,

or on foot. In

is afoot,

adv. or prep,

front.

to ofl'er abu.se or insult

;

AFFRONTED,

;

•3.

;

any manner, by words or actions one by giving liim the he.

abuse, or give cause of offense to, without being present with the person ; to make slightly angry a popular use of the word. AFFRONT', 71. Opposition to the face open defiance encounter. Obs. "2. lU treatment abuse any thmg reproachful or contemptuous, that excites or justifies resentment, as foul language, or personal abuse. It usually expresses a less

Arm.

In law, the fighting of two or more per.sons, in a pubhc ])lace, to the terror of

execution

AFO'RE,

To

n. [Fr. eff-rayer,to fright- 4. In

effreyza, effrey.]

word always follows the noun.] AFOOT', adv. [a or on aiid /oo<.] On foot ; borne by the feet ; opposed to riding. 2. Ill action ; in a .state of being planned for

;

SdCHSBT' )

;

;

adjective, this

affront

3.

rap,]

;2.

Hayward. Milton. Shak. [The foregoing sense is obsolete.] To ofter abuse to the face to insult, dare in

3.

[Fr./ra/jper, tostrilie;Eng.

To strike. Obs. AFFRA'Y, AFFRA' YMENT, (.

;

;

AFFRANCHISEMENT,

;

face to face, of a«! and L.frons, front, face.] 2. Between one object and another, so as to hiterally, to meet or encounter face to intercept a direct view or intercourse ; as, to stand between a person and the light of face, in a good or bad sense ; as, a candle a popular icse of the word. The seditious affronted the king's forces.

or brave openly

by the

AFFOR'ESTED, pp. Converted hito forest. AFFOR'ESTING, jipr. Converting into

;

;

—

Yielding; producing;

/);>/•.

selling without loss

AFFOR'EST, v. To convert ground

adv. or a. [a and float.]

Borne on the water swimfloating ming as, the ship is afloat. Figuratively, moving passing from place to place a rumor is afloat. as, Unfixed moving without guide or control as, our afi'airs are all afloat. [Jls au ;

2.

;

5.

Cower. Level with the Bacon.

and/af.]

[a

Sif'ii'id-

as, affrighted at 1.

;

AFFRI'GHTER, n. One who frightens. AFFRI'GHTFUL, a. Terrifying'; terrible;

;

On fire.

adv.

AFLAT', arfu.

ob|ect.

;

life

affords consolation in old age. To be able to grant or sell with profit or without loss ; as, can afford wine at a less price than B.

A F R

I

cause of terror

also, the

;

JAFFRI'GHTED,

distilled licjuors afford spirit. yield, srraiit or eoiifer ; as,

A

4.

ror

;

n.

The person

vvlio hires

or charters a ship or other vessel to convey goods. Walsh, .in. Rev.

Mentioned before

cause of displeasure.

AFFRONTING,

a.

AFFRONT'IVE,

a.

ing to oft'end

;

Contumehous; abusive. Giving

ofieiise

;

tend-

abusive.

AFFRONT'IVENESS,

n.

The quahty

that

in

discourse.

AFO'RENAMED, Named before. AFO'RESAID,

same writing or Mdison. [afore and name.]

the

a.

Peacham. a.

[n/ore

and «at/.]

Said or recited before, or in a preceding [Utile used.] .\FFREIGHT'MENT, n. The act of liirhig AFFU'SE, V. t. s as :. [L. affundo, affusum, part. AFO'RETIME, adv. [afore and time.] of ad and to See for the out. a ship Fuse.] transportation goods. fundo, pour Bible. a former time. .American Review, .1pp. To pour upon to sprinkle, as with a liquid. In time past in adv. or a. [a and foul.] AFFRET', n. [It. affrettare, to hasten.] AFFU'SED, pp. Sprinkled with a liquid; AFOUL', Columhiad Not free entangled. A furious onset, or attack. [J\l'ot used.] sprinkled on having a hfjuid poured upon. AFRA'ID, a. [The participle of o^a)/.] Spenser. AFFU'SlNG,;)^r. Pouring upon, or sprinkImpressed with fear or apprehension fearAFFRIC'TION, n. The act of rubbing ling. This word expresses a less degree of ful. Boyle AFFU'SION, n. affu'zhun. The act of pour[See Friction.] [JVot used.] It is folfear than terrified or frightened. AFFRIENDED, a. nffrend'ed. Made fiienVls ing upon, or sprinkling with a hquid sublowed by of before the object of fear; as, or a diseased Ohs. as water reconciled. stance, body, ujion Spenser to be afraid of death. AFFRI'GHT. v. t. affri'te. [Sax. frihlan upon a child in baptism. sin God. against Joseph was afraid to See Fright] AFFY', f. /. [Fr. affier.] To betroth; to bind or join. To impress with sudden fear to frighten AFRESH', adv. [a and/rc.
;

;

;

;

;

;

expresses

perhaps

less

AFFRI'GHT,

than n.

ter-

They

used.]

AFIE'LD,

terror.

Sudden or great fear:

;

;

er impression than fear or apprehend, and

To

the

adv.

field.

[a

and

Milton

cold.]

;

crucify the son of n. [Qu. L.

AF'RI€A,

field.]

God

Heh. vi. afresh. a neg. and frigus,

AFT

AFT

AFTER-BIRTH,

One of

the four quarters or largest divisions a continent separated from of the globe Europe by the Mediterranean sea.

Wiseman. fetus, called also secundines. n. unexpected, subse-

;

"'

AF'RI€AN

i

AF'RI€ANi

n.

This*nanie

P6'''3™"g

an

adv. In front. or adv. [Sax. (eft,

a.

the main sheet, that is, further towards the stern. Fore and aft is the whole length of a ship. Right aft is in a direct line with Mar. Diet. the stern. 'AFTER, a. [The comparative degree of

But

some Teutonic

in

1.

dialects

it is

D. agter ; Dan. agters. The Eng. corresponds with tlie Sax. after, Sw. efter, Goth, iftaro, Dan. ejler.] In marine language, more aft, or towarils the stern of the ship as, the after sails

g

;

;

2.

common language,

later in tujie as, an Marshall. after period of life. In this sense, the word is often combined with the following noun as in after-

In

AFTER-COMFORT,

;

word

as,

;

often

after

same

The second crop

in the Mortimer.

n.

year.

AFTER-DAYS, n. Future days. Congrere. AFTER-EATAGE, n. Part of the increase of the same year.

Burn.

[Local.]

AFTER-ENDEAVOR, n. An endeavor after the first or former effort. Locke. "AFTER-GAME, n. A subsequent scheme, or expedient.

If'otton.

\FTER-GUARD, on the poop or

n.

The seaman stationed

after part of the sliip, to Mar. Diet.

Future hope.

Hours

n.

tliat

time following.

This

"AFTER-IGNORANCE,

n.

norance.

"AFTER-KING,

n.

Math. xxvi. In pursuit of, that following in search

"AFTER-LIFE,

n.

;

*

Ye

5.

behind,

of.

A

A

.'

as,

consider a thing after Bacon. and influence

value. 6. According to the direction

.\FTER-MALICE,

"AFTER-MATH,

of.

To walk

after the flesh

To

after the sight of the eye.

inquire afler

is

to

A

to live after the flesh

;

Rom.

To judge

viii

seek by asking

;

to

To

follow afler, in scripture, is to pursue or imitate to serve, or worship. "AFTER, adv. Posterior later in time ; as it was about the space of three hoin"s after. In this sense, the word, however, is really a preposition, the object being imderstood about three hoiu's after the time or fact before specified. ;

;

;

its

genuine sig Some of the following word; nification. are of this kind, but in some of them afler seems rather to be a separate word. 'AFTER-AC€OUNT, n. A subsequent reckoning.

Killingbeck.

second crop of grass, in rowen.

life

Afler-age, in the singular, "

is not Addison.

a phrase, signifying, when all has been considered, said or done at last in the tinal result. Pope. is

:

:

'AFTER-B.\ND,

n.

A future band.

MUlon.

or the

who

lives in suc-

same season

n.

The

n.

The

pains which suclatter

part.

In

the stern.

Mar. Die. ;

A

»;. piece performed a farce or other 'entertain-

ment. n.

Cumberland. Subsequent proof or

qualities

known by subsequent

"AFTER-PROOF, evidence

;

sir,

a

aka,

title

of

in Beloch,

Encyc.

;

;

Sw. mod, imod,

emol, against,

is

our word

meet.] I.

A

second time I will

3.

It

to

;

once more.

not again curse the ground.

Gen.

viii.

notes something further, or additional one or more particulars.

For to wliieh of tlie angels said he at .iny lime, thou art my son, this day have I begotten thee ? and again, I will be to him a fathe'r, and he shall be to mc a son ? and again, let all the Heb. i. angels of God worship him.

All the uses of this word carry in them the ideas of return or repetition ; as in these phrases give it hack again ; give him as much again, that isj the same quantity South.

ff'otton.

experience.

AFTER-REPENTANCE, n.

n.

Subsequent report, South.

The sails on the mizenbetween the main and Mar. Diet.

n.

stays,

mizen-masts.

"AFTER-STATE,

n.

;

Subsequent

or information.

"AFTER-SAILS, mast and

also

D. tegens, they come them against. G. entgegen, against; jegens, towards; dagegen, against begegnen, to meet or encounter. The primary sense is to turn, or to meet in front or" the name of the So in Dan. and face, front or forepart.

ceed child birth.

marine language, the part of a ship toward

;

Qu. the och

;

n. The part of tlie day which fiiUows noon, between noon and

"AFTER-PART,

Tart. aha.

;

;

'AFTER-NOON', "AFTER-PAINS,

dominus, herus

ak and

Ijil

igien ; qu. L. eon, whence contra Ir. coinne, opposite, a meeting. Hence Sax. togeanes, togegnes, against ; "but placed after'its ob" hi comen heom togeanes," ject; as,

;

Dryden.

and

adv. agen'. [Sax. gean, agen, agean, ongean ; D. with a different prefix, tegen ; G. dagegen,gegen Sw. igen ; Dan!

Holland.

evening.

o?

AGAIN,

Sidney.

second or later

tlie

[Per.

chief oflicer. The title is given to various chief oflicers, whether civil or military. It is also given to great land holders, and to the eunuchs of the Sultan's seragho.

life

In marine lanSuperl. guage, nearest the stern, opposed to foremost ; also hindmost.

after a play

Shuekford. JI.

and ak in Balak.] In the Turkish dominions, a commander or

a.

;

improper.

ig-

Shak Succeeding mahce Dryden. [after and math. See

n.

"AFTER-A€T, n. A subsequent act. repentance. "AFTER-AgES, II. Later ages succeedmg "AFTER-REPORT, times.

lord,

n.

many words, forming "AFTER-PIECE,

compounds, but retaining

'AFTER all

ter.

AG A,

Moio.]

AFTER-MOST,

Is. xi

ask concerning.

^9fter is j>refixed to

;

A

Dryden. Butler. subsequent life.

love. ;

;

res])e.;t

succeeding khig.

Ftiture

after this.

whom is

its intrinsic

In later or subsequent time. Hooker. "AFTER- WISE, a. Wise afterwards or too late. Addison. n. "AFTER-WIT, Subsequent wit wisdom that comes too late. L'Estrange. AFTER-^\RATH, n. Later wrath anger after the provocation has ceased. Shak. ji. AFTER-WRITER, succeeding wri-

[See Hard.]

;

Subsequent

shall

a model. According to

Jonson. follow Shak.

Stafford.

2. later period of life ; the king of Israel come out 1 Sam. xxiv AFTER-LIVER, n. One not go after other Gods. Deut. vi ceeding times. 4. In imitation of ; as, to make a thing after "AFTER-LOVE, n. The jj/iici-

Mdison.

AFTERWARD, or AFTERWARDS, adv.

Sliuekford.

moving

[See Thought.]

;

sails.

n.

governing preposition. ./Ifter 1 have arisen, I will go before you into is,

n.

Brown.

"AFTER-€ROP,

Galilee.

:?.

after the first. taste which suc-

A

n.

ceeds eating and drinking.

AFTER-THOUGHT,

Reflections after an act later thought, or expedient occvirring too late. Dryden. AFTER-€OST, n. Later cost ; expense after "AFTER-TIMES, >i. Succeeding times, li the execution of the main design. niav be used in the singular. Dniden. Mortimer. "AFTER-TOSSING, n. The sweU or agitation of the sea after a storm. 'AFTER-eOURSE, n. Future couise.

men "AFTER-HOPE, as a

"AFTER-TASTE,

time between Shak. of bees

A swarm

South.

AFTER-HOURS,

supper. precedes a sentence, as,

The

n.

to bed. n.

Future con-

«.

viction.

attend the after

Behind in place one after another.

prep.

placed in a line Later in time ;

and going

'

;

'2.

Sherlock.

AFTER-eONVIC'TION,

Herbert. or fu-

which leaves the hive

Jonson.

noon.

AFTER,

suf>per

Subsequent be-

7i.

havior.

;

hatchway.

after

"AFTER-SWARM,

'AFTER-€ONDUCT,

;

;

written with

"AFTER-SUPPER,

Future comfort.

n.

sting.

A succeeding

Drtiden.

A successor.

n.

Subsequent

n.

ture storm.

something happening supposed to be at an end. Hubbard. ;

Shak. behind.]

ejl, after,

seaman's language, a word used to denote the .stern or what^ pertains to the stern of a ship as, the a/l part of the ship haul aft

aft.

aft'air is

n.

"AFTER-STORM,

after

AFTER-€0IVIER,

yafe'a Cowley.

gold.

Ill

quent event

*° Africa.

AFRONT', "AFT,

An

"AFTER-€LAP,

A native of Africa. given also to the African mary-

is

A G A

The appendages of the "AFTER-STING,

n.

The future

state.

Glanvilte.

once more or repeated.

There is not, in the world again, such merce as in London.

Who art Bring

lis

thou that answerest again word again.

a

com-

f

Igain and again, often; with frequent repetition.

A G A AGAINST, See 1.

prep, Jlgain.]

In opposition

agenst'.

in the

This

.species is distin-

shops, ami

frequent guished by the name of female agaric. From this fungus is extracted a turpentine, of which three fourths of its weight is a resinous substance the rest, a sli-

be against every man.

will

others are poisonous originally given to a fun;

gus growing on the larch.

now

bation.

His hand

of food

The name was noting enmity or disappro-

;

AGE

A G A articles

[Sax. togeanes.

Gen. x\i. I am against your pillows. Ez. xiii. In oppo.sition, noting contrariety, contramy, iTuicilaginous, earthy matter, tenadictioi], or repugnanre as, a decree cious and almost insoluble in water. It is against law, reason or public opinion. used in dyeing, but is little esteemed in 3. In opposition, noting competition, or difmedicine. Theoph. Macqner. (^uincy. ferent sides or parties as, tliere are The Agaric of the oak is calleil totich-ioood, twenty votes in the affirmative against from its readiness to take fire. Boletus ten in the negative. Igniarius, lAnne. 4. In an opposite direction ; as, to ride against the wind. Jigaric mineral, a calcarious earth, or carbonate of lime, resemWing a fungus in 5. Opjio.site in place alireast as, a ship is color and texture ; found in fissures of against the moulli of a river. In this sense it is often preceded by over. It is rocks, and on the roofs of caverns. sometimes used as an astringent in fluxe.s, Aaron lighted the lamps over against the and a styjJtic in hemorrliages. It occurs candlesticks. Num. viii. in a loose semi-indurated white form, 0. In opposition, noting adversity, injury, or or whitish red, or yellow, fight and friable. contrariety to wishes as, this change of Kinvan mentions three varieties. measures is against us. AG>AST or a. [Qu., a contrac7. Bearing upon one leans s as, against tion of wall. agazed, or Goth, agis. Sax. egesa. horror. See Aghast and Gaze.] 8. In provision for in preparation for. Struck with terror, or astonishment amaUrijah made it against king Ahaz eanje fron zed struck silent with horror. Damascus. 2 Kings, xvi. With shuddering horror pale and eyes a^ast In this sense against is a preposition, Milton with the following part of the sentence for an object. See ^Jler, prep, def 3. AGA'TE, adv. [a and gate.] Obs. Gower. In sliort, the sense of this word is oppo- On the way going. 2.

;

AG'ATY,

:

;

;

AGHAST,

;

;

;

tf^oodward.

great

2.

twenty feet, and its branches form a son of pyramid at the top. Encyc. • A genus of univalvular shells.

AGAZE,

AG'ALLOell,

tnr

?

its

AG' ATE, n.

;

" \.Oforunlal ongv M, \ Aloes-wood, the product of a tree growing and in China, some of the Indian isles AGAL'LO€Hl

J

,

There are three varieties, the calanubac, the common ligniuu aloes, and the calam boiu\ The first variety is light and porous and so filled with a tragraut resin, that it may be molded by the fingers the second is denser and less resinous and the third is the aloes-wood used by cabinet ;

;

makers and age, and

A name

Encyc.

iidayers.

AGALMAT OLITE,

n.

[Gr.

ayaJi^a,

im

XiSoj, stone.]

given by Klajn-oth to two varieties of the pierre de lard, lard stone, of China. It contams no magnesia, but otherwise has the characters of talck. It is called in Ger

man, niart,

hildstein, figm-e-stone, steatite pagodite.

AG'APE,

adv. or a.

[a

and by Brong Cyc.

and gape.

Ure.

See

Gape.] as with

Gaping, eager attention

;

wonder, expectation, or having the mouth wide

open.

Milton.

A

i>refix ipj, spotted.

The word

is used, Gen. xxx. and x.x.\i., to describe the s])eckled and spotted cattle of Laban and Jacob.]

class of siliceous, semi-])ellucid

gems of

strike with

Obs.

Spenser.

Struck with amazement.

are undoubtedly contracted words, Goth. D. eeuw ; Gr. aiu,v from the Celtic, ; ;

W.

haug, fidlness, completeness, an age, a space of time; plu. hogion ; the g being sunk in the Latin words in the Sanscrit, yuga.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind as, the usual age of man is the seventy years of a horse be age may twenty or tliirty years ; the age of a tree may be four hundred years. 3. That part of the duration of a being, which is bet\\een its beginning and any given time as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth ? ;

;

;

;

Jesus began to be about thirty years of age.

Luke 3.

The

iii.

latter part

duration

of

life,

or long continued

oldness.

;

The eyes

Israel

ot

were dim

for

age.

Gen.

xlviii.

4.

ipy,

a different

To

[from gaze.]

pj>.

aitv

L.

achates, gagates [Fr. agate ; Gr. ya/yari;! so called, says Pliny, .37, 10, because (tiund near a river of that name ii So also Solhius and Isidore. But Sicily. Bochart, with more probability, deduces it from the Punic and Hebrew and witi

t.

[J\/ot in Mse.] si,f,fi AgE, ?i. [Fr. age; Arm. oage ; deduced bj Limier tinm Lat. (etas, or mmim. But these

;

variously modified according to application to difl'erent objects.

V.

amazement.

AGAZED,

;

sition,

nature of agate.

A r' A irr r^ ALrA V t,, n. [Gr. aywuof, admirable.] 1. The Ainerican aloe. The aloe rises

;

;

Of the

cf.

5.

A

certain period of human life, marked by a difference of state ; as, life is divided into four stages or ages, infancy, youth, manhood, and old age ; the age of

youth

the age of manhood. The period when a person to

;

old.

many varieties, consisting of quartz-crjs- 6. JVIature years ; ripeness of strength or discretion. tal, flint, horn-stone, chalcedony, amethyst, He is of oyo-c, ask him. John ix. jasper, cornehan, hehotrope, and jade, in The time of life for conceiving children, various combinations, variegated with or perhaps the usual time of such an event. dots, zones, filaments, ramifications, arSarah was delivered of a son when she was borizations, and various figures. Agates seem to have been formed by successive \ayHeb. .xi. past age. ers of siliceous earth, on the sides of cavi- 8. A particular period of time, as distinties which they now fill entirely or in part guished from others ; as, the golden age, They are esteemed the lea.st valuable of the the age of iron, the age of heroes or of precious stones. Even in Phny's time, they chivalry. were in httle estimation. They are found The people who five at a particular periin rocks, in the form of fragments, in nod od a and a hence, succession generation of generations; as, ages yet unborn. The mysteiy hid from ages. Col. i. ;

ules, in small rounded lumps, rarely in stalactites. Their colors are various.

They are used for rings, seals, cu])i- 10. n. ag'ap!/. century the period of one himdred [Gr. aya^fj;, love.] beads, bo.xes and handles of small lUenchristians, a love feast years. sils. Kirwan. Encyc. Cleaveland. a. Old or feast of charity, held before or afterthe A'GED, having lived long having AG'ATE, n. An instrument used by gold lived almost the usual time allotted tr) that comnuuiion, when contributions were wire drawers, so called from the agate in made for the poor. This feast was held species of being applied to animals or the middle of it. at first without scandal, but afterwards plants as, an aged man, or an aged oak. a. Pertauiing to agate. 2. Having a certain age having lived ; as, being abused, it was condemned at the VG'ATINE, a man aged forty years. council of Carthage, A. 1). 397. Enryc. .-\G'ATINE, n. genus of shells, oval or A'GED, n. Old persons. oblong. AG'ARI€, ?i. [Gr. o^'optxor. Qu. from AgaAnd the aged arose and stood up. Job xxix. ria, in Sarmatia. AG'ATIZED, a. Having the colored lines Dioscorides.] In botany, mushroom, a gfinus of funguses, and figm-es of agate. Obs. Fourcroy. AGEN', for again. n. See Act] containing numerous species. Mushrooms Agatized wood, a substance apjjarently |)ro[L. agens. duced by the petrilaction of wood a spe- 1. The quality of moving or of exerting grow on trees, or spiing from the earth of the latter species some are valued as cies of hornstone. fVerner. power the state of being in action ; ac-

A

AG'APE,

;

-Vmong the primitive

;

;

;

;

;

A

AGENCY,

;

;

is enabled by do certain acts tor himself, or when he cea.ses to be controlled by parents or in our both guardians as, males country, and females are of age at twenty-one years

law

;

;

A G G

A G G as, the opci-ution ; instrumentality agtncy ot'proviflence in the natural world. U. The office of an agent, or factor ; busi-

ijon

;

;

ness of" an agent entrusted with the coneerns of another as, the prim-ipal pays the charges of a^rency. AGENDA, n. [].. things to be done.] A nicmoranduni-book the service or office of a church; a ritual or liturgy. Encyc. ;

;

AGENT,

a.

Acting

sustaining

action

to patient, or the body agent.

opposed

:

as,

;

Bacon.

[Little used.] «.

An

actor; one that exerts powas, a moral er, or has the power to act agent. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect as,

AGENT,

;

;

is a pow erf ill agent. substitute, dei)uty, or factor

beat 3.

A

one entrusted with the business of another an ;

;

attorney

;

a minister.

A'GENTSHIP, used.]

[J\'ot

We

AGGELA'TION, of a

fluid.

of an agent.

office

use agency.

Concretion

n. [L. gelu!]

Brmcn.

{JVot used.]

AGGENERA'TION, The

tio.]

)i. [L. ad and genera of growing to another. Brown.

state

rjVbf used.']

AG'GER,

71.

A

[L.]

or

fortress,

v.

t.

[M)t used.]

To

[L. aggero.]

heap.

?!.

A

heaping

accumula-

;

aggerations of sand."

Ray. AGGLOM'ERATE, v. i. [L. agglomero, ad and ghmero, to wind into a ball, from glomus, a hall of yarn from the Heb. dSj, as,

;

t.

A G G

favor.

[J\/'ot

Spenser,

n.

fVGGRA'CE,

Kindness

;

;

used.^ li'iseman.

favor.

[Xot

;

;

;

;

AGGREGATELY,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Figuratively, to make worse, moi'e severe, or less tolerable ; as, to aggravate 3. the evils of hfe ; to aggravate pain or pun sense.

;

Qu. Ar.

J

to

go round

ma

2.

form bodies. The union and coherenceof bodies of the

same

nature.

AG'GREGATIVE, a. Taken together

ishnient.

To make more enormous,

or less excusable as, to aggravate a crune. circle, to be round, to collect, or con- 3. To exaggerate. 4. To give coloring in description to give dense.] To wind, or collect mto a ball to sra'her an exaggerated representation as, to aginto a mass. Young. gravate a charge against an offender to AGGLOM'ERATE, v. i. To gather, grow aggravate circumstances. or collect into a ball or mass. Guthrie, Qtiint. Thomson Paley. Actions and motives maliciously aggravated. AGGLOM'ERATED, /)p. Wound or colto involve;

AG'XJREGATE,

;

AGGERA'TION, " tion

mounek Hearne

[JVot used.]

AG'GERATE,

v.

;

The now

n.

To

a. Formeil by a collection of particulars into a « hole mass or sum ; as, the aggregate amount of charges. Spenser. Aggregate Jlowers, in botany, are such as are used.] AGGRANDIZA'TION, n. The act of ag composed of florets united by means of Wuterhouse. the recc])tarle or calyx. Milne. grandizing. [JVot used.] AG'GRANDIZE, v. t. [Fr. agrandir, of] Aggregate corporation, in law, is one which consists of two or more persons united, L. ad and grandis. See Grand.] whose existence is preserved by a suc1. To make great or greater in power, rank cession of new members. Blackstone. or honor to exalt as, to aggrandize a AG'GREGATE, n. A sum, mass or assemfamily. 2. To enlarge, applied to things ; as, to agblage of ])articulars as, a house Ls an aggregate of ston<'s, bricks, timber, &c. grandize our conceptions. It seems to be It (hffers from a compound in this, that never apphed to the bulk or dimensions of the pai-ticulurs of an aggregate are less material bodies. intimately mixed than in a compound. AG'GRANDIZED,;);;. Made great or great AGGREGATED,;);). Collected mto a sum, er exalted enlarged. mass or svstem. AGGRANDIZEMENT, n. The act o adv. Collectively taken aggrandizing the state of being exalted in a sum or mass. honor exaltation ill rank or power, AGGREGATING, ppr. CoUectmg into a enlargement. sum or mass. The Emperor seeks only the aggrandizement AGGREGATION, n. The act of aggreof his own family. gating the state of being coUecteil into a sum or mass a collection of particulars ; AG'GR.\NDIZER, n. One that aggrandizes an aggregate. or exalts in power, rank or honor. 2. Ill ckimistry, the affinity of aggregation, is AGGRANDIZING, ppr. Making great the power which causes homogeneous exalting enlarging. bodies to tend towards each other, and to AGGRA'TE, v. t. [It.] To please. [JVot cohere, when united. The aggregate, iu this case, differs from a heap, whose u^ed.] Spenser. parts AG'GRAVATE, v. t. [L. aggravo,oCad and do not cohere and from a mixture, which consists of parts dissimilar in their nature. See Grave, Gravity.] gravis, heavy. Tho word is used of solid, fluid, or aeri1. To make heavy, but not used in this literal

fVGGRA'CE,

;

;

;

;

AGGREGATOR, a

fVashington's Life

He

n.

col-

mto

whole or mass.

AGGRESS',

v.

Burton.

i.

[L. aggredior, aggressus,

of ad and gradior, to go.

To make

a

attack

first

;

lected into a ball.

;

that collects

lective.

act

;

See Grade.]

to

commit the

of hostihty or offense

quanel or control ersy

;

first

begin a or

to

;

to assault first

invade.

Prior.

AGGRESS'ING,;);)r. Commencing hostility first making the first attack. ;

AGGLOMERATING,

ppr. Winding into a ball; gathering into a lump. n. The act of windinto a ball the state of being gathered ing into a ball or mass. AGGLU'TINANT, n. Any viscous substance which unites other substances, by

AGGLOMERA'TION, ;

causing an adhesion ; any application which tends to unite parts which have too little

adhesion.

Coxe.

AGGLU'TINANT, a.

Uniting as glue cau«e adhesion.

tend

The

propriety of the

word

in the latter

AGGRESS ION, of hostihty;

passage is questionable. Aggravate is generally used in reference to evils, or some-

The

n.

tlie first

act leading to

w ar or

first attack, or act act of injury, or fii-st

controversy.

thing improper or unnatural.

AG'GRAVATED, /i^. or enormity

;

Increased in severity exaggerated.

made worse

AGGRESSIVE, making the

;

AG'GRAVATING,

ppr. Increasnig hi severity, enormity, or degree, as evils, mis;

L'Estrange. to aggress;

Tending

Clarkson.

attack.

The person who first AGGRESS'OR, attacks he who first commences hostility n.

;

or a quarrel

fortunes, pain, punishment, crimes, guilt,

&c.

a.

fu-st

;

an assaulter

an invader. Dryden.

;

exaggerating.

The insolence of the aggressor is usually act of making proportioned to the tameness of tlie sufferer. Ames. AGGLU'TINATE, v. t. [Lat. agglutino, ad worse, used of evils, natural or moral the act of increasing severity or huinousand glutino, from gluten ; Eng. glue ; Fr AGGRIE'VANCE, n. [See Aggrieve.] ness ; addition to that which is evil or glu ; Arm. glud W. glyd. See Glue.] Oppression hardsliip injury. But grievTo unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue improper as, an aggravation of pain or ance is more geneiallv used. or other viscous substance to unite by grief AGGRIE'VE, I', t. [of'ad and grieve, from 2. Exaggerated representation, or heightcausing an adhesion of substances. Perhaps tho word is borrowed grief. ened descrijrtion of any thing wrong, pp. Glued together: directly from the Sp. agraviar, to injure ; united by a viscous substance. impro|)er, or unnatural as, an aggravaFr. grever. See Gnf/"aiid Grave.] tion of features in a caricature. To give pain or sorrow to afflict. In this AGGLU"riNATING,p/)r. Gluing together Paley. Addison. uniting by causing adhesion. sense, it is nearly superseded by grieve. ing to

;

AGGRAVATION,

The

n.

;

;

;

;

;

;

AGGLUTINATED,

;

;

n. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance ; the state of being thus united.

AGGLUTI'NA'TION,

;

AG'GREGATE, in

troops

;

t.

[L. aggrego, to collect 2.

See Gregarious.]

AGGLU'TINATIVE, a. That tends to unite, To bring together or has power to cause adhesion.

v.

of ad and grex, a herd or band. ;

To

bear hard

in one's rights

ujioii :

to

;

to o])press or injure,

vex or harass by

civil

or political injustice. to collect particulars into

a sum, mass or bodv.

AGGRIEVE, [J\'ot used.

V. i.

To mourn

See Grieve.]

;

to lament.

A G AGGRIEVED, p;). illy

a

afflicted;

3.

or politirally oppres?fid.

AGGRIEVING, on

Afllicting

;)/)(•.

;

imposing

oppressing. AGGROUP', > t'. t. [Sp. agrvpar It. ag.\GGROOP', ^ gnippare, oggropparr, to knot or bring together. See Group.] To bring togetlier to group to collect many persons in a crowd, or many figures into a whole, cither in statuary, painting or description. Encyc, Iiaidsliips

4.

;

;

;

5.

C).

apt or ready to

move

;

brisk

violence

agilitv.

nimbleness briskness ness of motion. ;

;

quickly activity quick-

;

;

Watts.

n. [Ital. aggio, surplus, difl'erence.] In commerce, the difference between bank notes and current coin. In Holland, the agio is three or four per cent. in Rome,

A'GIO,

;

from fifteen to twenty-tive per cent. in Venice, twenty jier cent. but the agio is subject to variation. Encyc. smn given above the nominal 2. Premimn ;

:

;

value.

;

discussed

;

AGITATION,

«.

disputing

con-

;

state of being with irregular action ; commotion ; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation. Bacon. Disturbance of tranquility in the mind ;

perturbation; excitement of passion. Discussion examination of a sidyect ;

it

L/unier

In the

«&c.

;

a surname.

one word

to

Encyc. another by

in music, denotes a broken style of performance, adapted to awaken sur Did. ofJMusic. prise or perturbation.

an

Encyc.

DEI. [Lamb of God.] Romish Church, a cake of wax stamp-

ed with the figure of a lamb, supporting the banner of the cross. It is supjioseil to possess great virtues in ])reserving those

L'Estrange.

state of being deliberated upon, with a to contrivance, or plan to be adoj)ted as, a scheme is in agitation.

One who

Allusion of soimd.

AGNUS

view

AG'ITATOR,

i,i

ad

species of vitex, so called from the Gr. ayio;, chaste, or from a negative, and yoioj, seed, from its imagined virtue of preserving cliastity. The Athenian ladies reposed on the leaves of this plant at the feast of Ceres. The Latin Castas, chaste, now added to the name, forms a duplication of the sense.

;

A

;

AGNUS CASTUS. A

The act of shaking the moved with violence, or

controversy. 4.

agnomina

[L.

Camden.

;

considered.

;

t.

n. [L. agnomen, a surname, of ad and nomen. See JVame.] An additional name, or title; a name added to another, as expressive of some act,

achievement, 2.

shaking; moving with

disturbing

;

[JVol

Shak. v.

AGNOMINA'TION,

vsed.]

;

To acknowledge.

and nomino, nomen, name.] To name. [Utile used.^

Charles.

Agitato,

AGlL'lTY, 71. [L. agilitas.] The power of moving the limbs

1.

[JVot

t.

««f-]

triving.

3.

;

;

or actuate.

V.

AGNOMINATE,

1.

King

To move

Agitating, ;>pr.

Shak.

faculty

;

disturbed

'2.

n. Nimbleness activity the of moving llie limbs quickly

A6'ILENESS,

;

;

;

agile heels.

;

AGNI'ZE,

Dlackmore.

active. liis

;

iVG'ITATED, pp. Tossed from side to side shaken moved violently and irregularly

;

;

;

;

See Jlct.] Nimble having the faculty of quick motion

bendinf;- fonvaid, struck

distm-b, or excite into tumult as, to agitate the mind or passions. To discuss to debate to controvert as, to agitate a question. To consider on all sides to revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects to contrive by mental deliberation as, poh;

;

And

To

ticians agitate desperate designs.

;

AGGRoUP'ED, \ pp. Collected into a group AGGROOP'ED, ^ or assemblage. AGH'AST, or more correctly agast, a or adv. [Perhaps the participle of agaze ; otherwise from the root of ghastly and ghost.] Stnick with amazement stupilied with sudden tiight or horror. AG'ILE, a. [Fr. agile; L. agilis, fvom ago. in the limbs

AGO

A G N

I

Pained;

who *

it, in faith and from accidents, Also a part of the mass in which words are repeated by the priest.

carry

&c. these

Encyc.

AGNUS SCYTHICUS.

[Scythian Lamb.] applied to the roots of a s])ecies of Aspidium Baromez, covered with brown wooly scales, and, in shape, resembling a lamb found in Russia and Tartaiy. AGO', adv. or a. [Sax. agan, orgeond,the their concerns, were called agitators. contracted from Hume. participle of gan, to go AG'LET, ? n. [Fr. aiguillette, a point, from agone. See Go.] ATGLET, \ aiguille, a needle, from aigu. Past gone as, a year ago. AGOG' adv. [Fr. agogo ; vivre a gogo, to sharp. See Acid.] live in clover.] 1. A tag of a point curved into the represenIn a state of desire highly excited by eagertation of an animal, generally of a man ness after an object. a small plate of metal. The gaudy gossip when she's set agog. 2. In botany, a pendant at the ends of the Dry den. chives of flowers, as in the rose and tuhp. of go, with the AGLET-BABY, n. A small image on the AGO'ING. [The participle prefix a.] of a lace. Shak. top In motion, as to set a mill agoing ; or AG'MINAL, a. [L. agmen, a troop or body about to go ready to go as, he is agoing from n.

agitates

;

also,

insurgeiu one who excites sedition or reIn antiquity, a chariotteer, that is, a volt. In Cromwell's time, certain offidriver. cers appointed by the army to manage

A name

;

fern,

;

;

;

;

t'. t. [If the jnimary sense is to he, or to rest, this is from Fr. gesir ; Norm. agiser, to be levant and couchant, from gtser, to lay or throw down whence gist, cast gistance, a casting. Class Gs. No. 18. If the primary signification is to feed, see Nos. 5, G, 10, "13, and 50. Ch. Class Gs.] In law, to take the cattle of others to graze, at a certain stun to feed or pastiu-e the of men arrayed, ago.] cattle of others used originally for the immediately. The latter use is vulgar. Pertaining to an army or troop. [Utile xised.] A'GON, n. [Gr.] feeding of cattle in the king's forest. Coicel. Blackstone. AG'NAIL, n. [ad and nail, or Sax. ange, The contest for the prize. [JVot used.] AGISTMENT, n. The taking and feeding pain, and nail. See JVail.] Sancroft. other men's cattle in the king's forest, or A disease of the nail a whitlow an inflam- AGONE, pp. agawn', [See Ago and Gone.] mation round the nail. on one's own land also, the price ])aid Bailey. Ago past since. [JVearly Obs.] It denotes also a bmfor such feeding. AG'NATE, a. [L. agnatus.] Related or akii rVG'ONISW, n. [Gr. ayuMri/
AGIST',

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

AG'ONIZE, pain

V.

To

t.

distress

with extreme

to torture.

;

Pope.

AGONIZING,

ppr. Suffering severe pain vvritliing witli torture. adv. With extreme an-

;

AGONIZINGLY, guish.

5.

;

ir.

r/g-/i,

"3.

In

See

Jld.}

In strictness, pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, sinii lar to those made in the athletic contesti in Greece. Hence, Extreme pahi of body or mind anguisli appropriately, the pangs of death, and the sufferings of our Savior in the garden of ;

;

Luke

Gethsemane. 3.

from w/u, L. ago.

a battle, conflict; Gr. oyutt^w, to

is

strive. 1.

;

xxii.

More.

Violent contest or striving. adv. In earnest. [J^/otused.] Sliak. n. [Qu. Sp. agudo, sliarp L. acii-

AGOOD'.

AGoUTY,

;

tus.]

A quadruped

of the order Rodcntia ; arranged by naturalists in the geims Caivia. It is of the size of a rabbit. The upper part of the body is brownish, with a mixture of red and black the belly yellowish. Three varieties are mentioned, all peculiar to ;

South America and the West Indies. It burrows in the ground, or in hollow trees lives on vegetables is voracious like a pig, and makes a similar grunting noise. It holds its meat in its tore paws, hke a squir-

;

;

When

rel.

erect,

hind

and

scared or angry,

it

its

hair

is

ground with it» white and well tast-

the

strikes

Its flesh is

feet.

ed. a.

[L.

agrarius, from ager.

a field.] Relating to lands.

Appropriately, denoting or pertaining to an equal division of lands as, the agranan laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands equally among all the citizens, limiting the quantity which each might enjoy Authors sometimes use tlie word as a ;

noun

;

an agranan,

for agrarian laiv.

Burke. An agrarian distribution of land or property, would make the rich, poor, but would not make the poor, rich.

AGREE', accord.

V.

i.

[Fr. agreer,

This

is

from

mmd

sense

is

[rhath]; Syr.

j

,;

W. rhaz,

;

radah, to go.]

To be of one mind ; to harmonize in opin ion. In the expediency of the law, all the parties agree. 2, To live in concord, or without contention as, parents and children agree well to 1.

;

gether. S. To yield assent

;

;

to

;

Didst thou not agree with

day

?

me

for a

penny

Mat. xx.

To agree on Vol. I.

act.

.bihn

Spenser.

pp. Being in concord or harof opinion of one mind. Can two walk together except they be agreed Amos. iii. Assented to admitted as, a proposition is

mony

;

:

ix.

be consistent; to harmonize; not to

contradict, or be repugnant. Their witness agreed not together.

2.

Mark

;

agreed

;

to.

3. Settled by consent ; implying bargain or xiv. contract ; as, the terms were agreed to, or This story agrees with what has been related by others. agreed upon. 8. To resemble ; to be similar as, the pic- AGREE'ING, ppr. Living in concord ; contiu'e does not agree with the original. curring ; assenting ; settling by consent. 9. To suit ; to be acconunodated or adapted AGREE'INGLY, adv. In conformity to. to ; as, tlie same food does not agree with [Little used.] n. Concord ; harmony every constitution. AGREE', V. t. To admit, or come to one conformity. What agreetnent hath the temple of God with mind concerning ; as, to agree the fact. idols. ? 2 Cor. vi. Also, to reconcile or make friends ; to ])ut an end to variance ; but these senses arc 2. Union of opinions or sentiments ; as, a good agreement subsists among the memunusual and hardly legitimate. Let the bers of' the council. parties agree the fact, is really elliptical 3. Resemblance ; conformity ; similitude. let them agree on the fact. Expansion and duration have this farther AGREEABIL'ITY, n. Easiness of disposiLocke. agreement. Chaucer tion. [JVot used.] Union of minds in regard to a transfer of AGREE' ABLE, a. Suitable; conformable 4. interest ; bargain ; compact ; contract : with the consistent ; as, ; correspondent stipulation. ])ractice of virtue is agreeable to the law of IVIake an agreement wiUi me by a present. God and our own nature. 2 Kings xviiL 2. In pursuance of; in conformity with as, He made an agreement for the purchase order the to the of the house day, agreeable of a house. took up the report of the committee. It Fr. a; AGRES'TIC, ^ "' [L. agrestis In this is not correctly followed Gy ivith. ES'TICAL, $ greste ; from L. ager, a sense, some writers use agreeably, for agreefiehl, or the same root.] able, but in violation of tiie true principles Rural ; rustic ; pertainmg to fields or the of construction for the word is an adjec country, in opposition to the city ; unpoltive or attribute, in agreement with the ished. Gregory. The house last clause of the sentence. AG'RICULTOR, n. [L. ager, a field, and took up the report of a committee, (which cultor, a cultivator.] to the order of taking tqi was) agreeable One whose occupation is to till the ground ; the day. The use of agreeably in this sena farmer a husbandman ; one skilled in tence would pervert the sense. husbandrv. 3. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses ; as AGRICUL'TUR.VL, a. Pertaining to husmanners fruit to the ; agreeable agreeable or the cidture of the earth. ;

AGREEMENT,

:

;

AGR

;

bandry, tillage, AG'RICULTURE, n. [L. ager, a field, and con; cultura, cultivation. See Acre and Cxdture.] as, the agreeable- In a consistency general sense, the cultivation of the ness of virtue to the laws of God. gromid, for the i)urpose of producing veg2. The quality of pleasing that quality etables, and fruits, for the use of man and which gives satisfaction or moderate beast or the art of preparing the soil, pleasure to the mind or senses as, an sowing and planting seeds, dressing the there is an agreeableness of manners In tliis plants, and removing the crops. agreeableness in the taste of certain fruits. sense, the word includes gardeningj or This is the usual sense of the word. horticulture, and also the raising and feed3. Resemblance hkeness ; with to or be a in more But ing of cattle, or stock. tween ; as. common and appropriate sense, it is used to The agreeableness between man and' other that species of cultivation which is signifyObs. Grew. parts of creation. intended to raise grain and other crops for AGREE'ABLY, adv. Pleasingly in an man and beast. It is equivalent to A u«ta7irfry. agreeable manner; in a manner to give Agriculture is the most general occupation of man. pleasure as, to be agreeably entertained with a discourse. .VGRICUL'TURISM, n. The art or science 2. Suitably of agriculture. [Little used.] consistently conformably The effect of which is, that marriages grow- AGRICULTURIST, n. One skilled in the less frequent, agreeably to tiie inaxim above a skUful art of cidtivating the ground laid down. husbandman. Paley. This is a gross error, proceeding from AG'RllMONY, n. [L. argemonia, from the w But in Gr. Thus it is ritten Plinv. mistake. Agreeably signifies, in an agreeby lower Latin it is written agrimonia. Said able manner ; but this is not the sense, nor to be fiom Gr. oi>yt^o, the web or pearl of does the « ord modify the verb grow. The the eye, from apyoj, white, which this plant sense is, marriages grow less frequent, was supposed to cure. See Theo))h. 887.] which [fact, or ^\ hole member of the sentence, or proposition] is agreeable to the -A. genus of plants, of several species. Of taste.

AGREE'ABLENESS, n. Suitableness formity

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

to approve or admit to ; as, to agree to an ofl'er, or an opinion. To settle by stipulation, the minds of parties being agreed, as to the terms as.

ioUowed by 4.

To

;

AGREE'D,

;

advancing,

from the same root as L. gradior

do an

•i.

This use of grossly erro-

neous. Alike in the same manner. Both anned agreeably. Obs.

;

;

The primary

;

Mat. v. Jigree witli thy adversaiy quickly. to con0. To come to one opinion or ; cur ; as, to agree on a place of meeting. from the This sense differs not essentially fourth, and it often unplies a resolving to

;

gre', will

contracted from Sp. agra-

dar, Port, id, to please, to gratify, whence agradable, agreeable fi-om the root of L gratia, W. rhad, grace, favor, that comes treely.

maxim above laid down. agreeably is common, but

;

Enn/c.

AGRA' RI AN,

To come

to a compromise of dift'erenccs

to be reconciled.

n. [Gr. oywi', a contest with boda word used to denote tlie ily exertion atliletic games, in Greece ; whence aywuo, 7.

AG'ONY,

anguish, soUcitude

A G R

A G R

A G R

articles

of partnership.

a

6

A G U

A

eupntoria or common agrimonv, and the odorata or sweet scented, are tlic tlic

these,

most

useful.

Enci/c.

n. In Chinrh history, the followers of Agripjiinus, hisliop of Carthage, in the third century, wiio first taught and defended the doctrine ofrebaptization.

plied to sassafras,

)'.

1.

To terrify [JVot in use.}

V. t.

frightful.

;

n.

A

[See Guise.]

To

[JVot in use.] n. Dress. [Ao/ in a.

€hilly

;

;

More. cold or

Granville. n. CliUliness

;

chalyheate Encyc.

genus of plants "of

several species, containing the common corn cockle, wild lychnis or campion, &c. n. [Gr. aypcofrj.] a genus of many species. AGROUND', '«rfr. [Of n," nt or on, and

AGROS'TIS, ;

ground.]

;

;

;

ogit,

or hoga,

horror; Arm.hegea, to shake Goth. agyan or ogan, to fear Ir. agh, agha or aghaim, to teai'. The radical idea is a shaking or shivering similar to that occasioned by terror.] fear,

( ^ \ and n. [From a, to, gxd, misj i Uo help. and Van neuf, the new year.] In Welsh, ced is a benefit, and the word form of rejoicing among the ancient was used to denote the aids of feudal tenFranks, on the first day of the year deants.] rived from the druidical custom of cutting To help to assist to support, either bj misleto, which was held sacred by the furnishing strength or means to effect a and on the first of the druids, day year, IJurpose, or to prevent or remove evil. consecrating it by crying, aguillaneuf, the AID, J). Help; succor; support; assistance. Waits. year to the misleto. This cry is said to lie still observed in some parts of France Q. The person who aids or yields support ; and the term came to signify also a beg a helper; an auxiliary; also the thing that aids or yields succor. ging of New Year's gifts. Encyc. 3. In English law, a subsidy or tax A'GUL, n. A species of the hedysarum. granted AH, An exclamation, expressive of surprise by parliament, and making a part of the expity, complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, king's revenue.

AGUILLANEUF', leto,

;

;

;

;

1.

Further forward than another thing in front originally a sea term, denoting fur tlier forward than another ship, or on the point to wliich the stem is directed, in op;

;

;

ogis, fear,

signifies to assist

A

,

[Sax. age,

^

or strengthen, and

4.

;

In France, aids are equivalent to customs, or duties on imports and exports. Encyc. In England, a tax jjaid by a tenant to his lord originallj- a mere gift, which af\er\vards became a right demandable by the ;

The

lord.

three.

aids of this kind

were

cliiefly

To ransom the lord when a To make the lord's eldest 3. To marry the lord's eld-

1.

2. prisoner. son a knight.

A

a'gn,

In Ar. jv U or jy j

juto.

A

»(.

;

Diet. ofJVat. Hist. AID, t). t. [Fr. aider, to help It. aiutare, which seems to be contracted from L. ad' - s

;

A'GUE,

large and beautiful specie" in Brazil ; its head beauti-

the quaUty

On the ground a marine term, signifying that the bottom of a ship rests on the ultation, &c., according to the manner of ground, for want of sutKcient depth of water. When the ground is near the utterance. shore, the ship is said to be ashore or 'AIPA. An exclamation expressing trimnph, but the stranded. contempt, or simple surprise senses are distinguished by very differ Q. Figuratively, stopped; impeded by insuent modes of utterance, and different mod perable obstacles. AGUAPE€A'€A, 7i. The Jacana, a Brazil- itlcations of features. sunk fence, not visible, without near ian bird, about the size of a pigeon. In 2. Mason. the extremity of each whig, it has asliarj) ipproach. name of the gar-fish. AllAN'IGER, n. prickle \\ liich is used for (lefense. Diet. ofJVat. Hist. AUEAD, adv. Med' [a andhead, oral head.] J.

H

variegated with yellow, red and violet colors its body green the tips of its wings red, and its tail long and vellow.

of being aguish.

Spenser.

I

fiilly

Spenser. use.]

somewhat

A

n.

of parrot, fomid

to

;

make A'GTJISHNESS,

AICU'RUS,

Ency, dress

shivering also, having the quaUties of an ague. Her aguish love now glows and burns.

n. A disease frequent in Bengal, and other parts of the E. Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves, becomes rough and sometimes covered with white

AGROSTEM'MA,

t.

Uncyc.

also, to

The remedy is some spots. liquor, or the juice of mint.

V.

febri-

Chaucei:

A'GROM,

Bent grass

adorn.

AGUI'SE, A'GUISH,

[Sax. agrisan.]

[JVot in use.]

A

fuge qualities.

AGUrSE,

AGRIPPIN'IANS,

AGRiSE, To shivei-. AGRISE,

A

I

on account of its

Blackslone.

est daughter. .').

Ij.

An

aiddecamp, so called by abbieviation.

To pray

in aid, in law, is to call in a jierson interested in a title, to assist in defending it. Thus a tenant for life may pray

t?! the aid of him in remainder or reversion ; that is, he may pray or petition that Mar. Diet. position to astern. he may be jfiined in the suit to aid or help Onward; fiirward; towards the point bemaintain the title. This act or jietition is fore the stem or head ; as, move ahead. 1. The cold tit which ])recedes a fever, or a Cowel. Blackstone. called aid-prayer. paroxysm of fever in intermittents. It is 3. Headlong without restraint ; in'ocijiitaiitrun ahead. Court children sufTei-ed to as, ly of aids, in France, is a court which has acconq)aiiied with shivering. cognizance of causes respecting duties or 3. Chilliness ; a chill, or state of [.Vo< used.] L'Estrange.

fear,

'2.

;

;

shaking

3.

with cold, though in health. It is used fur a periodical fever, an

AHEI'GHT, inter- Aloft;

whether

quotidian, tertian, or quartan. lu this case, the wonl, wliich signifies the preceding cold fit, is used for the disease. A'GUE, V. t. To cause a shivering in; to strike with a cold fit. Haywood. hard tumor on the A'GUE-€AKE, n. left side of the belly, lower than the false of interto be the eflect ribs; supposed mittent,

adv. [a

on high.

and

customs.

height.]

[.\'ot itsed.]

Sha1(.

A

poisonous serpent of Mexico, somewhat resembling the rattlesnake, Init destitute of rattles. Its poisoi is as fatal as that of any known species of

AHK'CYAT'LI,

n.

Encyc.

A'IDANCE, tle

71.

Aid help assistance. ;

;

A'IDANT, aid.

[Lit-

Shak.

used.] a.

Helping

;

[JVbt used.] n. phir.

A'IDDEeAMP,

helpful

;

supplying

Aiddecamps.

[Fr.,

but naturalized, and here anglicized.] In military affairs, an officer whose duty is to AHI'GH, adv. On high. [JVotused.] receive and communicate the orders of a A AIIO'LD, adv. Near the wind; as, to lay a Shak. general officer. [The pronunciation should ship ahold. [N'ot in tise.] be English, according to the orthography, trivial name synonymous AHOVAI, n. not aid de cong.] of with Cerhera, a very poisonous sj)ecies Enryr. mitting fevers. A'IDED, pp. Assisted; supported; furnish[ihim. A'GUEI), a. Chilly having a fit of agu'e ed with succor. Shah. .VHOY', Exclam. A sea term used in hail shivering with cold or tii-ar. A'IDF;R, n. One who helps; an assistant, A'GUE-FIT, n. A jiaroxysin of cold, or ing. or auxiliary. AHRIMAN. [See Ai-iman.] shivering chilliness. A'GUE-PROOF, n. Able to resist agues; AHUIT'LA, n. A worm found in the lake of A'IDING, ppr. Helping; assisting. aid: unMexico, four inches in lengtJi, as thick as A'IDLESS, a. Helpless; without ])roof against agues. Shak. AGUER'RY, v.t^[Fr.nguerrir; from guerre, a goose-quill the tail, which is hard and supjiorted undefended. n. In zoology, a Clavigero. A'IGUET, AIGRETTE, poisonous, contains a sting. war.] name of the small white heron. To inure to the hardships of war to in AHUIT'ZOTE, n. An amphibious quadruDid. o/JVai. Hist. struct in the art of war. ped of the tropical climate of America, [JVot in itse.] whose body is a foot long, its snout long 2. In botany. [See Egret.] Lyttleton and sharp, its skin of a mixed black and A'IGULET, n. [Fr. Usually contracted inA'GUE-SPELL, n. A charm or spell t. to aiglet, which see.] brown color. cm-e or ))revent ague. Clavigero. Gay. A'lA, n. A Brazilian fowl of the spoon-bill A point or tag, as at the ends of fringes. A'GUE- STRUCK, a. Struck with ague. kind, and resembling that bird in form and A'IKRAW, n. A ]iopular name of a species Hewyt Fam. of Plants. of lichen, or nio.'^s. Hist. size. Dici.nfJVat. A'GUE-TREE, n. A name sometimes

Encyi

serjjcnt.

A

:

;

;

;

;

ap-

;

AIR

AIR

[Sax. eglian, to be troubled, to be irksome egle, trouble, grief. In the Sax-

The lattwenty-tl]ird, or something less. ter is |)robahly the true proportion. Oxygen gas is called vital air. The body

AfL,

r.

I.

of air surrounding the earth

;

;

.-'

not what aits him. Wliat aileth thee, Hagar ? Gen. xxi. It is never used to express a specific disease. never say, he ails a pleurisy ;

We

but it is usual to say, he ails something he ails nothing nothing aits him.

;

;

Indisposition, or morbid affection. A'\L\NG, ppr. Diseased; indisposed; full

AIL,

of complaints.

morbid

word

3.

Disease indisposition of the body but the not appUed ordinarily to acute n.

is

fire

j

A

is

osiers play. lischarge air. Pope. .\'IRINESS, n. Exposure to a free current of air openness to the air; as, the airiutterance abroad publication ness of a country seat. publicity as, a story has taken air. '2. Vou gave it air before me. Gayety levity as, the airiness of young Dryden. persons. H'ind is used in like manner. A'IRING, ppr. Exposing to the air warmA tunc a short song or piece of music ing drying. ada])ted to words; also, the peculiar modn. An exposure to the air, or to ulation of the notes, which gives music iti^ AIRING, a fire, for warming or drying also, a walk character as, a soft air. A song or piece or ride in the open air; a short excursion. of poetry for singing also, the leading The exercise of horses in the oj)en aii". part of a tune, or that wliich is intended AIR-JACKET, n. A leather jacket, to to exhibit the greatest variety of melody. which are fastened bags or bladders filled The peculiar look, appearance, manner or with air, to render persons buoyant in mien of a person as, a heavy air ; the air swiuuning. Encyc. of youth a graceful air ; a lofty air. It a. Not open to a free current is applied to maimers or gestures, as well A'IRLESS, of air; wanting fresh air, or conimiuiicaas to features.

Vent

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

affection

R

Let vernal airs through trembling

n.

AILMENT,

I

heated or dried by exposure to a

;

ventilated. A'IRKI{, n. One who exposes to the air. called the A'IR-(jlUN, n. pneumatic engine, resembling a nuisket, to discharge buUets by atmosphere. The s|iecific gravity of air is Air meiuis of the elastic force of compressed to tluit of water, nearly as 1 to 8'28. air. is necessary to Ufe ; being inhaled into the Encyc. limgs, the oxygenous part is separated V'IR-IIOLDER, n. [Air anA hold.] from the azotic, and it is supposed to fur- .\n instrument fi)r holding air, for the purnish the body with heat and animation. pose of counteracting the pressure of a It is the medium of sounds and necessary decreasing coluiim of mercury. to combustion. Davy. Clayfield. Air in motion ; a light breeze. A'lR-IIOLE, H. An opening to admit or

;

on, it is impersonal.] To trouble to affect with uueasuiess, either of body or mind used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unI know known as, what ails the man ;

A air

;

;

diseases.

;

;

;

V. i. [Qu. Ir. oigham, to eye. Skin ner refers this word to the old Fr. esmei: If this was the orthography, I know not its

AIM,

;

;

;

aflinitie.s.]

To

point

;

with a missive weapon

at,

;

to d

rect the uitention or purpose ; to attempt to reach, or accomplish ; to tend toward to endeavor ; followed by at before the object ; as, a man aims at distinction ; or

aims

;

;

be rich.

to

To

direct or point as a weapon ; to direct to a particular object ; as, to aim 6. Airs, in the plural, is used to denote an afa musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow ; fected manner, show of pride, haughti to aim aWtire or a reflection at some perness when it is said of a he

AIM,

I'. /.

son or

vice.

The pointing or direction of a misAIM, the direction of any thing to sile weapon n.

;

a particular point or object, with a view 7. to strike or affect it ; as a spear, a blow, a

discourse or remark. Q. The point intended to be

tended to be affected

;

.'}.

8.

hit,

a

as,

his aim.

or object in-

man

missed

;

builds his

in air of

hope

your

fair

look Sliak:\

;

A

;

AIR-POISE, n. [Air and poise.] An instrmnent to measure the weight of the air.

information.

Obs.

sign .scheme as, men Bacon. pouited of their aim. 10. Different states of air are characterized 4. Conjecture; guess. by different epithets as, good air, foul air, It is impossible, by aim to tell it. [A'oi used.'] morning air, evening air ; and sometimes Spenser on Ireland. airs may have been used for ill-scent or AIMED,/)/). Pointed; directed; intended to strike or affect. vapor, but the use is not legitimate. To take the air, is to go abroad to walk or AIMER, n. One that aims. ride a little distance. A'IMING, ppr. Pointing a M-eapon at an To take air, is to be divulged to be made object directuig any thing to an object ;

n.

;

Who

;

;

air.

open

thoughtless, gay person. Jonson. The word*is used also to A'IR-PIPE, «. A pipe used to draw foul air puts from a ship's hold, by means of a commuexpress the artificial motions or carriage nication with the furnace, and the rareof a horse. faction of the air by fire. This pipe is inIn painting, that which expresses the Ufe ten
Qu. Obs. intention de 0. Advice intelligence are often disap-

Figuratively, a purpose

tion with

-V'lRLING,

person,

as, on airs.

;

AIR-PUMP,

A

n.

machine

for

exhausting

the air of a vessel. The machines for this piu'pose are of different constructions.

;

,

;

;

;

;

public. intending; purposinff. V. t. To expose to the air to give aca. AVithout aim. May. AIR, cess to the open air to ventilate as, to n. [Fr air; h.aer; Gr.ar^p; It. aria; air clothes to air a room. S|). ayre ; Port, ar ; Arm. ear, eir ; Ir. aer ;

A'IMLESS,

;

\1R,

;

;

;

2.

VV. aicyr; Ch. TIN; Syr.

Ar.

IjlJ

This word, falls

; j

j

in

;

Eth.

^^^,

the Shemitic

To expose

to heat ; to

warm

as, to

;

air\

liquors. i.

To

dry by a

fire

to expel

;

dampness;

as,

and Ch.,

The

to shine.

;

n.

Air bags in birds, which are

certahi receptacles of air, or vesicles lodged in the fleshy parts, in the hollow hones and in the abdomen, which all communicate with the lungs. These are supposed to render the body specifically lighter, and to supply the place of a nmscular dia-

phragm.

Encyc. n. A passage for air into a mine, usually ojiened in a perpendicular

AIR-SHAFT,

and meeting the ailits or hori~ zontal jiassage.s, to cause a free circiJation of fresh air through the mine. Encyc. direction,

A'lR-STIRRIXG,

to air linen.

under the root llN Heb. A'IRA,

n. Hair grass, a genus of plants. radical sense A'IR-BALLOON. [See Balloon.] to 0]>en, expand whence clear or to .VI R-15L ADDER, n. vesicle or cuticle flow, to shoot, to radiate.] filled with air also, the bladder of a fish. The fluid which we breathe. Air is ino-' Arbitthnot.

languages,

A'IR-SACS,

A

;

a.

Puttmgthe

tion.

A'IR-THREAD,

A name

air

m

mor May.

given to tlie spider's webs, which are often seen floatji.

ing in the air. These filaments are attached to the tops or ends of branches of shrubs or trees, and serve to supjiort the Congreve. spiiler when in quest of prey. Encyc. AIR-BRAVING, a. Braving the wuids. ed, and condensed. Shak. AIR-THREATENING, a. Threatenine the air; lofty. .ttmospheric air is a compound fluid, con- A'IR-BUILT, a. Erected in the air; havTodd. chimerical as, .\ IR-VESSEL, 7!. A spiral duct in plants sisting of oxygen gas, and nitrogen or azo-j ing no solid foundation te the proportion of each is stated an air-built castle oiV-iinVt hopes. containing air, and supposed to be analobyj ehimists differently some experiments! AIR-DRAWN, a. Drawn in air imasinathe to in animals. gous lungs Encyc. Shak. .V'lRV, a. Consisting of air : as, an airy making the oxygen a twenty-eighth part' ry. of a hundred others, not more than a' A'IRED, pp. Exposed to air cleansed substance. by ;

1.

dorous, invisible, insipid, colorless, elastic, possessed of gravity, easily moved, rarefi-

A'IR-BORN,

a.

Born of the

air.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A K

ALA

I

Relating or belonging to air; high in air;

2.

as,

an airy flight airy region. to a free current ot" air ;

Open

3.

as,

;

an airy

situation. ;

;

;

5.

ALAMO'DE

noun.]

According

A'KING,

Light as air ; resembhng air thin un substantial without solidity ; as, ain/ ghosts. An airy dress is one which admits air, and is cool.

4.

ALB

properties; as, envy and jealousy are near akin. [This adjective is used only after the

Having continued pain

ppr.

fering distress

A'KING,

;

mind. in Arabic,

ALAND', AL'ARM,

ty

;

light

of heart;

lively

;

as,

and Icvi an ajn/girl.

A'IRY, or

Among

A'ery, n. [See Jlery.] sportsme7i, the nest of the

hawk

or

eagle.

A'IRY-FLYING,

a.

Flying hke

AILE,

Pronounced

n.

sometimes a contraction

in English, is

of the Saxon

eethel,

He.

[Fr.

Germ, alt, old. L. ala.] the composition of Latin words, is Al, quire a walk in a church written before I for ad, for the ease of pro [Sax. aizon, from L. aizoon. nunciation as, in allevo, alludo, for ad levo, It seems to be composed of Gr. au, always. aile,

a

wing

m

;

The wing of a AIZO'ON, n.

;

;

Sax. aa, Eng. aye, and |uor, living.] genus of plants, called by Miller sempervive. The name has, by some writers, been applied to the house leek and to the aloes Encyc. AJA'VA, n. The seed of a plant brought from Malabar, said to be an excellent carminative, and very useful in the colic.

A

Qi/tnci/.

AJU'GA,

Bugle, a genus of plants.

n.

Encyr

n. A species of American parrot, of a green color, with eyes of a fiery red, encircled with wliite.

\JU'RU-€ATINGA, AJU'RII-€URAU,

n.

An American

parrot,

of a hvely green color, with a blue crown the throat, and sides of the head, of a fine

ad

or granidar

fibrous

foliated,

and are of a pure white

Among

the

ancients, alabaster

was

a vessel in which odoriferous li quors were kejtt so called from the stone of which it w as made. Also, the name of a measure, containing ten ounces of wine ;

or nine of oil.

Encyc. a.

Macquer.

Made of

Pliny. alabaster, or

ajouter, to join.]

properly written

ALACK',

exclam. [Per.

dition, destruction,

^5\.^halaka, i)erand alaksadan, to per-

ish.]

ncfte.

[Sax. All exclamation expressive of sorrow. ALACK'ADAY. An exclamation uttered to 1. To be in p;iiu usually, in pain of some con express regret or sorrow. tinuance. n. Briskness. [JVot 9. To teel distress of mind to be grieved ALAC'RIOUSNESS, used.] as, the heart akes. AKE, n. Continued pain, less severe than ALA€'RITY, n. [L. alacritas, from alacer,

4.

ake.

See

Jlche.]

;

;

alacris.^ expressed by pang, agony, and torment more the tooth-aie bead-aie. It is com Cheerfulness gayety sprighthness usually, a cheerful reacUness ur j^rompti in composition with the name tude to do some act cheerful willingness of the part afl^ected, as head-ake. as, the soldiers advanced with alacrity to A'KER, n. [Gr. aypoj; L. ager; Sax. acer, is

;

;

as,

;

;

;

pronounced aker Germ, acker. correct orthography is aker.] ;

yards,

making one hundred

sixty square rods, perches or polo this is the quantity of land it contains

United States of America.

[See

o. [a or of and kin. See Kin.] Related by blood, used of persons ; as, the two families are near akin. Allied by nature partaking of the same

AKIN',

%

to

;

of danger with anxiety

fill

;

ALARM-BELL, tice

A

Ji.

bell

that gives no-

of danger.

AL'ARMED, pp.

Notified of sudden danger surprised with fear ; roused to vigilance or activity by apprehension of approaching danger soUcitous at the prospect or expectation of evil. Thus, we are alarmed at the a|)proach of danger, or alarmed for the safety of friends at sea. AL' ARMING, ppr. Giving notice of approaching danger rousing to vigilance ; exciting solicitude by a prospect of evil. AL'ARMING, a. Exciting apprehension ; territying awakening a sense of danger; as, an alarming message. AL'ARMINGLY, adv. Whh alarm in a manner to excite apprehension. AL'ARMIST, n. One that excites alarm. ;

;

;

;

Encyc. mineral; diopsemi-transparent pyroxene. A variety with twelve sided prisms, wai Ibund by Bonvoisin, near the village of Ala in Piedmont, and by liim called Alaside

;

AL> ARM-WATCH,

;

ALAMODAl.'ITY,

n. Conformity to the pre\ ailing luode, or fashion of the times. [Little used.]

Encyc.

A

n. watch that .strikes the hour by regulated movement. Herbert. for alarm, is a corruption, and is not til be used. ALAS' ex. [Dutch helaas ; Fr. helas.]

An

exclamation expressive of sorrow,

grief,

pity, concern, or apprehension of evil sometimes followed by day or while ; alas the day, like alack a day or alas the tchile, {Obs. Spenser.) expressing an unhappy

;

;

time.

ALA'TE, adv. ALA'TED, a.

Lately. [JVot used.] [L. ala, a

wing;

alatus,

wing-

ed.]

Winged

;

having dilatations

AL'ATERN,

Cleaveland.

The

lowest note but one, in Guido Aretine's scale of music. John.'ion. n.

n.

ALARUM,

a

lite.

A

place to which troops are to repair in cases of an alarm.

AL'ARM-POST,

;

Mohammedans. AL'ALITE, n. A crystalized

ALAMIRE',

Jia-e.] 1.

To call to arms for defense, To surprise with apprehension

by the prospect of evil.

meet the enemy. The most ALAD'INISTS. Free thinkers among the

Orighially an open field. But in G. Britain, the quantity of land in the aker is fixed by statute at four thousand eight hundred and

in the

Dryden. ;

to disturb with terror

monly used

forty square

arms.

fire

;

3.

;

and and

to

surprise with fear or terror as, or the enemy excited an alarm. Terror a sensation excited by an appre-

the

;

tube fitted to the mouth of a vessel. through which the water of a fountain to be played. less

Sudden

also the

name of

n. A small parrot of AmerAddison resembling it. of a beautiful green, with the beak Alabaslrum dendroide, a kind of laminated and circlets of the eyes white. alabaster, variegated with figures of shrubs Diet ofj^at. Hist. and trees, foiuid in the province of HohenAJUTAGE, or AD'JUTAgE, n. [Fr. from stein. Encyc

V. i.,

soimd an alarm.

A summon

'.i.

safety.

more

legs

pronounced

as, to 2.

structure, 9.

color, or

generally they present shades of yellow red or brown, in undidating or concentric Cleaveland. stripes, or in spots.

ica,

ace,

cation.]

hension of danger, from whatever cause ; AL'ABASTER, n. [L. from Gr. aXoSafpor] as, we felt an alarm at the cry of fire. A sidj-variety of carbonate of lune, found in 5. In /f»!ci»!g-, an ajjpeal or challenge. Encyc. large masses, formed by the deposition of AL'ARM, V. t. T
AJU'RU-PARA,

AKE,

;

Any sound, outcry or information, intended to give notice of approaching danger

\.

liido.

AL'ABASTER,

yellow.

bustle,

gives the true origin and primary signifi-

noble or illustrious.

generally al, in composition, is a con traction of aid or alt, old, and it is prefix ed to many names, as Alburg. Sax. eald

hoods, Sidney.

Fr. alarme, alarmer ; Sp. alarmo. alarmar ; It. atlarme, allartnare ; W. alarm, a great shout, compounded of al, very, most, and garm, an outciy. The Welsh

koran or the book by alchimy, alembic, almanac, &c.

AL,

land.

«.

[Dan. lami, noise, alarm ; larmer, to make a noise or bustle, to alarm; G. Idrm, liirmen, kl ; Sw. larm,

;

More

air.

Thomson. or

AISLE,

English

At or on

adv.

larma, id

as, alkoran, the eminence ; alcove,

the

A thin glossy silk for

n.

scarfs, &,c.

;

nite, like the

prevaihng mode Whitlock.

pain, or distress of

;

;

to the fashion or

ALAMO'DE,

an adjective or inseparable AL, Without reality having no solid founda prefix, answering to the Itahan il, and S|). tion vain trifling as, an airy scheinc el and la. Its use is to render nouns defi-

airy notions. 6. Gay; sprightly; full of vivacity

A

fashion.]

suf-

of mind, or grief

Contmued

n.

;

adv. [Fr. a la mode, after the

n.

A

trivial

like

name

wings. Botany. of a species

of rhamnus or buckthorn. n. [L. albus, Gr. a/nf^os, white.] surplice or vestment of white linen, reach-

ALB,

A

ing to the

worn by the Romish clerTurkish coin, called also an one hundred and twelve mills.

feet,

Also a gy. asper, value

ALB

A L C

A L C

[h. albugo, the white AL'BATROS, n. An aquatic fowl, belong ALBUgIN'EOUS, spot in the eye, from albus white.] ing to the order of an.sers. The bill is the upper mandible crooked at tlie Pertaining to or resembhng the wliite of the strait the Encyc. eye, or of an egg. point, and the lower one truncated nostrils are oval, open and Uttle promi- Albugineous humor, the aqueous humor oftlie Encyc. (^uincy. eye. nent, and placed on the sides the wings are pennated, and there are three webbed ALBU'GO, n. The white speck in the eye, called the film, haw, dragon, pearl or toes on each foot. The upper part of the Also a disease of the eye, occacicatrice. body is of a spotted brown, and the belly sioned by a white opake spot growing on white. It is of the size of a pelican or the cornea and obstructing vision. It is on fish and lai-ger, very voracious, preying called also leuconia, nebula, pannus ocuU, small water fowls. These fowls are seen, in great numbers, about the capes of the onyx, unguis, &c. Quincy. Encyc. two continents, and on the northern shores ALBU'LA, n. A species of truttaceous fish, The Atbula Indica is destitute of teeth. of Asia. They are sometimes called the called by the Dutch wit-fish, and is of the great gull. Encyc. The Albula nobilis is a size of a herring. ALBE'IT, [This is supposed to be a comfish caught in the lakes of Germany. of all, fceand il, and is equivalent to a.

:

;

;

Egyptian privet, used by the Turkish females to give a golden color to the nails and hair. Infused in water, it forms a yellow color with vinegar, it forms a red. From the beiTies is extracted an oil, used in medicine. In Cairo, it forms an article of commerce. Encyc. Theophrast. AL'€ATRAZ, n. The Spanish name of the Pelecanus Onocrotakis of Liniie ; a pelican also a fish taken on the coast of India. Span. Did. ALCAV'ALA, n. In Spain, a tax on every ;

;

transfer of property, real or personal.

Encyc.

ALCE'DO, The king

;

;

[This word

is

AL'BELEN,

now n.

A

fish

of the truttaceous or

five

German

2.

lakes,

or six pounds.

Did. ofJ^at.

A

board

Hist.

A

book, originally blank, in which foreigners or strangers insert autographs of celebrated persons, or in which friends insert pieces as memorials for each other.

ALBES'CENT, n. [L. albesco, to grow white.] ALBU'MEN, Becoming white, or rather, whitish ; modEncyc. erately white. AL'BI€ORE, n. [Port, albacor; al and

table,

or register, on which the names of public officers and pubhc transactions were entered. Lat. Diet.

antiquated.]

trout kind, found in the

weighing

Diet. ofJVaf. Hist.

AL'BUM, n. [L. albus, white.] 1. Among the Romans, a white

n.

[L.

The white of an

from

A

alhis, white.]

substance is a egg. chief constituent in all animal sohds. Ure. ALBU'MINOUS, a. Pertaining to, or havhacoro, .1 little pig.] ing tlie properties of albumen. marine fish, like a tumiy, noted for follow- AL'BURN, n. from ( [L. alburnum, albus,

ALBIciEN'SES, ALBEtiEOIS,

n.

ALBURNUM,

A

party of Reformers, who separated from the church of Rome, in the 12th century so a small called from the Albegeoie, territory in France, where they resided. They are sometimes confounded with the Waldensts; but they were prior to them in time, diflfer-

The white and

ed from them

in

some of their

tenets,

and

resided in a different part of France. Tlie catholics made war u])on them, and they gradu.illy dwindled, till the reformation, wlien tlie remains of them fell in with the followers of ZuingUus and the Genevan Protestants. Encyc.

cyon.

AL'BURN,

A

n.

[L.

albumus,

from

albus,

white.] fish called the bleak.

It belongs to the order of abdominals, and the genus CypriIt is five or six inches in length, and nus.

esteemed delicious food. are

made of

its

Artificial pearls

scales.

Encyc. [Arabic]

Relatmg to alchimy, or produced by it.

a.

\ S

adv. In the

maimer of

alchimv.

AL'€HIMIST,

n.

One who

practices al-

chimy.

AL€HIMIST'IC, AL€HIMIST'I€AL,

) a.

S

Practicing alchi-

my, or

AL'€HIMY,

n.

[It.

alchimia

and Ia^a^S) kimia,

;

secret,

the occult art, from

Ar.

al, the,

hidden,

,

or

kamai, to

See Chimistry.]

hide. 1.

relating to

Burke, Rev.

it.

between

annually acquiring hardness, and becomMilne. ing wood.

The

AL€H1M'I€ALLY,

In Amerthe inner bark and the wood. This is ica, it is popularly called the sap.

;

;

AL€HIM'le, AL€11IM'1CAL,

like

white.] , i softer part of wood,

[L.]

a genus of birds, of the species are numerous. They usually live about rivers, feeding on fish, which they take by darting into the water with surprising velocity. [See Hal-

pound

admit, or grant it all.] it so admit all that although ; notwithstanding. Whereas ye say, the Lord saith it, albeit I have not spoken. Ez. xiii.

Be

n.

fisher

order of Picse.

The more sublime and

difficult parts

of

and chiefly such as relate to the transmutation of metals into gold, the finding a universal remedy for diseases, and an alkahest or universal solvent, and other This things now treated as ridiculous. chimistry,

pretended science was much cultivated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, is now held in contempt.

but

AL'€AHEST, or AL'KAHEST, n. 2. Formerly, a mixed metal used for utenA pretended universal dissolvent, or men- sils. struum. [See Alkahest.] ALCMA'NIAN, a. Pertaining to Alcman, a consist of an white mineral, color, opake ALCA'IC, a. Pertahiiiig to Alcfeus, a Lyric lyric poet of the twenty-seventh Olyming of aggregated crj'staline latnins, found poet of Mityleiie, in Lesbos, who ffourished piad, celebrated for his amorous verses. in Bohemia. about the forty-fourth Olympiad or to The Alcmanian verse consisted of two dacThis is regarded as a variety of apophyllite. other poets of the same name, of which Encyc. tyls and two trochees. Werner. Cleaveland. three are mentioned one an Athenian n. A quadruped of America, nearly AL'€0, ALBI'NO, »i. [L. albits, white.] tragic poet, and anotlier a Messenian. resembling a dog, but mute and melanA white descendant of black parents, or a ALCA'ICS, n. plu. Several kinds of verse, and this circum-stance seems to choly white person belonging to a race of blacks. so called from Alcfeus, their inventor. One have given rise to the fable that dogs, transA person unnaturally white. kind consists of five feet, a spondee or become mute. The ported to America, ALBI'NOS, n. A name signifying white iambic, an iambic, a long syllable and two aiiiiiinl was used for food by the native men, given by the Portuguese to the white dactyls. Encyc. Americans, and the first Spanish settlers ; negroes of Africa. The color of this race AL€A'ID, n. It is but it is said to lie now extinct. [8p. alcayde-; Port, alcaide ; Ar. appears hke that of persons affected with ~ , . s known also by the name of Tcchichi. leprosy and the negroes look upon then Ov J I i' kaidon, with the prefix al, fi-om ^ i" Ctavigero. as monsters. Encyc. AL'BION, n. An ancient name of England to lead, rule, govern. Hence the Cadi of ALCOHOL, ?i. [Ar. J.3:v^ kahala; Heb. It is supposed this still used ill jioetry. name was given to it on account of its the Turks.] Syr. and Eth. SriD, to paint with a prepawhite cliffs. Among the Moors, Spaniards and Portu- ration of powder of antimony. The oriALBO'RA, 71. A sort of itch or rather lep- guese, a governor. In Portugal, the chief ental females still practice the painting of also the civil magistrate of a town or city the eye brows with this material. The rosy, terminating without ulceration, but with fetid evacuations in the mouth and jurisdiction of certain judges of appeal. name was applied to this substance, and In Spain, the governor of a castle or fort nostrils. afterwards to other fine powders, and to Quiiifi/. Span, and Port. Diet. ALBO'RO, n. The erythrinus, a small red also a jailer. highly rectified spirits.] fisb of the Mediterranean. ALCAN'NA, n. [Arabic.] A plant and a Pure or highly rectified spirit, obtained from fermented liquors by distillation. It conDiet, of .Vat. Hist. powder, prepared from the leaves of the AL'BIN,

A

n. [L. alius, white.]

;

;

;

;

I.

;

:

;

In general, aldermen have the powers of a justice of the peace, and, with the mayor, they constitute the court of the In most of our cities, they corporation. are annually elected by the citizens.

and owgcii. ^isjs liyili'Ogcn, It is extroiiioly light and iiiflaiiiiiiable, and a powerful stiinuiaiit and antiseptic. Tliis

tion.

carhoii

but oritlic usual sense of the word Arabic, it signified a fine impalis still pable powder, in which sense it used. Enajc. ALeOHOL'IC, a. Pertaining to alcohol, or Med. its qualities. of Rep. partaking is

;

<,'inally, in

ALCOHOLIZATION,

n.

The

AL'DERMANLY,

Sw. 1.

also, to reduce a substance phlegniated to an impalpable powder. A small star adjoining n. [Ar.] to the large bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa Major. Encyc.

AL€0'VE,

t^jj

kabba,

with an arch, and its an arch, a round Iteuse Eng.

to arch, to construct

derivatives,

;

cubhy.] recess, or part of a room, separated by an estrade, or partition of coluuuis, or by other corresponding ornaments ; in which

A

is

placed a bed of state, and sometime

The bed is sometimes seats for company. raised two or three steps, with a rail at the These are frequent in Spain. foot. il.

A recess in a library, or small apartment for books.

AL'CYON, fisher.

n.

A

Sax.

Encyc.

A

Fr. auiif, anhie

;

desired.

i)la-

A'LE-FED, A'LE-GAR, ale

;

and bishops, imjdying superior wisdom or authority. Thus, Ethelstan, duke of the East-Aiigli

was called alderman of all England and there were aldermen of cities, counwho had jurisdiction ties, and castles,

ans,

witliin tlieir respective districts, ij.

In present usage, a magistrate or officer of a town coi-porate, ne.xt in rank 'below the mayor. The ninnber of aldermen is diflt-r In London the ent in djfierent cities. iiumhcr is twenty-six, one in each ward,

and the

office is held for life. Coioel.

Encyc. Spelman. In the United Slates, the iiund)er of alderthe charters of incorpora-

men depends on

;

[jVo< used.] n. In Turkey,

to lessen

n.

Costmary, a plant, a spe-

ALEM'BIC,

Fed with

a.

n.

[ale,

ale.

n.

and Fr.

Stafford. aigre, sour.]

[D. eiloof a plant used in

;

to

who Mohammed,

an

officer

bears the green standard of when the Sultan appears in public.

n.

ul

[Ar.

and

Encyc. oi or

^xjl

5 of (JjxAj^ a chimical vessel.] A.

;

also to archbishops

To hghten

t.

ALEMB'DAR,

the acid of ale.

A'LE-HOOF,

The title was applied to princes su])erior. ilukes, earls, senators and presiding magis-

11.

assuage.

Tanacetum.

cies of

Sour

ALEGGE,

Ad of Pari.

A'LE-€OST,

;

;

Bacon.

day.

a?)-.]

;

Encyc.

;

[cde

officer in

tree, usually growing in moist land, and irewing.] belonging to the geiuis Alnus. The name Ground-ivy, the glechoma hederacea, of is a])plied also to some sjiecies of other Linne. The leaves of this plant are used to genera. clarify and give flavor to ale. Lee. Encyc. .XLD'ERMAN, n. plu. Aldermen. [Sax. aid or eald, old, comp, alder, older, and man ; A'LE-IIOUSE, Ji. A house where ale is reand hence a tijiling house. G. alt ; D. oud.] tailed n. One who }. Among our Saxon Ancestors, a senior or ALE-HOUSE-KEEPER,

trates

alewife, phi. alewives.

n. [Gr. aXfxrpvur, a cock, and licivrtta, divination.] An ancient practice of foretelling events by means of a cock. The twenty four letters were laid on the ground, and a grain of corn on each a cock was then permitted to pick up the grains, and the letters under the grains selected, being formed into words, were supposed to foretel the event Encyc.

London, whose business is to inspect the measures used in public houses, Four to ))revent frauds in selling liquors. of these are chosen annually by the livery men, in common hall, on midsummer

J.

;

is

pronunciation

ALECTRYOM'ANCY,

or see.]

An

somewhat resembling a

[L. alnus

vol. 2. 131.]

fish, belonging to the genus It Clupea, and called Clupea Serrata. The estabhshed resembles the herring.

Ben

A'LE-€ONNER,

lateral

Encyc. )i.

and Baddam's Memoirs,

An American

A

of the king

land.

cil ;

A

of Science. ALCYO'NIUM, n. The name of a submaAlso a kind rine plant, or bastard spunge. in Engfound of astroit or coral, a fossil

aL'DER,

G.

ALEE', adv. [a or at and lee. See Lee.'] Jonson. In seaman^s language, on the side opposite to the wind, that is, ojiposite to the side on Medicated Ales are those winch are ])repared which it strikes. Tlie helm of a ship is for medicinal purposes, by an infusion oil alee, when pressed close to the lee side. herbs during fermentation. Encyc. bench in or before an Hard (dec or luff (dee, is an order to put the A'LE-BENCH, n. helm to the lee .side. Homilies. ale house. that is, the helm is alee, a notice ALE-BERRY, n. beverage, made by Helm's alee, of given as an order to the seamen to cause boiling ale with i])ice, sugar and sops the head-sails to shake in the wind, with Johnson. bread. to a view bring the ship about. Mar. Did. A'LE-BREWER, n. One whose occupation A'LEuER, a. [Fr., Sp. alegre ; L. alacer.] is to brew ale. and con, to know Gay cheerful sprightly. [N'ot used.] n.

n. [Supra.]

fossil zoophite, fungus.

;

Ir. olarn, to

merry meeting in English coimtry from the liquor drank.

ces, so called

[See Halcyon.]

AL'CYON ITE,

A

name

trivio'

Qu.

Ir. ol.

;

made from an infusion of malt by A It differs from beer, in fermentation. having a smaller proportion of hops. It is of different sorts, chiefly pale and broum the first made from malt slightly dried the second, from malt more considerably Ale was the connnon dried or roasted. drink of the ancient inhabitants of Europe. but someIt is usually made with barley times with wheat, rye, millet, oats, &c.

A

1.

ol

[Sp. alcoba,

composed of a/, with the Ar.

or A'LOOF, n. [This word is properly aloof, the IntUan name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maiz iix America, Phil. Trans. No. 142. p. 1065.

drink.] liquor

;

[See Koran and Alkoran.] ji.

ale house.

A'LEWIFE,

:

;

or

Dan.

;

A woman who

)i.

;

AL'€OR,

\L'€OVE

ul

Steeped or soaked in Shak. keeps an

a.

ale.

ALE-WIFE,

Simft.

AL'PERN, a. Made of Alder. ALE, 71. [Sax. eeda, eale, or alofh

act of recti-

ALE-WASHED,

Pertaining to or like

a.

an alilerman.

fying spirit, till it is w holly dephlegniatedt; or of redueuig a substance to an impalpable powder. AL'€OHOLIZE, r. t. To convert into alcohol; to rectify spirit till it is wholly de-

ALeORAN.

ALE

ALE

L D

V of

chimical vessel used in distillation usually made of glass or copper. Tlie bottom part containing the liquor to be distilled, is called the cucurbit ; the upper part wliicli receiiesand condenses the steam, is called the head, the beak of which is fitted to the The head is more neck of a receiver. This vessel is not properly the alembic. so generally used now, as the worm still

keeps an ale-house.

;

and

retort.

A

ALENGTll', adv. [a and length.] pot companion. Chaucer. At full length alono stretched at full length. Chaucer. A'LE-SHOT, n. reckoning to be jjaid for VLEP'IDOTE, [Gr. a priv. and Asrtis, ale. a scale.] Lord the to A'LE-SILVER, n. A duty paid Any fish whose skin is not covered with Mayor of London, by the sellers of ale scales. within the city. ALERT', a. [Fr. alerte ; Sp. a/erio, vigilant, be A'LE-STAKE, n. A stake set as a sisrn watchfid, estaralerta, to be on the watch.] Chaucer. tore an ale-house. active in

A'LE-KNIGHT,

n.

:

A

1.

A'LE-TASTER,

n.

An

officer api>ointed in

every court leet, and sworn, to inspect ale, beer and bread, and examine the quality and quantity within the precincts of the

mented.

;

vigilant

n.

A

vat in

which

ale

is

fer

;

vigilance. alert,

sur-

prise or danger. 2.

Brisk

;

nimble

;

moving with

Coivel.

lordship.

\'LE-VAT,

Watchtid

Hence the military phrase, upon the upon the watch, guarding against

ALERT'NESS, sprightliiiess

;

ii.

celerity.

Spectator^ Brisktiess; nimbleness;

levity.

Addison.

A L

A L G ALEUROM'ANCY,

>i.

[Gr.

a^ivjiov,

A L

I

commonly the letters are made to represent

sjnnbols, whii-h are

meal,

2.

Belonging Estranged

one

to

1

who

is

not a citizen.

3. of the al|>habet, foreign not allied adverse to numbers and (luaiitities. It takes an unof divination by meal, used by the as, j)rinciples alien from our reUgion, known quantity sought, as if granted A'LIEN, n. dlytn. A foreigner one born in, ancients. Encyc. ALEUTIAN, or ALEU'TI€, a. Designating and, by means of one or more quantities or belonging to, another country ; one certain isles intlie Pacific ocean, eastward w ho is not a denizen, or entitled to the given, proceeds till the quantity supposed is discovered, by some other known quanof Kamtscliatka, extending northeastward privileges of a citizen. towards America. The word is formed 2. In tity to which it is equal. scripture, one who is a stranger to the from «/ei(/, which, in Russian, is a bald This science was of Oiiental discovery ; but church of Christ, or to the covenant of whether among the Arabians or Indians, rock. Tooke. Pinkcrton. grace. is uncertain. At that time, ye were without Christ, beALEX^ANDERS, n. The name of a i)lant } a. of the genus Smyrniuin. Pertaining to algeing aliens from the commonweahh of Israel. MxMfnherg. ALgEBRATC, bra Eph. ii. containing an ALEXANDER'SFOOT, n. The name of a ALgEBRAT€AL, of or deduced from In France, a child born of residents who are operation Algebra, plant. not citizen.s, is an alien. In Great Britain, ALEX'ANDRIAN, n. Pertaining to Alexan- such operation. the children of aliens horn in that co\mThere are many cities of this name, Algebraic curve, a figure whose intercepted dria. diameters bear always the same projiorThe term in various parts of the earth. try, are mostly natural born subjects and the children of British subjects, owing altion to their respective ordinates. is often applied as an attribute, or used as Bailey. who is n. One versed in or a noun, for one who professed legiance to the crown of England, though taught ALgEBRA'IST, born in other countries, are natural sidithe science of algebra. the sciences in the school of Alexandria, in Egypt a [ilace highly celebrated for its AL'GENEB, n. A fixed star of the second jects, and entitled to the privileges of resident citizens. Blackslone. macnitude, in the right side of Perseus literature and magnificence, and whose Long. 27° 4G' 12" of Taurus Lat. 30° 05 Alien-duty, a tax upon goods imported by library, it is said, consisted of 700,000 28" North. ahens, beyond the duty on the like goods volumes. The Persians and Turks write Encyc. a discriminating for Alexander, Scander, or Sconder ; and ALtiERlNE', n. [from Algiers.] A native of imported by citizens for Alexandria, Scanderona ; hence Scanduty on the tonnage of .ships belonging to Algiers, a city and a government on the coast of Africa. aliens, or any extra duties unposed by laws deroon, a sea port in Syria. or edicts on ahens. ALEXANDRINE, or "ALEXANDRIAN, ALliERiNE', a. Belonging to Algiers. n. A kind of verse, consisting of twelve AL'GlD, a. [L. algidus.] Cold. [.Vot used.} A'LIEN, I , n r i ?(. A fixed star of the third mag ALIE'NE, \ "' '• fL. aheno.] syllables, or of twelve and thirteen alter AL'GOL, Medusa's in Perseus; 1. To transfer title or property to another called in a written so called from nitude, head, poem nately to sell. French on the hfe of Alexander. This Long. 21° 50' 42" of Taurus Lat. 2.3° 23' Nor could he aliene the estate, even witli 47" North. Encyc species of verse is pecnhar to modern the consent of the Lord. Blackstone. n. [Lat.] Among physicians, an poetry, but well adapted to epic poems. AL'GOR, The Alexandrine in English consists of unusual coldness in any p^t of the bod3'. 2. To estrange to make averse or indifferent to turn the affections from. twelve syllables, and is less used than this ALGORITHM, or AL'GORISM, n. An The was aliened from all prince droughts of kind of verse is among the French, ^vhose Arabic term, signifying numerical com tlie marriage. Clarendon. tragedies are generally composed of Alex)mtation, or the six operations of arith- In this sense, it is more connnon to use andrines. Johnson. Encyc. metic. Pope. Dryden.

and

fiaveiia, divination.]

A kind

;

;

;

:

;

;

;


;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

:

;

tlienate.

n. [Gr. aSttSu, to expel, AL'GOUS, a. [L. alga, sea weed.] Pertaining to sea weed ; aboimding with, or poison.] like sea weed. Expelling poison ; antidotal sudorific that lias the quality of expelling poison or iidec- ALHEN'NA, n. [See Alkenna.] tion bv sweat. A'LIAS, [L.] Otherwise ; as in this exammedicine that ple, Simson alias Smith ; a ^vord used in ALEXI'PII-ARJIIC, )i. ifitended to obviate the effects of ])oison judicial proceedings to connect the different names bj' which a person is called an antidote to poison or infection. By the who attemjits to conceal his true name, Greeks, the word was used for an amulet. and pass under a fictitious one. Qkuici/. Encyc. .second writ, or execution, ALEXITER'I€, > a. [Gr. aXf|J, to expel A'LIAS, 7!. issued when the first has failed to enforce! and *)j7i);T>;pioi», poiALEXITE'RL\L, ) the judgment. son.]

ALEXIPH^ARMIC, and

ALIENABILITY, n. The capacity of bemg alienated or transferred. The alienability of the domain.

^jap/iaxoi',

;

;

A

:

A

Resisting poison;

venom.

obviating the effects of| AL'IBI, (^vincy. Enci/c place

ALEXITERTC,

)n.

ALEXITER'lCAL,

$

poison, or the bite of

nearly

Used

A

sist

medicine to the

effects

[L.]

Elsewhere

;

in

another

A'LIENATE, v. t. [L. alieno.] 1. To transfer title, property another

as, to alienate

;

or right to or sove-

lands,

reignty. 2.

a law term. When a person is charged with an oflense, and he prove tluit he could not have committed it, be cause lie was, at the time, in anotlier place, he is said to prove an alibi. The ]).ut of

re-

;

To

estrange: to withdraw, as the affei-tions to make inditferent or averse, where ;

love or friendship before subsisted ; with to alienate the heart or affec; as, tions ; to alienate a man from the friends of his youth. a plea or allegation, which avers the party 3. To ap])ly to a wrong use. to have been in another place, is also Tfiey shall not alienate the first fruits of the called an alibi. land. Ezek. xlviii.

of

venomous animals

n.

Burke.

a. That may be sold, or transferred to another ; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the State. A'LIENAgE, n. The state of being an alien. Why restore estates, forfeitable on account of Storu. alienage ?

A'LIENABLE,

;

synonymous with altxiphnniiic. by the Greeks for an amulet. or AL'GAROTH, n. The

also

AL'GAROT,

name of an

from

emetic powder, prepared from the regulus of antimony, dissolved A'LIEN, a. eilycn, [L. alienus, from alius, A'LIENATE, a. [L. alienatus.] in acids, and separated by repeated lotions W. Estranged withdraw u from another Ir. aile, eile, oile, another stranger in warm water. It is either an Arab Arm. eel, all, all, other, and ail, second with/rojii. term, or the name of the inventor, a phyHence, L. eguile : Corn, gele ; Gr. a»o;. O alienate from God, O spirit accurst. sician of Verona. whence Quincy. Encyc. to another; ;

;

;

;

to

;

;

S

AL'GEBRA,

n.

[Ar. al

and

(J

alieno,

,

duction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from the verb, which signifies to consolidate; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. 13J, to be strong.] The science of quantity in general, or uni versal arithmetic. Algebra is a genera ijiethod of computation, in which signs and

alienate; cUter, L. alterno, to alter, to and alterco, altercor, to altercate.

Fr. alterer, to alter

^i., the re-

alternate,

Eth.

Vl^A kalea, to whence edivs, another,

1.

alter, to

change

the the .second being lost, except in the Cor See nish and Armoric, as it is in all. Cla.ss Gl. No. 36, and Ludolf, 387.] Foreign not belonging to the same coun-' try, land or government. first letter

;

Milton.

The whigs were

;

ALIENA'TION, 1.

;

2. 3.

4.

A

transfer of

alienate from truth.

n.

Swif.

[L. a/uDoho.]

or a legal conveyance of property to another. title

;

The state of being alienated. witlubawing or estrangement, the heart or affections.

A

Dehrium ties

;

;

derangement of mental

insgnitv.

as of facul-

Ifnokir,

A L

K

A L

I

ALIMENTA'TION,

Alknatlon -office, in Great-Britain, is an office to wl'iich all writs of covenant and enlevied and recovetry, on wliich fines are ries surtered, are carried, to have fines for

and paid thereon.

2.

n.

A L K

The

or

act

power

a.

perties of an alkah

of affording nutriment. The state of being nourished.

Bacon.

Johitson.

ALIMO'NIOUS,

ALKALES'CENT, AL'KALI,

Tending

to the pro-

slightly alkaline.

;

Alkahes. [Ar. tsXi'

n. phi.

ka-

with the common prefix, the plant called glass wort, from its use in the manufacture of glass; or the ashes of the plant, Warlon. AL'IMONY, n. [L. alimonia, ofalo, to feed. transfers property. which seems to be its primitive sense, for ALIENEE', 11. One to whom the title to See Aliment.] An allowance made for the support of a the verb signifies to fry.] property is transferred. If the alienee enters and keeps possession. woman, legally separated from her hus- In chimisti-y, a term applied to all bodies which possess the following properties : band. The sum is fixed by the proper Blackstone 2. volatihzable by 1. a caustic taste ALI'FE, adv. [a or on and life.'] judge, and granted out of the husband's heat 3. capability of combining with Shak. estate. Blackstone. On my life. acids, and of destroying their acidity 4. ALIF'EROU?*, a. [L. ala, wing, and fero. AL'IPED, a. [L. ala, wing, and pes, foot.] to bear.] solubility in water, even when combined Wing-footed having the toes connected by with carbonic acid 5. capability of cona membrane, which serves as a wing. Having wings. verting vegetable blues to green. AL'IFORM, a. [L. cda, wing, and forma. AL'IPED, n. [Supra.] Thomson. An animal whose toes are connected by a shape.] Having the shape of a wing ; a term ajiplied membrane, and which thus sei-ve for The term was formerly confined to three to a certain process and muscles of the substances 1. potash or vegetable fixed wings a cheiropter as, the bat. alkah, generally obtained from the ashes Dumeril. body, as the pterygoid process, and the muscles arising from that process. of wood 2. soda or mineral fixed alkaAL'IQUANT, a. [L. aliquantum, a little.] h, which is found in the earth and procuIn arithmetic, an aliquant number or part is ALlG'EROUS, a. [L. ala wing, and gero, to that which does not measure another red from marine plants and 3. ammonia or volatile alkali, an anunal product. carry.] number without a remainder. Thus 5 is Having wings. an aliquant part of 16, for 3 times 5 is 15, Modern chiiiiistry has discovered many new substances to which the term is now exALIGHT, V. i. [Sax. alihtan, gelihtan, Hh a remainder 1. leaving See LAght] tan. tended. ALIQUOT, a. [L.] or descend, as from on \. To get down An aliquot part of a number or quantity is The alkaUes were formerly considered as horseback or from a carriage. elementary substances; but it is now asone wliich will measure it without a re2. To descend and settle certained that they are all compoimds. as, a flying bird mainder. Thus 5 is the aliquot part of 15 The alkahes are used in the manufacture of altghfs on a tree. a. [From ale.] A'LISH, 3. To fall or descend and lodge ; as, snow glass and soap, in bleaching and in mediLike ale; having the quahties of ale. on a roof. cine. alienation set

A'LIENATOR,

n.

One

Encyc.

that aUenates or Nourishing

a.

[See Alimony.]

aflbrding food.

;

li,

[Little used.]

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

alights

Mortimer.

See Like.] a. [Sax. gelic. v. t. To form, or to convert ALI'VE, a. [Sax. gelifian, to Uve, from li- AL'KALIFY, into an alkali. Having resemblance or similitude similar. 9ec Life.] _^aH,tolive. v. i. To become an alkah. The darkness and the light are both alike to 1. AL'KALIFY, to in dead life, Having opposition living Ps. xiii. thee. ALKALIG'ENOUS, a. [Alkali, and yimaa, being in a state in which the organs perto generate.] form their functions, and the fluids move, [This adjective never precedes the noun which or generating alkali. it whether in animals or vegetables as, the Producing qualifes.] ALKALIM'ETER, n. [Alkali and Gr. ;«;ALI'KE, flf/(i. Ill the same manner, form or man or plant is alive. tpov, measure.] 2. Ill a state of action degree. unextinguished vm

ALI'KE,

;

:

;

;

;

We

are all alike concerned in religion. fashioneth their hearts alike. Ps. xxxiii.

He

ALI'KE-MINDED, mind

;

but like-minded

destroyed tioii

same

the

a.

Having is more generally

;

n. [L. alimentum, Ir. alaim, ailim, olaim,

from ah,

to

to feed

or

nurse.] Tliat which nourishes food ; nutriment ; any thmg wliich feeds or adds to a substance, animal or vegetable, in natural ;

;

as,

;

sprightly

;

;

;

in force or

company were

as, the

opera

alive.

lively

;

full

of alac-

all alive.

Susceptible ; easily impressed ; having lively feehngs, as when the mind is solicitous about some event ; as, one is alive to

whatever .5.

;

unexpired

;

keep the process

Cheerful rity

4.

used.

AL'IMENT, feed

3.

is

Exhibiting motion or movuig bodies in

The

city

was

all

when

the General en

Supplying food

;

ALIMENT' ARINESS,

n. The quality of sup))lying nutriment. ALIMENT'ARY, a. Pertaining to ahiiient or food having the quality of nourishing as, alimentary particles. Tlie alimentary canal, in animal bodies, is the great duct or intestine, by which ahitients are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts evacuated. .flUmentary law, among the Romans, was a law which obliged children to support ;

;

their parents. Encyc. Ohligatinn of aliment, in Scots law, is tlie natural obligation of parents to jirovide their children. for Encyc.

it

qualifes.]

AL'KAHEST,

n.

[Arab.] universal dissolvent a menstruum capa ble of dissolving every body, which Para and Van celsus Hehnont pretended they possessed. This pretense no longer imposes on the credulity of any man. The word is sometimes used for fixed salts

A

Having the properties of

a.

alkali.

ALKALIN'ITY, stitutes

n.

The quaUty which conThomson.

an alkah.

with alkah.

a.

Alkaline

06^.

;

impregnated

JVeivton. Boyle. n. The act of render-

ing alkaline by impregnating with an alkali.

that 6. In a scriptural sense, regenerated ; born has the quality of nourishing ; that furagain. nishes the materials for natural growth ; For this my son was dead and is alive. Luke is alimental alimental ; as, chyle sap. XV. ALIMENT'ALLY, adv. So as to serve for [This adjective always follows the noun which nourishment or food. a.

AL'KALINE,

ALKALIZA'TION, alive,

tered.

ALFMENT'AL,

instrument for ascertaining the strength of allvalies, or the quantity of alkali in potash and soda. Ure.

AL'KALIZATE,

interesting to a friend.

great nutnbers.

LTOWth.

An

;

volatilized.

Encyc.

ALKALES'CENCY, A tendency to become

n.

[See Alkali.] alkaUne or a tendency to the properties of an alkaU or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to be Ure. predominant. ;

;

AL'KALIZE,

r.

t.

[and formerly Alkali-

zate.]

To make

alkaline

;

to

perties of an alkali

AL'KANET, root

is

used

n. to

communicate the proby mixture.

to,

The

plant bugloss.

The

impart a deep red color to

oily substances, ointments, plasters,

&c. Encyc.

n. The winter cherry, a species of physalis. The plant bears a near resemblance to solanum, or nightshade. The berry is medicinal.

ALKEKEN'GI,

Chambers.

ALKEN'NA,

or

ALHEN'NA,

n.

Egyptian

privet, a species of Lawsonia. The pulverized leaves of this plant are much used by the eastern nations for staining their nails

yellow.

The powder, being

wet, forms a

for a paste, which is bound on the nails will last " night, and the color thus given several weeks. Encyc.

ALKERM'ES,

[Arab.

them

See Kermes.^

Jn pharmacy, a compound eordial, in tlio form of a confection, derived from the

kermes berries. Its other ingredients are said to be pippin-cider, rose water, sugar, ambergris, musk, cinnamon, aloes-wood,

and

pearls,

ALKER'VA,

ALL

ALL

ALL n.

leaf-gold.

Chambers. Qitj'na/. n. Arabic

by

the

sum of

sixpence

In the sense of although, as "all were it as the rest," and in the sense of just, or al the moment, as "all as his straying flock he fed," it is obsolete, or restricted to poetry. is all one is a phrase equivalent to the same thing in effect ; that is, it is wholly the same

thing. Encyc. of the All the better

name

An

It

too dear

Christi.

({uincy.

ter

;

that

>

\LL-BOUN'TIFUL,

\

\LL-CHA'N(iING,

ful

ALL-€0MM"ANDING, mand

ing;

a.

all.

Raleigh. in ev-

Complying

More.

ery respect.

ALL-€OMPO'SING,

That makes

a.

tranquil or peacefiil.

;

hending

all

a.

CompreGlanvilte.

things.

ALL-CONCEALING, a. Hiding orconcealhig

applied to persons or things. written by Mohammed, hi the dialect of the Koreish, which is the piu-est Arabic All in all is a phrase vhicli signifies, alli things to a person, or every thhig desked. but the Arabian language has suffered Thou shall be alt in all, and 1 in thee. sucli changes, since it was written, that Forever. JlfiUo7i. the language of the Alkoran is not now inWhen the words, and all, close an enumeratelligible to the Arabians themselves, withtion of particulars, the word all is either out being learnt like other dead languages. intensive, or is added as a general term to[ JViebuhr. Encyc. n. One who adheres express what is not enumerated as, a tree'

all.

Spenser.

ALL-CONQUERING,

]

That

a.

subdues Milton.

all.

;

ALL-CON'SCIOUS,

Conscious of

a.

a.

devours

;

\

That consumes

a.

all.

;

together, all at once, from somne, togeth-j Sliemitic '7J, from rhs tiHe ; Gr. oXoj See Lye under Somne. er. at once. calah, to be ended or com]deted, to ])er All in the wind, in seamen's language, is ai feet. The Welsli retains the first radical phrase denoting that the sails are parallel letter. This is radically the same word as with the course of the wind, so as to! heal ; for in Sw. hel, and in Dan. hele, signishake. Mar. Dict.i fy all, and these words are from the root of All is well is a watchman's phrase, express-i heal. See Call, Heal and tVholc] ing a state of safety. 1. Every one, or the whole number of parAll, in composition, enlarges the meaning, or ticulars. adds force to a word and it is generally 2. The whole quantity, extent, duration, more einphatical than most. In some inamount, r|uality, or degree as, all the stances, all is incorporated into words, as, wheat all tlie land all the year all the in almighty, already, always but in most strength. This word signifies then, the instances, it is an adjective prefixed to whole or entire thing, or all the parts or other words, but separated by a hyphen. which it. It ;

a.

Daring

to attempt every

Jonson.

thing.

\LL-DESTROY

ING,

a.

Destroying every Fanshaw.

thing.

ALL-DEVASTATING,

a.

Wasting every

thing.

ALL-DEVOURTNG,

Eating or consum-

a.

all.

ing

Pope.

ALL-DIMMING,

a.

Obscurmg every thing. Marston.

ALL-DISCOVERING,

a.

disclosing every thuig.

ALL-DISGRA'CED,

a.

Discovering or More.

Completely disgra-

ced.

Shak.

ALL-DISPENSTNG,

a.

Dispensing

.\LL-DIVI'NE,

o.

Supremely

excellent.

HoweU.

ALL-DIVI'NING,

ALL-DREAD ED,

a.

all

Foretelling

a.

;

compose

jiarticulars

always

Abandoned bv

ALL-ABAN'DONED,

pro|)erty.

ALL-AC€OM'PLISHED,

:

a.

all.!

Sk'elton.

ALL-ABHORRED,

Detested by

a.

a.

Shak. Fully accoin highly finish-

highest degree.

Pope.

ALL-EMBRA'CING, a.

a.

Embracing

Puttinj.'

Shak.

.

ALL-ENLIGHTENING, all

all

Crashaw. an end to all

things.

;

;

ALL-ELOQUENT,

ALL-END'ING,

This word, not only in popular language, plished whose education is but in the scriptures, often signifies, indefed or complete. initely, a large portion or number, or a ALL-ADMI'RING, a. Wholly admiring. great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died all Judea and all the region round ALL-ADVISED, a. Advised by all. about Jordan all men held John as a Tf'arhurfon prophet are not to be understood in a tSLL- APPROVED, a. Approved by all. literal sense, but as including a large part More.\ or very gi'eat numbers. for all a. ALL-ATO'NING, Atonhig ma-, This word is prefixed to many other Dryden.^ king complete atonement. to their as words, enlarge signification ALL-BEA'RING, o. Producing every thing ;

Shak. a. Of perfect or unlimited efficacy or efficiency. a. Eloquent in the

ALL-EFFI"CIENT,

things.

all.

things.

Fanshaw. Dreaded by aU.

;

;

aU

things; aflfording dispensation or permission. Milton. Dryden.

|

;

oi-

Pope.

ALL-DA'RING,

;

precedes the definitive adjectives, the, my, thy, his, our, your, their ; as, all the cattle' ; all my labor all thy goods ; all his wealth ; all our families ; all your citizens ; all their

j

Constraining Drayton.

all.

ALL-CONSU'MING,

fell, nest, eagles and all. L'Estrange} striclly to the letter of the Alkoran, rejecting all comments. The Persians arc At all is a phrase much used bj^ way of en-l forcement or em])hasis, usually in negativcl generally AUioranists the Turks, Arabs, or interrogative sentences. He has no] and Tartars admit a multitude of tradiambition at all ; that is, not in the least detions. ALKUS'SA, 71. A fish of the Silurus kind, gree. Has he any property at all? All and some, in Spenser, Mason interprets, with one beard only under the chin. one and all. But from Lye's Saxon Die-; Did. ofJVaf. Hist. tionary, it appears that the phrase is aj ALL, a. awl. [Sax. eal ; Dan. al G. all Sw. ail,; W. oil or holl Aim. oil ; Ir. corruption of the Sax. e»lle cet somne, all'

;

all

all-knowing.

ALL-CONSTRAINING,

;

;

all

Crashau:

ALL-COMPREHENSIVE,

;

;

infinite

Having com-

a.

or sovereigntv over

ALL-COMPLY

;

AL'KORANIST,

of

Perpetually changShak. ALL-CHEE'RING, a. That cheers all ; that gives gavetv or cheerfulness to all. Shak.

better by the

;

;

a.

ing-

equivalent to wholly the bet-

is

is,

Perfectly bouuti-

"'

bounty.

whole difference. AL'KORAN, n. [Arab, ul, the, and koran, ALL, n. The whole number; as, aW have not the same disposition that is, all men. book. The book by way of eminence, as we say the Bible. See Koran. It is pro- 2 The whole the entire thing the aggregate amount as, our all is at stake. nounced, I believe, by orientalists, alkoAnd ].,aban said, all tliat thou secst is mine.! raion.] Gen. xxxi. Tlie book which contains the Mohammedan doctrines of faith and practice. It was This adjective is much used as a noun, and

Palma

ALL-BOUN'TEOUS,

a.

Enlightening Cotton.

things.

ALL-ENRA'GED, a. Highlv enraged. Hall. ALL-FLA'MING, a. Flaming in all directions.

ALL-FOOL'S-DAY,

n.

ALL-FORGIVING,

a.

The

Beaumont. of April.

first

Forgiving or pardoning Dryden. ALL-F6URS, n. [all and/our.] A game at cards, played by two or four persons so called from the possession ot the four honors, by one person, who is then Marston.\ said to have all fours.

;

all.

|

;

;

;

:

already, alicays, all-prevailing. adv. Wholly; completely; entirely

ALL,

as all along all bedewed all over my friend is all for amusement I love my father alt. In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all so long, this word retains its ap" propriate sense as, he thought them six pence all too dear," that is^ he thought ;

;

;

;

;

Vol.

I.

omniparous.

ALL-BEAU TEOUS, ing

all

things.

ALL-BLASTING, ing or destroying

To go on all fours is to move or walk on foiu- legs, or on the two legs and two arms. Pope.\ Beholding or see- ALL-GI\"'ER, n. The giver of all things. Milton. Drayton: a. Completely good. Dryden. Blasting aU defam- ALL-GQOD', Marston. ALL-GQOD', n. The popular name of the

o.

ALL-BEHOLDING, a. all.

Perfectly beautiful.!

a.

:

ALL ALL-RULING,

Chdwpodium bonus Henrkus.

ALL-GRA'CIOUS, a. Perfeitly ALL-GUI'DING, a. Guiding or ex.

and Sax.

[all

a.

Governing

conducting Sandys.

ALL-SAGA'CIOUS,

hal, health.]

ALL-SAINTS-DAY,

a.

Having

of perfect discernment.

;

n.

ALL-SAN€'TIFYING,

person addressed.

ALL-HALLOWS,

or

All Saints day, the

of November

first

all

a

feast dedicated to all the saints in general. n. [tid, in Sax., is

ALL-HALLOW-TIDE, time.]

all

Gr.

sagacity

;

a.

Sanctifying the

a.

Saving

ALL-SEARCHING,

2.

Pervading South. seaching every thing. a. Seeing every tiling.

to set,

to fix, ;

1.

and

is,

and alloy ,'lllery were formerly used indifferently but 1 have recognized an entire distinction between them, ap])lying alloy to metals.]

Selden.

all.

a.

Fr.

dirtirently applied, that to make fast, to unite,

;

a feast

If'est.

ALL-SA'VING,

>.)jyu.

;

day of

first

The

allier, to alloy, Sp, ligar, seems to be directly from the i^.ligo, to bind but tliis may be the same word

things. Milton.

vhole.

n. ;

The

Shah

all.

N(jveniber, called also all hallows in honor of all the saints.

All health a phrase of salutation, expressing a wisli of all health or safety to the

ALL-HALLOW,

Praised by

a.

gracious.

all tilings.

ALL-HA'IL,

ALL

A L L Mercury ALL-PRA'ISED,

plant Good-Henry, or English

To make quiet; to pacify, or appease ; as, to allay the tumult of the passions, or to allay civil commotions. To

abate, mitigate, subdue or destroy ; allay grief or pain. Females, who soften and allay the bitterness

as, to

ALL-SEE'ING,

of adversity. Rawle. Dryden The time near All Saints, or November first. ALL-SEE'R, n. One that sees every thing. 3. To obtund or repress as acrimony as, to' ALL-HAP'Py, a. Completely happy. Shak. ALL-HE' AL, n. The popular name of sevallay the acrid qualities of a substance. ALL-SHA'KING, a. Shaking all things. 4. Formerly, to reduce the purity of; as, to eral plants. Shak. But, in this sense, alloy is allay metals. ALL-HE'ALING, a. Healbig all things. now exclusively used. [See Alloy.] Selden. ALL-SHUN'NED, a. Shunned by all. Shak. n. The .second day of n. Formerly, a baser metal mixed ALL-HELP'ING, a. Assisting all. Selden. ALL-SOULS-DAY, ALLA'Y, November a feast or solemnity held by with a finer but in this sense it is now ALL-HI'DING, a. Concealing all things. the church of Rome, to supplicate for the .

;

;

;

written

Shah.

ALL-HON'ORED, ALL-HURT'ING,

a.

Hurting

all

.

finite

a.

Liiitatmg

a.

Actuating

every More.

thing.

ALL-INFORM'ING, vital

all

by

a.

Interesting

ui

the hisliest degree.

ALL-INTERPRETING,

a.

Explaining ah Milton.

things.

ALL-JUDG'ING,

a. Judging all possesshig Rowe. the sovereign right of judging. Perfectly just. Perfectly kind or benevo;

ALL-JUST', a. ALL-KI'ND, a. lent.

ALL-KNO'WING, edge

;

thing

a.

Havuig

a.

Licensed

knowl-

all

omniscient.

Atlerhury.

ALL-LI'CENSED,

to

every Shak.

thing.

ALL-L6V'ING,

Of infinite

a.

ALL-MA'KING,

love.

onniific.

ALL-MATU'RING,

a.

Maturing

Of

a

ALL-MER'CIFUL,

all

;

Dri/den things

all

mercy or

KilUng or destroy

a.

Fanshaiv.

ing every thins.

ALL-OBE'DIENT, ALL-OBeY'ING, obedience from

all.

ALL-OBLIV'IOUS,

[See Obey.] Receiving Shak. a.

Causing

veying every thing.

ALL-TELL'ING,

without nuirmurs.

Mitford.

ALL-PENETRATING,

a.

Penetrating ev-

ery thing.

Stafford.

ALL-PER'FECT, having

all

a.

Completely perfect;

perfection.

ALL-PER'FE€TNESS, of the whole

;

.\LL-PIER'CING,

a.

ALL-POW'ERFUL, tent.

n.

The

perfection

More.

entire perfection.

Piercuig every thhig. Marston. a.

Almighty

;

where or over

omnipo Smfl.

a.

Triumphant eveJonson.

all.

Shak.

adored by

a.

Of

a.

infinite

;

AL'LANITE,

n.

a.

Alluring.

ALLEe'TIVE,

n.

Allurement.

mineral

or

ALLANTOID',

n.

1.

AL'LATRATE,

v.

dog.

t.

[L. allatro.] [J^'ot used.]

v.

f.

[L. allego,

Fr. allegucr

ad and

lego, to

Sp. alegar ; Port, allegar ; It. atlegare. This is only a modified application of the Eng. lay ; L. loco, to set, or throw. See Class L g.] To declare ; to affirm ; to assert to pro;

;

;

nounce with positiveness

;

as, to alledge

a

"3. To produce as an argument, plea or excuse to cite or quote as, to alledge the authority of a judge. ALLEDG'ED, pp. Affirmed asserted, ;

;

whether as a charge or a

ALLEDG'ER,

Stubbes.

t. [Sax. alecgan, alegan, to lay, to set, to depress, lecgayi, to lay, to cast or strike down ; G. legen, D. kggen, to lay :

n.

One who

plea.

affirms or de-

clares.

ALLEDoi'ING,

Asserting

ppr.

;

averring

;

declaring.

•ALLEGA'TION, 2.

thin rion

To bark, as a ALLA'Y, V.

[Xot used.]

fact.

[Gr.

a sausage, and aSo;, form.] membrane, situated between the choand anniios in quadrupeds, and forn ing one of the membranes which invest Ed. Encyc. the fetus in those animals.

aXXas,

A

and

used.]

[J^Tot

;

named from

Mr. Allan, of Edinburgh, who first recognized it as a distinct species. It is massive, of a brownish black color, and conchoidal A sdiceous oxyd of cerium. fracture. Ure. Cleaveland. Jameson.

ALLANTOIS'

the Shak.

as,

;

or black

Chaucer.

;

A

A

ease

;

little aidi,

ALLEe'TIVE,

send

nuneral, of a brown or green color, massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, and nearly opake, foinid in the Hartz near Elbingerode. Phillips. n.

The

white diver.

the highest worth.

AL'LAGITE,

act of quieting, or a state of rest after

;

n. ally.

ALLEDgE'

Jonson. or Milton. of

worth

[reducing by mixt-

a state of tranquillity disturbance abatement allay ment of grief.

Worshiped

all.

ALL-WOR'THY,

;

The

n.

Eliot.

a.

ALL-WOR'SHIPED,

abating

;

ALLA'YMENT,

Shak. AL'LE,

Possessed of hifinite wisSouth ALL-WIT'TED, a. Having all kinds of wit

Obscuring every

Enduring every thino

a.

Sandys Upholding all Beaumont.

ALL-WaTCH'ED, a. Watched throughout.

Kin^.

ALL-P.\'TIENT,

;

tranquillity ure. Obs.]

Sur-

Telling or divulging

ALL-TRIUMPHING, ry

;

Encompassing

every thing.

Shak a.

thing.

a.

things.

total obliv-

ion.

ALL-OBSCU'RING,

a.

[See Survey.]

ALL-SUSTA'INING,

Entirely obedient. Crashaw.

a.

a.

n.

a.

:

;

;

.ALLA'YER,

God.

ALL-SURVEY'ING,

compassion.

ALL-MUR'DERING,

pp. Layed at rest quieted tranqiulized abated [reduced by mixture. Obs.] n. He, or that, which allays. H'hitlock. ALLA'YING, ppr. Quieting reducing to

all-sufficient

the whole.

Dryden. perfect

ALLA'YED,

Hooker.

The

n.

ALL-SURROUND'ING,

ALL-WI'SE, More. dom.

Mailing or creating

a.

;

;

Hall. Sufficient to every

a.

of some mixture as, joy without allay. But alloy is now more generally used.

Complete or in

infinitelv ahle.

;

ALL-SUFFI"CIENT, Being

n.

ahilitv.

ALL-SUFFI''CIENT,

Sandys.

powers.

ALL-IN'TERESTING,

see.

all.

ALL-I'DOLIZING, a. Worshipmg any thing. ALL-SUFFI"CIENCY, Crashaw.

ALL-IM'ITATING,

which

alloy, souls of the faithful deceased. 2. That which allays, or abates the predomn. The berry of the pimento, inant qualities ; as, the allay of colors. Shak. ALL'-SPICE, a tree of the West Indies ; a spice of a J\/'eivton things. taste, and ag'reeably aro mildly pungent Shak. Also, abatement ; diminution by means matic.

Honored by

a.

3.

n.

Affirmation

positive

;

assertion or declaration. That which is affirmed or asserted that which is offered asa plea, e.xcuse or justification. ;

In ecclesiastical courts, a formal complaint, or declaration of charges.

ALLEGE. [See Alledge.] ALLEG'EABLE, a. That maybe

alledged.

Brown.

[JVot used.]

ALLE'GEAS,

or

manufactured

A LLE'GlAS,

in the

n.

A

stuflf

East Indies, of twu

ALL

ALL ALLE6'EMENT, n. Allegation. [JVbh'nuse." ALLEGHA'NEAN, a. Pertaining to the mountains ghenny.

calletl

ALLEGHA'NY,

or

Alleghany,

The

n.

Alle-

chief ridge of the

great chains of niountain.s which run from N. East to S. West through the middle and southern states of North America but, more appropriately, the main or unbroken ridge, which casts all the waters on one side to the east, and on the other side to the west. This ridge runs from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and chains extend through the U. States. This name is given also to the river Ohio, above its confluence with the Monongahela but improperly, as the Indian name of the river to its source is Ohio.

Claudite

of ad and

[Old Fr. from h.alligo, See LAege and

n.

bind.

to

Itgo,

ted

eased

;

more

;

mitiga-

ppr. Making lighter, or extenuating. n.

The

act of lightening,

allaying, or extenuating;

a lessening or

mitigation. 2.

That which lessens, mitigates or makes more tolerable; as, the .synq)athy of a friend is an alleviation of grief I have not wanted s\ich allevintinns of life, a? Dr. Johnson's letter friendship could supply. lo Mr. Hector. Boswell.

Encyc.

This use of alleviation is hardly leghimate without supplying some word expressing evil, as trouble, sorrow, &c. Without such alleviations of ihe cares or

;

See Light.]

troubles of ;

;

tolerable

ALLEVIATION,

movement

In music, a word denoting a brisk movement a sprightly jiart or strain the quickest except /7)Ts/o. Piu allegro is a still quicker

;

extenuated.

ALLE'VIATING,

[from allegro,] denotes, or time quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. Rousseau. Busby. ALLEGRO. [It. merry, cheerful It. leggiere ; S]). ligero ; Fr. leger, light, nimble.

;

is

rare.]

ALLEGRET'TO, in music, a

[This sense of the word

offense.

ALLEVIATED, p;>. Made lighter

;

ficiently delighted.

an

viate

rivos, pueri, sat prata biberunt.

jam Stop the currents, young men, the meadows have drank sufficiently that is, let music cease, our ears have been sufyour

:

ALLE'GIANCE,

A L L

yard. The distinction in scrijiture between a parable and an allegory, is said to be that a parable is a supposed history, and an allegory, a figurative description of real facts. An allegory is called a continued metaphor. The following fine in Virgil is an example of an allegory.

kimU, one of cotton, the other of various Enci/c. plants which are spun lik«; flax.

life.

ALLEVIATIVE,

;

n.

That which

mitigates.

[N'ot in use.]

AL'LEY, n. al'ly. [Fr. o//ee, a passage, from League.] Rousseau. Encyc. alter to go ; Jr. alladh. The tie or obligation of a subject to his movement. Literally, a passuig or going.] Prince or government; the duty of fidelity ALLELU'I.'VII, n. [Heb. H'-Mn, praise to Jah.] to a king, government or state. 1. A walk in a a narrow passage. Every garden a word used to denote 2. A narrow native or citizen owes nllegiance to the Praise to Jehovah passage or way in a city, as j)ious joy and exultation, chiefly in hynuis distinct from a public street. government under wliich he is born. and anthems. The Greeks retained the :l. A ])lace in London where stocks are This is called natural or implied allegiance, word in their E>.f'A.fii Irj, praise to lo which arises from the connection of a per Ash. bought and sold. son with the society in which he is born, probably a corruption of Jah. The Ro- ALLIACEOUS, a. [L. aUium, garlic.] mans retained the latter word in their and his duty to be a faitliful subject, inde Pertaining to album, or garlic having the lo triumphe. of of Barton. pendent any ex|>ress ])romise. Express properties garUc. ;

;

;

;

allegiance,

is

that obligation

ceeds from an express promise, or oath of fideUty.

Local or temporary allegiance is due from an alien to the goverinneut or state in which

he

in

;

<,

;

adv.

;

In a figurative

n.

The quaUty

ther place, a stranger. The Welsh allis thus rendered, and this seems to be the original word. Owen, M'elsh Diet.

of

v.

t.

to turn into allegory

To form an ;

from the same root as

giance

1.

perhaps

4.

man

being allegorical.

AL'LEGORIZE,

Belonging to the M: Germans, and to Alemannia,

;

bv way of allegory.

ALLEGOR'icALNESS,

[Fr. alliance, from allier, Her, to tie or unite, from L. ligo, Gr. %vyou; Sp.alianza; Vort. alianen ; It. alleanza ;

allegory the

;

as, to allegorize

history of a people.

Campbell. 2. To understand in an allegorical sense as, when a passage in a Avriter may be imderstood literally or figuratively, lie who gives it a e sense is said to figurath allegorize it. AL'LEGORIZE, v.i. To use allegory; as, a man mav allegorize, to i)lease his fancy.

n.

liege, league, alleclass L. g.] ; The relation or union between families, their country. The word is generally supcontracted by marriage. Dryden. posed lo be composed of aH and manni, all 2. The union between nations, contracted by men. Cluver, j). G8. This is iirobably an compact, treaty or league. error. The word is more probably com- 3. The treaty, league, or compact, which is posed of the Celtic all, other, the root of the instrmnent of confederacy someLatin alius and man, place ; one of anotimes the act of

describing by resemblances.

manner

ALLI'ANCE,

Diet, of Music.

dancing.

aimi, ancient

ALLE'6IANT, a. Loyal. [JVot used.] Shak. ) a. In the manner of alALLEGOR'l€, ALLEGOR'leAL, legory figurative

ALLEGOR'l€ALLY,

n.

ALLEMAN'Nl€,a.

Blackstone.

resides.

A

slow air in common time, or grave, solemn music, with a slow movement. Also a brisk c!ance, or a figure

which pro- ALLElMAND',

The name, Memanni, seems to have been fii'st given to the Germans who invaded Gaul ui the reign

;

of Augustus. Clurer, Germ. Jlntiq.

confederating. or connection of interests between persons, famihes, states or corpora-

Any union

an

tions; as,

alliance

between church and

state. 5.

The persons or parties allied as, men or Slates may secure any alliances in their ;

"

Addison. power. an eagle with- ALLI'.^NT, n. An ally. [Xol used.] out beak or feet, with expanded wings ff'otton. denoting Imiierialists vanquished and dis- ALLI"CIENCY, n. [Lai. allicio, ad and armed. lacio G. locken ; D. lokken ; Sw. locka ; Encyc. AL'LEGORIZED, pp. Turned into allegory, ALLEVEU'R, n. A small Swedish co'in, Dan. lokker ; L. allecto, elicio. Class or understood allegorically. value about a cent. Encyc. AL'LEGORIZING, /)/ir. Turning into alle- ALLE'VIATE, v. I. [Low L. tdlevio ; ad and The power of attracting any thing; attracFr. lever ; It. tion magnetism. [Little used.] Glanville. gory, or understandhig in an allegorical leva, to raise, levis, light

ALLER'ION,

n. In heraldry,

;!

;

;

sense.

AL'LEGORY,

A

n.

levare, to raise ; Sp. llevar, to carry, levantar, to raise, and levante, a rising, and the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, the east, so called from the rising of the sun, like orieyital, from orior, to rise ; Sa.x See Lift.] hlijian, to be eminent.

[Gr. aXKt;yofta, of aM.05, to speak, from ayopa, a

other, and ayopfuu, forum, an oration.]

figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by anotlier subject

resembling

it

in its

properties The principal subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or .speaker, by the resenibl.ince of the seconis dary to the primary subject.

and circumstances.

Allegory

words what hieroglyphics are iji paintWe have a fine example of an allein the eightieth psalm, in which God';* i-Joosen people are represented by a vineui

ing.

gory

1.

To make light

sense, as

it

but always in a figurative ; is not applied to material ob-

;

ALLI'CIENT,

n.

That which

ALLI'ED,

Connected by marriage,

pp.

treatv or similitude.

AL'LIGATE, bind.

See

attracts.

Robinson.

[.Yot used.]

v.

f.

[See Ally.]

ad and

[L. alligo, .illegiance, Liege,

ligo, to

League.]

To tie together to unite by some tie. ALLIGA'TION, n. The act of tying :

to-

To remove in part to lessen, miti- gether; the state of being tied. [Little , gate, or make easier to be endured ; apused.] rule of arithmetic, for finding the plied to evils ; as, to alleviate sorrow, pain, 2. price or value of coinpoimds consisting of ingrecarp, punishment, a burden, &c.; opposed to aggravate. dients of different values. Thus if a quanTo make less by representation ; to lessen tity of sugar, worth eight cents the pound, the magnitude or criminality ; to extenuand another quantity worth ten cents, are ate ; applied to moral conduct ; as, to allemixed, tlie question to be solved by alliga-

jects.

;

A

ALL Hon

is,

wliat

is tlie

ALL

value of

tlie

mixture by

the pound. Alligation is of two lands, medial and alternate ; medial, wlien the rate of a mixture is sought from the rates and quantities of the simjjles alternate, when the quantities of the simples are sought from the rates of the simples, and the rate of the mixture.

ALL

opake mineral, of a grayish, yellowish or reddish color, found in Norway con-

ALLOT'TING,

sidered as a variety of garnet. Its name is said to be given to it, as expressive of its changes of color before the blowpipe Gr. Cleaveland. aM.ni, other, and ;tpoia, color.

ALLOW,

ive,

;

n.

[L. allocutio, of

ad

n.

[Properly allagarto, from

Spanish and Portuguese

the

laf^arto,

lizard ; L. lacerta. The Latin word to be connected with lacertus, the

See Eloquence.]

loquor, to speak.

1.

;

3.

;

4.

:

;

;

;

•3.

;

;

;

Luke xi. Rom. vii. compensation :

;

3.

;

7.

afford, or grant as a

allow a dollar a day for wages. abate or deduct as, to allow a for tare or leakage.

To

;

To ])crmit to grant license to allow a son to be absent. ;

ALLOWABLE, as lawful,

not forbid

sum

as,

;

to

That may be pennittei or admitted as true and proper a.

•,.

not unlawful or unproper as. a certain degree of freedom is allowable

among

;

;

;

friends.

-VLLOWABLENESS, being allowable

;

The

n.

lawfulness

quality

of

exemptioti

;

from prohibition, or impropriety. South. ALLOWABLY, adv. In an allowable manner with proprietv. Loioth. ALLOWANCE, n. the act of allowing or ;

idinitting. 2.

Permission tion

3.

;

license

;

approbation

sanc-

;

usually slight approbation. Locke. Skak. Admission assent to a fact or state of Hooker. things a granting. ;

;

;

;

4. 5.

Freedom from

restraint indulgence. That which is allowed a portion appointa stated quantit}', as of food or drink : hence, in seamen^s language, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. Abatement deduction as, to make an allowance for the inexperience of youth. Established character; reputation; as, a Obs. Shak. pilot of approved allowance. To put upon allowv. t. ance to restrain or limit to a certain or of drink. quantity provisions

6.

;

;

7.

;

;

ed

;

;

To

as, to (J.

;

A

g.]

;

1.

"l.

L

To grant, give or yield as, to allow a servant his liberty to alloiu a pension. To admit as, to allow the truth of a ])roposition to allow a claun. To admit to own or acknowledge ; as, to alloiv the right of the President to displace officers. To approve, justify or sanction. Ye allow the deeds of your fathers. ;

aiu\

a

seems

;

See Lay. Class.

alluer.

;

ALLO€U'TION,

The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. An address a formal address as, of a arm General to his troo])s a Roman term, and the animal may be named from the rarely used in English. Addison. Encyc. re.semblance of his legs to arms.] ALLO'DIAL, a. Pertaining to allodium The American crocodile. This animal is of freehold free of rent or service held the lizard genus, having a long naked independent of a lord paramount oppo sed to feudal. Blackstone. body, four feet, with five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind, arm-l ALLODIAN is sometimes used, but is not ed with claws, and a serrated tail. The well authorized. Cowel mouth is very large, and furnished with ALLO'DIUM, n. [Fr. alleu, contr. word. the skin is brown, tough, sharp teeth According to O'Brien, in his Focaloir, or and, on the sides, covered with tubercles. Dictionary of the Irish, this word is the The largest of these animals grow to the Celtic allod, ancient. According to Pontlength of seventeen or eighteen feet. They op])idan, it is composed of all and odh, live in and about the rivers in warm cliall-property, or whole estate.] eat land which is the absolute mates, fish, and sometimes catch hogs, Freehold estate on the shore, or dogs which are swimming. property of the owner; real estate held In winter, they burrow in the earth, which, absolute independence, without being subenter work under water and to they upwards,! ject any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to lying torpid till si)riiig. The female lays a| In England, there is no allodial great number of eggs, which are deposited find. in the sand, aiid left to be hatched by the land, all land being held of the kin heat of the sun. but in the United States, most lands are Encyc. n. West India allodial. ALLIGATOR-PEAR, fruit, resembling a pear in shape, from one ALLONtiE', n. allunj'. [Fr. allonger, to to two pounds in weight, (Laurus Persea lengthen, to thrust, allonge, lengthened, of «rf and long.] Linne.) It contains within its rind a which 1. A a thrust made by yellow butyraceous substance, ])ass with a sword when the fruit is perfectly ripe, constitute.' steppnig forward and extending the arm an agreeable food. a term used in fencing, often contracted Encyc. ALLIG'ATURE, n. See Ligature, which is into lunge. the word in use. 2. A long rein, when a horse is trotted ui the Johnson. ALLI'NEMENT, )!. [Fr. alignement, a row, hand. a squaring, from ligne, line L. linea.] ALLOO', V. t. or i. To incite dogs by a call A reducing to a hne or to a square a state Phillips. of being in squares, in a line, or on a level [See the correct word, Halloo.] a line a row. Asiat. Res. Columbiad. AL'LOPHANE, n. [Gr. awoj, other, and A.L'LIOTH, Ji. A star in the tail of the great $atwo, to appear.] bear, much used for fincUng the latitiule at A mineral of a blue, and sometimes of a sea. Encyc. green or brown color, which occurs niasIt gelatiniALLISION, n. allizh'un. [L. allido, to dash .sive, or in imitative shapes. or strilie against, of ad and terfo, to hurt zes in acids. Ure. D. leed, a Allophane is a variety of clay, occurring by striking ; Ir. leas, a sore hurt D. beleedigen ; Ger. beleidigen, to hurt in amorphous, botryoidal or reniform Fr. blesser, to hurt. Lado forms its parmasses. Cleaveland. Class. L d. L s.] ticiple Icesus. ALLOT', t).<. [otadanilot; Sax. Mot. See A striking against as, the allision of the sea Lot.] Woodward. 1. To divide or (Ustribute by lot. against the shore. ALUTERA'TION, n. [L. ad and litera, a 2. To distribute, or jiarcel out in parts or porlettei-. tions or to distribute a share to each inThe repetition of the same letter at the bedividual concerned. ginning of two or more words immediately 3. To grant, as a portion to give, assign or each or short at interother, succeeding appoint in general. vals as/and g in the following line : Let every man be contented with that Fields ever fresh, and groves forever green. which providence allots to him. ALLIT'ERATIVE, a. Pertaining to, or ALLOT'MENT, n. That which is allotted; consisting in, alliteration. a share, jiart, or portion granted or disALLOeA'TION, n. [L. ad and locatio, a tributed that which is assigned by lot, or

ALLIGA'TOR,

ppr. Distributing by lot ; giving as portions; assigning. V. t. [Fr. alhuer, from louer ; L. to loco, W. llogi ; Norm. lay, set, place

;

;

;

;

ALLOWANCE, ;

Distress compelled allowance his crew.

tlie

captain of the ship to

;

;

;

;

;

ALLOW'ED, ^p. sented to

admitting

lish

Exchefiuer.

AL'LOCHROITE,

[See Allow.] Chambers. n.

A

ALLOT'TED, pp. ed

Johnson. mass-!

An amorphous,

pain, portion or place appropriated. In a field, there is an allotment for olives.

;

allotment

;

but

Distributed by

;

;

;

Granting; permitting; deapproving mdulging

V.

;

;

t.

base metals with gold or silver, to league or confederate Port. id. It. legare. observe that alloy and league, alliance, ally, are from the same root. Class L g.] To reduce the piuily of a metal, by mixing with it a portion of one less valuable as, to alloy gold with silver, or silver with ;

1.

We

;

;

copper.

To mix metals. To reduce or abate by

Lavoisier. mixture ; as, to broome. 3. lot ; grantalloy pleasure with misfortunes. "2.

ALLOY',

assigned.

ALLOT'TERY

;

;

by the act of God. 2.

permitted asapjiroved indulged ;

[Fr. allier, to unite or mix ; L. alligo, ad and ligo, to bind Gr. 'Kvyoa ; Sp. ligar, to tie or bind, to alloy or mix

ALLOY',

;

;

;

abated.

ducting.

;

See Local.] placing, from locus, ])lace. act of putting one thing to another hence its usual sense is the admission of an article of account, or an allowance made upon an account ; a term used in the Eng-

;

ALLOWING, /Jjon

;

The

;

appointed

Granted

admitted

used by Shakespeare for is not authorized by usage.

n.

A

baser metal mixed with a

finer.

is

2.

The uuxture of dilTorent metals

;

any me-

ALL fallic

compound

;

common

as,

no happiness

ALLU'VIAL,

sig

1.

iiification in cliimistry. 3.

Evil mixed witli good witliout alloy.

;

2.

is

ALLOY'AGE,

n.

A L M

A L M

its

this is

[Fr. alliage,

from

oilier.]

Tlie act of alloying metals, or the mixture of a baser metal with a finer, to reduce its metals. purity the act of mixing 2. The mixture of different metals. Lavoisier. ALLOY'ED, pp. aiixed reduced in purity debased abated by foreign mixture. ALLOY'ING, ppr. Mixing a baser metal

[See Alluvion.] Pertaining to alluvion added to land by the wash of water. Washed ashore or dow^l a stream formed by a current of water; as, alluvial ores; ;

and especially on walking sticks. Many of these are preserved in the cabinets of the curious. They are called by different Kirwan. nations, rimstocks, primstaries, runstocks, n. [h. alluvia, of ad and runslaffs, clogs, &c. lava or luo, alluo, to wash. The characters used are generally the Runic ;

alluvial soil.

1.

ALLU'VION,

ALLUVIUM,

;

calendars on pieces of wood, on swords, helves of axes, and various other utensils,

a.

)

5

See Lave.]

or Gothic. Junius.

The

insensible increase of earth on a ; shore, or bank of a river, by the force of ; water, as by a current or by waves. The ; owner of the land thus augmented has a with a finer, to reduce its purity ; abating right to the alluvial earth. 2. gradual washing or can-ying of earth by foreign mixture. ALL'SPICE. [See under the compounds or other substances to a shore or bank 1.

;

ALLY', reference

;

hint-

lier,

ALLU'MINOR,

n.

allumer, to light.

[Fr.

1.

See LAmner.]

One who

upon paper or and ornament to

colors or paints

parchment, giving letters

light

and

is now ALLU'RE,

This

Coivel.

figures. written limner.

bic

Encyc. Savary. n. A weight of two pounds, used to weigh saffron in several parts of

by something that appears desira-

That which allures or apparent good held forth, or n.

;

ALHJ'RING,/J/>r. Drawing; tempting; in viting by some real or apparent good. 2. a. Inviting having the quality of attract ing or tempting.

In au alluring

The

man-

quality of allur-

ing or tempting by the prospect of some good. [Rarely used.] ji. allkzhun. [Fr. fromaWwo, Low L. See Allude.\ reference to something not exjilicitly mena suggestion, by which a hint tioned something is applied or understood to be long to that which is not mentioned, by

ALLU'SION,

cut, in India, eighty feet long, and six or 3. seven broad called also cathuri. Encyc. ;

thing not fully expressed.

South.

adv. By way of allusion by implication, remote suggestion or insin-

ALLU'SIVELY,

;

Hammond.

uation. n.

The

[Rarely used.]

See

;

A

n. [al and f fyT';, greatest.] book or collection of problems in astron

omy and geometry, dra\ni up by Ptolemy. The same title has been given to other like kind.

«.

A

fine

Encyc.

deep red ocher, with

an admixtme of purple, very heavy, dense but friable, with a rough dusty .surface It is It is the sil atticum of the ancients. austere to the taste, astringent, melting in It ii the mouth and staining the skin. used as a paint and as a medicine. Encyc.

aL'MANACK, n.

[Ar. al

and

quality of being

Johnson. (^uincy. In Portugal, a measure by which wine is of which make a pipe. Encyc. [But in Portuguese it is written almudeT]

sold, twenty-six

AL'MAtiEST,

4.

Among

lapidaries,

ahnouds

of rock crystal, used

in

candlesticks, so called

blance to this

signify pieces

adorning branch from their resem-

fruit.

Encyc.

ALMOND-FURNACE, among fin-nace in

which the

refners, is a slags of htharge, left

reduced to lead, by the help of charcoal that is, according to modern chimistry, in wliich the oxyd of lead is deoxydized, and the metal revived.

in refining sUver, are ;

n. The tree which produces the almond. The leaves and flowers resemble those of the peach, but the

ALMOND-TREE,

^i^

manacli,

manack, a calendar, or diary.] A small book or table, containing a calen dar of days, weeks and months, with the means of some .similitude which is per times of the rising of the sun and moon, Burnet. ccivcd between them. ALLU'SIVE, a. Having reference to some- changes of the moon, ecUpses, hours of

allusive.

and mighty.

;

;

ALLU'SIVENESS,

[all

;

ALMA'GRA,

enticingly.

;

a.

Might.]

works of the

;

A

ALMIGHTY,

To form

;

;

n.

only.

;

;

adv.

;

;

m

operating, as a motive to action temptation ; enticement as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor. ALLU'RER, n. He, or that, which allures.

;

Omnipotence infipower an attribute of

;

;

ner

God

n.

or boundless

;

;

ALLU'RINGNESS,

nite

relation, as

;

;

ALLU'RINGLY,

Sp. Diet.

ALMI'GIITINESS,

L. ligo.]

between famihes by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league or confedeform a

;

;

real

Asia.

;

;

J,',

;

any

.\LME'NA,

match or confederate from ad and

unite, or

Egjpt, whose amuse company with

to

a relation by similitude, resem- Possessing all power omnipotent being of imlimited might being of boundless sufblance or friendship. J^Tote. This word is more generally used ui the passive form, ficiency appropriately applied to the Suas families are allied by blood or recipBeing. £reme to as Ml'GHTY, n. The Omnipotent God. powrocally, princes ally theijiselves erful states. AL'MOND, n. [Fr. amande ; It. mandola : ALLY' n. A prince or state united by treaty Sp. almendra ; Germ, mandel.] The fi-uit of the almond tree an ovate, or league a confederate. .Imes. The allies of Rome were slaves. compressed nut, perforated in the pores. It is either sweet or bitter. 2. One related by marriage or other tie but [It is popuseldom apphed to individuals, except to larly pronounced ammond.] their puldic capacity. JVicholson. Encyc. princes two near the basis of The glands ALLYING, ppr. Uniting by marriage or the tonsils,are called almonds, from their tongue, treaty. resemblance to that nut vulgularly, but AL'MA€ANTAR, n. [See Almucantar.] ALMADIE, n. A hark canoe used by the improperly, called the almotids of the ears, as they belong to the throat. Africans also a long boat used at Cali'i.

t. [Fr. leurrer, to decoy, from a lure.] To attempt to draw to to tempt by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable as, rewards allure men to l>rave danSometimes used in a bad sense, to ger. but in this sense entice is allure to evil more common. In Hosea, ii. 14, allure is used in its genuine sense in 2 Peter, ii. 18, in the sense of entice. ALLU'RED, pp. Tempted drawn, or in-

ALLU'REMENT,

To

is

occupation

singing and dancing.

[Fr. allier; reciprocal verb, s'al-

t.

translucent, sometimes transIt occurs crystahzed in the rhomdodecahedron. Phillips.

AL'ME, or AL'MA, n. Gnls in

racy.

Eiicyc,

leurre,

vited, ble.

V.

Her, to tie or unite.

at.

ing

to

[Fr.

l)arent.

;

a recent transaction.

n.

commonly

ALLUDE,

to

al-

and

In mineIt.] ralogy, precious garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color, of various shades, sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. It is

A

mass of substances collected by V. i. [L. alltido, to smile upon or 3. The make sport with, of ad and ludo, to play ; means of the action of water. In this alluvium was found the entire skeleL d.] Sp. Port, aludir ; It. alludere. Class Buckland. To refe'r to something not directly mcntion- ton of a whale. tioned to have reference ; to liint at by ALLU'VIOUS, a. The same as alluvial, and less frequently used. remote suggestions ; as, that story alludes

ALLU'DING, ppr. Having

A maker of

n.

manack.s.

AL'MANDINE,

the earth thus added.

ofaH.]

Tooke^s Russia.

Encyc.

ALMANACK-MAKER,

longer and more compressed, the green coat is thinner and drier when ripe, and the shell is not so rugged. Miller. ALMOND-WILLOW, n. A tree with leaves of a hght green on both sides. full tide, stated festivals of churches, stated Mason from Shenstonc. terms of courts, observations on the weathThis calen- AL'SIONER, n. [See .Hms.] er, &c. for the year ensuing. dar is sometimes published on one side of An officer whose duty is to distribute charity or ahns. By the ancient canons, every a single sheet, and called a sheet-almanack The Baltic nations formerly engraved their monastery was to dispose of a tenth of its fruit is

A L O

A L O

M

A L

income in alms to the poor, and all bishto keep an almoner. ops were obliged This title is sometimes given to a chapa ship or regilain as, the almoner of ment. The Lord Almoner, or Lord High Almoner, in England, is an ecclesiastical officer, who has the forfeiture generally a bishop, of all deodands, and the goods of selfnmrderers, which he is to distribute to the

AL'OES-WOOD,

teen degrees, used to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising or setand the variating, to find the amplitude tions of the compass. Encyc. Chambers

;

ALMU'DE,

71.

A

ALOET'IC, ALOET'IeAL,

of which twenty-six

[See Agallochum.]

Pertaming to aloe or partakmg of the

aloes

;

qualities of aloes.

ALOET'le,

wine measure

make

n.

I "• ^

in Portugal a pipe.

A medicine consisting chiefly

n.

of aloes.

ALOFT',

Port. Did.

adv. [a

and

Quincy See Lofl and

loft.

In scripture, a. tree or wood 1. Lvff.] AL'MUG, On high in the air high above the which the learned are al AL'GUM, I,S^ about ground as, the eagle soars aloft. not agreed. The most probable conjec- 2. In seamen's language, in the top at the ture is that the word denotes gummy or poor. head or on the higher yards or rigmast The Grand Almoner, in France, is the first resinous wood general. Hence on the upper part, as of a ging. and ecclesiastical dignitary, and has the super- The it translates ligna thyina, Vulgate building. Encyc intendence of hospitals. the Septuagint, ttrrought-ivood ; others, eb ALO'GIANS, 71. [a neg. and 7J>yo;, word.] 71. ren[Corrupted into amhry, aumony, bravil or pine, and the Rabbins In church history, a sect of ancient heretics, It was used for musical der it coral. bry, or aumery.] who denied Jesus Christ to be the Logos, The place where the almoner resides, or instruments, stair cases, &c. and consequently rejected the gospel of where the alms are distril>ute.oyo5.]^ Acts xxvi. Broivn. Oi softened Unreasonableness; absurdity. Ohs. 'ALMS, 11. cimz. [Sax. ahnes ; old Eng. AL'NAGE, )i. [Fr. aulnage, now an Gr. L. : arm, D. aumunes allein Fr. into u'Ktrr;, Germ, idna; ALO'NE, a. [alt and 07!e ; almesse ; Norm, almo'ignes aunage ; a cubit W. elin ; Ir. ^leleii, idle, or uilean, alleen ; Sw. allena ; Dan. a//f7ic.] D. aalmoes ; Sw. almosa ; Dan. almisse ; an elbow, a nook, or corner. See Etl.] without the presence of 1. Single ; solitary G. abnosen ; L. deemosyna : Gr. Atjjjitoswjj. another applied to a person or thing. The first appear to be from rttfu, A measuring by the ell. ^ n.

;

;

;

;

m

;

ALMONRY,

:

We

;

;

;

;

;

;

syllables

;

to pity.]

Any

the thing given gratintously to reheve money, food, or clothing, other-

AL'NAGER,

or

urer by the

ell

wise called charity. A lame man was laid

an alms

daily to ask

Acts iii. Cornelius gave much alms to the people Acts X. Tenure by free alms, or frank-almoign, in is England, is that by which the possessor bound to pray for the soul of the donor, whetlier dead or alive ; a tenure by which

AL'NAGAR, a

;

sworn

A

n.

meas whose

officer,

It is

Gen.

woolen duty was to inspect and measure This ofiice cloth, and fix upon it a seal.

jioor, as

that

applied to

man

should be alone.

follotvs its noun.]

two or more persons or

when separate fi-oni others, in a withplace or condition by themselves out company. And when they %vere aUne, he expounded all tilings to his disciples. Mark, iv. ;

Bacon

in the midst.

is

tilings,

A

wick

It

2.

Statute, 11. and 12. Will. No duty or office of this kind exists in the United States. cake of wax with the AL'NIGHT, n.

was abolished by

3.

AL'OE,

not good

ii.

[This adjective

.3.

n. al'o, plu. aloes, pronounced aloze, al'oez, in three syllables, ac-

Only.

niou whose name alone is Jehovah. Ps. Ixxxiii. most of the ancient monasteries and relicording to the Latin. [L. aloe Gr. aXorj Tills sense at first appears to be adverin England held their lands houses aloeIleb. Fr. aloe D'^HN It. Port. ; plu. gious Sp. whose name single, bial, but really is not as do the parochial clergy, and many trees.] ecclesiastical and eleemosynary establishsniitary, wilhout another, is Jehovah. agenusof monogynian hexanders To let alone is to suffer to rest to forbear ments at this day. Land thus held was Inbotany, of many species all natives of warm clifree from all rent or other service. molesting or meddling with to suffer to mates, and most of them, of the southern Bkickstone. remain in its present state. Alone, in this of Africa. which ALMS-BASKET; ALMS-BOX; ALMS- part the Mohammedans, the aloe is a phrase, is an adjective, the word to symlet let me alone it refers being omitted CHEST vessels appropriated to receive Among and in bohc plant, especially every Egypt them alone let it alone that is, suffer it alms. one who returns from a pilgrimage to to be unmolested, or to remain as it is, or 'ALMS-DEED, n. An act of charity a char Mecca, hangs it over his street door, as a let it remain by itself. itable gift. token that lie has performed the journey. ALO'NE, adv. Separately by itself. 'ALMS-FOLK, n. Persons supporting oth In Africa, the leaves of the Guinea aloe are ALO'NELY, a. or adv. Only merely ers by alms. [JVot ttserf.] Gower. 'ALMS-GIVER, n. One who gives to the made into durable ropes. Of one species singly. [JVot tised.] Bacon. are made fishing Unes, bow strings, stock- ALO'NENESS, 7i. That state which bepoor. of another The leaves of and hammocs. other. The bestowment J^Iontague. [JVot ttsed.] ings ALMS-GIVING, longs to no

and popularly

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

charity.

ALMS-HOUSE,

A

n.

house appropriated

for the use of the poor,

by the

who

species hold rain water. in mediciyie, is the inspissated juice of the aloe. The juice is collected from the leaves, which are cut and put in a tub

public.

ALMS-MEN, ALMS-PEOPLE,

I S

n. Persons supported by charity or by pubhc

provision.

AL'MU€ANTAR,

n.

A

[Arabic]

circles of the sphere passing

and when a large quantity

the vertical

is

procured,

il

series of

through the

length.]

;

exposed to the sun,

;

Fr.

boiled to a suitable consistence or it is till all the fluid part exhaled. There are several kinds sold in the shops as the socotrine aloes from So cotora, an isle in the Indian ocean the and hepatic or conunon Barbadoes aloes the fetid or caballine aloes.

is

i

;

1.

By the length lengthwise in a line with the length as, the troops marched along the bank of the river, or along the high;

;

;

wav. 1 Sam. vi. in a line, or with a progressive 2. Oiiward motion as, a meteor glides along the sky ; let us walk along. Aloes is a stimulating stomachic purgative point. when taken m small doses, it is useful for AU along signifies the w hole length through Bailey. Encyc. Johnson. the whole distance in the whole way or of a lax habit and sedentary hfe. STAFF. An instrument

center of the sun, or of a star, parallel to It is synonymous with the horizon. zenith parallel of altitude, whose common is

adv. [Sax. and-lang or ond-lang au long, le long. See Long. The Saxons always prefixed and or 07irf, and the sense seems to be, by the length, or opposite the length, or in the direction of the

ALONG',

ALOES,

are supported

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ALMUCANTAR'S

of box or pear-tree, having

;

people

aii

arch of

fif-

I

Encyc.

length.

ALT

ALP

A L T

of an alphabet ; to form an alphabet in a Heb. n^S>' Ceh, alt, ailt, a high place hook, or designate the leaves by the letters ui)per, b;', high.] of th(! alphabet. In mnsic, a term apiilied to high notes in the ALPHABETA'RIAN, n. A learner while scale. In sculpture, (illo-relitvo, high rewWi is omitted in the A. B. C. lief, is when the figures project half or Come then, my trienci, my genius, come along. ALPHABETIC, In the order of an ) more, without being entirely detached "' Pope- ALP11ABET'I€AL, from the ground. alphabet, or in the ^ Encyc. Ch/c. Along side, in seamen's language, that is, by order of the letters as customarily ar ALTAIC, or ALTA'IAN, a. [tart, a'lathe lengtli or in a line with tlie side, signiranged. tau, perhaps a/-
;

:

;

!

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

herrings,

;

species

Bailey. worshiji. an abilominal, and some naturAL'PHUS, n. [Gr. oit^oj, white.] 3. In scripture, Christ is called the altar of alists allege it to be a different species That species of leprosy called vitiligo, m Christians, he being the atoning sacrifice from the shad. Encyc. Diet, of N'at. Hist. which the skin is rough, with white spots. for sin. ALOUD', adv. [a and loud ; Sax. gehlyd, We have an altar, whereof they have no Quincy. clamor. See Loud.] o. [L. alpinus, from Alpes.] AL'PINE, Heb. xiii. right to eat, who serve tabernacles. Loudly with a loud voice, or great noise. 1. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty AL'TAR-CLOTH, n. A cloth to lay upon Ciy aloud, spare not. Isa. Iviii. elevated. mountain very high an altar in churches. Gr. L. n. white ALP, ALPS, aX(f>o;, 2. Growing on liigli mountains [Qu. as, alpine .\L'TAR-PIECE, n. A painting placed The Celts called all high mounalbus. Milton. Thomson. over the altar in a church. h'arton. plants. Cluver. tains alpes or olbe. Thucydides AL'PINE, n. A kind of strawberry grow- AL'TAR-WISE, adv. Placed in the manmentions a castle, mthe territory of Argos, hills. on an ner of altar. Howell. ing lot\v situated on a hill and called Olpas or Olp. AL PIST, or AL'PIA, n. The seed of the aL'TARAgE, n. The profits arising to Lib. 3. Ca. 105. Pelloutier, Hist, des Celfox-tail a small seed, used for feeding priests from oblations, or on account of The derivation of the tes, Liv. 1. 15. birds. the altar. Also, in law, altars erected in Encyc. word from aJ.^05, white, is therefore doubt- AL'QUIER, )i. A measure in Portugal for virtue of donations, before the reformaIn Ir. or Gaelic, ailp is a huge mass or ful. dry things, as well as liquids, containing tion, within a parochial church, for the half an ainuide or about two gallons. It lump.] purpose of singuig a mass for deceased A high mountain. The name, it is supposed, is called also Cantar. Port. Diet. friends. was originally given to mountains whose AL'QUIFOU, n. A sort of lead ore, which, .\L'TARIST, or ALTAR-THANE, Encyc. n. In and hence were covered with snow, tops when broke, looks like anthnony. It is old laws, an appellation gi^en to the priest of appropriately applied to the mountains foimtl in Cornwall, England used by also a to whom the altarage belonged Swisserland; so tliat by Alps is generally potters to give a green varnish to their Ci/c. chaplain. understood the latter mountains. But gewares, and called ])otters ore. A small AL'TER, v. t. [Fr. alterer ; Sp. alferar ; It. ographers apply the name to any high mixture of manganese gives it a blackish alterare ; from L. alter, another. See mountains. Pinkerton. hue. Alien. Alter is supposed to be a contracEncyc. .\LPAG'NA, n. An animal of Peru, used ALREAD'Y, adv. alred'dy. [all and ready. tion of a'f.xoitpfios, alienus, of 0W.0; and as a beast of burden ; the Camelus Paco See Ready.] irifioi.] of Linne, and the Pacos of Pennant. to make differ1. To make some change in Literally, a state of complete preparation Diet. ofjVat. Hist. ent in some particular to vary in some but, by an easy deflection, the sense is, at AL'PHA, Ji. [Ileb. fji'js an ox, a leader.] this time, or at a specified time. degree, without an entire change. Mat. xvii. The first letter in the Greek alphabet, anElias is come already. Aly covenant will I not break, nor aller the Ex. i. Ps. Ixxxix. Josepli was in Egypt already. thing that has gone out of my hps. swering to A, and used to denote first or or materially as, to It has reference to ])a.st time, but may be 2. To change entirely beginning. In general, to alter is to alter an opinion. 1 am Alpha and Omega. Rev. i. used for a fiiture past as, when you shal As a numeral, it stands lor one. It was forchange partiall)- to change is more genearrive, the business v\ill be aiready com been completed ai rally to substitute one thing for another, merly used also to denote chief ; as, Plato l)leted, or will have was the Alpha of the wits. or to make a material diflerence in a thing. ready. AL'PHABET, n. [Gr. 0.%^ and BijT-a, A aL'SO, adv. [all and so. Sax. eat and swa; AL'TER, v. i. To become, hi some respects, to varj' and JS.] different a*, the weather alters eat, all, the whole, and swa, so.] The letters of a language arranged in the Likewise in like manner. ahiiost daily. The law wliich altereth not. Dan. vi. the series of letters Where your treasure is, there will your heart customary order n. The quaUty of being which form the elements of speech. be also. Mat. xvi. AL'TERABILITY, AL'PIL\BET, V. t. To arrange in the order ALT or AL'TO, a. [It. from L. alius, high susceptible of alteration. It is

pea.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ALT

A L T AL'TERABLE, ferent

;

that

Tliat

a.

may

may become

ALT

cutting line the one below the first parallel, and the other above the second.

dif-

;

vary.

AL'TERABLENESS,

n. Tlie quality of Johnson variableness. In heraldry, the first and fourth quarters, ; and the second and third, are usually of .•kL'TERABLY, adv- In a manner that may be altered, or varied. the same nature, and are called alternate AL'TERAGE, n. [From alo, to feed.] quarters. The breeding-, nourishing or fostering of a n. That which happens by child. Sir J. Davies. But this is not an turns with something else ; vicissitude. word. Prior. English

ailniitting alteration

ALTERN'ATE,

.aL'TER ANT,

a.

;

ing.

Ai'TERANT,

AL'TERNATE,

Altering gradually chang

A

?!.

See Alter. With the accent on the second syllable, the participle alternating can hardly be

medicine which, with

out a sensible operation, gradually corrects the state of tlie body and changes it from a diseased to a healthy condition. An al terative.

v.

t.

[L. alterno.

pronounced.] To perform by turns, or in succession to cause to succeed by turns to change one Quinai. thing for another reciprocally ; as, God

Encyc.

;

;

and an annual stalk rising four or five feet. It abounds with mucilage, and is used as an emollient.

Encyc.

ALTHO'UGH,

allho', obs. verb, or used only in the Imperative, [all and though ; from Sax. thah, or theah ; Ir. daighim, to Ger. doch ; D. dog ; Sw. dock, and give endoch ; Dan. dog, though. See Though.] Grant all this be it so allow all suppose that; admit all that; as, "although the fig-tree shall not blossom." Hab. iii. That is, grant, admit or sujipose what follows " the It is a fig-tree shall not blossom." transitive verb, and admits after it the definitive Ma<— although that the fig-tree shall not blossom but this use of the verb, ;

;

;

;

—

;

The word may

has been long obsolete.

be defined by notwithstanding, non obstanalternates good and evil. [L. altemtio.] The act of making ditlerent, or of varying i-. ». To happen or to act te ; as nut opposing may be equivalent to in some particular an admitting or supposing. by turns; as, the flood and ebb tides ofteraltering or partial n. [L. altus, high, and nnte with each other. change ; also the change made", or the loss or acquisition of qualities not essential to 2. To follow reciprocally in place. loquor, loquens, speaking.] each the form or nature of a thing. Thus a with oth-i Diflerent species alternating Lofty speech ; ponqious language. tTirwan.l cold substance suffers an alteration when n. [L. altus, high, and Gr. adv. In reciprocal sucit becomes hot. &ee Measure and Mode.,\ Hitfov, measure. cession by turns, so that each is succeed- An instrument for a. altitudes

ALTERA'TION,

«.

AL'TERNATE,

;

ALTIL'OQUENCE, ALTIM'ETER,

ALTERN'ATELY,

AL'TERATIVE, having the

Causmg

power

v.

i.

[L.

altercor,

alterco,

from atte}-, another.] contend in words to dispute with heat or anger to wrangle.

To

ed by that which

succeeds, as night lows day and day follows night.

to alter.

n. A medicuie winch, without sensible operation, gradually in duces a change in the habit or constitution and restores healtliy functions. This word is more generally used than alterant.

AL'TERATIVE,

AL'TERCATE,

;

alteration;

;

ALTERN'ATENESS, AL'TERNATING,

zeal,

;

controversy 2.

wrangle.

AL'TERN, 1.

of alter, another.] one succeeding another

a. [h. alternus,

Acting by turns alternate,

;

which

;

is

the

word

generally

used.

In chryxtalography, exhibiting, on two an upper and a lower part, feces which alternate among themselves, but which, when the two parts are compared Cleaveland. correspond with each other. .iltei-n-base, in trigonometry, is a term used in distinction from the true base. Thus in oblique triangles, the true base is the sum of the sides, and then the difference of the sides is the altern-base or the true base is the difference of the sides, and then the sum of the sides is the altern-base.

2.

parts,

;

Enctic.

AL'TERNACY, by turns.

«.

Performance or actions

[Little tised.]

ALTERN'AL, a. Alternative. [Little uxed.] ALTERN'ALLY, adv. By turns. [Utile May.

used.]

ALTERN'ATE, 1.

a.

[L. alternatiis.]

Beingby turns one following the other ;

succession of time or place

;

in

hence recip-

rocal.

And

bid alternate passions

fall

and

rise.

Pope.

In hotany, branches and leaves are alterwhen they rise higher on opposite come out singly, and follow in gradual order. Encyc. Lee. Alternate alligation. [See Alligation.] Alternate angles, in geometry, the internal made a line cutting two paralangles by lels, and lying on opposite sides of the

2.

nate,

sides alternately,

n. The reciprocal sue cession of things, in time or place the act of following and being followed in succession as, we observe tlie alternation of day and night, cold and heat, sunnner and winter. The different changes or alterations of orders, in numbers. Thus, if it is required ;

ALTIM'ETRY, altitudes by

The

n.

art

of ascertaining

means of a proper instrument,

and by trigonometrical principles without fol-

lowing by turns.

ALTERNA'TION,

;

;

ppr. Performing or

by geotaking metrical principles, as a geometrical quadrant.

The

n.

sion.

ALTER€A'TlON, n. [h. altercatio.] Warm contention in words dispute carried heat or anger

fol-

quality of being alternate, or of following in succes-

;

on with

it

actual mensuration. )!. A money of account in Russia, value three kopecks, or about three cents also a lake in Siberia, ninety miles yn

AL'TIN,

;

Tooice.

length.

ALTIN'€AR,

A

Encyc.

n. species of factitious salt or powder, used in the fiision and purification of metals, prepared in various ways.

[See Tincal.] Encyc. ALTIS'ONANT, ? a. [L. altus, high, and be rung ALTIS'ONOl'S, ^ sonans, sountliug; sonus, multiidy the numbers 1, 2, 3, sound.] 4, 5, 6, continually into one another, and High sounding, lofty or pompous, as lanthe last product is the number required. guage. Evelyn. This is catied permutation. AL'TITUDE, n. [L. altittido, of alius, high, 3. The answer of the and a common termination, denoting state, congregation speaking condition or manner.] alternately with the minister. 4. Alternate performance, in the choral 1. Space extended the upward higlith sense. Mason. elevation of an object above its foundaALTERN'ATIVE, a. [Fr. alternatif.] tion as, the altitude of a mountain, or column or the elevation of an object or Offering a choice of -two things. ALTERN'ATIVE, n. That wliich may be place above the surface on which we chosen or omitted a choice of two things, stand, or above the earth as, the altitude so that if one is taken, the other must be of a cloud or a meteor or the elevation of left. one object above another as, of a bird Thus, when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alterabove the top of a tree. natives. In strictness, then, the word can 2. The elevation of a jioint, a star, or other not be applied to more than two things, object above the horizon. This is true or and when one thing only is offered for apparent altitude true, when taken from it is said there no is alternative. rational or real horizon choice, the apparent, Between these alternatives there is no midwhen taken from the sensible, or ajiparent dle ground. Cranch, horizon. ALTERN'ATIVELY, adv. In the manner 3. Figuratively, high degree superior e.\of alternatives in a maimer that admits cellence highest point of excellence. the choice of one out of two things. He is proud to the altitude of his virtue. Shak. ALTERN'ATIVENESS, n. The quality or state of being alternative. The altitude of the eye, in perspective, is a ALTERN'ITY, n. Succession by turns: right line let fall from the eye, pei-pendicalternation. ular to the geometrical plane. Encyc. ALTHE'A, n. [Or. axSoia, from a,7,9u, or Meridian altitude is an arch of the meridaXBaivui, to heal.] ian between the horizon and any star or In botany, a genus of monameridian. on the polyandrian ])oinf called in Eng- ALTIV'OLANT, a. [L. altus, liigh, and vodelphs, of several species lish marsh-mallow. lans, flying.] Tlie conmion species has a perennial root, Flyuig high. to

on

know how many changes can .six

bells,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

M

A

A L U

A M A

Pertaining to alum or A. M. stand also for Anno Mundi, in tin year of the world. Alto and Basso, high and low, in old law. alumina, or partaking of the same properties. AM, the first person of the verb to be, in tluteiiiis used to signify a snhinission of all differences of every kind to urhitration ALU'MINUM, n. The name given to the indicative mode, present tense. Sax. com Gr. n/xi Goth, im ; Pers. am. AL'TO-0€TA'VO. [It.] supposed metallic base of alumina. I AM that I AM. An ortave higher. Dami. Ex. iii. AI/TO-RELIE'VO. [It.] AL'UMISII, a. Having the nature of aluni; A'MA, or HA'MA, n. [D.aam, a vessel.] somewhat resembling alum. In church affairs, a vessel to contain wine fbiHigh relief, in sculpture, is the |(rojertion of a figure lialf or more, without being en ALUM-SLATE, n. A mineral of two spethe eucharist also, a wine measure, as v cies, connnon and glossy. Cyc. tirely detached. a cask, pipe, &:c. AL'TO-RIPIE'NO. [It.] ALUM-STONE, n. The" siliceous subsid- AMABILITY, n. [\.. amaUlis, fromEncyc. amo. Tlie tenor of the great chorus, which sings phate of alumina and potash. Cleaveland. to love.] A species of leather- Loveliness and plays only in particular places. Encyc. ALU'TA, n. [L.] the power of pleasing, or rather AL'TO-VIOLA. [It.] stone, soft, pliable aud not laminated. the combination of agreeable quahties A small tenor viol. Quincy. which win the affections. AL'TO-VIOLINO. [It.] ALUTA'TION, n. [L. aluta, tainted leath- AMAD'AVAI), 7!. A small curious Taylor. bird ol' small tenor violin. er.] the size of the crested wren the upper ALTOGETH'ER, adv. [all and together. The tanning of leather. part of the body is brown, the prime feathbee a Ji. See Together.] alveare, AL'VE.\RY, [L. alveanum, ers of the wings black. hive, from alvus, the belly.] Wholly entirely completely ; without exDiet. ofJVat. Hist. The hollow of the external ear, or bottom ception. AMADET'TO, n. A sort of pear, so called, of the concha. Every man at his best estate is altogether (^uincy. it is said, from a person who cultivated it. Ps. xxxix. a socket > vanity. a. alveolus, AL'VEOLAR, [L. Skinner. AL'UDEL, n. [a and lulum, without lute. AL'VEOLARY, ^ fi-om alveus, a hollow vesAMAD'OGADE, n. A .small beautiful bird Lwiier.] sel.] in Peru the upper part of its body and In chimistry, aludels are cartliern pots will Coiuaining sockets, hollow cells or pits pera wings are of lively green, its breast red, out bottoms, tluit the)' may be exactly fittaining to .sockets. Anatomy. and its belly white. Diet. Hist. ted into each other, and used in sublimaVL'VEOLATE, a. [L. alveolatus, from al- AM'ADOT, 71. A sort of pear. ofJVat. Johnson. tions. At till! bottom of the furnace is a veus, a hollow vessel.] n. AM'ADOU, variety ofthe l)oIetus igniapot containing the matter to be sublimed, Deeply pitted, so as to resemble a honey found on old ash and other trees. rius, and at the top a head to receive the volacomb. Martyn. Urr. tile matter. (juincy. Encyc. ALVEOLE, ? ri e , 1 This is written also amadou', and called fcfacA; "• ''"" °f "'""'s-l AL'L'M, n. [h. alumen.] AL'VEOLUS, \ ^^txnd pyrotechnical spunge, on account match, triple sulphate of alumina and potassa 1. A cell in a bee hive, or in a fossil. of its inflanunabihty. Cyc. Tliis substance is white, transparent and 2. The socket in tlie which a tooth is jaw, AMA'TN, adv. [Sax. a and magn, force, fixed. very astringent but seldom found pure See May, Might.] strengtli. or crystahzed. Tliis salt is usually pi'e- •3. A sea fossil of a conic figure, composed of With or violence force, ; strength violently a number of cells, like bee-hives, joined pared by roasting and lixiviating certain furiously suddenly at once. clays containing pyrites, and to the lye by a pipe of conununication. Encyc. What, when we fled amain. Milton. adding a certain quantity of potassa the AL'VEOLITE, n. [L. alveolus, and Gr. Let go amain, in seamen's language, or strike salt is then obtained by crystalization. XiOof.] is to let fall or lower at once. Alum is of great use in medicine and the In natural history, a kind of stony polypiers, amain, Mar. Did. In medicine, it is used as an astrin arts. of a globular or hemispherical shape AMAL'GAM, n. [Gr. .uaXoy^a, fi-om juaxaauw, internally, in hemoptoe, diarrhea, formed by munerous concentric beds, each gent to soften. Its usual derivation is certainly as a and dysentery externally, styptic composed of a union of httle cells. erroneous.] Diet, of Xat. Hist. 1. applied to bleeding vessels, and as an esmixture of merctn-y or quicksilver witli charotic. In the arts, it is used in dyeing AL'VINE, a. [from alvus, the belly.] another metal any metalUc alloy, of which 10 fix colors in making candles, for hard to or the intestines. belly Belonging mercury forms an essential constituent the tallow in for ening tanning, restoring jDari*t)i. part. Cyc. tlie cohesion of skins. ALWAR'GRIM, n. The spotted plover, 2. A mixture or comjioimd of diflferent Wehster^s Manual. Encyc. Fourcroy. Charadrius Apricanus. Pennant. Burke. things. ALUM-EARTH, n. A massive mineral, of AL'WAY or AL'WAYS, adv. [all and way ; A3IALGAMATE, i-. t. To mix quicksilver a blackish brown color, a dull luster, and Sax. eal, and iceg, way properly, a going with another metal. Gregory uses amalsoft consistence. Ure. at all goings hence, at all times.] gamize. AL'UMIN, ) n. An earth, or earthy sub- 1. all time Perpetually throughout as, God 2. To mix different tilings, to make a comALU'MINA, \ stance, which has been conis always the same. pound to unite. sidered to be elementary, and called pure 2. Continually without variation. ABIAL'GAMATE, v. i. To mix or unite in (lay but recently, chimical experiments i do nlway those things which please him an amalgam to blend. liave given reason to beheve it to be a John viii. Mat. xxviii. AaiAL'GAMATED, pp. Mixed with quickmetalHc oxyd, to the base of which has 3. Continually or constantly during a certain silver; blended. been given the name aluminum. This period, or regularly at stated intervals. metallic base however has not been obppr. Mixing quicksilMephibosheth shall eat bread alway at my taver with another metal compounding. tained in such a state as to make its proble. 2 Sam. ix. AMALGAMA'TION, n. The act or operaperties susceptible of examination. Alum- 4. At all convenient times regularly. tion of mixing mercury with another ina is destitute of taste aud smell. When Cornelius prayed to God alway. Acts x metal. moistened with water, it forms a cohesive Luke xviii. Eph. vi. Encyc. and ductile mass, susceptible of beuig Alway is now seldom used. The applica- 2. The mixing or blending of diflerent kneaded into regular forms. tion of this compound to time proceeds tilings. AM'ALOZK, n. Webster's Manual. from the primary sense of icay, which large aquatic fowl of Dainj. Cyc. Mexico. Diet, of .\a?. Hist. ALU'MINIFORM, a. Having the form of a going or passing hence, continuationalumina. MAN'D0L.\, n. A green marble, having Chaptal A. M. stand for Artium Magister, master of the ajipearance of honey comb, and conAL'UMINITE, n. Subsulphate of alumina: arts, the second degree given by universia mineral that occurs in small roundish or called in some counties and colleges of 100 parts, 76 are taining white spots reniform masses. Its color is snow white In America mild calcarious earth, 20 shist and 2 iron. tries, doctor of philosophy. nr yellowish white. this degree is conferred without examinaThe cellular appearance jiroceeds from Aikin. Jameson. the shist. Cleavdand. Kirwan. .Yicholson. tion, on bachelors of three years standing.

AL'TO.

[It.

fioni L. alius.]

ALLT'MINOUS,

U'liih.

a.

:

;

I

;

•

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

A

1

A

m

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AMALGAMATING,

;

;

A

;

;

Vol.

I.

;

8

M A

A

A

AMANUF'.N'SIS, n. [L. ivommamis. band.] A person whose fniiiloynicnt is to write vvliat

M

B

M

A

they shall be amazed They shall be afraid one another. Is. xiii. They were all amazed and glorified God.

also embassador

B

and as the orthography of embassy is established, it would he better to w rite embassador. See anotlier dictates. Embassador.] Mark Luke v. AM'BE or AMARANTH, ) n. [Gr. a^apoirof, of a Tills word implies astonishment oril. perplexAM'BI, n. [Gr. a^S^, a brim; trom amb, about.] AMARANTH'US, ^ neg. and ^opaou, to trom something extraordinary, arising ity, but in surgery, an instruLiterally, a brim decay so called, it is said, because, when unexpected, imaccountable, or frightful ment for reducing dislocated shoulders, so cropped, it does not soon wither.] AMA'ZE, n. Astonishment confusion per- called from the jutting of its extremity. Flower-gentle; a genus of plants, of many from fear, surprise or won arising plexity, Also the tree. Oftliesethe tricolored has long mango species. It is chiefly used in poetry, suid is der. been cultivated in gardens, on account of Quincy. Encyc. Core. nearly synonymous with amazement. the beauty of it.s variegated leaves. AM'BER, n. [Fr. amirc 'Sji. ambar; Port. AMA'ZED, pp. Astonished confotmded id; It. ambra; an oriental word Pers. Encyc. with fear, smprise or wonder.
at

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AM'ARANTH,

n.

A

color inclining to pur-

AM A'ZEDLY,

Cyc,

ple.

AMARANTH'INE, ranth

consisting bling amarantli. ;

a. of,

manner

Belonging to atnacontauiing, or resem-

to

adv.

With amazement

confound.

in a

;

;

;

Mass.]

inent, or per])lexity.

To

collect into a heap; to gather a great quantity ; to accumulate ; as, to amass a

Ar.

/

j^;^^

anba-

.

Kings x. 2. 10, the Arabic is rendered spices. The Arabic word is rendered by Castle, amber, a marine fish, a shield made of skins, crocus and finms. In Eth. 1 the

;

Theocritus and VirgU.] In botany, lily-daffodil, a genus of liliaceous plants of several species, which are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers. Encyc. AM'ASS, V. t. [Fr. amasser ; It. ammnssare : L. massa, a heap or lump Gr. nai^a. See girl in

or anabar;

ron. In 1

founded with fear, surprise or wonder astonishment great wonder. AMA'ZEMENT, »i. Astonishment; confusion or perplexity, from a sudden impress ion of fear, surprise or wonder. It is sometimes accompanied with fear or terror sometimes merely extreme wonder or ad miration at some great, sudden or unexjjected event, at an unusual sight, or at the narration of extraordinary events. AMA'ZING, ppr. Confounding with fear, surprise or wonder. 9. a. Very wonderful e.xciting astonish

[L. anmriludo, from amants, bitter ; from Heb. "TO bitter.] Bitterness. [J^ot much used.] n. AMARYL'LIS, [The name of a country

anbar -AAC •

/

[lAttle used.]

AMA'ZEDNESS,n. The state of being con

AMAR'ITUDE, n.

1.

;

xii.

4 anbar is rendered a whale, and word is used in Jonah, ii. 1. and Matli. This word is placed by Castle under

1 1

40.

<_.^A£

to

produce

grapes,

and

i^^^c

The signifies grapes, Ch. and Heb. 2ip. Chaldee verb signifies to join or connect, and the sense of this word, a])plied to grapes, is a cluster, like grape in Enghsh. It signifies also in Ch. a tumor, a pustle,

In an astonishing dea mountain, the sense of which is'a lump gree in a maimer to excite astonishment, and this may be the or mass collected or to perplex, confound or terrify. sense of amber. In German, Dutch, SweAM'AZON, n. [This is said to he formed of dish and Danish, it has the name of burnthings together a neg. and ^afos, breast. History informs phrases. stone.] us, tliat the Amazons cut off their right AM'ASS, n. An assemblage, heap or accu- breast, that it might not incommode them A hard semi-pellucid substance, tasteless and mulation. without smell, except when pounded or [This is superseded by Mass." This in shooting and hurling thejavehn. in or AlVrASSED, pp. Collected in a heap, heated, when it emits a fragrant odor. It is doubtless a fable.] is found in alluvial soils, or on the sea a great quantity or number accumulated. 1. The Amazons are said have to by historians, AM'ASSING, ppr. Collecting in a heap, or been a race of female warriors, who foun- shore, in many places particularly on the shores of the Baltic, in Europe, and at in a large quantity or number. ded an empire on the river Thermodon, in a collected AM'ASSMENT, n. A heap Cape Sable, in Maryland, in the U. States. Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine. The ancient opinion of its vegetable origin large quantity or number brought togethmen from have excluded said to are They seems now to be established, and it is beer an accumulation. their society and by their warlike enter To V. t. lieved or known to be a fossil resin. It accompany; \MA'TE, [SeeJt/a/f.] to have conquered and alarmei prises, also to terrify, to perplex. [JVot used.] Some writers treat yields by distillation an em])yreimiatic oil, nations. surroimding and the succinic acid, which subhmes in AMATEU'R, n. [Fr., from L. amator, a these accounts as fables. small wliite needles. Its color usually prelover, from amo, to love.] Herodian. Justin. sents .some tinge of yellow. It is highly person attached to a jjarticular pursuit, 2. By analogy, a warlike or masculine woelectrical, and is the basis of a varnish. study or science, as to music or painting man a virago. Burke. one who has a taste for the arts. Journal of Science. Encyc. Chambers. 3. This name lias been given to some Ameri .A.MATO'RIAL, } a. [L. amatorius, from amo, can females, on the banks of the largest ."VM'BER, a. Consisting of; or resembUiig amber. AM'ATORY, S to love.] river in the world, who joined their hus 1. Relating to love as, aniatorial verses cau bands in attacking the Sjianiards that first AM'BER, V. t. To scent with amber. drink resembling sing love as, amatory potions produced This trivial occur- AMBER-DRINK, »i. visited the country. andjer in color. by se.xual intercourse as, amatorial prorence gave the name Amazon to that river, Daricin. AMBER-DROPPING, a. Dropping amber. geny. whose real name is Maranon. to the a term 2. In anatomy, Milton. oblique applied Garcilasso, p. 60C. muscles of the eye, from their use in AM'BER-SEED, n. Musk-seed, resembling AMAZO'NIAN, a. Pertaining to or resem- millet. It is of a bitterish ta.ste, and ocling. brought Applied to females, from Egypt and the W. Indies. .^MATO'RIALLY, adv. In an amatorial bling an Amazon. manners warlike. bold of mascuhne Dann Chambers. manner; l>v way of love. 2. Belonging to the river Maranon in South .'VMAURO'SiS, n. [Gr. a^ai^po;, obscure.] n. The English name of or to Amazonia, the country AM'BER-TREE, A loss or decay of sight, without any visible America, a of with a shrub, species Anthospermum, lying on that river. defect in the eye, e.xcept an innnovable evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, Some- AMB, AM. About; around; used in compopupil ; called also gutta sere^ta. Miller. emit a fragrant odor. Ir. im, W. am Sax. sition. ; emb, ymb on times the disease is periodical, coming um ; G. Mm I>. om ; Dan. om ; Sw. om AM'BERGRIS, n. [amber and Fr. gris, suddenly, continuing for hours or days, Gr. a.ucj>i Lat. am or amb. gray gray amber.] and then disappearing. It has sometimes to drive.] A sohd, opake, ash-colored inflammable subbeen cured by electricity. Encyc. Coxe AMBA'GES, n. [L. amb and ago, a circuit of words to 1. A circumlocution; stance, variegated like marble, remarkably on its surface, and when in ideas be which light, rugged expressed may AMA'ZE, V. t. [Qu. Ar. (j-*«.j to perplex express fewer words. heated, it has a fragrant odor. It does not it melts easily into effervesce with acids 2. A winding or turning. or confuse or from maze.] To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or AMBAS'SADOR, n. [This is the more com- a kind of yellow resin, and is highly solumon orthography but good authors write ble in spirit of wine. Various opinions wonder to astonish.

AMA'ZINGLY, ;

treasure.

2.

To

adv.

;

collect in great ;

numbers to add many as, to amass words or ;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

M

A liave

A M B

B

been entertained respecting

its ori-

but it is well ascertained, that it is indurated fecal matter, discharged by the spermaceti whale, a species of pkyseter. It has been found in that species of whale, but usually is found floating on the surface of the ocean, in regions frequented by whales sometimes in masses of from GO to 225 lbs. weight. In this sub.stance are found the beaks of the cuttle fish, on which gin

;

;

It is highly that whale is known to feed. valued as a material in perfumery.

Encyc.

AM'BIDEXTER, dexter, the right

A

1.

n.

[L. ambo, both,

and

hand.]

who uses both

))erson

liands with equal

facility.

8.

A

double dealer

one equally ready to

;

act on either side in party disputes. [This sense is used in ludicrous Imiguage.]

Inlaw, a juror

3.

who

takes

money of both

parties, for giving his verdict cer.

AMBIDEXTER'ITY, AMBIDEX'TROUSNESS,

an embra-

;

? n.

Cowel.

The faculty

of using both I hands with equal facility; double dealing the taking of money from both parties for

;

a verdict.

The

A M B

encompasses a thing

ingcom-j AM'BLYOPY, n. [Gr. a^uSj^j, dull, and ^4, or the sur eye.] etry, the perimeter of a figure, The periphery or circum- Incipient amaurosis; dulness or obscurity of face of a body. ference of a circular body. sight, without any apparent defect of tlie Johnson. Encyc. organs si^o-ht so depraved that objects AMBI"TION, n. [L. ambitio, from ambio, to can be seen only in a certain light, distiuice, or position! go about, or to seek by making interest, of Encyc. Coir. AM' J!. and to See BO, ami), about, eo, [Gr. a^Sui, a pulpit ; L. umbo, a go. Ambages. This word had its origin in the practice of boss.] Roman candidates for office, who went A reading desk, or pulpit. UluUr. about the city to solicit votes.] DA, n. [fiom amber.] A kind of A desire of i)referment, or of honor a desire factitious amber, which the Europeans sell to the Africans. of excellence or superiority. It is used in Encyc. a good sense as, emulation may spring AMBRO'SIA, n. ambro'zha, [Gr. a neg. and from a laudable ambition. It denotes also (Spofof, mortal, because it was supposed to confer inmiortality on them that f(;d on it.] an inordinate desire of power, or eminence, often accompanied with illegal 1. In heathen ayiiif/uity, the imaginary food of the gods. Hence, means to obtain the object. It is sometimes followed by of ; as, a man has an 2. Whatever is very pleasing to the taste or smell. The name has also been given to ambition of wit. Rlilton has used the word certain alexipliarmic compositions. in the Latin sense of going about, or attempting but this sense is hardly legiti- A3IBROSIAL, a. ambro'zhal. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia framate. AMBITION, V. t. [Fr. ambitionner.] grant delighting the taste or smell as, ambrosial dews. Ben Jonson uses ambroAmbitiously to seek after. [Little used.] siac in a like sense, and Bailey has amKing. brosian, but these seem not to be warAMBI"TIOUS,tt. Desirous of power, honor ranted bv usage. ottice, superiority or excellence aspiring eager for fame followed by of before a AMBRO'SIAN, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. The Ambrosian office, or ritual, is noun; as, ambitious q/" glory. a formida of worship in the church of 2. Showy ada])ted to command notice or Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose, in the praise as, ambitious ornaments. fourth 3. to swell or rise centurv. higher Encyc. Figuratively, eager ' as, the ambitious ocean. Shak. AM'BROSIN, n. In the middle ages, a coin AMBI'TIOUSLY, adv. In an ambition.' struck by the dukes of 3Iilan, on which line that

;

;

AMBREA

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

AMBIDEXTROUS,

a.

Having the

faculty

of using both hands with equal ease practicing or siding with both parties. AMBIENT, a. [L. ambietis, from ambio, to go roimd, trom amb, about, and eo, to go.] Surrounding encompassing on all sides ;

;

;

to fluids or diflTusible

apphed

investing;

substances

;

as, the

AMBI(i'ENAL,

a.

ambient

;

;

;

;

manner

Milton.

air.

[L. ambo, both,

and gemt,

a knee.]

;

ambigcnal hyperbola is one of the triple hyperbolas of the second order, having one of its infinite legs falling within an angle formed by the asymptotes, and the other without.

medlev of dishes.

AMBIGU'ITY,

ing ambitious

n.

[L. ambiguitas,

n.

The

ambition. ambition,

quality of be-

Being nearly it

is

AM'BRY,

not of\en

nerie,

used.

walk

to 1.

King. from 2.

I', ;

i. [Fr. ambler, from L. ambulo, Qu. amb, about, and the root of

1.

alter.]

To move

with a certain peculiar pace, as a horse, first lifting his two legs on one side, and then changing to the other. Edin. Encyc. To move easy, without hard shocks.

Him

Encyc. n.

[contracted from Fr. aumo-

almonry, from old Fr.

almoigne,

alms.]

AM'BLE,

umbigu.]

Doublfuhiess or uncertainty of signification, from a word's being susceptible of different meanings double meaning. Words should be used which admit of no am-

;

synonymous with

Fr.

of a

St.

ferment, or superiority.

Encuc.

AM'BIGU,n. [Fr. See Ambiguity.] An entertainment or feast, consisting

Ambrose was represented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand.

with an eager desire after pre-

AMBI'TIOUSNESS,

An

;

time ambles wilha).

Shak.

2.

An ahnonry a place where alms are deposited fi)r distribution to the poor. In ancient abbeys and priories there was an office of this name, in which the ahnoner Uved. A jjlace in wliich are deposited the utensils for house keeping also a cupboard a place for cold victuals. ;

:

;

AMBS'-ACE,

n. [L. ambo, both,

and

ace.]

A double ace, as when two dice turn up the In a ludicrous sense, to move with subace. Johnson. mission, or by direction, or to move afa. [L. ambulans, from amJohnson. AM'BULANT, fectedly. bulo.] AM'BLE, n. A peculiar pace of a horse. moving from place to place. horse which ambles a Walking BLER, ?i. being of uncertain signification suscepEncyc. tible of dirterent pacer. Ambulant brokers, in Amsterdam, are e.vinterpretations hence, obscure. It is applied to words and ex- AM'BLIGON, or AM'BLYGON, n. [Gr. change-brokers, or agents, who are not aiLSXvi, obtuse, and yuwo, an angle.] pressions; not to a dubious state of mind, and whose testimony is not reAn obtuse angled triangle a triangle with sworn, though it may be to a person using words ceived in courts of justice. Encvc one angle of more thap ninety degrees. of doubtful signification. AfllBULA'TION, n. [L. ambulatio.] A waUiTJie ancient oracles were Bailey. Encyc. ambiguous, as were ing about the act of walking. their answers. AMBLIG'ONAL, a. Containing an obtuse n. In entomology, a species Ash. angle. AMBIG'UOLISLY, adv. In an ;

3.

biguitif,

AAIIJIG UOUS, a. [h. ambiguus.] Having two or more meanings doubtftd ;

;

AM

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

AMBULATOR,

manner

ambiguous

with doubtful meaning.

AM'iSLIGONITE,

?!.

hav

of Lamia, whose thorax side with two spines

is

armed on each

[Gr. aueT-i^wwos, a Cerambyx of ing an obtuse angle.] Linne. Que. greenish colored mineral, of different pale a. That has the power shades, marked on the surface with red or faculty of walking as, an animal is dish and n. bro^vn It occurs AMBIL'OGY, yellowish spots. [ambo, both, and Xoyoj, ambulatory. massive or crystalized in oblique fourspeech.] 2. Pertainuig to a walk ; as, an ambulatory Talk or language of doubtful meaning. sided prisms, in granite, with topaz and view. AMBIL OQUOUS, a. [ambo, both, and tourmahn, in Saxony. U> 3. Moving from place to place not stationloquor, to speak.] AM'BLING, ppr. or a. Lifting the two legs ary as, an ambulatory court, which exeron the same side at first Using ambiguous expressions. cises its jurisdiction in different going oft', and places. AM'BIT, n. [L. ambitus, a circuit, from then changing. Johnson. ambio, to go about. See Ambient.] AM'BLINGLY, adv. With an ambUng gait. n. species of ichneu;

n. The quality of being ambiguous uncertainty of meaning ambiguity and hence, obscurity.

AMBIG'UOUSNESS, ;

;

A

;

AMBULATORY,

;

;

;

;

AMBULATORY,

A

A M E

A M E nion, with a yellowish scutellum anil spottPtl thorax. Cyc. AM'BURY, or AN'BURY, n. [Qu. L. umho, the navel ; Gr. a^Swj/.] \mong farriers, a tumor, wart or swelling on a horse, full of blood and soft to the

touch.

Encyc.

AM'BUS€ADE,n. emboscada care,

Eng.

Sp. Port. It. imboscata from It. imhoscinboscar, to lie in bushes, or

;

;

;

Sji.

concealed

[Fv. embuscade

and

in

;

bosco, bosque,

a wood

afier

;

;

:

cealed in any situation, for a like pui-pose. A private station in which troops he concealed with a view to attack their ene-

is obsolete.]

Liable to answer

strap.]

Having an ambush

laid against, or attacked from a private station ; as, his troojjs were ambuscaded. ppr. Lying ui wait for

AM'ENAgE, v. Tomanagg. Obs. Spenser. an amentaceous inflorescence. Martyn. AM'ENANCE, n. Conduct, behavior. Obs. AMERCE, v. amers'. [A verb formed fi-om

attacking from a secret station. n. [Fr. embuche, of in and bush Dan. busk ; D. bosch ; Germ, busch ; Fr.

AMEND',

by

sui-prise

AM'"BUS€ADE, to attack

;

2.

ble

ery

ambush.

v.

To

t.

pp.

wait

in

lie

from a concealed

AMBUSCADED,

or

for,

;

;

liable to

;

;

;

man

is

;

position.

;

AM'BUS€ADING,

;

AM'BySH,

;

See Bush.] bosquet, boscage, hocuge, hois. private or concealed station, where troops lie in wait to attack their enemy by

AMENTA'CEOUS,rt. Growing m

another.

resembling a thong

state of lying concealed, for the

pose of attacking by surprise

;

pur

Spenser.

L. emendo, of V. t. [Fr. amender neg, and menda, mendum, a fault W. mann, a spot or blemish Sp. Port, tmendar It. ammendare. See Mend.] To correct to rectify by expunging a mistake as, to amend a law. To reform, by riiiitting bad habits to make better in a moral sense; as, to amend ;

e

;

1.

;

;

1.

a lying

9.

in

wait.

The

troops posted in a concealed place

for attacking Lay thee an

AM'BySH,

V.

by surprise. ambush for the

;

To

t.

lie

3.

city. Josh. viii.

in wait for

to sur

;

oin- ways or our conduct. To correct to supply a defect to ini prove or make better, by some addition of what is wanted, as well as by expunging what is wrong, as to amend a bill before a ;

;

by assailing unexpectedly from a

concealed place.

AM'BySH,

V.

To

i.

wait, for the pursurprise.

lie in

denly

wait for

to something previously wrong improve, does not. tacking from a concealed station. AM'BUSIIMENT, n. An ambush tchich A3IEND', )!. [Fr.] A pecuniary punishment, or fiiie. The amende honorable, in France, see. is an infamous punishment inflicted on AMBUS'TION, 11. [L. ambustio, from omtraitors, parricides and sacrilegious perburo, to biu-n or scorch, otamb, about, and in

AM'BySIIING,/'p-. Lying

at-

;

plies

;

;

;

physicians, a burning

;

a

bum

or

scald.

AMEI'VA,

n.

A

Brazil.

AM'EL,

J!.

species of lizard, found in Diet, of JVa/. Hist

The matter with

[Fr. email]

which metallic bodies are overlaid but its use is superseded by enamel ; which see. ;

Boyle. v. t. [Fr. ameliorer, from L. melior, better.] To make better to improve to meliorate. Christ. Obs. Buchanan. S. S. Smith. AME'LIORATE, v. i. To grow better to meliorate. AMELIORA'TION, n. making or becoming better improvement melioration.

AME'LIORATE, ;

;

;

A

Encyc.

AMEND'ABLE, a.

;

as,

;

an amendable

a pecuniary penalty

;

to

punish

Milton uses of after amerce : " Millions of s|iirits amerced of heaven ;" but this use seems to be a poetic hcense. ."VMERCED, pp. Fined at the discretion of a court. n. amers'ment. A pecuniary penalty inflicted on an ofl'ender at the discretion of the court. It differs from a fine, in that the latter is, or was origmally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense but an amercement is in general.

AMERCEMENT,

;

arbitrary.

Hence

tlie ])ractice

of afifeeiing.

[Sec ./Iffeer.] But in America, the word fine is now used for a pecuniary penalty which is uncertain and it is common in statutes, to enact that an offender shall be In fined, at the discretion of the court. England also, fines are now usually discretionary. Thus the woid fine has, in a measure, superseded the use of amercement. This word, in old books, is written amerciament. ;

AMER'CER, cretion,

n.

One who

upon an

AMER'ICA,

sets a fine at dis-

offender.

)!.

;

;

;

altering for the better.

confirm, establish, verify to trust, or give as a noun, truth, firmness, confidence trust, confidence ; as an adjective, firm

2.

;

dollars.

inflict

;

AMEND'MENT, n. An alteration or change

;

To

[from Amerigo Vespucci, writ or error. a Florentiiie, -\\\m pretended to have first AMEND' ATORY, a. That amends sup discovered the western continent.] One of the great continents, first discovered plying amendment corrective. AMEND'ED,;)^. Corrected; rectified; reby Sebastian Cabot, June 11, O. S. 1496, formed and by Columbus, or Christoval Colon, improved, or altered for the better. Aug. 1, the same year. It extends from of North, to the fiftyAMEND'ER, n. The person that amends. tlie'eiglitieth degree AMEND'ING, ;)^r. Correcting; reformuig; foiutli degree of South Latitude and

;

;

That may be amended

capable of correction

This word, with slight differences of orthography, is in all the dialects of the Assyrian stock. As a verb, it signifies to

AMEN'.

2.

The offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, begs pardon of his God, the court, &c. These words denote also a recantation in open court, Amercement royal is a penaltj' imposed on an or in presence of the injured person. officer for a misdemeanor in his office. sons.

nro, to burn.]

Among

;

the chesnut has

a for on or at, antl Fr. merci, mercy, or from L. merces, reward.] To inflict a penalty at mercy ; to punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion or mercy of the court as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one

hundred

;

Hence it is applied to the legislature. correction of authors, by restoring passages which had been omitted, or restoring the true reading. pose of attackuig by Nor saw the snake, that ambush'd for his prey. AMEND', 11. i. To grow or become better, Trumbull by reformation, or rectifying something wrong in manners or morals. It diffen AM'BySIIED, ^/7. Lain in wait for; sudfrom improve, in this, that to amend im attacked from a concealed station. prise,

as,

t.

;

The

;

*.

A

surj)rise.

3.

;

;

;

responsible answera- In botany, a species of inflorescence, from a be called to account as, evcommon, chaf^' receptacle or consisting amenable to the laws. of many scales, ranged along a stalk or We retain this idiom in the popular slender a.xis, which is the common recepphrase, to bring in, to make answerable tacle as in birch, oak, chesnut. Martyn. man is in to the debt a of as, brought pay an ament

my

9.

;

;

a lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by hence, a lying in wait, and consiu'prise

1.

English,

;

;

bush.]

J. Literally,

2.

ME

A

the oriental 3. In laie, the correction of an error in a writ or |)rocess. manner, it is used at the begininng, but more generally at the end of declaiations Shakespeare uses it for the recovery of and prayers, in the sense of, be it firm, be healtli, but this sense is unusual. it established. AMENDS', n.plu. [Fr. amende.] And let all the people say amen. Ps. cvi. iCompensation for an injury recompense ; The word is used also as a noun. satisfaction equivalent as, the happiness " A]\ the of a future Wt'e will more than make amends promises of God are amen in C'li>isl;'* tliat is, firmness, stability, constancy. fijr the miseries of this. a. menare Fr. ; AME'NABLE, mtner, AME'NITY, n. [L. amosnitas ; Fr. amhiiti [It. ; amener ; Norm, amesner, to lead, to bring L. ameenus ; \V. mwyn, good, kind.] Fr. amener. It. ammainare, in marine lan- Pleasantness agreeableness of situation guage, to strike sail.] that which delights the eye iised of pla1. In old law, easy to be led governable, ces and prospects. Brmvn. as a woman by her husband. IThis sense AM'ENT, n. [L. amentum, a thong, or

In

stable.

for the better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of life, by quitting vices.

A word, clause or paragraph, adiled or proposed to be added to a bill before a legislature.

from the tliirty-fiflh to the one hundred and fifty-sixth degree of Longitude West from Greenwich, being about nine thouIts breadth at sand miles ill length. Darien is narrowed to about forty-five miles, but at the northern extremity is nearly four the usand miles. From Darieu

AMI

A M

A M M

I

long and resembling threads is incombustible, and has

elastic, often

te the JVor/A, the continent is called ^orth America, and to the South, it is called South Jimcnca.

AM'ITY,

n. [Fr. amitie

;

It.

atnista, amisl-

of silk. It dde; Sp. nmistad, from amistar, to reconcile Port, amizade Norm, amis/ee, ti'iendsometimes been wrought into
;

;

;

;

;

;

•

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

•

prince.

mercury,

AMETHYST'INE,

Encyc.

justed.

low mica.

Pertaining [L. amictus from amicior, to clothe Fr. amid ; Sp. amito ; Port, arnicto.] sembling amethyst anciently applied to a garment of the color of amethyst, as dis- A scjuare hnen cloth that a Catholic priest ties about his neck, hanging down behind tinguished from the Tyriau and hyacinthino purple. under the alb, when he ofliciates at mass. to or re-

a.

AM'ICE,

;

al

;

A

n. genus offish, of the abdomin order, found in the rivers of Carolina.

AM'IA,

a.

[Fr. amiable

;

L.

Sp. and Port. Diet. [of a and Sax. midd, the middle, L. medius. the superlative degree middest, a contraction of Sax. mid-mesta, mid-most.

AMID',

Pennant.

A'MIABLE,

n.

>

AMIDST', P""^Amidst

amabilis

from amo, to love.] Lovely worthy of love

is

Plin. 37. 11.

AM'MODYTE,

n.

[Gr.

a/if.o;,

Encyc.

sand,

and

Svu, to enter.]

The sand eel, a genus of fish, of the apodal order, about a toot in length, with a compressed head, a long slender body, and There is but scales hardly perceptible. one species, the tobianus or lance. It buries itself in the sand, and is found also in the stomach of the porpess, which indi-

cates that the latter fish roots up the sand See Middle and Midst.] ; ; deserving of aflike a hog. Encyc. fection ; applied usually to persons. But in 1. In the midst or middle. This name is also given to a serpent of the Ps. Ixxxiv. 1, there is an exception, " 2. Among ; mingled with ; as, a shepherd size of a viper, and of a yellowish color, amiable are thy tabernacles, Lord." amidst his flock. also to a large serpent of in Africa found S. Pretending or showing love. .3. Surrounded, encompassed, or envelop Ceylun, of a whitish ash color, and very Lay amiable siege to the honesty of thi: ed with ; as, amidst the shade ; amid the Did. ofjYat. Hist. venomous. Ford's wife. Shak waves. Amid is used inostly in poetry. But this use is not legitimate. ) AMMO'NIA, [The real origui of this in marine the AMID'-SHIPS, language, word is not ascertained. A'MIABLENESS, /i. The quality of deserv- middle of a ship, with regard to her ^ Some authors su])posc it to be from Aming love ; loveliness. lengtli and breadth. A'MIABLY, adv. In an amiable manner AM'ILOT, ?!. mon, a title of Jupiter, near whose temple white fish in the Mexican in a manner to excite or attract love. Others in upper Egypt, it was generated. lakes, more than a foot in length, and of a AM'IANTH, [Gr. aniavto;, much esteemed at the table. sup))ose it to be fi-om Ammonia, a CyreI neg. Clavigero. naic territory ; and others deduce it from AMIANTH'l'S, (," andjiitauu, to pollute, AMISS', a. [a and miss. See .Wm.] or vitiate ; so called from its incombusti- 1. aunof, sand, as it was found in sandy Wrong faulty ; out of order ; improper Plin. 30. U».] bility. ground. Anghcized, this forms an elegant as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [This Earth-fiax, or mountain flax ; a mineral subword, nmmony.] adjective always follows its noun.] stance somewhat resembling flax ; usually 2. adv. In a Volatile alkali ; a substance, which, in its faulty manner ; contraiy to grayish, or of a greenish white ; somepurest form, exists in a state of gas. It is propriety, truth, law or morality. times of a yeUowish or silvery wliite, olive Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss composed of hydrogen and nitrogen. or mountain green, of a pale" flesh red or Combined with the muriatic acid, it forma James, iv ocher color. It is composed of delicate Applied to the the nnniatc of ammonia, called also sal body, it signifies indisposed 1.

How

O

;

AM'MONY,

"

A

;

;

;

filaments,

very

flexible

and somewhat

as, I

am somewhat

amiss to day.

ammoniac

aiyl hydro-chlorate

of

ammo-

M N

A

A M O

A M O

Native muriate of ammony is found in Egypt, where it is said to be generated in large inns and caravanseras, from the excrements of camels and other beasts. It occurs also massive and ciystalized in the vicuiity of volcanoes. Ammony, pop-

tors or conmientators

offenses of subjects against the government, or the proclamation of such pardon AM'NIOS or AM'NION, n. [Gr. a/4v«>,., a vessel or membrane.] The innermost membrane surroimding the fetus in the womb. It is thin, transparent, is called soft and smooth on the inside, but rougl hartshorn, ularly extremely punon the outside. gent and acrid, but when diluted, is an Encyc. agreeable stimulant. It extinguishes flame, AMNIOT'Ie, a. Obtained from the liquor and is fatal to animal life. It combines of the amnios, as the amniotic acid. with acids, and produces a class of salts, Ure. which, with few exceptions, are soluble in AJIOBE'AN, a. Alternately answering. water. JVicholson. Thompson, tyehsfcr's WartoH.

on the Jerusalem Tahnud. The Amoreans were followed by the Mishnic doctors, and these by the

nia.

Manual.

AMOBE'UM,

AMMO'N'IA€,

)

AMMONI'AeAL,

J

properties.

AIVIMO'NIA€,

Pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its

AMMONIAC GUM,

or

n.

a/MiSri,

A poem

n.

[Gr.

Sebureans.

AMORET',

A

from Africa and the East, resin, brought in large masses, composed of tears, internally white and externally yellow supposed to be an exudation from an umbelhferous plant. It has a fetid smell, and a nauseous sweet taste, followed by a

as speaking alternately, as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil. Encyc

L^U^

[Gr. auu>^or; Ar.

n.

n.

[L. ainor, love.] ;

;

which persons are represented

AMO'MUM,

;

;

1. I

;

fond. In love

warm

hamnia, to

;

enamored.

Shah. Pertaining or relating to love produced by love indicatuig love as, amorous deamorous airs. Milton. Waller. light AM'OROUSLY, adv. In an amorous man;

3.

;

;

hamamna, from

;

;

from L. amor, love.] Inchned to love having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment loving ;

I

12.

[See Jlmmonia.]

A gum

Fr. amour-

;

;

AM'ORIST,

alternate;

aftotSaios,

amor, love

[L.

lover an amorous woman 'also a love knot or a trifling love affair. Good''s Sacred Idyls. Chaucer.

A lover; a gallant an inamorato. Boyh. AMORO'SO, n. [It. from amor, love.] A lover a man enamored. AM'OROUS, «. [¥v. amoreux \\. amoroso

change.] in

n.

ette.]

;

;

or heat the heating plant.] ner fondly lovingly. .\ genus of plants all natives of warm cl AM'OROUSNESS, n. The qualify of being inchned to love, or to sexual pleasure'; mates, and remarkable for their pungeninflammable, soluble in fondness lovingness. water and spirit of wine, and is used ui cy and aromatic properties. It includes Sidney. the connnon ginger or zingiber, the ze- AMORPH'A, n. a neg. and y-op^yi, form.] medicine, as a deobstruent, and resolvent. [Gr. and False or bastard indigo. The plant is a narumbet, zedoary, cardamom, granum Encyc. AMMO'NIAN, a. Relating to Ammonius, paradisi or grains of paradise. The roots tive of Carohna, constituting a genus. It of the three former, and the seeds of the suriiamed Saccas, of Alexandria, who rises, with many irregular stems, to the two latter, are used in medicine as carmiflourished at the end of the second centhe highth of twelve or fourteen feet natives and stimulants, and in cookery as leaves, beautifully pinnated, are of an adtury, and was the founder of the eclectic mired green color, and its purple flowers condunents. They are important articles system of Philosophy or rather, he comof commerce. grow in s])ikes of seven or eight inches Cyc. pleted the establishment of the sect, which Of this plant has been made a long. originated with Potamo. Enfield. True amomum is a round fruit, from the East, AM'MONITE, n. [Coinu ammoms, from of the size of a grape, containing, under a coarse kintl of uidigo. Encyc. membranous cover, a number of angular AMORPH'OUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and Mopf-;, Jupiter Ammon, whose statues were rejiseeds of a dark brown color, in three resented with ram's horns.] form.] Of this fruit, ten or twelve grow in Having no determinate form of irregular cells. •Serpent-stone, or cornu amnionis, a fossil a cluster, adhering, without a pedicle, to shell, curved into a spiral, like a ram's shape not of any regular figure. Kirwan. a woody stalk. It is of a pungent taste AMORPH'Y, n. Irregularity of form dehorn of various sizes, from the smallest viation from a determinate shape. and aromatic smell, and was formerly grains to three feet in diameter. This fosStvijl. sil is found in stratums of limestone and much used in medicine, but is now a stran- AMORT', adv. [L. mors, mortuus.] Shak. It is clay, and in argillaceous iron ore. ger to the shops. Plln. 12. 13. Encyc In the state of the dead. smooth or ridged the ridges strait, crook- AMONG', or I Amung', ) [Sax. onP''^P' n. The act or right of ahenaed or undulated. Cyc. Encyc. Plin. .37. 10. AMONGST', Amungst', mang, on ting lands or tenements to a corporation, AMMO'NIUM, n. A name given to the sup- gemang, among gemangan, to mingle which was considered formerly as transD. and Ger. mengen ; Sw. mangia Dan. posed metallic basis of ammonia. If merSee Gr. fttymu. ferring tliein to dead hands, as such alienmanger, to mingle cury, at the negative pole of a galvanic batations were mostly made to rehgious housMingle.^, tery, is placed in contact with a solution es tor superstitious uses. In a general or primitive sense, mixed or Btackstone. of ammonia, and the circuit is completed, V. t. [Norm, amortizer, amorwith wheat. as tares AMORT'IZE, an amalgam is formed, which, at the temamong mingled tir It; S]). amortizar, to sell in mortmain Conjoined or associated with, or makin, perature of 70° or 80° of Fahrenheit, is of ammortire, to extinguish, from morte, L. the consistence of part of the luimber. but at the freezbitter one.

;

;

;

;

It is

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AM ORTIZ ATI ON

;

AMORTIZE-

MENT,

(,

<,

;

;

;

;

;

;

butter,

ing point

is

a firm and crystalized mass.

This amalgam by the metallic

is

supposed

basis,

to

be formed

ammonium.

Thomson. AMMONI'URET, n. The solution of a substance in ammonia. Ed. Encyc. AMMUNP'TION, n. [L. ad and munitio, from munio, to fortify.] Davy.

Military stores, or provisions for attack or defense. In modern usage, the signitica lion is confined to the articles which are used in the discharge of fii-e-aiins and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. Ammunition-bread, bread or other provisions to supply troops.

AM'NESTY, Hvrinii,

n.

memory,

Of the number

;

See Mortmain.] 7nors, death. among women. Luke, as, there is not one among In English law, to alienate in mortmain, i.

o^r.;(jfia,

(ionj

ofoneg. and

the root

of mens.

that

a thousand, possessing the hke qualities. is, to sell to a corporation, sole or aggrear. [from Anion or Hamon, a gate, ecclesiastical or temporal, and their of Jupiter, or rather of the sun Ar. successors. This was considered as sellHeb. and Ch. DH, HOn, Ham or Camah, ing to dead hands. This cannot be done or as a to heat warm, without the king's hcense. which, verb, signifies [See Mortand as a noun, heat or the sun and in Coivel. Btackstone. main.] Arabic, the supreme God.] AMOTION, n. [h.amotio; amoveo.] fVarton. Pertaining to Jupiter Anion, or to his temple Removal. and worship in upper Egypt. to ascend i. V. Bryant. AMOUNT', [Fr. monter, AMORA'DO, n. [L. amor, love, amo, to love. Norm, amont, upwards Sp. Port, montar ; But the word is ill formed.] It. montare ; from L. mons, a mountain, or A lover. See Inamorato, which is chiefly its root W. mynyz.] used. Ch. Rel. Appeal. 1. To rise to or reach, by an accumulation of AMO'RE, n. A name given by Marcgrave, particulars, into an aggregate whole to to a tribe offish, of three species, the pixcompose in the whole as, the interest on the several sums amounts to fifty dollars. uma, guaeu, and tinga. They are found about the shores of South America, and 2. To rise, reach, or extend to, in effect, or are used I'oi- food. Cyc. Diet, ofj^at. Hist. substance to result in, by consequence, AMORE'ANS, n. sect of Gemaric doc- when all things arc considered as, the

AMO'NIAN, title

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

[Gr.

mind. See Mind.^ act of oblivion; a general pardon of the

An

Blessed art thou

;

A

:

AMP

AMP

AMOVE',

I',

t.

A

to

vines.

Pliny says

it is

like

35, 16.] coal, or candle coal

Cannel

[Gr.

a^cft, liaXTM

kill

worms on

bitumen. Lib.

an inflammable substance of a black color, compact texture, and resinous luster, and sufficiently hard to be cut and polished. It burn: with a bright flame, of a short duration a. [Gr. a/t4iiSo?.o{, a/.$i and gives but a moderate heat. It is used AMPHIB'OLOUS, and to hke jet for making toys. It is found in Tossed fiawa, one strike.] from to another striking each France and England, where husbandmen with mutual l)lows. way, [lAUle used.] smear vines with it to kill vermin. AMPHIBOLY, n. [Gr. a/i$iSi.?.ta, afi^i, both Encyc. Cleavctand. ways, and f3aw.u, to strike.^ AMPHIB'IAL, AMPHIBIA, n. [Gv.afipi, of meaning. [Rarely used.] Ambiguity both or about, and fitoj, life.] Spclman In loo^og'^, am|)hibials are a class of animals, ;

;

;

AMPHIBRACH,

hve on land, and for

so formed as to

[Gr. aufi,

aud

7i.

[Gr.

afi^i,

and

in castitas.

and

We

Hall. Spenser. \J^otused.'\ 71. [Gr. a^rtfXoj, a vine. The

earth used to

n.

sj)eech, o/i^iffoXayia.]

phrase or discourse, susceptible of two interpretations aud hence, a phrase of un certain meaning. Amphibology arises from the order of the phrase, rather than from the ambiguous meaning of a word, have which is called equivocation. an exanq>le in the answer of the oracle to Pyrrhus. "Aio te Romanos vincere posse." Here te and Romanos, may either of them precede or follow vincere posse, and the sense may be either, you may conquer the Romans, or the Rojiians may conquer you. The English language seldom admits of amphibology. Encyc. Johnson.

Evelyn.

and moveo,

AM'PELITE, name of an

>.oyO!,

;

[L. amoveo, a

a.

when the

faces of tlie crystal, counted in two diffTi^rent directions, give two hexahedral outhnes, or are iound to be six in number. Cleaveland.

;

AMPHIBOL'OGY,

n.

move.] To remove.

hexahedraL] Cleaveland. In cryslalography,

;

;

[L. amoveo.] Total removal. [JVot used.]

AMPHIHEX.\HE'DRAL,

a. Pertaining to amphiresembling ampliibole, or partaking of its nature and characters. Cooper. of AMPHIM'ACER, n. [Gr. a^t'^oxpos, long AMPHIBOLOGICAL, a. Doubtful on both sides.] doubtful meaning. AMPIHBOLOG'ICALLY, adv. Whh a In ancient poetry, a foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as doubtful meaning.

bole

;

AMoV'AL,

Hornblend, form is an

AMl'HIBOL'IC,

;

resulting in effect or substance. AMoUR', n. [Fr., from L. amor, love.] An unlawful coimection in love ; a love inSouth. trigue; an affair of gallantry. to

rhombic prism.

ol)li<|ue

;

;

A M P

erals, including the Tremohte, and Actinolite. Its primitive

testimony of these witnesses amounts to Bacon. very little. AMOUIST', n. The sum total of two or more particular siinis or quantities as, the anioimt of 7 and 9 is Iti. the sum 2. The effect, substance or result as, tlie amount of the testimony is this. AMOUNT'ING, ppr. Rising to, by accinnulation or adtlition coming or increasing

li^ax^i,

AMPHIS'BEN, AMPHISBE'NA,

? »i. [Gr.a^$i5e(mu,ofo^4><5 \ and Caow, to go ; indithat the animal moves with either cating end foremost.] genus of serpents, with the head small, smooth and blunt the nostrils small, the eyes minute and blackish, and the mouth furnished with small teeth. The body is cylindrical, destitute of scales, and divided into numerous annular segments the tail obtuse, and scarcely to be distinguished from the head, whence the beUef that it moved equally well with either end foremost. There are two species the fuliginosa, black with white spots, found in Africa and America and the alba, or white species, Ibuiid in both the Indies, and generally in ant-hillocks. They feed on ants and earth-worms, and were formerly deemed poisonous but this opinion is exploded. Plin. 8. %i. Encyc. Cyc. The aquatic amphisben, Oordius aquaticus, Linne, is an animal resembling a horse hair, found in water, and moving with either end foremost. The vulgar opinion that this is an animated horse-hair is found to be an error. This hair worm is generated in the common black beetle, in which the parent worm lays its eggs and is sometimes found in the earth and on the leaves of trees.

A

;

;

;

;

;

hort.] long time under water. Their heart has but one ventricle their blood is red and In poetry, a foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short ; as hacold ; and they have such command of In English verse, it is used bere, in Latin. the lungs, as for a considerable time, to as the last foot, when a syllable is added suspend Respiration. This class of animals to the usual number formmg a double is divided hito two orders, the Reptiles rhyme as, and the Serpents. To the first belong the Lifter, Phil. Trans. jYo. S^. The piece, you think, is incorrect, why take it ? AMPHIS'CII, ) testudo, or tortoise, the draco or dragon o^$t, on both "• [Gr. Pupc. Trumbull AMPHIS'CIANS, I the lacerta or lizard, and the rana or frog sides, and ffxH», shadto the second, the crotalus, boa, coluber, AM'PHICOME, n. [Gr.au^i and xofitj, hair.] ow.] Linne A Idnd of figured stone, of a round shape, In geography, the inhabitants of the tropics, anguis, amphisbena, and ceciHa. whose shadows, in one part of the year, The term has also been apphed to such but rugged and beset with eminences are cast to the north, and in the other, to the called Erotylos, on account of its supposed quadrupeds, as frequent tlie water, particularly the marine quadrujieds, such as south, according as the sim is in the southpower of e.xciting- love. Anciently, it was the seal, walrus and lamantin. ern or northern signs. used in divination but it is httle known Encyc. to the moderns. .VMPHIB'IOLITE, n. [Gr. a.utigwj, am Encyc. AM'PHITANE, n. A name given by anphibious, and XiSof, stone.] AMPIIICTYON'Ie, a. Pertaming to the cient naturahsts to a fossil, called by Dr. A fragment of a petrified amphibious ani- august council of Amphictvons. Hill pyricubium. Pliny describes it as of mal. Did. of J\rat. Hist. AMPHIC'TY'ONS, n. In 'Grecian history, a square figure and a gold color. Qu. an assembly or council of deputies from Cubic pyrites. AMPHIBIOLOg'I€AL, a. [Infra.] Pliny, 37. 10. Encyc. to the to diffi^rent states of Pertaining Greece, su])posed aniphibiology. AMPHITHE'ATER, n. [Gr. af^^iiiaTfiov, of AMPHIBIOL'OgY, n. [Gr. of
;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

A

AMP

AMU

AMY

lowest in front. An ampliitheater may also be formed of turf only. Encyc.

extend, in o general sense ; applied to material or immaterial things. AMPHITHE'ATRAL, a. Resembling an 2. In rhetoric, to enlarge in discussion or by Tooke. amphitheater. representation ; to treat copiously, so as AMPHITHEATRICAL, a. Pertaining to to present the subject in every view and in the strongest Ughts. or exhibited in an amphitheater. H'arton AM'PHITRITE, n. [Gr. aft^trpi,^,,, a god- 3. To enlarge by addition to improve or dess of the .sea.] extend as, to amplify the sense of an an A genus of marine animals, of the Linnean thor by a paraphrase. order, MoUusca. AM'PLIFY, V. i. To speak largely or co n. [L. amphoto be (Uffuse in argument or de AM'PHOR, or piously ra ; Gr. a/t^opivi, or aju
;

AMPHORA,

AMU'SE,

s as z. [Fr. amiiser,to stop or from muser, to bay, to detain or trifle It. musare, to gaze or stand Ger. miissig, idle. Qu. Gr. fiv^u ; Lat. musso.] 1. To entertain the mind agreeably to occuor detain attention with py agreeable objects, whether by singing, conversation, or a show of curiosities. Dr. Johnson re-

marks, that amuse implies something less than

lively than divert, and less important Hence it is often said, are please.

we

2.

;

;

sufficient

ny

; fidly for the table

4.

as, ample ample justice.

;

;

])rovision Amplitude of the range, in projectiles, is tlie horizontal line subtending the path of a

flattering promises. s as i.

ed

;

the distance

;

it

Johiison.

Chambers.

spacious- Magnetical amplitude is the arch oi'the horizon between the sun or a star, at rising or ness sufficiency AMPLEX'leAUL, a. [L. ampleror, to em- setting, and the east or west point of the amb and of horizon, by the compass. The difference about, brace, plico, plexus, to between this and the true amplitude is the told, and caulis, xav\o{, a stem.] variation of the compass. In botany, surrounding or embracing the Eniyc. AM'PLY, adv. Largely; Uberally fidly; stem, as the base of a leaf. n.

;

;

Agreeably entertainhaving the mind engaged by some-

AMU'SEMENT,

Largeness; abundance.

s as z.

}i.

That which

amuses, detains or engages the mind entertainment of the mind pastime a pleasurable occupation of the senses, or that ;

;

which furnishes

;

as dancing, sports or

it,

music. n. s as z. One who amuses, or affords an agreeable entertainment to the

AMU'SER, mind.

orcf. s as :. Entertaining; giving moderate pleasure to the mind, so as to engage it; pleasing. AMU'SINGLY, adv. s as :. In an amusing

.\MU'SING, ^/?r.

manner. a. That has the entertain the mind.

AMU'SIVE, amuse or

AMYG'DALATE,

a.

power

[L. amygdalus,

to

an

almond.] Made of almonds. AMYG'DALATE, n. An emulsion made of

almonds

milk of almonds.

;

has moved.

ample narrative.

AM'PLENESS,

;

thing pleasing.

which measures

boily thrown, or the line

Liberal; magnificent; as frnip/c promises. not brief or contracted as an

5. Diffiisive

;

AMU'SED, pp.

;

;

amu-

sed with trifles. To detain to engage the attention by hope or expectation as, to amtise one by ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

loiter,

idle

;

—

t.

at

keep

;

;

t).

AMYG'DALINE, a. bling the almond.

Core. Bailey. Pertaining to or resem-

A

AMYG'DALITE,

n. plant ; a species of spurge, with leaves resembling those of the almond. Ash.

AMYG'DALOID, mond, and

an alG. mandel-stein,

w. [Gr. a/ivySa-Kia,

n6o5,

form

;

almond-stone.] a diffusive Toad-stone a conijiound rock, consisting of copiously a basis of basalt, greenstone or some other V. t. [L. amputo, of amb, variety of trap, imbedding nodules of ;

AM'PLIATE, [L. amplio. To enlarge to make greater; V.

t.

;

See Ample.]

fication

;

sentence

n.

Enlargement

diffuseness.

Roman

In

;

1

[Little used.]

a deferring to pass a postponement of a decision,

to obtain further evidence.

2.

ampli-

;

n.

Encye.

[L. amplijicatio.]

;

In

rhetoric, iliftYisive

description or dis-

exaggerated representation copious argument, intended to present tlic subject ill every view or in the strongest light

;

;

narrative, or a dilating the particulars of a subject a

diffuse

;

upon

all

;

descrijjtion given in more words than are necessary, or an illustration by various ex-

amples and proofs.

AM'PLIFIED,

pp.

AM'PLIFIER, larges one who

One who amplifies or entreats a subject diffusive

;

the strongest light. Sidney. [Fr. amplifier ; L. ampliji-

ly, to exiiibit it in

AM'PLIFY, co 1.

;

To

<)i'

V.

t.

ampins and facio,

in

;

about, and puto, to prune.] To prune branches of trees or vines ; to cut off. To cut off a limb or other part of an ani mal body « term of surgery. ;

AM'PUTATED,;*^.

Cutoff;

AM'PUTATING, ppr.

sejiaratcil

]iart

from

to

make

large.]

enlarge; to augment; to increase or

Cutting off a limb or

various minerals, particularly spar, quartz, agate, zeolite,

calcarious

chlorite,

&c.

When ed,

it

the imbedded minerals are detachis porous, like lava. Cleaveland.

AMYG'DALOIDAL, a.

Pertaining to amyg-

daloid.

AMYLA'CEOUS, a

of the bod v.

priv.

and

a.

(iVKri,

[L.

amylum, starch, of

a mill,

being formerly

made without

grinding. Plin. 18. vii.] [L. amputatio.] to starch, or the farinaceous part of cutting off a limb or Pertaining of grain resembling starch. some part of the body. AM'ULET, n. [L. amidetum.; Fr. nmulette ; AM'YLINE, n. [\j. amylum; Gr. anv^ov ai.n'Ko;, ungrouiid, a and /uf^-ij, mill.] Sp. amuleto ; from Lat. amolior, amolitus, farinaceous substance between gum and to remove.] Webster^s Manual. starch. worn as a or

AMPUTA'TION", n. The act or operation

,

;

;

A

Something Enlarged; extended;

diffusively treated. 11.

2.

;

the bndv.

Enlargement extension. cussion

.

antiquity,

AMPLIFl€A'TION, 1.

manner.

AM'PUTATE,

[Little used.]

AMPLIA'TION, 2.

sufficiently

extend.

to

;

remedy

tive against evils or mischief,

preserva-

such as

dis-

eases and witchcraft. Amulets, in days of ignorance, were common. They con sisted of certain stones, metals or jilants sometinios of words, characters or sentences, arranged in a particvilar order. They were appended to the neck or body. Among some nations, they are still in use.

;

Encyc.

AM'YRALDISM,

n. In church history, the doctrine of universal grace, as explained by Amyraldus, or Amyrault, of France, in the seventeenth century. He taught that God desires the happiness of all men, and that none are excluded by a divine decree, but that none can obtain salvation without that God refuses to none faith in Christ the power of believing, though he does net ;

ANA

ANA grant to poucr.

his assistance to

all

improve

tliis

ANABAP'TISTRY,

Enri/c.

n. A Mexican name of the seaan amphibious quadnipeil, inhabiting the shores and rivers of America, on the

\MVZ'TLI,

used.]

Gr.

t^

uynyn

One

Ir. fin,

;

;

Arm.

ean, aon

;

W. un, yn

;

Corn.

yunan.'\

Ana-

imitation of nature. His verse consists oT three icet and a half, usually spondees and iambuses, sometimes anapests ; as in

v.

To

t.

rebaptize. [ATuf Whitlock.

n.

this line of "

A

speciesofparokeet, about tlie size of a lark; the crown of the head is a dark red, the upper part of the neck, sides,

is

length, and Its snout, short legs and crooked nails. skin is valued for tlie length and softness of its hair. Clavigero. fin Ger. een one D. a. ; ; ; AN, [Sax. an, ane, Sw. and Dan. «n ; Fr. on, un, une ; Sp. un, uno ; It. uno, una ; L. unus, una, ununi ; its tail,

ANACA,

three feet in body two feet. It has a long

Its

ANA sect of

baptists.

ANABAPTI'ZE,

lion,

Pacific ocean.

The

n.

back and wings are green. Did. of ANA€AMP'Tl€, a. [Gr. oro and

Horace. |)er omnes."

Lydia, die

ANACREON'TIC, the

AN'ADEME,

A poem

Encyc.

composed

n.

ui

Achaplctor

[Gr. woiijiwa.] of flowers.

crown

J^at. Hist.

n.

manner of Anacreon.

fV.

Browne.

xajjutta, to ANADIPLO'SIS, n. [Gr. o.a, again, and bend.] bufKoof, double.] I. Reflecting or reflected a word formerly Duplication, a figure in rhetoric and poetry, applied to that part of optics, which treats consisting in the repetition of the last word of reflection the same as what is now or words in a line or clause of a sentence, " he recalled catoptric. [See Catoptrics.] in the beginning of the next as, tained his virtues amidst all his niisforAnacamptic sounds, among the Greeks, were sounds produced by reflection, as in times, misfortunes which no inudence echoes or such as proceeded downwards coidd foresee or prevent. Encyc. from acute to grave. Rousseau. Bushy. ANAD'ROaiOUS, a. [Gr. a.a, upward, and ANACAMP'TICS, n. The doctrine of re Spo/ioi, course.] fleeted light. a word applied to such fish as [See Catoptrics.] Ascending ANA€AR'DIUM, n. The cashew-nut, or pass from the sea into fresh waters, at stated seasons. marking nut, which produces a thickish, Encyc. ;

;

;

noting an "individual, either definitely, certain, specified, or luiderstood or indefinitely, not certaui, known, or specified. Definitely, as "Noah built an ark ol " Paid was an eminent Gopher wood." ;

known,

;

"

Indefinitely, as Bring me an apostle." orange." Before a consonant the letter n but our ancestors is dropped, as a man ;

;

;

wrote an man, on king. This letter reprered, caustic, inflammable hquor, which AN'AGLYPH, n. [Gr. aim, and y?.vfu, to when used in marking, turns black, and is sents an definitely, or indefinitely. Definite engrave.] " I will take Ure, An ornament made by scidpture. very durable. you to me for a peo])le, ly, as and I will be to you a God." Ex. vi. In- ANACATHAR'TI€, a. [Gr. mu, upward, ANAGLYP'TIC, a. Relating to the art of and a is See of 'i;, of 0)o, up" such an one" is the true ANACATHAR'TIe, n. A medicine which AN'AGOgY, ^ ward, and ayuyrj, a. tautology excites the or a and such one. is from mouth, nose, discharges by Although an, leading, oyu.] phrase as expectorants, emetics, sternutatoric An elevation of mind to one, are the same word, and always have things celestial the and masticatories. the same sense, yet by custom, an and a Quincy. spiritual meaning or application of words also the apjilication of the types and alleare used exclusively as a definitive adjec- ANA€HORET. [See Anchoret.] n. and used in Where is of old to subjects of one the testament and ANA€H'RONISM, ava, xfovo^, [Gr. numbering. tive, gories the new. our ancestors wrote an, twa, tliry, we now time.] Encyc. use one, two, three. So an and a are never An error in computing time any error m ANAGOg'ICAL, a. Mysterious elevated but one like used except with a noun chronology, by which events are misspiritual as, the rest of the sabbath, in an the other adjectives, is sometimes used withplaced. anagogical sense, signifies repose of the saints in heaven. out its noun, and as a substitute for it ANA€HRONIS'Tl€, a. Erroneous in date ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

" one is at a loss to Warton. containing an anachronism. assign a reason for such conduct." ANA€LAS'TI€, a. [Gr. ma and xTxiaii, AN, in old English authors, signifies if; as, breaking, fiom xXau, to break.] " an it the rectilinear course av honor." in Gr. So Refracting breaking please your o ofhght. or lav, Ar. • \, Sam. and L. an, if or Anaclastic glasses, sonorous glasses or phials, wliich are flexible, and emit a vehement whether Ir. an, Ch. ]x or ]'N, if, whether noise by means of the human breath called also vexing glasses, from the fright It is probably an imperative, like if, gif, which their resilience occasions. They Qu. Sax. annan, or anan, to give. give. are low phials with flat bellies, like inver A'NA, da, or a. [Gr. aio.] ted tunnels, and witii very thin convex In medical prescriptions, it signifies an equal bottoms. By drawing out a little air, the quantity of the several ingredients; as bottom springs into a concave form with wine and lioney, ana, da or a ^ ii. that is, of a smart crack ; and by breathing or blow wine and honey each two oimces. inginto them, the bottom, with a like noise, A'NA, as a termination, is annexed to the names of authors to denote a collection of springs into its former convex form. Eneyc their memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligen. That of

ANAGOG'ICALLY, sense

;

is

;

a book containing the sayings of It was used by the Romans, as

ANA€LAS'TI€S, which

Scaliger.

ANABAP'TISM, The

doctrine of

ANABAP'TIST, (iorttis'jjs,

One who

a

n.

tlie

[See Anabaptist.] Anabaptists.

n.

[Gr. cuu,

Encyc

ANA€OENO'SIS,

Ash.

and

A

again, and

ba])tist.]

to their doctrines.

Vol.

I.

""

S

Anabaptists, or Milton. BulL

xoii'Of,

n.

[Gr. oroxowuffi;

ANAeOND'A,

am

Walker.

in debate. n.

A name

given in Ceylon, Boa, which

to a large snake, a species of is said to devour travelers.

Its flesh

is

n.

considera-

Mysterious

Addison.

tions.

AN'AGRAM,

A

n.

[Gr. aio,

and

yijo/zfia,

a

letter.]

transposition of the letters of a name, by which a new word is formed. Thus Ga-

lenus

becomes angelus

William

;

N'oy,

(attorney general to Charles I., a laborious man,) may be turned into I moyl in law. ) Rlaking an anagram. l"Camden's Remains.

ANAGRAMMAT'IC, ANAGRAMMAT'ICAL,

ANAGRAMMAT'ICALLY,

adv.

In the

manner of an anagram.

ANAGRAM'MATISM, tice

The

n.

act or prac-

Camden.

of making anagrams.

ANAGRAM'MATIST,

n.

A maker of ana-

grams.

ANAGRAM'MATIZE,

I',

i.

To make

ana-

Herbert.

grams.

A

measure of graiti in Spain, containing something less than two

AN'AGROS,

n.

bushels.

A'NAL, a. as,

Encyc. anus ; Pennant. Cubic zeohte, found in aggregated or cubic crys-

[L. anus.'] Pertaining to the

the anal

ANAL'CIM,

fin. }

"

Encyc.

Encyc. ANAL'CIME, I Ure. tals. Pertaining to Anacreon, a Greek poet, whose odes and epi- This mineral is generally crj'stalized, but is also found amorphous, and in reniform, grams are celebrated for their dehcate, niaramillary, laminated or radiated masseasy and graceful air, and for their exact excellent food.

ANACREON'TIC, I

;

common.]

figure of rhetoric, by which a speaker applies to his opponents for their opinion

on the point

holds the doctrine of tlie baptism of adults, or of the invalidity of infant baptism, and the necessity of rcbaptization in an adult age. One who maintains that baptism ought always to be performed by immersion. Ena/c. ) ANABAPTIST'IC, Relatins to the

ANABAPTIST'I€AL,

optics part treats of the refraction of hght called dioptrics, which see.

commonly

in CoUectaneus, collected, gathered.

adv. In a mysterious with religious elevation.

;

ANAGOg'ICS,

;

rana,

;

;

;

a.

9

ANA

ANA Thus a

acquires a weak electricity ; hence its name, Gr. avoxxif, weak. Cleaveland. n. AN' ALECTS, [Gr. ara andxtyu, to collect.] A collection of short essays, or remarks. es.

By

friction,

it

plant

is

ANA

have

said to

because

life,

AN'ALEMMA,

growth resembles in some degree, that of an animal. In life and growth, then, there is an analogy between a plant and an animal. Learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind, what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things be-

1.

fore hidden.

its

Encyc. n. [Gr. avaXt;fifia, altitude.] geometry, a projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, orthographical Ill

ly made ses, the

by straight lines, circles and ellip eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of the horizon.

2.

An

Also,

instrument of wood or

this kind of projection is horizon and cursor fitted to

and

solstitial colure,

on which drawn, with a in which the

bi-ass

it,

all circles

parallel to

'2.

will be concentric circles all circles oWiiiue to the eye will be enii)ses and all circles whose planes pass through the eye will be right hues. Encyc. Ash. ANALEP'SIS, n. [Gr. araX);4.i5, from ara>«/i 6aiu, to receive again.] The augmentation or nutrition of an emacia ted body; recovery of .strength after a it,

;

disease.

ting

;

Qujncy. Corroborating; invigora

a.

ANALEP'TI€, strength,

and

A

XUCH5, 1.

aids in restoring a body to a restorative.

health after sickness

ANAL'OGAL,

a.

[A'oi used.]

Hah. Having analogy used by way of analogy bearing some rela-

ANALOG'ICAL,

a.

;

;

Thus

J!.

aiuXufftj,

[Gr.

;

to analyze

an action to

morality.

tion.

AN'ALYZER,

One who

71.

analyzes

which analyzes or has the power

that

;

to ana-

lyze.

mirror, appearing regular, and in right Johnson. Encyc. proportion. ANA'NAS, n. The name of a species of Bromelia, the pine-apple. Encyc. AN'APEST, 71. [Gr. am, and jtoiw, to strike.

Bailey.] Encyc. of ava and In poetry, a

a loosing, or resolving, from

/.vw,

2.

to

See Loose.]

The separation of a compound body into its constituent parts a resolving as, an analysis of water, air or oil, to discover its ;

;

Analogous.

its

pp. Resolved into its constituent parts or principles, for examina-

Johnson.

ANAL'YSIS, loosen.

medicine which gives

ascertain

AN'ALYZED,

an analogy follow a preposition, that prep- AN'ALYZING, ppr. Resolving into eleosition must be betweeti or betwixt ; as there ments, constituent parts, or first princiis an analogy between plants and animals, ples. or between customs. When one of the ANAMORPH'OSIS, n. [Gr. am, and /m;.$ufn;, formation.] things precedes a verb, and the other follows, the pre])ositioii used must be to or In perspective drawings, a deformed or disurilh ; as, a plant has some torted portrait or figure, which, in one analogy to or with an animal. point of view, is confused or unintelligible, With grammarians, analogy is a conforand in another, is an exact and regulaimity of words to the genius, structure or representation or confused to the naked general rules of a language. Thus the eye, but reflected from a plain or curved general rule in Enghsh is that the plural of a noim ends in es ; therefore all nouns which have that plural termination have an analogy, or are fcjrined in analogy with other words of a like kuul.

giving strength after disease. n.

substance

fossil

;

;

ANALEP'TI€,

When the things which have

a

;

elements. A consideration of any thing in its .separate parts an examination of the different parts of a subject, each separately as the words which compose a sentence, the notes of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is op;

;

foot, consisting of three syllathe bles, the two first short, the last long reverse of the dactyl; as. Can a bosom so gentle remain Uiunoved when her Corydon sighs ? Shenstonc ;

ANAPEST'I€,

The

7!.

anapestic measure. Bentley.

Pertaining to an anapest consisting of anapestic feet.

ANAPEST'Ie,

a.

ANAPHORA,

;

n. [Gr. from ava^cpa.] analogical reasoning is reas1. A figure in rhetoric, when the same word oning from some similitude which things known bear to things unknown. An anaor words are repeated at the beguming of two or moi'e succeeding verses or clauses logical word is one which carries with it posed to sytithesis. some relation to the original idea. Thus In mathematics, analysis is the resolving of a sentence as, " Where is the wise ? the word ^rm primarily denotes solidity or Jl'here is the scrilje ? Where is the disof problems by algebraic equations. The Johnson. and by compactness in a material body puter of this world ?" analysis of finite quantities is otherwise called algebra, or specious arithmetic. 2. Amoi^g physicians, the discharge of blood analogy, when used of the mind, it conThe analysis of infinites is the method of or purulent matter by the mouth. veys the idea of (pialities having a similitude to thesolidity of bodies, that is, fixedor differential the calculus. fluxions, Encyc. Coie. ness or inmiovability. Watts. Encyc. ANAPLEROT'Ie, a. [Gr. avan.rr,f,ou, to fill.] ANALOU'ICALLY, 'adv. In an analogical In logic, analysis is the tracing of things to Filling up supplving or renovating flesh. their soiu-ce, and the resolving of knowl- ANAPLEROT'I€,7i. A medicine which remaimer; by way of similitude, relation or news flesh or wasted parts. Encyc. Coxe. agreement. Thus to reason analogically edge into its original principles. is to deduce inferences from some syllabus, or table of the principal heads AN'ARCH, n. [See Anarchy.] The authw agree- 3. ment or relation which things bear to each of confusion one who excites revolt. of a continued discourse, disposed in their other. Milton. natural order. } Without rule or gov\NALOG'ICALNESS, n. The quality of 4. A brief, mcthodi<'al illustration of the in a state ernmeiit fitness to be of a science. In this being analogical sense, it is ANAK€II'I€AL, principles applie<^l for the illustration of some analogy. Johnson. of confusion apjdied to a state or society. nearly .synonymous with syyiopsis. ANAL'OGISM, Jl. [Gr. aroXoyw'^os.] AN'ALYST, n. One who analyzes, or is Fielding uses anarchial, a word of less difficult pronunciation. An argument from the cause to the effect. versed in analysis. Kirwan. " n. An anarch one who Johnson. ANALYT'I€, to AN'AR€HIST, analvPertaining \ excites revolt, or promotes disorder in a sis that resolves uito Investigation of things by the analogy they ANALYT'ICAL, \ state. bear to each other. first principles that separates into parts Crahbe. Stephens. ANAL'OgIST, 7^. One who adheres to or original principles that resolves a com- AN'AR€HY, n. [Gr. avapz^, of o priv. and apxVi rule.] analogy. pound body or subject as, an analytical of a state of society, ANAL'OGIZE, v. t. To explain by analogy government experiment in chimistry, or an analytical Want to form some resemblance between differ when there is no law or supreme power, It is opposed to investigation. synthetic. or when the laws are not efiicient, and ent things to consider a thing with regard ANALYT'I€ALLY, adv. In the liianncr of to its analogv to soiuething else. individuals do what of a they please with imanalysis by way seiiarating Cheyne. body ANAL'OGOU'S, a. Ha\ing analogy bear- into its constituent parts, or a subject, hito ])unitv ])olitical confusion. its principles. fol ANAR'HICHAS, 7i. The sea wolf; a genus ing some resemblance or proportion lowed by to; as, there is something in tlj< ANALYT'I€S, n. The science of analysis. of ravenous fisli, of the order of Apodals, exercise of the mind analogous to that of found in the northern seas. [See Jlnalysis.] the body. genus of water fowl of AN'ALVZE, V. t. [Gr. amj^vu. See Jlnal- ANAS, ?!. [L.] the order Anseres ; including the swans, ANAL'OgY, n. [Gr. aia?.oyia, of aiw, and ysis.] To resolve a body into its elements to sep- geese, and ducks. The species are very Jioyo;, ratio, proportion.] 1. An agreement or likeness between numerous. arate a compound things subject into its parts or in some circumstances or effects, when the pro|)ositi(ins, for the purjiose of an exami- VN.ASARCA, 71. [Gr. oia, in or between, nation of each tlungs are otherwise entirely different. and au(i§, flesh.] separately as, to analyze

tion.

;

;

;

A

;

ANAR€HT€,

;

;

i,

;

;

"

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

ANA A species

A N C

A N C

of dropsy, from a serous

or

spread between the skin and llcsh an accumulation of lymph in the cellularj membrane, occasioning a soft, pale, ine-| lastic swelling of tlie skin, ^uincy. Coxe. ANAS' AReOlTS, a. Belonging to anasarca, or dropsy dropsical. ;

of nature or blood a predecessor, in the order of oftice. ANCES'TRAL, a. Relating or belonging to ancestors claimed or descending from

cate with a deniuiciation of curses; to pronounce an anathema against. Hammond. pp. Excommunicated with curses.

humor

;

ANATH'EMATIZED,

ANATHEMATIZING,

ppr.

;

ancestors

Pronoimcing

;

as,

an ancestral

estate.

AN'CESTRY,

and produce.] Producing ducks. Brown. a.

;

n. \ series of ancestors, or progenitors lineage, or those who compose the line cif natural descent. Hence, birth or honorable descent. Addison,

an anathema.

AN.VriF'EROUS,

[L. anas, a duck,

;

s as z. [Gr. am, and r. i. ANAT'OCISM, n. [L. anatocismus, i'roniGr. sfo^a, mouth.] to unite the mouth of one| aiu, again, and roxof, usury.] inosculate AN'€HILOPS, n. [Gr. oi7i?lu+, from o.?, a vessel with another, as the arteries with Interest upon interest the taking of comQu.] goat, and u^, an eye. Darwin. Encyc. the veins. pound interest or the contract by which The goat's eye ; an abscess in the inner ANASTOM'OSY, ) "' The inosculation of such interest is secured. ^Rarely used.] angle of the eye an incipient fi.stula lachCicero. Johnson. ANASTOMO'SIS, S vessels, or the openrymalis. Encyc. Coxe. as an artery ANATOM'l€AL, a. Belonghig to anatomy •VN'CllOR, 71. It. [L. a7ichora ; Gr. oyxi-po ing of one vessel into another, or dissection produced by or according uito a vein a relaxation or dilatation of and Port, ancora ; Sp. ancla ; D. G. Dan. to the principles of anatomy, or natural the mouths of vessels also the communianker ; Sw. anchare ; Ir. ankaire, ancair structure of the body relating to the parts or ingir; Corn, ankar ; Ar. ankar ; Pers. ancation of two vessels, as a vein with a vein. of the body when dissected or separated. Quinci/. Encyc. Coxe. ghar ; Russ. iacor ; F'r. ancre ; Arm. ancor.] adv. In an anatomical 1. An iron instrument for ANASTOMOT'IC, a. Opening the mouths holding a ship of vessels, or removing obstructions. manner; by means of dissection accord or other vessel at rest in water. It is a medicine suping to the doctrine of anatomy. ANASTOMOT'Ie, n. strong shank, with a ring at one end, to n. One who dissects bodies of the have the to be fastened and w itli a cable which opening power may posed more generally, one who is skilled in the mouths of vessels, and promoting circula two arms and flukes at the other end, the doctruie art of dissection, or versed tion, such as cathartics, deobstruents and forming a suitable angle with the shank and principles of anatomy. sudoritics. to enter the ground. Encyc. ANAS'TROPIIE, ) [Gr. avasfo^r,, a con- ANAT'OMIZE, v. t. To dissect an animal In seamen's language, the anchor comes home, ANAS'TROPHY, I version or inversion.] to divide into the constituent parts, for the when it is dislodged from its bed, so as to to each In rhetoric and grammar, an inversion of the by itself; purpose of examining drag by the violence of the wind, sea or as saxa per et natural order of words cinrent. lay open the interior structure of the parts of a body or subject as, to anatomize an Fold anchor is when the anchor hooks or is Encyc. scapulas, for per saxa et scapulas. to an or anatomize so animal )!. arguaiu-taaif, extension, plant AN'ATASE, [Gr. entangled with another anchor, or with a ment. of its crystals.] named from the length wreck or cable, or when the slack cable Octahedrite octahedral oxyd of titanium is entangled. pp. Dissected, as an ani mal body. a mineral that shows a variety of colors The anchor a cock bill, is when it is susblue to redfrom reflected ANAT'OMIZING, Dissecting. ppr. by light, indigo pended perpendicularly from the cat n. of It is usually erystahzed in dish brown. ara, through Y, [Gr. aiaroftjy, iiead, ready to be let go.

/era, to

ANAS'TOMOSE, To

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

ANATOMICALLY,

;

A

ANATOMIST,

;

;

m

;

;

;

;

ANATOMIZED,

;

ANAT'OM

and tinvu,

acute, elongated, pyramidical octahedrons. Ure. Cleavetand.

.\NATII'EMA,

n.

[Gr. muSi/ta, from

am-

backward or

at a

tiBrjiai, to place behind, distance, to separate.]

1.

to cut.]

and economy.

when

drawn

in

so tight as to bring the ship directly over

it.

The anchor a

The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of an animal body, to discover their situation, structure

is

peek,

it

is

The anchor is a trip, or o weigh, when it is just drawn out of the groimd, in a perpen-

dicular direction, either by the cable or the The doctrine of the structure of the body, buoy-rope. learned by dissection ; as, a physician To back an andtor is to lay down a small understands anatomy. anchor ahead of that by which the ship 3. The act of dividing any thing, corporeal rides, with the cable fastened to the crown or intellectual, for the purpose of examinwas practiced in the ancient churches, of the latter to prevent its coming home. ing its parts as, the anatomy of a plant, At anchor is when a ship rides by her anagainst notorious offenders all churches or of a discourse. were warned not to receive them all chor. Hence, to lie or ride at anchor. a The body stripped of its integuments To cast anchor, or to anchor, is to let go magistrates and private persons wen admonished not to harbor or maintain skeleton, or the cor]>oreal frame of bones an anchor, to keep a ship at rest. them, and priests were enjoined not to entire, without the skin, flesh and vessels To weigh anchor is to heave or raise the converse with them, or attend their fu an improper use of the word, and vulgar. anchor out of the ground. a neral. 5. Ironically, .\nchors are of difterent sizes. The princimeager person. There are two kinds of anathemas, Jurfi ANATREP'Tle, a. [Gr. a.-arpfjtcj, to overpal, and that on which most dependence and abjuratary. The former is Then come is jilaced, is the sheet anchor. turn.] ciary a pronounced by a council, pope or bishop Overthrowing the best bower, the small boicer, the spare prostrating defeating the latter is the act of a convert who the which to word applied dialogues of Plato, anchor, the stream anchor, aiid the kedge anathematizes the heresy which he abMar. Diet. represent a complete defeat in the gymnastic anchor, which is the smallest. exercises. jures. Enfield. 2. In a figurative sense, that which gives sta•^. In heathen that on w Inch we place mythology, an offering, or pres- AN'ATRON, n. [from Gr. vttfov, niter.] bility or security ent made to some deity and hung up in a 1. Soda or mineral fixed, alkali. dependence for safety. Wliicli hope we have as an anchor of the temple. Whenever a person quitted his 2. Spume or glass gall, a scum which rises Heb. vi. soul, both sure and stedfast. employment, he set apart, or dedicated his upon melted glass, hi the furnace, and tools to his patron-deity. Persons who when taken otf, dissolves in the air, and 3. In architecture, anchors are carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor. It is had escaped danger remarkably, or been then coagulates into common salt. of of a the otherwise very fortunate, testified their :}. The salt which collects on the walls ornaments of the commonly part boultuis of capitals in the Tuscan, Doric Johnson. Coxe vaults. gratitude by some oflering to their deity. disease in turueps, or an and Ionic orders, and on the moldings of £ncMC. AN'BURY, n. cornices. ANATHEMAT'ICAL, a. Pertaining to injiu'v occasioned by a fly. anathema. AN'C'ESTOR, n. [Fr. ancestres, ancetres ; L. In heraldry, anchors are emblems of hope. ANATHEMAT'I€ALLY, adv. In the man- antecessor, of ante, before, anil cedo, to go." Encyc. ner of anathema. One from whom a person descends, either AN'CHOR, v.t. To place at anchor; to ANATHEMATIZATION, n. The act of by the father or mother, at any distance moor as to anchor a ship. To of in the tenth or hundredth 2. fix or fasten on in a to fix stable conanathematizing. time, ; geneEncyc. ANATH'EMATIZE, v. t. To e.\coinmum- ration. An ancestor precedes in the order dition.

t.

Excommunication with curses. Hence, a curse or denunciation by ecclesiastical authority, accompanying exconnnuiiica This species of e.xconununication tion. ;

2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

to

anchor

To

r. i.

as,

;

cast anchor

our ship anchored

come

to

;

oft' the isle

of Wight. 2.

To

stop

;

to fix or rest on.

AN'€HORABLE,

a.

Fit

for

anchorage. Herbert.

[.Voi used.]

AN'€HORAgE,

AND

A N C

A N C AN'CHOR,

Anchor-ground a place where a ship can anchor, where the ground is not too rocky, nor the water too deep nor too shallow. n.

;

or paintings, or ancient authors, books. But in seems the most

old statues or paintings;] or old authors, meaning

these examples ancient] correct, or best author-

persons apply ancient to men but this advanced in years still living use is not common in modern practice though found in scripture. With the ancient is wisdom. Job. Old that has been of long duration as,

Some

ized.

;

rude and unwrought at the ends. A piece of cast iron is melted ofl' and Iiammered at a forge, into a mass of two feet long

and square, which

is called a bloom then, carried to a finery, and worked into an ancony ; it is then sent to a chafery, where the ends are wrought into the shape of the middle, and the whole is made into a bar. ;

Encyc.

AND, conj. [Sax. and ; Ger. und ; D. ende or en ; and.] The hold of a shi|) at anchor, or rather an ancient forest; an ancient city. the anchor and all the necessary tackle 3. Known from ancient times; as the ancient And is a conjunction, connective or conjomIt signifies that a word or part for anchoring. continent, opposed to the new continent. ing woid. Robertson. of a sentence is to be added to what pre3. A duty imposed on sliips for anchoring in a harbor. AN'CIENT, n. [Supra.] Generally used in cedes. Thus, give me an apple ayid an the plural, ancients. Those who lived in A>f'€lIORED, pp. Lying or riding at anorange that is, give me an apple, add or former ages, opposed to modems. chor held by an anchor moored fixed give in adtUtion to that, an orange. John In scripture, very old men. Also, governors, and Peter and James rode to New-York, in safety. that is, John rode to New-Y'ork add or female anchoret. rulers, political and ecclesiastical. AN'€HORESS, n. The Lord will enter into judgment with the further, Peter rode to New- York add Fairfax. ancients of his people. Isa. iii. jer. xix. n. [Gr James rode to New-York. AN'€HORET, or God is called the Ancient of from liis ara, days massive mineral, of AN'DALUSITE, n. tn'a;iupi;r;75, from a!'o,vwp:io, to retire, of Dan. vU. eternal existence. a flesh or lose red color and ;tupfu, to go. Written by some ausometimes Hooker uses the word for seniors, "They found crystalized in imperfect four-sithors, anachoref.] ded prisms, nearly or quite rectangular. A hermit; a recluse; one who retires from were his ancients," but the use is not au thorized. Its hardness is nearly equal to that of society into a desart or solitary place, ti avoid the temptations of the world and I. .indent is also used for a flag or streamer, Corundum, and it is infusible by the blow and for an ensign or the in a shi]) of war It has its name from Andalusia, in devote himself to religious duties. Also a pipe. Cowel as in of a of the bearer the leave with abbot, Shakespeare. flag, Spain, where it was first discovered. monk, who, Werner. Brongniart. retires to a cave or cell, with an allowance sup])oses the word, when used for a flag to be a corruption of end-sheet, a flag at ANDAN'TE, [It. from andare, to go ; Eng. from the monastery, to live in solitude. to ivend, to wander.] the stern. It is probably the Fr. enseigne Encyc. Johnson. Cowel. Encyc. In music, a word used to direct to a moveAN'CHOR-GROUND, n. Ground suitable ment moderately slow, between largo and Indent demain, in Enghsh Law, is a tenure for anchoring. AN'CHOR-MOLD, n. The hold or fastness by which all numors belonging to tin (diegro. Encyc. Coxe. of an anchor security. crown, in the reign of William the Con AN'DARAC, n. Red orpiment. AN'€HOUING, ppr. Mooring conibig to queror, were held. The numbers, names AN'DEAN, a. Pertaming to the Andes, in were all a book of these entered the chain of mountains &c. anchor. anchor; casting great extending called Domes-day Book. Cowel. Blackstone Columliad, 3, 138. through S. America. AN'€HOR-SMITH, n. The maker or for ger of anchors, or one whose occupation AN'CIENTLY, adv. In old times; in times ANDi'RA, n. A species of bat in Brazil, is to make anchors. nearly as large as a jjigeon. Diet. J^at. Hist. long since past as Rome was anciently than at n. and anchoim > more ; AND'IRON, present. [Teutonic, andena, or andcpoj)ulous ANCHO'VY, Sp. [Port, la. In Sax. the corresponding word is Fr. anehois It. acciuga ; .\N'CIENTNESS, n. The state of bein AN'CHOVY, \ ancient antiquity; existence from old timeG. anschove.^ hrand-isen, brand or fire iron D. brandA small fish, about three inches in lengtli, of| AN'CIENTRY, n. Dignity of birth; the yzer. The Fr. landier, Ann. lander, Junius honor of ancient hneage. the genus Chipea, found and caught, in thinks, is our and-iron, with the French I vast numbers, in the Mediterranean, and prefixed.] Spenser on Ireland. Shak. An iron utensil used, in Great Britain, where [J^ot antiquity. pickled for exportation. It is used as a AN'CIENTY, n. Age coal is the common fuel, to support the Martin. sauce or seasoning. use.] of a spit but in America, used to In some old statends n. A of n. fruit AN'CIENTY, Jamaica, ANCHO'VY-PEAR, English It is large, utes and authors, eldership or senioritv support the wood in fire places. constituting the genus Grias. 14. Hen. III. contains a stone, and is esculent. ANDORIN'HA, n. The Brazihan swallow. DictofMit. Hist. AN'CIENT, a. Usually pronounced most W'CILLARY, a. [L. ancilla, a female ser;

;

2.

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

ANCHORITE,

A

;

;

;

;

;

"

;

;

;

;

;

vant.] anomalously, ancient. The pronimciation of the first vowel ought to accortl wit' Pertaining to a maid servant, or female ser-

that in antiquity, anger, atichor, &:<•. [Fr. (incien; It. anziano, an:t;fromL. ante, an-

Old

;

that

;

happened or existed

in

When

which has ceased

to exist,

a.

we commonly

use ancient, as ancient rc))ublics, ancient heroes, and not old reiJubUcs, old heroes But when the thing which began or existed in former times, is still in existence, we use either anctMi< or old; as, ancient statues

man, and

;

n. [Gr.

av^p, wSpoj,

a

avatofirj, dissection.]

AN'DREOLITE,

[L. anceps.]

former Doulitful, or double double-faced or double formed; applied to the stem of a plant, it signifies a two edged stem, compressed

times, usually at a gi-eat distance of time ; Old. as, ancient authors, ancient days. says Johnson, relates to the duration ol tlie tiling itself, as an old coat ; and ancient, to time in general, as an ancient dress. But this distinction is not always observed. AVe say, in old times, as well as ancient In general times ; old customs, &c. however, ancient is opposed to modern we and old to new, fresh or recent. speak of a thing that existed formerly

ANDRANAT'OMY,

human

subservient as a maid servant. jThe dissection of a of a male. Blackstone.

ANCIP'ITAL,

tiquus.} ^.

vice

A

n.

body, especially Co.rc. Quincy. mineral, the harmo-

tonie, or cross-stone.

ANDROG'YNAL, ANDROG'YNOUS,

Ure.

[Gr. a*ijp, a man, and yrrj?, woman.} being male and female I "' ^

tvv'o opposite angles. Having two sexes Barton's Elem. of Botany. Lee. herniaphroditical. n. small ulcerous swelling In botany, the word is applied to plants Boucher. which bear both male and female flowers, coming suddenly. from the same root, as birch, walnut, oak, AN'CON, n. [L. ancon Gr. a/yxuf, the e These plants conchesiuit, mulberry, &c. how.] The olecranon, the upper end of the ulna, or stitute tlie monecian class in Linne's sys-

and tijrming

AN' COME,

;

;

A

;

Ctue

elbow.

AN'CONE,

n. [Lat. ancon, Gr. ayxui'.]

In

corner of a wall, crossEncyc. AN'CONY, n. [Probably from oyxur, the cid)!t, from its resemblance to the arm.] In iron u^orks, a ])iece of half wrought iron iai the shape of a bar in the middle, but architecture, the beam or rafter.

tem, and frequently have an amentum, Jflilne. thong or catkin, for a calvx.

ANDROg'YNALLY,

af/i'."With the

parts

of both sexes.

ANDROG'YNUS.

ANDROID, form.l

n.

?).

[Gr.

A

hermaphrodite. Johnson.

oi>;p,

man, and

ctfio;,

A N

A N E

A

Gi

form, whii-h, by spread about in the cellular membrane, Coxe. out of its proper course, certain springs, performs some of the nat(^nincy. One of ANEURIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to an aneuural motions of a h\-ing man. rism. these machines, invented hy M. Vaiican[a and «eip.] son, appeared at Paris in 1738, represent- .'\NEVV' adv. Encyc. Over again anotlirr time in a new form; ing a flute player. iLNDROM'EDA, n. A northern constella- as, to arm anew ; to create anew. Per- ANFRACTUOUS, a. [L. an/ractus, nf amb, tion, behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia and about, and fractus, broken. See Break.] seus, representing the figure of a woman full of windings and turnings chained. The stars in this constellation, Winding written less correctly, anfractuose. in Ptolemy's catalogue, are 23 in Tyoho's, Ray. 22 in Bayer's, 27 in Flamsted's, 84. ANFRA€TUOUSNESS, n. A state of be2. The name of a celebrated tragedy of Euing full of windings and turnings. n. [L. angario ; Gr. Encyc. ANGARIA'TION, ripides, now lost. ANDROPH'AGl, n. [Gr. an;p, man, and wyyapivio, to compel a word of Persian

A

macliine, in the

;

;

;

;

;

;

^loyu, to eat.]

sharks, partaking of the characters ol' both but it differs from both in this, that mouth is placed at the extremity of the head. Enci/r. ;

"

ANgEL'I€, ANGEL'I€AL,

\\,.angeUcus.] Reseinbling angels ^ belonging to angels, or ])artaking of their nature the nature and suiting dignity of angels.

n. [Gr. a priv. and txStSuj^ui, to puhlisli, part, ixhotof, given out.] original sense, secret history, or facts

or

not generally known. But in more com mon usage, a particular or detaclied inci dent or fact of an interesting nature a biographical incident a single passage of Procopius gave the title of private life.

\ 1.3

;

;

;

anecdotes to a book he published against and Justinian and his wife Theodora similar collections of incidents in the lives of eminent men are now common. Ena/c ANEeDOT'l€AL, a. Pertaining to anecdotes.

and

n.

[Gr.

used.]

>.oyo5,

Johnson wind, and

discourse.]

doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the

subject.

ANEMOM'ETER,

n. [Gr. avifioi,

wind, and

Hirptu, to measure.]

An

instnunent or machine for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. Encyc.

ANEMONE, " [Gr. avifiufr;, from aif^tos, wind. It was the anANEM'ON }

Y,

by

^

cient Greeks written avt^uT^a. Thcoph. Lib. 6. Ca. 7. Plin. 21, 2-3. Venus is said to have changed her Adonis into an anemone. Ovid. Metam. Lib. 10, 735.] Wind-flower ; a genus of plants of numer-

Some

of tlie species are cultivated in gardens, of which their double flowers are among the most elegant ornaments. Sea Anemone. See Animal Flower. ANEM'OSCOPE, n. [Gr. awfio;, wind, and

ous species.


A

to

view.]

machine which shows city

of the wind.

tlie

course or velo-

from tvpvc, broad.] preternatural dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. This is encysted or late,

The encysted aneurism is when the coats of the artery being only dilated, the blood is confined to its proper coat. Of tliis kind is tlie varicose. The diffused atteurism includes all those in which, from] an apertm-c in tlie artery, the blood is' difl'used.

Ir.

ain-

AN6EL'I€ALLY, adv. Lil;e an angel. AN6EL'I€ALNESS, n. The quahiy of being

so

history,

;

God to communicate his will man. Hence angels are ministers of God, and ministring spirits. Heb. 1.

;

more than hu-

Church

sect of heretics near the close of the 5th century, who held the persons of the trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by their own nature but each to be a God. existing by participating of a deity common to them all. They are called also Severites, from Severus, their head and

to

;

in

from Angelicuin in Alexandria, where they held their first meetings, h

A

;

excellence

;

called

appropriately, spirit, or a spiritual intelhgent being

In a bad sense, an evil spirit as, the angel of the bottomless pit. Math. xxv. 1 Cor. vi. Rev. ix. 4. Christ, the mediator and head of the church. Rev. x. .5. A minister of the gospel, who is an embassador of God. Rev. ii. and iii. 6. Any being whom God employs to execute his judgments. Rev. xvi. Cruden. 7. In the style of love, a very beautiful person. Shak. n. A fish on found the coast of AN'GEL, Carohna, of the thoracic order and genus Cha;todoii. It has a small projecting mouth the lainens above the gills are armed with cerulean spines the body, a foot in length, ai)pears as if cut off, and waved, and covered with large green

angehc

man.

AN'GELITES,

;

3.

jien-

;

Theodosians, from one Theodosius, whom they made their Pope. Encyc. AN'GEL-LIKE, a. ResembUng or having the manners of angels.

ANgELOL'OgY, A

71.

[Angel and

Xoyo;.]

discourse on angels or the doctrine of Ch. Spectator. angelic beings. AN'GELOT, n. [Fr. anche, the reed of a hautboy or other instrument of music] 1.

2.

;

An instrument of music, somewhat reJohTison. sembling a lute. An ancient English coin struck at Paris while under the dominion <5f England so called from the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of the arms of England and France. Also, a small rich sort of cheese made in Normandy. Encyc. ;

AN'GEL-SHOT, »i. [Fr. ange, a chain-shot.] Catesby. Chain-shot, being two halves of a caimon ball fastened to the ends of a chain. gold coin formerly current in England, bearing the figure of an angel. AN' GEL- WINGED, a. Winged hke angels. Skinner says, this device was impressed Thomson. in it allusion to an observation of AN'gEL-WORSHIP, n. The worshiping upon of angels. Pope Gregory the Great, who, seeing Trapp. some beautiful English youths, in the .VN'GER, n. ang'ger. [L. ango, to choke, market at Rome, asked who they were whence angor, vexation, strangle, vex he told were being Angli, English, they anguish, the quinsy, angina. Gr. ay;tu, to replied, they ought rather to be called anstrangle, to strain or draw together, to This coin had diffeieut valgeli, angels. vex. The primary sense is to press, ues under different princes but is now Gr. ay;^i, near ; squeeze, make narrow an imaginary sum or money of account, Sax. enge G. enge ; D. Dan. eng, narimplying ten shillings sterhng. Encyc. W. jiig-. This word may row, strait AN'GEL, a. Rcsembhng angels ; angehc be connected in origin with the Ar. Shak as, angel whiteness. ANgEL-AgE, n. The existence or state of vJtA=> hanika, to be angry, and ,Jii,si, &c. Pennant from

scales.

AN'GEL,

Ji.

A

;

;

Encyc.

prep. About ; concerning ; over against : a Scottish word. Qu. Gr. fj'oiTi. AN'EURISM, n. [Gr. aio, and cvfivva, to di

ANENT',

A

Sax. angel ;

employetl by

Shak

aw^o;, wind

yixifi, description.]

A description of the \vinds. ANEMOL'OgY, n. [Gr. an^o;, The

2.

Bolingbroke.

ANEMOG'RAPHY,

tell.

geal, or aingiol; D. G. Sw.- Dan. engel; Sp. angel ; It. angelo ; Port, anjo ; Fr. ange Russ. angel.] one employed to Lnlerally, a incs.senger communicate news or intbrmation from one person to another at a distance. But ;

1.

;

ANE'LE, V. t. [Sax. wit, oil.] To give extreme unction. LYot

say, to

genus of digynian

It grows naturally in northern climates, and has large lur.bels of a globose The roots ha\ e a fragant aromatic figure. smell, and are used in the aromatic tincture. The stalks make an agreeable sweetmeat. Encyc.

;

to

a

?i.

uses.

announce Ir. agalla, agallaim, to tell Ctom the root of call, or of Ar.

speak or

Ill its

;

common

;

AN'ECDOTE,

"•

tanders, containing several species. The sort is cultivated for merlicinnl

origin.]

;

}

:

ANgEL'ICA,

but the word is little used, being Compulsion exertion. [JVot used.] superseded by anthropophagi, which see. AN6EIOT'OMY, n. See Angiotomy. Herodotus mentions people of this charac- AN'CiEL, n. Usually pronounced angel, but most anomalously. ter. angelus, Gr. [L. Mclpom, 106. ANE'AR, prep. Near. ayyfXof, a messenger, from oyytJAu, to tell Atterbury.

Blan-eaters

(J

its

;

;

iN

and sharp above, disposeil in five rows, all round the jaws. The fish takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally, like wings wlien spread. This fish connects the genus of rays, with that ot' base, but slender

human

:

;

;

;

;

Beaumont, A species of shark, the is from six to eight feet with a teeth broad at the head, large long,

angels.

AN'gEL-FISH,

n. sijuatus squatina. It

chanaka, to strangle Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. non, to strangle. In Sas. ange signifies ;

A

G

iV

A N G

A N G

the English, to which is added this coirN angmod. sad, anxious ang-stl, a angulo ; It. angolo. The German has an-\ i-arbuncle angsum, pressed elose anxsximou affix, ic. The Angles, were the Ingeln, for angling with a hook but in D.j mian, to vex, to luake anxious; Eng. an-\ hengel is the rofi, and hengelen, to anglc.l gsevones, of Tacitus, ing-ivoners, dweller.^ L. anxious &e. and Qu. on the plain or level land, near the Elbe sriiish, angnstus, angina, hang.] hinge In popular Umguage, the point where two See Anguish.'\ and VVeser. [See English and fVont.] A violent passion of tlic mind excited by a linos meet, or the meeting of two Unes in a| Ing is annexed to many English names, as a corner. real or supposed injury ; usually accompoint Reading, Basing, Kitlering, towns situated with a take In the to venbetween on flat land.] propensity panied geometry, space comprised two straight lines that meet in a point, or jjeaniT, or to obtain satisfaction from tliei English jiertaining to England or the EngThis jjassiou liowever between two straight converging lines lish nation as the Anglican church. (itVendiiif; party. varies in degrees of violence, and in ingen-! which, if extended, would meet or the Pinkerton. uuus minds, may be attended only with a which two quantity by straight lines, depar- ANGLICISM, ». An English Idiom; a form desire to rejirove or chide the offender. of language pecuUar to the EngUsh. ting from a point, diverge from each other. Anger is also excited by an injury otler-! The ]ioiut of meeting is the vertex of the Milton. ed to a relation, friend or party to wliich angle, and the lines, coiuaiiiing the angle, AN'GLICIZE, V. t. To make English to are its sides or legs. one is attached; and some degrees ofiti render conformable to the Enghsh idiom, may be excited by cruelty, injustice or} In optics, the angle of incidence is the angle or to English analogies. which a r;iy of light makes with a perpen- AN'GLING, ppr. Fishing with an oppression offered to those with whonii angle. dicular to the surface, or to that point of the AN'GLING, n. A one has no immediate connection, or even! a fishing with a rod and surface on which it falls. to the conuiiunity of which one is a mem-i line

vexed

;

;

;

;

;

1

;

1.

;

i

;

;

;

;

Nor is it unusual to see somethingj The angle of refraction is the angle wliieh a of this passion roused by gross absurditiesi ray of light refracted makes with the surface of the refracting medium or rather in others, especially in controversy or diswith a ])erpendicular to that point of the cussion. Anger may be inflamed till it surface on which it falls. rises to rage and a temporary deUrium. Encyc. smart of a sore or swelling the A right angle, is one formed by a right line 9. Pain literal sense of the leonl. but little used. faUing on another perpendicularly, or an To excite of 90 t. to the V. AN'GER, anger; angle angger. degrees, making quarter of a circle. provoke ; to rouse resentment. to An obtuse angle is greater than aright angle, to cause to smart :i. To make i)ainful or more than 90 degrees. Bacon.' inflame as, to anger an ulcer. An acute angle is less than a right angle or \N'GERLY, adv. [anger and like.] less than 90 degrees. in an angry manner mere generally writA rectilineal or right-lined angle, is formed ten angrily. ANgI'NA, n. [L. from ango, to choke. See' by two right hues. ber.

\NGLO-DA'NISH,

a. Pertaining to the English Danes, or the Danes who set-

tled in Eiiffland.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

\

'

• Anger.] \ quinsy ; an inflammation of the throat aj tumor impeding res])iration. It is a gei eral name of the diseases called sore-

\

A curvilineal angle,

is

;

scarlet

ANGO'LA-PEA cies

ANtilOL'OGY, ?.oyo;,

A

discourse.]

treatise or discourse

human

AN GRED gry

iScc.

(^uincy.

a vessel,

foi/oc,

alone,

and

n. [Gr.ar^ynop,

orttp^ia,

seed.]

Producing one seed only in a pod.

AN'GIOSPERM,

Bailey. Johnson. n. [Gr. ayynw, a vessel,

and ortfp|Uo, seed.] !n botany, a plant which has sed in a pericarp.

VNgIOSPERM'OUS

a.

its

seeds inclo-

Having seeds

in-

In! closed in a pod or other pericarp. Lume's system, the second order of plants; in the didynaniian class are called angio

Tins word is opposed to gymnospermous, or naked-seeded.

sperrnia.

ANGlOT'OMY, rifivui,

n. [Gr. oyyaor,

a vessel, and:

to cut.]

;

;

;

;

;

—

compounds.

;

spe-

ANGERED,

provoked. adv. In an angry manner ; with indications of resentment.

peevishly a. [See Anger.] Feeling resentment provoked; followed generally by with before a person. God is angry with the wicked eveiy day. ;

AN'GRY, 1.

;

Fa.

vii.

But

it is

usually followed by at before

Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice

a ?

Eccles. v. 2.

wearing the marks of anger caused by anger ; as, an angry countenance angry words.

Showing anger

;

;

;

Inflamed, as a sore red manifesting inflammation. furious tumultuous. 4. Raging Or chain the angry vengeance of the waves. Trumbull. ANGSA'NA or ANGSA'VA, n. A red gum of the East Indies, like that of dragon's blood. Coze. AN'GU, ?i. Bread made of the Cassada, a plant of the W. Indies. 3.

;

;

;

;

)i. [L. unguis, a serpent, and Sans, agvi.] astronomy, a cluster of stars in the form of a mail holding a serpent Serpentarius, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. Ash.

AN'GUIFER, fero, to bear Ill

;

;

n. One that fishes with an analso a fish, a species of lophius.

AN'GLER, ;

PIGEON-PEA. A

See Anger.]

thing.

opposition to right angles. solid angle is the meeting of three or more l)lain angles at one point. A spho-ical angle is one made by the meeting of two arches of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of the globe or sphere. Bailey. AN'GLE, ji. A hook an instrument to take fish, consisting of a rod, a line and a hook, or a line and hook. AN'GLE, 1'. i. To fish with an angle, or with line and hook. fish for to try to gain by '3. V. t. or i. To some bait or insinuation, as men angle for fish as, to angle for the hearts of peoShak. Sidney. ple, or to angle hearts. AN'GLED, a. Having angles used only in

gle

a vessel, whether a vein orj It includes an artery, as in bleeding. both arteriotomy and phlebotomy. AN'GLE, n. [Fr. angle ; L. angulus, a cor-i ner Gr.ayxi^os: W.ongle ; G. and D. angel,' a hook, an ano-/e ; Dnu.angel, a hook, angle,! a sting l?ax. angel, a hook Sp. Port.'

The opening of

;

AN'GRILY,

in

on the vessels of the A

^NGI03I0N0SPER3I'0US,

[L.

;

riglit-lined figure.

and Oblique angles are either acute or obtuse,

body, as the arteries, veins, lym-

phatics,

any

n.

Pain intense bodily pain. The retiring of the native bodily heat to the center, occasioning head-ache, palpitation and sadness. Encyc. Coxe. or pp. Made an-

1.

2.

i

.tsh.

or

of Cytisus.

AN'GOR,

ANGIOGRAPHY,

n. [Gr. ay/noy, a vessel,

H'otton.

a. Pertainmg to the Saxons, who settled in England, or English Saxons. ANGLO-SAX'ON, n. A kind of pear; also the language of the Enghsh Saxons.

;

body.

Wotton. Pertaining to the

ANGLO-SAX'ON,

formed by two curvedj

fever,

o.

English Normans.

line.s.

A mixed angle is formed by a right line with a ciu'ved hne. croup, Adjacent or co7itiguous angles are such as Coxe. have one leg common to both angles, and &c. mumps, both together are equal to two right an.-higina pectoris, an anomalous or spasmodic affection of the chest and organs of resgles. are ancles of any right-hned or a disease of the heart. C'o.rf.| External angles piration n. [Gr. oyyaoi-, a vessel, figure without it, when the sides are produced or lengthened. and yfta^r;, description.] A description of the vessels in the human Internal angles are those which are within as quinsy,

throat,

ANGLO-NORMAN,

or pole to which ANGUIL'LA, 71. [L. an eel.] a line and hook are fastened. In zoology, an eel; also the name of a 3Ied} Sax. ing, iterranean fish used for food, called also AN'GLIe, "' [From Jingles, a plain or meadow, and Qu. Atherina AN'GLICAN, S liospetus and atlicrina. Diet. JVat. Hist. which is the root lie, like, or nxo;, like, Hepsetus, Linne. of the L. icus, in publicus, and idl similar ANGUIL'LIFORM, a. [h. anguilla, an ecl^

ANGLE-ROD,

adje<.'tives.

n.

The rod

From ing, was formed

Angles,

and forma,

shajie.]

A N

A N H

A

I

i\

i

compact, granular, fibrous, radiated,! AN IMAL, a. That belongs or leluies xc. and conanimals as animal functions. sparry, siliciferous or vulpinite, t/re. Animal is distinguished from intellectual Jameson, voluted. animal a])petites, the appetites of the body, thr ANHY'DROUS, a. [Gr. aruipoj, dry apriv. Sp. ansia ; Port, ans^ustin, showing as hunger and thirst. and uiup, water.] direct derivation of tliis word from L. anfrom pressure D. and Destitute of water. Anliydrite is so called,' The animal functions, are touch, taste, mofrustia, narrownes.s, because it isdestilute of the water of crystion, &c. G. anf;st ; Dan. angest. Tliis and a nuAnimal life is opposed to vegetable life. Cleavcland. talization. merous chiss of words arc from the root from pressure. ANIENT'ED, a. [It. niente, nothing Norm. Animal is o))])oseil also to spiritual or rationnnfr, eng, denotuig narrow, neant ; Fr. aneantir, to annihilate.] al, which respects the soul and reasoning See Anger.^ faculties; as animal nature, spiritual naExtreme pain, either of body or mind. As Frustrated brought to naught. Obs. Chaucer. ture, rational nalure. from agony, bodily pain, it may differ Animal food may signify that food which which is such distress of the whole body ANI'GHT, adv. [a or at, and nighl.] nourishes animals but it usually denotes time anights, in the plmal, is as to cause contortion, whereas anguish In tlie night food consisting of animal flesh. used of frequent and customary acts. may be a local pain as of an ulcer, or gout. Shall. Animal economy is the system of laws by You must come in earlier anights. But anguish and agony are nearly synonywhich the bodies of animals are governed As pain of the mind, it signi- ANTL, Ji. [Sp. anil, indigo Port, anil ; D. mous. and depending on their organic .structure. fies any keen distress from sorrow, reAnimal spirit is a name given to the nervoumorse, "despair and the kindied passions. anyl ; Ar. Vj,j nilon, slender, nila, blue.] ties

In the form of an eel, or of a sci-peiu t seiiiblint; an eel or serpent. AN'GUISH, n. [Vr. angoisse h. aitf>:oscia; ;

;

;

;

m

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

And they hearkened not to Moses, guish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. Ex. for

AN'GUISH,

V.

To

t.

fluid.

an-

A

vi.

extreme Temple

distress with

pain or grief

tor-

AN'GUISHED,;>p. Extremely pained:

shrub from whose leaves and stalks indi- Animal ergy. go is made Indigo/era, or the indigo plant.

ANIL'ITV,

deeply distressed.

;

corners

;

a.

;

;

;

;

AN'GULARNESS,

n.

angular.

AN'GULATED,

The quaUty of being

Formed with

a.

a.

:

hooked.

Glanville.

ANGUST', Narrow

;

angles or

Woodward. Angular ; having corners

corners.

AN'GULOUS, a.

[L. angustus.] Burton. straight. [JVot used.] n. [L. angustus, narrow.

ANGUSTA'TION, See Anger.]

The

act ot

or being

A

n.

[L. animalculum, ani-

malcula.]

animal

but appropriately, an animal whose figure cannot be discerned without the aid of a magnifying glass such as an invisible to the naked eye. Encyr. be implied in the word, but this is not AN'IMAL-FLOWER, n. In zoology, seacommon. In an ecclesiastical sense, it anemone, sea-nettle or urtica marina, the differs from censure, says Aylifte name of several species of animals belongcensure, respecting spiritual punishment, and aniing to the genus actinia. They are called sea-nettle from their supposed property of madversion, a temporal one. Glanville in the sense of perception, vises the word stinging, and sea-anemone from the rebut this use is not authorized. semblance of their claws or tentacles, to ANIMADVER'SIVE, a. That has the pow- the petals of some flowers. These are er of ])erceiving. Obs. Glanville. disposed in regular circles, and tinged i. v. with various bright colors. Some of these ANIMADVERT', [L. animadverto, of animals are hemispherical, others cylinanimus, mind, and advcrto, to turn to.] 1. To turn the mind to; to consider. drical others are shaped hke a fig. Some 2. To consider or remark upon by way of are stiff and gelatinous; others, fleshy and criticism or censure. muscular but all can alter their figure Dryden. 3. To inflict punishment followed by upon. by extending their claws in search of food. Grew These animals can move slowly, but are ER, n. One who animadgenerally fixed by one end to rocks or verts or makes remarks by way of cen stones in the sand. On the other extremsure. ity, is the mouth in the center, which is little

;

;

a straightening

Wiseman

made narrow. n.

[L.

;

The

knights.

latidave,

whh

broader studs, was worn by,senators.

ANHELA'TION, breathe

;

;

angustus, nar-

row, and clavus, a knob or stud.] or tunic embroidered with purple studs or knobs, or by pur])le stripes, worn

A robe

Roman

;

;

making narrow

ANGUST'I€LAVE,

by

ANIMAL'€ULE,

;

adv. With angles, or corin the direction of the angles.

AN'GULARLY, ners

j

;

;

the plural, Ufe, vigor, en-

Ena/c. Animal system, or animal kingdom denote.the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. Encyc. Johnson.

n. [L. anilis, anilitas, from anus, Celtic, hen, old.]

an old woman Having an angle, angles or The state of being an old woman the old age of a woman; dotage. pointed as an angular tigure. anan of an 2. Consisting ANIMADVER'SION, n. [L. animadversio.]. angle forming as an angular point. Remarks by way of censure or criticism gle ANGULARITY, n. The quaUty of having reproof; blame. It may sometimes be used for punishment, or pimishment may an angle or corner. tiu-ed

AN'GULAR,

spirits in

;

with

ditficulty

breathe.] •Shortness of breath

;

from

halo,

to

a panting difficult respiration, without fever, or with a sense of suffocation. Ena/c. Coxe. ANHELO'SE, a. Out of breath panting breathing with difficulty. {Little used.] Diet AN'HIMA, n. A Brazihan aquatic fowl, larger than a swan, somewhat like crane. Its head is small, its bill black the toes armed with long claws. But what is remarkable, is a horn growing from its forehead and the second joint of the wing is armed with two straight triangular spurs, an inch in length. The fidelity between the male and female is so great, that when one dies, the other remains by the carcase, till it expires. ;

;

;'

:

;i

;

surrounded by rows of fleshy claws Considering; reand capable of great dilatation. marking by way of criticism or censure. They n. [L. animal, from anima, air, are very voracious, and will swallow a breath, soul Gaelic anam, breath. The muscle, or crab, as large as a hen's egg. W. has envil, en, a being, soul, spirit, and Encyc. Arm. aneval. Qu. Dan. aan- The term, Animal Flower, is also extended mil, a beast to many other marine animals, from their de, Sw. anda, breath.] An organized body, endowed with life and resemblance to flowers. They belong to the Holothurins, which with the Actinias, the power of voluntary motion a living, were ranged under tjie Molluscas, by sensitive, locomotive body as, man is an Animals are essentialLinne; and to the Tubularias and Hydras, intelligent animal. which were classed with the Zoophytes. ly distinguished from plants by the proThey are all arranged imder the Zoophytes, perty of sensation. The contractile prop by Cuvier. Cyc. erty of some plants, as the mimosa, ha: the appearance of the effect of sensation ANIMALIZA'TION, n. The act of giving animal hfe, or endowing with the properbut it may be merely the effect of irrila ties of an animal. Ure. Med. Repos. hility. The distinction here made between animals AN'IMALIZE, V. f. To give anunal hfe to to endow with the properties of animals. and vegetables, may not be philosophical

ANIMADVERT'ING, ppr.

Kennct. Quinctilian. [L. anhelo, to pant or

n.

ANIMADVERT'

AN'IMAL,

;

;

;

;

;

accurate for we cannot perhaps as AN'IMALIZED, pp. Endowed with animal hfe. certain the jirecise limit between the two kinds of beings, but this is sufficiently cor- AN'IMALIZING,;);?r. Giving annual hfe to. Diet. o/'.Vat. Hist. rect for common practical purposes. AN'IMATE, V. t. [L. animo. See Animal.] n. The of is To give natural life to to quicken to animals called 1. AN'HYDRITE, [See Anhi/drous.] history zoology. make ahve as, the soul animates the body. species of sulphate of lime, anhydrous By way of contempt, a dull person is called '5. To a stupid animal. give powers to, or to heighten the' gypsum, of which there are several varie ly

;

;

A

;

;

A

ANN

A N N

1

i\

lAOweii or cflect of a thing as, to annnuk] seetL< liave an aromatic smell, and a pleasant warm taste they are useful in warma Ij're. To give spirit or vigor to infuse cour- ing the stomach and exjielling wind. Ena/c. Theoph. Lib. 7. 3. Plin. 20. 17. age, joy, or other enlivening passion to stimulate or incite as, to animate dispmt- AN'ISESEED, n. The seed of anise.

nex a penalty to a prohibition, or pnnish»

;

ment

;

3.

;

to guilt.

ANNEX',

V. i.

To

join

;

to be united.

Tooke.

;

;

ANK'ER, n. [Dutch.] A measure of hquids used

cd troops.

W'IMATE,

Alive

«.

;

|)ossessu)g

animal

[This

word

is

used chiefly

in poetry for

imal

;

pp. Being endowed with anas the various classes of anima-

life,

each mengle, 2 wine Chambers. Encyc. fpiarts. ANK'LE, n. ank'l. [Sax. ancleow; D. enkcl.] indi- The joiut which connects the foot with the

led beings.

a. Lively ; vigorous full of s))irit cating animation as an ani'maJerf discourse. \N'IMATING, ppr. Giving life ; infusing enlivening. spirit ANIMA'TION, 71." The act of infusing life the state of being animated. i. The state of being lively, brisk or fidl of spirit and vigor; as, he recited the story ^vitll great animation. AN'IMATIVE, a. That has the power of Johnson. giving life or spirit. AN'IMATOR, n. One that gives Ufe that which infuses hfe or spirit. \N'IME, n. [Fr.] In heraldn/, a term denoting that the eyes of a rapacious animal are borne of a different tincture from the animal himself

:i.

;

;

stekan, 16 mengles

;

;

n.

A

[Sp.]

resiii

BraziUans in fumigations, for pains proceeding from cold. Encyc.

ANIMET'TA, the cloth eucharist.

ters,

ANIMOSTTY,

n.

Among

ecchsiasiicat

ivri-

which covers the cup of the Encyc. n.

[L. animositas

:

Fr. ani

trom L. animosus, animated, cour from animus, spirit, ageous, enraged mind, passion. So in Teutonic, mod. mind, signifies also pride, passion, anger. ••Jniimts, spirit, Gr. ajjftoj, wind, breath, is from flowing, swelling, rushing, which gives the sense of violent action and pasSee Animal.] sion. Violent hatred accompanied with active opmositi-

;

;

position

;

active enmity.

Jiiiimosity

dif-

from enmity which may be secret and inactive and it expresses a less criminal passion than malice. Animosity seeks to gain a cause or destroy an enemy or rival, from hatred or private interest; malice seeks revenge for the sake of giving pain. \NIN'GA, n. A root growing in the VVestIndies, like the China plant, used in refers

;

fining sugar.

AN'ISE,

n.

an'iiis.

Ar. ianison.

[L.

anisum

;

Encyc. Gr. avtJoK

;

Cast. 1(319.]

An

annual plant, placed by Linne under the genus Pim])inella. It grows natmally in Egypt, and is cultivated in Spain and Mal-

ta, Avhence the seeds .stalk rises a foot and

are imported. The a half high, dividing

into slender branches, garnished with nar row leaves, cut into tlree or four narrow

ANNEX'ING,

7i.

The bono of the

ankle.

n. [See Annals.] writer of annals. AN'NALIZE, V. i. To record to write an-

A

[.Voi mxich used.] n. plu. [L. annates,

AN'NALS,

Encyc.

the thing annexed.

ANNI'HILABLE, ANNI'HILATE, 1.

v.

t.

That may be annihiad and nihilum,

[L.

nothing, of «e, not, and hilum, a trifle.] To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the existence of

No human power

A

species of history digested in order of time, or a relation of events in chronolog-

each event being recorded un

ical order,

Shak.

a.

lated.

2.

cle.] 1.

Uniting at the end,

n. The act of annexing; anaddition. [lAttle used.] n. Tlie act of annexing:

;

ANNEX'MENT,

annalis,

from annus, a year, the root of which may be the Celtic an, ain, a great circle. Varro says the word annus signifies a great cii--

affixed.

ppr.

affixing.

;

nals.

Joined at the end; con-

pp. ;

ANNEX'ION,

AN'NALIST,

can annihilate matter.

To destroy the form or pecuhar distinctive properties, so that the no specific thing longer exists ; as, to annihilate a forest by and carrying away the trees, to though the tunber may still exist annihilate a house by demohshing the cutting

in which it liappened. An nals difier from history, in merely relatint events, without observations on the mo

der the year

exuding from

the stem of a large Anierican tree called by the natives courbaril ; by Piso, jetaiba. It is of a transparent amber color, a light agreeable smell, and of little or no taste. It dissolves entirely, but not readily, in rectified spirit of wiiie, and is used by the

nected with

nexation

ANK'LE-BONE,

;

ANTME,

ANNEX'ED,

;

leg.

;

;

crown.

Enryc.

Chambers says it contains two stekans each

ny^imnted.]

AN'IMATED,

at the end conjunction; addition; the act of connecting; union. In English law, the uniting of lands or rents to the

unitmg

in Holland, con-

taining about 32 gallons, English measure.

Milton.

life.

ANNEXA'TION, n.The act of annexing, or

;

structure.

causes and consequences, which, ANNIHILATED, pp. Reduced to nothing ; in history, are more dili'usively illustrated destrojed. 2. The books containing annals, as the «« .\NNI'HILATING,;)pr. Reducing to nothnal^ of Tacitus. ing destroving the specific form of ANNIHlLA'tlON, n. The act of reducing AN'NATS, [L. annus.] A year's income of a spiritual living the to nothmg or non-existence or the act of first fruits, originally given to the Pope destroying the form or combuiation of parts under which a thing exists, so that upon the decease of a bishop, abbot or the name can no longer be applied to it, parish clerk, and paid by his successor as the annihilation of a corporation. In England, they were, at the reforma2. The state of being reduced to nothins. in vested the and in the tion, king, reign of Queen Anne, restored to the church, ANNlVERS'ARILY,arfv. Annually. Hall. and appropriated to the augmentation of ANNIVERS'.ARY, a. [L. anniversarius, of annus, year, and verto, to tiu-n.] poor livings. Encyc. ANNE'AL, V. t. [Sax. ancelai!, on-alan, to Returning with the year, at a stated time animal yearly as an anniversary feast. kindle or inflame, to heat from (elan, to Ivindle, to heat or bake, and to anoint with ANNIVERS'ARY, n. A stated day returnoil. Sax. eel, oil. Hence it may be infering with the revolution of the year. The term is a})plied to a day on which some red that oil is named from inflaming or remarkable event is annually celebrated, burning.] or a day on which an interesting event is 1. To heat to heat, as glass and iron for the conmiemorated by solemnities of religion, purpose of rendering them less brittle, or or exhibitions of respect. In the Romish to fix colors vulgarly called nealing. This is done by heating the metal nearly to church, a day in which an office is yearly performed for the souls of the deceased. fluiflity, in an oven or furnace, and suffering it to cool gradually. Metals made 2. Tiie act of celebration performance in honor of an event. hard and brittle by hammering, by this Dryden. DOMINL [L.] In the year of oiuprocess recover their malleabihty. The word is aj)plied also to the baking of tiles. Lord, noting the time from our Savior'sincarnation as, Anno Domini, or A. D. 1800. Encyc. Bailey. Ash. and Shenstone uses 2. To temper by heat This was wriltcn Anno Domini, 1S09, and it for tempering by cold. revised A. D. I82i"> and 1827. W. lives,

;

}i..

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ANNO

;

;

ANNE'ALED,/)/>. Heated tempered made malleable and less brittle by heat.

ANNOMINA'TION,

ANNE'ALING,

1.

;

;

Heating

pjtr.

;

tempering

ANNEX', annexcr

V. ;

t.

[L.

annecto,

annexum

of ad and nedo, to

tie,

;

Fr.

or con

2.

nect.] 1.

To

unite at the end

;

Ji. [L. ad and tiotninafrom nomino, to name, from nojncn.] pun the use of words nearly alike in but of dift'erent sound, meanings; a paronomasy. Encyc. Alliteration, or the use of two or more winds successively beginning with the

tio,

by heat.

A

;

same

as to annex a codi

cil to a will. To subjoin, to affix. The branches terminate in .segments. large loose umbels, composed of siualler 2. To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater as to annex a province to a kingdom. umbels or i-ays, on long footstalks. The flowers are small and of a yellowish white 3. To unite to something preceding, as the main object ; to coimect with ; as to an!hc seeds obloug and swelling. Anise

:

letter. Tyrwhitt. n. [L. annona, from annus, a year, and signil'ying a year's production or increase ; hence provisions.] The custard ap])lc, a genus of several spe-

ANNO'NA,

cies,

one of which, the papaw,

is

common

ANN

ANN southern and westeni parts of the United States. [See Papaw.]

in the

AN'NOTATE, To comment

l

v.

;

1.

[L. annoto.]

make remarks on a writing.

to

;

TatUr. n. [L. aimoMio, of ad and marking, from nolo, to mark, or note, a mark.] A remark, note or commentary on some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its meaning generally used in the plural, as annotations on the scriptures. The first symptoms of a fever, or attack

;

2.

ANNOTA'TION,

;

3.

of a paroxysm.

AN'NOTATOR,

A

n.

Core. a writer of notes ;

commentator a schoUast one who writes ;

;

notes to illustrate the composition of an author.

ANNOT'TA,

a hard n. Orlean, or roiicou dry paste, consisting of the pellicles of the seeds of the bixa orellana, a shrub grow ;

ing in S. America and the W. Indies. It is moderately hard, of a brown color on It is the outside, and a didl red within. used in dyeing to give an orange cast to a simple yellow. It is used also in coloring cheese. lire. [See Anotia.] ANNOUNCE, V. t. announs'. [Fr. annoncer ; It. annunziare ; L. annnncio, to deliver a message, of ad and nuncio, to tell from nuncius, a messenger.] 1.

To

or 2.

to give notice, publish to proclaim notice as, the birth of Christ was ;

;

first

;

announced by an angel. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence.

Prior.

ANNOUN'CED, pp.

Proclaimed

first

pub-

announs'ment.

The

;

lished.

ANNOUNCEMENT, act of giving notice

n.

proclamation pub Month. AlazANNOUN'CER, n. One that announces, or first gives notice a proclaimer. ;

first

t.

and numcro,

nmnber

;

;

;

;

;

Governments

often bori'ow tinople, whose busujess was to inform the money upon annuities, that is, for a cerpeople of the festivals which were to bo tain sum advanced on loan, the governcelebrated. Encyc. ment contracts to pay the lender a specific .ANODYNE, n. [Gr. o or ok priv. and oSvir. sum, for life, or for a term of years. The pain.] stock created by such loans is transfer- .\ny medicine which allays pain, or cause.'? able. sleep, as an opiate, paregoric, narcotic. Coxt. ANNUL', V. t. [Fr. annuller, of L. ad nullum, &c. to nothing.] AN'OD'PNE, a. Assuaging pain causing 1. To make void to abrogate to nidUfy sleep, or insensibUity. to abolish used appropriately of laws ANOINT', V. f. [Fr. oindre, p. oint ; Sy. decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or unter, to anoint; L. ungo ; Sp.ungir; It. other established rules, permanent usages, ungere, or ugnere.] and the like, which are made void by com- 1. To pour oil upon to smear or rub ovei

lowance.

;

;

;

;

;

with

petent authority. 2.

To

in

reduce to nothmg

much

;

to obliterate.

a.

[L. annulus, a ring,

from

oil or unctuous substances also to spread over, as oil. say, the man anoints another, or the oil anoints him. To consecrate by unction, or the use of"

2.

oil.

;

base

on

;

or

when these prisms

all their

are truncated terminal edges. Cleaveland. a. Having the form of a ruig.

AN'NULAR \',

ious.]

Ray.

to injure or disturb by conAN'NULATED, a. Furnished with rings, tinued or repeated acts to tease, vex or or circles, like rings having belts. molest as, to annoy an army by impeding AN'NULET, n. [L. annulus, a ring.] their march, or by a continued cannonade. In architecture, a small square member in the ANNOY', »i. Injury or molestation from con- Doric capital, under the quarter romid; tuiued acts or inconvenience. also a narrow flat molding, which is comShak. Beattie. mon to as in the bases or ;

;

;

;

many

That which annoys, or

places, called also

or

or

capitals tlie act of annoying the state of cincture, or a fist, timea, eye brow or It includes being annoyed. something square rabbit. Encyc. more than incontienience. In heraldry, a little circle, borne as a charge ANNOY'ED, pp. Incommoded, injured or in coats of arms formerly reputed a mark molested by something that is continued it of nobihty and jurisdiction the being or repeated. custom of prelates to receive their mvesti ANNOY'ER, n. One that annovs. ture haculum et annulum, by stafl'and ANNOY'FUL, a. Giving trouble; incom- ring. perIt denotes also strength and etermoding molesting. [JVotiised.] Chaucer. nity, by its circular form. Among the Ro;

a, fillet,

hstil,

;

;

;

;

ANNOY'ING, ^^r. Incommoding;

hurtuig;

molesting.

represented liberty and distincIt denotes also difference or mark of distinction, which the fif^h brother of a family ought to bear on his coat of arms. Encyc. Johnson.

mans,

it

tion of rank.

ANNOY'OUS,

a.

AN'NUAL, a. Vol. I.

[Fr. annuel

Troublesome. ;

[JVotmed.] Chaucer.

Sp.anual;

It.

10

;

We

Milton.

«sc.]

AN'NULAR,

[Ao<

Thou shalt anoint 3.

He clay. 4.

the altar, and sanctify

it.

Ex.xax

To smear

;

injures;

from numerus.

nuiver or nuimher.

;

;

ANNOY'ANCE,

Ir.

;

;

;

n.

number,

;

;

To incommode

to

niver

;

;

and Ch. T\2i to strike. Hence probably L. neco, to kill. See JVuisance and J^ox-

W.

;

ANNOY',

;

;

See J'J'umher.] grow in the spring, and perish iri the auto unite to tumn, are called annual, in opposition to To add to a former number Johnson. evergreens. something before mentioned. 3. Performed in a year as the annual motion ANNUMERA TION, n. Addition to a for of the earth. mer number. AN'NUAL, n. A plant that lives but one ANNUN'CIATE, v. t. [See Announce.] Chaucer. year, or rather but one summer. Martyn To bring tidings to announce. AN'NUALLY, adv. Yearly returning every ANNUNCIA'TlON, n. An announcing the year vear by year. tidings brought by the angel to Mary, ol' the incarnation of Christ. Also the day ANNU'ITANT, n. [Sec Annvity.] One who receives oris entitled to receive an celebrated by the church, in memory oV the angel's salutation of the blessed virannuity. n. from a The ANNU'ITY, annus, gin, which is the Soth of March. [Fr. annuUe, Jews give the title to a part of the cereyear. See Annual.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue mony of the passover. Encyc, for a given number of years, for Ufe or for 2. Proclamation pronudgation. ever an annual income, charged on the ANNUNCIATOR, n. One who announor an annual alces an officer in the church of Constaii person of the grantor

Celtic ain, a circle, and ul, young, small ppr. Introducing notice annulus, a little circle.] pubUshing proclaiming. V. t. [Norm, annoyer, from nture Having the form of a ring pertaining to a Fr. nuire ; It. nuocere from nuire, to hurt ring. L. noceo, to hurt, that is, to strike Syr. Annular crystal is when a hexahedral prism has six, or an octahedral prism eight mar?,ginal faces, disposed in a ring about each {,iiJiAr- L5Cj to strike, to hurt; Heb.

ANNOUN'CING,

;

ing.

ANNUL'MENT, n. The act of annulling. ANNU'MERATE, v. [L. annumero, of aj

;

;

;

lication.

AJVNUL'LED, pp. Made void; abrogated. .ANNUL'LING, ppr. Abrogating abolish-

;

notatio, a 3.

A N O

annuale; L. annalis, from annus, a year; Gr. ttoj, (vvoi Sans, anda.] Yearly; that returns every year ; coming yearly as an annual feast. Lasting or continuing only one year or season that requires to be renewed every Leaves that year as an annual plant.

or daub. anointed the eyes of the blind John ix.

man

witli

To

prepare, in allusion to the consecrating use of oil.

Anoint

the

Holy

Isaiah xxi. the head with oil, Ps. xxiii. seem.', commuuicate the consolations of

tlie shield.

To anoint to signify to

Spirit.

The use of oil

in consecrations,

was of high

antiquity. Kings, prophets and priests were set apart or consecrated to their offi-

ces by the use of oil. Hence the pecuhar apphcation of the term anointed to Jesus Christ.

ANOINT'ED, pp. Smeared

or rubbed with consecrated with oil. n. The Messiah, or Son of consecrated to the God, great oflice of Redeemer called the Lord's anointed. CyTus is also called the Lord's anointed. oil

;

set apart

;

ANOINT'ED, ;

Isaiah xlv.

ANOINT'ER, n. One who anoints. ANOINT'ING, ppr. Smearing with pouring on stance

;

oil,

ANOINT'ING, oil

;

oil

;

or other oleaginous sub-

consecrating. n.

The

act of smearing with

a consecrating.

ANOINT'MENT,

71.

The

act of anointing,

or state of being anointed.

A N O AiVO'LE,

A

»!.

A N

species of lizard in

tlie

W.

Indies, of a yellowish color, liaviiij; spverall blue and green stripes running down its back. Did. ofMit. Hist.

fpngth

('(1

A N

S

continurilion to the clouds.

An. Dom. 1127.] Quickly; without intermission;

See

tame or

also 1.

soon

2.

wild.

S

The domestic goose

is

the'

gray-lag or wild goose, domesticated. In astronomy, a small star, in the milk)

way, between the swan and eagle. Encyc. •VN'SERINE, a. [L. anserinus, from anser.

immediately. 'I'he same is he

that heareth the word, anil a. [Gr. avufiaUa, inequal anon with joy reccivetli it. Matt. xiii. a goose.] and rtovs, L. pes, foot.] 2. Sometimes; now and then ; at other times; 1. epithet given to fowls, whose middle toe Resembling the skin of a goose; tmeven ; accompanied with ever, tucr and anon. is united to tlie exterior as, an anserine skin. Encucby three phalan a. [Vr.anonyine; L. anon 2. Pertaining to the ansers. ees, and to the interior by one onlj-. Gr. of a and ; ai'wiTfio;, ymiis ovofia, priv. AN'SERS, ?!. In Linne's system, the third ANOM'ALIPED, n. An anomalous footed name. See order of aves or fowls, whose characterfowl. [See the adjective.] Diet. J\'al. Hist. JVamc.] wanting a name; without the istics are a smooth bill, broadest at the ANOM'ALISM, n. An anomaly a deviation Nameless; real name of the author ; as, an from rule. covered with a smooth anonymous

ANOM'ALIPED, ity,

An

ANON'YMOUS,

;

point,

AN03rALIS'Tl€,

)

ANOMALIS'Tl€AL,

S

Irresular

"'

com ANON'YMOUSLY,

adv.

Witliout a name.

AN'OPLOTHER, i nion or established rules. " [Gr. av neo ANOPLOTHE'RIUai, ^ on^.oy, arms, and In astronomy, the aytomalistic year is the time Btjpiov, a lieast.] ill which the earth passes thronsh her or- This is the name which Cuvier has given to bit, which is longer than the trojiical year, a genus of animals, whose bones are found on account of the precession of the equiin the gypsmn quarries near Paris a genus noxes.

with legs and feet adapted to swimming. n. [See Slay.] Aji attack

AN'SLAIGIIT, an

a general

;

deviating from

rule, method or analogy ; applied, in grammar, to words which deviate from the connnon rules of intlcction and ;

in

astronomy, to the seemingly irregular motions of tlie planets but applied also generally to whatever is irregular; as, an miomaloiis character anomalous ])ronun-

I!, f. ansur. [Sax. andmarian, of (ra
;

;

ciatiou.

ANOjM'ALOUSLY, manner

ditlerent

adv.

Irregularly

from connnon

ride,

in a

;

meth-

od or analogy.

ANOM'ALY, lia;

[Ft. anonmlie

;

Brown.

Want

2.

3.

Encyc. Busby.

interv.Tl.

ANO'MEANS,

n. [Gr. wo^toio;, dissimilar.] tn church history, the piu'e Arians, as distin-

guished from the Semi-Arians.

ANO'jMIA,

tt.

[Gr. aiofiia

a

;

j)riv.

Encyc.

and

Mfioj,

in adtlition to a

\vill

former mim-

;

1.

as,

;

another.

Any nitely

any different |)erson, indefi" Let another praise thee and not

other; ;

as,

thy own mouth." This word is often used without a novni, becoming a substitute fnr the name of the person or thing; as in the

iu 2.

agreement and confii-mation of what

was said, or in opposition to it. To be equivalent to ; to be adequate to, or sufficient to accompfish the object. " Jloney answereth all things," noting,

last example. It is also much used in opposition to one, as in the first and second primarily, return. passages cited. It is also frequently used 3. To comply with, fidfill, pay or satisfy ; as, with one, in a reci])rocal sense ; as, " love he answered my order ; to answer a debt. " one another ;" bear o?!e another^s burdens ;" 4. To act ui return, or opposition ; as, the enethat is, love one, or let (JUe love another. answered our fire by a shower of grape my ANOTH'ER-GAINES, adv. Of another kind. shot. Obs. Sidney. 5. To bear a due projinrtion to to be equal ANOTU'ER-GATES, adv. Of another sort. or adequate to suit ; as, a weapon does Obs. not answer the size and strength of the Sanderson. ANOTH'ER-GUISE, a. [another and guise, man using it ; the success does not answer our expectation. Fr. way, manner ; Sax. wise. The Saxon manner of writing this word would be G. To j)erform what was intended ; to accomplish ; as, the measiu-e does not ansioer another->oise.] Of a diflerent kind ; different. This is a vnd- its end ; it iloes not ansicer the purjjose. 7. To be oi)posite to ; to face ; as, fire angar word, and usually contracted into other swers fiif. Shak. guess. 8. To write in reply ; to reply to another ;

;

rule.]

A genus of bivalve shells, s-o called from their unequal valves the beaked cockle. AN'OMITE, n. A fossil shell of the genus anoniia. Jameson. ;

ANOMORHOM'BOID, and

regular,

n.

pojueo£i8!j5,

[Gr. avo^o.oj,

ir-

of a rhomboidal

figure.]

A genus of

spars, pellucid, and crystaline, of no determinate form externally, but break- ,\NOT'TA, n. An elegant red color, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of ing into regular rhomboidal masses. The the bixa, a tree common in South America. species are five, mostly of a white color. This is called also Terra Orleana and Encyc. AN'OMY, n. [Gr. ato^ca.] A violation of Roco. The aimotta is made by steeping the seeds for seven or eight days, law. Bramhall. [Rarely used.] pounding

ANON',

we

grant one request, ask another favor, another aiul

indefinitely;

they

VV. hamal, or 3.

In astronomy, an irregidarity in the motion of a planet, whereby it deviates from the aphelion or apogee. In music, a false scale or

One more,

a returned word or speech. Hence observe the Saxon has andwyrd, antiword, an answer; Goth, andawaurd D. antuoord ; Ger. antwort.] To speak in return to a call or question. or to a speech, declaration or argument of another person as, " I have calfod and ye have not answered.'" " lie answered the question or the argument." This may be

site,

a. [an, or one and otter.] Not the same ; difierent ; as, we have one finin of government ; France, another.

ber,

;

:2.

ope^ij, ajjpe-

Co.ce. 1.

;

ores.

[Gr. a priv. and

of appetite, without a lothmg of food.

ANOTH'EK,

deviation from the common Irregularity rule ; thus oxen, the plural of ox, is an anomaly, in grannnar, as the regular plural

would be

)(.

tile.

Sp. anomaGr. awo^aXia, inequality, ofapriv. and )"i.

o/iaxo;, e(pial, similar; Celtic, kaval ; Ir. amhail, similar.] 1.

now extinct. ANOP'SY, n. [Gr. ar neg. and 1^4., sight.] Want of sight in vision. [Little used.]

AN'OREXY,

;

[.N'olin use.]

afl[iay.

'ANSWER,

;

ANOM'ALOUS, a. Irregular

and

skin,

furnished with teeth. The tongue is fle.shy, and the toes are webbed or palmated. It includes all the web-footed water fowls,

]iam|)hlet.

de

;

parting from

adv.

[Sax. on an,

S).

mathematics. This word may be applied to a great variety of objects, expres.sing the idea of a return as the notes, or sounds of birds, and other animals ; an echo, &c.

them to separate

the red skins, then straining the liquor, boiling it, taking off the scum which is the coloring matter, then boiling it to a due consistence, and making it into balls.

one; not, as Junius supposes, in one minute, but in continuation, without internii^sion applied originally to extension in measure, and " then to time by analogy. And soedon Encyc. that hi sajgon on north-east fir micel and AN'SATED, a. [L. ansatus, from ansa, a brad with thone earthe, and weax on handle.] lengthe up on an to tliam wolcne." Sax. Having a handle or handles, or something in Chron. A. D. 1022. And they said they the form of liandles. Johnson. in

;

saw in the north-east a great fire anil broad, near the earth, and It increased iu

AN'SER, \.

n.

[L. a goose.]

In zoology, the

name of the goose, whether

writing, by way of explanation, refutation or justification ; as, to answer a pamphlet. To solve, as a proposition or iiroblem in

;

'ANSWER, of retmn 1

2.

Kings

;

r. 1. a.«,

To

rej)ly

there

is

;

to

speak by

none

to

way

answer.

xviii.

To

be arcouutable, liable or responsible ; followed by to befure the person, and for before the thing liir which one is liable as, the man must answer to his employer for ;

the money eulrusted to his care we caju not answer la God for our offenses. ;

[

A N

vindicate, or give n jiistificatoi-y accoiiiu of; followed by fur; as, a man cannot answer for liis friend. 4. To correspond with ; to suit « itli ; follow

ed by of .'5.

C>.

To

act reciprocally, as the strings of an instrument to the band. Drydeii. To stand as opiiosite or correlative ; as, allegiance in the subject ayiswers to protection on the part of the prince or govern-

To

return, as

sound reverberated to echo. ;

The noise seems to fly away, and answer at a great distance. Encyc. Jlrt. Echo. 8. succeed ; to effect the object intended

To

;

have a good effect manure on a dry

to

;

as a

WNSWER, n. A reply

gyjisum answers

as,

soil.

that

;

which

is

said, in

return to a call, a (jucstion, an argument, or an allegation.

A soft

answer turneth away wrath. Prov. him, but he gave me no answer.

called

I

Cant. v.

An

account to be rendered to justice. He will call you to so hot an answer for

2.

it.

Shak.

In law, a counter-statement of facts, in a course of pleadings a confutation of what the other jiaity has alledged. 4. A writing, pamphlet or book, in reply to another. 5. A reverberated sound an echo. that wliich is sent in conse6. A return quence of some petition, as a blessing sent in answer to priiyer. 7. A sohuion, the result of a mathematical 3.

;

;

in old authoi-«i,

AN'T,

a contraction of on

is

in

the substantive verb, in the present pain.] tense of the Indicative IVIode, and not, 1 Alleviating pain anodyne. [lAttle used.] we ere-nol, he er-not, or of the Swe- ANTANACL.^'SIS, ti". [Or. oi ra. axjxwtj, a dish nr, the same verb. Infinitive vara, to driving back.] be. The.se phrases are doubtless legiti \. In rhetoric, a figure, which consists in remate remains of the Gothic dialect. jiealing the same word in a different .sense Learn some 'ANT, n. [Sax. a:met, emmet, contracted uito as, whilst we live, let us live. ant ; Germ, nmeise.] craft when young, that when old you ma> An emmet a pLsmire. Ants constitute a ge- live without crajl. luis of insects of the hymenopteral order, 2. It is al.so a repetition of words, begmniut of which the characteristics are; a small a sentence, after a long pan^nthesis as, shall that heaj-t, (which not scale between the breast and belly, with a only ieels them, but wliich has all motions of life joint so deep that the animal appears as if almost cut in two. The females, and the placed in them,) shall that heart, &:c. neuter or working ants, which liave no Smith's Rhit. sexual characteristics, are furnished with ANTANAGO'6E, n. anianago'gy. [Gr.ai-n, a hidden sting and both males and fe against, and ai-oywyij, a taking u|).] males have wings, btit the neuters have In rhetoric, a figure which consists in replying none. These insects meet together in to an adversary, by way of recrimination as, when the accusation of one party is uncompanies, and mamtain a sort of republic. answerable, the accused person charges They raise hillocks of earth, in whicl: him with till' same or other crime. Bailet/. they five. In these there are paths, leadto the their of ing repositories provisions. ANT.VPHRODIS'IAC, a. [Gr. a.ri, again^, The large black ants, in the warm climates and a^poSirsM;, venereal, from a^poSiri;. of America, to avoid the eflects of great Venus.] rains, build large nests on trees, of light Antivenereal having the quality of extineanh, rountUsh and plastered smooth. guishing or lessening venereal desire. tre,

;

er-not,

;

;

;

;

;

;

ANT-BEAR

Encyc

ANT-EATER,

or

n.

A quad-

ruped that feeds iq)on ants. This animal has no teeth, but a snout or muzzle, with a

i

long cylindrical tongue. The body is covered with long hair. There are several species, constituting the genus, myrmecoEncuc. 'ANSWERABLE, a. That may be answer- phaga, ant eaters. ed that to which a reply may be made, ANT-EGGS, J!. Little white balls found in the hillocks of ants, usually supposed to be usually implying that the answer may be their eggs, but found on examination to be satisfactory, as, an answerable argument 2. Obliged to give an accoimt, or liable to the young brood, in their first state. They be called to account; amenable ; respon are vermicules, wrapped in a film, composible as, an agent is answerable to his ])rinsed of a silky substance spun Uke a spioperation. ;

;

Obliged or

make good

indemnify or to be answerable for a debt

liable as,

;

to pay,

or for damages. 4.

5.

;

n.

A

little

;

ANTA€'RID,

it.

Equal correspondent

proportionate as, answerable to my desires. n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent. 'ANSWERABLY, adv. In due proportion, correspondence or conformity suitably as, continents have rivers answerably lar ger than isles. ;

success

tlie

;

»!.

[anti

and

aciid.]

That which

corrects acrimony written anti-acrid.

;

is

ANSWERABLENESS,

better

;

o/yuMf);;, 1.

with another in comused ]>rimarily in the Grecian games.

;

;

ANSWERER,

;

;

;

;

;

'ANSWER-JOBBER,

n.

;

One who make

a business of ^vi-ituig answers.

Sirifi.

is

ANTAPOPLE€'TIC,

a.

Good

good

Quincy. against apo-

plexy.

ANTARCTIC,

a.

[Gr. airt, agauist, and

we

say the antarctic pole, antarctic circle, or antarctic region. Encyc. 71. The nameofastai- of the first magnitude, called also the scorpion's heart. Its longhude is 60° 13' 14" of Sagand its latitude 4° 31' 2C" South. ittarius

ANTA'RES, ;

ANTAG'ONIST, sinff

;

combatiuff

a.

Counteracting

;

oppo-

as, an antagonist muscle. a. Opi)osmg in combat;

;

.-VNTAGONIS'TIC,

contending against.

ANTAGONIZE,

[Gr. mtt, against,

71. A remedy wliich (ures or alleviates the gout. IC, a. [Gr. o.rt, against, and a59(ua, asthma.] Opposing the asthma. Campbell. ANTASTHMAT'IC, 7i. remedy for the

n. [Gr. a^r., against, and a champion. See Act and j}gony.]

One who contends

;

;

medicine which

Coxe.

;

bat An adversaiy. pp. Replied to; fulfilled paid; complied with accomplished; solv- 2. An opponent in controversy. ed confuted. 3. In anatomy, a muscle which acts in oppon. One who answers; he or as a flexor, which bends sition to another that which makes a return to what anotha pan, is the antagonist of an extensor, er has spoken he who writes an answer, which extends it. ;

A

Encyc.

Opposition of action

n.

ANTAG'ONIST,

VNSVVERED,

Rejilying corresponding to fulfilhng solving succeeding reverberating confuting.

n.

abates the venereal appetite, or against the venereal disease.

ANT.\RTIIRIT IC, a. counteraction of things or principles. and apSpiTij, gout.] Good, B. ofJVature. Counteracting the gout.

ANTAG'ONISM,

;

"ANSWERING, p;;;-.

AKTAPHRODIT'l€,

tumulus or

;

for 6.

71. medicine that lessens or extinguishes the venereal appetite. Encyc. Coie. IC, a. [Gr. See the preceding words.] Antivenereal, abating the venereal appetite, or efficacious against the venereal disease.

ANTAPHRODIT

webb.

ANT-HILL,

Correspondent; agreeing with; in con aster ; written also ante. formity with ; as, the features expressed in a picture are answerable to the original. ANTACID, 71. [anti and acid.] Suitable suited as, an In pharmacy, an alkaU, or a remedy for sourjjroportionate achievement answerable to the preparation nes-s or a(-iditv better written anti-acid. ;

A

ANTAPHRODIS'LA€,

apxTo;, the bear, a northern constellation.] Encyc. hillock, Op|)osite to the northern or arctic pole ; relaformed by ants, fi)r their habitation. ting to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a lesser AN'T.\, 71. In ancient architecture, a square colunm, at the corner of a building ; a pilcircle, distant from the pole 23° 28'. Thus

der's

cipal.

;

that

I lint,

;

3.

to art in opposition

to oppose in argument. is, if it. [See ^n.] our vulgardialect, as in the phrases, ANTAG'ONY, 71. Contest ; opposition. [.\o/ unMiUoii. vsed.] you ant, he ant, wt; ant, &Lr., is doubtedly a contraction of the Danish er, ANTAL'(il€, a. [Gr. oift, against, and oAyo;-,

it,

ANT,

to.

In water face answereth to face, so the heart to man. Prov. 27.

man

ment. 7.

A N T

A N T

S

To

3.

v.i.

To contend

against

;

ANT.\RT1IRIT'IC,

ANTASTIIMAT

A

asthma.

AN'TE. A

Latin preposition, the Gr. oin, Sax. and Goth, and; much used in the composition of Enghsh words, especially in words from the Latin and Greek lan-

It signifies before in place, in guages. irout hence opposite, contrary : and figuThe Latin ante ratively, before in time. is generally used in the sense of before, and ;

of opposite, or

in that

the Greek am, the |)laee of. AN'TE or AN'TA, n.

AN'TEDATE,

in

given.

pressed, as by dove tails,

A

n.

[ante

and

ANTECEDA'NEOUS,

and datum,

trtA'/jretixoi,

See Dale.]

epileptic,

from

to

eftiixtuSaiu,

seize.]

ANTEPOSP'TION, n. s as :. [L. ante, before,

tion.

before the true

To anticipate to take time. And antedate the bliss above. ;

act.]

a.

[L. ante,

t.

;

rounds, swallow Enajc. A preceduig

tails,

&c.

v.

To date before the true time thus, to Resisting or curing epilepsy. a ANTEPILEP'Tl€, n. A remedy for the antedate a deed or a bond is to express Encyc. Coxe. epilepsy. date anterior to the true time of its execu-

In herpilaster. that the pieces are let nhlry, ante denotes there exinto' one another, in the manner

AN'TEA€T,

ANT

A N T

A N T

ANTEDILU'VIAL, ANTEDILU'VIAN,

Ante-

[L. ante,

i

and

I'ope. dilu-

and position, from pono, to place.] In grammar, the placing of a word before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.

n. [ante and prei'"'™- a flood. See ANTEPREDI€'AMENT, S dicament.] Lave.] in logic to illustrate Before the flood, or deluge, in Noah s time A preliminary question See CVrfe.] the doctrine of predicaments and categoror relating to what existing, happening, ""'^j To go before in tune to precede. a question which is to be first known. ies happened before the deluge. ANTECE'DENCE, n. The act or state of ANTEDILU'VIAN, Encyc. lived bewho One n. In asgoing before in time precedence. ANTE'RIOR, a. [h.] Before in time or fore the deluge. a planet of motion an apparent tronomy, preceding in prior ; antecedent n. [Qu. Gr. mti and f?.a^o;, place AN'TELOPE, order the to towards the west, or contrary time. resembling a deer.] Encyc. of the signs. the gazelle a genus of ruminant _. Before or in front in place. ANTECE'DENT, a. Going before ui tnne n zoology, between the ANTERIORITY, n. The state of being event quadrupeds, intermediate an a state of as, anterior ; preceding prior anterior, preceding or in front deer and goat. Tlieir horns are solid and antecedent to the deluge. in some being before in tune, or situation. straight or curved; and room.] A room ANTECE'DENT, n. That which goes be- permanent, in others, surrounded AN'TEROOM, n. [ante annulated species Danvin. fore in time hence in writings, that which liefore or in front of another. smooth. They by a spiral and in others, In grammar, the noun n. plu. [L.] Pillars of large dimenprecedes in place. resemble the deer in the lightness and ele- AN'TES, to which a relative or other substitute resions that support the front of a building. in their agility and of their forms, was the prince, icho, gance tijrs ; as, Solomon ANTF^STAT'URE, n. [ante and staiure.] They inhabit open plains or mountains, In In /o,gtc, the first of built the Temple. a smaU retrenchment or work fortification, and some species in herds of two or three two propositions in an enthymeme, or arformed of palisades, or sacks of earth. thousand. Their eyes are large, black, sun if the Encyc. and gument of two propositions; as, and vivacity; of and beaiity exquisite the Here n. [ante and stomach.] is fixed, the earth must move. are therefore a favorite image with the ANTESTOM'A€H, is the anfirst and conditional proposition which leads into the stomach, as Encyc. Cyc. A cavity eastern jioets. in tecedent ; the second, the consequent. fVatts. birds. in Ray. use.] [N'ot ANTELU'C'AN, a. [h. antelucanus, ot ante, the crop in mathematics, the first of two terms of a ANTEVERT', v. t. [L anteveHo.] To prebefore, and lux, light.] with the Hall. in use/] vent. ratio, or that which is compared to asword [JVot a before applied light Encyc. Being a. [avei and Virgil.] other. in ancient tmies of ANTEVIRGIL IAN, of or VNTECE'DENTLY, adv. Previously at semblies christians, in the morn- A term given to TuU's new husbandry, persecution, held before hght a time preceding. Encyc. method of horse hoeing. Encyc

cedent

;

[Infra.]

Oiven.

preceding in time.

ANTECE'DE,

v.

t.

and

[ante

cedo, to

go.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ANTECES'SOR, See

^

.

n.

whence

[L.

ancestor.

.

[ante, before,

a.

and

;

;

in their theses.

One that possessed land before the prcs Brady. ent possessor.

VN'TECHAMBER,

n.

[Ante, before,

and

chamber.]

A chamber

or apartment before the chief whiclto which it leads, and

apartment persons wait

m

lor audience.

ANTECHAP'EL, through which

The

part of the chapel the passage to the choir

n.

is

Dryden

;

forepertaining to the

and emetic, [aire, against, vomit.] Quincy. Restraining or allaying vomiting.

ANTEMET'I€, from

ANTHELMINTIC, (>.f«ir;,

;

;

and'ui the Universities of of civil law title France, the teachers of law talfe the

i.

ing.

ANTEMERID'IAN,

Jlntecede.]

meridian.] One who goes before a leader a princi before noon a title given to those Being pal. It was formerly who excelled in any science to professors noon. a. f^ic", to

ANTEMET'le,?!. A medicine which checks Core. and [ante, before, Being before the

qnincy.

vomiting.

ANTEMUND'ANE.

a.

mundus, the world.] creation of the world.

ANTENI'CENE,

a.

a worm.]

a.

Good

tenicene fahh.

ANTEN'N^,

before,

and

against,

and

against worms.

Coxe.

in the intestines. Encyc. n. [Gr. avti, against, and v/tvos, a hymn, from vfivtu, to sing. See Hymn.] but in modalternate ;

AN'THEM,

A hymn sung in

parts

ern usage, a sacred tune or piece of music set to words, taken from the psalms or other parts of the scriptures, fu-st introduced into church service in Elizabeth's reign.

[ante,

JVicene, from jVi'cc] Anterior to the first council

[avtt,

ANTHELMIN'Tle, n. A remedy for worms

AN'THEM-WISE, an anthem

;

adv.

Encyc. In the manner of

alternately.

Bmou.

Tate. Camomile. AN'THEMIS, of Nice AN'THER, n. [L. anthera, a flowery plant, ,^"Ti from the Greek aver,fO!, flowery, from av9o5, a sail ;

as an

re.

yard.] n.plu. [L. atiienna, irarton. a flower.] In zoology, the horns or feelers of insects, opposite, and In botany, the summit or top of the stamen, the head. projectiiig from connected with the flower, and elevated number that pre«. or thread, within Bacon. by means of the filament cedes another. the corol. It contains the pollen, or ferANTENUP'TIAL, a. [ante and nuptial] when mature, is emitwhich, ian, an dust, tilizing antenuptial one party Being before marriage ; as, Ketit. ted for the impregnation of the stigma. equator, but, on opposite sides, agreement ; antenuptial children. MalThey have the north, the other south. to the It is called by Ray, the apex, and by a. Pertaining ANTEPASeH'AL, same hours of day and night, but differthe capsula stamims. Mlson nishi, " ' time before Easter. Milne. Martyn. ent seasons; it being winter with one, and n. [ante, before, pastum, when it is summer with the other. Encyc. AN'TEPAST, AN'THERAL, a. Pertaining to anthers. Jlsiat. Res. 4, 404. ANTE€URS'OR, n. [L. ante, before, and the foretaste ; something taken before See to run. cursor, a runner, from curro, ANTHERIF'EROUS, a. [anther and fero, time. proper anthers. Barton, 1()2. to Course.] Producing n. before, bear.] pene, [L. ante, One who runs before ; a forerunner. In the ANTEPENULT', 'VNTIIESTE'RION, «. The sixth month of and ultimus, last.] 29 days, Roman armies, the antecursors were a ahnost, the Athenian year, consisting of of a word, except two ; as intelli- The last syllable body of horse detached to obtain and answering to a part of November and in syllable. syl for the main to be gence, get provisions, &c., a part of December. It is supposed a. Pertaining to feasts Encyc bodv. so called from the Anthesteria, but two. that AN'TEDATE, n. [Infra.] Prior date ; a the last syllable a. honor of Bacchus, celebrated in and agamst, [arth ANTEP1LEP'TI€, Good date antecedent to another.

or body of

it.

VNTE'CIAN,

n.

[Gr.

oi-ft,

L. antwci.] In geography, the antecians are those inhabmeriditants of the earth, under the same and at the same distance from the oixEu, to dwell

;

ANTENUM'BER,

A

A

ANTEPENULT'IMATE,

m

a flower garlands of flowers being offered to Bac elms at those feasts. ANTHOLOG'IeALjO. Pertaining to antholai'9o;,

Xoyos, 1.

3.

A

;

anthropology according to Iniman man ner of speaking. Kinran.

ANTIARTHRIT'I€,

de-

ANTIARTHRIT'lC,

;

ANTHROPOL'OcilST, scribes, or

n. [Gr. arSoj,

a discourse, or

%oyi.a,

One who

n.

versed in the physical history body. a flower, and ANTHROPOL'OOY, n. [Gr. ov9purto{, man,

of the

ogy.

ANTHOL'OgY,

ANT

ANT

ANT month, and so called from

and

a collection.]

on flowers. A collection of beautiful passages from authors a collection of poems or epidiscoiu-se

1.

3.

is

human

>-oyoi,

discourse.]

discourse upon human nature. Encyc. The doctrine of the structure of the iiuman body the natural history or physiology of the human species.

•3.

The word denotes that manner of expression by

human

[See Aniarlhritic]

A

n.

for the

remedy

gout.

Good

[See Antasthmatic]

against asthma.

ANTIASTHMATIC,

A

n.

asthma.

xe">i,

remedy

for the

[Gr. arrt, and >3axa foot of one short and two long syln.

ANTIB.\C'CIIIUS, lables.]

In

which the inspired writers attribute parts and passions to God. Encyc.

named from the saint in Italy, to whom ANTIIROPOM'ANCY, n. [Gr. man, and fnarcua, divination.] those, who were affected, applied for a

a.

against the gout.

ANTIASTHMAT'IC, a.

;

;

grams. In the Greek church, a collection! of devotional pieces. Encyc AN'THONY'S FIRE. A popular name of the erysipelas, supposed to have been so

A

Good

a foot of three syllables, the two podry, long and the last short, as ambire

first

;

to the bacchitis, in wliich the first is short and tlie two last long.

opposed

avSpunos,

syllable

This foot

supposed to be so nami^d from its use in Encyc. Divination by inspecting the entrails of a hymns to Bacchus. Inuiian being. Trumbull. Enajc. Gr. Ltx. Encyc. n. The a. s as z. ANTHROPOMORPH'ISM, ANTIBASIL'ICAN, ^xaj.oi', heresy [Gr. am, and Banaixjy, a palace L. basilicus, royal, A mineral in masses composed of interlaced of the anthropomorphites. Encyc. basilica, a hall of justice.] plates, or crystalized in reed-shaped crys- ANTHROPOMORPH'ITE, n. [Gr. ai/fipuno;, man, and «opi}>i;, form.] Opjjosed to rojal state and magnificence. tals, which appear to be four sided prisms Plowden, Brit. Empire. longitutUnally streaked. The color is be One who believes a human form in the tween dark yellowish gray and olive Supreme Being. A sect of ancient here- ANTIC, a. [from Fr. antique ; L. antiquus ; It. antico ; a sense derived from the tics are called anthropomorphites. brown the luster shining and pearly. Encyc. groa. Diet. JVat. Hist. Cleaveland. fancitesque figures of antiques.] Odd Belonging AN'THORISM, n. [Gr. avti, opposite, and to tliat which has the form of man hav- ful as, antic tricks. the to a man. n. A of resemblance buflbon or Andrew ANTIC, opm/tof, definition.] ing figure ; merry Ash. Encyc. one that practices odd gesticidations. In rhetoric, a description or definition conShak. trary to that wlijch is given by the adverse ANTIIROPOP'ATHY, n. [avepuno;, min, and rtaSo;, ])assion.] 2. Odd appearance Ash. fanciful figures. party. ANTHRACITE, n. [Gr.
cure.

ANTHOPH' YLLITE, n. and

[Gr. ovSoj, a flower,

a leaf.]

;

;

ANTHROPOMORPHOUS,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

and (jxortiu, to view.] n. [Gr. avOpurtos, man The art of discovering or judging of a man's and y\wrra, the tongue.] character, passions and incUnations from animal which has a tongue resembluig the lineaments of his body. that of man, of which kind are parrots. Encyc.

ANTHROP'OGLOT, An

Enq/c.

ANTHROPOG RAPHY, n. man, and

[Gr. a.9pio«o;, description.] of man or the human race,

ypo^iij,

A description

or of the parts of the

ANTIIROP'OLITE, and

A

'Ki.So;,

a stone.] of the

jietrifaction

Some

human

n.

[Gr.

human

body. Encyc.

orSpu^rtos,

man,

body, or skel-

have asserted that skeletons of the animal frame have been found petrified in old mines ; but the fact is not credited, and the existence of such eton.

naturalists

ANTHROPOS'OPHY, man, and

ao^ia,

^^.

3o;,

ANTICAUSOT'IC,

comprehenthng anatomy and physiology.

ANTI-CHAMBER,

ng

a.

corrupt oHhography.

[See Aiitihypnotic]

ANTHYPO€HOND'RIAC.

ANTHYPOPH'ORA.

ANTHYSTER'I€. [See Antihysteric] ANTI, [Gr. See Ante.] A preposition

sigpetrifactions is denied. Encyc. nifying against, opposite, contrary, or Capt. Wilford informs us, that in digging a well near the Ganga, some persons found, place of; used in many EngUsh words. at the depth of 90 feet, on an old bed of ANTI,\C'ID, a. Opposing or removing Often written antacid. that river, the bones of men and quadruacidity. a medicine ANTIAC'ID, n. An alkali peds, supposed to be petrifactions. .idat. Res. 8. 994. proper to correct sourness, or acidity an The skeleton of a man has been fomid absorbent, as chalk, magnesia, coral, seaor an obtunin a limestone rock, of recent formation, in shells, hematite, steelfilings or an iimnutant, as Ed. Encyc. dent, as oil or fat Guadaloupe. Human bones have also been found, by Prof. hxivious salts, and soaps. Cyc. Buckland, in the open cave of Paviland, ANTIAMER'I€AN, a. Opposed to AmerGlamorganshire. He considers them post ica, or to the true interests or government diluvian. v. 29. 148. Rev. of the United States p. to the revquaH.

m

;

A

n.

;

;

ANTIIROPOLOg'I€AL,

a.

Pertaining to

olution in America.

opposed

Marshall.

[Gr. avri, against,

and

Christ.]

great adversary of Christ the man of sin; described 1 John, ii. 18. 2 Tliess. ii. Rev. Protestants generally suppose this adix. \ersary to be the Papal power and some divines believe that, in a more general sense, the word extends to any jiersons who tleny Christ or oppose the fundamental doctrines of clmstianity. ;

;

;

;

against a for a burnCoxe.

[See Ante.]

ANTI-CHRIST, [See Antihypophora.]

Good

A remedy

fever.

cation.

[See Antihy-

pochondriac]

for

and xo*-

n. Dr. Johnson prefers But ante and ante-chamber, whicli see. anti are the same word in different dialects ; and have the same radical signifi-

Encyc.

ANTHYPNOT'l€,

n.

against,

[oAitt,,

a burning fever.]

burning fever.

wisdom.] ;

remedy

Coxe.

ANTIC AUSOT'IC, a.

the natui-e of man acquaintance with man's structure and functions,

Knowledge of

against catarrh.

A

n.

catarrh.

wSpunoj,

[Gr.

Good

xarappoo;, a catarrh.]

ANTICATARRHAL,

ANTICHRIS TIAN, christ

;

Brown. Buck. Pertainmg to anti-

Encyc. a.

opposite to or opposing the

cliris-

tian religion.

ANTICHRIS TIAN, christ

;

n.

one opposed

A

foUower of anti-

to the christian reli-

.\NTICHRISTIANISM,

n.

Opposition or

contrariety to the cliristian rehgion.

?!.

\NTI€OSMET'IC,

Opposjtion or

To

ANTIHEC

in the cure

Reresby.

ANTIeOURTIER,

and

>!.

A

medicine that

and

n. anticortyur. [anii

is

good

liectic disorders.

ANTIHYPNOT'IC,

opjioses the court, or tlie measures Ash. of administration. TOR, n. One that opposes the creator.

ANTICREA

a.

[Gr. avtt,

Coie.

and

vnpo;.

leep.]

Counteracting sleep

courtier.]

;

of

Encyc.

One who

take before the proper time as, tlie lias anticipated tliat part of his

Tie,

to the court.

[Xot used.]

V. t. [h. anildpo, of ante, capio, to take.] To take or act, before another, so as to prevent him ; to take first possession.

9.

preparation,

AN'Tl€OL'RT,a. In opposition

ANTICIPATE, .1.

Any

n.

which injures beauty.

contiarifty to cliristianity. [Gr. mti, and ;tpoi'05,^ order of time.] Deviation from the true Sel(le7i. time.

ANTlClI'llONISM, )7.

before,

ANT

ANT

A N T ANTICIiRISTIAN'ITY,

tending to

;

prevent

sleep or letliargy.

ANTIHYPNOT'ie, n. A medicine that prevents or tends to prevent sleep.

ANTlHYPOClIONDRIA€,

a.

Coxe.

[Gr. wti,

and vTtoxovfifiiaxoi, hypochondriac] Opposing democra- That counteracts or tends to cure hypochon\ argument. driac afl'eetions, and depression of spirits. To foretaste or foresee to liave a prcvi cy contrary to government by the jieople. ous view or impression of sometliiuf Mitford. ANTIHYPOeHOND'RIAC, n. A remedy for hypochondi'iac affections and low future as, to anticipate the pleasures of VN'TIDOTAL, a. That has the quality of advocate

3.

ANTIDE3IO€RAT'I€, ANTIDEIMOCRAT'ICAL,

>

"

;

;

;

spirits. preventing the ill effects of poison, or of ANTIHYPOPirORA, n. [Gr. avti, and of life. any thing no,\ious or mischievous. to AN''lTDOTE, n. [ai'riSoroj, of avti, against, Drto<)iop(», an inference.] 4. To prevent by crowding in before In rhetoric, a figure which consists in refuand iii6u/»t, to give VV. dodi, to give.] Johnson preclude. 1. A medicuie to counteract the effects of in the included tuig an objection by the opposition of a sense is first.] [This essentially or of any thing noxious taken into contrary sentence. ANTICIPATED, pp. Taken before fore- poison, Smith. Johnson. Ash. the stomach. tasted foreseen precluded prevented. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous ANTIHYSTERTC, a. [Gr. am, and vjfEpe., ANTICIPATING, ppr. Taking before effects, or to counteract the evil which uterus.] .ni

entcrtaimnent

to anticipate the evils

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

preventing. ANTICIPA'TION, n. The act of taking up placing, or considering something before the proper time, in natural order pre vention. 2. Foretaste previous view or impression of what is to liappen afterward as, the untiforetasting

;

])recluthng

;

;

;

;

tlie joys of heaven. The happy anticipation of a renewed exiscompany with the spirits of the just.

cipation of tence in

Thodei/ 3.

Previous notion

preconceived opinion mind, l)efore tlie truth produced known slight previous impression. The attack of a fever before the usual i.-

;

time. 5.

Co.re.

In music, the obtrusion of a chord upon a syncopated note, to which it forms a dis cord.

Busbij.

else

might produce. a. Serving as an

Counteracting hysterics. anti

adv.

By way of

n.

against Good against

A

dysentery.

a. [Gr. ain, against, and emetic, from f.uiu, to vomit." the quality of allaying vomiting.

A

n.

remedy

to

check or

and

a.

More.

time.

[Gr. avti, opposite, and See Climate.] xTliuoi?, climax. sentence in which the ideas fall or become less important and striking at the close ; op))osed to climax. For example,

A

n.

Next conies Dalhousie,

[Gr. airi, op

tSfa, side.]

en-

Opposing

ANTIL'OgY,

A

speech.] contradiction betAveen any sages in an author.

ANTIMA6IS'TRICAL, ANTIMA'NIAC, ANTIMANI'ACAL,

a.

and

Opposed

[JVot used.[ r j

?

,• "" t""'*

I

xoyof,

words or pasto the South. ^

andmamac]

madness or

frenzj".

Beatiie.

n. A lesser mask. Bacon. ANTIMETAB'OLE, n. antimetab'oly. [Gr.

AN'TIMASK,

oi'rt, against, and fitraSoXi], mutation.] Shaft sbury. AN'TIENTRY, n. [More correctly, an- In rhetoric, a setting of two things in opposition to each other Cast of antiquity that which is as, an honorable accientry.] tion may be attended with labor, but the ancient. Graij. ANTIEPISC'OPAL, a. Adverse to episco- labor is soon past, and the honor is imiuor;

;

K. Charles.

jiacy.

the great God of war, Eavl of Mar.

and loga-

the logarithm of any 90 degrees. Bailey.

In crystalography, having nine faces on two Counteracting or curing Cleavcland. opposite parts of the crvstal. thusiastic]

[anti

n. [Gr. oirt, against,

ofhce of magistrates.

allav voniitiuir. posite, fvvia, nine,

The complement of

for

ANTIEMET'Ie,

ANTiENNEAHE DRAL,

n.

rithm.] sine, tangent or secant, to

remedy

Core

ANTIE3IETTC,

Coxc.

VNTILOG'ARITHIM,

a. rt,

[Gr.

and Sviivriftixo;, dysenteric] the dvseiiterv, or bloody fiu.x.

ANTIDYSENTER'IC,

Having

medicine that

anti-

Brown.

dote.

ANTIDYSENTER'IC, a.

i/jitixo;,

A

i?.

cures or counteracts liysterical affections.

ANTID0'TI€ALLY,

ANTIC IP ATOK, n. One who anticipate a. [anti and ANTICIPATORY, a. Taking before the ANTIENTHUSIAS'Tle", enthusiasm. ANTICLI'MAX,

ANTIHYSTER'Ie,

dote.

;

in the

4.

something

ANTIDO tlCAL,

tiU.

Encyc.

ANTIMETATII'ESIS,

Ji. [Gr. avt^, against, and liitaSioii, a transposition.] of the parts or memMihier. In rhetoric, an inversion gospel. " odd postures and gesticulations with fanbers of an antithesis as, Compare the Jonson Shak AN'TIFACE, n. Opposite face. ciful appearance. arrival of this governor, with the victory AN'Tl€MASK,orAN'TIMASK,n. Amasl ANTIFANATTe, n. An opposer of fanati- of that general." "Compare this peace Bacon. B. Jonson. of antics. cism. Milton. with that war."

liieutonant Cornel lo

4.N

TICLY,

ANTIEVAN6ELT€AL,

tlie

adv. In an antic

manner; with

a. Contrary to orthodoxy, or the genuine sense of the

;

;

ANTI€ONSTITU'TIONAL,a. Opposed tc ANTIFEBRILE, the constitution. Bolimrbroke or against

ANTICONSTITU'TIONALIST, oii|)osed to the constitution. n.

ANTleONTA'UlONIST,

»."

One who

op-

poses the doctrine of contagion.

ANTleONTA'GlOUS, gious.]

a. [cwn, and contaOpposing or destroying contagion. o. [ai.n, and convul-

ANTI€ONVUL'SIVE, sive.]

Good

AN'TICOR, cor,

a.

[o.vti,

against,

and

fe-

brile.] Oni That has the quality of abating fever ; oppos-

against convulsions. Floyer. [anti, and Fr. ca:ur, or L.

?!.

the heart.]

Ainong/arrtfrs, an inflammation in a horse's throat, answering to tlie quinsy in man. Encyc.

ANTIM'ETER,

Cicero in Verrem. n. [Gr. avti and

Encyc. pfrpoi-,

measure.] An ojitical instrument for measuring angles, ing or tending to cure fever. ANTIFE'BRILE, n. A medicine that cures, with greater accuracy than can be done bv the usual quadrants or sextants. Ree-i. ibates, or tends to allay fever. a. Contrary to the ANTIFLAT'TERING, a. Opposite to flat- ANTIMET'RICAL, rules of meter or verse. Bniley. tery. Delany. and minisa.

ANTIGUG'LER, n. [anti and guggle.] A crooked tube of metal, so bent as to

ANTIMINISTE'RIAL,

be

introduced into the neck of u bottle, lor drawing out t)ie li
ANTIHEC'TI€,

a.

[Gr. avu, against, and

[anti

terial.]

Opposed

to the ministry, or administration

of government.

ANTIMINISTE'RIALIST,

?!.

One

thai

opposes the ministry.

ANTIMONARCIITCAL,

a. and monarchical.] fxrixo;, hectic] [anti and cosmetic. Destructive or injurious That has the quality of opposing or curinj Opposed to monarchy

a. [anti,

against,

ANTl€OSMET'l€, See Cosmeticl to beauty.

hectical disorders.

ly

go%ernmeut.

;

that opposes a king-

Addison,

ANT The

„.

quality of boiiig oppoisetl to iiiouarchy.

ANTIMO'NIAL,

[Worn antimony.] Pertaining to antimony ; relating to antimony, or partaking of its finalities. ANTIMO'NIAL, n. A jireparation of anti niony a incdiciiic in which antimony is a ;

principal ingrodicMit.

Encyc.

A compound

n.

or salt a base.

composed of aiitimonic acid and

Henry. Partaking of antimony nii.xed or prepared with antimoJVicholson. ny as nntimoniated tartar. ANTIMO'NIC, a. Pertaining to antimony the antimonic acid is a pero.xyd of anti-

ANTIMO'NIATED,

a.

;

;

;

mony.

Henry. Pertaining to antimoantimonious acid is a deiito.xyd

ANTIMO'NIOUS, ny.

The

a.

of antimony.

AN'TIMONITE, monious

aci
AN'TIMONY,

n.

Henry.

A

compound of

and a base.

anti-

Henry. ;

;

This

com-

posed of anti and Fr. moine, monk, from

Encyc. Invi'terato antipathies against

ous

life. This sect originated with .lohi Agricola about the year 1538. Encyc.

iVNTINO'MIANISM,

n.

The

tenets of An-

tinomians.

tions, iinil passionate to be avoided.

3.

Hull

AN'TINOJMIST,

71.

One who pays no

re-

gard to the law, or to good works. Sanderson. contradiction between two laws, or between two parts of the same law. Baker.

AN'TINOMY,

n.

ANTIO'CHIAN,

A

a.

school.

Enfield.

.flntiochian epoch

was

a

Encyc.

Washington.

In physics, a. contrariety in tlie jjroperties or atrirtiniis of matter, as of oil and water, which will not mix.

pathv.

ANTIPATRIOT'IC,

a.

Not

patriotic; op-

posing the interests of one's country. Johnson.

.Intipatriuiic prejudices.

VNTlPEnOBAP'TIST,«.[Gr.a.ri, against, noif, ntuioi,

a child, and (io/tn^u, to baji-

tize.]

One who is opposed to the baptism of infants. Buck.

ANTIPERISTAL'TIC,

method of com- Opposed

puting time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia.

particular naattachments to others, are

Antipathy is ref^ularly followed by to, sometimes by against ; and is ojiposed to sym-

Pertaining to

Antiochus, the founder of a sect of philosophers, co temporary with Cicero. This sect was a branch of the academics, though Antio chus was a stoic. He attempted to recon cile the doctrhies of the difi'erent schools, and was the last preceptor of the Platonic

Low h The

[Fr. antimoine. antrmonnim ; It. antimo7i>o ; .S]i. »'(/. by some writers is sui)posed to be n.

dipend more on the constitution repugnancy may depend on reason or education.

maintain, that, under the gospel dispensa tion, the law is (if no use or obhgation or who hold doctrines which supersei the necessity of good works and a virtu-

:

a.

ANTIMO'NIATE,

A A T

A N T

ANTIMONARCH'l€ALNESf!,

to peristaltic

\omiting

;

as,

the intestuies.

;

a.

[See Peristaltic] retroverted, as in

the antiperistaltic motion of Cyc. >i. [Gr. aiu, against,

ANTIPERIS'TASIS,

and rtfptfaitf, a standing aroiuid.] monks were poison Encyc. The opposition of a contrary quahty, by This story, reported by Fare ANTIPA'PAL, a. Opposing popery. which the quahty opposed acquires to popeby Morin, as fabulous, and ANTIPAPIS'TIC, ^ "" Opposed strength or the action by which a body Ity him it is said to be composed of Gr. \NTIPAPIS'TI€AL, S ry or papacy. attacked collects force by opposition or Jorfin Ofti, against, and fiovof, alone, and so the intension of the activity of one qualinamed because it is not found alone. The VNTIPAR'ALLEL, a. Running in a conThus ty by the opposition of another. real truth is not ascertained.] Hammond. trary fUrection. quick-lime is set on fire, or sensible heat is Primarily, a metallic ore consisting of sul- ANTIPARALYT'IC, a. [mfi,,an(\ paraiytic, excited in it, by mixture with water and which see.] phur combined with a metal the sulphu cold a])]ilied to the human body may inret of Antimony, the stibium of the Ro- Good against the palsy. Dryden. Qiiincy. mans and the fw, of the Greeks. It ANTIPARALYT IC," ?!. A remedy for the crease its heat. Johnson. a. Pertauiing to an.1 blackish mineral, which stains the Core. ANTIPERISTAT'IC, hands, palsv. the fact that certain

ed by

it.

tiere, is treated

;

;

;

;

Jlsh. tiperistasis. full of long, shining, needle- ANTIPATHETIC, ? a. [anti and pesIt is foiaid in the mines of Bo ANTIPATHETICAL, ] a. [See Antipathy.] .\NTIPESTILEN'TIAL, tilential, which see.] hemia, and Himgary in France ami Eng Having a natural contrariety, or constituor infection havCounteracting contagion This word is also tional aversion to a thing. land, and in America. ing the quality of opposing or destroying used for the pure metal nrregulus of anti- ANTIPATIIET'ICALNESS, n. The qualpestilential diseases. mony, a metal of a grayish or silvery white, ity or state of having an aversion or conand of a or texJohnson. AN'TIPHLOGIS'TIAN, n. [anti and phlovery brittle, plated scaly trariety to a thing. giston, which see.] ture, and of moderate specific gravity. By ANTIP'ATHY, Ji. [Gr. avu, against, and An opposer of the theory of phlogiston. exposure to air, its surface becomes tar jtaSo;, feeling.] It is used a: Natural aversion instinctive contrariety or .\NTlPHLO(iISTIC,«. Counteracting heat nished, but does not rust. an ingredient in concave mirrors, giving or inflammation tending to reduce arteriopposition in feeling an aversion felt at] them a finer texture. In bells, it renders the presence, real or ideal, of a particular al action ; opposed to the doctrine of phlothe sound more clear it renders tin more This word literally denotes a natJVicholson. giston. object. ural avereion, which may be of different ANTIPHLOGIS'TIC, n. Any medicme or hard, white and sonorous, and gives to more firmness and smoothin some cases excite terdiet and which tends to reduce inflammation printing types may degrees, ness. It is also usefid in promoting the ror or horror at the presence of an object. or the activity of the vital power. fusion of metals, and especially in casting Such is the aversion of animals for their Coze. Hooper. fannon balls. In its crude state, it is harmnatural enemies, as the antipathy of a AN'TIPIION, n. [See Antiphony.] less to the human constitution but many mouse to a cat, or a weasel. Sometimes The chant or alternate suiging in choirs of of its preparations act violently as emetics cathedrals. persons have an insu])erable constitutional and cathartics. It has also a peculiar ef\NTlPHONAL, } antipathy to certain kinds of food. ficacy in proma. [See Antiphony.^ as a sudorific. tracted or habit as when ularly ANTIPHON'ICAL,^ by experience Chambers. Encyc. J^icholson. a person has suffered an injury from some Pertaining to antiphony or alternate singing. ANTIMOR'ALIST, ?i. An opposer of nio- food, or from an animal, which before was Encyc. ralitv. Warhurton. not an object of hatred or wlien a par- ANTIPH'ONARY, n. [«r., contrary, and ANTI"MU'SI€AL, o. Opposed to music; ticular kind of food or medicine is taken ijjui'ij, sound, voice.] no ear for music. Jlmer. which nauseates A service Review. into a sickly stomach, and having book, in the catholic church, con-

hard, brittle, like strife.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ANTINEPHRITIC, which

a.

[anti,

and

nephritic,

see.]

Counteracting diseases of the kidneys. Coxe. medicine that ANTINEPHRIT'le, n. tends to remove diseases of the kidneys.

A

ANTINO'MIAN, fo/iof,

a.

[Gr.

am,

against, "and

law.]

Against law

;

it

;

the effect

is

antipathy,

which

is

often

taining all the invitatories, responsories, and whatever is said or sung in called also choir, except the lessons a responsary ; compiled by Gregory the Great. Encyc. ANTIPH'ONER, n. A book of anthems or aversion Chaucer. antiphons. oil

long continuance. Antipathy however is often affected, as when| persons pretend a great aversion to things from false dehcacy. In ethics, antipathy is hatred, aversion or repugnancj' haired to persons to persons or things repugnancy to ac;

;

;

pertaining to the Antinomians.

ANTINO'MIAN,

ii.

One of a

sect

who

tions.

Of these

Art^rfrf is

collect.s,

tlie

ANTIPHONY,

most voluntary.

Aversion, and antipathy, in

its

true sense,

;

n. [avu,

contrary,

and ^u^,

voice.] I.

The answer of one choir to another, when

ANT ail

anthem or psalm

ANT

sung by two choirs

is

;

ANTIQUE,

ahernate singuig. 9.

3.

4.

A

wlien a congrega-

s])ecies ol'psabiiotly,

tion is divided into two parts, and eacli sings the verses ahernately. Encyc. The words given out at the beginning ol a psahn, to wJiich botii the choirs are to arconiinodate tlieir singing. Encyc. musical composition of several verses, extracted from different psalms. Encyc

A

ANTIPH'RASIS, n. [Gr. am, against, and ^paiif, a form of speech.] Tlie use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. Johnson. Jlsh. ;

> to anANTIPHRAS'TI€, °" Pertaining ANTIPHRAS'TI€AL, \ tiphrasis. Ash ANTIP'ODAL, a. Pertaining to the ami

podes

;

having the feet dueetly opposite.

AN'TIPODE, nmi, no&oi,

n.

[Gr. avti,

opposite,

and

1.

An

z.

AN'TIPORT,

n.

An outward

ANTIPRELAT'I€AL,

a.

n.

An

Waterland.

ofi)riests.

ANTIPRIE'ST€RAFT,

n.

priestcraft.

ANTIPRIN'CIPLE,

n.

ple.

ANTIPROPH'ET,

n.

Opposition to Burke.

An

An

opposite princiSpenser. enemy or oppo-

MeJe.

ser of prophets.

ANTIP'TOSIS,

n.

[Gr.

avtc

and

nt^ati,

case]

;

;

ANTIQ'UITY, 1.

n.

[L. antiquitas.]

Ancient times ; former ages times long a very indefinite term ; as ;

since past

Cicero

;

was

the most eloquent orator of

The

A

ANTISPASMOD'Ie, crrtaff|Uos,

a.

to diaw.]

resisting

;

ANTISPASMODIC,

Meaning that mankind are inclined to verify the predictions of antiquity. T. Dawes

[Gr. ai>u, against,

from bkom,

ancients the people of ancient Opposing spasm as, the fact is admitted by all aii anodynes. ;

;

tiquity.

3.

Pascalis, Med. Rep. n. [Gr. avn, against, and anau, to draw.] re\ ulsion of fluids, from one part of the body to another. ^uincy.

ANTIS'PASIS,

and

antiquity.

times

convulsions

as Coxe. ;

A

remedy for spasm or convulsions, as opium, balsam of n.

Peru, and the essential oils of vegetables. Coxe. Ancientness great age the quality of a. [See Antispasis.] being ancient as, a statue of remarkable ANTISPAS'TI€, Causing a revulsion of fliuds or humors. antiquity ; a family of great antiquity. Johnson. Old age a ludicrous sense used by Shak. The remains of ancient tunes. In thit ANTISPLENET'I€, a. [See Spleen.] sense it is usually or always plural. An- Good as a remedy in diseases of the spleen. Johnson. tiquities comprehend all the remains of an all the monuments, coins ANTIS'TASIS, n. [Gr. avti., opposite, and cient times ;

;

;

to pre- 4.

Motion. opposer or enemy

lacv.

AN'tlPRIEST,

;

of being ancient; an appearance of ancient oriirin and workmanship. Addison

gate or door. Smith.

Adverse

j

ity

in opposi

Mdison

for the

Opposition to

n.

A

Brown.

tion to the pope.

A remedy

n.

scurvy.

!aNTIS€RIP'TURISM,

;

antidote for

AN'TIPOPE, n. [anti and pope.] One who usurps the papal power,

I

;

I

2.

poison.

;

;

ANTISCORBU'Tl€,

;

the opposite side of tlie globe, and of course, whose feet are direct-

ANTIPOrSON,

anti-

qmis, probably from Old ancient of genuine antiquity in this sense it usually refers to the flourish ishing ages of Greece and Rome ; as an

;

foot.]

n. s as

[Fr. ante.]

the Holy Scriptures. Boyle. ANTISCRIPTURIST, n. One that denies revelation. antique statue. Boyle. 2. Old, as it respects the present age, or a IaNTISEP'TIC, a. [Gr. arnand ffjjrtroj, pumodern period of time of old fashion, as trid, from ffjjTtu, to putrLty.] an antique robe. lOpposing or counteracting putrefaction. 3. Odd wild fanciful more generally writ Ash. ten antic. medicine which re'ANTISEP'TI€, n. ANTIQUE, n. antee'k. In general, any sists or corrects putrefaction, as acids, but hi a more limiteil stimulants, saline substances, astringents, tiling very old &c. sense, the remains of ancient artists, as Encyc. busts, statues, paintings and vases, the ANTISO'CIAL, a. [See Social.] works of Grecian and Roman antiqiuty. Averse to society that tends to interrupt oi ANTlQUENESS, n. anlee'kness. The qual- destroy social intercourse.

One who hves on ly o|iposite.

ANT from L.

a. antee'k.

5.

;

;

oraffij, station.] edifices, history and fragments of literature, offices, habihnients In oratory, the defense of an action from the consideration that if it had been omitted, weapons, manners, ceremonies in short whatever respects any of the ancient nasomething worse woidd have happened.

inscriptions,

;

tions of the earth.

Encyc.

ANTIREVOLU'TIONARY,

a.

[See Revo-

lution.^

ANTIS'TES, n. [L.] The chief priest or prelate.

Milton.

In grammar, the ])Utting of one case for an- Opposed to a revolution opposed to an en- ANTIS'TROPHE, ) [Gr. avr^, opposite. and ;f>o^r,, a turnother. Johnson. ANTIS'TROPIIY, S tire change in the form of government. n. An opposer of jniriij'g-] Burke. the In tans. Warton. ANTIREVOLU'TIONIST, n. One who is grammar, changing of things mutually depending on each other ; reciprocal conANTIQUARIAN, a. Pertaining to antiqua- ojiposed to a revolution in government. version as, the master of the servant, the As a noim, this is ries, or to anti([uity. ANTISABBATA'RIAN, n. [anti and sab- servant of the master. used for antiquary. bath.]
"

;

ANTIPU'RITAJSf,

;

;

;

ANTISACERDO'TAL,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ing old or obsolete.

ANTIUUA'TION, antiquated.

n.

ANTIS€ORBU'Tl€, Tlie state of being

which

o. [anti

see.]

Beaumont. Counteracting the scurfy.

and

scorbu'fic.

leave

them."

us,

we

"

The

Hatter

omsehes we

lean-

)»rodigal robs his heir, the " £,rcess of ceremony

miser robs himself."

ANY

A N V "

sliows want of

breeiliiifr."

Liberty

laws, aiul goveruineiit iinlhoul oppression^ 2.

Opposition of opinions

;

controversy. Encyc.

incus, incudis, is formed by a like analog) from in and cudo, to liannner, or slia])e

Pcrtainin;; to aiitiih.-si.s.or opiinsition scntinionts ; containing or

ANTITHET'IC, ANTITHET'I€AL, of words and abounding with

?

"'

and the same ideas are connected

\

Celtic

Encyc. Enfidil. n. [anti and trini-

eingion

ANTITRINITA KIAN,

a.

existence

and

any

tiling

on which blows are Shak.

laid.

tlie anvil, is to be in a state of discussion, form.ition or preparation ; as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not

Ena/c. To be on

Opposing die

trinity.

Jr. ijineon, anvil,

strike.]

iron block with a smooth face, on whic)] smiths hammer and shape their work.

Figuratively,

trinity or the in the Godhead.

tli(^

;

A denial of

matured. This tigure bears an analogy to that of discussion, a sliaking or beating AN'TITyPE, n. [Or. avftrvttov, of (uti, ANXI'ETY, 71. angzi'ety. [L. anrietas, from i>ee Anger.] anriita, sohcitous; L. ong-o. apainst, and Tvjto;, a t) pe, or pattern.] anotlier figure ; 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some tigure eorrespondinji to that of wliieh the type is the pattern or event, future or uncertain, which disturl the mind, and keeps it in a state of i)ainful in re])resentation. Thus the paschal lamb, It expresses more tlian unea uneasiness. scripture, is the type, of which Christ is the An antitype then, is something siness or disturbance, and even more than antitype. It usually springs trouble or solicitude. whi(di is formed accordinar to a model or from fear or serious apprehension of evil, of repattern, and bearing strong features and involves a suspense respecting an semblance to it.

ANTltRFMTA'RIANlSM,

re.

the trinity.

A

bread event, and often, a perplexity of mind, to litvrs:ii, the sacramental know how to shape our conduct. called antitypes, that is, figures, similitudes ; and the Greek fathers 3. In medical langtiage, mieasiness ; unceasused the word in a like sense. ing restlessness in sickness. Encyc. an antito a. ANX'IOUS, o. ank'shus. Greatly concerned ANTITYP'R'AL, Pertaining In the Greek

and wine are

type

;

Johnson.

explaining the type.

ANTIVARIO'LOUS, a.

and

[anti

which sec.] Opposing the small pox.

ANTIVENE'REAL, which

a.

[anti

variolous

2.

see.] 3.

Furnished with

antlers.

[Gr. avu,

S

name.]

;

ANXTOUSLY, adv. solicitously

carefullv

;

In an anxious

with

;

painful

manner

time indeterminate, that presenter future.

;

;

;

;

AORTAL, AOU'TA,

Ger. einig-

This word

is

a

;

compound

1.

One

of

Encyc. adv. [a anApace.] a quick pace fast ; speedily quick with haste hastily applied to things iii motion or progression ; as, birds fly apace ; ;

rigid

sect

deny that man

is

This

made

unputatively just, that

is,

just, but is only pronounced so.

Enajc.

I

AP'AGOgY,

^

apace. [Gr. from ortayo, to ' aside,

1.

I.

arto,

draw

from, and

In logic, abduction a kind of argument, wherein the greater extreme is evidently contained in the medium, but the medium not so evidently in the lesser extreme, a.s not to require further proof. Thus, "AU whom God absolves are free from sui but God absolves all who are in Christ therefore all who are in Christ are free from The first proposition is evident but sin." the second may require further proof, as that God received full satisfaction for sin, by the suffering of Christ. In mathematics, a progress or passage from one proposition to another, when the first, ;

;

;

;

having been demonstrated,

is

employed in

Encyc.

i.

preposition The last syllable is from tlie dialect aan. verb build : in Germ, bilden, to tbrm or shape, and bUd, an image or form, which in

of

oyu, to drive.]

or thuig being understood. proving others. And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye 3. In the Athenian law, the carrying a crimihave aught against any. Mark xi. nal, taken in the fact, to a magistrate. It" any lack msdoui, let liim ask it of God

James n. [Sax. anfilt, o'nfitt ; D. aanbec'ld; Old Eng. anvelf. The first syllable seems It is used in opposition to ?!OJie. to be the any wheat to sell ? I have none. on, from the Belgic

AN'VIL,

Vol.

;

AP'AGOtjE,

indefinitely.

;

:

;

;

weeds grow

Nor knowcth any man the Father, save the use of the name of some office, dignity Son. Math xi. profession, science or trade, instead of the If a soul shall sin against any of the com true name of the person ; as when his mamandments. Lev. iv. a noble jesty is used for a king, lordship for an indefinite lunnber, pluraUy man. Thus instead of Aiistotle, we say 2. Some ; for though the word is Ibrmed from one, it the philosopher; a grave man is called a Are there any witoften refers to many. Cato; an eminent orator, a Cicero; a wise nesses present ? "f he sense seems to be a man, a Solomon. In the latter examples, small, uncertain mnnlier. a proper name is used for an ajipellative Some ; an indefinite quantity ; a small .3. the appUcation being su]ipoited by a re portion. semblance in character. Encyc. 2. Who will show us any good ? Ps. iv. ANTOSIAN'DRIAN, n. One of a sect'of a substitute, the person Lutherans, so denominated from their 4. It is often used as

The

opposing the doctrines of Osiander.

tree in

APA'CE,

D.eenig;

OH, one, and i^, which, in the Teutonic dialects, is the ic of the Latins, miis-tc-us Any \s unic-us, one-like.]

and opofia,

The paper-mulberry

71.

Otaheite, from whose bark is manufactured a cloth worn by the inhabitants.

With

[Sax. anig, eenig

either past,

;

uncertainty;

unquietly.

a. en'ny.

is,

n. Indefinite; pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite tense. AORT'.A, 77. [Gr. oopTij, the great artery also an ark or chest.] The great artery, or trunk of the arterial system; proceeding from the left ventricle of the heart, and giving origin to all the arteries, except the pulmonary arteries. If first rises, when it is called the ascending aorta then makes a great curve, when it gives off branches to the head, and upper extremities then jiroceeds downward.'--, called the descending aorta, when it gives off" branches to the trunk and (inaljy divides into the two iliacs, which supply the pelvis and lower extremities. Cyc. Parr. a. Pertaining to the aorta, or Daricin. great artery.

ANX'IOUSNESS, n. The quality of being Johnson anxious great solicitude. AN'Y,

Milton.

AORISTTC,

object.

Encyc. )

;

residence, as to Parnassus.

.\'ORIST, 71. [Gr. aopifoj, indefinite, of a iniv. and opoj, limit.] The name of certain tenses in the grammar of the Greek language, which express

;

Encyc. ANTO'NIAN, a. Noting certain medicinal waters in Gennany, at or near Tonstcin

ANTONOMA'SIA, ANTONOM'ASY,

;

;

;

It

A

a.

or solicitous, respecting something future or unknown being in painful suspense applied to persons; as, to be anrious for the issue of a battle. of solicitude Fidl unquiet applied to things ; as anxious thoughts or labor. Very careful solicitous as, anrious to please anxious to commit no mistake is followed by for or about, before the ;

Med. Rep. and venereal.

Resisting venereal poison. ANT'LER, n. [From the root otante, before Fr. andouiller. See Ante.] start or branch of a horn, especially of the horns of the cervine animals, as of the sta; or moose. The branch next to the head is called the brow-antler, and tlie branch next above, the bes-antUr. Encyc.

ANT'LERED,

The .'Voiiian fount was Aganippe. at the fool of mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to tlie muses. Ilencc the muses wen- called .Vonides. Dryden But in trutli. I'irg. Eclogue. 10. 12. Aonia itself is formed from tlie Celtic aon. a spring or fountain, [the fabled son oi' Neptune,] and this word gave name to Aonia. As the muses were fond of springs, the word was applied to the muses, and to mountains which were their favorite otia.

;

in the

An

tnrian, wliicli sec]

of three persons

W.

;

inneonam, to

antitliosis.

ANTITRINITA'RIAN, One who denies

A P A

Putch is heeld. To build is to shape, to AO'NIAN, a. [From Aonia, a part of Bobo is that on tia, in Greece.] form, and anvil, that is, on build, which things are shaped. The I.atin \, ord Peiiaining to the muses, or to Aonia, in Bo'-

leith

ANY-WISE

Have you APAGOti'ICAL, a. An apagogical demonstration is an indirect way of proof, by

is sometimes used adverbially, but the two words may be separated, and used with a preposition, in any viise.

11

showing the absurdity or impossibihty of the contrary-.

APALACH'IAN,

a.

Pertaining to the Apa-

APE

APE

ing and mischievous.

in the -wc-tcrn

A P

ir

mark of a long

inhabit the leaves and

They

In botany, th« syllable. anther of flowers, or tops of the stamens, like knobs. Martyn. 2. One who imitates servilely, in allusion to APH'ANITE, 71. [Gr. a priv. and ^aivu, to the manners of the ape a silly fellow. appear.] To imitate to nhniic, In mineralogy, compact ainphibole in a par1'. t. and ?!. APE, servilely APAN'TIIROI'^', [Gr. arto, fi-om, Weak ticular state. as an ape hnitates human actions. Diet, of .Yat. Hist. art^pwrtoj, man.] An aversion to tlje company of men a love pe)sons are ahvays prone to ape foreigners. APHE'LION, n. [Gr. ano, from, and tjUn;, the sun.] See of solitude. Encyc. APE'AK, adv. [a and peak, a point. That of a planet's orbit which is most n. In point Pe«*.] rhetoric, APARITIl'MESIS, [Gr.] in a posture to pierce. distant from the siui 1. On the point enumeration. opposed to perihelai-lios, a tribe

cif Iii.lians,

Hence the word is a|)-[ part of Georgia. to the nioinitains in or near their jihecl country, wliieh are in fact tlie .southern extrenhtv of the Alleghanean ridges.

and hve on

forests, insects.

fruits,

Encyc.

;

;

;

;

AP'ART,

(/rfr.

[a

am] part; Fr. aparti.

'i.

Separately

;

at a distance

separation, as to place. Jesus departed thence hito a desert place '2.

In I'fomen's /nng'tin^f, perpendicular. The is apeak, when the cable is drawn so as to bring the ship directly over it.

lion.

APHERE'SIS,

anchor

in a state of

;

;

John.$on.

See

P.irt.] 1.

Mar. Diet. Mat!i. xiv. AP'ENNIXE, a. [L. apenninvs ; ad and apart. In a statcof distinction, as to purpose, use penninus, an epithet applied to a peak or or character. ridge of the Alps. Liry. Celtic pen or The Lord hath set ajunt him that is godly for ben, the peak of a mountain, or in general,

n. [Gr. a«o, from,

and

acpiu,

to take.] 1.

The

taking of a letter or syllalile from the of a word. Thus by an aphe-

begumin^ 2.

resis, omtttere is w ritten, mitten. In the healing art, the removal of

noxious.

Encyc.

any thing

In surgery, amputation. Quincy.

Ps. iv. a mountain.] APHIDIV'OROUS, a. [of aphis, the pucethe ron or vine fretter, and loro, to eat.] Distinctly; separaiely; as, consider Pcrtauiing to or designating a chain of mounprojiositions apart. tains, which extend from the plains of Ealing, devouring, or subsisting on the apliis, 4. Aside; in exclusion of; as, apart from all the or plant-louse. of to roimd the Darwin. Genoa, Piedmont, gulf in not he is to his moral.s, center of Italy, and thence south east to APHILAN'THROPY, n. [of o neg. and $i(pialitied, regard other respects, for the olHce he hokls. the extremity. ^ai'9pwrti», of ^Acu, to love, and oi'9pu«of, or apn. The momnauis above [Fr. apartement,

himself.

3.

two

AP>ARTMENT,

VP'ENMNE,

partement, of ab or a, from, and parlir, depart. Sec Part.] room in a building a division in a house,

to

A

VP'ENNINES, APEP'SY, n.

I

"

described. S [Gr. a priv. and

man.] of love to mankind. In medicine, the first stage of melancholy, when solitude is

Want rtcn.ru,

to

Coxe. preferretl to society. digest.] a Defective In zoology, the puceron, vine separated from otliers by partitions [Little A'PIIIS, n. indigestion. digestion C'oxe. place separated by inclosure. fretter, or plant-louse ; a genus of insects, Encye. used.] a. Void of feeling free front to the of In tlie order n. One who A'PER, belonging hemipters. The apes. zoology, Harris. insensible. wild boar. passion apliis is furnished with an inflected beak, AP'ATHY, )(. [Gr. a priv. and naSos, pas- APERIENT, a. [L. aperiens, aperio ; Sp. and with feelers longer than the thorax. In tlie same species, some individuals have Fr. ouvrir.] Port, abrir ; It. aprire sion.] AVant of feeling; an utter privation of pas- Opening four erect wings, and others are entirely that has the quaUty of opening without wings. The feet are of the ambuapplied either deobstruent; laxative. sion, or insensihiUty to pain As applied to the APE'RIEJVT, /!. A medicine which proLu the body or the mind. latory kind, and the belly usually ends ia two horns, from which is ejected the submotes the circulation of the fluids, by remind, it is stoicism, a calmness of mind instance called honey-japarsley, and butcher's broom. a contempt of earthly concerns. APERTTIVE, a. Opening; deobstruent; yifo;, inflammable.] Quielism is apathy disguiseil under the apHarvey. Fotherhy. Flaraeless; as an uphlogisiic lamp, in which aperient. ICiicyc APERT', a. a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued pearance of devotion. Open evident [L. aperius.] .\P'ATITE, n. [from Gr. arfoT'ou, to deceive imilisguised. ignition by alcohol, without flame. [J\fot vsed.] it having been often mistaken for other Comsti>ck. \PER'TION, n. The act of opening; the a gap. n. [Gr. o priv. and $u-ii;, voice.J state of being opened an opening muierals.] V variety of phosphate of lime A lo.ss of voice a palsy of the tongue j generally [Little used.] ajierture, or passage. hexahedral in low, Johnson. Core. If'otton. flat, ^Viseman. prisms, lumbness; catalepsy. crystalized sometimes even tabidar. Its powder phos- APERT'LY, adv. Openly. APHORISM, n. [Gr. afoptsftos, determina[Little used.] from o^opi^u, to sepaBale. phoresces on binning coals. tion, distinction The phosporite of Werner includes the mas- APERT'NESS, n. [L. apeiius.] Openness. rate.] sive and earthy varieties of the pliosphate, Holder. A maxim a precept, or principle expressed [Rarely used.] which are distinguished from the apatite, APERT'OR, J(. A muscle that raises the a detached sentence conin few words as, the by their containing a small ])ortion of flutaining some inqiortant truth f^uiiicy. upper eve lid. Cleaveland. oric acid. AP'ERTilRE, ». The act of opening more aphorisms of Hippocrates, or of the civil law. Encyc. \PE, n. [D. aap ; Dan. nbe ; Sax. Sw. and generally, an opening; a gap, cleft or n. A dealer in a hole VV. ab, or chasm a ])assage perforated APIIORISM'ER, Ir. apa; Ice. ape : Germ, affe aphorisms. Milto?t. its through any solid substance. epa, so named from the celerity of In the form of an } Holder. .Yewton. APHORISTIC, motions.] ''^ I. A genus of quadrupeds, found in the tor- 2. An opening of meaning aphorism; in the explanation APHORIS'TICAL, ^ form of short unconnected sentences as rid zone of both continents, of a great Taylor [M'ot used.] an aphoristic stvle. In common use, the 3. In geomHry, the space between two right variety of species. word extends to all the tribe of monkeys lines, forming an angle. Encyc. APHORIS'TICALLY, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms. and baboons but in zoology, ape is hmited APET'ALOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and mtaioi' a flower-leaf or petal.] APH'RITE, n. [Gr. o^po?, froth the schauni to such of these animals as have no tails or flower-leaves; while those with short tails are called ta6 In botany, having no petals, erde, or earth scum, of Wern«r ; the silvery chalk of Kirwan.] having no corol. Martyn. oons, and those with long ones, monkeys. state of being A snbvariety of carbonate of lime, occurring These animals have four cutting teeth in APET'ALOUSNESS, n. in small masses, solid or tender and friable. without jietals. each jaw, and two canine teeth, with obIt is composed of lamels or scales, of a like n. tuse grinders. The feet are formed A'PEX, phi. aperes. [L. aper, ])hi. apices. I hands, with four fingers and a tlnnnb, and The tip, point or summit of any thing. pearly luster. It is connected by insensible shades with argentine. flat nails. antiquity, the ca)i of a flamen or jiriest Apes are lively, full of frol Jameson. Cleavelawi. and chatter, generally untamable, thievthe crest of a helmet. In grammar, tlie ;

;

APATHET'IC,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

APHONY,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

A P APII'RIZiTE,

A

n.

malin.

APIIKODIS'IAC,

APHKODISI'A€AL,

"

i;

Venus, from a^pof, frotli.] Exciting venereal denire increasing the ap;

petite for sexual connection. n. i)rovooativc to ve-

A

APHRODISIAC,

Unci/c.

nery.

APII'RODITR,

n. [Gr. A^poitri?'.]

of Venus.

APHRODITE, "

In

}

APHRODI'TA, called

with

al.so

tlie

S

are received by the Romish Church as cononiriit, but nut by Protestants. Encyc, :APOC'RVPHAL, a. IVrtauiing to the apiicnot canonical; of uncertain au ryjiha Ed. Encyc. fictitious. tion. false thority or credit APLO'ME, n. [Gr. tt«>.oo?, Him])le.] Congreve. Hooker. mineral closely allied to garnet. It is con- APOC'RYPHALLY, adv. Uncertainly not sidered by Jameson, as crystali/.ed comindisputably. mon garnet. It is a rare mineral, found ALNESS, n. Uncertainty, as to authenticity in dodecahedrons, «ith rhombic faces, doubtfulness of credit, or

zoolo^i/,

A

order of Mollu.scas,

The body

sea-moiisr.

Qiiinci).

follower Cleuvcland. a genus of is

oval,

;

;

;

APOCRYPH

;

genuineness. supposed to be derived li-om l\u- cube, by one of the most simple laws of decrement, APODAL, a. [See J]pode.] that of a single range of particles, parallel Without feet in zoology, destitute of ventral to all the edges of a cube. fins. ;

many

Haiiy.

Cteaveland.

AP'ODE,

n. [Gr. apriv..ind rtw{, rtojo;, foot.]

•VPLUS'TER, I " [h. from Gr. afXa;ov, tlie All animal that has no feet, apjilied to cersununit of the poop of a tain fabulous fowls, w liicli are said to have \PLUS'TRE, I no legs, and also to some birds that lia%e ship.] ble of being retracted. very short legs. Encyc. An ensign, or ornament carried by ancient A name of Venus, so called from 6r. ships. It was shaped hke a plume of In zoology, the apodes are an order of fishes, which have no ventral fins; the first order fealher.s, fastened on the neck of a goose o^pos, froth, from which the goddess was or swan, and to this was attached a partyill Linne's system. supposed to have been produced. [See Encyc. Veims.]

API!

A

;

A

small protuberances or tentacles on each side, which serve as feet The mouth is cylindrical, at one end of the body, with two bristly tentacles, and capa2.

A P O

A P O

li

is one whicli entirely variety of blark tour- (Vn uplanatic telescope corrects the aberration of the rays of light. I'liiUips. It is thus distinguished from the achromatic, } [Gr.a4.po6i«o!, vowhich only j)artially corrects the aberraiiereal, Al-poSifij,

THONG,

[Or. a«o, without, and

n.

^Ooyyoi, sound.]

colored ribin, to indicate the course of the wind. Jlddison. Encyc. n. apoc'abjps. [Gr. from

letter or combinallon of letters, which, ni ojtoxoXiirtru), to disclose ; orto to cover.] the customary pronunciation of a word, have no sound. Focaloir, or Did. of the Revelation disclosure. The discovery name of a Ixiok of the New Testament, Hibet-no- Celtic Langun^e. APII'THOUS, a. [Gr. a^Oai, idcers in the containing many discoveries or pre
;

£(ici/c.

A'PEXES.

A'l'ICES,

[See

Apei,

and

To

pertaining

\

to

APOCALYPTICALLY, tion

in the

;

maimer

APOCOPATE, To

cut

ofl",

arfi).

anA

[a

piece.]

[Gr.

v.t.

[See

«/)oco/)e.]

or drop the last letter or syllable

of a word.

APOCOPATED, omission of the

Shortened

pp.

last letter

by

the

or syllable.

M. Stuart. Cutting oft', or omitting the last letter or svllable. ) abscission "• [Gr. anoxojo;,

APOCOPATING, ppr.

APOCOPE, APOCOPY,

^

evi-

artohiiis,

;

tion

;

clearly proving.

[Little used.]

Brown.

Glanville.

adv. So as to be evident bevoiid contradiction.

APODICTICALLY, APOD'OSIS, latter part

AP'OuEE,

u.

[Gr.]

The

opplication

of a similitude. n. [apogeon,

from, and y>;, the earth.] That point in the orbit of a

or

Mede.

apogcum

;

planet,

Gr. o«o,

which

is

distance from the earth. ancients regarded the earth as fixed in the center of the system, and therefore assigned to the sun, with the planets, an apogee but the moderns, considering the sun as the center, use the terms perihelion and aphelion, to denote the least and greatest distance of the planets from that orb. The sun's apogee therefore is in strictness, the earth's aphelion. Apogee is properly ajiiilieable to the moon. Encyc. Johnson. AP'OGON, n. A fish of the Mediterranean, the summit of whose head is elevated.

The

adv. By revela of disclosure.

ofarto,

and xowruto

cut.]

cutting off, or omission of the hist letter or syllable of a word as rfi for dii. APOC'RISARY, n. [Gr. Ironi artoxfioi.;, an;

each; noting the share of each; as here

"

5fixiTfii, to

at tlie greatest

disclosing.

;

The

Anther.']

APIE'CE,

"'

APOCALYPTICAL, revelation

}

APODIC'TICAL,

;

;

APH'YLLOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and ^xkov, folium, a leaf.] In hotuny, destitute of leaves, as the rush, niusbrooins, garlic, some sea-weeds, &c, Milne A'PIARY, n. [L. a/Monum, of a/Mj, a bee.] The j)lace where bees are kept a stand or shed for bees. A'PIASTER, n. [From apis, a bee.] The bird called a bee-eater, a species of me The apiaster has an iron colored rops. back, and a belly of bluish green.

APODICTIC,

S (lence, of a«o, and show.] and xoXvrtrw, Demonstrative evident beyond contradic-

APOCALYPSE,

an orange apiece. swer artoxptro^at, to answer.] A' PIS, n. In mythologi/. an ox, worshiped in Anciently a resident in an imperial city, in ancient Egypt, or a divinity or idol in the the name of a foreign church or bishop, of an ox. figure answering to the modern 7iuncio. He was A'PIS, )!. [L.] In zoolofcy, the bee, a genus a proctor, in the emperor's court, to ne of insects, of the order of hymenopters. gotiate, and transact business for his conThe mouth has two jaw s, and a jirohoscis stituent. Encyc. Spelman. infolded in a double sheath the wings' APOCRUST'IC a. [Gr. ortoxpws-ixo, from are four, the two tbremost arto and xpoDu, to drive froni.[ covering the hinder ones when at rest. The females! Astringent repelline. and working bees have a sting. Encyc.\ APOCRUST'IC, n.^A medicine wliicli conAPISH, a. [See .%.] Having the quali-f stringes, and repels tlie humors a repelties of an a|)e inclined to imitate in a serlent. Quincy. Coze. is

;

;

;

AP'OGRAPH, [Gr. o/toypa^w anoyfa^^] An exemplar a copy or transcript. Jlsh. APOLLINA'RIAN, a. [From .Apollo.] The ApoUinarian games, in Roman antiquity, )i.

;

;

were celebrated

in

honor of Apollo

:

insti-

tuted A. R. 542. after the battle of CamiiE. They were merely scenical, with exhibitions of music, dances and various moun-

tebank

tricks.

APOLLINA'RIANS, sect, deriving their

in

Church

name from

Encyc. a

history,

Apollinaris,

bishop of Laodicea, in the 4tli Century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ ; maintaining that his body w as endowed with a sensitive, and not with a rational APOCRYPIL\, n. [Gr. from anoxfwrttu, .soul and that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in xpiTiru, to conceal.] man. Literally such things as are not published Encyc. Hooker. but in an ap|)ropriate sense, books whose Ipollo-Belvidere, an ancient statue of the authors are not known wliose authentifirst class in excellence. city, as inspired writings, is not admitted, \POL'LYON, )i. [Gr. o«oM.iui, destroying.] and which are therefore not considered a The destroyer; a name used Rev. ix. 11, tor the angel of the bottomless pit, answering part of the .sacred canon of the scri])ture. When the Jews published their sacred to the Hebrew Abaddon. books, they called them canonical and di- APOLOOETTC, I "' [Gr. o«oxoyjo^i, to vine ; such as they did not publish, were APOLOuET'ICAL, ^ speak in defense of called apocryphal. The apocryphal books a«o and ^oyo5, speech.] ;

;

;

vile

maimer; hence, foohsh,

fected, trilling, insignificant

;

foppish, afas,

an apish

apish manners. ailv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation foppishly. fellow

;

A'PISHLY,

;

A'PISHNESS, apish

;

)i.

mimicry

;

The quahty of being foppery.

APIT'PAT, With quick beating or palpita tion;aword formed from the sound, ;)!( and

pat, or

from

APLANATTe, wander.]

a.

beat.

[Gr. o neg. and

.-t^aiau, to

;

;

;

;

A P O

A P O

Dcl'ending by wonls or arguments iiig

;

;

excuS'

said or written in ilelensc, or by way as an apologetic essay. Boyle. adv. By" way of

of apology

;

APOLOGETICALLY, a|K)logy or excuse.

APOL'OGIST, n. [See Apology.] one who One wlio makes an apology ;

spe.-iks

or writes in defense of another.

APOL'OGiZE,

i>.

i.

To make

an apology

to write or speak in favor of, or to make excuse for followed by for ; as, my cor ;

respondent apologized for not answering

my

letter.

APOLOGUE, A

[Gr. orto^oyoj, a

n. ap'olog.

long speech, a fable.] moral fable a story or relation of ficti tious events, intended to convey useful An apologue differs from a para truths. ;

in this; the parable is drawn from events wliich pass among mankintl, and is an therefore supported by probability apologue may be founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore does not require to be sup]iorted by probability. Esop's fables arc good examples of apologues. Encyc. ble

;

APOL'OGY,

[Gr. anoxoyta, of arto and

n.

Xoyos, discourse.]

An

A P O An

apo- APOSIOPE'SIS [Gr. artoniurtrjisti, o? phlegmatic. Qnincy. Core. APOSIO'PESYf:\- arto, and oiurtow, to be [Gr. arto, from, and silent.] It Reticency or AP'OTHEM, tflfW*, word. S suppression as when a speakwould be eligible to reduce this harsh er for some cause, as fear, sorrow, or anword to apothem.] ger, suddenly breaks off his discourse, beA remarkable saying a short, sententious, fore it is ended or speaks of a tiling, when he makes a show as if he would instructive remark, uttered on a particular say nothoccasion, or by a distinguished character ing on the subject or aggravates what he " He is as that of Cyrus, luiworthy to be pretends to conceal, by uttering a part and a magistrate, who is not better than hi; leaving the remainder to be understood. " Homines ni Smith. Johnson. Encyc. subjects ;" or that of Cato, hil agendo, discunt male agere ;" men by APOS'TASY, n. [Gr. arto,-a«{, a defection. do soon learn to mischief. of domg nothing, afi.;y;fii, to depart, arto and TijiU'.] APOPH'YgE, ) " [Gr. arto, from, and fvy^;, 1. An abandonment of what one has professed a total desertion, or departure from APOPH'YgY, flight.] 1. In architecture, the part of a column, where one's faith or religion. it springs out of its base originally a ring 2. The desertion from a partj' to wliich one of or ferrel to bind the extremities colhas adhered. mnns, and keep them from splitting af- 3. Among physicians, the throwing off of terwards imitated in stone i)illars. It is exfohated or fractured bone, or the various sometimes called the spring of the colunm. solution of disease. Coxe. Chambers. 4. An abscess. Encyc. 2. A concave part or ruig of a column, lyin APOS'TATE, n. [Gr. arto^ar^s.] above or belo\v the flat member, called by One who has forsaken the church, sect or the French le conge d'en has, or rfVn haul ; j)rofession to which he before adliered. In its original sense, apjihed to one who by the Itahans, cavo di basso, or di sopra ; has abantloned his reh'gion but correctly also, il vivo di basso. Encyc. APOPHYLLITE, n. [Gr. arto, from, and applied also to one who abandons a poso called because of its ten litical or other party. fv'K'Kov, a leaf APOS'TATE, a. False ; traitorous. dency to exfohate.] A mineral occurring in laminated masses Spenser. or in regular prismatic crystals, having a APOSTAT'ICAL, a. After the manner of Its an apostate. strong and peculiar pearly luster. Sandys. structure is foliated, and when a fragment APOS'TATIZE, V. i. To abandon one's is forcibly rubbed against a hard body, it j)rofession or church to forsake principles or faith which one has professed; or the separates into thhi lamcns, hke selenite. It exfohates also before the flame of a l)arty to which one has been attached. n.

APOPHTHEGM,?

;

;

;

;

;

<,

;

;

;

something said or written iri defense or extenuation of what appears to others wrong, or unjustifiable or of what excuse

APOPHLEGMAT'IZANT,

;

;

be liable to disapi)robation. It may is not perfectly or a vindication of what is or may be disapproved, but which the apoloA man makes to be right. gist deems an apology for not fultiUing an engagement, or for publishing a jiamphlet. An apology then is a reason or reasons assigned for wliat is wrong or may appear to be wrong, and it may be either an extenua-

may

be an exteiuiation of what

justitiable,

;

;

lamp. From its peculiar luster, it is sometimes called by the harsh name, ichthyophthalmite, fish-eye stone.

from, and ^ai;, APOPH'YSY, S"' growth.] The projecthig.soft end or protuberance of a of a bone. a bone process APONEURO'SIS, I "' [Gr. arto, from, and W. APONEU'ROSY, nvpoi', a nerve ^uincy. Encyc. Coxe. nerth ; Arm. ncrz. See J^/erve.] APOPLE€'TI€, [See apoplexy.] I An expansion of a tendon in the manner of a APOPLE€'Tl€AL, ^ Pertaining to or in membrane ; the tendinous expansion or consisting apoplexy, as an apoplectic or predis|iosed to apoplexy, as an apo fit the tendon or tail of a fascia of muscles a justification of something that I* or may be censured, by those who are not acquainted with the reasons. tion

(u-

APOPH'YSIS,

?

[Gr.

}Vorthington.

APOSTATIZING,

orto,

APOS'TEMATE, scess

rtff<«u, to

Coxe.

Encyc. a.

[Gr.

arto,

from,

and

Denoting a song or hymn among the ancients, sung or addressed to a stranger, on Lis departure from a i)lace to his own country. It may be used as a noun for the hynm. APOPII'ASIS,

ptectic habit

n.

Encyc. from, and ^amj,

AP'OPLliXED,

a.

[Gr.

arto,

abscess

inatic.

Bacon.

a. Pertaining to an partaking of the natiu'e of an Journ. of Science.

;

;

tion to reasoning a priori, or

spiration, or the stopj;age of secretion.

from

opposi-

from causes

previously known.

APOS'TLE, ortofo^of, arto,

A

and

)i.

from

apos't.

[L. apostolus ; Gr. to senil away, of

artO)-fXXu,

send

;iXk^o, to

;

G.

stetlen, to set.]

person deputed to execute some important but appropriately, a disciple of ;

Inisiiiess

Christ commissioned to |ireach the gospel. selected by Christ and Judas, one of the for this purpose

Twelve persons were ;

any natural

number, proving an apostate, his place was supplied by JIatthias. Acts i. title of ajiostle is applied to Christ himIn the primitive ages of the self. Heb. 3. church, other ministers were called aposRom. xvi as were persons sent to tles,

Co.ce.

curry alms from one church to another.

;

apoiihleg-

;

aposteme.

;

;

An

with pus.

fill

APOPLEXY, n.'[Gr. ortort>.)jtio, of arto, from \-POSTERIORI, [L. posterior, after.] and rfKr^n^no, to strike.] a posteriori, are drawn A sudden deprivation of all sense and vol- Arguments in eflccts, consequences or facts

;

n.

a

an ab-

humation,

;

APOPHLEG'MATISM,

into

AP'OSTEME, n. [Gr. anoj-ij^io, from A person affected by oifiif^jfii, to go otf, to recede orto and ; Knalchbull if'jj'", to stand.] Affected with apoplexy. \n abscess a swelling filled with purulent Sha'k. matter written also corruptlj imposthume.

untary motion, occasioned by repletion or whateverinterrupts the action of the nerves form of speech.] Cullen. upon the muscles. In rhcloric, a waving or omission of what one, Drydcn, for the sake of measure, uses upospeaking ironically, would plainly insinuplex, fur apoplexi/. ate as, " I will not mention another arguAP'ORON, ? " "[See Apory.] A problem ment, which, however, if I should, you dilficult to be resolved. AP'ORIME, I could not refute." Smith. Johnson. Encyc. APOPIILEGMAT'IC a. [Gr. arto, from, and AP'ORY, } [Gr. artopia, from artopo;, " ^^.lyi^a, phlegm.] APO'RIA, \ inops concilii, of a and Masticatory having the quality of exciting rtopo;, way or passage.] discharges of phlegm from the mouth or I. In rhetoric, a doubting or being at a loss nostrils. where to begin, or what to say, on accuunt n. A Smith. APOPHLEGMAT'I€, masticatory; of the variety of matter. a medicine which excites discharges of '2. In the medical aH, febrile anxiety uneaphlegm from the mouth or nostrils. Coxe. siness restlessness, from obstructed n.

To form

APOSTEM'ATOUS,

of body.

APOPLE€'Tl€, apoplexy.

send.]

i.

;

;

muscle.

APOPEMP'Tle,

and

to swell

;

v.

n. The formation of an aposteme the process of gathering into an abscess; written corruptly impost-

;

;

Abandonmg

APOSTEMA'TION,

;

(,

ppr.

church, profession, sect or party.

Cleaveland.

])er-

The

;

Philip,

ii.

who

sons

title was also given to perplanted the Christian faith.

This first

Thus Dionysius of Corinth ciC

France

A P P

A P O

A P O ,^.

with a comma, indicating the

omission of a

and the Jesuit Mission-

; apostle aries are called apostles.

:

pp.

Addressed by hy the

contracted

;

omission of a letter or letters

the Jews, the title was ffiven to officers who were sent into distant provinces, as visitors or commissioners, to see the laws observed. iu the Greek hturfiy, is a book con-

Among

Apostle,

in taimng the epistles of St. Paid, printed the order in which they are to he read in Encijc. churches, through th<: year. APOSTLE-SHIP, n. The office or dignity

equal parts, called the difl'cnncc, or smaller pan, apotomc the othir, limma. Chambers. Encyc.

letter.

APOS'TROi'HIZED, way of digression

called the

is

To mark

;

marked

\POTREP'SIS,

and

[Gr. ano,

rpinu,, to

turn.]

bj

The

an apostrophv-

n.

resolution of a suppurating tumor.

APOS TROPHiZING, a digression apostro|)hy

;

ppr. Addressing in contracting or marking by

AP'OSTUME, APOTAC'TITE,

Ti.

An

Coxe.

AP'OTROPY,

n.

[Gr.

arto,

and Tftnu,

to

turn.] see. In ancient poetry, a verse or hymn cnmi)osed for averting the wrath ol'incensed deities. fron

apostcmo, which

n. [Gr. ortoraxroj, The deities invoked were called apotroprenounce ; arto and raf fio, to eans. Encyc. ordain.] One of a sect of ancient christians, wlio, in AP'OZEM, JI. [Gr. arto, and ffu, toboil.J decoction, in which the medicinal subimitation of the first believers, renounced of an apostle. stances of plants are extracted by boiling. Encyc. APOS'TOLATE, »i. Amission; the dignity all their effects and posses.sioiis. IViseman. Encyc. ji. or office of an apostle. Ancient writers [L. and Gr. apotheca, APOZEM'I€AL, a. Like a decoction. use it for the office of a bishop but it is a repository, from anotiBrifu, to deposit or Whitaker. now restricted to the dignity of the pope, lay aside, or from Sijxij, a chest.] APPA'IR, V. t. To impair. [jV«< I'ji use.] whose see is called the Apostolic See. 1. One who practices pharmacy ; one who APPA'IR,!'. j. To degenerate. [.W iJi use.] Encyc. prepares drugs for medicinal uses, and I. Pertaining or reAPOSTOLIC, [Fr.palir; L. /)a//eo, to bekeeps them for sale. In England, apothe- -•VPPALL', V. I come jiale. See Pale.] to medicines accaries arc APOSTOL'leAL, S latuig to the apos-

artorattu, to

A

APOTH'ECARY,

;

as the apostolic age.

tles,

2.

According to the doctrines of the aposdehvered or taught by tlic apostles tles

;

;

prepare obliged cording to the formulas prescribed by the college of physicians, and are liable to have their shops visited by the censors of the college, who have jjower to destroy medicines which are not good. In the middle ages, an apothecary was the keeper of any shop or warehouse and an officer appointed to take charge of a maga-

as apostolic faith or practice. collection of regulaApostolic constitutions, a tions attributed to the ajjostles, but gen- 2. They erally supposed to be spurious. appeared in the 4th century ; are divided into eight hooks, and consist of rules and zine. relating to the duties of christ

;

I.

To dejiress or discourage with fear to fear, in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart. To reduce, allay or destroy as, to appall thirst. Thomson. [Unusual.] ;

impress with

;

i2.

;

APPALL',

V.

i.

To grow

faint; to

mayed.

be disLidgate.

Encyc. .iVPPALL'ED, pp. Depressed or disheartened with fear ; reduced. "• f^*'" -fipophthcgm.] ians, and particularly, to the ceremonies AP'OTHEMf'' \ and discipline of the church. A remarkable saying a short, instructive re- APPALL'ING, ;)/)r. Depressing with fear; reducing. an a]>pellation given to the mark. Apostolic Fathers, christian writers of tlie first century. In the manner APPALL'MENT, n. Depression occasionAPOTHEGMAT'le \ APOSTOL'I€ALLY, adv. In the mamier APOTHEGMAT'I€AL, S of an apothem. ed hy fear discouragement. JVarton. AP'P.VNAgE, n. [Fr. of the apostles. apanage, an estate collector or APOSTOL'icALNESS, Ji. The (piality of APOTHEG'MATIST, n. assigned to a younger son for his maintemaker of apothems. nance ; an appendix, dependence, appurPope. being apostolical, or according to tlie doc t. To v. utter It. tenance of the trines APOTHEG'MATIZE, apo apostles. appannaggio, an appendage. If this word is from the panage, panagiAPOSTOL'ICS, n. Certain sects so called thems or short instructive sentences. um of the middle ages, it is from panis, from their pretending to imitate tlie prac- AP'OTHEME, n. [See Apothecary.] It. tice of the apostles, abstaining from mar In Russia, an food, provision panaggio, provision. apothecary's shop, or a shop This is probably the true origin of the for the ))reparation and sale of medicines. riage, from wine, flesh, pecuniary reward &(., and wandering about clothed in Tooke. word.] white, with long beards, and hare head APOTHEOSIS, n. [Gr. aTtoBiuai,, of orto, 1. Lands appropriated by a prince to tlie maintenance of his younger sons, as their and 6io(, God.] Sagarelli, the founder of one of these sects, was burnt at Parma in 1300. Encyc. Deification consecration tlie act of placing patrimony but on condition of the failAPOS'TROPHE, / "• [Gr. arfo, from, and a prince or other distinguished person ure of male offs))ring, they were to revert APOS'TROPHY, \ fpo4>,7, a turning.] among the heathen deities. This honor to the donor or his heir. From the apwas often bestowed on illustrious men in panage it was customary for the sons to In rhetoric, a diversion of speech ; a digre; take their surnames. Spelman. Rome, and followed by the erection of sive address; a changing the course of a Sustenance; means of nourishing. temples, and the institution of sacrifices speech, and addressing a person who is to the new deity. Wealth the appanage of wit. Swift. dead or absent, as if present or a short Encyc. n. and to APOTH'ESIS, a«o, n. introduced a direct[Gr. *i9)jf.t, address into discourse, APP.\RA'Tl]S, phi. apparatuses. [L. from apparo, to prepare, oi ad and paro.] j)ut back.] ed to some person, different from the par1. The reduction of a dislocated bone. 1. Things provided as means to some end ty to which the main discourse is directed Coie. as the tools of an artisan the furniture of as when an advocate, in an argument to a house instruments of war. In more the jury, turns and addresses a few re- 2. A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished w ill technical language, a complete set of inmarks to the court. Encyc. Smith. shelves, for books, vestments, &.c. JFheler. struments or utensils, for performing any 2. In grammar, the contraction of a word by Cavallo. the omission of a letter or letters, which APOT'OME, I operation. . , «•! Encyc. " rn '' ''"''**'"'"' *° '^"' °"-J ^ 2. In surgery, the operation of cutting Ibr omission is marked by a comma, as call'd APOT'OMY, S The comma used for the stone, of three kinds, the small, the this pin- 1. In mathematics, the difference between for called. two incommensurable quantities. Coie. great, and the high. pose mav also be called an apostrophe. Cyc. Encyc. APOS'TROPHIC, a. Pertaining to an apos 9. In music, that portion of a tone major Apparatus is also used as the title of severed which remains after deducting from it an books, in the form of catalogues, bibUotrophe; noting the contraction of a word. less a a than semitone &c. thecas, glossaries, dictionaries, interval, by comma, Murray. APOSTROPHIZE, v. i. or t. To make an major. Busby. Encyc. The difference between a greater and APPAR'EL, )i. [Fr. a;j;)arei7, from /larer, to apostrophe, or short detached address ii> ilress or set off; Sp. aparejar ; L. paro, lesser semitone, expressed by the ratio speaking to address by apostrophy. The Greeks supposing the to 128 125. Arm. 2. V. t. To contract a word by omitting a Port, apparo, prepare ; para ; apletter or letters. arelho, Sp. aparejo, tackle, whence parrel greater tone could not be divided into two precepts

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

A P P in

seamen's language

A P P

Ch. Heb. »n3,

;

liara

;

APPEAL, ii\i.

Ar.

J

\

Class Br. No.

.

of simplicity.

Gloriou*: in apparel.

3.

The

Isa. Ixiii.

furniture of a ship, as sails, rigging,

anchors, &c.

Lev.

or press out, is the radical .sense of This word coincides in calling, naming. elements with L. bcdo, Eng. baivl, and peal. Class 151.] To refer to a superior judge or coiut, for the decision of a cause de|)ending, or the revision of a cause decided in a lower

1.

2.

or be in sight

to

;

be in view lo ;

visible.

The

ilrive

;

;

To come be

;

;

ral apparel

;

1.

and pcllo, to drive or send Gr. f3oX>xj. We do not see the sense of call in pello, but to

8. 10. 19.]

vesture; garments; dress. Clotliiiis 2. External lialiilunents or decorations appearance as, religion appears in the natu1.

apelar

A P P

[Fr. appeler ; It. appeUare ; Von. appellar ; h. appello ; ad

?.

ti.

leprosy appeoreth in the skin of the flesh

xiii.

And God said. Let the dry land appear Gen. i. To becoine visible to the eye, as a spirit, or to the np|irehension of the mind a sense frequent in scripture. The Lord appeared to Abram, and said. Gen. xii. The angel of the Lord appeared to liim in a flame of fire out of the midst of the bush. Ex. ;

1'. /. To dress or clothe. court. Tliey who arc fjorgeously appareled are in I appeal to Cesar. Acts xxi. iii. kings courts. Luke vii. To adorn with dress. 2. To refer to another for the decision of a 3. To stand in i)resence of, as parties or adShe did apparel her apparel. Shah. vocates before a court, or as persons to be question controverted, or the counterac3. To dress with external ornaments ; to tion of testimony or facts ; as, I appeal to tried. The defendant, being called, did cover with something ornamental ; to covall mankind for the truth of what is alnot

APPAR'EL, 2.

{

I

appear. must all appear before the judgment seat

I

with garments as, trees appareled with flowers; or a garden with verdure To furnish with e.xternal aj)paratus as er, as

4.

;

;

ships appareleel for sea. clothed APPAR'ELED, pp. Dressed covered as with dress furnished. ;

;

APPAR'ELING,

ppr. Dressing; elotlung; covering as with dress furni.shing. ;

)

"•

Appearance.

[.Vol in

Chaucer.

APPA'RENT, 1.

Gower.

a.

[See Jlppear.] easily seen within sight or view.

That may be seen, or

visible

;

To

t.

call or

remove a cause

4. j '

;

before

trial,

judgment.

upon a

We

I

may

ajppeal issue and

fictitious

trial.

.5.

I

In criminal law, to charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a criminal prosecution, for some hainous offeu.se; as, to appeal a person of felony. J'.

i

say the cause was appeal-

ed before or after /.

I

This process was anciently given to a private ])erson to recover the weiegild, or private ))ecuniary satisfaction for an injury he had received by the murder of a rehis works. lation, or by some personal injury. 3. Visible, in opposition to /i/
2.

eye

;

Mterbury. evident indubitable as, ))lain the wisdom of the creator is apparent in

Obvious

;

;

;

of Christ,

I

from an inferior to a superior judge or court. This may be done after trial and judgment in the lower court or bysjiecial

APPE'AL,

use.]

i

I

APPE'AL,

v.

statute or agreement, a party

;

APPA'RENGE, APPA'RENCY,

We

ledged.

2.

3.

4.

A

[.5.

2.

in heart.

1.

[See Appear.]

In a general sense, an appearance bihty.

2.

n.

The

{Little used.]

thing appearing

form. 3.

A is

4.

;

;

visi-

Milton. a a visible object Milton. Sliali. ;

ghost; a specter; a visible spirit. [This now the ttstial sense of the word.]

Mere appearance, opposed

to reality.

Denhani,

APPAR'ITOR,

n. [L.

apparo, to

prepare,

:

(3.

,7.

is

appealable for manslaughter. n. One who appeals. [.Yot

Shak.

used.]

Removed

5.

I

'9.

a

Among

to

External show

semblance assumed,

;

;

likelihood. Bacon. This Probability is rather an inference from the third or fourth as probability is inferred from external semblance en' show. Presence mien figine as presented by the person, dress or manners as, the lady made a noble appearance. A being ])resent in court a defendant's filing comuum or special bail to a process. ;

;

;

;

;

11.

t.

[Ht'c

Sidney.

Pay.]

To accuse

;

to censm'o, or

Shak [See Impeach.] APPE'ACHiMKNT, n. Accusation; charge ri

iimai-li.

t'.xhibite
Ohs.

Ohs.

ft'otton

er

t"or

Addison. person that ajipears.

;

ibie j

!).

i.

apparoitre.

aparecer Class Br.]

Broicn. be-

in sight

;

;

appearance. a.

That may be appeas-

ed, quieted, calmed, or pacified.

;

;

;

APPE'ASABLE,

of ad and pabe manifest It. aiipa-

[L. appareo,

reo, to ap]iear, or rirc ; Sp. parecer,

Coming

;

a decision.

Al'PE'AR,

ppr.

making an e.xternal coming evident show seeming having the semblance. APPE'ARING, n. The act of becoming vis-

;

Ohs.

m

;

APPE'ARING,

;

satisfy.

an

he made his first appearance at on the stage. Exhibition of the character introduction of a person to the public in a particular character, as a person makes his appearance in the world, as a historian, an artist, or an orator.

10. An a]ip.'u-ition. APPE'AIvER, n. The

;

/VPPH'At;!!,

as

were the

opposition to reality or sid)stance as, we are often deceived by appearances ; he has the appearance of virtue. For man looketh on the outward appearance. 1 Sam. xvi. Personal presence; exhibition of the per-

;

To

it

;

[

APPE'ALED, pp. higher the Romans, any officer who attendcourt, as a cause prosecuted for a crime ed magistrates and judges to execute their by a private person, as a criminal. oidcrs. In England, a messenger or offi- APPE'ALER, n. One who appeals an ajtcer who serves the process of a spiritual |)ellor. coiu't, or a beadle in the university who .VPPE'ALING, ppr. Removing a cause to a cariies the mace. higher tribunal ])rosecuting as a jirivate Encyc. APl'A'Y, 11. /. [!^]). and Port, apagar.] referring to anoth|)crson for an otlense or appnreo, to attend.]

;

;

;

;

nal

apparent likeness. There was upon the tabernacle as appearance of tire. Num. ix.

sense

j

;

APPE'.VLANT,

Semblance

as, coiu't or

I

j

;

APPARP'TION,

prised me. The thing seen ; a phenomenon appearance in the sky.

son

A

Seemiiiiiiy; ajipearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious

it

;

;

in

;

might a^^T^ear sin. Rom. vii. (y. To seem, in opposition to reaUty. They disfigure their faces, that they may appear to men to fa.st. Mat. vi. 7. To be discovered, or laid open. That tliy shame may appear. Jer. xiii. APPE'AR, ». Appearance. Obs. n. The act of coming into sight the act of becoming visible to the eye; as, his sudden appearance sursin that

;

;

other for proof or decision. In an oath, a jierson makes an appeal to the Deity for the truth of his declaration. recourse. 5. Resort Every milder method is to be tried, before a Jfent. nation makes an appeal to arms. APPE'ALABLE, a. That may be appealed that may be removed to a higher triliunal for decision as, the cause is appealable. 'i. That njay be accused or called to answer by appeal applied to persons ; as. a crimi-

;

APPEARANCE,

;

works of jirovidence.

obvious to be known, as a subject of observation or comprehension. Let thy work appear to thy servant. Ps. xc. It doth not yet appear what we shall be. I John iii. To be clear or made clear by evidence this fact ancient records. as, appears by But

;

ifest in his

2 Cor. v.

To be

APPE'ASABLENESS,

Er. apparoir, I

being appeasable.

n.

The

quality

oi'

A P P

A P P

A P P

To

L. invito, com])ound. The primanp sense is to .strain, to urge or ; press, or to advance. See Bid. Class Bd.] 1. ; 1. In a desire I)ut especially, ; general sense, ; carnal desire .sensual nppitite. 2. The dis])osition of org.iiiized bodies to appendage to evselect and imbibe such portions of matter 7\tylor [T/a'.s- word is ofii general appUcalion as serve to snpjiort and nourish them, or or agitated APPEXD'ANCE, ) annexed. er;/ tiling in a disturbed, rujjkd "" Something such particles as arc designed, through UVot used.] APi'END'ENCE, S stale.] their agency, to AI'PK'ASED, pp. Uuietcd ; calmed ; stillBp. Hull. carry on the animal or

add, as an accessory to the principal Johnson. and pitix, pence L. pax. 8i'<; Pence.] thing. To make quiet; to culm to reduce to a APPE\D'AGE, n. .Something a.lded to a to to pacify state of peace to still as, principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the to appease liunfjcr or thirst. of sobriety. passions Modesty is the

APPE'ASE,

V.

s as

t.

z.

[Fr. npniser, of

ad

2.

;

;

;

;

ed

APPEND'ANT,

pacified.

;

APPE'ASHMENT, ing

n.

The

the state of being

;

APPE'ASER,

One who

11.

a. Hanging to ; annexeer.

act of appeas-

appeases, or 2. In

pacifies.

APPE'ASIVE, pease

;

APPEL'LANT, 1.

Having the power

a.

niitifratiiifj;

One who

;

«.

to ap-

quieting.

[See Jlppeal]

ap|)eals, or removes to a higher tribunal. another for a crime.

a cause

3.

One who One who

prosecutes

challenges, or siuinnons anoth-

er to single combat.

4

Blarkslonc.

who

In cliurch history, one

appeals

froiri

the Constitution Unigenitus to a general council. Blackstone. Encyc. Milton. APPEL'LATE, n. person appealed, or [jVut now used. j)roseciited for a crime.

A

See Appellee.^

to

APPEL'LATE,

Pertaining to appeals;

«.

having cognizance of appeals as "appelConst of the U. States. Binke, Rev.

APPELLA'TION,

n.

in Fiaiiee

[L. appellatio.

Set

Jlppeal.]

word by which a thing is called Name and known. Spenser uses it for appeal. ;

To append

v. t.

APPENDIeA'TION, adjunct.

;

A

or Hale.

amiexed. Latin plural

Spelman. n.

irritability or sensias the appetency of the eye for .seciete milk, «.Vc. light, Attraction, or the tendency in bodies to ;

of the paps to

.5.

move toward each other and

is

appendices.

An

Desiring

See Append.]

adjunct, concomitant, or appendage.

n.

The

;

unite.

very desirous. Buck. qtiahty of being

desirable for gratification. «. [Low L. appetibilis, from appeto.] Desirable ; that may be the object

AP'PETIBLE,

of sensu.al desire.

AP'PETITE,

7(.

See Appetence.] 1.

Something ap])ended or added. Normandy became an appendix to England.

in

a.

APPETIRIL'ITY,

The

phi. appendixes, [L.

Hale 2.

name

common

add Hale

An appendage

n.

;

n.

Darwin, animal appetency

to

synonymous with

bility

to

Obs.

APPEND'IX, 1.

According is

APPEND'ICLE, n. A small appendage. APPEND'ING, n. That which is by right

APPEL'LATIVE, a. Pertaining to a common name noting the common name of APPEL'LATIVE,

4.

AP'PETENT,

attached.

Ohs.

to.

the

a species.

in llje young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into w ater and to swim.

Copernicus-,

APPEND l€ATE,

;

late j\iriMk-t\on." .Ippellate }m\ges.

Dartpin.

perform certain actions, as

it.

APPEND'ED, 7»). Aimcxed;

-^ylifff-

and by animal

.An inclination or propensity in animals to

.3.

Cowel.

n. That which belongs tc another thing, as incidental or subordinate

APPEND'ANT,

nioutlis,

selection or appetency, they absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate.

common

vowson appendant, is the right of patronage or ])rcsentation, annexed to the possession of a manor. So also a common of fishing may be appendant to a freehold.

from a lower 2.

;

appendant, is a right, be longing to the owners or occupiers of land, to put commonable beasts upon the lord's waste, and upon the lands of other persons within the same manor. An adlaiv,

vegetable economy. These lactcals have

;

;

in ])eacc.

[L. appetitus,

from appeto.

The

natural desire of pleasure or good ; the desire of gratification, either of the body or of the mind. Appetites are passions directed to general objects, as the in disappetite for fame, glory or riches tinction from passions directed to some particular objects, which retain their proper name, as the passion of love, envy or gratitude. Passion does not exist without an object natural appetites e.\ist first, and are then directed to objects. Encyc. desire of food or
mills

from a proper name. A com- 3. Moi-e generally, a supplement or short or appellative stands for a whole treatise added to a book. class, genus or s|)ecies of beings, or for APPERCE'IVE, V. t. [Fr. apercevoir.] To man is the name ideas. Thus Mni\eisal Obs. Chaucer. coiniirehend. of the whole human race, and fold of all APPERCEP'TION, n. [ad and perception.] Tree is the name of 2. winged animals. Perception that reflects upon itself; conall plants of a particular class; plant and sciousness. Leibnitz. Reid. 3. regetable are names of things that grow- APPER'IL, n. Peril danger. [.Vo< in use.] out of the earth. A proper name, on the Shak. other hand, stands for a single thing, as, APPERTA'IN, v.i. [Fr. appartenir ; It. 4. The thing desired. Power being the natural appetite of princes. London, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston. appartenere ; L. ad and pertineo, to per APPEL'LATIVELY, adv. According to the tain, of per and teneo, to hold. Pertineo is Swift. Hunmanner of nouns appellative in a manAppetites are natural or artificial. to reach to, to extend to, hence to belong. ner to express whole classes or species; as, ger and thirst are natural appetites the See Tenant.] llercides is sometimes used appellative- To appetites for olives, tobacco, snuff, &c. whether nature or belong, by right, apare that as common name to a is, artifeial. signify ly. pointment. In old authors, appetite is followed a strong man. Johnson. by to, Give it to him to whom it appertaineth but regularly it should be followed APPEL'LATORY,a. Containing an appeal. Lev. vi. by for before the object, as an appetite for APPELLEE', n. The defendant in an ap[See Pertain.] distinction

mon name

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

peal. 2.

The person who ted by a private

is

appealed, or prosecua crime.

man for

Blackstone.

APPELLOR', an

a])peal,

The person who

)i.

Blackstone.

crime.

This word the

is

rarely or never used for appeal from a lower court,

is

plaintiff' in

who

institutes

or prosecutes another for a

called the

appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor. APPEND', !'. t. [L. appendo, of ad and pendco, to hang.] 1.

To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended as, a seal appended to a record. ;

APPERTAINING, pp. Belonging. APPERTA'INMENT, n. That which

[ileasure.

be-

Shak.

longs.

To

be given to appetite, is to be voracious or gluttonous. Prov. xxiii. 2.

APPER'TENENCE, n. [See Appurtenance. APPETI'TION, [Rarely u.ied.] APPER'TINENT, a. Belonghig now writ

71.

[L. appctHio.]

Desire.

;

ten appurtenant.

APPERTINENT, to

something

n.

That which Obs.

else.

[See Appurtenance.]

AP'PETENCE, AP'PETENCY,

\ "•

[L. appetentia, appetens,

from appeto, to desire ^ of ad and peto, to ask, supplicate or seek Ch.Q'i); Eth. tf.'VQ) to desire, to intreat

;

;

;

Dan. beder ; D. bidden Ger. bitten ; Arm. Sw. bedja ; ; Eng. bid ; Sax. Mdan ; ;

pidi

AP'PEtlTlVE,

a.

That desires

that has the of desiring gratification ; as ap(juality belongs Hale. petitive power or facidty. Shak. .\I"PIAN, a. Designating something that

Shak.

;

belongs to Appius, particularly a way from Rome through Capua to Brundusium, now Brindisi, constructed by Appius Claudius, A. R. 441. It is more than 3.30 miles in length, formed of hard stone squared, and so wide as to admit two carriages abreast. Livy.

Lempriere^

A P P

A P P APPLAUD', do, to

V.

make

:i

Sp. aplaudir

It.

applaudire

baked on

This word is formed on the root of lnus,laudo ; Eng. loud ; W. clod, praise, from

dir.

2.

cry hloeziaw, to sliout Uozest, applause, blalh acclamation. Ir. Uaodh, a shout These may all be of one family. praise. Class L d. See Loud.] To inaise by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other signilicant sign. To praise by words, actions or other means; to express approbation of; to cnnnnend used in a general sense. Pope ;

apples and otlier

be applied.

A

Praising by acclama-

shout of approbation a])probation ant by clapping the hands,! acclamation or huzzas approbation ex;

;

n.

Ger. apfel Ir.

;

Dan.

able

abhal or ubhal

;

;

;

like the

;

under consideration.

ply, display,

In

the

Pers.

same word

signifies the fruit

pronounced ublad,

.3.

or berries of the savin or juniper. Castle. In Welsh, it signifies not only the apple, but the plum and other fruits. Lhuyd. Jlval meli/nhir, a lemon aval curaid, an

orange. 1.

The

fruit

Owen.1 of the apple

from which cider

is

4.

tree, [pyrus mains,]

made.

stalk is herbaceous,

with oval,

5.

j)in-

and small yellow flowers. The berry is smooth, soft, of a yellow or' reddish color, of the size of a plum. It is, used in soups and broths. Encyc.\ AP'PLE, V. t. To form like an ai)ple. iiatod leaves,

j

n.

The

3.

6.

;

;

The

act of applying as

means

;

7.

the eni-

;

7.

2.

In geometry, a division for applying one but not qiuintity to another, whose areas, transferfigures, shall be the same or the ;

as,

" Sacred

To busy

;

to

keep

at

work

vows

to ply.

:

;

Obs.

Spenser.

;

to

have ;

To make request to solicit to have recourse, with a view to gain something as, I to apply to the president for an ofiice applied to a friend lor information. ;

;

;

;

APPLY'ING,

ppr.

Laying on

;

making ap-

plication.

APPOINT',

V.

t.

[Fr. appoinier, to refer, to

Sp. apuntar, to point give an allowance or aim, to sharpen, to fasten as with points or nails; \l. appuntarc, to fix, apor Sec Point.] point sharpen. ;

tification. 8.

;

some connection, agreement or analogy as, this argmnent applies well to the case.

act of directing or referring something to a particidar case, to discover or illustrate the agreement or disagreement

In theology, the act by which the merits of Christ are transferred to man, for bis jus-


;

Sidney.

The

leave you to

address or

[Superseded by ply, which see.] APPLY', ji. i. To suit to agree

have been greater.

Jay

To

Pope. applied to Pluto." To betake to give the chief part of time and attention ; as, to apply one's self to the study of botany. This is essentially the fourth sense. To make application ; to have recourse by request ; as, to apply one's self to a counsellor for advice. This is generally used intransitively ; as, to apply to a counsellor.

8.

:

gathering of

n. A pie made of apple stewed or baked, inclosed in paste, or cov ered with paste, as in England.

signification directed to moral objects. The act of fixing the mind intenseness of thought; close study ; attention; as, to to study. injure the health by application Had his applicntian been equal (0 liis talents,

make the remark and make the application.

apples, or the time of gathering.

APPLE-PIE,

consonant To lay on as,

;

as, I

scion of the apple-!

tree engrafted.

APPLE-HARVEST,

1.

The act of laying on as the application of emollients to a diseased limb. The tiling applied as, the pain was abated by the application. The act of nuiking request or soliciting as, he made application to a court of chan-

J.

6.

j

A

is

the quahty of being applicable.

his progress luight

Marshall n.

;

and employ. The word plegy, fornred from the root of lay. Sax. plico, The sense then is to lay to ; and lecgan. it is worthy of remark, that we use lay to in the precise sense of ply and apply. It is certain from the Welsh that the first

be ap

;

apple of the eye is the pupil. tflpple of love, or love a|)ple, the tomato,] or lycopersicuni, a species of Solanum.i

AP'PLE-GRAFT,

;

n. Fitness to

jdoyment of means as, children may be governed by a suitable application of rewards and ])unishments. This is the first

The

The

;

cery.

;

3.

That may be apphed,;

;

;

2. V.4. J 1)

W.

;

n.

;

This word primarily iabloko, or yabloko. .signifies fruit in general, especially of a 1.

round form.

Marston.

AP'PLICATE-ORDINATE. A

containing Jonson. D. appel ;

Sw. aple W. aval Arm. aval : Ru

•

is a prefix.] to put one thing to another : ; to apply the hand to the breast ; to medicaments to a diseased part of apply the body. AP'PLICATE,n. Aright finedrawn across 2. To use or employ for a particular pura curve, so as to be bisected by the diampose, or in a ))articular case ; as, to apply a sum of money to the payment of a debt. an ordinate. eter Cyc. 3. To put, refer or use, as suitable or relaright hue tive to something as, to apply the testiat right angles applied to the axis of any mony to the case. conic section, and bounded by the curve. 4. To fix the mind ; to engage and employ Bctiky. with attention ; as, apply thy heart to inAPPLI€A'TI0N, n. [L. applicatio. See struction. Proverbs.

Encyc.

[Sax. appl, appil

directed

APPLY',

n.

The applicant for a cup of water declares Plumtret himself to be the Messlas. The court require the applicant to appear in Z. Swift. person.

The applauders were divided into choruses,

AP'PLE,

:

APPLI'ER, )!. One that appUes. APPLI'MENT,n. Apphcation. [Xotinust.]

superseded by

;

;

applause.

put to

to be applied, as related to a thing that may have relation to something else a; this observation is applicable to the case

plied

made by beating a sort of soimding Persons were apvessels in the theaters. and ])ointed for the purpose of applauding, masters were emjdoyed to teach the art.

;

;

act of applying, or

AP'PLI€ABLY, adv. In such a manner that it may be apphed. AP'PLicANT, n. One who applies; one who makes request a petitioner.

testa-,

each other,

Taylor pp. Put on

cnqiloyed.

Shak.

AP'PLI€ABLENESS,

In antirpiity, applause differed pressed. from acclamation ; applause was expressed by the hands, antf acclamation by the There were three species of apvoice. plause, the bombus, a confused din made by the hands or mouth the imbrices and

That which appUes.

n.

sells

;

praise, expressed

to

AP'PLICATORY,

Hist, of Redemption .

APPLI'EDLY, adv. In a jnanner whicl: That may mav be applied. [J^Tot in use.] Montagu.

fit

[L. applausus.]

choristers in a cathedral.

is

applies.

Bramhall.

Edwards'

applyiuff.

V. t. [L. applico, of ad and plica, to fold or knit together ; Fr. appliquer ; Sp. aplicar ; It. applicare ; plegy, to bend or fold ; Arm. plegu, to fold or plait pleca, a fold ; Gr. ifKixu, to knit, or twist ; Sax. plegan, plegian, pleggan, to play, to bend to or iiicimibere Dan. fliig, a fold ; apply, D. ploot, a fold ; ploojen, to plait ; Eng.

APPLICABLE,

and placed opposite

Apply.]

That

a.

AP'PLICATORY, a. That includes the act 01

applied.

commending.

APPLAU'SIVE, a. Applauding

APPLICATIVE,

[See Apply.] The quality of being applicable, or fit to be

inends.

t.

|9.

this

an inclo-

;

Obs.

thing applied. APPLAUD'ER, «. One who praises or com APPLICABILITY,

n. « as

of

APPLI'ED, orchard

The

n.

;

APPLAUSE',

fruit

A woman who

n.

This word

applicable.

;

The

fruit.

AP'PLE-YARD, n. An sme for apjiles. APPLI'ABLE, a. [See

;

tion

apples

A tree arranged by Linnc

AP'PLE-WOMAN,

APPLAlID'ED,p/<. Praised by acclamation APPLI'ANCE, or other means commended.

APPLAUDING, ppr.

made of

tree is indefinitely various. The crab a|iple is supposed to lie the original kind, Irom which all others have sprimg. New varieties are sprmging annually from the seeds.

;

1.

71.

tart

under the genus pyrus.

is

;

A

n.

paste.

APPLE-TREE,

forcibly uttered ; llodi, to rearh out ; from llawd, that shoots out. It coincides also with W. bloez, a shout, or out-

Hod, wliat

ap])les.

AP'PLE-TART,

Fr. applau-

;

a given line into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be in the perimeter of the figure. Encyc, In sermons, that part of the discourse, in which the principles before laid down ant! illustrated, are applied to practical uses. I'ing

j

ed

;

;

A P P

AP'PLE-SAUCE, n. A sauce made of stew

[L. npplmido ; ad and jtlaiinoise by clapping the hands

t.

I.

To fix

;

to settle

;

to establish

;

to

make

fast.

A P P When

A P P

he appointed the foundation") of

Prov. viii. constitute, ordain, or

the,

To

order or decision. Let Pharaoh appoint Gen.

f?.

that apportions. ppr. Setting out in just proportions or shares. n. The act of appor tionhig; a dividing into just proportions or shares ; a dividing and assigning to each

fix

by decree,! I

over the

officers

land.'

APPO'RTIONMENT,

xli.

He hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world. Acts xvii. To allot, assign or designate. Aaron and his sous shall appoint every one: Num.

These dren of 4.

5.

6.

To

cities

iv.

Hamilton, Rep. Feb. 13, 1793. to

for all tlie chil1.

Josh. xx.

purpose or resolve

s as

V. t.

;

to

fi.x

;

See

L. appono.

To put questions

;

to

the inten-

To

tion.

2.

For so he had appointed. Acts xx. To ordain, command or order. Thy servants are ready to do wliatever my Lord the King shall appoint. 2 Sani. xv. To settle to fix, name or determine by agreement as, tlicy appointed a time and place for the meeting.

APPO'SEll,

;

;

:

;

esliiiiating; rising in value.

n. A setting a value on ; a just valuation or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration.

APPKECIA'TION,

value.

APPREHE.M)',

An examiner one whose

1.

;

;

I

•3.

;

daining; constitutuig

plains

;

ciar

;

V.

t.

[Fr. apprecier ; Sp. ajireapprezzare, to set a value ; from

It.

many and

various

laws arc given. Milton. think to beheve or be of opinion, but

To

;

true, but

;

r\PPRA'ISE,

so

;

as, all this is

not to the

is

pur|)0se. Notwithstanding this declaration, we do not ap]>rehend that we are guilty of presumption. Encyc. Art. Metapliysics. To fear; to entertain suspicion or fear of

;

or-

apprehend not why

without positive certainty we apprehend it

;

APPOINT'EK, n. Ono who ai)points. APPOINT'ING, ppr. Settmg fi.xing

;

an inference.

;

;

In this

;"

;

;

Sax. hen-

take with the understanding, that is, conceive in the mind to understand, without passing a judgment, or making

;

;

;

hold of

is

To

;

;

it

to

;

;

[h. apprehendo, of ad

to take

;

thief.

APPOINT' ABLE, a. That maybe appointed

;

take or seize

applied chiefly to taking or arresting persons by legal process, or with a view to trial as to apprehend a

i;

put to, from appono, of ad and pono, to put or ])lace.] or constituted as, officers are nppointabti Suitable fit very applicable well adapt bv the Executive. Federalist, Madison ed followed by lo as, this argument is \er\ apposite to the case. APPOINT'ED,ipp. Fi.xed; set; established decreed ordained constituted allotted. arfi;. Suitably ; fitly AP'POSITELY, prop 3. Furnished equipped witli things neceserlv. Harrey. sary ; as, a ship or an army is well ap VP'POSITENESS, (I. Fitness; proiniety; pointed. suitableness. Hale APPOINTEE', ji. A person appointed. APPOSI'TION, 71. The act of adding to "The commission authorizes them to make addition a setting to. appointment.s and pay the appointees." By the apposition of new matter. Arhuthnot. Circular ofMass. Kepreseiitatives,l7(}8 ; } 2. In Grammar, the jdacingof two nouns, in also, tf'heaton's Reports. ^ the same case, without a connecting word 0. A foot soldier in the French army, who, between them as, I admire Cicero, the for long service and bravery, receives more orator. In tliis case, the second noun expay than other privates. Encyc. Bailey. or characterizes the first.

To

hteral sense,

to ])ut questions.

is

v.t.

and prehendo, to take or seize dan or hentan.]

Harvei/.

In tlie English Court of Exchequer there is an officer called the foreign apposer. This ordinarily pronounced aostr. Encyc. APPOSITE, a. siis z. [L. appositns, net or business

Marshal, L. of Jf'ashin^ton. Hamilton's Report. Feb. 13, 1793.

^ipposite.]

examine. [See Pose Bacon.

apply. n.

tVashinirton's Inaufr. Speech, Apr. 30, 1789. rising in value; increase of worth or

A

2.

[Fr. apposer, to set

t.

[

were appointed

Israel.

.\PPO'SE,

Al^PRE'CIATED,/)/). Valued; prized; estimated advanced in value. APPRE CI ATING, ppr. Setting a value on

an undivided

|iroprietor his just portion of right or [iroperty.

|

to his service.

A P P

One

n.

APPORTIONING,

earth.

3.

APPO'RTIONER,

evil as, we apprehend calamities from a feeble or wicked administration.

fiiture

;

APPREHENDED,

pp. Taken; seized; arrested; conceivecf; understood; feared. 71. One who takes; one conceives in his mind one wlio

APPREHEND'ER, who

;

fears.

assigning. L. ad and pretium, price. See Price and act of appointppr. Seizing ; taking ; Jlppreciaie.] conceiving; understanding; fearing. ing ; designation to office ; as, he erred by This word is written and often pronounced a. That may be the appointment of imsiiitable men. apailer the French and Italian manner. But .\PPREHEN'SIBLE, or conceived. 2. Stipulation; assignation the act of f].\ing prehended generahy it is pronounced more correctly n. The act of taking or by mutual agreement ; as, they made an the from ; ; D.prys W.pris apprize, directly ; as, the felon, after his apprearresting appointment to meet at si.x o'clock. Eug. price or prize. [See Apprize.] hension, escaped. 3. Uecrce established order or constitution ; To set a value to estimate the worth, par; 2. The mere contemplation of things withas, it is our duty to submit to the divine ticularly by jiersons appointed for the out affirming, denying, or passing any appoinlmenls. purpose. 4. Direction ; order; command. judgment the operation of the mind in n. The act of APPRA'ISEMENT, setting contemplating ideas, without comparing Wheat, salt, wine and oil, let it be given the value ; a valuation. [See Apprizethem with others, or reftn'ring them to exaccording to the appointment of the priests. ment.] ternal objects ; simple intellection. Ez. vi. APPRA'ISER, n. One who vahies; approWalts. Glanville. Encyc. 5. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship, or an a sworn and to priately person appointed 3. An inadequate or imperfect idea, as when estimate and fix the value of goods and army ; wliatever is appointed ibr use and the word is appUed to our knowledge of estate. management. [See Apprizer.] God. C. An allowance to a person ; a salary or APPRE'CIABLE, a. apprishahle. [^f^e Ap- 4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiments.Encyc. In pension, as to a public officer. preciate.] this sense, the word often denotes a belief, An appointment diflbrs from wages, in 1. That may be appreciated ; valuable. founded on sufficient evidence to give jirebeing a special grant, or gratification, not Encyc. to the but insufficient mind, ponderation lixeil, whereas wages are fixed and ordi- 2. That be estimated of

APPOINT'MENT,

n.

;

APPREHENDING,

The

;

APPREHENSION,

;

;

may

naiy. Encyc. devise or grant to a charitable use. Blackstone. APPO'RTER, n. [Fr. apporter ; L. porta.] hringerin one that brings into the counHale. try. [JVot in !(«(?.] 7.

A

A

;

capable

being

precier, xo

sex.

value, price See Price.]

;

;

To

r.

V. t.

[L.

ad and portio, por-

1.

be false, and to be thought false, is all one, of men, who act not according to South. apprehension. In our apprehension, the facts prove the

appreshate. [Fr. n;> a value; L. orf anA pretixim, f.

D. prys

;

W. pris

;

in respect truth, but

Ger.preis.

issue.

To value to set a price or value on to estimate as, we seldom sufficiently appretion. See Portion and Part.'] ciate the advantages we enjoy. To divide and assign in just proportion ; to To raise the value of. distribute among two or more, a just part Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the orshare to each as, to apportion undivided money. Ramsay. To rise in value to rights; to apportion time among various APPRE'CIATE, V. i. become of more value as, the coin of the employments. APPO'RTIONED, pp. Divided ; set out or country appreciates ; public securities o^assigned in suitable parts or shares. preciated, when the debt was funded.

APPO'RTION,

induce certainty.

to

duly estimated.

APPRE'CIATE,

;

;

;

5.

The Fear

;

Vol.

I.

12

;

;

as,

a

which new ideas are con-

man

suspicion

;

of dull apprehension. the prospect of future uneasiness of

accompanied with

evil,

mind. Claudius was in no small apprehension for

;

;

faculty by

ceived

his

own

Addison.

life.

APPREHEN'SIVE, stand

:

as,

a. Quick to imderan apprehensive scholar. Hddtr. South.

estate of a deceased person. The private act of valuing is ordinarily expressed

inclined to believe

bv

4.

;

APPREHENSIVELY,

adv.

APPREHEN'SIVENESS,

In an appre-

of lieing apprehensive

;

The

n.

quality 2.

readiness to under

;

value under some authority or appointment a valuation. Blackstone Statutes of Conn. The rate at which a thing is valued tlie value fixed, or valuation as, he purchas ed the article at the apprizement.

Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice. /. Eliot.

APPROBATED, AP'PROBATING,

[Fr. apprenti, an ap APPRI'ZER, n. A person appointed to rate, or set a value on articles. When apprizers from apprendre, to learn L. apact imder the authority of law, they must See Apprehend.^ be s^vorn. One who is bound by covenant to serve a

APPROBATION,

Expressing appro-

;

ji.

See

[L. approbatio.

a liking

;

that state

;

or disposition of the mind, in which we assent to the propriety of a thing, with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction as, the laws of God require our approba-

mechanic, or other person, for a certain APPRrZING,p;)r. Ratmg setting a value under authority. time, with a view to learn his art, mystery or occupation, in which his master is APPRI ZING, n. The act of valuing under bound to instruct him. Apprentices are authority. APPRO.-VCH, v. i. [Fr. approcher, from regularly bound by indentures. Blackstone. proche, near. The Latin jiroximus contains the root, but the word, in the positive a learner of 9. In old law books, a barrister Blackstone. law. degree, is not found in the Latin. It is from a root in class Brg, signifying to (VPPREN'TICE, I', t. To hind to, or jiut under the care of a master, for tlie ])urpose drive, move, or press toward.] to draw of instruction in the luiowledge of a tradej 1. To come or go near, in place near to advance nearer. or business. ;

;

tion.

Attestation that is, active apsupport probation, or action, in favor of what is ;

;

Shak. or

approved.

;

3.

The commendation of a book licensed

permitted to be published by authority, as was formerly the case in England. AP'PROBATiVE, a. Approving implying MUner. approbation. AP'PROBATORY, a. Containing approbation expressing approbation. Ash. Scott.

;

;

;

Wherefore approached ye so nigh the city ? 2 Sam. xi [JVol used.] draw near in time. APPRENTICESHIP, n. The term for "2. ToAnil so mucli tlie more as ye see the day ap which an apprentice is bound to serve his proach. Heb. x. master. This term in England is by statto 3. To draw near, in a figurative sense ute seven years. In Paris, the term is five advance near to a point aimed at, in sci after which, the person, before he years ence, hteratme, government, morals, &c.; is quahfied to exercise the trade as a masto the he to approximate as, approaches ter, must serve five years as a jonrneynian character of the ablest statesman. dming which tenn, he is called the com 4. To draw near in duty, as in prayer or of his master, and the term is called n.

ppr.

Proof and Prove.] Tlie act of approving

;

APPREN'TICEHOOD,

Approved

bation of

prehcndo. \.

com-

pp.

mended.

;

;

;

prentice,

;

;

tearfulness. APPREN'TICE, n.

stand

having the worth

fixed by authorized persons. n. The act of setting a

hensive manner.

Apprenticeship. Shak.

;

APPROMPT',

;

APPROOF',

for

n.

Prompt. [M>t used.] Bacon.

Approval.

[JVot used.]

Shak.

;

APPRO'PERATE, v.

;

"lasten.

;

panion

2.

They

t.

[L. appropero.]

To

used.] v. i.

[L. appropinquo.] To draw near. [JVot used.] APPROPINQUA'TION.jj. drawing nigh. Hall. [Md used.[

A

take delight in approaching to God. Isaiah.

[j\"ot

APPROPIN'QUATE,

worship.

his companionship. Encyc. The service, state or condition of an ap prentice ; a state in whicli a person is gain

Jlp-

to manifest a express approbation of liking, or degree of satisfaction toe.\piess approbation officially, as of one's fitness for a public trust.

APPRI'ZEMENT,

;

;

;

See Proof,

act.

To

prize.

am APPRI'ZED, pp. Valued

as, I

Suspicious apprehensive he does not understand me. Sensible [Rarely perceptive. feeling Milton used.] ;

an expression of the prove and Prove.]

and

Fearful; in expectation of evil; as, we' were apprehensive of fatal consequeuces.] the word.l [This IS the usual sense of r!.

A P P

A P P

A P P

11.

APPROPINQUE, V. i. To approach. [Ao? near to as. Hudibras. used.] Pope approaches Virgil in smoothness of APl'RO'PRIABLE, a. [From appropriate.] This use of the word is That versification. be appropriated that may be set may elhptical, to being omitted, so that the APPREST', o. [ad and pressed.] apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively verb can hardly be said to be transitive. Brown. In botan)/, pressed close lying nearthe stem to a particular use. The old use of the word, as " approach the APPROPRIATE, v.t. [Fr. approprier, of L. or applying its ujjper surface to the stem. hand to the handle," is not legitimate. ad and proprius, private, peculiar. See Martyn. Ed. Encyc.\ APPRI'SE, v. t. s as :. [Fr. appris, partici- 2. To have access carnally. Lev. xviii. Proper.] or inform. Sec 3. In gardening, to ingraft a sprig or shoot 1. To set ple of apprendre, to learn, apart foi-, or assign to a particular of one tree into another, without cutting as, a use, in exclusion of all other uses Jlpprehend-] it from the parent stock. To inform to give notice, verbal or written Encyc. spot of ground is appropriated for a followed by of; as, we will apprise the APPROACH, n. The act of drawing near garden. or advancing near a an attack he as, he was intended of othcoming one's self in exclusion take to To ap-' general of what he had a])prised of the enemy's approach. to claim or use as by an exclusive ers prised the connnander of 2. Access ; as, the approach to kings. done. right. Bacon. APPRI'SED, /)/>. Informed; having notice Let no man appropriate the use of a common 3. In fortification, not only the advances of or knowledge conntiunicated. benefit. an army are called approaches, but the APPRI'SING, ppr. Informing; comnnmi3. To make peculiar as, to appropriate the to thrown works up by besiegers, pro cating notice to. names to ideas. Locke. tect them In their advances towards a APPRI'ZE, V. t. [This word is usually writTo sever an ecclesiastical benefice, and fortress. ten appraise, as if deduced from the Italian annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or That may be apThere is no other word, from APPROACHABLE, a. apprezzare. aggregate, being the patron of the living. which it can regularly be formed the proached accessible. Black-stone. French apprecier, being recognized in ap APPROACHER, n. One who approaches APPROPRIATE, a. Belonging peculiarly or draws near. word generally predate. But apprize, the set ajiart for a particular use or n. The act of coming with from APPROACHMENT, peculiar is ad, formed, used, regularly Brown near. Ger. preis; W.pris; person as, religious worship is an appro[Little used.] price, prize ; D.prys; priate duty to the Creator. or from the Fr. priser, to prize, and this is AP' PROBATE, a. [L. approbatus.] Ajipro to use ved. Elijot. 2. Most suitable, fit or proper; as, the more correct orthography.] APPROACH,

ing instruction imder a master. APPREN'TISAgE, n. Apprenticesliip. [^tot Bacon. in j(.9e.]

i'.

t.

To come

;

;

;

;]

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

To

pursuance of generally used for the act appointed for the purpose, under tlirection Of law, or by agreejnent of parties as, to apprize the goods value

;

authority.

to set a value, in It is

of vcduin^ by

men ;

AP'PROBATE,

V. t. [L. approbo, to approve, of orf and probo, to prove or approve. Jlp is a modern word, but in connnon use in America. It differs from approve denoting not only the act of the mind, but

probate

appropriate

words

in

pleading.

APPRO PRIATED, pp. ticular use: annexed to

Assigned to a parclaimed or used exclusively ; an ecclesiastical corporation.

APPRO'PRI.VPENESS,

n.

PecuUar

fit-

the quality of being appropriate, or

;

Med. U<}> a ppr. Asf^iguiug to particular person or use claiming or using use exclusively severing to the perpetual

APPRO VE'MENT,

pcfiiliarlv suitable.

APPROPRIATING,

2.

;

;

of"

an ecclesiastical corporation.

APPROPRIA'TION,

n.

The

act of seques

use or tering, or assigning to a particular person, in excUision of all others ; application to a special use or purpose ; as, of a piece of ground, for a park ; of a right, to one'.s self; or of words, to ideas. 2.

In law, the .severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual the corporation, sole or aggregate, being For this purpose patron of the living. must be obtained tlie king's license, the consent of the bishop and of the patron. When the appropriation is tlius made, the appropriator
Eng. Law.

APPRO'PRIATOR,

•'}.

appro-

One

Approbation

;

liking. 2. In law,

Hay ward. In laiv, when a person indicted for felony or treason, and arraigned, confesses the fact before plea pleaded, and appeals or accuses his accomplices of the same crime, to obtain his pardon, this confession and accusation are called approvement, and the Blackstone. person an approver.

wlio

is

Kncyc.

APPROVING,

o.

Yielding approbation

APPROX'IMANT,

APPROXIMATE,

A

a.

Approaching.

used.]

APPRO V'ANCE, n.

[.Vo(

Bering.

;

;

propriety of; as, we approve the measures of administration. This word may in elude, with the assent of the mind to the propriety, a commendation to others. To prove to show to be true to justify. thou approve thy constancy

thy wisdom.

first

?

Jlp-

experience

;

trial.

prove by

Je^us, 3

Shak.

Acts

character.

To

like

A

Brown's

and sustain as right

;

to

1.

commend.

landing.

;

ebrill.]

bron, the breast.] cloth or piece of leatlier worn on the forej>art of the body, to keep the clothes

A

4.

In ships, a piece of curved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Mar. Did. A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, on which the dock

5.

gates are shut.

A'PRONED,

Wearing an apron.

a.

.\'PRON-MAN, apron

;

n.

A man who

Encyc. Pope.

wears an

a laboring man a mechanic. adv. ap'ropo. [Fr. a and pro;

AP'ROPOS,

pos, i)urpose.] 1.

Warhurton. Opportunely; seasonably. By the way to the purpose a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occiision, though not ;

;

to the narration.

strictly belonging n. phi. apsides. [Gr. a^c;, tion, fron ojtru, to connect.]

Approaching that AP'SIS, ;

Ed. Encyc.

is an appulse of the organs. Holder. In astronomy, the approach of any planet ;

W.

Johnson.

Coxe- 2.

appids'. [L. apputsus, of ad and pelto, to drive.] The act of striking against ; as, in all con-

Arrival

;

In gunnery, a flat piece of lead that covers the vent of a cannon.

;

to a conjunction with the sun, or a star. 3.

ebril

3.

Shenslone

sonants there 2.

Diet.

Yet their

I

transplanting a disease into an animal or vegetable by immediate contact. Corea.

Corn,

clean, or defend them from injury. 2. The fat skin covering llie belly of a goose.

mode of cure by

APPROX'I.MATIVE,

ii.

This word seems to include the idea of Christ's real office, as the Messiah, and of God's love and approbation of him in that _ 3.

i.

contact. 4.

show to be worthy of approapproaches. commend. APPULSE, 7t.

mm approved o( God.

v.

In arithmetic and algebra, a continual approach or coming nearer and nearer to a root or other quantity, without being able perhaps ever to arrive at it. Encyc. Johnson. In medicine, commimication of disease by

or

to

;

3.

[JVot

See Prove.]

To make bation

1.

;

2.

.Milton

[This sense, though common a century or two ago, is tiow rare.] to

Aikin.

To come

near to Burke. approach. APPROXIMA'TION, n. Approach a drawHale. ing, moving or advancing near.

APPROX'I.MATE,

;

;

WouWst

u.ied.

Burke.

Thomson.

It. t. [Fr. approuver ; L. approto prove or approve. ; of ad and probo, See Approbate, Prove and Proof.] To like to be pleased with to athnit the

bo

4.

the level of nature.

Approbation. [See .Ap-

prove.]

APPROVE',

;

The fourth month of the year. A'PRON, n. [h-.aprun; o or ag-, and Celtic

next.

;

To

h: abrail

;

;

'3.

A

manor.

licious ta.stc. ppr. Liking; commending: giving or expressing approbation. A'PRIL,7i. [L. aprUis; Fr. avrU; Sp. abrU

a. [I., ad anA proiimus, See Approach.] Spelman. Nearest to; next; near to. [TViis word is APPROV'ABLE, a. [See Approve.] That may be approved that merits approsuperseded by proximate.] bation. Temple APPROXIMATE, v. t. To carry or advance near to cause to approach. APPROV'AL, n. Approbation. [See ^p To approximate the inequality of riches to prove.]

prove

;

thography.] fruit belonging to the genus Prunus, of the i)lum kind, of an oval figure, and de-

.VPPRoV'ING,

the profits of a benefice.

*?.

.

[See Approvement.] Alone who had the letting of the king's
Blackstone. lay possessor of

n.

'

and Skinner alledge that the Italians formerly wrote the word bericoco, berricoccoli At present they write it albicocca, and the Spaniards albaricoque, which indicate the word to be lormed of albus and coccus, white berry Sp. albar, white. But apricot seems to be formed from the old or-

accu,ses another.

possessed of an ajjpropriated

benefice.

[L. apricor.]

[W. bricyllcn ; Arm. brigesen ; Fr. abricot, whence the present orthography. Junius

Blackstone.

A bailift" or steward of a

V. I.

bask in the sun. [Little used.] Ray. n. Sunshine. [Little used.] .V'PRICOT, n. Old orthography, apricock.

APRIC'ITY,

so, formerly,

approvers.

is that Mvhich appurtenant and can be claimed

to land,

A'PRIC.\TE,

Improvement of common land.s, by inthem to the uses

of husbandry.

annexed

To

as an approving conscience.

APPRO'PRIETARY,

I.

is

common

only by prescription or immemorial usage, on a legal presumption of a special grant. Blackstone.

closing and converting

priates. 2.

n.

APPRoV'ER, n. One who approves. Formerly one who proves or makes trial. 2. In law, one who confesses a crime and

Blackstone.

One who

n.

APT

A P P

A P P iiess

1.

connec-

\n astronomy, the apsides are the two points

of a planet's orbit, which are at the greatest and least distance from the sun or earth the most distant point is the aphelion, or apogee ; the least distant, the ;

The

I)erihelion or perigee.

ing these

line

connect-

called the line of the apsides.

is

Bryant. act of strikmg against

-Encyc.

posterity approve their sayings. 2. Apsis or absis is the arched roof of a APPUL'SION, n. The Ps. xlix. also the ring or by a moving body. house, room or oven This word, when it signifies to be pleased, APPUL'SIVE, a. Striking against dri\iiig compa.ss of a wheel. is often followed in which it is by of, use, towards as, the a/>/>u/«i;e influence of the 3. In ecclesiastical writers, an irmer part of a intransiti\e as, I approve of the measure. Med. Rep planets. church, where the altar was placed, and But the tendency ot modern usage is to APPUR'TENANCE, n. So written for ap- where the clergy sat, answering to the omit of. " I approve the measure." choir and standing opposite to the nave. See Appeiienence. [Fr. appartenance. 6. To improve. Blackstone. pertain.] Also, the bishop's seat or throne in anAPPRbV'ED, pp. Liked commended That which belongs to sometlijng else; an cient churches called also eiedra and trishown or proved to be worthy of approan appendage. bune. This same name was given to a adjunct Appropriatebation ha\ing the approbation and supsuch and ly, buildings, rights improverehquary or case in which the rehcs of port of saints were kept. ments, as belong to land, are called the apEncyc. Study to show thyself a7?/)rorcd to God. 2 purtenances; as small buildings are Uie .APT, a. [L. aptiLs, from apto, to fit; Gr. Tim. ii. Sax. ha^p.] appurtenances of a mansion. ortru, to tie Not he that commendeth himself is approved APPURTENANT, a. 1. Fit suitable he used very apt metaBelonging to; peras, 2 Cor. X. tEunjng to of right. phors. ;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

A R A

A a u

A a u

crated water in the eucliarist instead of wine either under a jwetense of absti be winter-killed. nence, or because it was unlawful to drink wine. 3. Inclined disposed customarily used of Encyc persons; as, men arc too apt to slander oth AQUA'RIUS, n. [L.] The water bearer ers. sign in the zodiac which the sun enters 21st of al)ont the I. Ready; quick; used of the mental powers January so called fron an apt wit. the rains which prevaU at that season, in It as, a ])ii]pil apt to learn lit. 5. Qualified aly and the East. The stars in this constelAll tlic men (if might, strong and apt (or lation, according to Ptolemy, are 4.5 ; acWAT. 2 Kings wiv. cording to TychoBrahe, 41; according to Olts. .\PT, r. /. To lit; to suit nr adapt. Ilevelius, 47 and according to Flanistead, APT'ABLE, a. Tliat may be adapted. [.Yot, 108. Sherwood: AQUATTe, a. [L. aquaticus. See Aqua.] used.] '•}.

Having a tendcnc}' liable usn! of things;] as, wheat on moist laud is apt to blast or ;

;

;

|

;

;

;

;i

;

;

;

;

\

AP'TATE,

To make

water [Xol used.] Pertaining apjdied to animals which live in water, as tishes or to such )n. [G as frequent it, as aquatic fowls; applied to [Or. a priv. and rtrtpoi', Al'TE ERA, ^ wing. plants, it denotes such as grow in water. An insect without wings. The aptera, con Aquatical is rarely used. stitnling the seventh order of insects in .\QIjAT'I€, n. A plant which grows in waLinne's system, compreliend many genefer, as the flag. ('.

f.

lit.

to

1

;

;

AFTER ER,

ra. But later zoologists liave made a very, ditFerent distribution of tliese animals.

AQUITA'NIAN,

a.

Pertaining to Aquita-

one of the great divisions of Gaul, which, according to Cesar, lay betvpeen the Garomie, the Pyrenees and the Ocean. In modern days, it has been called Gasnia,

cony.

The

inhabitants, in

Cesar's time,

spoke a diflerent dialect from that of the proper Celts, between the Garonne and Seine. This dialect bore an affinity to the; Basque, in Biscay, to which they were contiguous; and some remains of it still exist in the Gascon. Aquitania is the country of the Aqui; from the name of the people, with tan, a Celtic word, signifying region or country. The Romans, either from their general usage, or from not understanding the Celtic tan, aimexed another termination signifying coinitry, ia, the Ir. ai or aoi, Heb. 'X ai, a settlement or habitation Gr. aia, land, coiuitry ; Hindu, eya, the same. ;

water. Cesar, Com. Lib. i. 1. D'Anville. Brown. A. R. stand for adjio regni, the year of the [Rarely used.] AP'TEUAL, a. [Supra.] Destitute of wings. AQUATINT'A, n. [aqua, water, and It. king's reign as A. R. G. R. 20, in the 20th year of the reign of king George. See Tincture.] APT'ITUDE, n. [of apfiis, apt.] tlnta, dye. I. A natural or accpiired disposition for a V method of etching on copper, by which a ARABESQUE,? .a a »,• i "• t^''^ -^rahan.] beautiful efli'ct is produced, resembling a ARABESK'Y, ])articn!ar purpose, or tendency to a ])arI has an ticular action or effect oil as, line drawmgin water colors or Indian ink 1. In the manner of the Arabians apapplied men acquire an aptitude to. This is performed with a powder of astitude to bm-n to ornaments consisting of imaginary foparticular vices. phalt and fine trans])arent rosin sifted on liage, stalks, plants,
AQ'UATILE,

"«.

That

iidiabits the

;

;

;

;

I

;

;

j

;

;

;

;

;

j

I

;

;

;

;

;

;

in others. 4.

duced.

Tendency,

in things; as, the

aptness of

tus,

[Gr. a priv. and rtrustj, case.] in orainmar, a nonn wliich has no variation of termination, or distinction of cases; aU; indeclinable noun. AP'YREXY, 71. [Gr. a priv. and rtupfoau, to

AP'TOTE,

Encyc. 71. [L. aqua, water, and due a pipe or canal, from duco, to lead.

AQ'UEDUeT,

iron to rust. n.

See Duke.]

ARABT€ALLY, iarity

A

adv. In the Arabian

man-

ner.

AR'ABISM,

n.

An

Arabic idiom or peculEncyc. Stuart. One well versed in Arabic

of language.

structure made for conveying water from n. one place to another over uneven ground AR'ABIST, literature. Encyc. It either above or under the surface. AR'ABLE, a. [L. aro, Gr. opou, to plow may be either a pipe or a chaimel. It may Ir. araim.] be feverish, from rfD(j, tire.] be constructed above ground of stone or The absence or intermission of fever. wood carried through hills by piercing Fit for plowing or tillage hence often apAP'YROUS, a. [Gr. artifu^, a. priv. and Ttup, them, and over valleys, by a structure su])- plied to land which has been plowed. Milton. )i. Arabia. fire.] ported by proj)S or arches. Some liave AR'ABY, Incombustible, or that sustains a strong heat been formed with three conduits on the ARACH'NOID, a. [Gr.opojtjjj, a spider, and f i6o5, form Heb. jiN, to weave, that is, to without alteration of form or properties same line, elevated one above another. draw out to bodies differ from those restretch, Eng. reach.] simply ,1pyrous Encyc. or arachtractory. Rffractorij bodies cannot lie fu A'QUEOUS, a. Watery; partakhig of the In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic, sed by heat, but may be altered. noid, is a semitransparent thin meniljrane nature of water, or abounding with it. ilncyr.', A'QUA, 71. [Ij. aqua ; Sp. agua ; Port.! A'QUEOUSNESS, n. The quality of being which is spreail over the brain and piamater, and for the most ]mn closely conugoa ; It. acqua, water Ann. eagwi, to' watery; waterishness; wateriness. nected with the latter. The term has also water, or steep Goth, ahum, water, whiclil AQ'UILA, n. [L., whence aquilinus ; from been applied to that capsule of the crystain Saxon is reduced to ea ; G. and D. N, n. [L. aquilo.] ARA'ISE, V. t. To raise. [.Vot used.] Shah tians, ni the prunitive church, who conse The norlh wind. Shah. ;

|

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Pertaining to

a.

Aram,

party, or by tlie parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. The act of the parties in giving power to the arbitrators is called the submission, and The person this may be verbal or written.

a son

of Sheni, or to the Chaldeans. n. An idiom of the Aramean or Clialdee language a Chaldaism.

All'AMlSM,

;

ARA'NEOUS,

o.

aranea, a spider, or

[L.

cobweb.]

Resembling a cobweb. Pertaining to the Aran caniuns, a tribe of aboriginals, inliabiting

ARAUCA'NIAN, a.

Molina. Arauco, hi Chili. •.VR15AL1ST, )i. [F'rom arcits, a bow, and balista, L., an engine to throw stones

;

Gr. iiaM.u, to throw.] A cross-bow. This consists of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger ; and is bent with a piece of iron. It serves to throw bullets, darts, arrows, &lc. Encyc.

"ARBALISTER,

A

n.

cross-bowman. Spud.

A person

appointed, or [L.] chosen by j)arties in controversy, to decide their differences. This is its sense in the civil law. In modern usage, arbitrator is the tochnicral ^vord. 2. In rt general sense, notv most common, a person who has the power of judging and determining, without control one whose power of deciding and governing is not

'ARBITER,

»!.

;

3.

limited. One that

commands the destiny, or holds the empire of a nation or slate. Mitford.

'ARBITRABLE, on the

a.

Arbitrary; depending Spelman. Will determmation

will.

ARBIT RAMENT,

n.

The award of

potically

arbitrators.

Coivet.

absolutely.

;

n. The quality of bedespotioahiess tyranny. Temple. ARBITRA'RIOUS, a. Arbitrary; desi)otic. ;

;

ARBITRA'RIOUSLY,

adv.

Arbitrarily

GlanvUle

[JVut used.]

'ARBITRARY, 1.

More.

JVorris.

[JVol used.]

a.

[L. arbitrarius.']

Depending on will or discretion not gov erned by any fixed rules as, an arbitrary decision an arbitrary punishment.

Despotic absolute in power having no external control as, an arbitrary prince or government. ;

;

v.

i.

[L. arbitror.]

hear and decide, as arbitrators choose men to arbitrate between us.

'J"o

;

'ARBITRATE, mine

;

v.

t.

To

to judge of.

decide

;

as, to

to deter

Milton.

Shak.

n. The hearhig and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a ])orson or persons chosen by the parties. This may be done bv one person but it is usual to chuse two or three or lor each i)arty to chuse one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called an award. 2. A hearing before arbitrators, though they

ARBITRA'TION,

;

;

make no award. the

word

in the

'ARBITRATOR,

[This is a common use United States.] n.

A

person cliosen by

of\

:

:

;

;

;

;

;

windmill.

This

in

Encyc.

America

'ARBORATOR,

called the shaft. plants or who

Belonging stituting is

to

a. [L. arboreus,

a tree

;

from

arfcor.]

resembling a tree

growing on

a tree ; arboreous.

ARBORES'CENCE,

n.

[L.

;

con

trees,

as

arboresco,

to

to a tree.]

grow

The

the resemblance of a or crystalizations or groups of crystals in that form. ARBORES'C'ENT, a. Resembhng a tree having the figure of a tree dendi'itical. figure of a tree tree in minerals,

;

above.

AR€A'DIAN, ARCA'DI€, ARCA'DICS, sanias,

A

STAR-FISH,

cies

of

see.

[See Staifsh.]

asterias, called also

'ARBORET,

n.

[It.

[.Vot

arboreto,

A

n.

small tree or shrub

from

arbor, a

Howell. n. The appearance or figure of a tree or plant in minerals, or

2.

[See Herborization.'] V. t. To form the appearance

tree,

little tree.] 4.

Bradley.

Resembling a shrub

having the figure of small

ARBUST'IVE,

a.

and

bout.

See

In building, an arched Encyc.

Ji. [See Arc] A segment or part of a circle. A concave or hollow structure of stone or brick, supjiorled by its own curve. It may be constructed of wood, and supjiorted by the mechanism of the work. This species of structure is much used in bridges. A vault is ja-operly a broad arch. Encyc. The sjiace between two piers of a bridge, when arched or any place covered with an arch. Any curvature, in form of an arch. Shak. The vault of heaven, or sky.

are magnificent structures at the entrance of cities, erected to adorn a trium|)h and perpetuate the memory of the event. ARCH, V. t. To cover with an arch ; to fonn « ith a curve as to arch a gate.

between a shndj and Tiiumphal arches

a tree. a.

n. [Fr. arc,

;

3.

in

in size

secret; generally [L.] plural, arcana, secret thmgs,

'ARCH,

'ARBORIZE,

'ARBUSCLE,

A

n.

mysteries.

of trees.

A dwarf

in the

buttress.

;

minerals. [L. arbusculus, a

Trans. B. 8. Hidden, secret.

used.]

About, Abutment.]

ARBORIZA'TION,

ARBUS'€lILAR,

treats of Arcadia.

ARCBOUTANT,

spe-

'ARBORIST, n. One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge

»i.

in

Trans, of Pausanias.

a place planted or Milton. overgrown with trees.

of a tree or plant

much

used

Medu

caput

district

Trails, of Pausanias. title of a book in Pau-

a. [L. arcanus.]

AR€A'NIIM,

tree.]

fossils.

The

71.

which

ARCA'NE,

becoining woody.

Martyn

ARBORESCENT

mountainous

^

the heart of the Peloponnesus.

Encyc.

From herbaceous

Johnson. Pertaining to Arcadia, a

}

;

;

2.

Johnson.

Encyc.

ARCA'DE, n. [Fr. from arcus; Sp. arcada.] A long or continued arch a walk arched

Evelyn.

ARBO'REOUS, moss

is

One who

n.

trees.

prunes

;

trees.

Da

Costa.

[From arbuMum.]

;

Containing copses of trees or shrubs covered with shrubs. Bartram. ;

al

tree.

;

;

VARBITRATE,

copst

The strawberry

;

IVashington 2.

A

See Arbor.]

[L. arbutus.]

;

;

.Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins ol liberty abused to hcentiousness.

n.

;

;

;

n. [L.

of shrubs or trees; an orchanl.

'ARBUTE,

;

'ARBITRARINESS, ing arbitrary

ARBUST'UM,

VRBUTEAN, a. Pertaining to the strawchosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, berry tree. Encyc. Evelyn. when tlie parties do not agree, is also cal 'ARC, n. [L. areas, a bow, vault or arch ; led an arbitrator. arcuo, to bend Gr. op;t>j, beginning, origin 2. An arbiter, governor, or president. apj;«, to begin, to he the author or chief; Milton. Fr. an; arrhe ; Sp. area, a bow and iui one 3. In a more extensive sense, an arbiter arch; I'ori. id ; It. iV; .\riu. goarec. The who has the power of deciding or prescri- (ireiik word has a diflerent application, Addison. Shak. but is probably from the same root as bing without control. ARBITRESS, n. A female arbiter. arcus, from the sense of sjiringing or 'ARBOR, n. [The French express the sense stretching, shooting up, rising, which gives the sense of a vault, or bow, as well by berceau, a cradle, an arbor, or bower as of chief or head. Hcb. JIN, to weave; Sp. emparrado, from parra, a vine raised on stakes, and nailed to a wall. Qu. L. : to desire or long for Ar. Syr. j artior, a tree, and the primary sense.] covered with 1. A frame of lattice work, '"mit to diffuse H" odor, fragrance , vines, brandies of trees or other plants, for shade a bower. and llcb. JTJ? to desire, or long for, to as2. In botany, a tree, as distinguished from The distinction wliich Linne a shrub. cend Eth. 04T to ascend, to mount; makes, that a tree springs up with a bud Ar. id. The radical sense of all these on the stem, and a shrub not, is found not roots is, to stretch, strain, reach Gr. and the in to hold universally tree, pop opfyu h.Jragro ; and the sense of arcA is ular understanding, differs from the shrub from stretching ujiwards, ascending. From Arbor forms the seventh only in size. arc or arch comes the sense of bending, liimily of vegetables in Linne's system deviating and cunning.] [See Tree.] In geometry, any part of the circumference 3. In mechanics, the principal part of a maof a circle, or curved line, lying from ont; Also the axis chine, sustaining the rest. a segment, or part of a ])oint to another or spindle of a maclime, as of a crane, or circle, not more than a semicircle.

;

Milton. In this sense aivard is more generally used. 'ARBITRARILY, adv. By will only; des-

2.

ARC

A R B

A R D AK AME'AN,

ARCH, as, to

an arch or arches; V. i. To make arch beneath the sand. Pope.

ARC

A H C

A R C

ARCIICH^ANTER,

[It. arcare, to benil, to arch, to cheat, or deceive, Iroiii arco, L. arcus, a bow ; G. arp;, cunning, arch, bad ; D. arg,

The

ARCHERESS,

chief chanter, or president of the chanters of a chiuTh. ARCH€IIIMT€, a. Of supreme chimical The powers. Milton. crat\v, roguish ; Sw. Dan. arg, id. Teutonic arg, appears to be allied to arch, ARCIieONSPIR'ATOR, n. Principal conand to be the Eng. rogue. Tliis circumMatindrell. spirator. chief count; a title stance, and the Ann. gonrec, [see arc,] in- ARCH€OUNT', n. dicate that the radical letters in arc, arch, formerly given to the earl of Flanders, on The radical sense of bend account of his great riches and power. ap;^)?, are Rg.

"ARCir,

a.

n.

arrow ers

is,

Cnnninw ous

sly

;

tiir

;

shrewd waggish ;

sport

mirthful

;

as

;

popular language, roguish

;

;

mischiev-

we say in as an arch

*ARCII,

used also in composition.

a.

opzoJi chief; Ir. arg, noble,

famous.]

of the first class principal arch deed. Shakspeare uses this word as a noun worthy arch and patrons ;" but the not authorized. ;

;

'AR€llAISM,

"

An

is

ancient, from

[Gr. a();ioio5, beginning.] ancient or obsolete phrase or expression.

The name of

several ])lants, as the deada sjjecies of melittis and the galeopsis or hedge-nettle. nettle, or

lamium

AR€HANtiELTC,

;

a.

;

Belonging

to

chitect. »i.

The

chief beacon,

place of prospect or signal. chief bishop a ARCHBISH'OP, ji church dignitary of the first class a metropolitan bishop, who superintends the conduct of the suftragan bishops, in his province, and also exercises episcopal au-

A

;

ARCHETYPAL,

;

oflice

of an

(ipxoi, a chief; W. erchi.] ARCHDIVI'NE, n. A principal theologian A term used by the ancient chimists, ARCHDRU'ID, n. [See Druid.] A chief note the internal efficient cause

Henry, Hist.

ARCHDU'€AL,

Eng.

;

A Duchess.] title given to the females of the house of ric, or rick, territory or jurisdiction.] The jurisdiction or place of an archbishop Austria. the province over which an archbishop ARCHDUCH'Y, n. The territory of an archAsh. exercises authority. duke or archduchess. Clarendon. ARCHBOTCH'ER, n. The chief botcher, ARCHDU'KE, [See Duke.] A title given to or mender, ironically. Corbet. princes of the House of Austria; all the ARCHBUILD'ER, ) "• Chief builder. sons being archdukes, and the daughters ;

A

A

Herbert.

priest

ARCHFLAT'TERER, n. ARCHFO'E,

ARCHDUKEDOM,

n.

[See Foe.]

chief enemy.

ARCHFOUND'ER,

n.

A

;

ARCHCHAMBERLAIN, berlain

whose

n.

an officer of the

;

A

Encyc chief cham-

German

empire, of the great This oflice be-

office is similar to that

chamberlain

in

England. longs to the elector of Brandenburg.

ARCHCH'ANCELLOR, cellor

an

officer in the

n.

A

Encyc. chief chan-

German

empire, who presides over the secretaries of the court. Under the first races of French ;

when Germany and Italy belonged them, three archchancellors were a))pointed and this institution gave rise to kings, to

;

the three archchancellors now subsisting Germany, who are the archbishops of Mentz, of Cologne, and of Treves. Encyc.

in

ARCIIEN'EMY, n. A

principal

ARCHGOV'ERNOR,

enemy.

on antiquity, or

to the

knowledge of

ancient things.

ARCHEOL'OgY, and

>.oyo5,

71.

[Gr. afxaio;, ancient,

discourse.]

A

discourse on antiquity learinng or knowledge which respects ancient times. Panoplist, Dec. 1808 'ARC'HER, n. [Sp. archero ; It. arciero ; Fr. archer from arcus, a bow. See Arch and ;

;

Arc]

A bowman one who

;

is

and arrow.

one

who

uses a

bow

skilled in the use

in battle

of the

n.

ernor.

Milton.

ARCHE0L06T€AL,a. Pertainingto a treatise

[See Flatter.]

chiefflatterer.

archduchesses.

Encyc. n. A n. The territory or juficer of the German empire, who presents risdiction of an archduke or archduchess. the cup to the emperor, on solemn occaMade with an arch or curve sions. This oflice belongs to the king of '^VJICHED, pp. covered with an arch.

Bohemia.

all

;

own diocese. Clarendon taining to an archduke. ARCHBISH'OPRIC, n. [Archbishop and ARCIIDUCH'ESS, n. [See

Harmar. chief butler; an of-

of

;

Rowland's

Mona Antiqua. [See Archduke.] Per

a.

to de-

things the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers the power that presides over the animal economy, or the vis medicatrix the active principle of the material world. In medicine, good health, or ancient practice. Johnson. Encyc. Coxe. ARCHFEL'ON, n. [See Felon.] A chief felon. Milton. chief ARCHFIEND, n. [See Fiend.] fiend or ti)e. Milton. n. flamen chief or ARCHFLAM'EN,

druid, or pontiff of the ancient druids.

thority in his

<,

af,xv,

;

archdeacon.

;

ARCHBILD'ER ARCHBUT'LER,

constituting

;

oflice, juris

is

The

;

[Gr. ap;tfT'vrtov rvitof, form.]

beginning, and The original pattern or model of a work ; or the model from which a thing is made as, a tree is the archetype or pattern of our idea of that tree. fVatts. 2. Among minters, the standard weight, by which others are adjusted. 3. Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed in the idea of God, before the creation. Encyc. ARCHE'US, n. [Gr. afxvt beginning, or

Blackstone. n.

Original

n.

1.

and each archdeacoiny into rural dean erjes, and each deanery into parishes.

ARCHDE'A€ONSHIP,

a.

a model or pattern.

'ARCHETYPE,

an archdeacon. In

thocese

evei-y

ar-

Si/lvester.

ARCHBE'ACON,

;

on

divided into archdeaconries, of which there are sixty,

Trapp.

The supreme

The

n.

diction or residence of

England,

ARCHAPOS'TATE, n. A chief apostate. ARCHAPOS'TLE, n. The chief apostle. n.

to table

Encyc.

ARCHDE'AC-ONRY,

archan

gels.

ARCH"ARCIIITE€T,

is a court of appeal, in the ecclesiastical polity, the judge of which is called the dean of the arches. This court had over thirteen jurisdiction peculiar parishes in London, belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury but the office of dean of the arches being united with that of the archbishop's principal office, the dean now receives and determines appeals from the sentence of all inferior courts within the province and from him lies an appeal to the king in chancery. This and all the principal spiritual courts are now held at Doctors' Commons. Blackstone.

bishop, and has an authority originally derived from the bishop, but now inde pendent of him. He has a court, the most inferior of ecclesiastical com-ts, I'or hearing ecclesiastical causes, and the punish ment of offenders by spiritual censures. Blackstone.

angel of the high-

est order ; an angel occupying the eightl rank in the celestial hierarchy. Encyc. 2.

meat

England, so called

held,

n. [See Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, who has jurisdic tion either over a part or over the whole diocese. He is usually appointed by the

n'atts.

An

n.

Encyc.

horseback.

in

St. Mary le bow (de whose top is raised of stone pilwhere it was anciently

lars built archwise,

My ARCHDE'AeON,

use

o-fXVt

AR€HAN'uEL,

arcubus,)

chief critic.

to carry the first dish of

Shak.

;

n.

A

;

from the church of

ARCHDAP'IFER,

an

as,

;

n.

female archer.

The

ARCHES-COURT,

n. [Arch, chief, and L. dap'fer, a lood-bearer, from daps, meat or a feast, andfero, to carry.] [Gr. An officer in the German etnpire, whose office is, at the coronation of the emperor,

lad.

Chief

ARCH€RIT'l€,

n.

arrow.

A

to strain.]

;

A

n.

Markhartv. use of the bow and the practice, art or skill of archthe act of shooting with a bow and

"ARCHERY,

;

ARCHHER'ESY,

n.

A

A

Bacon. grand or

Milton. chief founder. Milton. The chief govBrewer.

The

[See Heresy.]

Butler.

greatest heresy.

ARCHHER'ETIC,

n.

A

chief heretic. Shak.

n. [Gr. op^os, chief, and chief priest in Russia. Tooke, i. 5.30. ARCHHYP'OCRITE, n. A great or chief

ARCHIH'EREY, A tfpoj, priest.]

Fuller.

hypocrite.

n. [Gr. ap^oj, chief, and mtfoi, physician.] Chief physician ; a word used in Russia. Tooke, i. 557.

AR'CII'IATER,

ARCIITCAL,

a.

Chief; primary.

bow

Hallywell.

ARCHIDIAC'ONAL,

a.

[See Deacon.]

ARC Pertaining to an arclidcacon aconnl visitation.

ARC as an archidi-

;

A R D

beam which,

represents the

in

ancient

buildings, extended from column to collann, to support the roof Canterbury In chinmey.s, the architrave is called the mantle and over doors and winiVeever. piece 'ARCHIL, n. A lichen, wliioli grows on dows, the hyperthyrion. Johnson. Encyc. Cyc. rocks, in the Canary and Cape
AR€HIEPIS'€OPAL,

a.

[See Episcopal.]

Belonging to an nrcliliisliop is an archiepiscopal see.

;

as,

;

;

Pertaining to Arcliilochus, the poet, who invented a verse of seven feet, the first four dactyls or spon-

single face in the Tuscan order ; two face:crowned in the Doric and Ionic, and the same moldings, as the architrave, in the

dees, the last three, trochees.

Corinthian and Composite.

AReHILO'€HIAN, a.

Encyc

»i. [See Magician.] The 'ARCHIVES, JI. pht. [Gr. op^fw ; Low L. archivum ; Fr. archives ; It. archivio.] high priest of the Persian Alagi, or worshipers of fij-e. Encyc. iThe apartment in which records are kept AReHIMAND'RITE, ji. [from mandrite, a also the records and papers which are Syriac word for monk.] preserved, as evidences of facts. In church history, a chief of the mandrites or 'ARCHIVIST, n. [Fr. and It.] The keeper of archives or records. monks, answering to abbot in Europe. Encyc.

•ARCHIMAGUS,

;

Encyc.

'ARCHING, ppr. Forming an

Tooke, R%tss. cover-

arch

'ARCHING,

an arch. Curving n. [Authors are not agreed as to the origin of this word. Some suppose it to be compounded of like

ARCHIPEL'AGO, and

Wf^oyo;, sea

;

others, of

and jtfTjxyoj, the Egean sea. Gibbon, Mitford and Ed. Encyc]

See

Aiyaiot,

;

rades. tixTui; a

n.

[Gr.

workman.

ap;fo5,

and

chief,

person skilled in the art of building who miderstands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and superintend the

;

artificers

employed. contriver a former or maker.

A ARCHITECT'IVE, ;

Used

a.

in

Ray. building;

Derham.

proper for building.

ARCHITECTON'IC, a. That

has power or Smellie, Ch. 13.

skill to build.

AR€HITE€TON'ICS,

n.

architecture.

The

science

ofj

^/jsh

AR€HITE€T'RESS, n. A female architect. ff'olton

ARCHITECT'URAL,

a. Pertaining to the art of building ; that is according to the rules of architecture. Mason

'ARCHITECTURE, The

n.

[L. architectura.)

art of building but in a more Umand appropriate sense, the art of constructing houses, bridges and other ;

ited

2.

buildings for the purposes of civil Ufe. Frame or structure.

The

earth

is

a piece of divine architecture.

Burnet. is the art of fortification. JStaval architecture is the art of building ships. «. [Gr. a,>;i:05, chief, and It.

Military architecture

•ARCHITRAVE,

from L. trabs, a beam.] architecture, the lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests imIt probably mediately on tlie coliunn. trave,

In

,

\

adv.

Shrewdly

;

Busby,

wittily

;

jest-

ingly.

n.

[See Priest.]

Milton. chief

A

prif'st.

Encyc. ARCH PRIM ATE, n. The chief pritnate an ;

Milton.

archbishop.

ARCHPROPH'ET,

Chief prophet.

n.

ff'arlon.

ARCHPROT'ESTANT,

A

n.

princi|)al or

distinguished protestant.

ARCHPUB'LICAN,

n.

publican.

ARCHREB'EL,

The

n.

The

distinguished Halt chief rebel. Milton.

ARCHTRA'ITOR, n. A principal traitor. ARCHTREAS'URER, n. [See Treasure.] TJie great treasurer of the German empire a dignity claimed by the elector of Hanover. Guthrie. ;

ARCHTREAS'URERSIIIP, n. The

office Collins' Peerage.

of archtreasurer.

ARCHTY'RANT,

n.

A

n.

[See VUlain.]

principal or great

HaU.

tyrant.

ARCHVIL'LAIN,

A chief

or great villain.

Shak.

ARCHVIL'LANY, n. Great villany. 'ARCHWISE, adv. [arch and loise.

See

In the form of an arch.

IVise.]

large lute, a theorbo, the base-strings of

higher strings with a unison.

'ARCHLY,

'jytery.

ARCHPRIE'ST,

ARCTA'TION, ARC'TITUDE,

n

t^'- '^'cde^cio.]

which are doubled with an octave, and the

)

Pre-

[L. arc(t/s, tight.]

^ ""ternaturalstraightness: Coxe. constipation from inflammation. a. [Gr. apxroj, a bear, and a northern constellation so called. W. arth ; Ir. art, a bear.] Northern pertaining to the northern constellation, called the bear as, the arctir pole, circle, region or sea. The arctic circle is a lesser circle parallel to the equator, 23° 28' from the north pole. This, and the antarctic circle, are called the polar circles, and witliin these lie the frigid zones.

ARCTIC, ;

The

n.

chief magi-

cian.

Spenser.

ARCHMAR'SHAL,

n.

The grand marshal

German empire a dignity belonging to the elector of Saxony. of the

;

'ARCHNESS,

ARCHON,

n.

The archons

See Technical.]

A

one

1.

'ARCHILUTE,

A

;

ri.

"•

n.

Cunning

shrewdness

;

;

waggishness.

'ARCHITECT,

2.

Yotmg. >

ARCIIMAGI"CIAN,

In a general sense, a sea interspersed with many isles but particularly the sea which separates Europe from Asia, otherwise called the Egean Sea. It contains the Grecian isles, called Cyclades and Spo-

1.

Uke an arch.

Built

a.

ARCHLUTE,

a.

opjrof, chief,

'ARCHLIKE,

;

ing with an arch.

dominion of presbyten', or the thief pres"

[Gr. apx^v, a prince.]

in

Greece were chief magis-

trates chosen, after the death of Codrus, from the most illustrious families, to su-

and religious concerns. nine in number; the first was properly the archon ; the second was called kitig ; the third, polemarch, or general of the forces. The other six were called thesmothetce, or legislators. Encyc, 'ARCHONSHIP, n. The office of an ar chon or the term of his office. .Mitford. n. In church ARCHON'TICS, history, a branch of the Valentinians, who held that the world was not created by God, but by perintend

civil

They were

;

ARCTU'RUS,

n. [Gr. opxrof, a bear, and fixed star of the first magnitude, in the constellation of Bootes.

A

oupo, tail.]

Encyc.

'ARCUATE,

a.

Bent or curved

See Arc] [L. arcuatus. in the form of a bow. Bacon.

ARCUA'TION,

n.

Martyn. Ray. act of bending in-

The

;

the state of being bent curvity; crookedness; great conve.xity of the tliorax. Core. 2. A method of raising trees by layers; thai is, by bending branches to the ground, and the with small shoots three earth, covering inches deep upon the joints making a angels, archontes. bason of earth to hold the water. When ARCHP'ASTOR, n. Chief pastor, the shep- these have taken root, are removed they herd and bishop of our souls. Barrow into a nursery. Chambers. Encyc. chief phiARCHPHILOS'OPHER, n. Hooker. ARCUBALIST, n. [L. arcus, a bow, and losopher.

curvation

;

;

;

;

A

ARCHPIL'LAR,

n.

The main

an engine for throwing stones.] cross-bow. H'arton.

balista, pillar.

Harmar.

A

ARCUBALIS'TER, n. A cross-bowman; The principal poet. one who used the arbalist. Camden. tVRCHPOLITI CIAN, n. [See Policy.] An 'ARD, the termination of many English eminent or distinguished poUtician.

ARCHPO'ET,

n.

Bacon.

AUCHPON'TIFF, preme

pontiff"

n.

ARCHPRE'LATE,

n.

A

[See Pontiff.]

or priest.

su-

Burke.

[See Prelate.]

The

chief prelate.

words,

the Ger.

is

and Dan.

art,

art, species,

;

;

ji.

;

;

;

ARCHPRES'BYTER, [See Presbyter.] A chief presbyter or priest. Encyc. ARCHPRES'BYTER Y. v. The absolute

kind

Sw.

mode, nature, genius, form

;

Ger. arten, to take after, resemble Sw. Ger. aiiig, of the arta, to form or fashion nature of, also comely Dan. and Sw. D. aarden, to take afler, artig, beautiful resemble aardig, genteel, pretty, ingenious. observe it in Goddard, a divine temper ; Ciffard, a disposition to give, lib;

We

ARE

ARE ;

;

ARDENCY, burn.]

Warmth of passion gerness

;

\RDENT,

or affection

;

in

gladiators,

ardor; ea-

2. as, the ardency of love or zeal. a. Hot ; burning ; that causes a

ancient

ARETOL'OgY,

n.

Rome, exhibited Xoyoj, discourse.] amusement of That part of moral

fighting for the

shows of

ardens, from ardeo, to

n. [L.

A R G

the ground, strewed with sand, on which

Bcnxanl, filial aflcclion standard, drunkard, dotard, &c. erulity

Hence, a ])lace for public exspectators. Adam's Rom. Ant. Ray. hibition. Among physicians, sand or gravel hi the

of virtue,

[Gr.

apsrtj,

philoso])hy

and

virtue,

which treats

nature and "the means of Johnson. [Ldttle tised.] attaining to it. ARGAL, n. Unrefined or crude tartar, a substance adheiing to the sides of wine Ceisks. Johnson. Coxe. its

kidneys. sensation of burning as, ardent spirits, that ARENA'CEOUS, a. [from arena, sand.] ARciE'AN, a. Pertaining to Argo or the an ardent fever. Sandy; having the properties of sand. is, distilled sjiirits Ark. IVoodward. Faber. i. Having the ap))earancc or quality of fire; Kirwan. ARuENT, n. [L. argentum; Gr. opynpoj, sil2. Brittle as arenaceous limestone. as ardent eyes. fierce ARENA'TION,n. Amonf[ pht/sicians, a sand ver, from apyoj, white Ir. org, white ; J. Warm, apiilicd to the passions and afTec dissand a of hot Fr. a bath upon airgiod, silver, money argent, money ; tions passionate affectionate much ensprinkhng Sans, rajatam, Qu.] C'o.re eased person. gaged zealous as, ardent love or vows AREN'DALITE, n. In mineralogy, anothei 1. The white color in coats of anns, mtended ardent zeal. to re|)resent silver, or liurity, innocence, name of epidote, or pistacite ; epidote being affecadv. With warnilli the name given to it by Hatiy, and pistacite beauty, or gentleness. Encyc. tionately; passionately. a. Silvery of a pale white, like silver. »i. by Werner. [See Epidote.] Ardency. Johnson. Encyc. ARDOR, n. [L.] Heat, in a literal sense ARENDA'TOR, n. [Russ. aretula, a farm 3. a. Bright. to rent.] Q.U. arrendar, the the ardor of sun's S]). as, rays. In Livonia and other jirovinces of Russia, a Ask of yonder argent fields above. •I. Warmth, or heat, Pope. njjplied to the passion farmer of the farms or rents ; one who and affections; eagerness; a.s, he jmrsues ARgENT'AL, a. Pertainuig to silver concontracts with the crown for the rents of study with ardor; they fought whh ardor. sisting of silver containing silver comthe farms. He who rents an estate beSlilton uses the word for person or spirit, bined with silver applied to the native longing to the crown, is called Crown bright and elTidgeiit, but by an imusiial amalgam of silver, as argental mercury. arendator. Arende is a term used both for license. Cleaveland. the estate let to farm, and the sum lor n. \RDUOUS, a. [L. arduus ; Ir. ard, high combination of the ARtiENTATE, Tooke's Russ. ii. 288 which it is rented. W. hardh ; Ir airdh, high, highth.] argentic acid with another substance. and e a. sand, ardu\RENIL1T'I€, uSof, a literal sense as, [nrena, Hiiih, lofty, ARtiENTA'TION, n. An overlayuig with stone.] ous jiatlis. silver. Pope. Johnson. Difficult attended with great labor, like Pertaining to sand stone consisting of sand- 'ARGENT-HORNED, a. Silver homed. Kirwan. stone as arenilitic mountains. the ascending of accHvities as, an arduotis ARgENTT€, a. Pertaining to silver tlie full of sand. ARENO'SE, or Sandy; ^ enterprise. employment, task, argentic acid is a saturated combination of Johnson. silver ami oxygen. This is yet hypothet'ARDUOUSLY, adv. In an arduous man- AR'ENOUS, S The colored circle Ml'EOLE, i [L.] ner with labo)iousness. ical. Lavoisier. round the nipple, or round o AREO'LA, I «. ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ARDENTLY,

;

ARDKNTNESS,

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

.

m

.

;

;

;

;

;

;

"

"

;

ARDUOUSNESS,

Highth

;

difficulty

a pustule.

execution.

VRE. The

plural of the substantive verb ; but a different word from be, am or was It is from the Svv. vara, Dan. vitrer, to ore ; to exist v or w being lost. ; be, ye or you are; they are ; i)ast tense plural were. It is usually pronounced ar.

AREOM'ETER,

room, of a church or other building, or of the ground. The space or site on which a building stands; or of any inclosure. In geometry, the .superficial contents of any the surface included within any figure given lines as the area of a sipiare or a ;

triangle.

Among phi/siciajis, baldness an empty space a bald space produced by alopecy Core. Parr. also a name of the disease. In mining, a compass of ore allotted to ;

;

;

5.

Coxe

diggers.

AREA'D, } " [Sax. aredan.] To Obs. to advise. AREE'D, A'REAL, a. Pertaiiimg to an area

coimsel

.

;

'•

interstices.

;

Spenser. as areal

Barton.

adv. In a reeking condition. [See

Rcek.'i

n.

The measuring

ARgENTIF'EROUS,

a. [L. argentum, silver, and fero, to produce.] Producing silver ; as argentiferous ore. Kirwan.

ARgENTJ'NA, 'ARGENTINE,

I

"'

I

Argentina

is

also a

name of

silver-weed.

or act

hi ichthyology, -dgeuus ot the order

of fishes

of abdominals. the wild tansy, Encyc. Core.

ARGENTINE,

a. Like silver; pertaining to silver, or sounding hke it. Johnson. 'ARGENTINE, n. In mineralogy, a subo|)agus. Milford. species of carbonate of lime, nearly pure ; member of the Are- a mineral of a lamellated or slaty strucAREOP'AGITE, n. ture its lamens usually curved or unduopagus, which see. Acts xvii. 34. lated its surface is shinuig, or of a pearly n. [Gr. A|i);5, Mars, and

A

;

AREOPAGUS, A

;

luster.

Hixyoi, hill.]

sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for the justice and impartiality of its decisions. It was originally held on a hill in but afterward removed to the the city ;

It is

found

in iirimitive rocks,

and

Cleaveland. frequently in metallic veins. 'ARGIL, ji. A species of the Ardea, or genus of cranes. 'ARgIL, n. [L. argilla, white clay, from Gr.

white.] Royal Portico, an open square, where the In apyos, a general sense, clay, or potter's earth ; judges sat in the open air, inclosed by a but in a technical sense, pure clay, or alucord. Their sessions were in the night, mine. Fourcroy. that they might not be diverted by objects of sight, or influenced by the presence and ARtilLLA'CEOUS, a. [h. argillaceus.] Partaking of the nature of clay clayey conaction of the speakers. Ry a law of SoKirwan. sisting of argil. lon, no person could be a member of this ARgILLIF'EROUS, a. [L. argilla, clay,and tribunal, until he had been archon or chief This court took cognizance fero, to produce.] Producing clay applied magistrate. as abound with to such earths argil. of high crimes, inqnety and hnmorality, Kirwan, and watched over the laws and the publiiArgillaceous shist or treasury. Lempriere. Encyc. Pansa- } ARgILLITE, n. Its usual color is bluish, nias. Acts xvii. lU. ^ slate; clay-slate. blackish Kirwan. gray. AREOT'l€, a. [Gr. apaiof, thin.] Attenu- greenish or ;

;

;

<,

AREE'K,

ireometer.

of measuring the specific gravity of fluids. AREOPAGIT'Ie, a. Pertaining to the Are-

;

I.

Fourcroy. Pertaining to an

AREOM'ETRY,

;

3.

AREOMET'RI€AL,

a.

The

reach, stretch, lay or s])read.] 1. Any ])Iain surface, as the floor of a

2.

ftsrpsCT, to measure.] instrument for measuring the specific

gravity of liquids.

in

lowest note, except one, ALAMlRE, S Guido's scale of music. Shak. A'REA, n. [L. I suspect this to be contracted from Ch. Na'IX, an area or bed Heb. nJTTJ?; from a root wliich signifies to I

[Gr. opoioj, rare, thin,

and

An

We

A-RE,

Coie.

Encyc. ?!.

Sipijl.

ating making thin, as in liquids ; rarc- ARgILLIT'I€, a. Pertaining to argiUite. n. [L. arefacio, to dry from area.] The act of drying ; the state of ARGlLLOeAL'CITE, n. [of argilla, clay, and fo/.r, calcarious earth.] Bacon. AREOT'Ie,?i. A medicine, which attenuates growing dry. the humors, dissolves viscidity, ojjens the A species of calcarious earth, with a large AR'EFY, V. t. To dry or make dry. Kirwan. an at Bacon. and increases ].roportion f)f clav. pores, perspiration ARE'NA, n. [L. sand.] An open space ofl tenuaut. Qxdncy. Coxe. ARGlLLOaiU RITE, n. [of argilla, clay.

AREFA€'TION,

;

;

ARC

A R

sncl muria, brine or salt water

;

magneeia

being obtained from soa-salt.] species of earth consisting of magnesia, a silex, aluniine and lime variety of Magnesite.

3.

To

A

I

persuade by reasons ;

argue a

as, to

A RIANISM,

11 1

The doclrhicsof the

)(.

Ariaifs.

A'RIANIZE, V. i. To admit the tenets of the a Arians. Formerly, to accuse or charge with It'orthington Latin sense, now obsolete; as, to argue one AR'ID, a. [L. aridus, dry, from area, to be of ])rofaneness. Uryden. dry.] Kirwfin. Clcaveland. ARGUED, pp. Debated; discussed; evin Dry exhausted of moisture parched with ced accused. heat ; as an arid waste. ARgIL'LOUS, a. Consisting of clay clayey Thomson. 'ARGUER, 71. One who argues a reasoner AR'IDAS, >!. A kinil of taflety, from the partaking of clay belonging to clay. a dis|)uter Brown. a controvertist. East Indies, made of thread, from certain

A

mixed with

4.

;

.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

a. Designating what belongs to Argos, the capital of Argohs in Greece,

'ARGIVE,

whose inhabitants were called Argivi. This name however is used by the poets for the Greeks i]i general. Pans. Trans. JARGO, n. The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions

'ARGULNG,

I.

•3.

a.

;

golic

Gulf

D'Amnlh.

ji. The title of a chajjter in Pausauias, which treats of Argolis. Trans. D. ii. 1.5. n. 'ARGONAUT, [of apyco, Jason's ship, and I'ODT'jjs, a sailoi-.] One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece.

"•

Encyc. state of being without moisture.

Dryness a

2.

A dry

;

state of the

withermg of a

body

;

Jlrbuthnol. the;

emaciation

limb.

Coxe. n. [L. from the Celtic. Ir. reithe, or receith ; Corn, urz, a ram ; W. hwrz, a a thrust, ram.] The ram, a constellation of fixed stars, drawn mind; followed \iy for or against. In logic, an inference drawn from premi on the globe, in the figure of a ram. It i;? the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, ses, which are indisputable, or at least of which the sun enters about the 21st of I)robable truth. Encyc. The subject of a discourse or writing. March. Milton. Shak. AR'IETATE, v. i. [L. arieto, from nries.] An abstract or summary of a book, or the To butt, as a ram. [.Yot used.] Johnson. heads of the subjects. VRIETA'TION, n. The act of butting, as a A debate or discussion a.series of reason- ram. The act of battering with the aries or battering rum. ing; as, an argument was had before the Bacon. court, ui which argument, all the reasons 2. The act of striking or conflicting. [Rare-

A

reason offered for or against a proposi-

A RIES,

;

a.

AKGOL'ICS,

^

plants.

;

a reason oftered tion, opinion, or measure in proof, to induce belief, or convince the

stars, in the British catalogue, are sixtyfour. Encyc.

Pertaining to the ship Argo, Faber. Belonging to Argolis, a territory or district of Pelopoimese, between Arcadia and the Egean sea as the Jtr-

I

AR'IDNESS, n.

Reasoning argiunentation. What (lotli your arguing reprove ? Job. vi. ARGUMENT, n. [L. argumentum.]

ARGO-NAVIS,

ARG0L'I€,

ARIDITY,

;

;

to Colchis, in quest of the golden fleece. the ship Argo, is a constellation in the soutliern hemisphere, whose

•ARGO'AN,

ppr. Inventing and offering reasons; disputing; discussing evincing

accusin;

ARGUING,

.5.

;

were mged

In astronomy, an arch by which we seek another unknown arch, proportional to the first. Chambers.

Glanvitle.

ly used.']

ARIETTA, or

71.

[It.]

A

short song

;

an

ah-,

little air.

ARIGHT, adv. [a and right. Sax. giricht.] Belonging to argu- Rightly in a right form without mistake nent consisting in argument. or crime. Pope. Cicero. Sir IK Jones. ARGUMENTATION, n. Reasoning the ARIL, ) The exterior coat or CO vcrPliny. act of reasonuig the act of inventing or ARIL'LUS, ^ ARGONAUT'A, n. [See Argotuxut.] ing of a seed, fixed to it at A genus of shell-fish, of the order of vernie; forming reasons, making inductions, draw- the base only, mvesting it wholly or partestacea. The shell consists of one spiral and them to the and conclusions, ing applying tially, falling off spontaneously by involuted valve. There are several spein case discussion. Tlie operation of in some writers called, from the Greek, CaIt is either succulent, or cartilacies; one of which is the Argo, with a ferring pro])ositious, not known or admitlyptra. subdentated carina, the famous nautilus, ted as true, from facts or princi|)les kuo« n ginous; colored, elastic, rough or knotted. hinne. Milne. Martyn. Smith. ivhicli, when it sails, extends two of its admitted, or proved to be true. arms, spreading a membrane, which serves Watts. AR'ILLATED, ( Encyc. Havuig an exterior covfor a sail, and six other arms are throw en or aril, as coffee. ARGUMENTATIVE, a. Consisting of ar- AR'ILLED, enng J out, for rowing or steering. gument containing a process of reason Encyc. Eaton. Encyc. Curie r. ing as an argumentative discourse. AR'IMAN, [Per. ahriman. Sans, ari^ a. to the Arreasons for

ARGUMENT'AL,

a.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ARGONAUT'I€,

Pertaining gonauts, or to their voyage to Colchis as the Argonautic story. Sir H'. Jones. ARGONAUT'IeS, ji. A poem on the subject of Jason's voyage, or the ex])e(lition of the Argonauts as, the Jlrgonautics oi ;

Showing

;

of things to their uses

wisdom

the adaptation argumentative of

as,

is

the Creator. adv. In an argumentative manner. Taylor. 'ARGUS, n. A fabulous being of antiquity said to have had a hundred eyes, place( Orpheus, of V. Flaccus, and of Apollonius Rhodius. by Juno to guard lo. The origin of this Encyc. 'ARGOSY, n. [Sp. argos, Jason's ship.] A being may perhaps be found in the TeuShak. tonic word arg, crafty, cunning, of which large merchantman a carrac. the hundred eyes are symbohcal. 'vVRGUE, v. i. [L. arguo, to show, argue accuse or convict Fr. arguer ; Sp. arguir ARGUS-SHELL, ?i. species of porcelainIt. arguire. The radical sense of arg'we is shell, beautifully variegated with spots, to urge, drive, press, or struggle.] resembhng, in some measiu'e, a peacock's to invent and offer reasons to J. To reason tail. Encyc. a. [L. argutus.] Sharp slu-ill support or overthrow a proposition, opin ion or measure as, A argues in favor of witty. [lAttle used.2 infinite

in

ARGUMENT'ATIVELY,

;

;

;

A

,

^

AR'IMA,

AHRIMAN

The

a foe.]

genius or demon of the Persians opposed to yezad, yezdan, ormozd, ojhormizda, the good demon. The ancient evil

magi held, that there are two deities or one the author of all good, principles eternally absorbed in light ; the other, the author of all evil, forever buried in darkness ; or the one represented by light ; ;

the other by darkness. The latter answers to the loke of the Scandinavians, whose Celtic name, lock, signifies darkness. Originally, the Persians held these demons or

jirinciples to be equal, and from all eternibut the moderns maintain that the evil ty So the principle is an inferior being. devil is called the prince of darkness. argues against ; ARGU'TENESS, To 2. to reason with ; followed by Gibbon. .Is. Researches. (Usjjute [Liltle itsed.] Drtjden. Encyc. with ; as, you may argue with your friend, A'RIAN, a. [L. ariolus or hariPertaining to Arius, a presl)yter ARIOLA'TION or ) a week, without convincing liim. of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth H.-VRIOLA'TION, S oto, a sooth sayer.j A soothsaying ; a foretelling. 'ARGUE, V. t. To debate or discuss ; to treat century or to his iloctrines. Brown. by reasoning ; as, the counsel argued the A'RIAN, n. One who adheres to the doc- ARIO'SO, a. [It. from ana, air.] Light ; cause before the supreme court ; the cause trines of Arius, who held Christ to be a //. Diet. au-y. was well argued. created being, inferior to God the father But according to Rousseau, applied to muTo prove or evince ; to manifest by infer- in nature and dignity, though the first sic, it denotes a kind of melody bordering ence or deduction ; or to show reasons for ; and noblest of all created beings ; and also on the majestic style of a capital air. that the Holy Spirit is not God, but creaas, the order visible in the universe argues Cyc. & divine cause. ted bv the power of the Son, Encyc ARI'SE, V. i. s as z. pret. arose ; pj). onsen ; ;

ARGUTE,

;

;

;

a measure

B

;

n.

it.

;

;

%

Vol.

I,

13

Acuteness

wittiness.

;

A U

D

^

"

S.

(

,

to

,

of usually applied to a corrupted form aristocracy. ARIST'OCRAT, n. One who favors an ariswho one Heb. Ch, or in practice tocracy principle is a friend to an aristocratical tbrm of

be the head or chief ;

t.

as, vajrors arise tVom lituiiid places. the horizon as, sun or a star arises or rises. To get out of bed to leave tlie place or or to leave a sitting or lying state of rest

])larc

is

;

To emerge from below

ARISTO€RAT'I€,

?

ARISTO€RATT€AL,

^

;

consisting in a principal men

;

;

[lOBture.

The king arose Dan. 4.

5.

and went

early

den

to the

Isviii.

toljecome appear, or become known visible, sensible or operative. To you shall the sun of righteousness arise Math. iv. Till the day star shall arise in your hearts

To

;

2 Pet.

To

i.

be put in motion

tated

To

0.

;

as, the

waves

;

to swell or

Ire

agi-

arose.

be excited or provoked

;

as an aristoeratic consti

cratic

measure

;

;

as,

an

aristo-

aristocratic pride or

man-

;

as, the

wrath

distress.

By whom Amos vii.

sliall

To appear

Jacob arise

?

for lie is

small

;

officers.

invade, assaidt or begin hostility

fol-

2.

celebrated pliiloso|>lier, who was at Stagyra, in Maccdon, about 384 years before Christ. The Aristotelian phjlosophv is otherwise called peripatetic. ARISTOTE'LIAN, n. A follower of Aristotle, who was a discijrle of Plato, and foiMided the sect of perijialrtics. [See

born

n.

pernicious

of the .Irisfotelic sysSchlegel, Trcms. 2.

[Gr. ^nefio;, number,

n.

[Gr. apiS^ru, to

n.

nun

munbering, from puS/io?, nmnher, rliythm, order, agreement.] The science of nmnbers, or the art of com-

number

;

from

putation. The various operations of arithmetic are performed by addition, subtraction, nndtiplication and division.

ARITllMET'ie, AR1T1IjMET'I€AL,

)

Pertaining to arith" metic

is

arm

the

of the Lord revealed.

liii.

armo ; Fr. armer ; Sp. armar: from L. arma.] To furnish or equip with weapons of offense, or defense as, to arm the militia. To cover with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, or security as, to arm the hilt of a sword. To furnish with means of defense; to preIt.

V.

t.

[L.

armare

;

;

;

divination.]

.\RITH'METIC, afnO/jLoc,

Isa.

ARM, 1.

efi'ects

AR'ITHMANCY, fittirtia,

;

Pertaining to Aristotle

or to his philosophy.

Rm,

Figuratively, jjower, might, strength a.s the secidar arm. In this sense the word is often used in the scriptures.

The philosophy

n.

or doctrines of Aristotle.

to the root,

coinciding with L. ramus, a branch, that is, a shoot, like the Celtic braich, L. brachium. But if the L. armus is directly from the Gr. opftoj, a joint, it would seem to lie formed from Gr. apw, to fit.] The hnib of the human body, which extcTids from the shoulder to the hand. The briinch of a tree, or the slender part of a machine, projecting from a trunk or The limbs of animals are also axis. sometimes called arms. A narrow inlet of water from the sea.

To whom

Peripatetic.]

ARISTOTE'LIANISM, .\RlSTOTELT€,

her, apieft-^Tixr;, the art of

to

;

enter upon an office. There arose a new king who knew not Jo seph. Ex. i. 12. To begin sedition, insurrection, or nni rose upon their tiny as, the men arose, or

To

Pertaining to Aris-

a.

totle, a

and

in a particular cliaracter

1.

of being aristocratical.

ARISTOTE'LIAN,

The

word Ivlongs

If so, this

Partaking of aristocracy

or Divination or the foretelling of future events poverty, depression by the use or observation of numbers.

To emerge from

11.

L. aj'mus, a)i arm, a shoulder, a ; wing. In Russ. a shoulder is ramo, which may be the same word as the L. armus.

tiition. 2.

tem.

of the king shall arise 10.

;

arm

;

;

8.

Pertaining to aristocracy

Faltr.

Bryant.

ARKTIZITE, ) " A mineral, now called Wernerite. AR€TlZiTE, I ARM, n. [Sax. arm, earni D. G. Sw. Dan.

ners.

vi.

;

Ps.

;

government of nobles, or

ARISTO€RAT'I€ALLY, adv. In an aris To begin to spring up to originate. focratical manner. A persecution arose about Stephen. Acts xi To revive from death; to leave the grave ARISTO€RATTCALNESS, n. The quality

Many bodies of saints ojose. Math, xxvii. a state of Fi^urativebi, to awake from sin and stupidhy ; to rejjent. Jlrise from the' dead, and Christ shall give thee life. Eph. v to exert power ; to 6. To begin to act move from a state of inaction. Let God arise ; let his enemies be scattered 7.

Burke.

government.

tlie ;>.

ved in the ark or who, according t» pagan fables, belonged to the ark. 'ARKITE, a. Belonging to the ark.

;

Syr. Sam. Eth. tt'N"i head, origin.] To ascend, mount up or move tn a higher

:.'.

ARM

ARK

I

arizn. [Sax. arisen ; proii. arize, aroze, It m;ij' be allied to Ar ri/zen ; Goth, reisan.

3.

pare for resistance

Arm Pet.

to fortify. yourselves with the same mind. ;

1

iv.

To

provide with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance to lake arms ; as, the nations arm for war. This verb is not really intransitive in this use, but reciprocal, the pronoun being omitted. The nations arm for, the na-

"ARM,

V. i.

;

—

tions

arm

themselves.

according \RMA'D.\, n. [Sp. from arma.] method of arithmetic. lowed by against. When he^arose against me, I caught him by ARITHMETICALLY, adv. According to •V fleet of armed ships a squadron. The term is usually applied to the Spanish fleet, 1 Sam. xvii. the beard. the rides, principles or method of arithcalled the Invincible Armada, consisting of In this sense, the word against really be metic. 130 ships, intended to act against England longs to the verb, and is necessary to give ARITIIMETI CIAN, n. One skilled in in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, A. D. it this meaning. [See Rise, another arithmetic, or versed in the science of lo88. form of this verb, which has the same sigmimhers. nification, and is more generally used in 'ARK, n. [Fr. arche ; L. area ; Sp. Port. It. ARM.'VDIL'LO, n. [Sp. so called from beairh a or coffer Ir. ing armed with a bony shell.] chest po])ular language.] ; area, airg, ARI'SING, ppr. Ascending; movmg upSax. ere or erk ; G. arche ; D. arke ; Ch. ((uadruped peculiar to America, called also tatoo, and in zoology, the dasypus. ward originating or proceeding; getting rJIN.] This animal has ncitlier fore-teeth, nor up springing up appearing. 1. A small close vessel, chest or coffer, such VRIST'A, n. [L.] In botany, awn, the long dog-teeth it is covered with a hard, bony as that which was the repository of the sholl,llividcd into movable belts, except tables of the covenant among the Jews pointed beard wliich issues from the husl* on the forehead, shoulders and haunches, or scaly flower cup of the grasses, called This was about three feet nine inches in Milne where it is not movable. The belts are the glume. The lid was the propitiatory, or length. ARISTAR'CHY, n. [Or. api^o;, best, and mercy seat, over which were the <'lieriibs. connected by a membrane, which enaliles the animal to roll itself up like a afxn, rule.] The vessel in which Moses was set afloat A body of good men in power, or govern- upon the Nile was an ark of bulrushes. hedge hog. These animals burrow in the ment by excellent men. earth, where they lie during the day time, Harington. 2. The large floating vessel, in which Noah ARlSTOe'RACY, n. [Gr. apcfo;, best, and and his family were preserved, during the seldom going abroad excejit at night. x|jor£u, to hold or govern.] They are of difterent sizes the largest deluge. 3 feet in length, without the tail. They \ form of government, in which the whole 3. A depository. subsist chiefly on fruits and roots some.supreme power is vested in the principal Arise, O Lord, into thy rest, thou and the ark of thy strength. Ps. cxxxii. times on insects and flesh. When attackpersons of a state or in a few men distin gnished by their rank and opulence. 4. A large boat used on American rivers, to ed, they roll themselves into a ball, presentWhen the supreme power is exercised by transport produce to market. ing their armor on all sides to any assaila small number, the government is called 'ARKITE, n. A term used by Bryant to deant but they are inoftensive, and their all oligarch)/. The latter word however note one of the persons who were prcser flesh is esteemed good food. Eneyc.

13.

;

S

;

to the rules or

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ARM "ARMAMENT, from

taikle,

A

n.

ARM

[L. armamenlu, utensils,

arm(i.'\

of forces eijuipped for war; used of land or naval force. Jt is more gene rally used of a naval force, includinj; ships, men and all the necessary furniture for war. l>()(ly

IX

ARMAMENT' ARY, n. An armory zine or arsenal.

'AJJMATURE,

;

a

maga-

[Ritrelij used.']

n.

[L. armiilura.'}

Armor that which (h'fends the body. It comprehends whatever is worn for iltfense of the body, and has been sometimes used for offensive weapons, .finnature, like arms and armor, is used also of the furniture of animals and vegetables, evidently intended for tlieir protection; as prickles, spines and horns. 2. In ancient military art, an exercise performed with missive weapons, as darts, spears and arrows. Encyc. 'ARAIED, pp. Furnished with weapons of 1.

;

offense

furnislied with the sectuity; fortilied, in a moral

or defense

means of

;

sense.

In heraldry, armed is when the beaks, talons, horns, or teeth of beasts and birds of prey are of a diti'erent color from the rest of the body Chambers. 3. Capped and cased, as the load stone that

2.

;

is,

set in iron.

An

armed ship is one which is taken into the service of government for a particidar occasion, and armed like a ship of war. ARME'NIA, a. Pertaining to Armenia, a country and formerly, a kingdom, in Asia, divided into Major and Minor. The greater Armenia is now called Turcomania. ARME'NIAN, n. A native of Armenia, or the language of the country. Jones.

iSrV 7V.

Armenian menia,

bole is a species of clay from and found in other countries.

ArBut

the term, being of uncertain signification, is rejected in modern mineralogy. [See Cronsledt. Kirwan. Bole] Armenian stone, a sofY blue stone, consisting of calcarious earth or gypsum, with the of is too It soft to oxyil copper. give fire witli steel, loses its color when heated, and does not admit of a polish.

ARME-PUIS'SANT, Powerful

in

[See Puissant.]

arms.

'ARMFUL,

fVeever.

As much

n.

;

;

ARMOR

;

A

ARMORY,

:

ARMIN'IANISM, or tenets

•ARMHOLE,

n.

[arm and

hole.]

The

Power

in

arms.

ARMIP'OTENT, mighty

The pecuhar doctriiies

».

in battle.

ARMIS'ONOUS,

2.

Sounding or

rustling in arms. )!. [L. arma

ARMISTICE,

A

Gr.

still,

ifjj/ti

;

sisio,

Sp. armisticio

;

It.

;

J!,

;

;

gero.] Literally, bearing arms.

armiger

is

a

title

But in present usage, of dignity next in degree

In times of chivah-y, it sigto a knight. nified an attendant on a knight, or other person of rank, who bore his shield and

Jiryden.

hostility.

3.

Johnson.

Bred to arms denotes that a person has been educated to the profession of a soldier. The ensigns armorial of a family consisting of figures and colors borne in ;

marks of dignity and descending from fa-

'ARMOR,

shields, banners, &c., as

1.

and

71. [from arm..] Defensive arms any habit worn to protect the body in battle formerly called harA complete armor formerly con-; ness. sisted of a casque or helmet, a gorget, ;

;

rendered him other military services. So cuirass, gauntlets, tasses, brassets, cuishes, in antiquity, Abimilech, Said, &c. had and covers for the legs to which the spurs their armor bearers. 1 Sam. were fastened. Jiidg. ix. Encyc. xvi. As had Hector and Achilles. Homer. In English statutes, armor is used for the

This title, under the French princes, in England, was exchanged, in common usage, for esquire, Fr. ecuyer, a word of /similar import, from ef«, L. scutum, a

;

fense.

destitute

Beaumont.

A hole for the arm in a garment. 'ARMLET, [dim. of arm.] A little arm ARMIG'EROUS, a. [h.armiger; arata and a piece of armor for the arm a bracelet.

War

ity,

;

Without an arm

of weapons.

2.

whole apjiaratus of war; including

offenas defensive arms. The statutes of armor lUrected what arms exery man should provide, 27. Hen. II. and sive

as

well

in

Enryc.

and the man I sing. Dryden. in arms, to be in a state of hostilor in a militan' life. To arms is a phrase which denotes a taking arms for war or hostiUty; [larticularly, a summoning to war. To take arms, is to arm for attack or de-

to

of hostilities by agreement of the parties. a.

skill

Arms To be

Johnson.

and

armistizio ; Fr. nrmislice.] cessation of arms, for a short time, by convention ; a truce a temporary suspension

'ARMLESS,

Bacon.

The knowledge of coat-armor;

heraldrv.

[anna and polenlia. ARMPIT,?!, [arm andpit.] The hollow place or cavity under the shoulder. .Moion. Johnsoti. 'ARMS, 71. plu. [L. arma ; Fr. arme ; Sj). a. Powerful in arms;' It. arma.] Dn/den.\ 1. Weapons of offense, or armor for defense a. [arma &nd sonus.' and protection of the body. n.

Sound.]

stand

4.

the Arminians.

See Potency.]

cavi-

ty under the shoulder, or the armpit.

cjf

ARMIP'OTENCE,

as the arms can

Slender, as the arm. [Ao< Shak.

a.

in use.]

still

:

hold.

'ARMGAUNT,

is

Armiger

;

j\\cn.o Lso It a.

ARM

retained with us,| of Westminster. Hence armor includes as a title of respect, being the Latin word all instruments of war. equivalent to es/iuire, which sec. Spelman. Blackstone, B. iv. Ch. 7. B. i. Ch. V.',. a. [L. armilla, a bracelet, Hen. Hist. Brit. B. iii. Ch. 1. j'ARMILLARY, from armus, the arm.] 2. Ill a spiritual sense, a good conscience, faith and Christian Resembling a bracelet, or ring consisting graces arc called onnor. of rings or circles. It is chiefly applied to Rom. xiii. Eph. vi^ 2 Cor. vi. an artificial s(>h(tre, composed of a number Coat-armor is the escutcheon of a person or of circles of the mundane sphere, put tofiimily, with its .several charges and other gether in their natural order, to assist in furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, &e. giving a just conception of the constituEncyc. tion of the heav(;ns, and the motions of the ARMOR-BEARER, n. One who carries celestial bodies. tlie armor of another. This artificial sjihere revolves upon its axis within a horizon, divi- 'ARMORER, n. Amakerof annor or arms ded into degrees, and movable every way a manufacturer of instruments of war. The armorer of a ship has the charge of upon a brass supporter. Encyc. 'ARMING, ppr. F^quipping with arms pro- the arms, to see that they are in a conilition fit fi)r service. viding with the means of defense or attack also, iireparing for resistance in a ARMO'RIAL, a. Belonging to armor, or to moral sense. the arms or escutcheon of a family; as )!. The as same armorial. eiisiuns Blackstone. 'ARMINGS, ivaist-clothes, hung about a .slii))'s upper works. ARMOR'le, [Celtic ar, ui>on, anil I Chambers. l€AN, J"- mor, the sea; that i.-. ARMIN'IAN, a. I'ertaining to Arininius, or niariliiiie.] designating his principles. Designating the northwestern part of France, n. or of One of a sect ARMIN'IAN, party formerly iralied Armorica, aften\ard BreChristians, so called from Arminius, or tagne, or Britanny. This jiart of France is peo])led by inhabitants who Harmanseu, of llnlUmd, who flourishe
I

4.

tlistinction,

ther to son. In law, arms are any tiling which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another. Cowel. Black.itone. In botany, one of the seven species of fulcra or props of plants, enumerated by

Linne and others. The different sjiecies of arms or armor, are prickles, thorns, forks and stings, which seem intended to protect the plants from injury by animals. Milne. Martyn,

A R R

A R O /»i>f (irms,

ARO'SE. The

A

AROUND', prep,

are such as may be charged witli powiltr, as cannon, muskets, mortars, &c. stand of anus consists of a musket, bayonet,

cartridge-box and belt, with a sword. But (i)r common soldiers a sword is not neces-

;

;

[Fr. armee

71.

har; Irom the

2.

arhhnr, or armroot of arm, armo

A collection or body of men armed fji war, and organized in comjianies, battalregiments, brigades and divisions,

my

In general, an artimes consists of infaniiT

modern

in

;

disciple

of Arnold of

?i.

ARNOT'TO,

The

n.

Anotta, which

Also a tree so called.

'ARNUTS,

n. Tall oat grass.

The quality of [Gr. aptoua.] plants which constilutes their fragrance, which is perceived by an agreeable smell, or a warm spicy taste. AROMAT'I€, Fragrant spicy I "' AROMAT'ICAL, strong-scented; odo riferous having an agreeable odor. ;

sleep

A

;

;

That which commu-

nicates an aromatic quality.

ring

Evelyn.

ophorum.]

saffron is sometimes

called. 1.

A chimical (ireparation of Paracelsus, formed by sublimation from equal quantities of hematite and sal ammoniac. The is also used by the same writer as .synonymous with lilhontriptic, a solvent word

mr

the sloue.

arraisoner,

;

put

;

1.

JValker.

Norm, arpen. n. [Fr. arpcnt Domesday, it is written arpenmis, ar pendus, and arpent. Colimiella mentions

A

ARQUEBUSA'DE, 9.

Encyc.

Coxe.\

n.

A

distilled

applied to a bruise. The shot of an arqnebnse.

rVRQUEBUSE,

H'ARQUEBUSE,

Ash.

S

ounces. A larger kind, used in fortresses, carried a ball of three ounces and a half

ARQUEBUSIE'R,

?!.

A

armed with

n. n.

A

n. arra'ne.

for

want of knowlDryden.

Arraignment

;

as,

clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. pp. Called before a tribunal to answer, and elect triers accused ; in called question. ;

VRRA'IGNING, ;;;»•. or tribunal

;

Calling before a court accusuig. n. [Norm, arresnementy

ARRA'IGNMENT,

arraynement.] act of arraigning the act of calling arid setting a prisoner liefore a court to answer to an accusation, and to choose his

The

;

triers.

Accusation.

A calling in question for faults. ARRA'IMENT, n. [Sec Array.]

3.

garments.

ARRANtiE,

We

V.

t.

now

ranger, to set in order; 7-ank, 1.

To

a

row or

put

line.

Clothes;

use raiment.

[Fr. arranger,

Arm.

of ad and

renega, rang,

See Rank.]

in ])roper order ; to dispose thein the manner intended,

parts of a whole

an arquebuse.

AR'RACH, ARRACK',

to

ARRAIGNED,

Encyc. soldier

is

tribunal.

any

arraign you

edge.

2. ;

will not

ARRA'IGN,

;

hand gun a species of fire arms, anciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed nearly twc

assize,

;

;

gun.]

A

the

;

They

D. bus, a pijie, a gun gun Sw. bossa, a gmi or canHence the word signifies a hook

the Teutonic bus, a tube, pipe,

non.

liquor

order ; arraign a writ of novel

writers, to set in

cause the tenant to be called to make the ])laint, and set the cause in order, that the tenant may be brought to answer. Cowel. To accuse to charge with faults. Johnson. More correctly, to call before the bar of reason, or taste to call in questions for faults, before

Chesterfield.

[Fr. fvom arquer, to iii«ke crooked, and

}

3.

as, to

;

To arraign

disseisin.

was ef(ual to half the The word is supposed to

read

Blackstone.

for trial

fit

Laiv

to

According to

that the arepennis jus:er.

called, the indictment is

and he is put to plead, guilty or not and to elect by whom he will be

tried. 2.

;

be corrupted from arvipendium, or aripennium, the ineasuring of land with a cord Spelman. Lunier.] portion of land in France, ordinarily containing one hundred square rods or perchBut the arpent is difes, each of IS feet. The ferent in different parts of France. arpent of Paris coutahis 900 square toises. It is less than the English acre, by about one seventh. Encyc. Coicel. Spelman. ,'lrthur Young.

When

to him, guilty,

In

Roman

[Norm, arraner, to answer, The usual derivation of this aresner, to put

word, from Sax. wregan, gewregan, to acIt appears to cuse, is probably incorrect. Norman origin, and ifs is radical, it coincides in origin with L. reus, contracted iiom the root of res.] To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to answer to the matter charged against him in an indictment or information.

n. [From It. ai-pa, a harp. distinct sound of the notes of an instrumental chord, accompanymg the voice.

ARPEG'tilO,

'ARPENT,

Stromeyer.

aira'ne.

t.

be of

;

;

V.

and

to arraign.

facidties.

action

Cleavdand.

Haiiy.

ARRA'IGN,

The

Rendering spicy;

impregnating with aroma. \RO'MATOUS, a. Containing aroma, or the principle of fragrance. AR'OPH, n. [A contraction of aroma philos-

A name by which

dormant

pp. Excited into

AROW,

;

1.

to arouse the

;

AROUS'ING,

;

ppr.

zed, generally in hexahedral pristns or The massive varieties have jjyramids. usually a fibrous structure, exhibiting various imitative forms, being sometimes coraloidal.

in motion.

;

bituminous stone, in \R'OMATITE, smell and color resembling myrrh. Coxe. AROBIATiZA'TION, n. The" act of im pregnating or scenting with aroma, or rendering aromatic. AR'OMAT IZE, v. t. To impregnate with aroma to infuse an aromatic odor to give a spicy scent or taste to perfume. Bacon. AR'03IATIZED, pp. Impregnated with aroma rendered fragraiu.

AROMATIZING,

Ar.

It is

:

AROUS'ED,

plant which yields a spicy, fragrant smell, or a warm pungent taste; as sage, summer savory, geranium, sweet mai'joram, &c. Milne.

n.

;

to excite.

excite into action, that which is at rest to stir, or |)ut in motion or exertion, that is languid ; as, to ai'ouse one from

A

AR'OMATIZER,

Heb Sin

[In

stir,

which

<,

n.

arouz'.

To

;

n.

t.

Shak.

ARO'MA, I " AR'OMA, I

VROMAT'le,

V.

=> haratza, to

ppr. Putting in motion stirexciting into action or exertion. In a row sucadv. [a and rou\] Sidney. Shak. cessively. see. AROYNT', adv. Begone; away. "Ofc.

of the bunium, pig-

nut or earthnut.

from pure carbonate of lime, in hardness, sjjecific gravity, crystaline structure, &c. It isharderthan calcarious and exhibits several varieties of spar, structiu-e and form. It is often crystalidiffers

It may be contracted into rouse. allied to D. raazen; G. brausen, to rage, to stir, bluster; Class Rs.]

century, preachChiux-h, fir which

A name

AR'RAGONITE,

A

often

;

ARNOT,

adv. In a circle ; on every side. In a looser sense, at random ; without any n. [From Molhia in Arfixed direction ; as, to travel around from ragon, Spain.] In mineralogy, a species of carbonate of tr)wn to town. [See Round.] n. [Gr.] Grecian measure of liiTie, lint not jiiu'e, and said to contain 3 or 4 per cent, of carbonate of strontian. It fifty feet. Also, a square measure of hall

,0

12tli

ed against the Romish he was banished but lie was afterwards permitted to return. By his preaching, an insurrection was excited, tor which he was condennied and executed. Encyc.

brows. Dryden. In a looser sense, from place to place ; at

AROUSE,

;

-ARNOLDIST, n. A Brescia, who in the

this name is toddy, a liquor distilled from the juice of the cocoanut tree, iirocurcd by incision. Some persons alledge it to be a spirit distilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of the cocoa-nut.

hit

the plethron, a measure not ascertained The Egyptian aroura was the square of a iiundred feet or a hundred cubits. Encyc. Arbuth.

oliicers.

and cavalry, with artillery ; although the union of all is not essential to the constitution of an army. Among savages, armies are diff'erentl}' formed. a vast multitude as an 2. A great number army of locusts or caterpillars. Joel ii.25.

;

which usually bears

;

AROURA,

lions,

under pro|)er

[a and round. See Round.] sides encircling; encom-

a lambent flame around

random. 2.

arma.']

1.

all

as,

;

AROUND',

Ir.

;

common

About; on I)assing

ers or wrestlers.

'ARMY,

spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. Tlie name is said to sigiiily, in the East, any spirituous liquor but that

\erb, to arise. 1.

sary.

In falconry, arms are the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Encyc. ARMS-END, ». At the end of the arms at a good distance a phrase taken from box-

A R R

past or preterite tense of the

See Orrach. plant. contracted into rack.

A

or best suited for the purpose

arranged for

battle.

;

as troops

A R R To

2.

adjust

;

to si!ttlc

A R R

to put in oiflor ; to use of the word of very

A R R

In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed.

;

1.

Trumbull. pp. Set in order, or in lines for attack or defense ARRaNGLD, pp. Put in order disposed arranged dressed ; adoined by dress ill tlie proper order ini[)anneled adjusted. as a jury (enveloped. n. The act of putting in proper order the state of being jiut in or ARR.A'VKR, 11. One who arrays. In Enan officer who had a coniinisder disposition in suitable form. glish history, sjou of array, to put .s(d(liers of a comity 9. Tliat wliirli is disjiosed in order system in a condition for of parts disposed in due order. military service. The interest of that portion of sociiil ar- ARRA'YING, ppr. Setting in order; putting on splendi
prepare a popular gencr il application. ;

.ARRA'YED,

;

in ordi'r

;

;

;

original writ

arrangements

as,

;

rangement between themselves concerning tlieir disputes a popular use of the word. 3. Classification of facts relating to a sub ;

ject, in a regular, systematic order

lower sail Arm. rear, rem; or the fundament W. rhevyr, id., from Lniiier deduces arrear and Wifi!, thick. arriere fromL. arf and retro. But the deri \ atioii from the Celtic seems most jirobaurrinr, to

;

refr,

;

bly correct.] as the Behind ; at the hinder part.

;

purpose ill arn.-il of Blackstone. judgijicnt. A mangy humor between the ham and pastern of the liiad legs of a horse. Johnson.

motion 5.

In

The

ARRESTA'TION, an

n. arrest, or seiziu'e.

ARREST'ED, Spenser.

when

the verdict difliTS materially pleudiiifTs; or when the case laid in Ihe declaration is not sufficient in point of law, to fdund an action u])on. The motion for iliis is called a ;

iVmn Ihe

;

;

by power, physical

hindrance or restraint. an arre.it of judgment is the staying or slopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes a.^signed. Courts have to power arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon the face of the record as when the decluralion varies from the ;

;

reeeiving company. Final .settlement; adjustment by agree ment as, the parties have made an ur

;

A

stop, 4. In law,

;

4.

seizure, or takint;

or moral, •i.

;

;

ARRANGEMENT,

Any

stopped

;

act of arresting ;

Seized

pp.

hindered

;

apinehended

:

restrained.

;

But from this use, we ARRESTER,/ Oik; who arrests. In noun in the phrase, i/i ARREST'OR, Scots laiv, tlic jierson at ARRANGER, 7i. One that puts in order. ^ "io.«e suit an arrest is made. ARRANtilNG, ppr. Putting iji due order or arrear, to signity behind in payment. ARRE'AR, n. That which is behind in pay- ARREST'ING, ppr. Seizing; staying hinform adjusting. AR'RANT a. [I know not the origin of this ment, or which remains uiii)aid, thougli dering; restraining. due. It is generally used in the i)lural ARREST word. It coincides in sense with the W. MENT, n. In Scots law, an aras the arrears of rent, wages and taxes cam, notorious.] rest, or detention of a criminal, till he finds and supposes a part of the money already caution or surety, to stand trial. Notorious, in an ill .sense infainou.s; mere; paid. vile as an arrant rogue or coward. Also the order of a judge by wliicli a debtor to the anestor's debtor is prohibited to AR'R.VNTLY, adv. Notoriously, in an ill ARRE'ARAgE, n. [arrc r and the common French termination age.] sense infamously impudently shaniefidly. make payment, till th<: debt due to the arrestor is paid or secured. AR'RAS, n. [Said to be from Arras, the cap- Arrears any sum of money reinaining im])aid, after previous ))ayment of a part. A ARRET', n. [Contracted from ital of Artois, in the French Netherlands, arrests, Fr. person may be in arrear for the whole where tljis article is manufactured.] arrete, fixed.] amount of a debt but and arrears arrearThe decision of a court, tribunal or council Tapestry hangings wove with figures. age imply that a part has been paid. a decree pubUshed the edict of a soveShak. ) raised, erect ARRA' Y, n. [Norm, araie, and arracr, arair, ARREcT', reign prince. "' [L.a/rcc/its, from arrigo. SceReacli.] to array, settle, prepare ray, a robe and ARREeT'ED, ^ ARRET', V. t. To assign to allot. Obs. Erect attentive a as the array or pannel of the Jury Old Fr. person listening. Spenser. this seiise obsolete.

Linuean arrangement of plants.

retain the

word

as a

^

'

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

word contracted Ir. earradh, a ARRI'DE, V. t. [L. arridro.] To laugh at ; to please well. B. Jonson. annor, furniture, accouternients, ARRENTA'TION, n. [Sp. arreyidar, to [.Yot in use.] of ad and reddo, to rent, or take by lease wares It. arredo, litrniture, implements, ARRIE'RE, n. The last body of an army ; return. See to prepare or erpiii) Arm. Rent.] now called rear, w hicli see. ringing arredarc, In the forest laws of England, a licensing the reiza, to ])ut in order or arrange y-p. arreo. or ban and arriere ban. This owner of land in a forest, to inclo.se it witli Jlniere-ban, Port, arreio, arreyo, array, dress Port, ar phrase is defined to be a general proclamaa small ditch and low hedge, in consideraClass Rd., and allied to rear, to dress. tion of the French kings, by which not tion of a yearly rent. Cowel. The rod, radius, ray. their innnediate fi-udatories, but their primai-y sense is to ARREPTI'TIOUS, a. [L. arrepius, of ad only make straight or right. See Dress.] vassals, were summoned to take the field and rapio, to snatch. See Rapacious.' .1. Order disposition in regidar lines as an for war. In this case, arriere is the French 1. Snatched away. army in battle array. Hence a posture of word signifying those who are last or be2. [ad and repo, to creep. See defense. Creep.] Crept hind, and ban is proclamation. [See Ban.] in privily. Johnson. Bailey. 2. Dress garineuts disposed in order ujion or fief. A fee or fief dependent .irriere-fee ARREST', V. t. [Fr. arreter, for arrester the person. on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudaDryden Sp. arrestar; It. arreslare ; L.resto, to stop; 3. In law, the act of impanneling a jury W. araws, arosi, to stay, wait, dweU Eng. tory. or a jury impanneled that is, a set {Arriere vassal. The vassal of a vassal. jury to rest. See in order by the sherifl', or called man by 1. To obstruct Rest.] to stop to check or hinder ARRI'VAL, n. The coming to, or reaching Blnckstone. Cowel. nian_. a place, from a distance, whetlier by water, molion as, to arresMlie current of a river: Commission of array, in English history, was as in its original sense, or by land. to arrest the senses. a counnission given by the prince to otfiTo take, seize or apprehentl by virtue of 2. The attaimnent or gaining of any object, cers in every county, to muster and array by effort, agreement, practice or study. a warrant from authority ; as, to an'est one the iidiabitants, or see them in a condition for debt or for a crime. ARRI'VANCE, n. Company coming. [.Yot for war. Blackstone. Shak. ARRA'Y, I'. /. To place or dispose in order, 3. To seize and fix as, to arrest the eyes or 2. "serf] Arrival a reaching in progress. Ohs. attention. as troops for battle. Brown. 2. To deck or dress The appearance of such a person in the to adorn with dress world, and at such a period, ought to arrest Uie ARRI'VE, V. i. [Fr. arriver Arm. arrivont, it is applied especially to dress of a splenorroi, a suit of

;

;

;

;

-

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

_

;

;

;

;

;

;

.Irray thyself with glory.

Job,

To

envelop.

Buckminster.

xl.

Pharaoh arrayed Joseph witli fine linen. Gen. xll. 3. To set a jury in order for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. Cowcl. 4.

arrivein

consideration of every tliinking mind.

did kind.

To

hinder, or restrain course of justice.

;

as,

to

airest the

authority.

An

arrest

or touching the body.

is

made by

It.

arrivare

;

Sp. Port, arribar ; ;

In Irish, airbhe

arivi.

n. The taking or apprehending of a person by virtue of a warrant froiii

ARREST',

;

of ad and Fr. rive, the shore or sloping bank of a river: Sp. ribera L. ripa ; Sans. that rib,

word

;

in

rive like

is ribs.

It

appears

and ripa arc rathcally one manner, costa, a rib, and

coast are radically the same.] seizing 1. Literally, to come to the shore, or bank.

A R

A R R Hence

We

HiuTC de Grace, July 10, 1824. N. W. To come to or reach by traveling on land

ji.

A weight in Porin Spain, of Also a Spanish meas-

[Arabic]

two pounds

tliirty

AR'ROGANCE, J'oo'o,

to claim

desire

;

Sp. Dictionary. n. [L. arrog-anlia, from arof nrf and rogo, to beg,

Fi'. arrogance Sp. Von. arrogancia ;

Ann. roguentez

;

;

It.

arroganza.

sent the xxii.

v.

purposes of

Hab. evil

Jer. ix. Ps. Ixiv. ))lants

The word

;

n.

A

?;.

2.

AR'ROGANCY,

n.

Pi-ov. viii.

a.

;

Consisting of arrows.

Arrogance.

Formed Uke an arrow. 'ARSE, 11. ars. [Sax. earse 2.

[This or-

is less ui'ua/.]

ihograplui

a. Assuming; making or having the disposition to make exorbitant claiuis of rank or estimation giving one's

; Persic, arsit, or arst.] tocks or hind part of an animal.

To hang an

:

;

s))ecies

;

portance. n.

Arrogance.

[Little

behind

;

The to

A

repository or magazine of arms and military stores, whether for land or naval ser-

Claimed

by

undue

pretensions.

AR'ROGATING,

or Challenging ppr. claiming more power or respect than is just or reasonable.

The

act of arrogating ARROGA'TION, or making exorbitant claims; the act ol takins; more than one is justly entitled to AR'ROGATIVE, a. Assulifing or making n.

More claims and pretensions. n. [from Fr. arrondir to uiuke round: (if
unc'iip

ARROND'ISMENT,

^

;

;

is

felony.

The

defi-

varied by statutes in In Constates. necticut, the burning not only of a dwellor house contiguous building, but of a ing to be arship or other vessel, is declared son, if human Ufe is thereby destroyed or put to hazard.

ART,

ARSENle,

n.

[Ar. i_«j•^J zu'iiakon

J.ii.»j;i zarnika

;

;

Syr.

Gr. ap«Kxor; L. arse-

nicum ; Sp. arsenico ; Fr. arsenic] Arsenic, as it is usually seen in the shops, is not a metal, but an oxyd, from which the metal may be easily obtained liy mixing it with half its weight of black flux, and introducing the mixture into a Florence flask, cradually raised to a red heat, in a sand bath. A brilliant metallic sublimate of pure arsenic collects in the upper jiart of the flask. Arsenic is of a steel blue

n.

is

[L. ars, artis

from the root of radical sense

ARSENICAL

;

pp.

common law

nition of this crime different countries

vice.

;

over kings.

Russian measure of two

and

:

repository.]

ACID. Ar or AR'ROGATE, v. t. [L. on-og-o,ofo(/and rogo senic cinnbined with a greater proportion Fr. arroger ; Sp. Port, arrogar; It. arro of oxygen, than in the arsenious acid. It gare. The prunary sense of rog'o, to ask, is called arsenic acid by most authors. is to i-each or stretch.] n. A neiural sak, formed by To assume, demand or challenge more than ARSE'NIATE, arsenical acid condiined with any metalto make undue claims, from is proper lic, earthy or sahne base. vanity or false pretensions to right or Lavoisier. Fourcroy. merit as, the Pope arrogated dominion s-u

AR'ROGATED,

by the

but-

be slug-

n. The vulgar name of a of ]K)lygonum, or knot-grass.

ARSE'NIA€

used.]

A

n.

four inches and 242 decimals. This to be the Chinese arschin, of which four make three yards English. Toolie's Russia. Encyc. ARSON, n. arsn. [Norm. Fr. arsine,arseun; feet,

seems

ti. [Sp. Port. It. Fr. Arm. a magazine or repository of stores; in Ital- 'ART. The second person, indicative mode, ian and Spanish, a dock or duck-yard present tense, of the substantive verb am; L. ar.r navalis, a naval citailel or probably l)ut from were, Sw. vara, Dan. vcerer.

;

ARROGANTLY,

AR'ROGANTNESS,

'ARSHINE,

'ARSENAL,

;

arrogant pretensions or behavior adv. In an arrogant with imdue pride or self ini manner

a.

'ARSE-SMART,

;

;

to lag

ar-

Pertaining to, or con The arsenious acid, or taining arsenic. white oxyd of arsenic, is a combination of with a less arsenic proportion of oxygen than in the ar.?eniac acid. 'ARSENITE, n. A salt formed by the arsenious acid, with a base.

ARSENIOUS,

gish, or tardy.

;

an undue degree of importance haughty conceited applied to persons. Containing arrogance marked with arrogance proceeding from undue claims or self importance applied to things as

self

arse, is

with

Combined with

from L. ardeo, arsum, to burn.} Milton. of a dwelling Cowper. In law, the malicious burning house or outhouse of another man, which D. aars ; G.

arsrh.

ARROGANT,

;

;

To combine

t.

a.

senic.

There \\ hence the name. are several species. From the root of the arundinacea, or starch-plant, is obtauied the arrow-root of the shops. Encyc. The starch of the maranta, or arrow-root, a mitritive medicinal food.

AR'ROWY,

v.

arsenic.

;

cause the arrogance of the proiiJ to ii,

'aRSEN'I€ATE,

Muhlenberg.

The head of an arrow. ARSEN'ICATED,

n. The Maranta a genus The In dians are said to employ the roots of the arandinacea, in extracting the virus of poi-

;

Sam.

Fourcroy. J\/icholson. Cyc. a. Belonging to arsenic r consisting of or containing arsenic.

of plants, natives of the Indies.

soned arrows

and

brilliant,

yellow,

ARSENICAL,

plain or genus of

the Triglochin.

AR' ROW-ROOT,

;

See

;

1

2 Sam. is used

words and malicious men. Ps. xi. Prov. xxv. Cruden. Brown.

Sagittaria ; a genus of aquatic plants, so called from the resemblance of the leaves to the point of an arrow.

mation or power, or which exalts the worth or inqiortaiice of the person to an nndue degree proud contempt of others: conceitedness presumption. Is. xiii.

as thunder,

and famine.

iii.

AR'ROW-GRASS, AR' ROW-HEAD,

self; that species of pride which consists in exorljitant claims of rank, dignity, esti-

9.

Ez.

in

seemingly talcky masses of various sizes: realgar is red, of different shades, and often crystahze
also for slanderous

The act or quahty of taking much upon one

I will

ment appears

God are the ap-

judgmems of God,

lightning, tempests

.firrogate.]

cease.

offense, straight, barbed, to be shot

])ain the conscience. Job vi. Ps. xxxviii. In a like figurative manner, arrows repre-

;

ure of thirty two Spanisli pints.

radius, a

weapon of

missive

prehensions of his wrath, which pierce and

;

five poiuids.

A

slender, pointed and with a bow. In scripture, the arrows of

;

tugal of

rat/,

shoot.] 1.

;

twenty

[Sax. arewn. Q,u.

AR'ROW,)!.

;

ARRO'BA,

its

gnawin<;.

;

the post arrives at 7 o'clock. reach a point by progressive motion gain or compass by effort, practice study, enquiry, reasoning or experiment as, to arrive at an unusual degree of excel lence or wickedness to arrive at a conelusion. 4. To liajjpen or occur. He to whom this glorious death airivefi. Waller. ARRI'VE, V. t To reach. [JVot in use.] Shnk. ARRI'VING, ppr. Coming to, or reacliing, by water or land gaining by research, effort or study.

To

to

and the metal with afJ compoimds, is a viruleiu poi,son, vulgarly called rats-bane. It forms alloys with most of the metals. Combined with sulphur it forms orpiment or realgar, which are the yellow and red sulplmrets of arsenic. Orpimein is the true arsenicum of the ancients. Plin. .34, 18. Native orpicolor, quite brittle,

A

ARRO'SION,

as,

3.

ART

S

of n Icrritory, in France, for the exercise particular jm'isdiction. n. s as :. [L. arrodo.]

to or reach in jirogiesa by arrived at followed by at.

water, y.

come

to

straining,

is

W.

;

probably contracted cerz, Ir. ceard.

from

strength,

and power, and lience of analogy in can.] ].

The

stretching,

the jirimary sense of strength skill.

See an

The dis|)Osition or modification of things by human skill, to answer the purpose inIn this sense art stands opposed Bacon. Encyc. system of rules, serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions opposed

tended.

to nature.

A

;

to science, or to speculative principles ; as the 0(7 of building or engraving. Arts are divided into useful or mechanic, and liberal

or polite. The mechanic arts are those in which the hands and body are more conas in making cerned than the mind These arts are clothes, and utensils. Tlie liberal or j)ohte arts called trades. are those in which the mind or imagination is chiefly concerned as poetry, :nusic ;

;

and painting. In America, literature and the elegant a)(s must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving-

ART 3.

A R T

ing certain actions, iic<|iiirc
A R T

com]>lex masses, and forming long single pyramids, with very short and slender columns. Encye.

of perform

Skill, dexterity, or tlio ])0\ver

found

crj'stals,

;

in

'ARTIC. This word

is

by mistake used

Ijy

ARTICt I5(

ARTICULATE,

sonjc authors for arctic.

tape.

a. [L. articularis.-] lontring to the joints; as, the gout is articular disease.

I.AR,

an

a. [L. firliculatus, jointed, .

distinct.]

.^

^

,

^

„

',

ARTEMIS'IA, n. Mug-wort, soutliern ARTICHOKE, n. [Qu. the first syllable of Formed by jointing or artinuliitiori of tho Gr. opriTixa. Fr. aiiichaut Arm. arti An organs of speech wood, and wormwood a iienus of plants applied to sound. articulate sound is. ni.i'Je 'by j'io.sinjt -iiOd of nunicroMS species. Of these, the ab chaudcn; S|). alcnchofa Vorr. alcactwfra It. The The j.iitcsinthium or couunoii wormwood is wel o|)ening the organs ofs|)ee(li. carciofo, carciofano, or cariiifalo. :

;

;

;

known.

first

ARTE'RIAL, to

a.

[See

an artery or the

.iiienj.] arti;ries

Pertaining as arterial

;

Contained

an artery; a»

in

arterial blood. n. [Gr. apr»;pia, an ara cutting.] an artery by the lancet, for

AKTERlOT'OiMY, and

tery,

ro|i!;,

The opening

of

the purpose of letting blood. •AliTER V, ?i. [Gr. aprjjpia, from ar;p, air, and so called, tr;fi[io, to preserve or contain fr(jm the opinion of the ancients, that the The arteries contained or circnlatetl air. term was also applied to tlie trachea or wind pipe, arlerin aspera. In Ger. lii/l in ader, air-vein, is the name for artery in Swed. Dutch, slag-ader, stroke-vein ;

;

;

A

thi.slle,

arlischoke

Dan.

;

arti.'ikok.]

A plant

action. 2.

chard,

.somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, indtricated and prickly calyx. The head is large, rough and scaly, on an upright stalk. It is coinj)osed of numerous, oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is the eatable part of the plant. Encyc. Miller. The Jerusalem artichoke is a species of sunflower or helianthus. 'ARTICLE, n. [L. articulus, a joint, from arlus ; Gr. apSpor.] 1. A single clause in a contract, account system of regulations, treaty, or other wri-

Dan. jnds-aare, ting ; a particular separate cliarge or item, puls-ader, pldse-^•ein ; in an account; a term, condition, or stip pulse vein, that is, the beating vein.] In short, a distinct ulation, in a contract. cylindrical vessel or tube, which conveys the blood from the heart to all parts of the part of a writing, instrunieut or discourse, body. There are two j)riiici])al arteries consisting of two or more particulars ; a: the aorta, which rises from the left ventriarticles of agreement ; an account concle and ramifies through the whole body sisting of many adicles. and the jndmonan/ artery, which conveys 2. a doctrinal point or point of fiiith tlie blood from the right ventricle to the proposition in theology ; as the thirty-iiitie An artery aiiicles. lungs, to undergo respiration. is composed of three coats ; the outer con- 3. distinct part. sists of condensed cellular mend)rane, and Upon each ar(ic/? of human duty. Paley. is supplied with numerous blood vessels 4. particular commodity, or substance as, and nerves ; the middle coat consists of an article of merchandize ; salt is a necescircular fibers, generally supposed to be sary article. In common usage, this word is a|)])lied to almost nui.scular ; the inner coat, thin, smooth, every separate suband dense, confines the blood within it? stance or material.

A

;

A

A

and

canal,

ARTFUL,

facilitates its

a.

[Sec

.Irl.]

motion. Parr.

art or skill. 2. Artificial, 3.

Cunning; crafty

;

as opposed to natural. Johnson. practicing art, or stratagem;

as an artful boy.

[This is

the

G.

Clarendon. In botany, that part of a stalk or stem,

7.

skilfully

adv.

With

art,

;

as an artful

the,

n.

Art; craft; cunning

?

"• $

Pertaining to joints,

or

to

this,

that,

;

il,

2.

English

to,

in

le,

;

la,

les,

The

tl:

;

which

ARTIIRIT'IS,

3. 4.

lars. [JVot used.] To treat, stipulate or used.]

separate par-

Brown.

Shak.

make

terms.

[.Vot

Shak.

To joint.

Smith. pp. Uttered distinctly in

syllables or words.

Jointed

;

having

joints, as

ARTIC ULATELY,

a plant.

With

adi:

distinct ut-

terance of syllables or words. 2.

Article

by

article

;

in detail.

ARTIC ULATENESS,

The

ii.

Paley. quality of

being articulate.

ARTIC'ULATING, ;>;jr.

Uttering in distinct

syllables or words.

ARTICULATION,

n. In anatomy, the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds 1st, diarthrosis, or a movable connection, including cnarthrosis, or the ball and socket joint artlirodia, which is the same, but more superficial ginglymus, or hinge-like joint and trochoid, or the wheel and axle: 2d, synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins harmony, or union by straight margins .ind gompliosis, like a nail driven in a board, as the teeth in their sockets 3d, symphysis, or union by means of another substance ; as synchondrosis, union by a cartilage ; :

:

;

;

in

pri-

;

;

:

syssarcosis, union by muscular fibres synneurosis, union by a tendon syndesmosis, union by bgaments and synostosis, union by a bony substance.

;

;

;

V.

t.

To draw up

in distinct par-

ticulars; as, to article the eiTOrs or folhes 2.

in

;

ARTIC ULATED, 2.

see.

ARTICLE,

Jointed

ARTICULATE,

;

Italian.

vocal sounds, but have, or very imperfectly, the

Expressed in articles, or ticulars. [Ao< used.]

fiirmed with joints. Botany. r. t. To utter articulate sounds ; to utter distinct syllables or words. 9 To draw up or write in separate particu3.

[ATot in use.]

in

la,

all,

power of articulation.

;

the

gout afiecting the joints. )i. [Gr. op9pirtj, from ap9poi, a joint. It seems to be of the same fam ily as artus, a limb.] In a general sense, any ])ainful disea-se of the joints; but more particularly, the gout, an

mouth and make either not at

mary

address.

ARTHRIT'I€, ARTHRIT'I€AL,

jnomini 111 diftc'rence between the human voice and tli.it of bnitrs. Ihutis ojicn the

use of these adjectives was to convert an indeterminate name into a determinate one or to limit the application of a common name, to a specific, known, or certain individual. But article being an improjier term to express the true signification, I make use of definitive,

or cunning

dextrously.

'ARTFULNESS,

rate,

which is between two joints. JMilne. In grammar, an adjective used before

French ;

of time.

;

Proceeding from art or craft

vening vocal sounds, form what is called sounds ; sounds distinct, sepaand modified by arti
urticuluie

uouns, to limit or define their application; as hie, ille, ipse, in Latin o, jj, to, in Greek

most

.scheme.

'ARTFULLY,

compose the blood. Darwin.

A point

usual sense.] 4.

articles wliich

5.

Drrjdcn.

other, the organs are, or may be opened, and a vowel is uttered, as in attune ; and the difliuent articulation.s, with the inter-

;

The Ci/c.

Performed with

tion or closing of the organs forms a joint or articulation, its in the syllables ab, ad, ap ; in passing from one articulation to an-

jirobably the L. carduus, corru|)ted. D. artichok ; G

is

.syllable

of a man. Taylor.' To accuse or charge by an exhibition ofl " He shall be articled articles. against Stat. in the High Court of admiralty."

2.

Coxe. (^uincy. In botany, the connection of the jiarts of a plant by joints; also the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. Encyc.

hereditary, intermitting disease, usually 3. The forming of words ; a distinct utterafiecting the small joints; sometimes the stomach. ance of syllables and words by the human Core, a3. George III. (^uinaj. ARTHRO'DIA, n. [from apSpou, to frame or 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipu- voice, by means of closing and opening the organs. lation ; as, to article an apprentice to a mearticulate.] 1. 4. consonant ; a letter noting a jointing or chanic. species of articulation, in which the head of one bone is receivecl into the shallow .\RTI€LE, V. i. [supra.] To agree by articlosing of the organs. socket of another; as the humerus and the cles to stipulate. Donne. 'ARTIFICE, Ji. [L. artifcium, from ars, art,

A

A

;

scapula. 2. In natural histori/,

Encyc. a genus of imperfect

'ARTICLED,

pp.

Drawn up in

accused or bound by

articles.

particulars

:

and facio, to make.] Stratagem an arttlil or ingenious device, ;

in

• •

ART

A R U

A

S

B

"ood or bad sense. In a bad sense, it xVRTISAN, J!, s as :. [Fr. from L. ars. Sec by consulting the entrails of beasts slaiii id Art.] ronesponds with trick, or fraud. sacrifice. Qu. Teiit. or/; i/r/"; Eth. 2". Art trade skill acquired by science or An artist one skilled in any art, mystciy or arwe, cattle, and L. specio, to view.] trade a handicratls-man ; a mechanic practice. [Rarely used.] A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business a tradesman. from and ars, \h.
;

A4T

;

;

;

;

'

'

.

,

;

;

;

;

;

I

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AHifidal arguments, in i-hetoiic, are arguments invented by the sijeaker, in distinc tion

from laws, authorities and the

which are

like,

called inartificial argiunents or

Johnson. Artificial lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, whicli, by tlie help proofs.

of the

line

of numbers, solve, with tolerable

exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, &c. Artificial numbers, the same with logarithms. Cliambers. Encyc.

ARTIFICIAL'ITY, artificial;

The

n.

quality of being

appearance of art.

2.

Without guile atfectedly.

naturally

;

;

sincerely

By art, or human hence, with gooc contrivance with art or ingenuity. ARTIFI'CIALNESS, n. The quality of being artificial. ARTIL'LERY, n. This word has no plural. skill

adv.

and contrivance

;

;

[Fr. artilhrie ; It. artiglieria In Fr. aiiilleur, aiiillier,

Sp. arlillea matross to mount cannon. In Arin-

ria.

Sp.

ariillar,

oric, artillen/ is arlilhiry,

In

arlillier.

articlarie.

1.

Norm.

F)-.

;

is

and an

:

arlist

is

artillery is written unites this word

The Armoric

with art, artist, indicating that the jirimary sense is, instnnnents, things formed by art or rather prepared by art, pi-ejiarations.] In a general sense, oftenslve weapons of war. Hence it was formerly used for bows and arrows.

n. [ofGr. apro;, bread, and Tupoj, cheese.] One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, Avho celebrated the eucharist with bread and cheese, alledging that the first oblations of men were not only the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. They admitted females to the priesthood and epis

4.

void of art or guile unaftectedness.

;

copacv.

'.\RTS-MAN,

?i.

A

Encyc. learned man.

Obs.

Shak

/VRUNDE'LIAN,

a. Pertaining to Arundel, as Arundetian marliles. The Arundelian marbles are ancient stones, containins' a chronological detail of the principal events of Greece, from Cecrops, who lived about

1.582 years before Christ, to the archonshij) ofDiognetns, before Christ 2
ARUNDINA'CEOUS, a.

'i.

3.

X.

in pi-eseut usage, appropriately,

Cannon great gims ordnance, including guns, mortars and grenades, with their liu'iiiture of carriages, bails, bombs and shot of all kinds. In a more extended sense, the word includes powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and liorsesthat belong to a train of artillery. including matrosscs, gunners, bombardiers, cannoniers, or by whatever name they are called, with the officers, engineers

ARUS'PEX,

;

The men who manage cannon and mor-

tars,

and (icrsons who siqiply the implements and materials.

artillery witli

Encijc.

[L. arundo, a reeil.]

resembling the reed

[Gr. apspa.] Literally, as authors supi)Ose, a plowed field. According to Herodotus, and Suidas, the arura of Egypt, was a piece of ground fifty feet n.

Others make it a square of 100 square. cubits others of 100 feet. The Grecian aroura was a square measure of half the ;

plethron,

[See Aroura.] Encyc. n.

[L.]

was formerly used for as if. Obs. He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller.

" He M''hile diuing at the same time. trembled as he spoke." But in most of its;

;

resolvable into like, equal, even, uses, or equally, in like manner. In some phrait is

nmst be considered a nominative

it

ses,

otiier words must be supplied. Ajipoint to oflice such men as deserve public confidence." This phrase may be " such men as tliose who deelliptical for serve public confidence." As seems, in some cases, to imply the sense " of projjortion. In general, men are more happy, as they are less involved in pubhc concerns." As, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to such ; give us such things «.s you and in a preceding part of a senplease as with the tence, has so to answer to it people, so with the priest. n. AS, [L.] A Roman weight of 12 ouncesj answering to the libra or pound. A Roman coin, orighially of a pound weight but reduced, after the first Punic in the second Punic war, to two ounces and by the Pajjirian war, to one oimce law, to Jialf an ounce. It was originally stam])ed with the figure of a slieep, sow, or ox and afterwards with a Janus, on one side, and on the reverse, a rostrum oj.' l)row of a ship. 3. An integer a whole or single thing. Hence the English ace. Hence the Romans used the word for the whole inheritance hieres ex asse, an heir to the whole

word, or "

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ARUNDIN'EOUS, a. Abounding with reeds. ARU'RA,

;

;

It

;

AR'TOTYRITE,

And Jonathan gave his artillery to his lad. Pertaining to a reed or cane. 1 Sani. XX.

But

Tlie relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon.

iin3.

n.

Slienstone.

ARTIFI 'CIALLY,

;

Pope.

The

quality of being simphcity ; sincerity

"ARTLESSNESS,

A

Herod. Euterpe.

soothsayer.

;

estate.

ASA,

Encyc.

a corrujrtion of lasar, an ancient

of a gum.

name

[See Ooze.]

ASA-liULCIS,

the .same as benzoin.

ASA-FET'IDA,

n. [Asa,

gum, and L.

f(eti-

dus, fetid.]

A fetid

gum-resin, from tlie East Indies. It is the concrete juice of a large lunbelhferous plant, mucli used in jVIedicine, as au

Dryden. antisiiasmodic. Encyc. also haruspicc. ASBES'TINE, a. [See Asbcslus.] [L. aruspex, or liaruspex, a soothsayer, or Pertaining to asbestos, or partaking of it-? nature and quaUties incombustible. diviner, who attempted to foretell events

ARUS'PICE,

»!.

'

'

A\ritten

;

I

A ASBES'TINITE,

C

S

A ASCEND'ENCY,

[See Jlshestus.] Tlic uctinolitc' or stialilsH'in. Kirwan. Calciferous abestinitc u variety of steatite. n.

Kincan.

A

)

to cxtiiifiuisli.]

ami

itn iilx rs .soiiiotiiiies a|)|(ear

to

across, presents an irregular lilamentuu; Kirwan structure, like wood.

ppr. Rising; moving upproceeding from the less to the greater proceeding frotn modern to anA star cient, from grave to more acute. is said to be ascending, when rising above the horizon, in any parallel of llu! cipiator. Ascending latitude Is the latitude of a planet, when moving towards the North pole. ,1scending node is that point of a planet's or-

It

first,

intestines,

the

lumbricoides.

V. i.

chief

To move

u])War(ls

whether

;

to

mount

in air or

go up

n.

A

festival

;

our

first

To

rise

progenitors. as a star to proceed or come above the horizon. C. In music, to rise in vocal utterance; to pass from any note to one more a<-ute. ASCEND', V. t. To go or move upwards upon, as to ascend a hill or ladder; or to climb, as to ascend a tree.

ASCEN'SIVE,

ASf"END'.\NT,

a.

ASCENT', ].

connnand-

ingiuHucnce as, one man has the ascendant over another. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy, or degrees oi" kindred opposed li) desmidant.

4.

Ilighth; elevation.

4.

a.

Vol.

1.

a.

of

act

[See Acescency, Aces-

I

cent.]

;

Rising

rising

;

upwards,

from Gr. o

[L. ascii,

priv.

AS'CITANS,

A

;

motion

n.

cxia, a shadow.] person, who, at certain times of the year, has no shadow at noon. Such are the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, at times, a vertical siui. Baitet/.

n. [Gr. oaxoj, a bag or bottle of skin.] sect or branch of Montanists, who appeared in the second century. They introduced into their assemblies, certain bacchanwho danced around a bag or skin als, distended with air, in allusion to the bottles filled with new wine. Math ix. Encyc.

n. [Gr. ajxo;, a bladder.] dropsy or tense elastic swelUng of the with fluctuation, fi-om a collection of water. Coxe. earth. Quincy. } The way by which one ascends the ASCIT'I€, Belonging to an ascites ; dropsical hvdropical. moans of ascending. Bacon. ASCIT'I€.'VL, 5 All eminence, hill or high place. ASCITI'TiqUS, a. [L.ascit^; Low L. ascititius ; from ascisco, to take to or assoAddison. ciate.] The degree of elevation of an object, or .Additional added supplemental; not inhethe it makes with a horizontal line

AS'CITES,

.\

belly,

;

rent or original. Homer has been reckoned name.

;

t).<.

[froin the

L. ad certum,

To make precision, guity.

certain;

AS€LE'PIAD,

to define or reduce to

by removing obscurity or ambi-

Tlie divine law ascerfains the trudi. 2.

To make certain, by exixriment, so as to

trial,

Hooker. be-

;

fiire unknown as, to asceiiain the weight of a connnodity, or the puritj' of a metal. To make sure by i)revious measures.

|

AS€RI'BABLE, may

;

3.

The ministry, in order to ascertai}i a majority in (he house of lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett.

14

n.

Maece nas ata

examination or

know what was

an ascititious

Pope. In ancient poetry, a versa of four feet, the first of which is a .spondee, the second, a choriandi, and the last two, dactyls; or of four ti-et and a cesura, the first, a spondee, the second, a dactyl, then the ccsm-a, followed by two dactyls a.s,

ascent.

1.

;

;

Q road has an ascent of fixe degrees. the ri.se of a hill as a steep

Acclivity;

ASCERTA'IN,

;

:

srone to heaven.

;

)

and

A

to a certainty.]

surpassing. i. In astrology, above the horizon. ASCEND'Eb, p//. or a. Risen mounted up;

;

Swift.

rise.

angle

Encyc. Superior predominant ;

The

as, 5.

[Little used.]

Temple. In aslrologij, that degree of the ecliptic

which rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. That part of the ecliptic at any particular time above the horizon, supposed to liave intlucnce on a person's lit!- and fortune. Johnson.

ASCEND'ANT,

;

ASCESSANCY, ASCESSANT,

;

;

3.

;

;

;

3.

;

'J.

Making

/)/),•.

ASCERTA

of some AS'CIAN,

whether in air, water or other fluid, or on elevated objects ; rise ; a mounting upwards; as the owen< of vapors frotn the

That maybe ascended.

n. Superiority or

as-

certain.

certain fixing; establishing; reducing to a certainty obtaining certain knowledge. INMENT, n. The act of asceitahiing a reducing to certaintv certainty fixed rule. Burke.

tending to rise, Journ. of Science. n. [L. ascensusr

or causing to

;

ASCEND'ABLE,

The person who

n.

makes

ASCERTA'INING,

Chambers.

;

a.

;

:

;

certains or

;

;

In a corresponding sense, to proceed in a line towards ancestors as, to ascend to

ASCERTAINED, ASCERTA'INER,

;

water, or upon a

to recur to former ages as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity.

4.

.

:

;

ASCENSION-DAY, to

;

Gibbon

That may be made

a.

certain in fact, or certain to tlic mind that may be certainly known or reduced to a certaintyKerr's Lavoisier. pp. Made certain
ASCET'IC, a. [Gr. aoxr^to^, exercised, hardened from aaxtu, to exercise.] In astronomy, ascension is either right or Right ascension of the sun or of a Retired tioni the world rigid; severe austere star, is that degree of the equinoctial emjiloyed in devotions and mortifications. counted from the beginning of Aries which rises with the sun or star, in a right ASCET'IC, n. One who retires from the .sphere. customary business of life, and devotes Ohlique ascension is an arch of himself to the duties of piety and devotion ; the eipiator, intercepted betwec-n the first a Inuniit a recluse. point of Aries, and tliat point of ihc equator w liicli rises together with a star, in an 'i. The title of certain books, on devout exercises as the ascetics of St. Basil. Johnson. oblique sphere.

christian churches, held ten days or on the Thursday but one, before Whitsuntide, material object. which is called Holy Thursdaj', in com2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed memoration of our Savior's ascension into from an inferior to a sujierior degree, from heaven, after his resurrection. mean to noble objects, from particulars to Asctnsiomd difference is the difference between the right and oblique ascension of generals, &c. 3. To jiroceed from modern to ancient times the same point on tlie surface of the sjihere. to rise,

certained the rule and measure of taxation.

ASCERTA'INABLE,

;

has the same elements as

It

hee;in.\ J.

render invariable, and not sid)ject to will. The mildness and precision of their laws as-

;

[L. ascendo, from scandn, to or climb ; VV. tsgyn, to rise ; cyn,

VSCEND', moimt

human

in th<;

and the

[Vnusiial.] Dryden. willi certainty; 1o

to establish

fix;

ohliijue.

two of the most com-

includes

mon worms

To

authorized.]

•i.

n. ]ihi. ascar'ides. [Gr.] In zoologi),a genus of intestinal worm.s. The body is cylindrical, and tapering at the

ends.

;

ness of our work. 5.

wards;

ASCA'RIS,

nscarides,

certain or confident, followed by a pronoim as, to ascertain i;.sof the gooil-

slantliiig.

be iirisiiiatic crystals. They are sometimes delicate, flexible, and elastic ; at other times, stiff' and brittle. Its ])owder bit, wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed is soft to the touch; its colors are some northward. It is also c-alled the northern sliad(M)f white, pray or green, passinij into node. brown, red or black. It is incombustible, and has been wrought into a soft, ficxibit Ascending vessels, in anatomy, are those which carry the blood u]i«ard or toward cloth, which was formerly used as a shroU( the superior parts of the bodv. for dead bo
C

S

make

4. 'I'o

;

niiiieral, wliicli lias frequently the ii|)pnarstaMco. It isalways

aiice

lilirmis,

A goveniing or

;

ASCE.ND'ING,

[Gr. aaSifoi, inextiiiguisii "iil)le;ofoneg.and(jffEi'>v^i,

I

C

Power

controlling i)ifluein Cusioin has an ascendency over the under Watts.

;

ASBES'TUS, ASBES'TOS,

S

n

vis a.

edite regdius. I

|

[See Ascribe.]

Encyc.

That

be ascribed or attributed.

ASCRIBE, 1.

V. t. [L. ascribo, of ad and .iciibo, to write.] To attribute, impute, orset to, astoacause ; to assign, as effect to a cause ; as, losses

are ot\en to be ascribed to imprudence.

A

S

H

A

% To

attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance to consider or alledf^e to belong ; or imperas, to ascribe perfection to God, Job xxxvi. Ps. •Ixviii. fi'Ction to man.

Job

;

1

Sam.

ASH'-HOLE,

xviii.

lower

A

well

;

tlie

female flower

repositoi^ for ashes

;

the

Mason.

foolish fellow.

AS'ININE,

Common

n.

rarely

come from

AS'INARY,

a. [L. asi-

;

;

;

;

ASHWEDNESDAY. ;

lanceolate The leaves are pinnate, and the capsules grow in clusters. This wood is valuable, and the for fuel, as well as for timber tree, when it grows in an open field, often form?, with its branches, a beaiuiful oval

of

ASINE'GO,

;

;

pistil

usediu chimical

;

is

;

;

;

fire

;

no hermaphrodite calyx, or it is quadripartite and no corol, or it is tetrapetalous. There are two stamens one pistil one seed, contained in a membranous, lanceolate capsule, and tlie

There

A

low

;

Russ. yassen.] tree, of which there are

known

many species.

n.

A

or free stones, as nus ; W. asyn, the ass ; which see.] the quarry, of different Belonging to tlie ass having the qualities of the ass. lengths, breadths and thicknesses. Johnson. 'ASK, V. t. [Sax. ascian, acsian, or axian : ASH'LERING, n. Quartering for lathing D. eischen ; G. heischen ; Ir. ascaim ; Gr; to, in garrets, two or three feet high, |)er o|iou. Qu. Eth. ^("ift- to pray orbeseecli pendicidar to the floor, and reacliing to In former times, the Enghsh word was the under side of the rafters. Enajc «.r, as in the royal style of asASHO'RE, adv. [a, at or on, and shore. See jirononnced " Be it as senting to bills in Parliament. Shore.' it is axed." In Calmuc, asoc signifies to in1. On shore on the land adjacent to water The sense is to urge or press.] quire. ashore. to the shore the as, bring goods to seek to obtain by words 1. To request 2. On land, opposed to abojrd ; as, the cap to petition with of before the person to tain of the ship. remained os/iore. whom the request is made. 3. On the ground as, the shij) was driven Ask counsel of God. Judges xviii. n. The first day of 2. To require, expect or claim. Lent supposed to be so called from a cusTo whom men Jjave committed much, o/him tom in the Romish Chiu-ch of sprinkhng they will ask the more. Luke xii. ashes, that day, on the heads of penitents, 3. To uiterrogate, or inquire to put a questhey

teudal system, who are annexed to the freehold and transferalile with it. Spdman. Lib. JYiger Scaccnrii. ASH, n. [Sax. wsc ; Dan. ask ; Germ, esche ;

D. essche

by a subsequent decision of a superior tribunal as. to set aside a verdict or a judgment. )i. a httle A ass.] [Sp. asnico, feat the eflcct or operation of,

of a furnace.

])art

ASH'LAR,

-VSCRIPTr'TIOUS, o. That is ascribed. This word is applied to villains under the

1.

11.

operations.

Attributed or imputed; /»/). considered or alledged, as belonging. ASCRI'BING,;>;)r. Attributing; imputing; alledging to belong. ASCRIP'TION, n. The act of ascribing, imputing or affirming to belong.

ASK

I

xlii.

ASH'-FIRE,

ASCRI'BED,

S

abhor myself and repent in dust and ashes.

I

is

;

then admitted to penance.

tion, with a view to an answer. n. A plant, the small wild He is of age, ask him. John ix. angeUca, gout-wort, goats-foot, or herb 4. To require, or make claim. Encyc. gerard. Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. to ashes a. ash-color ASHY, Dan. il. Belonging figure and a tliick shade. ed pale inclinuig to a whitish grav. To claim, require or demand, as the price Encyc. Linne. Miller. 'Shak. or value of a commodity to set a price ; 2. The wood of the ash tree. Shak. a. Pale as ashes. ASHY-PALE, as, what price do you ask ? ASH, a. Pertaining to or hke tlie ash made a name a. ASIAN, originally 6. To require, as physically necessarj'. [from ^^sia, of ash. given to Asia Minor or some part of it The exigence of a state asks a mucli longer ASHA'ME, V. t. To shame. [JVot tised.] time to conduct the design to maturity. ))erhaps from the Asses, Ases or Osse: ASHA'JMED, n. [from Sax. gescamian or asabout IMouut Taurus. Mallet, JVbrth. Ant. Addison camian, to be ashamed, to blush, from i. 60. Plin. I). 17.] This sense is nearly or entirely obsolete : scama, shame originally a participle. See Pertaining to Asia. Dryden. Mitford. ask being superseded by require and deShame.] A'SIAR€H, )!. [Asia and apxoi, chief] mand. 1. Affected by shame; abashed or confused A chief or pontiff of Asia one who had K To invite as, to ask guests to a wedding by guilt or a conviction of some crimina tlie superintendence of the public games. or entertainment a^k my friend to step action or indecorous conduct, or by the Acts xix. Milner. into the house. exposure of some gross errors or miscon- ASIAT'I€, a. Belonging to Asia, a quarter ASK, V. i. To request or petition, followed duct, which tlie person is conscious must of the globe which extends from the strait by for ; as, ask for bread ; or without for. be wrong, and which tends to impair lii,of Constantinople and the Arabian gulf, to Ask and it shall be given you. Mat. vii. honor or reputation. It is followed by of. It is jirobatlie Pacific ocean on the east. To inquire, or seek by request ; somebe asha2. and Thou shalt remember thy ways, ble, tlie name was originally a])jMoi)riated times followed by after. med. Ex. xvi. to what is now Asia IMinor or rather a Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel Wherefore dost tliou ask after my name ]iart of it. Hosea x. Gen. xxxii. ASIATIC, ?i. A native of Asia. Q. Confused by a consciousness of guilt or of This verb can hardly be considered as ASIAT'ICISM, (!. Imitation of the Asiatic by the mortification of pride inieriority some person or obM'arton. manner. strictly intransitive, for by failure or tlisajipointraent. See Side.] adv. [a and side. ASI'DE, ject is always understood. ' They shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in \ On or to one side out of a perpendicular Ask is not equivalent to demand, claim, and Isa. xUi. images. or straight direction. require, at least, in modern usage much At a little distance from the main part or less, is it equivalent to beg and beseech. [This ndjeetive always follows its noun.} The first three words, demand, claim, reASHA'MEDLY, adv. B'ashfullv. [Mt used.] body. a. Of a color between ASH-€OLORED, Thou shalt set asule that which is full. 2 quire, im|)ly a right or supposed right in Woodward. brown and gray. the person asking, to the thuig requested ; Kings iv. ASHEN, a. [See^sh.] Pertaining to ash 3. From the body as, to jiiit or lay aside a and beseech iniphes more urgency, than ask. Ask and request imply no right, but supmade of ash. ganiient. John xiii. The numthe n. without singular ASH'ES, |)OSt> the thing desired to be a favor. plu. at a small distance 4. From the company 1). asch ; G French demander is correctly rendered by ber. [Sax. asca ; Goth, azga or in private as when speakers utter asche ; Sw. aska ; Dan. aske Basque, ausask, rather than by demand. something by themselves, upon the stage. [D. schxtins, sloping.] cua.] 5. Separate from the person, mind or atten- ASK'ANCE, I "''"• / ASK' ANT, 1. The obhquely ; Sideways earthy particles of combustible subtion in a state of abandonment. towards one corner of the eye. stances remaining after combustion as of Dryden. Let us lay aside every weight. Heb. xii. wood or coal. ques6. Out of the line of rectitude or propriety, 'ASKED, pp. Requested petitioned 2. The remains of the human body when in a moral view. tioned; interrogated. a who asks burnt. Hence figuratively, a dead body n. One Ps. are all aside. xiv. ASKER, petitioner; gone They or corpse. an inquirer. 7. In a state of separation to a particular Johnson. 3. In scrijdure, ashes is used to denote vilcuse as, to set aside a thing for a future 3. A water newt. adv. [G.schiif; Dan. skiav ; D. ness, meanness, frailty, or hiuniliation. day. I who am but dust and ashes. To set aside, in judicial proceedings, is to dc Gen. xviii. scheef awry, crooked, oblique.]

ASH'-WEED,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

.

;

;

;

;

.'

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

<,

;

;

;

;

;

;

ASKEW

ASP With a wry look

aside

;

ASP

askant

;

sometimes

;

The

indicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser. ppr. Requesting; petitioning; interrogating inquiring. 2. Silently expressing request or desire. Kxplain the asking eye. Pope. ASLA'KE, V. t. [Sax. tmlacian. See Slack.] To remit to slacken. [.Not in use.} Spenstr. silver coin worth from 11.5 ASLA'NI, n.

taste and the stalk is, in some degree, aperient and deobstruent, but not verj' efficacious. Encyc

;

'ASPECT,

Enn/c. .2.

obliquely

;

or with a right Tile

sliaft

;

not perpendicularly

;

I

4.

;

;

o.

iv.

To

fathers

2 Pet.

continue.

fell

asleep,

all

things

and

[«

See

slope.

;

obliquely

;

declivity or descent, as a hill ; decUning from an upright direction. Set them not upright, but aslope. Bacon. ASLUG', adv. In a sluggish manner. [JVot tised.]

Fotherby.

ASMONE'AN,

a. Pertaining to Asmoneus, the father of Simon, and chief of the Asnioneans, a family that reigned over the Jews 126 years. ASMONE'AN, n. One of the family of Asa.

[Gr. o priv.

i.3.

4.

[JVot

;

;

that quality

:

op-

which

Rouglmess to the taste sourness. Rouglmess or ruggedness of temper :

5.

sourness Sharpness. ;

AS'PEROUS,o.

;

and conjunction, when they are

Todd.

V.

To

t.

ASPECT' ABLE,

;

;

mo-

crabbedness. Rogers. Berkeley.

Rough:

[L. asper, rough.]

uneven.

Boyle.

ASPERSE,

t.

i'.

aspers'. [L. aspergo, asper-

ASPECT'ED,

a.

Ha^dng

used.]

ASPECTION,

n.

The

ASP'EN

ASP, Sax. cespe; 3w.

i

n.

asp

[D. esp; G. aspe, aspe ;

Dan. asp

;

;

Qu. from

gashafa, to be agitated.]

species of the poplar, so called from the trembling of its leaves, w hich move with

_

the sliglitest impulse of the air. Its leaves } 'ASP, [L. aspis; Gr. amxts, a round are roundish, smooth, and stand on shield and an asp supposed ASP'lC, ^ long slender foot-stalks. to be from Ileb. and Cli. SOX, to gather in, or collect from the coil of this serpent, ASP'EN, a. Pertaining to the aspen, or rewith his head elevated in the center, like sembling it made of aspen wood. the boss of a buckler.] Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. A small poisonous scri)eut of Egypt and Gay. Libya, whose bite occasions inevitable AS'PER, a. [L. See Asperate.] Rough ;

;

;

;

Bacon. rugged. [Lttlle used.] death, hut without pain. It is said that the celebrated Cleojiatra, rather than be AS'PER, n. [L. aspiro, to breathe.] carried a captive to Rome by Augustus, In grammar, the Greek accent , importing that the letter over which it is placed suffered death by the bite of the asp but the fact has been questioned. Authors ought to be aspirated, or pronomiced as if the letter h ])receded it. are not agreed, as to what species the asp Encyc. of the ancients sliould be referred. Bruce AS'PER, n. Turkish coin, of which three make a niedine. Its value is about a cent thinks it the coluber cerastes, Linne. and 12 decimals. ASPAL'ATHUS, n. plant. "

;

A

A

..

j

and injurious charges to taniish in point of reputation, or good name to slander or calumniate as, to asperse a poet or his writings to asperse a character. ;

;

;

;

To

<-ast

Heywood.

upon.

One

ji.

that asperses, or

vili-

another. JI.

.4

sprinkhng,

asofwater

or dust, in a

Brown.

or

Ar.

;

to spht, divide, .scatter. See Class Brg.] To bespatter with foul reports or false

ASPERSER,

2.

Raleigh. an aspect. [.Vol B. Jonson. act of viewin

[J\ot used.]

of ad and spargo, to scatter

ASPERSION,

[Xot used.] Temple That may be seen

a.

stis,

fies

behold.

[.Yot used.]

'\

in

same degree.

body.] xised.]

unevenness

;

Boyle.

Roughness of sound

grates the ear; harshness ofpronimciation.

aspect, that is, a position which faces or looks to the south. In astronomy, the situation of one planet with respect to another. The a.spects are 1. five ; sextilc, when the planets are 60° distant ; quartile, or quadrate, when their distance is 90°, or the quarter of a circle trine, when the distance is 120°: opposition, when the distance is 180°, or half a 2.

and au^,

Without a material body incorporeal.

[This sense

seeing.

Position or situation with regard to seeing, or that position which enables one to look in a particular direction as, a hou.-e'

ASPECT',

moneus.

ASO'MATOUS,

posed 2.

to smoothness.

roseness

View; sight; act of now unusual.']

the

witl

;

Roughness of surface

}i'arton.

Countenance look, or particular appearance of the face as a mild or severe as-

circle

Slope.]

With leaning or inclination

ITV,

rough.] 1.

;

iii.

or adv.

a.

.ASLO'PE,

ASPER

or look.]

has a southern

;

death. For since the

aspicio, to

.see

Milne.

Encyc.

[See the preceding word.] n. [L. asperitas, from asper,

;

Concerning them who arc asleep, sorrow not. Thess.

from

;

as,

is

a. or adv. [a and sleep, or Sax ge^lapan, to sleep.] Sleeping in a state of sleep at rest. Sisera was fast asleep. Judges iv. 2. To a slate of sleep as to fall asleep. 3. Dead in a state of death. 1

;

;

,3.

ASLEE'P,

4.

view

appearance to the eye or to present an object or a subject in its true aspect, or under a double So we say, public affairs have a aspect. ;

to the touch.

pect.

through his neck aslant

Dryden

1.

I

aiiglo.

drove

in five di\ isions.

ASPERIFO LIOUS, a. Having leaves rough

favorable aspect.

Sec

or adv. [a and slant.

a.

Slant.]

Look

the mind

A

On one side

n. [L. aspectus,

look on, of orf and specie, to 1.

;

ASL'ANT,

Their leaves stand alternately on the stalks, and the flower is monopetalous

seeds.

;

ASKING,

to 120 asj)ers.

ASP

bristly leaves, and equal stipulas. roots have a bitterish mucilaginous

stalk,

literal sense. Shak. The spreading of calumnious reports or charges, which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body W'ith foul water.

Bp. Hall.

ASPH.\LT',

}

ASPHALT

Bitumen

" [Gr.a5ta7.ro;.]

I'M, S Judaicum, Jew's pitch; a smooth, hard, brittle, black or brown substance, which breaks with a polish, melts easily when heated, and when |)ure, burns without leaving any ashes. It has little taste, and scarcely any smell, unless heated, when it emits a strong smell of It is found in a soft or liquid state pitch. on the siu'face of the Dead Sea, which,

from

this substance, is called .Isphaltite, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in the earth, in many parts of Asia, Europe

and America. Formerly, it was used tor embalming dead bodies the solid asjihalt is still employed in Arabia, Egypt, and Persia, instead of pitch for ships and the fluid asphalt is used for varnishing, and ;

:

burning in lamps. A species found in Neufchatel is found excellent as a cement for walls and pavements very durable in .\ coman', and not penetrable by w ater. position of asphalt, lamp black and oil is used for drawing black figures on dialplates. Encyc. JVicholson. ASPHALTIC, n. Pertaining to asphalt, or for

;

t. .Milton. containing it l)ituminous. [L. aspero, from asper, crys- AS'PERATE, V. ASPHALT' ITE, a. Pertaining to or conrough.] To make rough or uneven. Boyle. tainiug asphalt. Bryant, ff'ilford. asparagu juice evaporated to the consistence of ASPERA'TION, n. A making rough. ASPHODEL, »!. [L. and Gr. See Theoph. Lib. 7. Phn. Lib. 21. 17. sirup. They are hi the form of rhoni- ASPERIFO'LIATE, a. [L. \sper, rough, Perhaps it is boidal prisms. Ure and folium, a leaf.] from the root of spud ; Sw. spyd ; Ice. ASPAR'AGUS, n. [L. and Gr. probably Having rough leaves. Plants of this kind spioot, a spear, from the shape of its from ortapoasu, to tear, from its lacerated are, by some authors, classified according leaves.] to this character. appearance, or from the root of aittipa, a They constitute the King's-spear ; a genus of lihaceous plants, spire, from its stem.] cultivated for the beauty of their flowforty-first order of Linne's fragments of a natural method. In the methods of HerSparagus sperage vulgarly, sparrow-grass ers. The ancients planted asphodels near a genus of plants. Thatwhich is cultiva man, Boerhave, and Ray, tliis class congraves, to supply the manes of the dead ted in gardens, has an upright herbaceous sists of plants which have four naked with nourishment. Encyc. Joh7ison.

ASPAR'AgIN, tals

of a

White transparent

n.

peculiar

;

vegetable principle,

which spontaneously form

in

;

;

;

;

ASP

ASS

ASS

ASPIIU'RELATES, n. [Gr. a piiv. and ASPi'RING ppr. Desiring eagerly aiming ASSART', n. [Old Fr. assarfer, to grub up.: at something noble, great, or spiritual. not lualleable.J In ancient laws, the offense of a
;

:

an ardent desire of power, unportance, or in their jim-est state not malleaerts of a forest. Spelman. Cowel. excellence. In their native state, they are mixed 2. tree plucked up by the roots also a with siili)hiir and other adventitious mat ASPI'RIiNG, n. Ambition; eager desire of piece of land r-leared. Ash. Under this denomHammond. ASSART', V. t. To grub up trees to comler, in the form of ore. something great. ination are classed bismuth, antimony, co- 2. Points stops. Herbert. mit an assart. [N'ot used.'] Ashmole. Core. balt, zink ani|i;, |iulse.] A temporary suspension of the motion of A carrying away. In law, the felonious re- One who kills or attempts to kill, by surThe circumstance moval of goods from the ])lace where they the heart and arteries swooning; faintprise or secret assault. of surprise or secresy seems essential to the were deposited, is an asportation, and ad injf. Quincy. Core. ASl* l€, n. The asj), which see. signification of this word though it is Judged to be theft, though the goods are sometimes used to denote one who takes 2. not carried from the house or aiiartnient. piece of ordnance carrying a twelve Blackslone. any advantage, in kiUing or attempting to pound shot. murder as one when una A a n. in adv. by France, attacking ASPIC, ASQUINT', plant growing [D. schuinte, slope armed. schuins, slopingly Sp. esqvina; D. kant, species of lavender, which it resembles in the blue color of its flowers, and in the a corner. See Askance, and Squint.] ASSAS'SINATE, v. t. To kill or attempt to to murIt is To the corner or angle of the kill, by surprise or secret assault figure and green color of its leaves. eye obliquely der Ijy sudden violence. Assassin as a verb called nialc-lavcnder, tu« arfls one side not in the straight line of spica nardi, and is not now used. Pseudo-nardus. The oil of this plant is vision; as, to look asquint. Fox. 2. To way lay to take by treachery. used by painters, farriers and other artili- 2. Not with regard or due notice. MUton It is very inflammable, of a white *ASS, n. [W. asyn ; Ir. asan ; L. asinus ; Fr. cers. murder ormurderer. color and aromatic and it is almost the ane, for asne ; Ann. asen : Sp. Port, asno ; ASSAS'SINATE, n. B. Jonson. Gr. It. asino. [N'ot used.] Qu. from Goth, aiiso, ov{, an only dissolvent of sandarac. JVicItolson. ASSAS'SINATED, pp. Murdered by surFourcroy. ear.] ASPI'RANT, n. [See .isjnre.] One who 1. A quadruped of the equine genus. This prise or secret assault. animal has long slouching ears, a short ASSAS'SINATING, ppr. Miu'dering by aspires, breathes after, or seeks with eager with hairs Faber. a tail covered ness. siu-i)rise or secret assault. Inane, and long He is usually of an ash color, ASSASSINA'TION, n. The act of kiUing al the end. VS'PIRATE, r. t. ]L. aspiro, to breathe or or murdering, by surprise or secret asblow Gr. a5rtat()io, to pal])itate i'romspiro, with a black bar across the shoulders. sault murder by violence. The tame or domestic ass is patient to n. An assassin, which and orfatpu Ar. stujudity, and carries a heavy burden. He ASSAS'SINATOil, safara, to hiss, or is slow, Init very sure footed, and for this a make hissing by blowing on a wind inreason verj useful on rough steep hills. ASS.\S'SINOUS, a. Murderous. [M)t used.] strument. See Spire, Spirit.^ a dolt. 2. ASSAS'SINS, n. In Syiia, a tribe or clan dull, heavy, stupid fellow To pronoimce with a breathing or full emiscalled Isinaelians, Batanists or Batenians. ASS*AI, [Ital.] A term in music ; added to a sion of breath. aspinile the words word signifying slow, it denotes a little They originated in Persia about the year Jiorse and house. 1090 whence a colony migrated and setDryden. quicker and to a word signifying quick, tled on the mountains of Lebanon, and AS'PIRATE, V. i. To be uttered with a it denotes a little slower. Bailey. were remarkable for their assassinations. the letter h t. from L. r. as, strong breathing aspirntes. ASSA'IL, assilio, [I^r. assaittir, Their to leap or rush upon, of ad and salio, to religion was a compound of magiaOne arAS'PIRATE, II. A letter marked wiili aii leap, to rise.] nisin, Judaism, and Christianity. ticle of their creed was, that the asper, or note of breathing a mark of as- To leap or fall upon by violence to assault Holy to attack suddenly, as when one person piration, as the Greek accent Spirit resided in their Chief, and that his orders liom God himself. He falls upon another to beat him. proceeded Bentley. AS'PIRATE, a. Pronounced with a fidl 2. To invade or attack, in a hostile manner, was called Scheik, and is better known by breath. the denomination of Old man of the niounHolder. as an army, or nation. Spenser. tain. This barbarous chieftain and his with 3. To attack AS'PIRATED, pp. Uttered with a strong arguments, censure, abuse,; followers spread terror among nations far or criticism, with a view to injiu'e, bring emission of breath. and near, for almost two centuries, when AS'PIRATING, j,pr. Pronouncing with a into disrejiute. ur overthrow. the tribe was subdued by Sultan Bibaris. 4. To attack, with a view to overcome, by full breath. Encyc. ASPIRA'TION, n. The pronunciation of a motives ajiplied to the passions. Nor hide the encounter of assailing eyes. ASSA'TION, n. [Fr. from L. assatus.] letter with a fidl emission of breath. Skak. roasting. [jVb< used.] Holder. fire,

ami

A

ble.

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

.

;

A

;

We

;

;

;

;

;

'

;

.

A

2. 3.

A

breathing after an ardent wish or deWatts. sire, chiefly of spiritual blessings. The act of aspiring or of ardently desiring what is noble or spiritual. ;

ASPI'RE,

V.

i.

[L. aspiro, to breathe.

See

Aspirate.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; to pant after an object, great, noble or spiritual ; followed l)y to or after: as to aspire to a crown, or after innnortality. 2. To aim at something elevated ; to rise or tower with desire.

Aspiring to be Gods, if angels fell Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.

aims

who

n. One to rise in power

ASPI'RER,

to accomplish

some

aspires

;

ASSA'ILABLE,

a.

That may be

assailed,

attacked or invaded.

ASSA'ILANT,

One who

ASSAULT',

n. [Fr. assnult,T,wiv assaut; It. Port, assalto; Sp. asalto; from L. assulto,

of ad and

sallo, to leap, fonned on salio, or See Assail. have the same root in insult and result.] 1. An attack or violent onset, whether invading with violence. by an a or an army. An ASSA'ILEI), pp. Assaulted invaded at individual, company, tacked with violence. assault by private persons may be made with or without weapons. An assault by ASSA'JLER, n. One who assails. ASSA'ILING, ppr. Assaulting invading an army is a violent hostile attack and when made upon a fort or tbrtified place is bv force attacking with violence. >i. Attack. used. called a storm, as opposed to sap or siege. ASSA'ILMENT, [Little Johnson. 2. All attack by hostile words or measures; ASSAPAN'I€, n. The flying squirrel an as, an assault upon the jirerogatives of a animal which flies a little distance by exprince, or upon a constitution of government. tending tlieskin between the fore and him Trevoux 3. In Late, an unlawful setting upon one's legs. [See S(/uirret.] an atteiu|>t or ofl'er to beat anAS'SARON, 11. The omer or homer, a He)ierson brew measure of five pints. Encyc other, without touching his person ; as by n.

[Fr.]

assails,

attacks or assaults.

ASSA'ILANT,

a.

its root.

Assaulting;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Pope. ;

one who

or consequence, or important object. Milton

We

attacking;

;

ASS

ASS

ASS

seems to be this: assent is the agreement or a cane, in a flireateniug ASSECURA'TION, n. As.surance; a maklifting to an abstract If the blow aimed takes effect, inaaner. Bp. Hall. assr'tt to ing secm-e. [JVot used.] proposition. a statement, but we do not consent to it. Blacksione. Finch. ASSE€U'RE, V. t. To secure. it is a hritlery. [.Vol used.] BuUokar. Consent is an agreement to some ASSAULT', i;. /. To attack or fall upon hy proposal An ob- or measure which affects the rights as, ASSECU'TION, n. [L. assequor.] or inviolence, or with a hostile intention terest of the conseiner. to assault a man, a house or town. taining or acquiring. Ayliffe. consent to a. See AssemUc] 8. To invade or fall on with force as, the ASSE.M'ULAt;!:, n. [Fr. This distinction proposal of marriage. \ collection of individuals, or of particular howe\er is not always observed. [See cry of war assnults our ears. 3. To attack by words, arguments or un things the state of being assembli^d. Consent.] Locke. Thomson. 3. Accord agreement. 2 Chron. xviii. friendly measures, with a view to shake, 2. Rarely, the act of assembling. ASSENT', !'. i. To admit as true ; to agree, impair or overthrow ; as, to assault a charASSEiNrBLANCE, n. Representation an yield or concede, or rather to e\i)ress an acter, the laws or the administration. ASSaULTABLE, a. That may be assault- assembling. [A'ot in use.] Sliuk. Spenser. agreement of the mind to what is alledged, fVitiiams. ASSEM'BLE, v. t. or proposed. ed. [Fr. assembler; Sw The .Jews also assented, saying these ASSAULT'ED, pp. Attacked with force, samla ; Dan. samter D. zamelen ; Ger things are so. Acts xxiv. sammetn, to assemble. L. simul ; Dan. arms, violence, or hostile views. It is sometiiucs used for sammen ; D. zamen, together.] consent, or an agreeASSaULT'ER, 71. One who assaults, or vio to something ment To number of individuals or the collect a attacks. atTecting parrigirts or l(!nlly ASSaULT'ING, ppr. Attacking >vith force, ticulars into one place, or body to bring interest of ilie per.son assenting. But to assent to the marriage of a or call together to convene ; to congre or with hostile measures. daughter is less correct than to coiisent. Port, enfssai; ASSA'Y, n. tlie

fist

We

;

We

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

[Fr.

saio

It. sagg-io,

;

Sp.eiuayo; an assay ; Fr. essayer,

gate.

to

old Fr. essoycr, to endeavor. Kelham's It. assaggiare, to try saggiarc. to try, essay Sp. eiisayar, to try Sw.fbrsbto kia, try Dim.forsiiger, to try, examine, endeavor. These words are all from the same root as st(k, the radical sense of try

ASSEM'BLE, gether

;

^urm. Did.

;

which Sax.

is,

to follow, to urge, press or strain seek ; L. sequor ; asseijuor, to

secaii, to

Dan.

examine; D. zoeken

;

(i.

Ir.

seguir, radically

one word but modern usage has appropriated assay to cx))eriments in metallurgy,

;

and essay

to intellectual

Class Sg. See Essay.] of the goodness, purity, weight, value, &c. of metals or metallic substan ces. Any operation or experiment for as certaining the quantity of a precious metal in an ore or mineral. Analysis is a term

The

3.

together.

1.

2.

n.

A

collection or

to,

meeting

or admits.

!\SSENT'1NG,

x.

[Sp. asamblea ; It. assem blea ; l''r. assembles.] comi)any or collection of individuals, in the same place ; usually for the same pin-

ting as true

n.

A

;

ppr. Agreeing to, or admityielding to. adv. In a manner to ex-

ASSENT'INGLY, ])ress assent

;

by agreement. a. Assent ; Brown.

ASSENT'MENT, [Rarely used.]

A

agreement.

congregation or religious society conve .4.SSERT', v.t. \h.asstro,assertum, to claim or challenge, to maintain or assert ol' ad ned. and sero. The sense of sero is to sow, In some of the United States, the Icghlatiirc, properly to throw or set. To assert is to consisting of difterent houses or branches, throw or set firmly.] whether in session or not. In some states. the popular branch or House of Represent- 1. To affirm positively to declare witli assurance to a\ er. atives is denominated an asseynbly. Milton. [See 2. To maintain or defend by words or measthe constitutions of the several states.] A collection ofjiersons for amusement; ures to vindicate a claim or title to a.s, to assert our rights and liberties. as a dancing assembly. Dryden. A convocation, convention or council of ASSERT'ED, pp. Afiirmed positively; maintained vindicated. ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery as the General Assembly ASSERTING, ppr. Declaring with confidence maintaining defending. of Scotland or of the United States. Encyc. ASSER'TION, n. The act of asserting the In armies, the second beating of the drum maintaining of a claim. before a march, wlien the soldiers strike 2. Positive declaration or averment affirm-

0.

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

G. rarely used. [See Essay.] Obs. 4. Value great purity. Spenser. their tents. ASSA'Y, IK t. To try or prove, by examina Encyc tion or experiment, the quantity and pu- 7. An assemblage. [.Vo< in use.] rity of metallic substances. ASSEM'BLY-ROOM, ji. room in whicl 2. To apply to the touchstone. Milton persons assemble. ASSA'Y, r. i. To attempt, try or endeavor. ASSENT', ?i. [L. assensus, from assentior, He assayed to go. 1 Sam. "xvii. to assent, of n^. Examined; tested; prov- mind, sense; D. zin, mind zinnen, to feel or mind G. sinn, sense sinyien, to thmk ed by experiment. ASSA'YER, n. One who examines metals or consider. The Danes preserve the ;

a

;

Brown. position advanced. ASSERT'IVE, a. Positive ; affirming confideatlv GlanviiU. peremptory. ASSERT' I VELY, adv. Affirmativelv. ation

An offi-

;

BedeU. ly

consonant, sind, mind, sense, inclination W. syn, sense syniau; to perceive.] The act of the mind in admitting, or agreeing to, the truth of a proposition. ;

1.

;

claim tor.

;

OR,

71.

who

one

One who

affirms positive-

maintains or vindicates a

an affirmer, supporter, or vindicaDryden.

.ASSERTORY,

o.

Affirming

;

maintaining.

Bp. Hall.

;

asseoir ; Norm, asser, asseoir, to settle, fix, ascertain, assess ; It. assestare, assettare ; L. assideo, ad and sedeo ; Eng. to sit, or set. See Set and Sit.]

ASSESS',

final

is to try

;

ASSERT

;

;

;

cer of the mint, whose business the weight and purity of metals.

A

;

now

purity.

from

;

."?.

;

and

[L. assenfatio,

opinion of another, from

(lattery or dissinadation. Chesterfield. n. flatterer.

ASSENTA'TOR,

I)ose.

;

to find their quantity

llic

n.

Heb.

-ASSEM'BLY,

4.

Assaying is called the docimnstic art. laiv, an examination of weights and measures by the standard. Cowel. Examination trial effort first entrance In these upon any business attempt. are found in which old authors, senses, ;

n.

nssentor, to comi)ly.]

;

In

;

ASSENTATION,

pp. Collected into a body;

ASSEM'BLING,

to

2.

to

One who assembles. ASSENTATO'RILY, adr. With adulation. Bacon. ASSEMBLING, ppr. Coming together; [J'l/'of in rise.] ASSENT'ER, H. One who as.sents, agrees collecting into one place.

trial

of more comi>rehensive import, extendiii; an examination of the nature and t(uan tities of all parts of the compound.

come

congregated.

and bodily

efforts. 1.

or

Compliance with

ASSEiM'BLER,

surhcii;

seichim ; It. seguirt ; Sp. to follow, .issay and essay are

.•liiger ;

To meet

convene, as a number of indi

ASSEM'BLED,

;

follow, to

i.

viduals.

;

;

to

;

v.

;

V.

t.

[Fr.

To set, fix or charge a certain sum upon one, as a tax as, to assess each citizen in due proportion. agreement proposal, res- 2. To value to fix the value of property, for the purpose of being taxed as by the pecting some right or interest as, the bill ness of the precious metals. before the house has the assent of a great law of the United States. Also, to value or fix the profits of business, for the purASSE€U'RANCE, n. Assurance. [M>t majority of the members. Sheldon The oistinctioD assent between and consent used.] pose of taxation. ppr. Trying by some standexamining by experiment, as metals proving attempting. ASSAY-MASTER, n. Anassayer; an officer appointed to try the weight and fine

ASSA'YING, ard

;

Faith

:

is

2.

Consent

;

1.

the assent to any proposition, on the

credit of the proposer.

;

;

Locke.

to a

;

;

;

ASS To

;!.

or ascertain

set, fix

;

ASS it is

as,

ince iifajiny to awess Janiages.

ASSRSS',

Assessment.

n.

ASS

zeal, and observed the traditions, elders. From these sprung the

of great

tho prov-

the Pharisees and Essenes.

fif

Eneyc. [L. assideo, assidens, of ad

[J\'ot iised.]

ASSESS'ABLE, a. Tiiat may be assessed. VS'SIDENT, a. ASSESS'ED, pp. Cliarged with a certain and sedeo, to sit.] sum valued ASSESS'ING,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

Carew.

ors.

n. A valuation of property or ))rofits of business, for tlic purpose of taxation. An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum cerIt may be a tain or determined by law. direct charge of the tax to be paid or a valuation of the property of those wlio are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay on wliich valuation the law imposes a specific sum upon a given amount. Blackstone. Laws of the U. Slates.

ASSIDUTTY,

ASSESS'MENT,

;

;

9. 3.

A tax or specific sum charged on the person or property. Tlie act of assessing the act of determining the amount of damages by a jury. ;

ASSESS'OR,

One appointed

n.

the person or pro])erty.

An

2.

who

inferior officer of justice,

assist the

judge.

One who

3.

sits

assai,

n. phi.

[Fr. assez,

enough, or

many

;

'2.

;

enough

;

to

)

,

S

_

[L. ad,

Sax. si«enan

;

fron

and the Teuto

Goth, ^loncan, to

;

n. Positive affirmation

solemn declaration.

Tli

not, generally, if ever, used for a declaration under an official oath, but for is

a declaration accompanied with solemnity.

ASS-HEAD, like the ass

and head.] One dull one slow of apjirchension or

CHASIDE'ANS.

[Ileb.

nnn .\

pious.] sect of Jews who resorted to Maltaihias to fight for the laws of their God and the liberties

of their country. They were

3.

n.

An

;

appointing

:

specially.

an ap-

allotting, or

to a particular person or use. transfer of title or interest by writing, as of a lease, bond, note, or bill of ex-

A

The

writing by which an interest

is

trans-

ferred. 4.

_ 5.

a seat, a con L. assideo.]

contract or convention between the king' of Spain and other powers, for turnishing slaves for the Spanish dominions in South America. Treaty between G. B. and Spain,\

The appointment or designation of causes or actions in court, for trial on particular days. In law, the conveyance of the whole interest which a man lias in an estate, usuIt differs from a ally for life or years. lease, which is the conveyance of a less term than the lessor has in the estate.

Z. Swift.

n. An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest ; as the March 2(J, 1713. assignor of a bill of exchange. 1'. t. assine. [Fr. assigner ; Sp.; ASSIMILABLE, a. That may be assimiPort, assinar ; It. assegnare ; L.I lated.

ASSIGNOR',

|

ASSI'GN, asignar

;

assigno, of ad and signo, to allot, to out ; Ir. sighin ; L. signum, a mark.

primary sense of sign 1.

is

mark ASSIM'ILATE,

The

to sen
1.

To

v.

I.

[L. assimilo, of ad

and

See Similar.] a likeness

;

to cause to

resem-

;

Gen.

To

substances, tlesh, chyle, blood, &c.

xlvii.

designate or appoint for a particular

ASSIM'ILATE, v. i. To become similar. To be converted into a like substance.

])urpose.

2.

They assigned Bezer,

Bac07i.

a city of refuge. Josh.

XX. .3.

simitis, like. bring to

To allot to ap|)oiiit or grant by distribu-i ble. Swifl. tion or apportionment. 2. To convert into a like substance ; as, food The priests had a portion assigned them. is assimilated by conversion into animal

To

ASSIM'ILATED,

as an asspecify or designate signed quantity. To make or set over to transfer, sell or as by indorsing a note, convey, by writing, or by any writing on a separate paper. To alledge or show in particular as, to assign a reason for one's comhict. In taw, to show or set forth with ])articu-] to as, to assign error in a Avrit larity fix,

;

ness

;

pp.

cliange
a

Brought to a

like-

like substance.

ppr. Causing to resemble ; converting into a like substance. 4. ; ASSIMILA'TION, n. Tlic not of bringing to a resemblance. 2. The act or process by which bodies con5. ; vert other bodies into t!ieir own nature and substance ; as, tianie assimilates oil, 0. and the food of animals is by assimilation ; ; converted into the substances which comas.iign false judgment. their bodies. ASSI'GN, n. A person to Avliom property or, pose an interest is or may lie transferred ; as, a[ Mineral assimilation is the property which substances possess, in the earth, of a])])rodeed to a man and his heirs and assigns. iiriuting and assimilating to themselves ASSl'GNABLE, a. That may be allotted,i other substances with which they are in appointed or assigned. contact a property which seems to be the as 9. That may be transferred by writing basis of the natural history of the earth. an assignable note, or bill. of cona. ASSIM ]

ASSIM'ILATING,

1

[

;

[

;

a blockhead.

ASSIDE'ANS

showing

;

n. [«5S ;

;

ppr. Allotting

change.

|

;

agreement

assigns, or ap-

pointment 2.

;

;

It.

Fotherby

ty.

word

;

;

ASSIGNMENT,

;

tract or

swear, to aflirm positively.] affirm or aver positively, or with solemni-

or assertion

ASSI'GNING, transferring

Sax.j

geiit application. n. [Sp. asiento,

To

ASSEVERA'TION,

;

;

L. sat, satis,

assevero,

assirfeo,^

to sit

Eng.

;

;

;

A

or goods of the deceased, or debts due to him, which come into the hands of the executor or administrator, or which he is bound to collect and convert into money. Blackstone.

;

ad and sedeo

One who

}t.

points.

Constant in application as a person 05siduous in his occujiatiou. Attentive careful regular in attendance as an assiduous physician or nurse. 3. Performed with constant diligence or at tention as eissiduous labor. ASSID'UOUSLY, adv. DUigeiitly atten with earnestness and care with tively regular attendance. ASSID'UOUSNESS, n. Constant or dih-

Assets are rfoi! or personal : real assets are lands which descend to the heir, sub-

nic Sioear

close,

1.

cies.

ASSEVERATE,

sit

ASSI'GNER,

sittan, settan.]

ject to the fulfilment of the obligations of the ancestor; personal assets are the money

ASSEV'ER,

;

;

dered with zeal and constancy. ASSID'UOUS, a. [L. assiduus, from

Ir. sath, suffi-

;

sasadh, satisfaction

;

Constant or close application to any business or enterprise diligence. Addison. Attention attentivcness to persons. Assiduities, in the plural, are services ren

ASSIENT'O,

in dig.Milton.

ciency enough.] (ioods or estate of a deceased person, suflicient to pay the debts of tlie deceased. But the word siifficient, thougli expressing the original signification of assets, is not with us necessary to tlie definition. In present usage, assets are tlie money, goods or estate of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and lega;

ttous.] 1.

sits to

Enci/c.

by another, as next

nity.

ASSETS',

to assess

n. A per.son to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed to do some act, perform some business or enjoy some right, privilege or as an assignee of a bankrupt. property An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by law as an executor. Coivel.

ASSIGNEE',

SeeAssid-

[h. assiduitas.

}(.

;

;

set fixed ascertained. Assident signs, in medicine, are such as usually attend a disease, but not always; disppr. Cliargin? with a sum vaUiing fixing ascertaining. tinguished from pathognomic signs, which ASSES SION, n. sitting down by a per- are inseparable from it. Encyc. son. ASSID'UATE, a. Daily. [.Yot in use.] [JVot used.] a. to K. Charles. assessASSES SIONARY, Pertaming ;

time and place for meeting used chiefly of love-meetings. 2. A inaking over by transfer of title. [See Assignment.] 3. In Russia, a public note or bank bill paTooke. per currency. ASSI'GNED,/)/). Appointed; allotted; made over shown or designated.

3.

That may be or

cision, error.

AS'SIGNAT, France

;

specified,

shown with

pre-,

designated; as an assignable, n.

A

ptdilic

paper currency.

men ASSIGNA'TION,

n.

An

note or

LATIVE,

Haviiig power verting to a likeness, or to a like substance. Hakewill.

ASSIM'ULATE, hill

iiv

Burke.l

appointment

of

feign.

i-.

[.Vo< used.

ASSIMULA'TION, [.Vo< used.

(.

[L.

assimulo.]

To

See Simulate.] n.

A

counterfeiting See Simulation.]

A

ASS

ASS

S 8

Regulated in weight, measure or price, by an a.ssize or o^hllanc(^ Riiss. siju, to .«it, ov In' placed Sp. nsistir ; It. assi.itere ; Fr. assisler. Lit- A.SSI'ZEH, n. An officer who has the care or of to be s-till say in or as we inspection weights and measures. erally, present,

ASSIST', V. stand up

t.

[L. assisto, ofail

and

sislo, In

;

;

English, to stand hy.] help to aid to siuu.'or to give support in some undfrtaking or effort, or in time of distress.

To

;

;

;

to

ASSIST',

V.

ASSrZED, ;)/).

{.

To

ASSIST' ANCE, n. Help

aid furtherance succor a contribution of support in bodily strengtli or other means.

der.

;

;

;

support

;

«.

Helping

;

One

I

assiiciatiijii (jf

a.ss.

Gotver.

The

quality of being the (luality of of suffering being affected by the affections of another Darwin. part of the body. )i.

association

clergymen.

Sidney. ASSO'CI,\'J']\E, a. Ibning the quality of unassociating, or of being ulli'cted by sympa-

To keep

rSee Sober.]

Darwin. Milltr. [Old Fr. from L. absoUo.]

thy.

ASSOIL',

To sohe

;

r. I. ;

to release

;

absoh e. Obs. Mede. Taylor.

to

some change by sympathy, or

Hale.

wlio aids, or who contributes liis strengtli or other means to further the designs or welfare of another; an auxiliary. Drydtn. n.

t.

\JVot used.]

capable of

lending aid or

auxiliary.

ASSIST'ANT,

V.

ASSOCIABIL'ITV,

;

ASSIST'ANT,

affairs, a society of the clergy, consisting of a ijumber of i)astors of heii'hhoring churches, united l(>r proihi; interests of rcdigicju and the moting Chambers.' liarmonv of the churches. In .ScoWanrf, a juror. Bailey. ASS0(;iA'T10NAJ,, a. Pertaining to an

ASSI'ZOR, ji. VVSS-LIKE, a. Resenjbling an

ASSO'BER,

lend aid.

In ecclesiastical

6.

ASSO'CIABLE, a. That may ciate.]

assdshable.

[See j]ssobe joined to or asso-

r.

t.

To

[Fr. souilhr.]

soU

;

to

Obs.

stain.

AS'SONANCE,

n.

sono, to sound.

[Fr.

from L. ad and

See Sound.]

Resemblance of

ciated. 2.

ASSOIL',

In a medical sense, liable to be affected to receive from other

.sounds. In rhetoric and poa resemblance in .sound or teruiina-

etry,

by sympathy, or

tion,

To join in company, as a friend, compan ion, partner or confederate ; as, to associate others with us in business, or in an enter-

ad and

without making rhyme. Encyc. parts correspondent feelings and aft'er-- AS'SO.N AiN'i', a. Ha\ing a resemblance of ASSIST'ER, n. One that lends aid. " The tions. soMiuls. In Spanish poetry, a.'tsonanl stomach, the most associaASSIST'ING, ppr. Helping; aiding; supble of all the organs of the animal body." are those in « hich a resemblance rhymes porthig with strength or means. (d' sounds .serves Med. R
ASSIST'ED,/);). Helped; aided.

;

ASSI'ZE, ASSl'ZES,

[Fr. assises,

S

so written in English

;

1.

L

ad and sedeo, to sit See ^l.isess.'i Originally, an assembly of knights and oth er substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public busines. The word was sometimes assideo, to sit by, of Ir. siasair, a session.

1.

and sometimes

)

;

prise. It 2.

To

conveys the idea of intimate union. unite in the same mass as, particles :

of matter associated with other substances

ASSO'CIATE, V. i. To unite in company to keep company, hiiplying uitimacy as, a)>phed to the general council, or lyitienacongenial minds are disposed to associate gemote, of England. To unite in action, or be affected by the 2. Blackstone. Glanville. action of a dilferent part of the body. !2. court in England, held in every county Darwin by special commission to one of the judg- ASSO'CIATE, a. Joined in interest or i)ures, who is called a justice of the asshe, and Milton. pose confederate. empowered to take assizes, that is, the 2. Joined in employment or office as an verdict of a jury, called the assize. associate }uilj^e. 3. A jury. In this sense the word was ap- ASSO'CIATE, n. one companion plied io the grand assize, for the trial of frequently in company with another, improperty, and to tlie petty assize, for the a mate a plying intimacy or equality trial of possession. In Scotliiml, the a.ssize fellow. consists of Hileen men, selected from a 2. A partner in interest, as in business ; or a greater number. contederate in a league. 1. writ as an assize of novel disseisin, 3. companion in a criminal transaction which is given to recover the possession an accomplice. of lands, tenements, rents, conmion, &c., fVSSO'CTA'TED, pp. United in company or of which the tenant has been lately disin interest joined. seised assize of mart rf' ancestor, w liich lies ASSO'CIATESHIP, n. The .state or office against an abator, who enters upon land of an associate. Encyc. art. Reynolds. after the death of the tenant, and before ASSO'CIATING, ppr. Uniting in company the heir enters assize of darrein presentor in interest joining. ment, which lies against a stranger who The act of associating; ASSOCIA'TION,»i. presents a clerk to a benefice. Blackstone. union connection of persons. 5. particular species of rents, estabhshed 2. Union of in a company a society persons and not subject to be varied. Eyig. Law. formed for transacting or carrying on 6. The time or place of holding the court of some business for mutiral advantage a assize. It is often applied to a union partnershi]). 7. In a nwre general sense, court of any jusof states or a confederacy. tice. 3. Union of things apposition, as of parti8. statute of regulation an ordinance cles of matter. regulating the weight, measure and price 4. Union or connection of ideas. An assoof articles sold in market and hence the ciation of ideas is « here two or more ideas word came to signify the weight, measure constantly or naturally follow each other or price itself; as the assize of bread. in the mind, so that one almost infallibly Spelman. Cowel. Encyc. Blackstone. produces the other. Encyc. This word is, in a certain sense, now 5. An exertion or change of some extreme into which see. size, corrupted part of the sensory residing in the muscles ASSI'ZE, I', t. To fix the weight, measure or organs of sense, in consequence of some or price of commodities, antecedent or attendant fibrous contracby an ordinance or regulation of authority. tions. Daruin.

;

;

A

;

;

A

;

;

A

;

A

;

To

1.

;

;

;

I

'

;

i

;

A

;

;

;

into

and

in

classes

;

dance with

2.

;

to suit.

pp.

Mitford. Distributed into sorts,

kinds or classes. Furnished with an assortment, or with a Burke. variety as a well assorted store. ;

ASSORT'ING,

ppr. Separating into sorts supplying with an assortment. ASSORT'MENT, n. The act of distributing into sorts, kinds or classes, or of selecting

and suiting

2.

3.

;

things.

A mass or quantity distributed into kinds or sorts; or a number of things assorted. A number of things of the same kind, varied in size, color, quality, price, Ibrm, or the like, to suit the market, the wants of people, or various purposes ; as an assort-

;

;

and distribute

seiiarate

ASSORT'ED,

ment of thread, of silks, of calicoes,

;

A

sorlir, sortire, to sully forth, lots. See Sort.]

draw

things of the like kind, nature or quality, or things which are suit(^d to a like purIt is sometimes aj)plied to persons pose. as well as things. 2. To fiunish with all sorts. Burke. ASSORT', I'. 1. To agree to be in accor-

An

;

,

to

It.

&,c.

W.

assor/me»!( of paintings.

Coxe.

A

variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands or purposes ; as an assortment of goods. Mercantile Usage. ASSOT', r. t. [See Sot.] To infatuate ; to besot. [j\rot used.] Spenser. 4.

v. t. [This word a|)pears to be formed on the G. schwach ; D. zwak, weak ; or on D. zagt, soft, gentle, quiet, which coincides with the Sax. swig, silence

ASSUA'GE,

;

swigan, to be silent whence gesuigean, to he silent D. zwygen, id. In Sax. also, is to cease, I'ail, rest, be quiet. ;

;

gesivican,

But the Dutch word for assuage is verzagten, to soften.] soften, in afgurative sense ; to allay, mit-

To

igate, ease or lessen, as pain or grief; to

appease or pacify, as passion or tumult. In strictness, it signifies rather to moderate, than to quiet, tranquihze or reduce to perpeace or ease. ASSUA'GE, I', i. To abate or subside. fect

The waters assuaged. Gen.

viii.

i!at I

sjpiisc

tlie

aiiprclipml

were rlieckcd;

llel).

ASSUAIPT',

llm watersi

i.-,

;

;

eased

Sliligation

The

1.

9.

ment.

ASSUA'ciER,

One who

)!.

which mitigates or

allays

;

And hereby we

assimied.

?!.

him. 4.

[L. assumplio.]

act of taking to one's self.

that

(J.

eliis, p.
habit

ctssnesco, to

habitual use.

;

V.

t.

loss.

A

To

lake or take upon one.

It differs

Po])e.

ASSUMP TIVE,

undertake or promise himself,

as,

;

and |iromised

A

full

;

state of being

confidence.

HakewUI. assures; one who an insurer or under-

One who

»!.

insures against loss writer.

Romish ASSU'RING, dent

Encyc.

;

or

may

IMaking sure or conficonfirming. [See Jlssuage.]

ppr.

ffiving security

;

ASSVVA'GE. AS'TACITE,

be assu-

is

Taking

ppr. ;

;

I

assu-

;

is

just

;

;

haughty

1,.

assumo.]

a promise or imdertaking, founder on a consideration. This promise may be verbal or w litten. An assumpsit is express »r implied; express, wlien inatle in word;or writhig implied, when in consequence of some benefit or consideration accruin TO one person from the acts of another, the law presumes that person has jjromised to In this case, the iTiake compensation. law, upon a ])rinciple of justice, implies or raises a promise, on which an action may be brought to recover the compensation. contracts with B to build a Thus if house for him, by implication and inlendment of law, promises to pay B foi- the same, without any express words to that

Firm persuasion

full

confidence or trust

;

Let us draw near wilh a true heart, cr.s.sio7/^icc

3.

of

faith.

Hcb.

Firmness of mind

;

;

a. Radiated ; [Supra.] presenting diverging rays, like a star as Cleaveland. ;

x.

asterialed sai))iliire.

ASTE'RIATITE, n. Petrified asterias. AS'TERISK, n. [Gr. ayeptaxos, a little star,

Knolles is

as, his

tiv.m ofiyp, a star.] figure of a star, thus,*, used in printing a reference to a passage or

The

and writing as

intolerable.

note

Freedom from excessive modesty, timidity or bashfiilness

;

loss. 7.

!9. I

ASSU'RE,

V.

2.

An

The

ashu're.

[Gr.

fill

artpiff^os,

the space

a

little star,

a sign in the zodiac.

figures of the twelve asterisms.

As. Researches. asterisk, or

mark of reference.

[This

is less proper.]

AS'TERITE, or ASTERN', adv.

and of final t.

n.

af/ip, a star.] constellation ;

A

[i?ec Insurance.]

writing or legal evidence of the conBlackstone TiUotson Conviction. In f/ifo/ogi;, full confidence of one's intersalvation. [Fr. assurer.

the margin, or to is omitted.

name

from 1.

Any

est in Christ,

a

AS'TERISM,

veyance of projierty. l8.

in

when

laudable confidence.

Conversation with the world (vill give then Locke knowledge and assurance. Insurance ; a contract to make good ;

A

a star.] Stella

ajjjp,

ASTE'R1.\TED,

in full

undoubting steadi-

Excess of boldness; impudence; assurance

[Gr.

;

;

;

4.

}

marina, sea-star, or star ^ a genus of the order of Molluscas. It has a depressed body with a coriaceous is composed of five or more segcoat ments running out from a central part, and furnished with numerous tentacles, with a mouth below, in the center. There are many species. Encyc. fi.sh,

ness intiT])idity. Brave uicn meet danger with assurance.

;

effect.

;

freedom from doubt certain expectation the utmost certainty.

;

Jonson.

/««',

A

numerous.

ASTE'RIAS, AS'TER,

xvii. "2.

arrogant.

ASSU'MING, ASSUMP'SIT,

The act of assuring, or of making a decla ration terms that furnish groimil of confidence ; as. I trusted to his assurances ; or the act of furnishing any ground of full confidence. Whereof he hath given ossurnnce to all men, in tliat he hath raised him from the dead. Actf

m

Taking or disposed to tak

n. Presumjiticm. n. [Fret, tense of

with compound flowers, many of wliicli are cultivated for their beauty, particularly The species are very the Cliina Aster.

ed.] 1.

an arro-

arrogating

and gammarolites.

ites,

ashu'rance.

?;.

A

preteniling.

ASSU'ftlING, upon one's self more than a.

;

consequence of an

in

assume,

;

to pay.

One who assumes

taking for granted

See

action founded on a promise. When Mssurance.] to give confidence by this action is brought on a debt, it is called 1. To make certain indelitalus assumpsit, which is an action a promise, declaration, or other evidence on the case to recover damages for the nonas, he assured me of his sincerity. Blackstone. 2. To confirm to make certain or secme. payment of a debt. And it shall be assured to him. Lev. .\xvii ASSUJVIPT', J', t. To take up to raise. [Barbarous and not used.] Sheldon. 3. To embolden; to make coniiilent.

'J.

The

n.

certainty

;

ASSU'RER,

confirm, verify or laseur the G. zwar, from the root of L. verus ; or h.securus, contract

gant person.

\SSU'MIXG,

In

assured

Encyc. AS'TEISM, n. [Gr. afEioj, beautiful, polite.] [Fr. iiom In rhetoric, genteel irony ; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. assurer, of ad and siir, seur, sm-e, certain. Encyc. to make iirm, AS'TER, 7). [Gr. a.oyp.] Qu. the Rah. and Talm. IJVS, genus of plants,

arrogated; taken without proof; pretended.

1.

;

exphjit.

ASSU'MED, /)/). Taken; n.

to

aids,

;

ASSU'MER,

That

a.

ASSU'RANCE,

sume the garb of humility. to clainj ASii^UME, V. i. To be arrogant more than is due. 3. In laiv, to take upon one's self an obhgato

Certainly indubitably. Solomon shall reign

son

thy

i.

ASSU'REDNESS,

self.

Bacon.

;

nor Shak. ;

;

api)roiniate, or take to one's self; as, to assume the debts of another. 5. To take what is tictitious ; to pretend to possess ; to take in apjiearance ; as, to as-

;

Kings

indubitable

;

[Gr. a;axos, a crawmed. In heraldry, assumptive arms are AS'TACOLITE, ^ fish, and >.ieos, a stone.] such as a person has a right, with the ap- Petrified or fossil crawfish, and other crustaof the her and of his animals called also cancriles, crabceous sovereign, probation

reasoning.

tion

Certain

bold to excess.

Jlssuredly 1

fVoiion.

Adoption.

To

med upon

;

Jlade certain or confident insured.

botany.

;

;

in

upon one's

ascent of Mary, celebrated by the and Greek churches.

;

4.

doubting

;

a.

In tlie Romish Church, the taking up aj ASSUR'gENT, a. [L. assurgens, assurgo.] jierson into heaven, as the Virgin Mary. Rising upwarils in an arch ; as an assurgenl Also a festival in honor of the miracidous Eaton. stem, in

To take what is not just to take with to seize to arrogate arrogant claims unjustly; as, to a5«)t?;te haughty airs; to a.ssume unwarrantable powers. To take for granted, or without proof; to sujipose as a fact as, to assume a principle

o.

Insrire.]

ASSU'REDLY, adv.

Kent.

not implying an offer to give. The God assumed his native form again.

;

[See

ASSU'RED,

JEncyc a taking

;

of before the object be assured of your

to betroth. Obs. Shai. to covenant to indemnify for

;

made secure

consequence drawn from the projiosiis composed.

Undertaking

from

receive, in

'i.

assure our hearts before

tions of wliich an argiunent

[L. assumo,

to take.] 3.

to the

gism.

accustom.] Custom; Bacon. of orf and sumo.

shall

iii.

ASSU'RED, pp.

unwarrantatde ASSUA'GING, ppr. Allaying; mitigating; asswnption that the soul sleeps from the jieriod appeasing; abatins. of death to the resurrection uf lire hodvSoftena. ASSUA'SIVE, [from rismiage.'] Thodei/. Pope. :l The thing supposed ; a postulate or propoing; mitigating; tranqiiilizing. ASSUEFAC'TION, n. [L. assinfacio.] The sition assimied. In logic, the minor or Drownart of aooustotning. [j\"ol nsed.] second proposition In a categorical sylloAS'SUETUDE, ji. [L. assnetudo, from assuEncyc.

ASSU'JIE,

To affiance To insure;

.5.

.Voms. This gives no sanction

John

fidelity.

The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition.

abates.

1

To make secure, with secured as, let me ;

Hammond.

abate-

;

is

Cli iUingtvoHh

ASSUMP'TION,

;

aj>])eased. «.

That which

n.

[.Wot used.]

^B*.

ASSlJA'(iED,/>;). Allayed niitigatcil

ASSUA'uEJMENT,

AST

ASS

ASS

An

1.

star stone. [a or

at,

[See Astrite.]

and stem.

Stern.] In or at

See

or the hinder part of a ship towards the hinder part, or backw arils ;

;

;

go astnti. Behind a shij),

as, to

:

2.

at

any

indefinite distance. Mar. Diet.

;

;

AS'TEROID, form.]

n.

[Gr. ofrp, a star,

and

ubu^;.

AST

AST

A name

given l)y Ilerschel to the newly dis covered planets between the orbits of Mars

and Jupiter.

ASTEROID'AL,

Resembling a star

a.

or

;

pertaining to the asteroids.

ASTEROI'O'DIUM,

<

Science.

ofw, a star, "" [Gr. and nws, noio,, a

f;)c)t.]

Spenser.

ASTHENIC,

[Gr. o priv. and

asten'ic.

a.

strengtli.]

by extreme

debility.

Brown. [Gr. o priv., eSims, strength, and »^o;, discourse.] The doctrine of diseases arising frotn deCoxe. bility. 71. ast'ma. [Gr. aaSfut.]

ASTHENOL'OOY,

n.

ASTHMA,

A shortness of breath

intermitting difficulty of breathing, with cough, straitness and Coxe. wheezing.

ASTHMAT'Ie, also atfected

;

Pertaining to asthma; as an asthmatic

a.

by asthma

;

patient.

ASTIPULATE for Stipulaie. ASTH'ULATION for Stipulation.

[JVot in

f

use.]

I

ASTO'NE, ? , [See .Istonish.] To terrify ASTO'NY, S"''' or astonish. Obs. Chaucer. Astonished. Obs. ASTO'NED, } „ ASTO'NIED, S PPSpencer. MUton. ASTON'ISH, V. [Old Fr. estonner, now t.

Manner ; L. attono,

to astonish

ad and tono

;

Sax. gestun, noise, and stunian, to stun G. staunen ; Ann. eston, wonderfully. The

primary sense is, to stop, to fix. See Tone and Stun.]

strike

dumb,

to

stun or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise or won
confound with some sudden passion. I Daniel was astonished at the vision. Dan.

;

I

;

confounded

ASTON'ISHING, ppr. Amazmg

;

piness. Before

excite

great

was

afflicted, I

;

admiration,

JI.

%aStiv,

take.] that justice quitted heaven, in the golden 1. An instrument formerly used for taking age, to reside on earth ; but becoming the altitude of the sun or stars at sea. weary with the iniquities of men, she re- 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere, turned to heaven, and conunenced a concither upon the plane of the equator, the stellation of stars. Ena/c. being supposed to be in the pole of ASTRICT', V. t. [L. astringo, astrictus. See eye the world ; or upon the plane of the meAstringe.] ridian, the eye being in the point of interTo bind fast, or compress. [jNbt much used. section of the and the horizon. equinoctial ASTRICT', a. Compendious; contracted. 3. Among the ancients, the same as the modfVeever. Encyc. ASTRICT'ED, pp. Bound fast ; compressed ern armillarv sphere. } of ASTROL'OtiER, [L. astrologus, with bandages. and ofpor, a star, ASTRICT'ING, ppr. Bmding close ; com- ASTROLO'tilAN, >^o5, discourse.] pressing ; contracting. ASTRIC'TION, n. The act of bimUng close, 1. One who professes to foretell future events by the aspects and situation of the stars. or compressing with ligatures. fVofton. 2. .4s
p-

A

I

ASTRICT'IVE,

Binduig

To astonish ASTOUND', V. dumb with amazement. From t.

;

cstotiTit' r t

[a

Raleigh.

sty])tic.

AS'TRAGAL,

n.

[Gr.

on

ad and

stars.

a.

/.

astrinj'.

See

,

;

ASTRONOMIC,

'

15

and

"'

nomical manner astronomy.

coagulates animal fluids, condenses and Coxe. strengthens the sohds. practice inclines to the use of as-

tringent, for internal applications, tic, for external.

?

ASTRONOM'ICAL, S ASTRONOM'ICALLY,

n.

tlie

my. I

tiojuii,

v. i.

[Litth used.]

ASTRONOMY,

styp-

a law or

Pertaining to as-

tronomy.

adv. In an astroby the principles of

;

ASTRONOMIZE,

Modern

;

as-

;

;

Quincy.

it is

practice

A

n.

ASTRONOMER,

A medicine which binds parts of the body to which apphed, restrains profuse discharges,

or contracts

To

science [Supra.] which teaches to judge of the eflFects and influences of the stars, and to foretell fiiture events, by their situation and diflerent This science was formerly in aspects. great request, as men igiiorantly supi)osed the heavenly bodies to have a ruhng influence over the physical and moral world ; but it is now universally exploded by true science and philosophy. n. One who is versed in astronomy one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the prinmotions are regulawhich their ciples by ted, with their various phenomena.

;

different

a tiu-ning

v. i.

trology.

ASTROL'OgY,

[L. astringo, of

Binding contracting strengthening; opposed to laxative.

form of a ring representing a ring or band of iron, to prevent t!ie It is often cut splitting of the colmnn. I.

ASTROL'OgIZE,

L. astrigcr.

stringo, to bind fast, to strain.

a.

;

of astrology.

[Little used.]

[Low

[.Vo< used.] I'.

See ASTRINti'ENT,

molding which surrounds the top or bottom of a

Vol.

;

Strain.]

To compress

"

ASTROLOG'ICAL,

ASTRING'ENT,

a5-payoj.oj,

iASTROLOG'IC,

Pertaining to asI professJ trology ing or practicing astrology. astrum, In the manner adv. ASTROLOG'ICALLY,

Astringent; binduig;

a.

;

joint, vertebra, spondylus.] 1. In architecture, a little round

in the

a.

to bind together; to contract Bacon by pressing the parts together. ASTRINg'ED, pp. Compressed; straitened contractid. ASTRIN6'ENCY, n. The power of contracting the parts of the body that quality in medicines which binds, contracts or as to strike strengthens parts which are relaxed the astringency of acids or bitters. Old Fr. Bacoit

straddle.

Straddle.] the legs across a thing, or sides ; as, to sit astraddle.

With

compressing;

;

apt to bind.

or Bearing stars.

adv. In a manner or degree to excite amazement. Bp. Fleetwood. ASTON'ISHINGNESS, n. The quahty of exciting astonishment. ASTON'ISHMENT, n. Amazement ; confusion of mind from fear, surprise or admiration, at an extraordinary or imexpected event.

ASTRAD'DLE,

polypier. n. [Gr. af,p, or ofpoi, a star, and ypa^u, to describe.] description of the stars, or the science of them. describing

ASTROG'RAPHY,

A

Ps

go astray when they leave their proper AS'TROIT, Star-.stone. [See Jlstrite.] owners or inclosures. See Deut. xxii. 2. A .species of petrified madrepore often ASTRE'A, n. [Gr. oyijp, a star.] found in calcarious stones. The goddess of justice. A nemie sometimes ASTROLABE, n. [Gr. ayijp, a star, and given to the sign virgo. The poets feign to

ASTRICi'EROUS,

of a

ASTONISHINGLY,

and

went astray.

cxix. Cattle

ASTRINCE,

adv.

I

;

1

Bearing or containing

Very wonderful

a.

amazement.

column,

1

j

religion, signifies wandering from the path of rectitude, from duty and hap-

[h. astrifer a star, undyeco, to bear.]

confound-

ing with wonder or fear.

ASTONISHING,

I

it

ASTRIF'EROUS,

fear, surprise, or admiration.

to

I

ASTRICT'ORY,

viii.

ASTONISHED, p;). Amazed;

nature

I

;

I

To

with

'

and

cliaracterized

;

A

n. falconer that keeps a to separate the sev Shak. goss hawk. of the architrave. Encyc. ASTRIN(i'ING,/);)r. Compressing; binding In 2. fast gunnery, a round molding on cannon contracting. near the mouth. Fr. Encyc AS'TRITE, ji. [Gr. a;r,e, a star 3. In anatomy, the buckle, ankle, or astroite.] sling bone the upper bone of the foot support lAn extraneous fossil, called also asteria and tije tibia. Coxe. astroit. Astrites are stones in the form of ing 4. In botany, the wood pea ; tlie milk vetch small, short, angular, or sulcated colunms, the liquorice vetch. about an inch and a half long, and the third of an inch in diameter, composed of several AS'TRAL, a. [h.astrum; Gr. ayiyp, a star.] Belonging to the stars stan-y. regular jouits, which, when separated, Dryden resemble a radiated star. ASTRA'Y, adv. [a and stray. See Stray.] Encyc. Out of the right way or proper place, both in ^strites arc said to be detached articua literal and figurative sense. In morals lations of encrinites, a kind of marine

mented entablatures

;

liind (if extraneous fossil, of the same substance with tlie astrite, to which it serves as the base. Encyc. ASTERT', V. t. To startle. [Ab< in use.]

aflffoj,

AST ASTRINc. ER,

used in orna

is

;

Joum. of )

Weak

and

eral faces

AS'TEROPODE,

A

into beads or berries,

n.

rule.]

To

study astrono-

Broum. [Gr. ofpov, a star, and

A

ATE

S Y

The

science which teaches the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, asThis science pects, eclipses, order, &c.

depends on observations, made chiefly with instruments, and upon mathematical calculations.

AS'TROS€OPE,

[Gr. afpor, a star, and

n.

axordu, to view.]

astronomical instrument, composed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations, with their stars, are deUneated, by means of which the stars may be easily known. Encyc. AS'TROSeOPY, n. [See Astroscope.] Ob.\n

.servation of the stars.

ASTRO-THEOL'OciY,

n.

astnim, a

[L.

.star, and theologia, divinity.] Theology foundeil on the observation of the Derham. celestial bodies.

ASTRUT',

In a strutting

adv. [See Strut.]

manner.

ASTU'TE, .subtilty

Shrewd

;

a.

[L. nstidiis,

Ir. aisile, alste,

from

nstus, craft,

ingenuity.]

sharp eagle-eyed critically exSandys. amining or discerning. ASUND'ER, adv. [Sax. asuWrio?!, to divide. See Sunder.] in a divided into parts separately Apart ;

;

;

;

;

;

The

Loril hath cut

wicked.

asvndcr the cords of the

Ps. cxxix.

Obs. adv. In a swoon. Gower. n. [L. from Gr. aav\or, safe from a to and plunder.] ov^jj, spoil, otXaui, spoil, A sanctuary, or place ofrefuge, where criminals and debtors shelter themselves from justice, and from which they cannot be taken without sacrilege. Temples and

ASWOON',

altars

were anciently asylums

;

as were

tombs, statues and monuments. The anheathens allowed asylums for the protection of the vilest criminals; and the cient

Jews had

their cities ofrefuge. place of retreat and security.

Any VSYlil'METRAL,

?

\SYMMET'RICAL,

I

'i.

i

,

[Little vsrd.]

More.

ASYM'METRY, n. [Gr. apriv. and ov/i/iirpca symmetry, of am, with, and

fifrpsu,

to

measure.]

The want of proportion between

the parts of a thing. It is also used in mathematics for incommensurability, when between quantities there

is

no

;

;

ftn-nished with arms, bearing arms, present with arms ; at hand, within reach of the hand, and therefore near ; at my cost, rvith my cost ; at his suit, by or with his suit

;

at this declaration,

Johnson.

AS'YMPTOTE, rtfou, to

n. fall;

laralion

;

is,

he rose from

his

present, or

whence

coming this decresults the i
At under his command, that is, literally, com hig or being come his command, in the power of, or in consecpience of it. He is

good at engraving, at husbandry that is, inperformmg that business. He deserves well at our hands, that is, from us. The peculiar phrases in which this word oc ;

curs, with appropriate significations, are niunerous. At first, at last, at least, at best, at the worst, at the highest or lowest, are phrases in which some noun is imph

ed

as, at the first time or beginning ; at the last time, or point of time ; at the least

[Gr. a priv., bw, with, not meeting or coin

asymptote. Asymptotical lines or curves are such as continually approach, when extended, but never meet.

and ewSi^,

In grammar, a figure which omits the conas, vent, vidi, vici.

It is

down

be

filled

with

fuel.

consumed, that to

supply

its

in the

place. JVicholsop.

n. The disbelief of the existence of a God, or Supreme intelhgent Be-

A'THEISM, ing.

a ferocious system

Atlieisiu is

that leaves

notliinp! above us to excite to awaken tenderness.

A'THEIST,

awe, uor around us. Rob. Halt. n. [Gr. a9E0{,ofopriv. andSfo;.

God.]

One who or

disbelieves the existence of a

Supreme

A'THEIST,

God,

intelligent Being.

a.

Atheistical; disbelieving or

manner impiously. n. [Sp.] A kettle drum a kind n. The quahty of of tabor. Dryden. ATHE1ST'I€ALNESS, being atheistical. ATAC'AMITE, n. A muriate of copper. AT'AGAS, n. The red cock or moor-game. A'THEIZE, v. i. To discourse as an athe;

;

C'o.rf.

A

of

self-conceit.

of the

Encyc. a priv. and rolij, older.] disturbance irregularity in the functions of the body, or in the cri-

stands opa multipliCampbell.

ist.

Cudwoiih.

[JVot used.]

ATHEL, ADEL

illustrious birth

D.

edel

;

^THEL,

or ;

Sax.

Sw. wdel

;

eedel, ccthel

noble, of ; G. adel ;

Dan.

;

ccdel

Ar. Vi<

athala, to be well rooted, to be of noble Tliis word is tbund in many Saxon names ; as in Atheling, a noble youth ; origin.

Ethelred, noble

counsel

;

Ethelard,

noble

genius Ethelbert, noble bright, eminently noble Ethelwald, noble government, or power; Ethelward, noble defender. ses and paroxysms of disease. ATHE'NIAN, a. [from Athens.] Pertaining to Athens, the metropohs of Attica iu Coxe. Encyc. ATCHE, n. In Turkey, a small silver coin, Greece. value about six or seven mills. Encyc. ATHE'NIAN, n. A native or inhabitant of Athens. ATE, the preterite oieat, wliich see.

ATAX'Y, n. [Gr. Want of order ;

;

all

As

falls

;

n.

posed to polysyndeton, which cation of connectives.

furnace, with a lateral tower close on sides, which is to the fuel below is

tower

;

;

nective

and Heb. nun thanor,

[Ar.

digesting furnace, formerly used in chimical operations ; so constructed as to mamtain a imiform and durable heat. It is a

;

species lily which approaches nearer and nearer ATAMAS'GO, genus Amaryllis. to some curve, but though infinitely exAT'ARAXY, n. [Gr. aT'apa;fo;, of a priv. tended, would never meet it. This may and Tai>axr], timuilt.] be conceived as a tangem to a curve at an Calmness of mind a term used by the stoics infinite distance. Chambers. and sceptics to denote a freedom from the ASYMPTOTTCAL, o. Belonging to an emotions which proceed from vanity and

n. [Gr. a priv. to bind together.]

n.

an oven or furnace.]

;

line

ASYN'DETON,

A

or best degree, &c. all denoting an exdenying the being of a Supreme God. treme point or superlative degree. At all. ATHEIST'Ie, I "' Pertahung to atheism. is in any manner or degree. ATHEIST'lCAL, \ At is sometimes used for to, or towards, 2. Disbeheving the existence of a God im))ious applied to persons; as, an atheistic noting progression or direction as, he writer. aims at perfection he makes or rims at him, or points at him. I'l this phrase, he 3. Inqdying or containing atheism; applied to things ; as, atheistic doctrines or opinlungs to be at him, at has its general sense of approaching, or present, or with, in conATIIEIST'I€ALLY, adv. In an atheistic test or attack.

eiding.]

A

ATH'ANOR,

;

common meas- AT'ABAL,

ure.

and

;

;

;

;

c « ra ^^^'^ Sy^'nelry.]

Mot having symmetry.

two

;

sequence of it.

ASY'LUM, 1.

prep. [Sax.

seat, that

state.

A T H

at; Goth, at; L. ad. At, A'TE, n. a'ty. [Gr. Mr;, mischief; ofou, to ad and to, if not radically the same word, hint. Ate is a personification of evil, misoften coincide in signification. In W. at chief or mahce.J is to, and in Danish it is the sign of the lu pagan mythology, the goddess of mischief, in Amh. od, or ud, is toinfinitive mode who was cast down from heaven by Jupiwards. The word ctt is doubtless the ori ter. Pope's Horn. H. ental Nr\X,nnx, Ch. and Heb. to come, to ATEL'LAN, a. Relating to the dramas at Hence it primarily denotes Atella in Italy. approach. Shaftesbury. presence, meeting, nearness, direction to- ATEL'LAN, ?(. A dramatic representation, satirical or hcentious. wards.] Shaftesbury. In general, at denotes nearness, or presence ; A TEMP'O (ilUSTO. [It. L. intemporejusas at the ninth hoiu', at the house but to.] it is less definite than in or on at the A direction in music, which signifies to sing or play in an equal, true or just time. house, may be in or near the house. It denotes also towards, versus ; as, to aim an ATHANA'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Athanaarrow at a mark. sius, bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth From this original import are derived all century. The Athanasian creed is a forthe various uses of af. At the sight, is iirith, midary, confession or exposition of faith, at this news, pre.9ent, or coming the sight supposed formerly to have been drawn up present the news, on or with the approach by Atliiinasius, but this opinion is now reor arrival of this news. At jjeace, at war, jected, and the composition is ascribed by in a state of peace or war, peace or war some to Hilary, bishop of Aries. It is a existing, being present at ease, at play, at summary of what was called the orthodox a loss, &c. convey the like idea. At arms, faith.

AT,

;

;

;

]

A T O

A T L One who

A T O

ed by Moschus, before the Trojan « ar. opposed ATLANTIC, a. [from Atlas or Atlantis.] and cultivated by Epicurus, teaches that to a theologian. Hayward. Pertaining to that division of the ocean, ATHEOL'OgY, n. Atheism. [JVo< in use] which lies between Europe and Africa on atoms are endued with gravity and mothe west. east and on the America tion, by wliicli all things were formed, Smjl. A'THEOUS, a. Atheistic impious. [M'ol ATLANTIC, n. The ocean, or that part of without the aid of a supreme intelhgent the ocean, which is between Europe and Milton. Being. used.] Africa on the east and America on the The atomic theory, in chimistrj', or the docATII'KRINE, } A jjenus of fishes of the westtrine of definite proportions, teaches that ATIIKRI'NA, S "'abtloniinal order. Tlie An is rather isle mentioned all chimical combinations take place becliuracters are, the upper jaw ATLAN'TI€A, ( "• by are ATLAN'TIS, the ancients, anc: situated tween the ultimate particles or atoms of \ flat, tlie ray.s of the gill membrane west of Gades, or Cadiz, on the strait of bodies, and that these unite either atom six, and the side belt or hne shines like Gibraltar. The poets mention two isles with atom, or in proportions expressed by silver. There are four species the best known is the Hepsetus, very abundant in and call them Hesperides, western isles, some simple multiple of the number of and Elysianjields. Authors are not agreed atoms. Dalton. the IHediterranean, where it is caught hi whether these isles were the Canaries, or ATOMISM, n. The doctrine of atoms. Pennant. Ed. Encyc. lar;;e quantities. some other isles, or the continent of Amer AT'OMIST, n. One who holds to the atomica. Homer. Horace. ical atII'erome; !'•[«•'•"'""''''<'»'?''?•] |)liilosophy. An encysted tumor, without pain or discol- ATLANTIDES, n. A name given to the AT OM-LIKE, a. ResemhUng atoms. Pleiades or seven stars, which were feignoration of the skin, containing matter like Browne. ed to be the daughters of Atlas, a king of AT'OMY, n. A word used by Sliak.-ijiearc pap, intermixed with hard stony particles for atom ; also an abbreviation of anatoMauritania, or of his brother, Hesperus, Encyc. Coxe. easily cured by incision. who a. to or were to translated heaven. ATHEROMATOUS, Pertainuig my. Encyc. resembling an atherome having the qual- ATLANTIS, n. A fictitious philosophical ATO'NE, adv. [at and one.] At one toUiseman. commonwealth of Lord Bacon, or the ities of an atherome. gether. Spenser. ATIIIRST', a. athursV. \a and thirst. See piece describing it composed in the man- ATO'NE, V. i. [Supposed to be compoundner of More's Utopia, and Canipanella's ed of at and one. The Spanish has aduThir.it.] One part of the work is 1. Thirsty nar, to unite or join, and the Ital. adunare, wanting drink. City of the Sun. to assemble 2. Having a keen ajipetite or desire. from L. ad and wins, unio. finished, in which the author has described a college, founded for (he study of Nature, In Welsh, dyun signifies united, accordHe had a soul athirst lor knowledge. under the name of Solomon's House. Tin Cli. Observer ant, agreeing; dyunaw, to unite or agree; model of a commonwealth was never ex from un, one, and dy, a prefix denoting ATHLETE, n. [See Athletic] A contend-

ATHEOLO'6lAN,

n.

is

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

er for victory.

ATHLET'1€,

flf.

wrestler; from

Smith's Theory. L. athletn, a

.'J.

[Gr.

oB-Kr^rr^i;

af^'Ao;, strife,

contest.]

ecuted.

Encyc. n. A collection of maps in a supposed to be so called from a of mount Atlas, supporting the picture

AT' LAS, volume

;

iteration.] 1.

To

agree

;

to

be in accordance

;

to ac-

cord.

He and Aufidus can bo more atone, wrestling, boxing, running Than violentest contrariety. Shak. heavens, prefi.xed to some collection and other exercises and sports, which Johnson. [TTiis sense is obsolete.] were practiced by the ancients, usually 2. To .stand as an equivalent ; to make re2. large square foUo, resembling a volume called the athletic games. Hence, amend.s or satisfaction for an ofof paration, maps. An S. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. fense or a crime, by which reconciliation 3. The supporters of a buiklin^ athletic body or constitution is one fitted is procured between the oftended and of4. silk sattin, or stuff, manufactured in the for vigorous exertions. with admirable ingenuity, Atlasses fending parties. east, and thwart. See ATHW-^RT', prep, [a The murderer fell and blood atoned for blood. are jilaiii, striped, or flowered ; but they Thwart.] have not the fine gloss and luster of some Pope. from side to side ; transverse ; 1. Across By what propitiation shall I atnne for my torFrench silks. Encyc. as athtvart the path. mer gravity. Rambler. No. 10. 5. The first verteber of the neck. Coxe. 2. In marine language, across the line of a The life of a slave was deemed to be of so (>. term as to atlas fine. apphed paper, little value, that a very slight compensation ship's course ; as, a fleet standing athwart Burke. atoned for taking it away. our course. n. [Gr. arfio,, vapor, and Robertson, Charles V. Athwart hause, is the situation of a ship 3. To atone for, to make compensation or when she lies across the stem of another, fitrpiu, to measure.] An instrument to measure the of amends. quantity whether near, or at some distance. exhalation from a humid surface in a givThis c\il was atoned for by the good effects Athwart the fore foot, is a phrase applied of the study of tlie practical physics of .\ristotle. en time an evaporonieter. lire. to tlie flight of a camion ball, across anSchlegel, Trans. n. [Gr. ar^oj, vapor, and other .'hip's course, ahead, as a signal for The ministry not atoning for their former a^aipa,a sphere.] her to bring to. conduct by any wise or popular measure. The whole mass of fluid, consisting of air, Junius. Athwart ships, reaching across the sliip aqueous and other vapors, surrounding the ATO'NE, II. t. To expiate; to answer or from side to side, or in that dnection. earth. make satisfaction for. Mar. Diet. ) to the Pertaining Or each atone his guilty love with life. "' adv. In a manner to cross ^ atmosphere ; as Pope. and perplex <-rossly wrong wrongfully. atmospheric air or vapors. 2. To reduce to concord ; to reconcile, as ATILT', adiK [anm\tilt. See TUt.] 2. Dependent on the atmosphere. at variance ; to ajipease. parties [JVbt 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the I am an posiPope. atmospheric creature. now used.] tion, or with the action of a man making AT'OM, n. [Gr. aro^oj; h.atomus; from a, ATO'NED, pp. Expiated ; appeased ; rea thrust ; as, to stand or run atilt. and to not, cut.] conciled. fiuvu, 2. In the manner of a cask tilted, or with one 1. A particle of matter so minute as to adn. Agreement; concord; end raised. mit of no division. Atoms are conceived reconciliation, after enmity or controversy. AT'IMY, n. [Gr. an^ta, a and Ti-ij-i;, honor.] to be the first principles or component Rom. v. In ancient Greece, disgrace exclusion from bodies. of all He seeks to make atonement Quincy. parts office or magistracy, " by some disqualifying 2. The ultimate or smallest component part Between the Duke of Glo*ster and your brothers. act or decree. of a body. Mitford. Shak. Chimistry. TIAN. } ^ Pertaining to the isle 3. Any thing extremely small. Shak. 2. Expiation ; satisfaction or reparation ATLANTE'AN, \ "-Atlantis, which the an- ATOiNI'lC, made by giving an equivalent for an inju\ Pertaining to atoms; concients alledge was sunk and overwhelmATOM'ICAL, \ "'sisting of atoms; extreme- ry, or by doing or suflering dial which is ed by the ocean. Plato. received in satisfaction for an oflense or ly minute. 2. Pertaining to Atlas The atomical philosophy, said to be broach; resembling Atlas. injiu-y ; whli for. 1.

Belonging

to

A

A

;

A

ATMOM'ETER,

:

ATMOSPHERE,

ATMOSPHERIC

ATHWART',

ATMOSPHERICAL,

;

;

;

ATONEMENT,

;

ATLAN

and oiler thy sin-oftering, andthy bimit-offering, and jiiake an atonement lor thyself and for the peoLev. ix. ple. When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement he can make for it is, to warn others not to

saiil

Aaron, go to the

to

The Phocians behaved with

altar,

Sped. No.

into the like.

fall

1.

regard ; any passion or affection that binds a person as, an attachment to a friend, or to a party. ;

V. t. [Fr. attaquer ; Arm. atlacqi ; It. attaccare, to fasten, to engage in battle ; attacco, a sticking ; Sp. atacar, to assault, to fasten or make close, to cram ; Port. atacar, to attack, to seize, to fasten ; Heb. and Ch. ;?pn, to thrust, to drive, to strike.

ATTACK',

;

;

8.

;

suffi-

Potter, Jlntiq. 0.

L. tango, tager ; Sax. Iwccan ; Gr. iixofiai for tago ; Eng. tack ; &c. Class, Dg. See JUtack and Tack.] To take by legal authority to arrest the person by writ, to answer for a debt applied to a taking of the person by a civil process being never used for the arrest of a criminal. It is applied also to the taking of goods and real estate by an officer, by virtue of a writ or precept, to hold the ;

so niuch gallant-

they were thought to have made a atonement for their fonuer otfense.

ry, that

cient

ATT

ATT

ATT And Moses

same

In theology, the expiation of sin made by the obedience and personal sufferings of

to satisiy in the suit.

It

a judgment to be rendered

defect of muscular

power

;

a

pals)'.

Core. See Top.] On or Millon. atra bilis, [L. Wilson.

ATOP'

and

adv. [a at the top.

lop.

ATRABILA'RIAN,

)

""

ATRABILA'RIOL'S, witli

.-Vfiected

black

<,

black

cept

;

ATRAMENT'AL, VTRAMENT'OUS, black like

\ ""

\ \\\k.

a. Like ink suitable for making ink. The sulphate of iron, or green copperas, is called atramentariof ink. ous, as being the material ;

\TRO'CIOUS,

a.^

mous outrageous ;

ATRO'CIOUSLY,

2.

[L.

;

atrox, trui,

enor-

as atrocious guilt or

adv.

In

with enormous cruelty or guilt. n. The quaUty of be;

;

nourish.]

consumption or wasting of the flesh, with of strength, without any sensible cause or hectic fever a wasting from defect of

loss

;

noiunshment.

Coxe. Encyc. vegetable alkali exthe atropa helladonna, or deadly nightshade. It is white, brilliant Ure. and crystalizes in long needles. \TTACH', V. t. [Fr. attacker, to tie or fasten, to

A new

froin

apply, to engage, It. ;

writ or pre

;

Taken by

and

writ or pre fixed, or united by af-

phlet.

ATTACK', falhiig on,

calumny,

attaccare

;

to stick

Norm,

;

wmning

n.

An

first

invasion; a

Assaulted; invaded; pp. fallen on by force or emnity. ATTACK'ER, n. One who assauUs or in-

the aflec

A

takuig of the per son, goods or estate by a writ or ])recept ill a civil action, to secure a debt or de

ATTACK'ING,

mand.

ATTA€OT'Tl€,

n.

onset;

with force or violence, or with satire or criticism.

ATTACK' ED, vades.

ppr. Assaultmg; invading; force, calumny or criticism. a. Pertaining to the Attawrit directing the person or estate of a cotti, a tribe of ancient Britons, allies of the Scots. Pinkerton. person to be taken, to seciu-e his appearance before a court. In England, the first AT'TAGEN, n. beautiful fowl, resemnotice to appear in court is by summons bhng the pheasant, with a short black bill and if the defendant disobeys this moni and a fine crest of yellow feathers, varietioii, a writ of attachment issues, com gated with black and white spots, found in the mountains of Sicily. manding the sheriff to attach him, by tain which he or Diet. ofATat. Hist. security king gage, goods, forfeits by non-appearance, or l)y making ATTA'IN, V. i. [Fr. and Norm, atteindre ; L. bini find safe pledges or sureties for his attingo, to reach, come to or overtake ; ad and tango, to touch, reach or strike ; appearance. But in trespasses, an attachment is the first process. In this country, that is, to thrust, urge or push to. It has attachment is more generally the first pro no connection with L. attineo. See Class, cess, and in some states, the writ of at Dg.] tachment issues at first against the prop- 1. To reach to come to or arrive at, by modefendant. In or of the Conerty person tion, bodily exertion, or efforts towards a this writ issues the necticut, against person place or object. If by any means they might attain to Phengoods or land, in the first instance, comice. Acts xxvii. manding to take the goods and estate of the defendant, if to be found; or other 'i. To reach to come to or arrive at, by an

A

falling

on with

;

n. Enormous wickedness extreme huinousnes or cruelty as the atrocity of murder. AT'ROPHY, n. [Gr. a. priv. and rpf$«, to

ATROCITY,

n.

To fall upon, with unfriendly words or writing to begin a controversy with ; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by satiie, calumny or criticism as, to attack a man or his opinions in a pam-

;

an atrocious

ing enormously criminal or cruel.

ntJ,

A

fierce,

;

Ch.

;

ATRO'CIOUSNESS,

staga ; attack

b}'

tions.

offense.

tracted

pp. to

influence

fixing by

cruel.]

Extremely hainous, criminal or cruel

ATRO'PIA,

;

drawn

ATTACHMENT,

\TRIP', adv. [oandfrip. See Trip.] In nautical language, the anchor is atnp when drawn out of the ground in a perThe topsails are pendicular direction. to the top of atrip, when they are hoisted the mast, or as hiirh as possible. Mar. Diet

A

be taken

ppi: Taking or seizing by connnandment or writ drawing to, and

Fotircroy.

;

2.

legally

fection or interest.

[L.a
VPRAMENTARIOUS,

manner

maybe

;

n. The state of being melancholy, or affected with disor dered bile.

;

That

ATTACH'ING,

XTRABILA'RIOUSNESS,

Inky

liable to

ATTACH'ED,

bile.

h^Q)^

;

;

a.

cept.

bile.]

melancholy, which the an replete with

cients attributed to the bile

whence

assault; to fall upon with force; to It is the assail, as with force and arms. appropriate word for the conunencing act of hostility between armies and navies.

string.

ATTACH'ABLE, attached

press,

L To

;

ATONY, ;

to

to press, to make close ; and the Class Dg.] to accuse, to unite.

;

sion

to be allied to attach ; but the verb agrees better with the Eth.

(n(D+

3. Cln-ist. take, seize and lay hold on, by moral to win force, as by affection or interest /VTO'NER, n. lie who makes atonement, the heart ; to fasten or bind by moral influATON'IC, a. Relaxed; debilitated. ence as, attached to a frienti attaching .\TO'NING, ppr. ReconciUng. Obs. wealth or others to us or .satisfaction. 'i. flattery. by Making amends, n. [Gr. arona, defect, of a. priv. 3. To make to adhere ; to tie, bind or fasten and roi'Ds, tone, from tsuu, to stretch.] as, to attach substances by any glutmous matter to attach one thing to another by or tena want of tone relaxation ; ; ; Debility ;

seems

latter

To

;

ertbrt of mind. In England, wit wise, to take his body. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it nesses not ai>peariiig upon a summons, is high [ cannot attain to it, Ps. cxxxix. may be taken by attachment ; a process Attachments also Regularly this verb should be always followcalled with us a capias. ed by to; the omission of (o, and the use issue against persons for contempt of of the verb, in a transitive sense, may have court. The court of attachments, iii Engoriginated in mistake, from the opinion land, is held before the verderors of the that the verb is from the L. attineo, and forest, to attach and try offenders against equivalent to obtain. vert and venison. v.t. To gain; to compass; to Foreign attachment is the taking of the money ATTA'IN, achieve or accom))lish, that is, to reach or of a debtor in the hands of a ;

goods

;

Arm.

attacher,

to

;

tache, tied, fixed, tacked together ; It seems to be allied to

;

Port. Sp. atacar.

and the sense is to put, throw or on, hence to seize, and stop, coinciding with the Eng. take ; Sw. !uga ; Dan.

by eftbrts; without to following. stranger as when the debtor is not with Is he wise who hopes to attain the end wifjiin the jurisdiction of the court or has ab Tillotso'n. out the means ? sconded. Any person who has goods or effects of a debtor, is considered in law as This use of the verb is now established ; but attain to the agent, attorney, factor or trustee of in strictness to is here implied the debtor and an attachment served on The real sense, as in the intranthe end. such person binds the properly in his hands sitive use of the verb, is, to reach or come to to respond the end or pnrjiose in view. This word the judgment against the debtor. always implies an effort toivards an object. Close adherence or affection Hence it is not synonymous with obtain fidelity

attack, fall

3.

;

;

ATT

ATT

A T T No

person shall be attainted of high treason This verb is not always ibllowed by an obwhere conu|)tioii of blood is hicurred, but by VVc procure or obtain a ject, and api)ears to be Intransitive ; but pl^ surli ert'ort. the oath of two wiUiesses, &c. Stat. 7 and 8. some object is understood, or a verb in thing liy purchase or tonn, and we ohtaiii W. the infinitive follows in the place of an by inheritance, but we do not attain it by 2. To as convicted the credit of jurors, taint, such means. An inattention to tiiis disobject ; as, he attempted to speak. of giving a false verdict. This is done by tinction has led good autliors into great ATTEMPT', (!. An essay, trial or endeavwrit of attaint. The conviction of special or an attack ; or an effort to word. of mistakes in the use tliis gain a point. such a crime attaints the reputation of juBacon. 2. To reach or come to a place or object by

and

procure,

which do not necessarily

im-1

.-i.

;

progression or motion. But ere such tidings shall

and renders them mfamous. to cloud with infamy

rors,

J.

his ears attain.

disgrace

;

stain.

Hoole's Tasso

Canaan he now attains. 3. To reach in excellence or

To

;

to

A

Bacon. a. That may be attained that may be reached by eftrirts of the mind or body that may be compassed or acto the obcomplislied by oilbrts directed equal.

ATTAINABLE,

3.

;

[See Taint.} Any thing injurious

that

;

which impairs.

Obs. 3.

A

Sliak.

blow or wound on the hinder

feet

of a

That may be

a.

temjited, tried or attacked attempt, or attack.

Spenser.

To

taint or corrupt. ,Shak. Milton ATT.^'INT, n. stain, spot or taint. Sttak. degree ; to 4.

ATTEMPT' ABLE,

ATTEMPT'ED,

;

an

Shak. tried

Essayed;

pp.

at-

to

liable

at-

;

tacked.

ATTEMPT'ER,

n.

One who

attempts, or

attacks.

Jiliiton.

ATTEMPT'ING, making an

;

/);)r.

etibrt to

Trying; essaying; gain a point attack;

horse. Farriery. ing. writ which lies after judgment against not attainable In this 4. ATTEND', V. t. [L. attendo ; Fr. attendre, to a jury for giving a false verdict in any inattention to the true sense wait, .stay, hold, e.xpect Sp. atender ; It. court of record. attendere ; L. ad and tendo, to stretch, of this word, as explained under attain, pp. Stained ; corrupted; to tend. See Tend.] authors have very hnpro|)crly used this rendered infamous rendered incapable 1. To word for obtainable, procurable. ; us in the go with, or accompany, as a compan'• of inheriting. The kind and qualiion, minister or servant. following passages. ATTA'INTING, /)/)r. Staining; corrupting; 2. To be present ; to accompany or be unity of food and liquor ; the species of habinfamous act ; rendering by judicial dejtrited to as a cold attended with fever. itation, furniture and clothing to which ving of inheritable blood. the common people of each country are 3. To be present for some duty, implying ji. The being attainted. habituated, must be attainable with ease charge or oversight to wait on as, the n. A staining or renderATTA'INTURE, Phil. B. (i. Ch. 11. and certainty." Paley, physician or the nurse attends the sick. " Gen. Howe would not ing infamous ; re|)roach ; imputation 4. To be present in business ; to be in compermit them to [ATot be purchased In Philadelphia, and they ATTASK', v.t. To task; to tax. l)any from curiosity, or from some connecused. See Task.] Sliak. were not and attainable tion in afluirs ; as, lawyers or spectators blankets) (clothes in the country." Marshall's Llle of Wash- ATTA'STE, V. I. To taste. [Mit used. See attend a court. Taste.] 5. To be conse<|uent to, from connection of ington, 3, 4^8. Each of these words should ATTEM'PER, v. f. [L. attempero, of orfand cause ; as, a measure attended with ill be obtainable. ATTA'INABLENESS, n. The quality ofi tempera, to temper, mix, or moderate. See effects. ject

A

as, perfection is

;

life.

From an

;

ATTAINTED,

;

;

ATTA'INTMENT,

;

being attainable.

ATTAINDER, and tingo, to See Tinge.]

[Norm. Fr.

n.

atteindre, to

also conviction ; L. ad Gr. rtyyu. Class Dg stain

corrupt, attaint

1.

Temper.] To reduce, modify or moderate by mixas, to attemper heat by a cooling mixture, or spirit by diluting it with water To soften, mollify or moderate as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency. ture

;

;

2.

;

a staining, corruption, or rendering impure a corruption of blood

3.

Hence, The judgment of death, or sentence of a competent tribunal iqion a person convicted of treason or felony, which judgment

4.

attaints, taints or corrupts his blood, so that he can no longer inherit lands. The

ATTEiMPERANCE,

X. Literally

To mix

;

2.

;

as,

in just

;

justice.

To acconmiodate

to

;

fit

make

or

suit-

able. Arts attempered to the lyre. Pope n. Temperance. [JVot

;

UjJon the thoroug:h demonstration of which by legal attainder, the feudal covenant is Blackstone. The act of attainting.

broken. 3.

An

act

persons. JVofe.

By

was made the

for the

attainder of several

constitution

States, no crime works an

ATTAINMENT,

n.

The

Encyc. of the United attainder.

act of attaining

;

the act of arriving at or reaching; hence the act of obtaining by eflbrts as the attainment of exitellence. 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion acquisition as, a man of great ;

;

;

attainments.

.\TTA'INT, ,1.

moderated

;

pp.

softened

ATTEM'PERING,

ATTEMPT',

V.

t.

;

to regard.

tlie

Sidney.

passenger.

is not now a legitimate sense. express this idea, we now use the verb transitively, with to, attend to.

11.

To

[JVot in use.]

expect.

ATTEND' attention

To

attend

V. ;

i.

To

hsten

;

followed by

to.

voice of

my

to the

to

in-

Raleigh.

regard

w'ith

Ps.

suppUcation.

Ixxxvi.

Hence much used tend 2.

temperate

Chaucer. [Fr. uttenter, from L. at-

attempt, of ad and lento, to try The L. tento is from the Gr. tjh-u. root as tendo, to strain Hence, the literal sense is to strain, urge,

Arm. same

Lhyden. sohcitude

Tlie pilot doth rot attend the unskilful word*

Moderating in mixing in due propor-

tento, to

my doom.

This

ppr.

a

To accompany with

of

;

In

Shak.

to lie In wait.

Their hunger thus appeased, their care attends The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dry den. 10. To regard ; to fix the mind upon.

;

quality ; softening ; tion ; making suitable. adv. manner. [JVot in use.[

ATTEM'PERLY,

;

wait or stay for. Three days I promised to attend

9.

Hammond. Reduced in quality well mixed suited.

;

;

in the imperative, at-

!

To regard with observation, and correspondent practice.

My son, attend to my words. Hence,

regard with compliance.

to

;

He

attempti.

hath attended

to the voice of

my

prayer.

Ps. Ixvi.

;

To

the attention upon, as an object of pursuit to be busy or engaged in as, to stretch.] attend to the study of the scriptures. 1. To make an effort to effect some object to accompany or be present, to try to 4. To wait on to make trial or experiment in pursuance of duty with on or upon as, endeavor ; to use exertion for any purto attend upon a committee to attend upon pose as, to attempt to sing to attempt a business. bold flight. Hence, 2. To attack to inake an effort upon as, to .5. To wait on, in service or worship ; to serve. attempt the enemy's camp. 3.

fix

;

;

;

V.

t.

[See ^Hainder.] to extinguish the pure or inheritable blood of a person found guilty of treason or felony, by confession, battle, or verdict, and consequent sentence of death, or by special act of Parliament.

To

in use.]

to remain, abide or be in store happiness or miserj' attends us

as,

To

8.

;

ATTEM'PERED,

await ;

after death. 7. To wait for

Chaucer.

used.] consequences of this judgment are, forfeit a. [L. affemperaltis.] lire of lands, tenements and hereditaments, ATTEMTERATE, i)roportioned suited. loss of reputation, and disqualification to Tempered be a witness in any court of law. A statHope must be proportioned and atfemperale Hammond. to the promise. ute of Parhament attainting a criminal, is called an act of attainder. ATTEM'PERATE, v. t. To attemper. [JVot guilt

for

to regulate

proportion a mind well attempered with kindness

and

To

6.

;

taint or corrupt

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

ATT

ATT

That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. LI.

To

Cor.

1

vii.

er at the

Ohs. stay to delay. For this perfection she must yet attend. Till to her maker she espoused be.

To

wait

to

;

be within

ATTEND'ANCE,

n.

call.

The

[Fr.]

fully

Spenser. act of wait-

ing on, or serving. Of which no man gave attendance at the altar. Heb. vii. 2. Awaitingon; a being present on business of any kind as, the attendance of witnesses or persons in court attendance of members of the legislature. 3. Service ministry. f!hak Receive attendance. a retinue. 4. The persons attending a train Milton. 5. Attention regard careful application of ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

mind. 6.

Give attendance to reading. Obs. Expectation.

ATTEND'ANT,

o.

1

Tim. iv. Hooker.

Accompanying

being

;

present, or in the train. Other suns with their attendant moons.

Mlton. '2.

Accompanying, connected with, or iunne-

following, as consequential ; as, intemperance with all its attendant evils. In law, depending on or owing service to ; 'i. Cowel. as, the wife attendant to the heir. \TTEND'ANT, n. One who attends or diately

accompanies, in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, minister or servant one who belongs to the train. Dryden. One who is present ; as an attendant at or upon a meeting. One who owes service to or depends on ;

'i.

•3.

another. 4.

That which

is

Cowel. conse-

to.

quent

A

accompanies or

love of fame, the attendant of noh]e

spirits.

Pope.

Shame

the attendant of vice.

Anon. ATTEND'ED, pp. Accompanied; having attendants served waited on. ATTEND' ER, n. One wlio attends a companion an associate. [^Little ustd.^ .\TTEND'ING. ppr. Going with accomwaiting on panying sujjerintending or taking care of; being present immediately is

;

same

time. adv. IleedfuUy; with fixed attention.

ATTENT'IVELY,

;

Davies. 7.

;

;

ATTENT'IVENESS, attentive

;

;

;

;

;

;

.S'/ioTf.

;

intent

a. ;

[Fr.

;

regarding with

It is ai)plied to

;

a writing

is

an

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

to condense, incrassate or thicken. Doric. Encyc. To comminute to break or wear solid Attic order, an order of small square ])illars substances into finer or very mimite parts. at the uppermost extremity of a building. This had its origin in Athens, and was inThis uninterrupted motion must attenuate and tended to conceal the roof These pdlars wear away tiie hardest rocks. Trans, of C'huptal's Chimistry should never exceed one tliird of the length To make slender to reduce in thickness. of the order on which they are placed, nor •3. less a. Made or visbe less than one quarter of it. ATTEN'UATE, thin, Encyc. made sleiuler. Bacon Attic story, a story in the upper part of a cid ATTEN'UATED, pp. Made thin or le.ss house, where the windows usually are viscid comminuted made slender. In square. Encyc. botany, growing .slender towards the point. AT'TIC, n. A small square pillar with its ATTElV'UATING, ppr. Making thin, as cornice on the uppermost part of a buildAttics properly form the crown of fluids; making fine, as solid substances; ing. the building, or a finishing for the other making slender or lean. ATTENUA'TION, n. The act of making orders, when they are used in the strucas the atleniiation of the ture. thin, as fluids Encyc. an Athenian author. humors. 2. An Athenian Jones' Gr. Grammar. 2. The act of making fiue, by commnnition, »i. The and idiom or attrition. AT'TICISM, peculiar style The action of the air facilitates the attenuaof the Greek language, used by the AtheTrans. Chnptal. tion of these rocks. connians; refined and elegant Greek 3. The act or process of making slender, thin cise and elegant expression. or lean. Encyc. Art. Philos. i<. t. to To AT'TERATE, wear.] [L. uttero, 2. A particidar attachment to the Athenians. 2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

wear away.

2.

To form

Mitford.

or accumulate bv wearing.

AT'TERATED, pp. Formed

AT'TICIZE,

by wearing. Ray.

». The operation of forn'iing land by the wearing of the sea, and the wearing of the earth in one place and depositifin of it in another. Ray. ATTEST', V. t. [Fr. attester ; L. attestor ; of ad and tcslor, to affirm or bear witness,

ATTERA'TION,

from 1.

To

See

testis.

Testify.]

bear witness to; to certify; to affirm genuine to make a solemn

to be true or

2.

tings by subscribing their names. To bear witness, or support the truth

3.

;

magnificence. To call to witness

woman Arm. ;

G.

invoke as con-

Dryden. tion.

[Little u^ed.]

zieren,

atourm, female ornaments retain tire, the

;

to adorn.

We

word, applied to the band of a wheel, and this word, in the D. toer, coinSee Class Dr.] cides with tour. To dress to array to adorn with elegant ;

or splendid garments. With the linen miter shall Aaron be attired. Lev. xvi. ATTI'IIE, n. Dress; clothes; habit but

The sacred streams which lieaven's imperial state 2. attests in oaths, and fears to violate. .3.

Witness

1.

;

to

;

;

?!.

make con-

sini|)le

scious.

ATTEST',

or

Trans, of Paus. B.

;

of

as, fact, by other evidence than words the ruhis of Palmyra attest its ancient

a

To conform

v. t. [Norm, attyrer, to provide ; Fr. atours, dress, attire ; atoumer, to dress a bride, to attire ; atourneresse, a tire

;

;

t.

ATTI'RE,

;

tion of persons ijitheir official ca|iacity as, to attest a to attest the truth of a writing copy of record. Persons also attest wri-

V.

formal)Ie to the language or idiom of Attica. Adjectives in 05, when atticized, beJones' Gr. Grammar. come "5. AT'TICIZE, 1!. i. To use atticisms, or the idiom of the Athenians. The title of a book in Pau?!. AT'TICS, phi. .sanias, which treats of Attica.

declaration in words or writing, to suppoi-t a fact appropriately used for the affirma-

aitentif.-]

observant

the sen.ses of hearing and seeing, as an attentive ear nr eye to the application of the mind, as in conor to the application of the templation mind, together with the senses abnvenieiitioned, as when a person is alleative to the care.

to

;

a stranger.

ATTENT'IVE,

name

attestation.

ATTEST'ED, pp.

;

as attention lo

;

;

;

toioards.]

Heedful

subscription of a

;

;

Act of civility, or courtesy

;

Proved or supjiorted by witnessed; testimony, solemn or official supported by evidence. the humors, subtilizes their parts, dissolves ATTEST'ING, ppr. Witnessing caUing to witness affirming in support of. viscidity, and disposes the fluids to motion circulation and secretion a diluent. ATTEST'OR, n. One who attests. Core. AT'TIC, «. [L. Mticus Or. Arnxos.] v. f. oCad and ATTEN'UATE, [L. attenuo, Pertaining to Attica in Greece, or to its prinL. tenuis; W. tenant lenuo, to make thin Thus, Attic wit, Attic cipal city, Athens. Ir. tana or tanaidhe ; salt, a poignant, delicate \vit, peculiar to Eng. thin, whicl the Athenians; v4Mic faith, inviolable faith. see.] 1. To make thin or less consistent to sub- Attic base, a peculiar base used by the antilize or break the humors of the body into cient architects in the Ionic order, or colfiner parts to render less viscid opposed umn and by Palladio and others, ui the ;

They say the tongues of dying men Enforce atttntion like deep harmony. 9.

Testimony witness

official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact ; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The

attention.

[See Mtenuate..] Making thin, as fluids diluting rendering less dense and viscid. ATTEN'UANT, n. A medicine which thins

ATTEN

ing

n.

a solemn or care

a.

;

conseijuent to serving Ustening regarding with care. \TtENT', a. Attentive. 2 Chron. vi. ATTENT'.'VTES, n. Proceedings in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed, .lyliffe. TION, n. The act of attending or heeding; the due a])plication of the ear to sountls, or of the mind to objects pre.sented to its contemplation. [Literally, a stretch-

ATTESTATION,

The state of bemg

n.

heedfulness

;

ATTEN'UANT,

;

;

;

ATT

words, the manner and matter of a speak-

;

testimony

;

attesta-

appropriately, ornamental dress.

Can a i>ride forget her The bonis of a deer.

attire.

Jer.

ii.

Ill botany, the generative parts of plants. Florid attire, called thrums or suits, as in flowers of marygold or tansy, consists of two or three parts, of whicli the outer

tlu^

ATT

ATT

ATT

that tendency which is manifested between small particles of matter, at insensible distances, or near the jMiint of contact, to unite them in coherence.

the floret. Semiform attire consists In Virginia, the duties otaltomey, counsellor, of the chives and apexes. This Innguiige conveyancer and advocate, are all perfyirt. formed by the same individual. is now obsolete.

part

is

ATTl'REU, pp. Dressed luinients or attire. n. One

ATTJ'RKR,

decked

;

An

attorney may liave general powers to transact business lur another or his pow ers may be special, or limifeil to a particular act or acts.

witli or-

dresses or adorns

Its poweror force planets in their orbits. is directly as the iiuantity of matter in a appointed to body, and inversely as the sipiare of the king, the state or distances of the attracting bodies. public ; and his duty, in ]iarlicular, is to SVewton. Encyc. prosecute jiersons guilty of crimes. letter or warrant of attorney is a written 2. The act of attracting ; the effect of the

with attire. \T:TI' KING, ppr. Dressing; adorning with Attorney General V.

f.

To entitle.

[M'otin use.] Goicer.

A

ATTITUDE,

)!. [Fr. attitude, posture ; Sp. The Itahan actituit, li-om L. actus, ago. aMi
nn

is

business for

manage

dress or attire.

ATTI'TLE,

officer

tlie

authority from one person another to transact business

ATTOKN'EV, to

word.] In painting and sculpture, tlie posture or action in wliich a figure or statue is phu-ed such a the gesture of a figure or statue disposition of the parts as serves to express the action and sentiments of tlie perJohnson. Encyc. son represented. 2. Posture position of things or persons as, in tunes of trouble let the prince or a nation preserve a firm attitude. Washington's Farewell Address. Hamilton. Gov. Smith. JV. H.

employ

v.

empowering liir

him.

To

perfi)rm by proxy as a proxy. [JVot in use.] t.

1.

;

ATTORN'EYSHIP, attorney

;

;

;

ATTOL'LENT, ad and Lifting

tollo,

up

;

to

;

lord, or transferring

levator or elevator.

ATTORN',

i.

him

otherwise called Core.

Qui/icy.

homage and

;

torniamento, a tournament

Sp.

;

lor-

Shak. a new

fealty to

When it ojieratcs on finity or cohesion. dissimilar jiarticles, producing union, it ia distinguished as heterogeneous, and called chiniical attraction or affinity.

service.

Encyc. V.

to

truho,

thaw.

H'ebster's

Blackstone.

[L. altraho, attraclus, of

I.

See Drag and

To draw to to cause to move towards, and unite with as, electrical bodies attract straws, and light substances, by physical

Manual-

Elective attraction, in chimistry, is otherIt is that power in wise called affinity. substances, which elects or selects from a

mixture those elements with whicli they have the strongest tendencv to combhie.

;

;

ATTRACT'IVE,

a.

[Er. altraclif]

Having the quality of attracting; drawing to ; as the attractive force of bodies. unite with, 2. Drawing to by moral influence ; alluring ; some cause the unthough may prevent inviting ; engaging ; as the attractive graces. ion ; as, the sun is supposed to attract the Roscoe. An attractive undertaking. planets. adv. With the power 3. To draw by influence of a moral kind to of attracting, or drawing to. invite or allure as, to attract admirers. n. The quafity of 4. To engage as, to attract attention. being attractive, or engaging. ATTRACT', n. Attraction. [J\'ot in use.] ATTRAcT'OR, n. The person or thing that la^^•s.

tour- 2.

[L. ad and torno ;'Vr.

;

Hence neo.

his

ad and Draw.]

Arm. tuirgna, tumein, to turn Sp. tomar ; Port, id; It. attornare, tomiare. ner

homage and

Shak. of an

principle of attraction. .ittractiiin niay Le performed by impulse or other means. J\,'^ewton's Optics. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting or engaging ; as the attraction of or beauty eloqiu;nce. Contiguous attraction is that which is exerted betweiui minute particles or atoms, When this prinat insensible distances. ciple unites particles of the same kind, it is called affinity of aggregation, cohesive af-

vassal or tenant, by which he consents, U|>on the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to

A

;

office

ATTORN'MENT, n. The act of a feudatory,

as an attollenl muscle

or the upper eye hd

The

another.

;

the purchaser of an estate.

Derham

V.

7t.

fi)r

ATTORN'ING, ppr. Acknowledging

n. muscle whicii raises 1. part, as the ear, tlie tip of the nose

ATTOL'LENT, some

agency

ATTRACT',

lift.]

raising

;

[L. attollens, alloUo, of

a.

The attraction of gravity is supjiosetl to be the great principle which lontines the

;

who

To draw

to

1.

or incline to

ATTRACTIVELY,

See Turn.l

;

In the feudal law, to turn, or transfer

homage

and service from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals or tenants, upon tlie alienation of the estate. Blackstone.

Encyc.

;

ATTRACTIVENESS,

;

Hudibras.

ATTRA€TABIL'ITY,

The

n.

attracts.

quality ofl

ATTRA'HENT,

a.

Drawing being attractable, or of being subject to to ; or as a noun, that which draws to. the law of attraction. Asiat. Researches. Glaninlle. a. That may be attractATTRA€T'ABLE, One who takes the turn or change. place .VPTRAP', V. t. [Qu. Fr. drap, cloth.] To ed subject to attraction. of another. See .^rtoni and Turn.] Barret. clothe to dress. [.Vol in use.] Lavoisier by Kerr, One who is appointed or admitted in the ATTRECTA'TION, n. [L.attreclatio.] FreDiet. place of another, to manage his matters in ATTRACT'ED, pp. Drawn towards invi quent handling. law. The word formerly signified any ted allured engaged. ATTRIB'UTABLE, a. [See AttribiUc] ) to That per.son who did business for another but ATTRA€T'I€, may be ascribed, imputed or attribu"• Having power its sense is now draw to. ted ascribable imputable as, the fault chiefly or wholly restricted ICAL, I [JVot to persons who act as substitutes for the is not attributable to the author. used.] Rfypersons concerned, in prosecuting and de- ATTRACT'ILE, a. That has power to ATTRIB UTE, v. t. [L. attribuo ; ad and actions before of courts attract. Med. Rep. fending trijustice, or tribuo, to divide, to bestow, to assign in transactuig other business in which ATTRACT'ING, ppr. Drawing to or to bus, a tribe, division or ward ; Fr. attribuer ; The word anwards inviting alluring engaging. legal rights are involved. See Sp. atribuir, tribuir ; It. aitribuire. swers to the procurator, (proctor,) of the ATTRACT'INGLY, adv. In an attracting Tribe.]

ATTORN'EY, tournon

;

n. plu. attorneys. fn^m tour, ;

tome, id

[L. attrahetis.]

[Norm, attoum, turn,

;

;

;

:

;

;

ATTRACT

;

;

;

;

;

;

court. in

some of the U.

ATTRACTION,

1.

n.

The power

in bodies

sujjposed to draw them together or the tendency or principle which incUnes them to unite or cohere called by Coper-

which

is

;

or counsel in the higher courts this privilege being confuied to counsellors and serIn other states, there is no disgeants. tinction of rank, and attorneys practice in all the courts. And in a general sense, the ;

attorney comprehends counsellors, barristers and Serjeants.

To

allot or attach, in

ascribe

We

;

contemplation to to consider as belonging. God, that contains a Tillotson.

3.

To

give as due

;

to yield as

3.

pliers into attraction of gravity or gravita tion, which extends to a sensible distance, such as the tendency of the planets to the

AT'TRIBUTE, n. That which

;

an act of the

as, to attribute to God all the glory of redemption. To impute, as to a cause ; as, our misfortunes are generally to be attributed to our follies or imprudence.

mind

Encyc This power, principle or tendency in bodies to unite, is distinguished by philoso

sun, or of a stone, when raised in the air, to fall to the earth, and of which kind is the attraction of magnetism, and of elecand into attraction of cohesion, or tricity

;

attribute nothing to contradiction.

;

nicus, appetence. States,

attorneys are not j)ermitte(l to be advocates

word

;

manner.

civihans.

Attorneys are not admitted to practice in courts, until examined, approved, licensed and sworn, by direction of some court after which they are proper officers of the

In G. Britain, and

;

;

is attributed ; that which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in as, power and wisdom are attributes of the Supreme Being: or a ;

quality determining something to be after

as,

;

extension

is

an

of sale was made by a crier. sub ha^a, under a spear stuck in the earth.

of body. Encyc. characteristic disposition as Quality Bacon. bravery and generosity in men. A thing belonging to another an append ant as the arms of a warrior. In paint ing and sculpture, a symbol of office or

y.

;

;

character, added to the principal figure as a club is tlie attribute of Hercnles.

AUCTIONEE'R,

;

or giving as due

;

imputing.

ATTRIBU'TION, n. The or the quality ascribed

ATTRIB'UTIVE, pressing an

act of attributing,

commendation.

;

Pertaining to or ex

a.

Harris.

attribute.

jj. In grammar, a word an attribute; as an adje

ATTRIB'UTIVE, signiticant of

verb or particle, which is the attribute of a substance. Harris' Hermes. ATTRl'TE, a. [L. altrilus, worn, of ad and live,

Gr. istftu. See Trite.] Worn tero, to wear Milton. by rubbing or friction. [See Trite, which is now generally used.] ATTRI'TENESS,n. The behig niuchworn. Johnson. ATTRI"TION, n. Abrasion the act of wearing by friction, or rubbing substances ;

together. The change of aliment

by the

effected

state of being worn. 3. With divines, grief for sin

fear of

punishment

;

AU€UPA'TION,

and

airs

IVallis.

To make


See Tone

To

manner

;

In an impudent

adv.

Shak

with excess of boldness.

AUDA'CIOUSNESS, ing audacious

good sense

;

n.

The

impudence

quality of beaudacity.

;

Sandys. Boldness, sometimes in a daiing spirit, resolution or

n.

;

confidence.

Audaciousness

2.

sense

; impudence ; in a bad imjjlying a contempt of law or

;

moral

restraint.

AUD'EANISM,

n. Anthroponior|)liisin or the doctrine of Audeus, who maintained that God has a human shape from Gen. i

;

another

;

Hence ;

a.

court.

AUD'IT-HOUSE, n. An appendage

to a cathedral, in which the business belongingto it is transacted. Wheler.

AUD'ITIVE,

a. Having the power of hearCotgrave. one who at[L.] A hearer tends to hear a discourse. 2. A person appohited and authorized to examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, e.xamine the pai ties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. It is usual with courts to refer accounts, on which an action is brought, to auditors for adjustment, and their re])ort, if received, is the basis of the judgment. In Englaiul, there are officers who are auditors of courts; as the auditors of the Excliequer, of the receipts, &c.

ing-

AUDITOR,

AUD'ITORSHIP,

arf«.

Between. Obs.

adv. Betwixt. Obs. adv. In two. Obs.

making

oyez,

;

The verb

Port, ouvir

;

is

Fr.

contracted

ov'ir,

law

AUD'ITORY, 2.

courts.] ;

;

The

re.

quality of being

tending

1.

4.

structed.

public sale of property to the highest bidder, and regularly, by a person licensed for tlie purpose ; a vendue, CorUracts for services, somethnes, are sold to the lowest bidder. By the Romans

\5.

bench on which a judge n.

A

sits to hear Encyc. female hearer.

Milton.

Jifilton.

;

Admittance to a hearing ; pubhc reception to an interview ; a ceremony observed in courts, or by official characters, when

An auditory; an assembly of hearers. In the Spanish dominions, a com-t as the audience of Seville, which is a coiu't of oyer and terminer and the audience prctorial, in the Indies, which is a high court ;

of judicature. The word in Spain also signifies certain law-officers, appointed to institute a judicial inquiry. Span. Dirt.

and authorized

A

causes.

cian mythology, is represented as belonging to Augeas or Augias, one of the

;

A

audi-

AUF, n. A fool a simpleton. [See Oaf] AUgE'AN, a. The Augean stable, in Gre-

business in person. 3.

An

in

embassadors or applicants to men in office are permitted to appear and state their

;

[L. auditorium.]

at-

;

to .sounds.

His bold discourse had atuliencc. 2.

It.

n.

AUD'ITRESS,

audible.

It.

brown, by a transposition of the letters r and n, with a prefix, auburn, for aubrun, from brennan, burn, denoting the color made by scorchof a dark color. ing.] Brown His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed. Dry den. J!. AUCTION, [L. audio, a public sale; Eng. to hawk ; G. hoken ; properly, to cry out. Sec Hawk.]

of auditor.

A ]jlace or apartment where discourses are delivered. In ancient chircjies, the nave, where the hearers stood to be in-

3.

voice or whis))er.

AUD'IBLENESS,

Chaucer. ATVVO, AUBA'INE, »i. aubain. [Fr. awiiai?!, an alien.] AUD'IBLY, adv. In an audible manner The droit d'auhaiiu, in France, is the right a manner so as to be heard. of the king to the goods of an alien AUD'IENCE, The act of hearing, or

from hrun, bruno, Fr. and

office

;

oyer,

That may be heard perceivable by the ear loud enough to be heard as an audible Shak

dying within his jurisdiction, the king standing in the place of the heirs. AU'BURN, a. [This word is evidently formed

The

ence an assembly of hearers, as in a church or lecture room.

to hear.

and from the French hear ye, the barbarous O yes, of our in

Obs.

Spenser. Spenser.

ji.

Johnso7t.

;

ATWEE'N, ATWIXT',

;

[L. audibilis,

Vulg. Gr. av6ia. into S]i. oir

;

:

Encyc.

accommodated in sound. ATTU'NING,;9pr. Putting in tune

musical, or accordant in sound. adv. In twain asunder.

an examination, or account as adjusted by auditors; a final account. Hooker. V. t. To examine and adjust an acAUD'IT, count or accounts, by proper officers, or by persons legally authorized for the purj)Ose as, to audit the accounts of a treasurer, or of parties who have a suit depending in

;

as

;

ATWA'IN,

officers, or persons appointed for that piu-pose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and

from audio, to AIID'ITORY, a. That has the power of hear. This word is evidently connected hearing pertaining to the sense or organs of hearing; as, the aurfiVon/ nerve. with the name of the ear; Gr. ova;, oiiaroj;

one ;

26.

AUDIBLE,

ATTU'NED, pp. Made musical or harmonious

Jonson.

spirited.

;

AUDA'CIOUSLY,

;

to adjust ; to make accordant to attune the voice to a harp. to

;

;

Bold

3.

iise.]

[L. audit,

state the balance. Coivper. aucupalio, from 2. The result of such

;

musical.

tune, or put in tune

sound

[L.

Encyc. hearer. [JVo< in

Shelion. n.

proper

seU at auction.

;

attune the trembling leaves. Aliltvyi

3.

n.

To

;

the lowest degree of

[of«(/and

i). «.

Tune.']

Vernal

t.

aucupor, of avis and cupio.] The act or practice of taking birds fowling birdcatching. [Ldttlc used.] AUDA'ClOUS, a. [L. audai ; Fr. audacieux ; from L. audeo, to dare. The sense is, advancuig forward.] 1. Very bold or daring; impudent; conlem ning the restraints of law, rehgion or de corum used for 6oW i>i wickedness ; applied to persons as an audacious wretch. 2. Committed with, or proceeding from, dai-ing effrontery, or contempt of law as an audacious crime.

arising from

re|)eutance.

ATTU'NE,

v.

&c.

he hears.] An examination of an account or of accounts, with a hearing of the parties concerned, by

;

AUCTIONEE'R,

at-

Johnson.

irT\ xm AUD'IT,

der.

Jirbuthnot

The

[L. auctionarius.]

consecrations, elections, institutions, marriages,

AUD'IENT, n. A

sells at auction a person licensed by government to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest bid-

AUDACITY, is

trition of the stomach.

n.

The person who

;

9.

Pope.

Belonging to an aucDryden

a.

tion or public sale.

Encyc.

Shak Reputation ; honor. [JVot a proper sense of this tvoril.] ATTRIBUTED, ;)j). Ascribed; yielded as due imputed. ATTRIB'UTING, /*^r. Ascribing: yieldmg

thing sold at auction.

AU€'TIONARY,

;

4.

The

2.

;

;

bishop of Canterbury, on the subject of

this species

at-

tributi'

2.

AUG

A U D

A U C manner

u certain

In England, a court held by the arch-

Argonauts, and afterwards king of Ehs. This ])rince kept a great number of oxen, in a stable which was never cleansed, until Hercules undertook the task a task which it seemed im])racticable to execute. ;

Hence the Augean stable came to reprewhat is deemed impracticable, or a place which has not, for a long time, been sent

cleanscfl.

Lempriere. n. [D. aregaar. The Saxon word nafe-gar or naue-gar, from nafa, the nave

AUG'ER, is

of a wheel, and gar, a tool or a borer. It is probable that the real word is naugar, corrupted.]

An

instrument for boring large holes, chiefly used by carpenters, joiners, cabinet niak-

AUG

AUG

A U R

wheelw)i<»lits and sliipwiightr!. sioH of monasteries. It It was long ago dis- AUGTJST'AN, a. Pertaining to Augusius : consists of an iron blado, oniJing in a stee. solved. as the Augustan Encyc. age. bit, with a handle placed at right angles In heraldry, augmentation consists in ad- 2. The Augustan confession, drawn up al witli tlic blade. ditional charges to a coat-armor, often as Angers, niatfe with a Augusta or Augsburg, by Luther and Memarks of honor, borne on the escutcheon straight cliannel or groove, in some places, lancthoii, in 15:50, cont.iins the principle.^ are called pod-nugers ; tlie modern angers, ov a canton. Enrnc. of tlie Protestants, and their reasons for with spiral channels, are called scretvATI VE, «. Having the riuality separating from the Romish church. or power of angers. augmenting. Encyc. AI O'ER-IIOLE, n. A hole made by an n. He that augments. AUGUSTIN'IANS, „. Those divines, who anger. frtim 8t. Augustiii, niaiiilaiii that ;);jr. Increasing; enlarggrace is AUGHT, n. nut. [Sax. aioiht, aid, or moiht, ing. effectual from its nature, absolutely and oini'il, dIiI, tioni un'lit, wiglit, a creature, an- AU'GUR, n. [L. augur. The first .syllable morally, not relatively and gradually. This loihi seems is from imal, thing, any thing. avis, a fowl ; but the meaning and to be oin- icighl and whil ; and I of the last origin suspect .syllable are not obvious.] > An order of AJ'GUST'INS, the L. i/ul, i/uu; i/iioil, ipild, tchitt, to be the 1. Among the «• Romans, an officer whose duty so .-alled from St! same word varied in ortliograjihy. This waste foretell future events bv the sing- AUGUSTIN'IANS, $ Augnstui. They originally were hermits, word should not he written ought.] ing, chattering, flight and leediiig of birds. and called Austin friars. They were conI. There was a college or coiumimity of Any tiling, indefinitely. gregated into one \nnl\ by Popi- AlexanBut go, my son, and see if atight be wanting augurs, originally three in number, andj der IV., under Lan(raiic,"in 125(). They Mildison afterwards nine, four (latricians, and five! clothe in black, and make one of the fi.uV Any part, the smallest, a jot or tittle. plebeians. They bore a stafl'or wand, and! orders of mendicants. Enair There (.iiIlmI not might of any good thing were held in great respect. n. Encyc. wliich die Lorti had sjiokcn. Josh. x.\t. Dignity of mien; granOne who pretends to foretell future events deur ; NESS, magnificence. AU'tilTE, n. [Gr. avyr., brightness. Plin. by omens. n. from Alca.] The al37, 10.] Wc all know tliat augur cannot look at augur AUK,a [contracted ca, niineral called by Haiiy, pyroxene ; oflen genus of arpiatic fowls, of the order without langliiiifT. Buchminster of ansers, including the northern found ill distinct crystals. Its secondary penguin or great auk, the little auk or black and forms are all six or eight -sided prisms. AU'GUR, v.i. To guess ; to conjecture by white diver, the |iiirtiii, &c. sigiis or omens ; to prognosticate Sometimes it apjHiars in heniitrope crysV. t. To AU'GUR, or to ;i. predict tals. foretell; It lias a foliated AULA'RIAN, a as, At Ox[L.aula, hall.] structure, and is augur ill success. lord, the iiieniber of a hall, di.sthiguished harder than liornbleiid. Tiie varieties are common augile, sahlile, fassaite, and AU'GUR.'^L, a. [L. auguralis.] Pertaining Todd. vi'l'r^ ''.'"fgian. to an augur, or to prediction by the ap- Al coccolite. 'I'lie IC, a. [Gr. mXijT'txos, from otjXos, a omjjiiacitc of Werner appearance of birds. The Romans had their pipe.] pears also to be a variety and the eomstaff and augural books. to augural mon aiigite, tiniiul near the lake Baikal, Pertaining pipes or to a pipe. [Liltlr v. i. To judge by augury has been called BaiUalite. used.] Ckaveland. AU'GURATE, to predict. H'arburton. AU'LI€, a. [L. aulicus, from [TMle used.] Werner divides augite into four sub-species ; aula, a hall, n. The practice of aucourt or jialace ; Gr. granuhir, foliated, conchoidal, and com- AUGURA'TION, avx?;.] mon ; and there is a variety called slaggy gury, or the foretelling of events by the Pertaining t
AUGMENT'

AUGMENT'ER,

AUGMENTING,

moX,

%

AUGUST

A

LET

;

;

;

AUGMENT', ;

;

;

bigger a.s, nugmenl an army, by reinlbrcement rain ait^mcn/« ;

AU'GUROUS,

;

2.

a stream. To increase or swell

or magnitude

;

as,

tlie

degree, amount

impatience augments an

I.. J. To increase to grow as, a stream augjncnts by rain.

larger

;

AUG'MENT,

Increase; enlargement by state of increase.

;

tial

vowel.

a.

That may be

in-

creased; callable of augmentation. H'alsh''s

AUGMENTATION,

«.

The

Amer. Review. act of increas-

ing, or making larger, by adtlition,«xpansion, or dilatation. 2. The state of being increased or

1.

enlarged. thing added by wliieh a thing is enlarged. In music, a the value of the notes douJiling of the subject of a fugue or canon.

The

Bushy. Court, in England, a court

Augmentation erected by 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of tlie crown, by the suppres-

Vol.

I.

;

The

2.

An omen

AUGUST',

;

a.

prediction

;

;

The

first .syl-

;

;

Dryden. is related that this epithet was first' conferred by the Roman senate upon Octavius, after confirming him in the sovereign

power.

AU'GUST,

The

eighth month of the year, contauiiiig thirty-one days. The old Roman name was Scrtilis, the sixth month from Marcli, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the n.

some European

universi-

ceives the caji and presides at the Aulic or

prognostication. Shak. Dryden.

[L. augusius.

lable of this word is proliably from the root of n!(g-co, or of face.] Grand magnificent majestic impressimr awe inspiring reverence. The Trojan chief appeared, august in visage. It

Emperor.

in

Aulic,

an act of a young divine, on being admitted a doctor of divinity. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, after which he reties, is

disputation.

AUMA'IL, variegate.

t..

/. [Fr. email.] [JVot used.]

To

AUMBRY. [See Ambry.] AUME, n. A Dutch measure

for

Encyc. figure or Spenser.

Rhenish

wine, containing 40 gallons.

;

AUGMENT'ABLE,

3.

foretelUng

n.

;

n.

addition In philology, a syllable iirefixed to a word or an increase of the quantity of the ini;

a.

Predicting;

[L. augurium.] The art or practice of foretelling events by the flight or chattering of birds.

evil.

AUGMENT',

a.

foreboding.

AUGURY,

Encyc. [A i-ontraction of aidne, ulna.] French cloth measure, but of different lengths in different parts of the country. At Rouen, it is an at Calais, Eng. ell 1. 52 ; at Lyons, 1. OGl ; at Paris, 0. 95.

AUNE,

A

n.

;

Encyc.

A TTTVTrn

AUNT,

)i.

tante.] sister

The

tive to

[L. amita, contracted.

Qu. Fr.

of one's father or mother, correla-

nephew

or niece.

AURA,

n. [L. from Heb.iK', a stream Gr. See Air.] in Literally, a breeze, or gentle current of air, tus, on account of his victories, and his but used by Enghsh writers for a stream' entering on his first consulate in that of fine particles flowing from a body, a!3 iT^omh. Gebelin.l effluvia, arotna, or odor au eslialation.

The name was changed to August honor of the Emperor Octavius Angus-'

year.

;

aiipa.

;

16

A U R n.

Vli'llATE,

A

[Supposed

A U be from aurum,

to

;

,•

.-VU'RATED,

AURE'LIA,

u.

ResemMii.g gold.

its

rVURIPlGMENTUM. AU'RISCALP,

n.

[See Orpiment.]

[L. auris, ear,

and

scalpo,

to scrape.]

An

instrument to clean the ears; used also in operations of surgery on the ear.

AU RIST,

color.

;

[L.

and

A

see.

ox.]

species of o.x, whoso bones are found in J. of Science. gravel and alluvial soil. . AURO'RA, n. [L. aurora ; Sans, arun ; Ch.

and Heb. IIX 1.

3.

Encyc.

light,

and

"ly

to raise.]

The rising light of the morning the dawn of day, or morning twilight. The goddess of the morning, or twilight The poets represented deified by fancy. ;

her as rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers drop])ing gentle dew. aurelia. Johnson. 3. A species of crowfoot. AU'Rie, a. to gold. The auric acid is a saturated Aurora Borealis, or lumen horcale ; northern This species of hght iLsually aptwilight. combination of gold and oxygen. towards the in streams, ascending pears Fourcroy. zenith from a dusky line a few degrees dim. from au )i. [L. auricula,

above the horizon.

the ear.] external ear, or that part which is prominent from tlie head. The aiu-icles of the heart are two niuscu lar bags, situated at the base, serving as diverticula for the blood, during the dias tole. They resemble the auricle of the ear, and cover the ventricles of the heart, Their systole or contraction like caps. corresponds to the diastole of the heart, and vice I'crsa. They receive the blood from the veins, and communicate it to the ris,

2.

ventricles. called,

Encyc. 11.

its

;

;

AUSPI"CIOUSLY, omens l)lv

happily

;

;

adv.

jiromise

;

With

favorable favora-

prosperously

propitiously.

;

AUSPI"CIOUSNESS,

n.

A

;

of

state

fail-

prosperity.

rigid ; stern applied to persons austere master ; an austere look. ;

;

9-

Chambers.

Sour to

harsh

;

to the taste

rough

:

as

;

;

an

applied

or wine.

fruit,

Severely;

rigidly;

harshly.

AUSTE'RENESS, harshness 2.

n. Severity in

manners;

austerity.

;

Roughness

in taste.

AUSTER'ITY,

n. [L. austeritas.]

Severity

of manners or life strictness ; rigor harsh discipline. It is particularly appUed to the mortifications of a monastic hfe, ;

;

which are

tain.

;

things; as austere adv.

AUSTE'RELY,

;

leaves, bear's

[from L. auricula, the

a.

;

[See Auspice.] Having omens of success, or favorable ai)pearan' ees ; as an auspicious beginning. 9Prosperous fortimate applied to persons . as auspicious chief. Dryden. 3. Favorable; kind; propitious; applied to persons or things ; as an auspicious mistress. Shak.

assiuiies

hemisphere. Sometitues it appears in detached places at other times, it almost covers the hemisphere. As the streams of light have a tremulous motion, they are called, in the Shetland isles, merry dancers. They assume all shapes, and a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color and in the northern latitudes, serve to illuminate the earth and cheer the gloom of long winter nights. This hght is sometimes near the It is said to have been seen beearth. tween the spectator and a distant moun-

ear.

4URI€'ULAR,

;

a.

;

That species of primrose,

from the shape of

it

;

rally pluial, auspices.

a wavy ai)pearance, as in America, in AIJS'TER, n. [L.] the south wind. Pope. March 1782, when it overspread the whole AUSTE'RE, a. [h. austerus.] Severe harsh

The

AURI€'ULA,

Sometimes

Protection favor shown patronage influence. In this sense the word is gene-

AUSPI'CIOUS,

a.

AU'RICLE,

3.

awis, ear.] One skilled AU'SPICE, AU'SPICES, n. [L. auspicium, of the ear, or who professes of avis, a bird, and specio, to inspect.] to cure them. Ash. 1. The omens of an undertakuig, drawr; from bu-ds the same as augury, which AU'ROCIIS, n. [G. urochs, the ure-o.r, urus n.

in disorders

Like or pertaining to the Humphreys. [from aurum., gold.] Pertaining

AURE'LIAN,

2.

S

a sense taken from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before they undertook any important business. Burke's Refections. To foreshow. B. Jonson. To begin. Burke. ;

;

[from aurum, or avr, gold

n.

See Chnisalis.] In natural history, the nymjih or chrysalis of an in.sect or the form of an animal, like a worm or maggot, covered with a liardisli pellicle, and in a state of seeming inFrom this state, it changes to sensibility. a moth, butterrty or other winged insect.

1.

a tavorable turn to


gold.]

sort of pear. Fr. or ; froii! n. [L. mirum, ffold the Ileb. and Cli. 11N, light, fire, ami to shine, from if.s color; Ir. or; W. our Corn. our; Biisijue urrea ; Arm. aur, gold.] \ combination of the o.Kyd of gold witli a base; as aurate of potash. Lavoisier. Fourcroy.

AU'KATE,

from

A U

S^

or practice of driving horses harnessed to

called austerities.

Belonging to the aurora, or AUSTRAL, «. [L. australis, from auster, the .south wind, or south.] resembling the twit. Pertaining to the ear; within the sense of E. Goodrich. Southern lying or being in the south ; as light. hearing told in the ear as auricular con- AU'RUM, n. See Aurate.] Gold. austral land austral signs. [L. fession. Aurum fulminans, fulminating gold, is gold AUSTRALA'SIA, n. [austral and Asia.] A 1. Recognized by the ear; know-n by the dissolved in aqua-regia or nitro-muriatic name given to the countries situated to the evidence. sense of hearing as auricular south of Asia comprehending New-Holacid, and precipitated by volatile alkali. as aurict. Traditional ; known by report This precipitate is of a brown yellow, or land, New Guinea, New Zealand, &c. Bacon. ular traditions. Pinkerton. orange color, and when exposed to a mod.\URIC'ULARLY, adv. In a secret man- erate heat, deto)iizes with considerable AUS'TRL\N, a. [from Austria. This word ner by way of wlusper, or voice adtbessnoise. It is a compound of the oxyd of gold is formed with the Latin tenuination, ia, ed to the ear. and annnonia. Fourcroy. countrj', from (Estreich, the German name, AURI€'ULATE, a. Shaped like the ear. Aurum mo.mictim, or musivujn, a sparkling which is eastern rick, eastern kingdom, so Botany. callcil ill reference to the western domingold-colored substance, from an anutlgam UTRI€'ULATED, a. Having large or elon- of quick-silver and tin, mixed with sulphur ions of Charlemagne.] The and sal ammoniac, set to sublime. gated cars as the auricutated vultiu'e. Pertaining to Austria, a circle or district of Ed. Encyc. of the unite inand sulphmpart mercury Germany, and an ein])ire, lying ou the AURIF'EROUS, a. [L. aurifer, from aurum, to a cinnabar, which sublimes witii the sal- Danube north of the gulf of Venice. ammoniac, and leaves the aurum mosaigold, and/ero, to produce.] ?i. A n.ttive of Austria. cum at the bottom. It is a sulphtiret of AUSTRIAN, That yields or produces gold as auriferous AUS'TRINE, a. [L. austrinus, from auster, Thomson. and is used as a sands or streams.

AURO'RAL,

ear.]

a.

to the nortliern lights

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

pigment. soutfi.] Encyc. .A'icholson. Johnson. southerly southern. n. [L. from autiq.ausf, South Gr. 0V5, oias, the ear, and cultus, from colo, AUS'TROMANCY, n. [from auster, the south wind, and Gr. fiuirna, divination.] to use or exercise.] The act of listening, or hearkening to. Soothsaying, or prediction of future events, from observations of thewinds. In medicine, a method of distinguishing Encyc. diseases, particularly in the thorax, by ob- Auterfoits, a word conqiosed of the French tin,

n. [L. ofaurea, orea, a head-stall, ' a bridle, and rego, to govern or manage a car, or wagon. Literally, the director of

VURPGA,

In astronomy, the wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, consisting of an stars, according to Tycho 40, according to Hevelius ; and 68, in the Brit;

ish catalogue.

The

Encyc.

fourth lobe of the liver; also a bandage for the sides. Quincy. AURIGA'TION, n. [L. auriga.] Tlie act

3.

AUSCULTA'TION, 1.

3.

;

serving the sounds in the part, generally by means of a tube apphed to the surface.

Laennec.

AU'SPICATE,

V.

I.

[L. ausjricor.]

To

give

;

autre, another, and foils, fois, time, introduced into law language, under the Norof England. It signifies, at man

princes time,

another

formerly

;

as

uuterfoilf

A U T

A U T

A U T tjcquit, auterfoits allaint, auterfoils convict, tbrnierly a(()uitto(l, iiltaintcil or convicted,

AUTIIOR'ITATIVE,

Having due an Pearson

AUTOBIOG'RAPIIY, n. [Gr. ovro;, ai..l biography.] positive; per- Biograjihy or memoirs of one's life writteti H'otton H'alsh. by himself. AUTHOR'ITATIVELY.arfv. In an author- AUTOC'RASY, n. [Gr. oi.ros, self, and xpaa.

thority. 2. Having an air of authority specially ploadod, i.s a l)ar to a second jnosecution for tlie same oftense. emplorv.

which being

lilacksloiic

;

It itative manner with a show of authority ) AUTHEN'TH-, " [Fr. authentique with due authority. AUTHEN'TI€AL, ^ and Sp. auUnlko Low L. autheniicus, from the Gr. auOtif ixo;, AUTHOR ITATIVENESS, Thequahtj ;

;

To;, power, or stpartu, to govern, to take or hold.] Indei)endent jKnvcr su])reme, uncontrolled, imhmiled authority or right of governing^ in a .single i)er.son. An absolute prince ^ AU'TOCR.VTER, > n. or sovereign a ru AU'TOCRATOR, > Icr or monarch who holds and exercises the ])Owers of govcrninent by inherent right, not subject to restriction a title assumed by the Em)>crors of Russia. Tooke. 9 This title was sometimes conferred by the Atlionians on their emba.ssadors and generals, when invested with unlitnited

;

,

...

irom

who

one avSit'Tr;;, an autlior or maker; docs any Ihinfjhy his own ri,!;;ht also ;

one who kills himself. The first syllable is probably from the i.s from oufo;, which root of aulhoi; avxior ; and the sense of self-murdcnM- seems to indicate that the other constitnent of the word is from Onw, Onru,, to kill, bnt the primary sense of uliicli to

1.

;

;

Power; 2.

strike,

rule; sway.

The power derived froin opinion, respect or esteem intlucnce of character or office credit as the authority of age or e.\am|)le,j which is submitted to or respected, in some! measure, as a law, or rule of action. Thatj which is claimed in justification or suj);

hand, &c.

;

;

;

;

I.

AUTOCRAT

AUTHOR'

to drive or thrnst with the In the word before iis, the sense is to throw, or to set hence imthrntic is set, fi.xeil, made or made certain by the antlior, by one's own self] Having a genuine original or anthority, is,

;

of being authoritative ; an acting by authority; authoritative appcar.'ince. IT Y, n. [L. nuilnritns.] Legal power, or a right to conuiiand or to act as iho, authority of a prijice over subjects, and of ))arents over children.

port of opinions and measures.

jiowers.

Encyc. Pertaining to autocracy; absolute holding independent and unlimited j)owers of government. Eton. AU'TOCRATRIX, n. A female sovereign, who is independent and absolute a title as a given to the Empresses of Russia. Tooke.

AUTOCRAT IC, AUTOCRAT ICAL,

in opposition to that which is false, ficti- 3. Testimony; witness; or the person whoj testifies as, the Gospels or the evangel-| tious, or counterfeit ; being what it [mrists are our authorities for the miracles of ports to be ; genuine ; true ; applied to ;

as an authentic ])aper or register. things Of approved authority as an authentic writer. adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine au-

Christ.

;

•9.

;

•1.

Weight of testimony

credibility

;

;

?

"•

^

;

;

historian of no authority. Weight of character ; respectability; dig- L/luto dafe. [Port, act of faith.] nit)' ; as a magistrate of great authority in JL In the Romish church, n so]cii)n day held by the city. Brown. the IiKiuisition, forthc punishment of herthority. etics, and the absolution of the innocent. AUTHEN'TI€ALXESS, h. The quality of 6. Warrant order permission. accused. Span, ^iuto defe. being authentic ; genuineness ; the quality By what authurity dost tliou these things. Encyc. of being of good authority autlieaticity. :2. sentence given by the Inquisition, and Mat. xxi. Acts ix. latter read to a criminal, or heretic, on the scafword is [The generally used.] 7. Precedents, decisions of a court, official Barroic. fold, just before he is executed. Sp. Diet. declarations, respectable opinions and AUTHEN'TICATE, v. t. To render au- sayings, also the books that lontain them 3. The session of the court of inquisition. thentic; to give authority to, by the jiroof, \ are called as influence the [Gr. a1.r0!, self, and

AUTHENTICALLY,

5.

j

;

;

'

A

;

1

I

authorities, they opinions of others and in taw, the decisions of supreme coiu'ts have a bindin force upon inferior courts, and are called

attestation, or formalities, required bjMaw, or suflicient to entitle to credit.

;

The king

sen'es only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges. Burke.

AUTHEN'TI€.'VTED, thentic

;

;;;;.

Rendered au-

having received the forms which

authorities. S.

prove genuineness.

AUTHEN'TI€ATING, ppr.

Giving author-

by the necessary signature, seal, attestation or other forms. n. The act of authenticating; the giving of authority by the necc.ssarv formalities. AUTHENTIC'ITY, n. Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine original ; as the authenticitii of the scriptures. ity

AUTHENTICATION,

(iovermiient

the persons or the body exas the local authorities of the states. Marshall. 1 Pet. iii, In Connecticut, the justices of the peace are denomiinited the civil authority. ercising

;

power or command

AUTHORIZATION,

The

n.

mary sense is come forth.] I.

One who being

;

as,

cause to enlarge. The prione who brings or causes to

produces, creates, or brings into God is the author of the Uni

beginner, former, or first mover of any thing hence, the efficient cause of a It is appropriately applied to one thing. who composes or writes a book, or origi nal work, and in a more general sense, to ;

one whose occupation is to compose and write books opposed to compiler or ;

translator.

AU'THOR,

V.

t.

To

occasion

;

to

[JVot used.]

AUTHORESS,

n.

A

female author.

effect.

\

one's

;

;

by authority, as by usage, or as an aulhoi-ized idiom of ;

5.

To give authority, credit or reputation to; as to authorize a report, or opinion. To justify to support as right. Suppress desires which reason does not authorize. ;

AU'THORIZEI),

/)/j.

Warranted by

supported by authority gal or i)roper authority authoritv.

AUTHORIZING, p/jr.

;

;

right;

derived from

having power or

Pertaining to an autograph, or

;

tetrahedrons with truncated angles. It is harder than quartz, but not so hard as spinel.

It

from Gahn,

is

sometimes called gahnite, discoverer.

its

Thomson.

Cyc.

AU'TOMATH, learn.]

n.

AUTOMATIC,

AUTOMAT'ICAL, 2.

Cleaveland.

[Gr. avroj, and /Jo.Sam, to is .self taught. Young.

One who

I °'

S

Belonging to an automaton ;''having the

itself;

mechanical. Johnson. Stewart.

Not voluntary not depending on the will. Dr. Hartley has demonstrated that all our motions are originally automatic, and generally ])roduced by tlie action of tangible things on the mu-scular fiber. ;

AUTOMATON, self,

and

/tao,

»i. [Gr. wro/^aTo;; avfof, moveo, motu.t. The Greek-

plural, automata,

the regular

is

EngUsh

sometimes used jiUiral,

but automatons, is ;

preferable.]

Giving authority

or legal power, credit, or permission. n. [author and ship.] quality or state of being an author.

AU'THORSHIP,

le-

"'

writing.

n. A mineral called b> Haily, spinelle zincifcre. It is classed with the spinel ruby. It occurs imbedded in talcky slate the color, a dark green. It is crystalized in regular octahedrons, or in

power of moving

language. 4.

own hand

AUTOM'ALITE,

act of giving

;

public opinion

The

AUTOGRAPH'ICAL,

To

riage. 3. To establish

vei'se.

3.

?

torixar.]

oi'augeo.

to increase, or

AUTOGRAPH IC,

AUTHORIZE, ;

yi^r, writing.]

writing; an original

manuscript.

authority, or legal jiower ; establishment by authoritv. v.t. [Fr. autoriscr ; Sp.au-

1.

"•

AUTOG'RAPIIY, \ person's own hand

.\

;

give authority, warrantor legal power to to gi\ e a right to act to empower as, bj used.'] AU'THOR, n. [L. auctor; Ir. ughdar ; W. to authorize con)missioners to settle the boundary of the state. awdur ; Fr. nuteur ; Sp. autor ; It. autore. 5 To make to authorize a mar legal as, The Latin word is from the root

AUTHENTIC>JESS,n. Authenticity. [Bare

'AUTOGRAPH,

to,

A self-moving by

machine, or one which moves

invisible springs.

The AUTOM'ATOUS,

Sha/lesbury.

o.

Having

power of motion.

AUTON'OMOUS,

in itself the

Brown. a.

[Infra.-]

Independent.

A AUTON'OMY,

AVE

A

V

skill avail

;

judgment. AVzV'IL, V. i.

is rarely used. It signifies the right of self government, whethwliich elects its own magis-

poweror

own laws, or in an according to his own Johnson. Encyc. [Gr. auro^m, ai.*o;, self, Personal observation oc-

and makes

who

individual

AU'TOPSY, and 04-15,

its

J!.

siglit.]

eves.

adv.

lar view, or one's

own

[Autopsy and

its

;

AVENGE,

AVA'ILABLE, geous

I

Astronom-

Profitable

a.

having efficacy

;

advanta

;

a mea.sure

as,

;

more or less available. Having sufficient power,

Atterbm-y.

Avenge me

promoting an end in view. Comjjeteut power legal force validity as the availableness of a title. IaVA'ILABLY, adv. Powcrftilly; profita;

;

;

;

j

;

AUTUM'NAL,

plant

The autunmals form

Autumn.

of plants

division

in

Du

ment.

AVA'ILMENT,

the third

ful issue.

Pas' arrangeMilne.

n. [Gr. twtjjTij, increase.] fn rhetoric, a figure liy which any thing is magnified too much an increasing, or ex

goods

grave and proper word.

Smith. ) "

S

[L. auriliaris, from au.iilium, aid, auxilior, to ;

;

the service of

AUXIL'IARY, "i.

A

is,

Ur from avarus,

inordinate desire of gaining and possessing wealth covetousness greediness or Shak. insatiable desire of gain. Avarice sheds a blasting influence over the and sweetest eomtbits of manBuckminster.

finest afl'eclions

Ar. J,j balla. The stretch or extend,

to

kind.

greedy of iirinioderatcly desirous of accumu-

AVARU'CIOUS, gain

;

a.

Covetous

;

latinir jiropertv.

AVARU'CIOUSLA',

adv. Covetously

;

with

inordinate desire of gaining wealth. Goldsmith. n. The quality of being avaricious insatiable or inordinate

AVARU'CIOUSNESS, ;

passion for property. AV'AROUS, a. Covetous.

IMt

used.]

Gower.

AV'AST,

erclam..

whence

[Ger.basta,sto\>; bastanl,

Per. sufficient ; from It. basta, enough strength, value.] 1. To profit one's self ; to turn to advantage has, enough.] followed by the pronouns, myself, thyself, In seamen's lavguage, cease ; stop ; stay. himself, herself ourselves, yourselves, them- AVAUNT', excl. [W. ibant, begone.] selves, with of before the thing used ; as, Begone depart a word of contempt or ab" Get let him avail horrence, equivalent to the |>hrasc, himself of ]ns license. 2. To assist or profit ; to effect the object, or thee behind me." GaJi. of words first the bring to a succesfnl issue; as, what will A'VE [from ;

;'

;

MARY,

4.

;

adversary. Id. v. 3.

the party vindicated is the object of the verb. To take satisfaction for, by ])ain or punishment inflicted on the injuring party.

He will avenge the blood of his servants. Dent, xxxii. Here the thing for which satisfaction is' taken is the object of the verb. To revenge. To ai'fng-e and rcwng'e, radare synonymous. But modern usage inclines to make a valuable distinction in the use of these words, restricting avenge to the taking of just punislnnent, and revetige to the infliction of pain or evil, maliciously, in an illegal manner. In the passive form, this verb signifies to have or receive just satisfaction, by the punishment of th.e offender. Shall not iiiy soul be as this ? .ler. 5.

AVENG'EANCE, used.]

avenged on such

a nation

Punishment.

[JVoi

n.

[See Vengeance.]

AVENg'ED,

;

;

[Fr. valoir, to be worth ; L. valeo, to be strong or able, to profit, to be of force or authority; Sp. valer, to Ije valuable, to avail or jirevail, to be binding, to be wortli ; It. valere, to be worth, to be

F.ng.well;

or advanced

An

t.

primary sense

The van

my

ically,

[See Vanguard.] A variety of quartz

n. [L. avantia, aveo, to covet.]

from

Spanish.

useful;

n. n.

rock containing spangles.

;

V.

.3.

;

AVARICE,

Foreign troops in war. helper; an assistant;

have, be, may, can, do, must, shall and will, in English; etre and avoir, in French; avere and essert, in Italian ; estar and ha her, in

rents, issues or profits. [Fr. from avaler, to *»"•]

AVANT'URINE,

a confederate in some action, entei-jirise or undertaking. In grammar, a verb which helps to form the modes and tenses of other verbs as,

.AVA'IL,

success-

""

S

body of an army.

n. plu. nations at 71.

}

[See Van.]

used.]

;

;

AUXIL'IARIES,

fi>r

AVANT'GUARD,

aiding assisting subsidiary conferring aid or support by joint exertion influence or use as auxiliary troops. ;

;

a vast body of snow sliding down a motmtain. Eneyc. AVANT', n. The front of an army. [Xot

aid.]

Helping

or

sold,

for amplification, a more .A snow-slip magnificent word is put for the

AUXIL'IAR, AUXIL'IARY,

efficacy

[Little used.]

AVALANCHE, AVALANGE,

;

when,

;

2.

AVA'ILS, n. plu. Profits or proceeds. It is used in New-England, for the proceeds of

AUXE'SIS, ornation,

n. Profit

using

:

of

evil inflicted

effica-

;

Sp. ven-

In these examples, avenge implies that tlieon the injuring party is a satisfaction or justice done to the injured, and

;

bly advantageously ; vaUdly a. Belonging to autumn ciously. produced or gathered in autumn as au- i.WA'ILING, pp. Turning to profit tumnal fruits. to advantage or effect. n. A that flowers in

;

;

{

'i.

avenj'. [Fr. venger

xviii.

in

;

AUTUM'NAL,

1.

;

AVA'ILABLENESS,

but in popular language, autunm comprises September, October and November. The goUlen pom)) of autumn. Irving.

/.

II.

Port, vingar ; L. vindex. In Sax. gar winnan, to contend, to gain, to tvin.] To take satisfaction for an injury by punishing the injuring i>arty to vindicate by inflicting jiain or evil on the wrong doer. Shall not God avenge his own elect. Luke ;

is

force, or efficacy, for the object valid as an available plea. Laws are available by consent. Honker. n. Power or efficacy, ;

ically, begins at the equinox, when the Sim enters hljra, and ends at the winter it

solstice

;

strength.

third season of the year, or the season 2.

between summer and winter.

;

A

Ali'TUMN, n. aiitum. [L. autiwmus, " Etymon nmltum tor(|uetur." Ainsworth.]

The

;

;

Johnson. By means of ocuobservation. Broirn. derivatives are rarely usetl.]

AUTOP'TICALLY,

L-

;

R"y-

Seen with one's own

a.

;

form of devotion in the Romish Church'. Their chaplets and rosaries are divided into a certain number of ave-marys and

;

;

idar view.

AUTOP'TICAL,

Virgin Mai-y

ave, hail.]

;

lives

will.

A

;

to

er in a city trates

briel's salutation to the

To be of use, or advantage answer the purpose as, strength with out judgment will rarely avail. Generally, paternosters. have strength, force or effica- AVENA'CEOUS, o. [L. avenaceus, from it to signifies cy sufficient to accomplish the object as, avena, oats Fr. avoine.] the plea in bar nuist avail, that is, be suf- Belonging to, or partaking of the nature of this scheme ficient to defeat the suit oats. will not avail; medicines will not at)aj7 to AV'ENAgE, n. certain quantity of [Fr.] check the disease sujipositions, without oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. proof, will not avail. Spelman. AVA'IL, n. Profit advantage towards suc- AV'ENER, ? "• r^r ip , i C'^o''"- French.] cess benefit as, labor without econo- AV'ENOR; \ my is of little avail. It seems usually to In English feuded latv, an officer of the king's stable whose duty was to provide oats. convey the idea of efficacious aid or

law, rule.]

This word

A y ET

us against numbers. Artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of

liaving the right of self Milford. n. [Gr. (u-'ro,-, self, and I'Ojuoj,

in goveniineiit goveniiiipiit.

pp.

Satisfied

by the punish-

ment of the offender; vindicated; punished.

AVENG'EMENT,

?!.

Vengeance

;

punish-

the act of taking satisfaction for an ; injury by inflicting pain or evil on the offender; satisfaction taken revenge. AVENG'ER, n. One who avenges or vindicates ; a vindicator ; a revenger.

ment

;

AVENg'ERESS,

n.

A

female avenger. Spenser.

AVENG'ING,

ppr.

Executing vengeance

;

taking satisfiiction (iir an injury by the Iiimishment
AV'ENTINE, tinus,

a.

nio, to

A

Pertaining to

one of the seven

Rome stood. AVEN'TURE,

Mons Avenon wliich

hills

Bryant. n. [Fr. aventure,

from L.

ve-

come.]

mischance causing a person's death withas by drowning, or fidling out felony ;

fi-om a house.

AVENUE, go

;

[See Adventure.]

n. [Fr.

L. venio.]

from

venir, to

Cuwel.

como ov

AVE

AVE

AVI

A

Averse ulikc to flatter or oflTcnd. Hence the expression in bills of lading, passage ; a way or opening for entrance Pope " into a plaoe any oponini; or passai;p by paying so inurh freight, with primajrc 2. Fnfavorable; indisposed; malign. And Pallas now averse ie(asei\ lier aid. whicli a tiling is or may be introcUii'ed. and average accustomed." Coivel. Kncyc. 2. An alley, or walk in a garden, planted 4. In England, the breaking up of cornfields, Dry Jen. with trees, and leading to a house, gate, eddish or roui^hings. Ash. Spelman. This word and its derivatives ought to be followed by to, and never I>y from. Thi.s wood, &c., and generally terminated by Upon, or 071 an average, is taking the mean word includes the idea of /rom ; but the of unequal iuimlj(M"s or ipiantities. some distant object. The trees may bo in literal meaning rows on the sides, or, according to thi AVERAGE, a. Medial; containing a mean being lost, the affection of the mind signified by the word, is exerted more modern practice, in chnnps at some Price, Kirwan. lieddoes. proportion. towards the object of dislike, and like its distance from «!ach other. Edwards' Jf. Indies. Encyc. kindred terms, hatred, dislike, contrary, re3. A wide street, as in Washington, Co AVERAGE, I', t. To find the mean of un pugnant, &('., should be followed by to. lumbia. equal sums or quantities to reduce to a AVER' V. t. [Fr. averer ; It. avverare, to medium to divide among a number, ac- Indeed it is absm-d to speak of an affliction of the mind exerted aver or vcriiy ; Arm. f/uinja, from the root from an object. cording to a given proportion as, to arcrAverse expresses a less degree of oj (posiof vents, true; Ir. /for, or _yfr ; VV. gifir ; age a loss. tion in the mind, than Corn, uir ; Gor. wahr ; D. ivaar. See AVERAGE, II. i. To form a inean or medetesting and abhorring. dial sum or quantity; as, the losses of the Venfy.] Milton once uses aver.ie in its literal sense, To affirm with confidence to declare in a owners will average 2.5 dollars each. with from, but it is not according to the Tliese spars average 10 feet in length. positive or peremptory manner, as in con English idiom. Prior. tidence of asserting the truth. Belknap. Ch. Obs. X. .522. xi. .302. AVERSELY, adv. avers'ly. With repugAV'FjRAuE, n. [Norm, aver, avers, cattle, nance unwillingly. Brown. money, goods, Syi.avcrio, from aver or hit- .W^'ERAgED, pp. Reduced or formed into a mean proportion, or into shares propor- .WERSENESS, n. avers'ness. Opposition In anher, Fr. avoir, to have or possess. of mind backtioned to each man's |>roperty. cient law, a duty or service which a tenant dislike; imwilUngness Jefferson. wardness. a mean Herbert. was bound to render to his lord, by his AV'ERAGING, ppr. Forming probeasts and carriages or instruments of luisportion out of unequal stuns or quantities -WER'SION, n. [Fr. aversion, from L, or reducing to just shares according to averto.] bandry. Spelman. But averagium signi1. Opposition or diseach man's property. fies also the loss of goods in transportarepugnance of mind like reluctance hatred. disinclination tion Sp. nveria, damage sustainetl by AVER'MENT, n. [See Aver.] Affirmation the act of averring, I'sually this word expresses moderate hapositive assertion goods or ships Port, avaria, an allowance Verification establishment by evidence. tred, or opposition of mind, not amounting out of freight to the master of a ship, for to abhorrence or detestation. It ought genBacon damage sustained contribution by insurIn pleading, an offer of either party to It. avaria ; Dan erally to be followed by to before the obers, to make good a loss he what In or ject. [See Averse.] Sometimes it admits prove alledgcs. justify any haverie, damage of a ship or waste of ofybr. stage of pleading.s, when either party adgoods, extraordinary charges durin A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subvances new matter, he avers it to be true, voyage. If avaria signifies damage, and Jiddison. jection. and concludes with these words, " and this is liom aver or haber, Spanish, to have, 2. Opposition or contrariety of nature This is called an to aphe is the sense of the word is probably that verify." ready 1.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

.

;

;

;

Blaekstone.l plied to iiianimate substances. averment. which happens or falls, a misfortune, for the verb have and happen are radically the .\VER'N.\T, n. A sort ofgrape. v3s/i. Johnson.' Magnesia, notwithstanding this aversion to solution, Ibnns a kind of paste with water. same word Spanish, haher, to have, and AVER'NIAN, a. Pertauiing to Avernus, a Fourcroy, TVatis. lake of Campania in Italy, famous for to happen or befall alsolortune, property. 3. The causa of dislike. its poisonous qualities, which the jjoets This would give the sense of damage, or Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. of proportion, lot, share, that which falls represent as so malignant, as to kill fowls Pope. to each of a number. But the primary Hence, as authors tell us, its flj-ing over. AVERT', V. t. [L. averto, a, from, and verto, sense is not very obvious.] name, oopioj, without bird.s. to tiun, vorto ; hence vertex, vor-

I

;

;

1.

Inf07H?ncrff,acontribnlion to a general loss. When for the .safety of a shi)) in distress of |)roperty is incurred either by cutting away the masts, throwing goods overboard, or otlier means, all persons who have goods on board, or property in the ship, contribute to the loss according to their average, that is, the goods of each on board. This principle, introduced into the commerce of Europe from the Rhodian laws, and recognized by the regulations of Wisby, is now an established rule in the maritime laws of anj' destruction

Einope

;

for

it

is

most reasonable,

3.

and the average, 10. A small duty payable by the shippers of goods, to the master of the ship, over and above the fi-eight, for liis care of the goods.

Mela.

anciently,

SIrabo

tex, averto

n. Money paid towards, the king's carriages by land, instead of] Burn. service by the beasts in kind.

probably

;

allietl

to

L.

vario

;

Eiig. veer ; Sp. birar ; Eth. fl 4 P bari. Class Br.] .VVER'REb, pp. Affirmed; laid with an 1. To turn fioin ; to turn off or away ; as, to aveii the eyes from an object. Shak. averment. .WER'RING, ppr. Affirming ; declaring 2. To keep off, divert or prevent ; as, to avert an approaching calamity. Hooker. oflering to justify or verify. positively 3. To cause to dishke. But Hooker. this of of a sect One n. AVERRO'IST, peripasense seems to be improper, except when tetic philosophers, who were so denomi heaii or some equivalent word is used ; as, iiated from Averroes, a celebrated Arabi to avert the heart or affections, which an author. They held the soul to be mormay signify to alienate the affections. tal, though they pretended to submit to ;

Thomson.

the christian theology.

that

when one man's property is sacrificed to save a ship, all persons w hose property is saved, or in like hazard, should bear their proportion of the loss. Spelman. Park. Beatves. 2. From the practice of contributing to bear losses, in pro])ortion to each man's propthis word has obtained the present erty, popular sense, which is, that of a mean priijiortion, medial sum or qiuintity, made out of unequal sums or quantities. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9 and C IG, the sum

Virgil.

AVERPENNV,

Encyc. v. t. [L. averrunco, of ah and erunco, from runco, to weed, or rake

AVERRUN€'ATE, away.]

To

root lip

to scrape or tear

;

roots. n. The away by the

AVERRUN€A'T10N, ing up or raking

AVERSA'TION,

A

the Hudibras. act of tear-

away by

n. [L. aversor.

AVERT',

Avert.]

averturning from with disgust or disUke South. sion hatred disinclination.

is '^0,

1.

Disliking

;

unwilling

nance of mind.

;

having a repug-

7>/)r.

Turning from; turning

away.

A'VIARY,

A

fowl.] bird cage

11.

;

[L. aviarium,

AVID'IOUSLY, ly

;

from

avis,

a,

an inclosure for keeping birds

confined.

;

;

;

nearly supersedcil by aversion. a. avers' [See Avert.] The hteral sense of this word is, turned from, in manifestation of dislike. Hence the real sense is,

;

which turns away.

It is

AVERSE,

Thomson. To turn away. One that tiirns away that

71.

AVERT ING,

roots.

See

{.

11.

AVERT'ER,

ff'otton. arfy.

[See Amdity.] Eager-

with greediness.

Bale.

»i. [L. anrfifas, from avidus, and from aveo, to desire, to have appetite Ileb. and Ch. niN, to desire, or covet.j Greediness; strong appetite; applied

AVID'ITY, this 1.

;

A

the senses.

.>-'

A V O i.

A V O

Eagerness; intenseness of desire lo the mind.

;

AVIGA'TO, ) ^ The Persea, or alUgator-l AVO€A'DO, ^ pear, a species ranked under

tlie

Donne.

The

;

;

The

branches.

fruit is insipid.

.VVOID'ER, Miller.

Encyc.

Avignon-herry, the fruit ofa species of lyciuni, so called from the city, Avignon, in France. The berry is less tlian a pea, of a yellow-

green color, and bitter astringent taste used by dyers and painters for staining ish

;

yellow.

AVI'LE,

3.

See

[Fr. avilli:

t.

Mse.] fFr. (WIS.] .i^dvice

The person who the vessel

keeping ting

ppr.

a.

;

.WOW'ER,

rice

V.

n.

t.

See away.

voco, to call. call off", or

To

AVO€A'TION,

[See Ad-

Advisement.

[L. avoco, from a Foice and rocal.]

as 17 to 14. This is the weight for the larger and coarser commodities, as hay, Chambers. iron, cheese, groceries, &c.

AVOL.\ TION, a and volo. tie

Vocal.] 1.

The act of calling some employment The word fairs

mon

business which calls aside. The is generally used for the smaller afof life, or occasional calls wliich suma person to leave his ordinary or The use of this woi-d

princijial business.

for vocation

is

AVO'CATIVE, AVOID', void,

!>.

t.

empty

;

very improjicr. «. Calling off. [Mot used.] [Fr. vuider, or vider ; vuide.

Eng.

vidua. See Void. L. vito, evito ; Fr.

tvide, void,

widow

;

L.

coincides also with See Class Bd, 1. To shun to keep at a distance from that is, literally, to go or be luide from as, to avoid the company of gamesters. 2. To shiit oft", or clear off; as, to avoid It

eviter.

;

ly

away, of

I.

9.

To

AVOWTRY, pulled

escape, [hit-

"

affirm

;

to

;

A

[See Advoivtry.] [See Avulsion.']

a.

Plucked or Shenstone.

oft".

n.

from

[L. avulsio,

avello,

a

and vello, to pull, coinciding with Heb. and Ar. nbiJ, to separate Eng. pull.'] a rending or pidling or tearing asunder ;

;

violent separation.

AWAIT,

v. t. [a and wait. guetter, to watch guet, a tare, to look or watch.] ;

See Wait. Fr. watch It. gua;

Literally, to remain, hold or stay. 1. To wait for to look for, or expect. Betwixt the rocky pillars, Gabriel sat, Chief of the Angelic guards, awaiting night. ;

Mtton

To

be in store for; to attend to be ready as, a glorious reward awaits the Hooker. good. to affirm in favor AWA'IT, n. Ambush in a state of waiting

declare or

positiveness. To ])roduce or call in of,

;

AVULSION, >

;

n. In law, tlie act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, Oi'Oifsand justifies the taking ; the net of maintaining the right to distrain, by the distrainer, or defendant in replevin. Blackstone.

AVULS'ED, ;

and Latham, among the |)almipeds. The bill is long, slender, flexible and bent upwaid towards the tip. This bird is of the size ofa lapwing, with very long legs, and the feathers variegated with black and white. It is found both ill Europe and America. Encyc. AVOUCH', V. t. [Norm, voucher, to caU, to vouch ; L. I'oco, advoco. See Voice.]

;

;

flight

;

In ornithology, a species of fowls, arranged under S the genus, rccurvirostra, and placed by Linne in the grallic order, but by Pennant

sin or fi'om Ijusiness. 2.

\L. avolo, to fly Volatile.']

used.]

from AV'0.-
aside, or diverting ;

n.

See

The act of flying away

or

Openly declaring frankacknowledging justifying.

AVOWRY,

is

and

[Mot vsed.] Boyle. [See Vocation, Voice,

n.

AVOWING, ppr.

;

and Advise.]

AV'OCATE,

One who avows, owns,

Ji.

asserts.

;

Dryden.

;

Sometimes used for advoivee, the person who has a right to present to a benefice, the patron. [See Advowson.] Cowel.

;

That cannot be avoided

inevitable.

;

manner

AVOWEE, n.

;

AVI'SE, > intelligence. AVOIRDUPOIS', n. s as :. [Fr. avoir du See Poise.l AVI'SO, \ '^- [JsTot in use.] poids, to have weight. AVI'SE, I', i. sasi. To consider. [Mot in use.] A weiglit, of which a pound contains 16 ounces. Its jiroportion to a pound Troy Spenser.

AVI'SEMENT,

;

frankly acknowledged. adv. In an open with frank acknowledgment.

AVOWEDLY,

escaping evacuaejecting

void, or vacant.

making

;

Slumning

at a distance

fi-ank

in replevin,

the distress of the goods, and Cowel. justifies the taking. AVOW'ED, pp. Openly declared owned

;

;

;

Hume.

The defendant

who avows

Johnson.

To AVOID'LESS,

Vile.]

carries any thing away which things are carried

in

away.

AVOlb'ING,

B. Jonson.

[Mot in

|

open declaration

acknowledgment.

AVOWANT, n.

avoids, shuns ori

escapes.

Eticij'c.

V.

depreciate.

One who

n.

a.

AVOWAL, n. An

genus Laurus, a native of

Indies.

A

That may be avowed, or openly acknowledged with confidence.

It is

tlie •3. The act of annulling. tree lias a straiglit trunk, 4. The coiu'se by which any thing is carried off. Bacon. long oval pointed leaves, and flowers of six i)etals disposed like a star, produced .WOID'ED, pp. Shunned ; evaded made' in clusters, on the extremities of the void ejected.

W.

W

A AVOW' ABLE,

appropriately used for the state of a benefice becoming void, by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. Cowel. Encyc.

vacant.

ajjph'edj

assert

with

2.

for

;

;

;

maintainor support.

for.

Spenser.

avouched for the AWA'ITING, ppr. Waiting for looking for expecting being ready or in store for. the Irish. expense. Spenser 3. To quit to evacuate to shun by leaving 3. To maintain, vindicate or justify. Skak. AWA'KE,i'.<. \)r-et. awoke, awaked; pp.aii'«or ked. iveccan as, to avoid the house. ; [Sax. gewcecan, wacian, AVOUCH', )!. Evidence testimony decla- D. 4. To escape Shak Ger. wecken ; Sw. upvacka ; wekken as, to avoid danger. ration. Shak [Little used.] a. To emit or throw out The L. vigilo seems to be vcekker. as, to avoid excreAVOUCH'ABLE, a. That maybe avouched. Dan. tions. For this, void is now generally used formed on tliis root. See Hake.] [Little used.] 0. To make void to anmd or vacate. maintained: 1. To rouse from sleep. The grant cannot be avoided without injustice AVOUCH'ED, pp. Affirmed; I go that I may awake him out of sleep. called in to support. to the grantee. Jlnon. John xi. n. One who avouches. AVOUCII'ER, 7. In pleading, to set up some new matter or 2. To excite from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity or inaction calling in to distinction, which shall avoid, that is, de- AVOUCH'ING, ppr. Affirming to maintain ; vindicating. feat or evade tlie allegation of the other as, to awake put into action, or new life the dead to awake the dormant faculties. party. Thus, in a rephcation, the plaintiff lAVOUCH'MENT, n. Declaration; the act Shak. .\WA'KE, I', i. To cease to sleep to come may deny the defendant's )ilca, or confess of avouching. from a state of natural sleep. it, and avoid it by stating new matter. v. t. [Fr. at'ouer ; Arm. avoei ; Blackstone. Jacob awaked out of sleep. Gen. xxviii. Norm, avower ; L. voveo.] V. i. To to withdraw. retire AVOID', 1. To declare openly, with a view to justify, 2. To bestir, revive or rouse from a state of David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam inaction to be in\igorated with new life ; maintain or defend or simply to own, xviii. l^Impraper.l as, the mind awakes from its stupidity. acknowledge or confess frankly as, a % To become void, vacant or empty.

Such

could be antiquities *

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

.WOW,

;

:

;

;

A benefice avoids

bv eoinnion law.

man

AifUffe

Awake,

di'ouwhis princijiles or his crimes.

Zech.

sword,

my

against

xiii.

shepherd.

In law, to acknowledge and justify as 3. To rouse from spiritual sleep. the distrainer of goods defends in an Awake thou tliat sleepcst, and arise from the action of replevin, and avows the taliin dead, and Chri.'st shall give thee light. Eph. v. but insists that such taking was legal. nulled. Awake to rigliteousness. 1 Cor. xv. Blackstone. 4. To rise from the dead. Job xiv. AVOID'ANCE, n. The act of avoiding, or of Not in a state a. n. or vow determinaiion. shunning. AVOW', [Mot AWA'KE, sleeping 9. The act of Ciijwer. vigilance or action. used.] vacating, or the state of being

a. That may be avoi.led, a distance, shunned or escaped. 2. That may be vacated liable to be an-

AVOID'ABLE, left at

;

when

;

A

;

W

A AWA'KEN,

This

awake, witli its Snxoii transitive or intransitive

infinitive.

fre-

Roused from

pp.

AWA'KENER,

He

n.

To drink away,

5.

or that which awa-

kens.

AWA'KENING,

A

revivalof religion, or general attention to religion, than

more

n.

AWK,o. Odd; 2.

;

AWK'WARD, a.

[awk ami ward.] Wanting dexterity iu the use of the hands or of in-

to

[Scot, warde, determination

t.

;

;

inelegantly; badly. n. Clumsiness; ungracefulness in manners; want of dexterin the use of the hands or instruments; ity unsuitableness. Jhtdison. or ogan, to dread. It would ajipear that AWL, n. [Sax. ml, an awl, and an eel Ger. the primary sense of the Dan. is to strike,' ahl, an awl, and aal, an eel D. els,un awl; or check.] Dan. aal, an ed Ir. ail, a aal, an eel Fear mingled with admiration or rever-' sting or prickle.] ence reverential fear. An iron instrument for piercing small holes Stand in awe and sin not. Ps. iv. ill leather, for and used !

;

to give by sentence or judicial to assign by sentence. ; is appropriately used to ex-

;

This word

aw.

n.

;

;

;

;

;

j

1.

press the act of arbitrators in pronouncing upon the rights of parties; as, tlje arbitra 2. Fear dread inspired by something great,! tors awarded damages to A. U. or terrific. V. i. To to determine

sewing stitching by shoemakers, sadlers, &c. The blade little bent and flat-

i

;

;

judge

make an

AWARD',

AWE,

The judgment,

7i.

tion of arbitrators, or

is either straight, or a tened.

I

;

atvard. tlie

or determinapaper contain-

V.

ence

;

pect

;

To

with fear and reverto influence by fear, terror or res-] them into as, his majesty aioed t.

strike

AW'LESS, erence

silence.

it.

Judgment sentence determination of points submitted to arbitrators. AVVARD'ED, pp. Adjudged, or given liy judicial sentence, or by the decision of

2.

;

;

AWARD'ER,

One

that awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination ; a judge. Thomson.

AWARD'ING,

«.

Adjudging

ppr.

;

assigning

by judicial sentence determining. a. [Sax. gewarian, to take care, to preserve or defend l)rovide, avoid ;

AWA'RE,

;

;

also

covered, protected ware war, aware. See ;

;

warian, to be-

If'are

and

if

an/.]

but more expecting an event from information, or the was aware of as, probability general the enemy's designs. AWA'RE, ii. i. To beware; to be cautious. vigilant

;

guarded

;

modern usage,

strictly in

;

a|)prised

;

;

Milton.

[.Yot legitiinale.]

AWARN',

V.

t.

To

warn, which see. Spenser.

n. A bird of Kamtchatka, enumerated by Pennant, among the warblers. The upper parts of the body are of a deep brown color the throat and breast

AWAT'CHA,

;

white, with black spots. adv. [Sax. atveg, absent, a and weg, way also onweg, away, and awegan,

AWA'Y,

;

to avert. ;

See Wni/.] at a distance

;

as,

the master

away from home. Have me away, for I am wounded.

is

a. [awe and less.] Wanting revvoid of respectful fear; as awless

;

insolence.

AWE'ARY, a. Weary, AWEATH'ER, adv.

which

see. awcth'er.

Shak.

2.

[a and

Dn/den.

Wanting the power of causing reverence; not exciting awe as an awless throne. ;

Shak. tlie wind AWL'WORT, 71. [awl and wort. See Jf'ort.] opposed to alee.- The popular name of the Subidaria aquatica, Mar. Diet. or rough leaved alyssum; so called from AWE-€OMMAND'ING, a. Striking or in- its awl-shaped leaves, which grow in clusters round the root. It is a native of Britfluencing by awe. Gray. AW" ED, pp. Struck with fear influenced ain antl Irelaml. Enciic. bv fear or reverence. " """' ' n«"i.] AWKIGH', adv. [a and weigh.] Atrip. The AUM ( anchor is aiveigh, when it is just drawn A Dutch liquid measure, containing, eight out of the groimd, and hangs perpendicusteckans or twenty verges or verteels, equal lar. to the EngUsh tierce, the sixth of a French [See Jltrip.] AWE-INSPIRING, a. Impressing with tun, and the seventh of an English tun, or awe. Bp. Hoharl! thirty-six gallons. Eneyc. .Irhulhnof. AWE'-STRU€K, a. Impressed or struck AWN, ii. [Sw. agne ; Gr. a;ti'o, axir;.] with awe. Milton. The beard of corn or grass, as it is usually understood. But technically, a slender AWFUL, a. [aive and/i
On

j

the weather-side, or towards

as, the

arbitrators.

;

I

;

AWARD',

Alisent

;

AWKWARDLY, or buMglinir manner [Dan. ave, fear, awe, chastise-! AWKWARDNESS,

;

determination

1.

;

ment, (bscipline aver, to chastise or cor-' rect Gr. ayou, to be astonished. Qu. Ir.^ agh ; Sax. ege, or oga, fear Gotli. agjan,\

;

Norm, garda, award, judgment ugurdetz, See Guard and Regard.]

awarded. adjudge

Watchful

struments mn-eady; not dextrous; bunguntoward. Dryden. Inelegant unjiohte ungraceful in manners; clumsy; uimatur.il; bad. Shak. arfc. a rude in Clumsily; ling

2.

;

V.

To

ing

out of order. L' Estrange. Cluuisy in performance, or manners unhandy not dextrous. [Vulgar.] ;

tri-

squander away, &c., to dissipate in drinking or extravagance. To make away, is to kill or destroy. Aimy with has a peculiar signification in the phrase, " I camiot away with it." Isa.l i. The sense is, " I cannot bear or endure it."

AWE,

usual.

AWARD',

to

WR

A tip,'

fles,

sleep, in

a natural or moral sense.

H

axvay, to cast from, to give

dissipate or fijolishly destroy. To trijle away, to lose or expend in or in idleness.

It is

more

lint

;

To throw

word

the

is

quently transitive, as awake is nioi-c frequently intransitive. Its significations are the same as those of awake.

AWA'KENED,

W

A

A

awakn.

t.

I',

helm

is

aweather

;

;

;

j

'-

\

I

;

people sense of frightful, ugly, detestable. adv. In a manner to fill with! awe in a reverential manner.

AW'FULLY, ;

AWN'Y, a. Having awns full of beard. AWO'KE. The preterit oi' awake. .4 WORK', adv. [Sax. geweorcan, to work.] ;

At work

of labor or action. 2 Chron. [^Vb< AW'FULNESS, n. The quahty of striking used.] XXXV. Shak. with awe, or with reverence solemnity " the adv. At work; into a state 9. It is much used with words signifying AWORK'ING, of this sacred as, aufulness place." of or or action. from Hubbard's Tale. send as, go away, working moving going 2. The state of being struck Avith awe. away, run away, &:c.; all signifying deA help to prayer, producing in us reverence and! AWRY', a. or adv. [Dan. vrider, to twist parture, or separation to a distance. Some Sw. vrida ; Sax. writhan, t'ricn, twisted awfiilness. Taylor.i times without the verb; as, whither aieay to ivrithe.] [JVot legitimate.] so fast. Shak. V. t. awhap'. [W. not to! 1. Turned or twisted towards one side AWHAPE, cwapiaw, Love hath wings and will away. Waller. in a straight or true direction, or strike smartly.] To strike to confound. position ; " to 3. As an exclamation, it is a command or inwith oblique vision Ohs. asquint as, Spenser. vitation to depart away, that is, be gone, [This is our vulgar ivhop.] glance a look awry ;" the lady's cap is " or let us go. Jlway with him." Take AWHILE, adv. [a and while, time, or interawry. him away. 2. In a fgurative sense, turned aside from val.] 4. With verbs, it serves to theii' A sense of time for some time for a short the line of truth, or right reason permodify space ; and form peculiar phrases as, time. verse or perversely. Sidney. Milton j

;

;

in a state

;

|

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A X AX,

n.

eax, lEse

;

azza

;

It.

AYE

I

improperly written axe.

Sw.

i/xe

L. uscia

;

;

[Sax. ccx. Gr. a^ivr;

2.

;

or Ar.

WXH

established principle in some art or science a principle received without new " things which are equal to the proof; as, same thing, are equal to one another."

Encyc. Pertaining to an axiom having the na An instrument usually of iron, for licwing ture of self evident truths or received timber and cho])piiig wood. It consists of ])riiiciples. Pre/, to Bacon^s Jlphorisms. a head with an arching edge, and a helve AX' IS, )i. plu. axes. [L. Gr. a^ur Russ. os. or handle. The ax is of two kinds, tlie or osi; Sax. a:x; Fr. axe, or aissieu ; G. broad ax for hewing, and the narrow ax achse ; D. as ; It. a.sse ; Sp. exe ; Port. f.ro, for rough-hewing and cutting. The hatch ft.ro.] et is a small ax to be used with one hand. 1. The straight line, real or imaginary, pass•

Ch. and Sjr.

»» hazza, to cut;

an

•J

ax.]

AXIOMAT'IC,

?

AXIOMATT€AL,

^

A

Mexico, whose eggs, deposited on rushes and flags, in large quantities, are sold and used as a sort of caviare, called ahuauhtli. This was a dish among the Mexicans, as it now it

among

n.

fly in

the Spaniards. Clavigero. mineral, a subspecies I

AXESTONE, AXSTONE,

" A of

less

;

;

;

form of an

AXTL, D.

91.

oxel,

a.

[L. axis,

and/omn.] In

axis.

j.

;

;

t).

pits.] 1.

The armpit a cavity under l)art of the arm or shoulder.

the upper

;

it

about

its

Axis

AX'INITE,

n.

A

Martijn.

Mihie.

mineral which sometimes

oeciu's in lamellar masses, but in crystals, whose general form

commonly

is that of a very oblique rhomb, or rather, fiim-sided prism, so flatteneil that some of its edges become thin and sharp, like that of an ax; whence its name, Gr. a^n'>;. This is the thumerstone of Kirwan. It has been

sometimes called yancditc and Brongniarl.

Haiai.

AXINOftl'ANCV,

n.

[Gr.

a|«.-ij,

violet sliorl.

Cleaveland.

an ax, and

ftamia, divination.] the aneients, a species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet, performet by laying an agate-stone on a red hot hatchet, or by fixing a hatchet on a round then the names stake, so as to be poised of those suspected were repeated, and he at whose name the hatchet moved, was

Among

A

;

Crataegus.

AZ'ERIT, > A species ofc plum or pruAZER1'TA,<«. ""« Fam. of Plants. .

,

AZERrRA,S

AZTMUTH,)!. [Ar.4^^^ samatha, to move s o

-

or go towards C>.**v (L. senw
,

;

1.

AX'LE,

?

AXLE-TREE, ))iece

I

"

[Sax. (cx and Axis.]

of timber or bar of iron,

tree.

See

fitted for

insertion in the hubs or naves of wheels, on which the wheels turn. n. A water lizard found in the Mexican lake, about eight inches in length, sometimes naich larger. The skin is black and soft. It swims with its feet, which re-

AX'OLOTE,

Azimuth

mon

is

dial,

a dial whose

at right angles to the

stile or gnoplane of the

horizon. .5.

Azimuths or vertical circles, are great circles intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles.

Encyc. Chambers. Bailey. Johnson. On charts, these azimuths are represented by rluunbs, and on the globe, by the quadrant of altitude, when screwed

the Ionic

In botany, axis is a taper column in the center of some flowers or catkins, about which the other parts are disposed. In anatomy, a.xis is the name of the second verteberof the neck; it has a tooth which enters into the first verteber, and this tooth is by some called the axis. Encyc.

.\

;

[See Aerie.] n. [Fr.] species of thorn the three grained medlar, a species of

in the zenith.

'

branch.

;

Besaijte.]

4.

axis.

In optics, a particidar ray of light from any object which falls perpendicularly on the eye. In architecture, spiral axis is the axis of a twisted colunni .s]>irally drawn in order to trace the circumvolutions without.

of capital is a line passing perIn bolany, the space or angle formed by a pcntlicnlarly through the middle of the eye branch with the stem, or by a leaf with of the volute. the stem or branch. Milne. Darwin. Tlu- axis of a vessel is an imaginary line AX'ILLAR, ) Pertaining to the armthrougli the middle of it, jierjienAXTLLAR Y, ^ i)it, or to the axil of [dants. passing dicular to its base, and equally distant from Axillary leaves are those which proceed its .sides. from the angle formed by tlie stem and 9.

continually for an indefused in poetry. In lau', a grandfather. [See

In conic sections, a right line dividing the section into two equal parts, and cutting 2. all its ordinates at right angles. In mechanics, the axis of a balance is that line about which it moves, or rather turns. The axis of oscillation is a right line parallel to the horizon passing through the center, about which a penduliun vi3. brates. The a.ris in peritrochio is a wheel contude of an heavenly object. centric with the l>ase of a cylinder, and

movable with

Eiicyc.

h: asgal ; F i: aisselle ; Ch. and Heb. SxN, to apart whence 'VvN, arm-

[h. axilla;

the armpit

separate or set

1.

;

n.

A'YRY.

solid. 3.

Cleaveland. the

Ure.

AX'IFORM,

ing through a body, on which it revolves, or may revolve as the axis of the earth. In geometry, a straight line in a plain figure, about which it revolves to produce a

time

AZ'AROLE,

;

2.

hard than

jade of a leek or grass green, olive nei)hrite green or greenish gray color. It occur amorphous, or in rolled fragments. It i found chiefly in New-Zealand and the S. Sea i.^les, where it is used by the rude natives for axes and other instriunents. I

inite

forever

;

AYLE,

;

;

AXAYA'CAT,

Always

;

;

Eth. rh 6 P hatzi, an ax

A Z U

An

AZ'OTE,

n.

[Gr. a priv. and

fus;, life,

or

^uirtxoi, vital.] f\

species of gas, called also mephitic air, and atmosidieric mephitis, on account of

upon animal hfe. It is and inodorous it exists in commixed with oxygen, and constitutes about seventy-nine hundredth parts

its

fatal

eftijcts

tasteless,

mon

:

air,

of atmospheric

air.

It

may

be obtained,

in large quantities, from the muscular fibers of animals. Combined with hydroit forms volatile alkali ; and it enters into the coinposition of most animal substances. It is the radical of nitric acid, is now called nitrogen gas, or ni-

gen,

and

trogen.

AZ'OTH,

n. Among alchimists, the first principle of metals; the mercury of metals ; a universal medicine. 06s. Ash. •sendde those of a frog. It has a periodical evacuation of blood, like the human fe- 2. The hquor of sublimated quicksilver; ; male. Ijrass. Coxe. Clavigero. Sw. ja, pron. ya ; AZOTTe, a. Pertaiumg to azote ; fatal to 11,, I^ adv. Dan. [?• ainmal life. pronounced guilty. Encyc. AVE, eja ; Corn. ?a ; Ar. ya ; 71. Fr. oui. It maybe a contracted word.] salt fcjrmed by a combina[Gr. oltujua, authority, an auAZ'OTITE, )i. or that thoritative sentence, which is as- Yes, yea, a word expressing assent, or an aftion of the protoxyd of azote, or nitrous firmative answer to a (luestion. It is used sumed, from a|to;, worthy, a|tou, to think TViomson. oxyd, with an alkali. also to enforce the sense of what is assertworthy, to esteem ; Eng. to ask, [to «.r ; AZ'IIRE, a. azh'ur. [Persic, lazurd, blue : that which is asked, sought or esteemed.] ed, equivalent to even so, truly, certainly. Fr. azur ; Sp. azul, or azur It. azziirro; 1. Aselfevidcnt triUh,or a proposition whose \ YE, adv. W. asur, blue. Hence lazuli, in Lapis [Sax. aa, a, or aiva ; Gr. an : truth is so evident at first sight, that no Andi. ai, continually D. ecKUi, an age Lazuli.] Goth, aiw, an age, eternity L. cetnim, Of a sky-blue ; resembling the clear blue process of reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer as, " the wliole is greater without its is cidor of the sky. which, termination, av, (cw; tjian a part." Johnson. "Encyc. probably a contracted word, W. Iiuiig.] \Z'URE, n. uih'iu: The fine blue color o(

^P^^-

A

AXIOM,

;

;

;

;

;

BAA

BAB

the sky. This word was formerly applied to the lapis lazuli, and tlie color prepared

from it. But it is now applied to the blue extracted from cobalt, though somewhat a different color the blue of the lapis is called ultramarine. Azure is api)lied also to the blue glass made of the o.\yd of co;

balt fine

and

reduced

vitrifiable substances,

powder.

In large masses

it

is

small.

toj

called

Encyc.l

BAB

The

sky, or azure vault of heaven. AZ'YIME, n. [See Azymous.] L'uhiaveiieU ,3. In bread. [J\~ot in lirraldry, a blue color in coats of all per use.] sons under the degree of baron. Jones. AZ'YUHTE, n. [See .4:i/jno««.] In church V. t. To color blue. JAZ'URE, hslori/, azymites are ciiristians who ad a. azh'vred. AZ'l'RED, Colored azure beminister the eucharist with unleavened ing of an azure color. bread. Sidney. Encvc ) Another name of the (AZVniOUS, a. [Gr. apriv. and ^vfiv, leav' lazuhte. AZ'IRITE, \ en.j a. Of a blue color. [Li'We xuitd.] lUnleavened ; iinfermentcd as AZ'URN, sea-biscuit. ; Milton. Enajc. Asit: j2.

I

;

AZURE-STONE, "

B. D

is

the second letter, and the first articuconsonant, in the English, as in

lation, or

the

Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and most other In the Ethiopic,

is

the ninth

Berith is supposed to signify the Lord of the Covenant Baal Peor, or rather Baal Phegor, the Lord of the dead. Ps. Baal Zebub, the god of flies, &c. BAB'BLE, V. i. [D. babbelen ; Fr. babiller ; properly to throw out.] 1. To utter words imperfectly or indistinct ly, as children. Prior. 2. To talk to talk idly or irrationally Arbulhnot. thoughtlessly. ;

its

resemblance to a babe.

name

This

-seems to have originated in the oriental See Babe.] babion, pajrio. of the largest species ; a quadrul)ed belonging to the genus Simia, in the class Mammalia, and order Primates, according to the system of Linne but

A monkey

alphabets. its shape is that of a hut. Per this or other like figure, it received its Hebrew name, htlh, a house. by It is a mute and a labial, Pennant arranged under the formed Ijeing by digitated quadrupeds. Baboons have short tails; pressing the whole length of the lips toa long face a broad high nuizzle It is less gether, as in pronouncing eb. dog3. To talk much to prate ; hence to tell se like tusks, or canine perfectly mute than ;;, as may be perceived teeth; and naked fi-ets. Shak. callosities on the buttocks. by pronouncing the syllables ab and ap. They are To utter sounds frequently, incessantly, or found only on the eastern continent. It is convertible, 1st, with //, as in the Cela indistinctly as, in the English, tic, ben or pen, a mountain babbling echo ; a babEncvc. BA BY, a. Like a young child pertaining heak and peak, beck and peck ; 3d, with v, bling stream. to an infant. as in the German, silber tor silver ; and in BAB'BLE, V. t. To prate to utter. n. Idle talk senseless b n. BAB'BLE, and u are used BA'BY, prattle. Spanish, [See Babe.] An infant or young indifferently child of either sex a babe [used in Shak'i 3d, with f, as in bore and perforo ; Eng. fan. Idle talk senseles: miliar language.] hear, h. fero; in the Celtic bun, bunadh, words. 2. A small prate in form of an J\IiJton.\ unmeaning hunait, stock, origin, foundation image English, infant, for n. An idle talker; an irrational to B.'VB'BLER, L. with a ; with girls doll. found the Gr. f.\ play ; fundamentum ; a teller of secrets. as Bilip, for (j>i>.t«rto; ; 4tli, with v and prattler BA'BY, V. t. To treat like a young child. w;\ as, Ir. fior, L. verus ; fear, vir ; Ir. buaic, BAB'BLING, ppr. Talking idly telling se crets. the wick of a candle. «. The state of BA'BYHOOD, being a babf.' The Greek B is always jironounced like tlie 2. Uttering a succession of murmurmgi Ask. sounds as a babbling stream. n. English V^, and the Russian B corresponds jilace for children's In hunting, babbling is when the hounds! BA'BY-HOUSE, dolls and babies. with the Greek, j.J. Swift are too busy after they have found a (n composition, the letter B is good ? BABYLONIAN, " changed into „ Pertaining to Babvl scent. BABYLO'NISH, \ /) before the letter p ; as in Ion, the cfpital of the opprimo, from BAB'BLING, n. Foolish talk. 1 Tim. vi. ob and premo ; oppono, from o4 and ancient kingdom of Babylonia, or to the pono ; BABE, n. [Ger. Ir. baban ; D. bube, a boy into /, before /, as in kingdom. The city stood on the river offera, from ob and babyn; Syr. hahia; Pheiiician, babion; At. Prat, or Euphrates, and it is supposed, on fero; into c before c, as in occido, from ob the si>ot where the tower of Babel was and cndo, and cado. Ar. ,j„ j,j Ijba babah, ababe, an infant. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews founded. bos or baboson, the young of man or beast 2. Like and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for the language of Babel ; mi.xed ; conSyr. babosa, a little child. It is remarka2 fused. the Romans for with a it

and haps from letter,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BABBLEMENT,

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

:

;

by

,300,

and

dash

thus B, for 3000. B is use
over

it

;

;

;

sheep.

B'AA, V. BA'AL,

An

idol

and Arabic word for an infant, is retained by the natives of America, who call an infant ;)a/|;)oos. L. piipus, a word of endearment pupa, little ;

girl; whenct; pupillus,pupilla,ptipil.

boboho7i, the

and

beginning of youth

;

Gr.

Ar. fJoffcu,'

Ar. Lj Ij baba, to say baha, that is, father papa', a word taken froni' the first attempts of children to pronoimce the name of a parent.] An infant a young child of either sex. no.-tai

;

;

;

i.

n.

To

cry or bleat as sheep.

[Oriental,

hi'2,

lord.]

the ancient Chaldeans and Syrians, rei)resenting the .sun. The word signifies also lord, or conniiander and the character of the idol was varied by different nations, at different times. Tlius Baal

among

;

Vol.

ble that this Syriac

I.

BA'BEL,

n.

[Heb.] Confusion; disorder.

Beaumont.

BA'BERY,

n.

Finery to please a

trifling toy for children. BA'BISH, a. Like a babe

„ „ BA'BISHLY, adv. BABOON', «. [Fr.

cliild

;

anV

^

Sidney ;

childish.

Ascham., Childishly. icrioum," so called fromi

17

BABYLO'NIAN,

n.

Aninhabitant of Baby-

Ionia. In ancient writers, an astrologer, as the Chaldeans were remarkable for the

study of astrolog}'.

BABYLON'IC, BABYLON'ICAL,

?

"' I

Pertaining to Babvmade there;

Ion, or

as Babylonic garments, carpets or liang"igs-

Tumultuous; disorderly.

BABYLON'l€S,

n.

Encyc. Harrington

The

title of a plu. fragthe history of the world, endiiTg 267 years before Christ, composed by Bea rosiis, priest of Babylon.

ment of

Encyc. n. In zoology, the Indian hog, a native of Celebes, and of Buero, but not found on the continent of Asia or of Africa. This quadruped belongs to the genus Sus, in the cla.ss Mammalia, and order Bellua. From the outside of the

BABYRoUS'SA,

upper jaw, spring two teeth twelve inches

BAG

B A C

B A C

and idmosttoucli- BACCIV'OROUS, a. [L. bacca, berry, and the back are voro, to eat.] ing some weak bristles, and on the rest of the Eating or subsisting on berries as baccivorovs birds. body only a sort of wool. These animals live ill herds, feed on herbage, are some- BACH'ELOR, n. [Fr. bachelier Sp. bachtimes tamed, and their ll(^sh is well tasted. iller, a bachelor of arts and a babbler When piirsned hard, they rush into the I'ort. bacharel, id. and bacello, a shoot or swim or dive and from isle to isle. tw ig of the vine It. baccelliere, a bachelor sea, pass In the forest, they rest their heads by of arts bacchio, a stafl^ bacchetta, a rod L. baculus, a stick, that is, a slioot Fr. liooking their upper tusks on a bough. Ejiri/r. bachelette, a damsel or young woman Scot. like

horns, li'iig, bending tlic ibrchead. Along-

;

;

;

;

;

;

To

9.

turn the back

;

1.

BACK,

',i.

3.

tern.] In navlsrntion,

a bo\i

or cis-

1

treat ix.

bacsrenes, a

be fermented is pumped, iVom the; cooler, in order to be worked with thf fjiior to

;

3.

word

is

young

;

A man

of any age, who lias not been mar often with the word old. ried A |)erson who has taken the first degree hberal arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree or honor is

n.

[The

.3.

;

4.

a.

berries.

having

;

by presenting in

to that of the toga vinlis of tlie In the livery comjianies of Lon don, those persons not yet admitted to the livery are called bachelors.

<,

Ir.

drnn

back,

BACHELORSHIP,

or D. bak, bowl, L. poculum ; Gyp. becha9 or from raging, revelling.] ri, a cu]i ;

One who

when

indulges in drunken revels one who is noisy and riotous ;

intoxicated.

BACCHANAL, BACCHANALIAN, otous

;

Revellii

?

"• ^

rm

intern-, ;

ri-i

noisy.

BACCHANA'LIAN,

a.

Pertaining to revel

and drunkenness. Even baccltanaliaii m.idness

1.

ling

h.is its

charms.

Cowper

BACCHANALS,

n. plu.

Drunken

the revels of bacchauahans.

feasts

feasts in

a.

Jovial; drunken;

mad

4.

;

Fabci: n.

5.

;

[See lincra.] Baceiferous plants formerly included all such

That jiroduces

who

has taken his

first

[Sax. bac, bac; Dan. bag; Sw. bak ; and Sw. backe, bakkc, a hill, a clod or lump. The sense probalily is a ridge. like the Ger. riickcn, D. rug, applied to the shoulders or to the back of a beast,] The upper part of an animal, jiurticularly of a r|uadru])ed, whose back is a ridge In human beings, the hinder part of the

The outward or convex part of the hand opposed to the inner, concave part, or the back of man is the part on the side opposite to the face hence the part as the back of o])posed to the front book and of a chimney, or the back of house. The part op)Hisite to or most remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or the part out of sight as the back of an isle, of a wood, of a village. As the back is the strongest part of an an imal, and as the back is behind in motion hence the thick and strong part of a cut ting tool as the buck of a knife, or of

As

;

E)ici/c.

In ancient poetry, a fool BACCHIUS, composed of a short syllable and two loi ones as in avari. JSnci/c. BACCIF'EROUS, o. [L. bacci/er, of bacca, a berry, and fero, to bear.]

one

in a college or university.

71.

;

vvitl

Relating to BacchuS, the god of wine a bacchic feast or song bacchic myste-

ries.

3.

state of being 4.

;

intoxication. as,

state of

;

:

;

saw.

berries.

5.

;

recede as, to back oxen. To back a umrrant, is for a justice of the peace in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to appre;

hend an offender. Blackstone. In seamanship, to back an anchor is to lay a .small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one, to prevent

down its (>.

7.

coming home.

To back astern, in rowing, is to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method, to move a boat stern foremost. To back the sails, is to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. Mar.

BACK,

To move

V. i.

n. One who slanders, caill of the absent. n. The act of slandering secret caliimnv. 2 Cor. xii. adv. With secret slanBarret.

lumniates or speaks

BACKBITING, the absent

;

BACKBITINGLY, der.

BACK'BOARD,

[batk tlie

and board.] after part of

A a

boat.

BACKDOOR,

;

t*.

?i.

board placed across

not clothes to his back. To turn the back on one, neglect him.

i

the

BACK'BITER,

under this descrijition such iilants only as bear the Jiulpy pericarj), called bacca, Miln beiTV-

7.

Diet.

as,

,

modern systems of botany conipreiiend

;

;

Encyc. BACK'BITE, V. t. [back and bite.] To censure, slander, reproach, or speak evil of the absent. Prov. x.xv.

BACKBO'NE,

G.

or go back

horse refuses to back.

The])lace behind or nearest the back: as, on the b<(ck of a hill or of a village. The outer ]iart of the body, or the whol body a part for the whole a.s, he has

plants as have a pul|)y fruit, wlietlier of the ajjple, berry or cherry kind but the

;

palm. 3.

Enci/c.

BACCHIC,

The

body. 2.

In antiquit;/,

honor of Bacchus, the god of ivine. These were celebrated in spring and autunu), with games and shows.

The

B.VCK,

'

perate drinking

n.

back sometimes perhaps to place upon the back as, to hack a horse. Shak. To support to maintain to second or Court was as, the strengthen by aid backed by the House of Commons. Dryden. To put backward to cause to retreat or ;

bachelor.

degree

!

;

drunkard

to return, either to

is

;

Romans.

}

Qn.

;

back,

;

2.

swered

many

Gr. BACCHANAL, " [from Bacchus, liaxxof, the deity of BACCHANALIAN, revelling.

;

money. To go or come

;

anciently

young men knights or soldiers, to them a shield and a lane a great council. This ceremony an-

tuted their

[Little used.^

wine and

;

Towards times or things past as, to look back on former ages. in return Again as, give back the

A knight of the lowest order, or more cor a former place, or state. 7. To go or give back, is to retreat, to recede rectly, a young knight, styled, a knight The Germans (onsti BACK, v. t. To mount to get upon the bachelor.

[L. haccahis, garnished bacca, a berry.]

with jiearls, from Set or adorned with pearls

;

;

to such as take the first degree in 5. divinity, law or physic, in certain Etn-o 6. universities. pean

;

BAC'CATED,

title is gi\

from his engagements. Behind not advancing ; not coming oibringing forward as, to keep back a part to keep one's self iacA-. ;

4.

-

en also

haccu

I'roni

This

calleil the baccalaureate.

part of

first

from the same root as bachel-

or as Bailey su|)))oses, berry and the latter part, from laurea, a laurel, from the practice of wearing a gar land of bay berries.] The degree of bachelor of arts.

'i.

;

;

in the

Millie

BA€€ALAU'REATE,

Ez.

the back, is to

its

:

15Ae'€A, n. [L.] In botany, a berry a fruit which consists of a pul]iy pericarji, with out valves, inclosing several naked seeds.

xxxviii. 17; or to xxiii. 35. Neh.

forgive. Is.

with contempt.

26.

To plow

;

1.

2.

yeast.

or

;

young

This word has

In breiving, a large flat tid), f)r vessel, ii wliich wort is cooled before boiling; hence called a cooler. In dislilleries, a vessel into which the Ii-

this

W.

13.

oppress and per bacgen, a boy, a child secute. Ps. cxxix. from bac, small. girl 14. To bow the back, is to submit to oppresorigin in the name of a .sion. Rom. xi. 10. child or young person of either sex whence the sense of babbling in the Span- BACK, adv. To the place from which one came to back is to return. as, go ish. Or both senses are rather from shoot2. In « figurative sense, to a former state, ing, jirotrnding.] A man who has not been married. condition or station as, he cannot go back baich, a child

a ferry-boat or praam.

and

forget

;

;

n. [D. bah,

acknowledge

is to depart, or to leave the care or cognizance of to remove or be absent. Davits. 11. Behind the back, is in secret, or when one is absent. 12. To cast behind theback, in scripture, is to

;

B.-VC or

to one, to

to be superior. To turn the back,

10.

;

is

to forsake, or Soxith

n.

bone of the back

BACK'CARRY,

n.

[back ;

and

bone.]

The

or the spine.

A

having on the back

a term of law.

;

A door [back and door.] on the back part of a building a private passage ; an indirect way. n.

:

BAD

B A C

B A C

on the BACK'STAYS, n. [back and stay.] hack supported by aid seconded mo- Long ropes or stays extending from the topmast heads to both sides of a ship, to asved hack ward. BACK'EU, a. Having a back; a word used sist the shrouds in supporting the mast, when strained by a weiglit of sail, and as broad-backed, humpin composition backed. prevent it from giving way and falling Mar. Diet. BACK'FRIEND, »i. [back and friend. A overboard. South. secret enemy. BACK'SWORD, n. [back and sword.] BACKGAM'MON, n. [W. bac, small, and A sword with one sharp edge. In Engtand, a stick wth a basket handle used in rustic cammuun, conHiot, battle camp, a ganie.^ A game |>layed by two persons, upon a ta Jlrbuthnol. amusements. The table is in BACK'WARD, > ble, with bo.\ and dice. [back and ward. See two parts, on which are 24 black and wliite BACK'WARDS, ^ ""''• trard.] With the back in advance as, to move backward. spaces, called points. Each player has 15 men ofdifterent colors for the purpose of 2. Toward the back as, to throw the arms distinction. Encyc. backward; to move backwards and for BACK'GROUND, n. [back and ground.] wards. Ground in the rear or behind, as opposed 'i. On the l)ai'k, or with the back downwards;

ftACK'ED,

Mounted

pp.

;

liaviiig

;

To

save one's bacon,

preserve one's self

is to

from harm.

;

;

;

;

BA<;'IJI-K, n. [Fr. bascule.] In fortif cation, a kind of portcullis or gate, made like a pit-fall, witli a ci)unter|)oise,

and supported by two

BA-C'ULITE,

A

genus of

n.

irreat stakes.

of a straight fonn,

in their cellular structure

resembhng the

anmioiiites.

Edin. Encyc. a stafl",

BACLLOiM ETRY, and Gr.

.

The

Encyc.

[L. bacuius.]

fossil shells,

n. [L. bacuius, mrisov, measure.]

act of measuring distance or altitude by a staff or staves. Bailey. Johnsmi.

;

;

to the front. 2.

A

a situa-

;

a. [back nmXhand.] With backward as a backhand

BACK'HANDED, the hand turned ed blow.

;

BACK'HANDED, rected backward

BACK'HOUSE,

adv.

With

the hand di backhanded.

as, to strike

;

n.

and main or

[back

building behind the

ppr. INIounting

as a horse

;

>.

(i.

7.

A house.] front build

moving back,

;

seconding.

BACK' PAINTING,

n.

and

[back

Toward

4.

ill"-

BACK'ING,

backward. past times or events

as, to fall

place of obscurity, or shade little seen, or noticed.

tion

Towards

9.

paint.]

the beginning in an order connatural order as, to read ;

tlie

;

backward. In a -scriptural sense, to go or turn backward, is to rebel, apostatize, or relapse into JSnn/c. or idolatry. Is. i. BACK'PIECE, n. [back and piece.] The 11.sin, Contrarily; in a contrary manner. piece of armor which covers the back. Th<-

BACK'RETURN,

BACK'ROOM,

n. [back

To be driven or turned backward, is to be deShak. feated, or disapi)ointed. Ps. xl. and room.] A room To titrn judgment backward, is to perveit jusor in tlie back part

tice an
BACK'WARD,

dealers in leather, the

Among

n.

Ill

2.

;

evil

and best tanned hides. Encyc. B.\CK'SET, a. [back and set.] Set upon! thickest

luctant

Is.

a.

lix.

UnwiUing

;

;

depraved

;

al-

Ch. Syr-

Ilcb.

to perisli or destroy.] opposed to good ; a

;

word of

general use, denoting physical defects and moral faults, in men and things; as a bad man, a bad heart, a bad di^sign, bad air, bad water, bad books. Vicious corrupt ; depraved, in a moral sense ; as a bad life a bad action. ;

;

3. 4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

9.

Unwholesome

as bad provisions. Unfortimate as a bad imjuosperous state of affairs. Unskilful as a bad player. Small poor as a bad crop. Infirm; as a 6arf state of health. Feeble, corrupt, or oppressive ; as a bad government. Ilmtful pernicious as, fine print is bad ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

for the eyes. Swijl. 10. Unfavorable

Repeated return.

n.

behind the front room, of the house.

BACKS,

10.

[Pers. ^x j had, evil,

Sam. 13N 1.

;

affairs go backward. In time past ; as, let us look some ages backwanl. Perversely ; from a wrong end. I never yet saw man but she would spell him Shak backward.

n.

perhaps to Ar. i Lj

lied

as to look

;

backward on the history of man. By way of reflection ; reflexively. Davies. From a better to a worse state as, pubhc

trary to

method of painting mezzotinto prints, pasted on glass of a size to fit the print.

BAD,

as a bad season. Poor; steril as a 6arf soil. 12. Rough or nuiddy as a bad road. In short, bad expresses whatever is injurious, 11.

;

;

;

hurtful, inconvenient,

averse; re-

al

hesitating. For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves.

;

whatever

vorable

;

or

;

is

unlaw

ful or

immor-

offensive, painful or unfais defective.

what

BAD, BADE, the past tense of bid. fSee Pope Bid.] sluggish dilatory. BADGE, n. [I know not the aflinitiesof this is backivard to undergo the fatl^e word, not having found it in any other lanpart of any thing tlie part beliind that of weigliing every argument. fVatts which is presented to the face of a spectaguage. Probably it belongs to class Bg.] 3. Dull not quick of apprehension behind 1. A mark, sign, token or tiling, by which a tor. Ex. iii. as a backward learner. in progress ?. The hind part of an animal. person is distinguished, in a particular Tlie yard, ground or place belund a 4. Late behind in time coming alter some '.i. place or employment, and designating his relation to a person or to a particular ocas house. thing else, or after the usual time cupation as the badge of authority. BACKSLI'DE, v. i. [back and slide] To backward fruits ; the season is backward. ?i. The 2. or state beThe mark or token of any thing as the fall off; to apostatize; to turn gradually things hind or past. Shak. from the faith and practice of christianity.l badge of bitterness. .ler. iii. Hos. iv. In the ilark backward or abysm of time. •3. An ornament on ships, near the stern, in

Anderson.\

the rear.

BAt:K'SIDE,

n.

[back

The back

and side]

Slow

;

;

The mind

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BACK'WARD

BA('KSLl'DER, from the

falls

2.

One who

and

An

n.

faith

apostate; one who and practice of reli-

[

neglects his

vows of obedience

falls into sin.

BACKSLI'DING,

n.

The

act of ;

apostati-j a falling in-

sensibly from religion into sin or idolatry. v.

fi.

[back and

BACK'STAFF, staff, so called from its being used witli the observer's back toward the sun.] quadrant an instrinnent for taking the sun's altitude at sea; called also, from its n.

A

;

BACK'WARDLY, luctantly

[

zing from faith or practice Jer.

Shak

[.Yot proper, nor in use.]

Prov. xiv.

gion.

;

[

;

adv.

aversely

;

luctance

;

re

;

perversely.

BACK'WARDNESS, n.

in

;

re-

ac

tion.

A state of being behind in progress .slowas the backwardness of ness tardiness the spring. ;

;

;

A n. [back and worm.] small worm, in a thin skin, in the reins of a hawk. [See Filanders.] Encyc.

BACK'WORM,

n. ba'kn. [W. bacctin ; Ir. begun. inventor, Davis's quadrant. Encyc. B.\'CON, lu Ger. In old charters, boea. Cowel. BACK'STAIRS, n. [back and stairs.] bache, is a wild sow.] Stau-s in the back part of a house private stairs and Jigurativdy, a private or indi- Hog's flesh, salted or pickled and dried, usu;

;

rectway.

—

'

--

ally in

smoke.

I'.

;

Unwillingness

dilatoriness, or dullness

decorated with figures. /. To mark, or distinguish with a badfie. Shak. BADg'ER, n. [Qu. badge, 9upra or Sax.

BADGE,

UnwiUingly

In

bygan, bycgan, to buy ; Norm, bugge.] laic, a person who is licensed to buy com

in one place and sell it in another, witljout inciuTing the penalties of engrossing. Cowel. BADG'ER, n. A quadruped of the genua Ursus, of a clumsy make, with short, thick It legs, and long claws on the fore feet. inhabits the north of Europe and Asia, burrows, is indolent and sleepy, feeds by Its night on veg-etables, and is very fat. skin is used for pistol furniture ; its flesh '

makes good bacon, and its hair is used for brushes to soften the shades in painting. Encyc,

BAH

BAG

B A

American badger is called the gfouad BAG, V. t. To put into a bag. Pennant. 2. To load with bags. hog, and is sometimes white. BAlkVEU-LEGGED, a. Having legs like BAG, V. i. To swell like a full bag, as when filled with wind. a badger. Johnson says liaving legs of file

unequal length

but, qu. short thick legs.

;

BAGATELLE,

Shak

tela

?i. A small si)unge, common in the North of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of

BADIA'GA, bruises.

A

seed of a tree in CiijI which smells like anise I "'na, seeds used by the Chinese and Dutch to Enci)c. give their tea an aromatic ta.ste. ;

BADIgE'ON,

A

»!.

;

which

2.

mixture of plaster and

The

n.

[Fr.

;

Sp. baga-

n.

ChesUrfidd.

by waler to Coxe, SwUz.

BAD'LY,

adv. [from had.]

In a bad

manner

;

;

;

1.

and Norm,

[Fr.

;

Arm.

bailler, to deliv-

bahailhat

n.

;

Scottish,

To mock shifts

beff, baff,

signifies to strike.] to elude artili.-e

or elud!; by

;

to

as,

;

bajjie

In

defeat, or con-

tiie

designs of an

enemy. Fashionable

BAF'FLE, BAF'FLE,

V.

follies bnffic

Anon.

practice deceit. Barrow defeat by artifice, shifts South.

pp.

Eluded; defeated; con-

To

and turns.

BAFFLED,

argument.

A

i.

)(.

founded.

BAF'FLER, n. One that baffles. BAF'FLING, ppr. Eluding by shifts, and turns, or

founding.

by siratagem

A

baffling

;

defeating; conamong sea-

\vind,

men, is one that frequently one point to another.

BAG, nes,

from

shift;-,

;

the root of park, pouch, Fr. poche, or of the same family or it is from tlie sense of tying, binding ; Sp. baga, a rope or cord for fastening loads on beasts of burden. ;

;

Port,

;

bagagein

It.

bngaglia Fr. bagngi

;

;

Sp. bagage

Arm.

;

pacij

a pack, and bagaich.] A sack a pouch, usually of cloth or leathor convey corn, er, used to hold, |)reserve and other connnodities. 2. A sack in animal bodies containing some fluid or other substance. 3. Formerly, a sort of silken purse tied to the hair. 4. In commerce, a certain quantity of o com1

.

;

A

BAG'PIPE,

)7.

pipe.]

musical wind instrument, used chiefly in Scotland and Ireland. It consists of leathern bag, which receives the air by a tube, which is stoi)ped by a valve and air is pressed by the pipes, into which the

•3.

upon a contract,

is probably the same as bail in law, to free, or liberate, and signifies to throw out water, as with a bucket or

shovel.

])erforiner.

n. Tlie person or persons »vho procure the release of a prisoner from custody,

BAIL,

by becoming surety for his appearance in and opens at pleasure. There are several court. soft and mespecies of bag-pipes, as the The 6ai7 must be real substantial bondsmen. lodious Irishbag-pipe, with two short Btackstone. drones and a long one ; the Highland bagB and B were bail to the arrest in a suit at law. two short drones, the music of l>ipc, with Kent. which is very loud the Scot's Lowland Bail'is not used with a plural termination. with a bellows 2. The bag-i>i])e, which is played security given for the release of a There is ami is al.so a loud instrument. prisoner from custody as, the man is out also a small pipe, with a chanter about upon bail. Encyc. eight inches in length. Excessive bail ought not to be required. In seamanslii]), to bag-pipe the mizen, is to Blackst07ie. sheet to the the lay it aback by bringing Mar. Did. Bail is common or special. Common bail are niizen shro\ids. BAG' PI PE U, 91. One who plays on a bag- pipe. imaginary persons, who are pledges for the plaintiff's prosecution as John Doe small beardoil fish, a species BAG'RE, n. and Richard Roc. of Silurus, anguillifonii, of a silvery hue, Special bail must be men of real substance, without scales, and delicious food. to jiay their bond or recognizsuflicicnt Did. of JVat. Hist. ance. To perfect ur justify bail is to prove BAG'REEF, n. [bag and rce/.] the oatli of the person that he is worth A fourth and lower reef used in the British by the sum for which he is surety beyond hie Mar. Did. navy. To admit to bail, is to release updebts. BAGUET', ?!. [Fr. baguette, from bague, a on security given by bondsmen. ring Ir. beachl ; Sax. beag.] 3. The handle of a kettle or other vessel. In architecture, a little round molding, less sometimes carved and 4. In England, a certain limit within a than an ;

A

;

;

astragal,

enriched. Encyc. Weights used in the E. Indies. modity, such as it is customary to carry BAIIAU', I to market in a sack as a bag of pepper or BAR'PiE, I ""The great bahar,for weighing .')241b. !)o/„ is pepper, cloves, nutmegs, &c., hops ; a bag of corn. Among farriers, a bag of asafcetida and avoirdupoise. The little bahar, for weighsavin is tied to the hits of horses to restore ing quicksilver, vermilion, ivory, silk, ice, is 137 lbs. 9a:?. Encyc. Eiiaic. their appetites.

finest. a. That may be set free upon bond with sureties that may be admitted to bail tised of persons. That admits of bail as a bailable ofl'ense.

BA'ILABLE,

;

;

3.

deliver goods in trust,

The word

;

The base-])ipe is called the drone, and the tenor or treble is called the The pipes have eight holes like chanter. those of a flute, which the performer stops

To

expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfidly executed on the part of the bailee or person entrusted as, to baii cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment, or to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone To free from water, as to bail a boatThis word is im|jropcrly written bale ;

brothel.

[bag am\

j

;

[Norm. bage. a bag, a coffer hagbe from baggaire. This word seems to n.

Hence baggage

2.

A by

to

and turns; hence

found

id.

4

free,

Blackstone. 2.

;

[Fr.

V

To set free, deliver, or liberate from arand imprisonment, upon security given that the person bailed shall appear and answer in court. The word is apphed to

;

:

Ar.

given with siueties. The surety bails a person, when he procm-es his release fiom arrest, by giving bond for his appearance.

;

the fool with Sp. hefar ; It. beffare, It coincides in origin with buffoon.

;

the magistrate, or the surety. The magistrate bails a man, when he hberates hiir, from arrest or imprisonment, upon bond

;

;

prisms,

rest

;

;

t.

lease ;

;

not well becoming prounskilfully BAGGING, 2>P>'- Swelling tuberant. unfortunately imperfectly The state of being bad, evil, BAG'GIIS'G, ?(. Tlie cloth or materials for BAD'NESS, Jf. Indies. States. Edwards' U. bags. vicious or depraved want of good qualias tl)e badness of BAGNIO, n. bau'i/o. [h. bagno ; S\>. baiio ; ties, natural or moral Port, banho ; Fr. bain ; L. balneum.] the heart, of tlie season, of the roads, &c. An India cloth or plain 1. A balli a house for bathing, cuppin BAF'FETAS, } Tliat of Sural > n. niusUn. sweating and otherwise cleansing the BAF'TAS, is said to be the best. body. In Turkey, it is the name of prisBAS'TAS, ) ons where slaves are kept so called from Encyc. the baths which they contain. Encyc. beflei; to make, or play BAF'FLE, V. t. grievously

acicular

bahala Eth. A fh baleah, to deliver, liberate, permit to go.]

call this

A low

V.

er, to

S|). bagazo, a catamite ; Pers. baga, a strumpet.] worthless woman a strimipet.

Light or playful dis-

[Fr.]

course.

in

is

Cleaveland.

BAIL,

my baggage

now

.

iii

greenish, or yellowish white. It is regarded as a variety of Tremolite. This name is given also to an ohve-green variety of augite and also of epidote.

;

dispatclicd

Carew

Baikal, a lake

[From

mineral occurring

color

\s

Altiloii.

n.

Northern Asia.]

sometimes long, and either confusedly grouped or radiating from a center. Its

Qu.

luggage.] [The English and repair the defects of the stones, of n. [Fr. bagasse; It. bagascia which they make their statues. Enci/c. BAG'GAtiE,

BAD'INAtiE,

A

Arm. bagank.]

[Fr.

I

t.

BA'IKALITE,

tents, clothing,

journey. Having

free stone, ground together and sifted, used by statuaries to till the small holes

;

sails

bagage. Eug. D. pakkaadje, baggage, that packed. See Bag.] utensils, and other necessaries of an army. The clothing and other conveniencies which a traveller carries with him, on a

package 1.

n. bagatel.

hagatella

v.

[Fr. baigner.] soak or drench. [Not used.]

a thing of no importance.

BAG'GAtiE,

Enci/c.

The

BAD'IANE, BAN'DIAN,

It.

;

trifle

^AIGNE, To

;

2.

;

Blackstone.

BA'ILBOND,

71.

A

bond or obhgation given

B A

B A L

B A L

I

to insure the 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, man or beast upon the road ; as, to bait prisoner's api)earance in court, at tlie rehorses. turn of the writ.

by a prisoner and his surety,

ti. t. To take a iiortion of food and pp. lleleaseJ from custody on BAIT, drink for refreshment on a journey as, bonds for appearance in court. we stopped to bait. Dehvered in trust, to be carried and de-

BA'ILED,

BAL'ANCE, 1.

;

"2.

[Goth, beitan. In (•ontention. See Make-bate.]

posited, redelivered, or otherwise account- B.\IT, 3.

ed for. Freed from water, as a boat. person to

n. Tlie

BAILEE',

are <'omniitted in trust,

temporary erty

po.ssossion

1.

whom

goods

and wlio

lias

and a qualified prop-

them, lor the purposes of the

ill

BA'ILER, BA'ILOR,

)

a

trust.

Blackslone. One who delivers goods to another in trust, for some

"

\

particular purpose. BA'ILIFF, n. f Fr. haillif;

V.

t.

To provoke and

;

;

; hailo, a magistrate halia, power, Ch. Ar. Heb. 8yr. '7;'2, lord, authority.

BA'ITED,

bailli

It.

chief.

;

;

ed 2.

Class, Bl.]

In England, an officer appointed by the sherift". Bailiffs arc either special, and ap-

3.

;

their

for

adroitness,

to

pp. Furnished with bait

;

Furnishmg

with

bait

;

4.

alluring.

refreshing at an inn. 3. Harassing, with dogs attacking. and execute writs and process. The BAIZE, n. [Per. pozah, the nap or down of sheriff in England is the king's bailiff. cloth Sp. bausaii, the same.] There are also laiVi;^ of liberties, ajipointed A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap. by the lords in their respective jurisdic sometimes frized on one side, without lions, to execute process, and perform wale, being wove with two treadles like otlier duties bailiffs of forests and of manflannel. Chambers. the collect ors, who direct husbandry, V. t. [Sax. bacan; Sw. baka Dan. BAKE, and iciiler bailiffs in each port, rents, &c. Ger. backen ; Gypsey, bagcr D. bakken to search vessels, gatlier toll for anchorage, to bake Russ. pekar, a peku, pekgiiin arrest persons for debt on the water, &c. to bake or baker Per. pochtan, cook.] Blackstone. Encyc. 1. To heat, dry and harden, as in an oven or The office of baihff formerly was high and to dress furnace, or under coals of fire honorable in England, and officers under and prejiare for food, in a close place that title on the continent are still investheated as, to bake bread. ed with important fimctions. 2. To dry ami harden by heat, either in an BA'ILIWICK, n. [bailli, an officer, see oven, kiln or furnace, or by the solar rays to bake the ground. bailiff, and Sax. loic] as, to bake bricks Tlic precincts in wliicli a bailiff has jurisBAKE, V. i. To do the work of bakin diction the limits of a bailifl^s authority as, she brews, washes and bakes. as a hundred, a liberty, a forest, over which 2. To be baked to dry and harden in heat a bailiff is appointed. In the liberties and as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes ia a franchises of lords, the baihff has excluhot sun. sive jurisdiction. Encyc. BA'KED, pp. Dried and hardened by heat ;

;

;

;

5.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

6.

7.

;

ji.

[from

dressed in heat

bail.]

delivery of goods, in trust, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust Blackstone. shall be faithfully executed.

;

The

n. [bake ami house.] hou.se or building for baking. n. Meats prepared

BA'KEMEATS,

A

Jo/ajK-e of the mind.

Pope.

That which renders weight or authority equal.

The only balance attempted against the anJ. Adams. cient kings, was a hody of nobles. Tlie part of a clock or watch which reg-

9.

as baked meat.

BAKEHOUSE,

plied to the difference between the amount or value of the commodities exported and Hence the common expression, the balance of trade is against or in favor of a couutrj'. or an equal state of power beEquipoise, tween nations ; as the ^'balance of power." Eqtupoise, or an equal state of the pas-

8.

;

;

BA'ILMENT,

A

accounts equal. Balance of trade is an equal exportation of domestic productions, and importation of foreign. But, usually, the term is ap-

sions.

;

;

balance signifies equal weight, or equalby custom used for the weight or necessary to make two unequal weights or sums equal ; that wliich is necessary to bring them to a balance or equipoise. Hence, in accounts, balance is the difference oC two sums ; as upon an adju.stmcnt of accoimts, a balance was found against A, in favor of B. Hence, to pay a balance, is to pay the difference and make the two

imported.

;

;

;

As

ity, it is

sum

;

es,

;

Encyc.

Figuratively, an impartial state of the nrind, in deliberating ; or a just estimate

of the reasons and arguments on both sides of a question, which gives to each its due weight, or force and importance.

tempteil.

B.-VITING, ppr.

One of the simple powers in mechanics, used for determining' the equality or difference of weight in heavy bodies, and consequently their masses or quantity of matter.

3.

allur-

;

Fed, or refreshed, on the road. Hariissed by dogs or other small animals attacked.

arrest tempting persons; or bailifts of hundreds, who col 2. Feeding lect fines, summon juries, attend the assiz

pomted,

2.

;

Thames.

belhj

cisely equal weight. The Roman balance, our steel-yard, consists of a lever or beam, movable on a center, and suspended near one of its extremities. Hence,

harass by dogs; to har-

;

A

pended exactly in the middle, with a scale or basin hung to earli extremity, of pre-

is

ass by the help of others as, to bait a bull or a boar. 2. To attack with violence to harass in the manner of small animals. Shak. to flutter B.'VIT, V. I. To clap the wings as if to fly or to hover as a hawk, when to her Shak. she stoops prey. Bailey. BAIT, n. White Bait, a small fish of the

Scot.

Arm.

Sax. hate

[Fr. balance ; tip. balanza ; It. biluncia ; L. bilanx, bis, twice, and lanr, a dish, the double dish.] pair of scales, for weighhig commodities. It consists of a beam or lever sus71.

ulates the beats.

In astronomy, a sign in the zodiac, called sun enters at the

10.

in Latin Libra, which the equinox in September.

for

)i." A slip of parchment or food in an oven. Gen. xl. The hydrostatic balance is an instrument paper containing a recognizance of bail BA'KEN,/7;j. The same iisbaked,and nearly to determine the specific gravity of fluid

BA ILPIECE,

Blackstone. above or bail to the action. } [Sax. beam ; Scot, bairn; prob-

BAIRN,

"

BARN, tle

^

Eng.

ably,

ioni.]

A child.

used in English.]

[W.abwyd, bivyd Ann. boct It. Sw. bete, food beta, to feed Sa.x. dbailh batan, to bait Russ. pitayit ; Dan. beder, to

BAIT,

»i.

;

;

and n.

bake bread,

One

vvho.se

biscuit, n.

BA'KER-FOOT,

occupation

is

to

An

ed

Taylor.

rest for refreshment.] Any substance for food, proper to be used or actually used, to catch fish, or other 2. animals, by alluring them to swallow a hook, or to be caught in snares, or in an

legs, or legs that beiid

inward

BAL'ANCE, 2.

A

man

power.

Did. ofATatHisf.

m

an equipoise. Hence, To weigh reasons to compare, by estimating the relative force, importance, or value of different things as, to balance good and evil. To regulate different powers, so as to keep them in a state of just proportion ; as, to balance Europe, or the powers of Europe. To counterpoise to make of equal weight to make equipollent or force as, one species of attraction balances another. One expression in the letter must check and ;

;

3.

;

;

V. t.

to

:

;

one which is used determine the

To

adjust the weights the scales of a balance so as to bring them

BA'KERY,

A

is

weight of minute bodies.

at the

n. The trade of a baker. place occupied with the business of Smollett. baking bread, &c. BA'KING, ppr. Drying and hardening in inclosure or net. heat dressing or cooking in a close place, nortion of food and drink, or a refresh2. or in heat. ment taken on a journey. BA'KING, n. The quantity baked at once enticement temptation. 3. An allurement as a baking of bread. 3AIT, II. t. To put meat on a hook or line, BAL'AN, n. A fish of a beautiful yellow, or in an inclosure, or among snares, to al variegated with orange, a species of lure fish, fowls and other animals into huwrasse, caught on the shores of England, 1.

solid bodies.

assay balance

in docimastic operations, to

ilkshaped or dis-

BAKER-LEGGED, a. One who has crook

;

The

&c.

torted foot.

;

;

;

obsolete.

BAKER,

[Lit-

4.

;

;

balance another.

;

J^ent.

B A L 5.

To

B A L

and adjust, as an account to find the ditference of two accounts, and to pay tlie balance, or difl'erence, and make settle

;

5.

equal. In seammjship, to contract a sail, by rolling up a small part of it at one corner.

Mar. Did. BAL'ANCE, V. i. To have on each side equal weight to be on a poise. 2. To hesitate; to tkictuate between motives which appear of equal force, as a balance ;

inelegant

;

tion. 6.

them C.

Unadorned

Mean

naked

;

;

base

;

value. 7.

In popular l-anguctge,

;

B A L as a bald transla-

Dryden. without dignity or Shak. open, bold, auda-

BALiZE',

A

con.]

bank.

BALK,

; Sp. valizii, a beasea-mark; a pole raised on a

n. bauk. [Sax. bale

;

W. bah,

a ridge

between furrows bate, prominent, swellsaid to be from bal, a promiing, proud nence bala, eruption balau, to shoot, ;

cious.

;

Without beard or awn

as bald wheat. BALD'ACHIN, ) "• [If. batdacehino ; Sp. BALD'AQUIN, ^ haldncjuino, a rich silk or canopy, carried over the host. Du Cange. Liuiier deduces it from the name of

8.

n. [Fr. balise

;

;

1.

3.

;

spring or drive out.] A ridge of land, left unplowed, between furrows, or at the end of a field. A great beam, or rafter. [G. bcdken ; D.

a city in Babylonia.] plays wlien poised by equal weights. balk.] BetH'een right and wrong, never balance a In archiledtire, a building in form of a can- 3. Any thing left untouched, like a ridge in moment. JInon opy, sup|)orted by colunms, and often used plowing. as a to 4. A frustration disappointment. Spenser. insulated altars someSouth. covering B.\L'ANCED, pp. Charged with equal times used for a shell over a door. BALK, V. t. bank. To disappoint to frusv.'eights; standing o]i an equipoise; regu trate. Locke. lated so as to be equal settled adjusted Enci/c. Johnson. n. [Qu. i^[>.' balda, a tri 2. To leave untouched to miss or omit. made equal in weight or amount. abusive fie, or baldonar, to insult with BAL'ANCE FISH, n. The zysaiia, or mar Drayton . Shak. teau a lisii of the genus squalus, or sharl language AV. baldorz, to prattle D. bid 3. To pile, as in a heap or ridge. 4. To turn aside; to talk beside one's meanland. deren.] It is 6 feet long, and weighs 500 Obs. lbs. It has tln-ee or four rows of bi-oad Mean, senseless prate; a jargon of words ing. Spenser. .5. To witi balks. ribaldry any thing jumbled together plow, leaving pointed and serrated teeth; has a horrible out judffment. BALK'ED, pp. Plowed in ridges between aspect, and is very voracious. Encyc. ERDASH, v. t. To mix or adulterate furrows, as in American husbandry. BAL'ANCER, n. The person who weighs, Johnson. 2. Frustrated disappointed. or who uses a balance. licpiors. LY, adv. Nakedly ; meanly inele- BALK'ER, ?!. One who balks. In fishery, ?. A member of an insect useful in balancing, Ijalkers are jiersons who stand on rocks the body. gantly openly. and eminences to espy the sholes of her1\E.SS, )!. Want of hair on the toj rt. One skilled in balancing. and back of the head loss of hair meanring, and to give notice to the men in reef band that BAL'ANCE-REEF, n. ness or inelegance of writing ; want of boats, which way they pass. crosses a sail diagonally, used to contract it in a storm. Mm: Did. ornament. Encyc. Cowel. BAI>K'ING, ppr. Plowing in ridges fruspate without hair. BAL'ANCI.\G, ppr. Charging with equa BALD'PATE, n. Shak. trating. weights being in a state of equipoise a. Destitute of hair; shorn BALL, n. [G. bcdl ; D. bal ; Sw. ball ; Dan. bringing to a state of equality regulating BALD'PATED, of hair. ballon ; Russ. bal ; Sp. bala, bola ; It. Shak. palla ; respective forces or sums to make them L. pila ; W. pel, pellen ; Arm. botat; Fr. )!. [from Sw. bcdt, Ir. balta, equal settling adjusting paying a dif- BALD'RICK, L. batleus, a belt, and i-ick, rich. See tliese ball may signify a mass batle, boule. ference of accounts hesitating; contractfrom collecting, or it may be that which is a sail words.] bv one corner of it. ing rolling uji 1. A girdle, or richly ornamented belt a driven, from the root ol'h. pello ; probably BAL'ANCTNG, n. Equilibrium poise. the former.] war girdle. Spenser. 1. A round body a spherical substance, A radiant bahlricic o'er his sliouldcrs tied. fossil shell of tlie genus BAL'ANITE, n. whether natural or artificial ; or a body Balanus. Pope. Jameson. nearly round as, a ball for play ; a ball of '2. The zodiac. Spenser. •' "^"•'' '' ''• thread a ball of snow. L*''" ""'<"«] BAL'AS \ BALE, rt. [Fr. balle ; Gcr. ballen ; D. bacd ; A variety of spinel ruliy, of a pale rose red, It. balla, a bale Ch. Ar. Heb. S-H, to biniL 2. A bullet aicrWof iron or lead for cannon, muskets, &c. or inclining to orange. Its crystals are to pledge, and its derivative, in Ar. ana 3. A printer's ball, consisting of hair or wool, usually octahedrons, composed of two Eth., a rope.] covered with leather or skin, and fastened four-sided pyramids, applied base to base. L A bundle or package of goods in a cloth to a stock, called a ball-stock, and used to CleaveUind. Kirtnin. [See Spinel.] cover, and corded for carriage or transink on the tj-pes in the forms. put BALAUS'TINE, n. The wild pomegranate " portation. 4. The globe or earth, from its figure. tree. Co.re. '2. Formerlj', a pair of dice. 5. A globe borne as an ensign of authority BAL'eONY, n. [Fr. balcon ; It. b(Uconc ; BALE,?), t. To nuike up in a bale. Bacon. as, to hold the ball of a kingdom. Sp. balcon ; Port, balcnm ; probablv a jut- BALE, n. [Sax. beat, bealo. Qu. Hob. Ch. 6. Any part of the body that is round or proIn Pers. ting, as in bulk, belli/, W. hale. Syr. and Ar. Sdn, to grieve or mourn, to tuberant as, the eye ball ; the ball of the be desolate, or S^n, to destroy. In Ir. bealu thundi or foot. balkanah, is a cancellated winis to die, .i:id abail, death.] Misery calam- 7. The weight at the bottom of a pendulum. dow.] Obs. 8. Among the Cornish tniners in England, a ity. In architecture, a frame of wood, iron or stone, BALEARTC, a. [from Balearis, the denomtin mine. in front of a house or other ination given to Majorca and Minorca. 9. In /7i/TO/pfftntc5, a composition of combusImilding, supor tible ingredients, whicli serve to burn, and from Or. to because the ported by columns, pillars Qu. consoles, |tJa»u, throw, smoke or give light. hihabitants were good slingers.] encompassed with a balustrade. Balconies are common before windows. Pertaining to the isles of Slajorca and Mi- Ball-stock, among printers, a stock somewhat hollow at one end, to which balls of skin, norca, in the Mediterranean sea. Encyc. stulfed with wo(d, are fastened, and which BALD, a. bauld. [Sp. baldio, unfilled, va- BA'LEFUL, a. [See Bale.] Woeftd sad Port, baldio, open, comserves as a handle. cant, unfiirnished sorrowful; full of grief; producing mismon baldar, to frustrate.] Ball-vein, among miners, a sort of iron ore, ery ; as, a baleful smart baleful eyes. i. Destitute of found in loose masses, of a circidar form, hair, especially on the top Spenser. Milton. and back of the head. 2. Mischievous destructive containing sparkling particles. Encyc. ])ernicious 9. Destitute of the natural calamitous ; deadly as, baleful enemies Ball and socket, aji instrument used in surcovering as a bald oak. baleful war. veying and astronomy, made of brass, with n. Without feathers on the head a perpetual screw, to move horizontally, as a bald BA'LEFULLY, adv. Sorrowfully ; pemi; vidture. in a calamitous manner. obliquely, or vertically. cio>isly A. Destitute of trees on the top as a laid BALIS'TER, n. [L. balista, from Gr. jiaSAu, Puff-hall, in botany, the Lycoperdon, a genu's mountain. n -.i •»..-,,. to throw.] A cross bow. Blount. offunguscs. ;

;

;

;

;

BALDERDASH,

;

;

;

;

;

;

BALD

;

j

BALD

;

;

BALD

A

;

;

A

;

:

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

•

;

;

A

;

;

'

;

;

;

;

;

AaxHj

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

; ;

B A L

B A L

B A L A

kind of dance an interlude a comic iJAL'LOT, V. i. To vote by ballot, thai i.-., the atmosphere also, a baj; dance, consisting of a series of several airs, by putting little balls of different colors iiijr tlirouj,'!) into a box, the greater number of one with dirtijrent movements, representing of canvas filled with gunpowder, sulphur,! color or the other determining the result. some subject or action. pitrh, saltpeter, &c., to be thrown by the hand, or from mortars, to set tiro to 2. A kind of dramatic poem, representing 2. To vote by written jiapers or tickets. some fabulous action or subject, in whicl BAL'LOTADE, ) In the menage, a leap of houses. a horse between two BALL, 71. [Fr. bal ; It. ballo ; Sp. bayle, a several persons appear and recite things, :BAL'0TADE, S under the name of some deity or persondance It. balltire, to dance, to shake Gr pillars, or ujion a strait line, so that when his fore feet are in the air, he shews nothor na'KtM, to lea]>.] age. llaVKui, to toss or throw Knajc. An entertainment of dancing; originally and In heraldry, ballets or balls, a bearing in ing but the shoes of his hind feet, without coats of anus, denominated according to jerking out. In a capriole, the horse yerks peculiarly, at the invitation and expense of their color, bezants, plates, hurts, &c. out his hind legs. Farrier's Diet. an individual but the word is used in Encyc. America, for a dance at the expense of the Encyc. BALLOTA'TION, n. A voting by ballot. BAL' LI Age, or more correctly bailage, n. Wotton. attendants. [Little used.] a n. on A box as snow for BAL'LOT-BOX, BALL, V. i. To form into a ball, town.] [Ir. bnile, receivmg liorses' hoofs, or on the feet. We say the A small duty paid to the city of London by ballots. horse balls, or the snow balls. aliens, and even by denizens, for certain B'ALM, 71. biirn. [Fr. baume, a contraction ofbalsajn, which see.] BAL'LAD, >i. [It. bnllata, a ball, a dance, a commodities exported l)y them. Encyc. 1. The sa]) or juice of trees or shrubs reballad Fr. balladt, a song, and baladin, a BALLIARDS. [See BUliards.] BALLISTER. [See Baluster.] dancer. See BnU.] markably odoriferous or aromatic. A song originally, a soletnn song of praise BALLIS'TIe, a. [L. balista, an engine to Dryden. throw stones, or .shoot darts, from Gr. 2. Any fragrant or valuable ointment. but now a meaner kind of popular song. to fraHs. or throw Shah. ^a'KKu, shoot.] BAL'LAD, V. i. To make or sing ballads. Pertaining to the balista, or to the art of 3. Any thing which heals, or which soothef or mitigates pain. Shak. Shak. shooting darts, and other missive weap' Young. 4. In botany,\\\f name of several plants, parons, by means of an engine. BAL'LADER, n. A writer of ballads. Ot'trburi/. BALLIS'TICvS, n. The science or art of ticularly of the genus Melissa. They are B.\L' LAD-MAKER, n. A maker or com aromatic- and used as corroborants. throwing missive weapons, by the u.se of Shak. an engine. The balista was a machine Balm of Gilead. .\ ])lant of the genus Aniyposer of ballads, ris. Its leaves yield, when bruised, a BAL'LAD-MONGER,?!. [See JWong-er.] A resembling a cross-bow. dealer in writing ballads. Shak. Encyc. Math. Diet. Ash. strong aromatic scent; and from this plant BAL'LADRY, n. The subject or style of BALLOON', n. [Fr. ballon, a foot-ball Sp. is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, ballads. B. Jonson. baton ; If. pallone ; W. petlten, from pel, a or balsam of Mecca or of Syria. It has a BALLAD-SINGER, n. One whose employ- a ball. See BaU.] yellowish or greenish color, a warm bitterment is to sing ballads. 1. In general, any spherical hollow body. ish aromatic taste, and an acidulous fran. The air or manner BAL'LAD-STVLE, grant smell. It is valued as an odoriferous Encyc. of a ballad. 2. In unguent, and cosmetic, by the Turks, who chimistry, a round ves.sel with a short BALLAD-TUNE, n. The tune of a ballad. neck, to receive whatever is distilled a possess the country of its growth, and fVation. hence it is adulterated for market. Encyr. glass receiver of a spherical form. n. A of •3. In on the a ball or BAL'LAD-WRITER, composer architecture, globe, top BALM,!'./. To anoint with balm, or with ballads. tVarton. of a pillar. any thing medicinal. BAL'LARAG, v. t. To bully; to threaten. 4. In Jireworks, a ball of pasteboard, or kiiid 2. To soothe to mitigate to assuage. fVarlon. of bomb, stufi'ed with combustibles, to be Shak. [Abi in »jf.] BAL'LAST, n. [Sax. bat, a boat, with Inst, |)layed off, when fired, either in the air, or B'ALMY, a. Having the quahties of balm a load D. Ger. and Dan. last ; VV. llwyth ; in water, which, bm-sting like a bomb, exaromatic. Milton. Arm. lastr, a load fcrt/-/o4(, boat-load, corhibits sparks of fire hke stars. 2. Producing balm as the balmy tree. Johnson. Encyc. rupted into ballast ; Russ. ballast ; Fr. lest ; Pope. mild as balmy slumbers. 5. A game, somewhat resembling tennis, 3. Sootliing soft Sp. last re.] 1. Heavy matter, as stone, sand or iron, laid in a an open field, with played lar^e ball Dryden. on the bottom of a ship or other vessel, to of leather, inflated with wind. Encyc. 4. Fragrant ; odoriferous as balmy wing.s. .sink it in the water, to such a depth, as to 6. A bag or hollow vessel, made of silk or Dryden. enable it to carry sufficient sail, without other light material, and filled with hydro- .1. Mitigating easing assuaging as balmt/ to or so as rise and breath. heated Shak. oversetting. air, gen gas float in the atmosphere called for distinc- B.AL'NEAL, a. [L. balneum.'] Shingle baUastis}ialla.st of coarse gravel. Pertaining Mar. Diet. to a bath. Howell. tion, an air-balloon. 2. Figuratively, that which is used to make 7. 1\\ France, a quantity of paper, containing BAL'NEARY, ». [L. to/)ieanum,fromfea^ a tiling steady. 24 reams. [See Bale.] neum. Syr. balna, bath.] Swift. BAL'L.iST, V. t. To place heavy substances 8. In France, balloon, ballon or ballot, a A bathing room. Broum. on the bottom of a ship or vessel, to keep of white glass, quantity of glass jjlates n. The act of bathing. it from 2,5 bundles of six plates each of colored BALNEA'TION, oversetting. Broicn. 2. To keep any thing steady, by counterbal121-2 each. bundles of three gla.ss, plates BAL'NEATORY, a. Belonging to a bath or ancing its force. Dniden. Enajc. Johttson. BAL'LASTED, pp. Furnished with ballast BALLOON',? "' A state barge of Siani, stove. made of a single piece of BAL'SA3I, 7j. [Gr. /jaxsojiof ; L. balsamum.] kept steady by a counterpoising tbrce. BAL'LOEN, 5 BAL'LASTlNG, ppr. Furnishing with bal- timber, very long, and managed with oars. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, flowlast keeping stcadv. ing spontaneously or by incision, from cerEncyc. BAL'LASTlNG, n. Ballast that which is BAL'LOT, n. [Fr. ballotte ; Sp. balota, a Uttle tain plants. A great variety of substances used for ballast. Shak. ball. See Bali] But in pass luider this denomination. BAL'LATED, a. Sung in a ballad. [Littlt 1. A ball used in voting. Ballots are of dif- modem chimistry, the term is confined to such vegetable juices, as are hquid or sponferent colors those of one color give an BALLATOON', n. A heavy luggage boat atiirmative those of another, a negative. taneously become concrete, and consist of a resinous substance, combined with benemployed on the rivers about the Caspian They are privately put into a box or urn. Lake. zoic acid, or capable of affording it by deEncyc. 2. A ticket or written vote, being given in lieu of a ballot, is now called by the same Milton. coction or subhmation. The balsams are BAL'LATRY, ji. A song a jig. n. name. either liquid or solid of the former, are the See BAL'LET, [Fr. ballet ; It. batletto. .3. The act of balm of Gilead and the balsams of copaiba^ Ball, a dance.] voting by balls or tickets. Fire-ball,

a meteor

;

a luminous globe dart-l

1.

;

;

;

;

I

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

"

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

tolu

;

of

tlic

BAN

BAN

BAM Peru und

latter,

benzoin,

storax. dragon's blood, and lireEna/c. .Yicholson. Balsam apple, an amniul Indian plant, inclu-

ded under the genus Momordica. A water and a subtil oil are obtained from it, which are conuiiended as deohstruents. Balsam tree. This name is given to a genus of plants called Clusia ; to another, called which produces the balsam of Copaifera, Copmha ; and to a third, called Pistacia,

vejida o^

with oblong, oval leaves, eight or nine The flowinche.s long, on short footstalks. ers grow in large panicles, from the joints

Port.

;

1.

for water-

It.

baiida

;

Ir.

banna

;

Pers.

band Sans, bande, bunda ; Fr. bande. See Bind and Bend.] A fillet a cord; a tie a chain; any narrow ligament with which a thing is bound, tied or fastened, or by which a number of j,,i J

of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close Old stalks grow to to their receptacles. five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable, as to be used for build-

;

;

;

all sorts of fumitme, things are confined together. and for poles to support palanquins. 3. In architectiire, any flat low member or smaller stalks are used for walking molding, broad but not deep, called also &c. Encyc. Johnson. Encyc sticks, flutes, fascia, face or plinth. BAMBOO'ZLE, v.t. To confound; to de- 3. Figuratively, any chain; any means of returpentine tree or niastich tree. ceive to play low tricks. [A low imrd.] that which draws or confines. straint Balsam of Sulphur is a solution of sulphur in Arbuthnot. Dry den. oil. )i. A cheat ; one who Means of union or connection between Balsam of Tolu is the produce of the Tolm BAMBOO'ZLER, Arbuthnot Shak. of South America. It plays low tricks. persons as. Hymen's bands. /era, or Tolu tree, of a reddish yellow color, transparent, thick BAN, 71. [Sax. hannnn, abannan, to proAny thing boimd round or encircling Bacon. another. claim It. bando, a jiroclaniation Sp. and and tenacious, but growing hard and hrit as the hk( D. neck ban about the and worn Arm. ban 6. Fr. It is very fragrant, ; ban, Port, bando ; tie by age. Something Addison. bands of clergymen. bannen; Ger. ?rf; Sw. fca7ina, to revile the Balsam of Peru, is a .stimulant, and A company of soldiers the body of men Dan. band, ban, outlawiy forbander, to used as a pectoral. Encyc. Liniie. united under one flag or ensign. Also, inHence banish. The radical sense curse. Balsam 0/ Peru, the produce of a tree in Peru, Class Bn. is to send, thrust or drive. definitely, a troop, a body of armed men. possessing strong stinmlant qualities. 2 Kings vi. No. 3.] BaLSAMA^'TION, n. The act of renderin a public 8. A company of persons united in any con.I. A public proclamation or edict balsamic. mon design as a band of brothers. ? order or notice, nuuidatory or proliibitory. BALSAM'K, Having the qualities across a sail to stimula9. of balsam In a more particidar sense, BALSAM'IeAL, slip of canvas, sewed Mar. Diet. soft 3. Notice of a marriage proposed, or of a mitigating mild. strengthen it. ting unctuous Arbullmot. matrimonial contract, proclaimed in a The band of pensioners in England, is a if he of 120 gentlemen, who receive a that deobject, may company A ciiurch, any person n. warm, stimulating, BALSAM'Ie, knows of any kindred between the parties, yearly allowance of £100 -St., for attending mulcent medicine, of a smooth and oily "the king on solenm occasions. of any precontract or other just cause, why Encyc. Coxe. consistence. The baiids of a saddle are two pieces of place. BAL'SAMINE, ?!. Touch-me-not, or Impa- the marriage should not take iron nailed u))on the bows, to hold them in 3. An edict of interdiction or proscription of a Encyc. genus plants. tiens, Johnson. of the ban situation. underthe their a to Hence bala. proper put prince Yielding BAL'SAM-SWEATING, to bind over Crashaw. empire, is to divest him of his dignities BAND, V. t. To bind together sam. with a band. Dryden. and to interdict all intercourse and all offi 3.\LT'l€, n. [From halle, belt, from certain with the offender. Some- 2. To unite in a troop, company or confedcesof humanity its isles, straits or channels, surrounding Milton, eracv. times whole cities have been put under See Belt.] called hells. to conassociate to and i. To of their r. unite; the ban, that is, deprived BAND, rights Tlie sea which separates Norway and Swefederate for some common purpose. Acts Encyc privileges. den from Jutland, Holstein and Germany. xxiii. Milton 4. Interdiction that sea of to the prohibition. BALT'I€, «. Pertaining fillet, roller, or BAND'AgE, 11. [Fr.] anathema. 5. Curse ; excommunication name situated on the Baltic sea. swath, used in dressing and binding up Raleigh. Each Baltic state to join the righteous cause wounds, restraining hemorrhages, and Barlow. C. A a laid or upon di.«located bones. penalty pccuniai-y mulct joining fractured and a ban. BAL'USTER, n. [It. balauslro ; Sp. balaus delincpient for ofiending against Sometimes, the act or practice of applying A nndct paid to the bishoj) by one guilty bandages. Ire ; Fr. haluslre ; from L. palus ; Eng. pole, criuies. other and is corrupted into bannister. of This that sacrilege 2. Something resembling a bandage pale. 8. In military ojfairs, a jiroclaniation by beat Addison. which I have rejected.] which is bound over another. of drum, re(iuiring a strict ol)servance of BANDAN'A, n. A species of silk handkersmall cohunn or pilaster, of various fornix a new offiand dimensions, often adorned with moldchief di.sri|)hne, either for declaring cer, or for punishing an otfender. ings, used lor balustrades. BAND'BOX, )!. slight paper box for 9. In commerce, a smooth fine muslin, imBAL'USTERED, a. Having balusters. bands, caps, bonnets, nuifl's, or other light Soaiiies. Addison. Encyc ported from the E. Indies. articles. BAND'ED, pp. Bound with a band united BAL'USTRADE, n. [Sp. halaustrndo ; It. BAN, V. t. To curse to execrate. Shak. Knolles. in a band. balaustratn Fr. balustrade ; from haluster.] or associates bands n. One that row of balusters, joined by a rail, serving BAN, V. i. To curse. Speimr. BAND'ER, with others. as a fence or inclosure, tor altars,^ balcoMn)!. species of the genus In Swissof build- BAN'ANA, n. [from band.] nies, stair-cases, terraces, tops and its fruit. It ri- BAND'ERET, sa, or plantain tree, Johnson. in chief of military forces. a erland, aeneral &c. Encyc. ings, ses 15 or 20 tcet liigh, with a solt stalk, and fro C.\M or BEAM, as an initial syllable in pp. Beat or tossed to marked with dark jiurple stripes and spots, BAND'IED,controverted without ceremony. agitated names of places, signifies wood; implying with leaves six feet long, and afoot broad. with a band unithat the place took its name from a grove, BAND'ING, Bindii^g ppr. with covered The flowers grow in hunches, Ger. baum, a tree. or forest. ting in a band or compaiiy. of a fine pmple color. The frui Ji. A plant of tlie reed kind, or ais sheath BAN'DITS or BANDIT'four or five inches long, and an inch o BANDIT, n. plu. East Indies, genus ./Irundo, growing in the TI, [It. bandito, from bandire, to prothe pulp soft and of in diameter more and in some other warm climates, and claim, to banish or proscribe by proclamaluscious taste. When ripe, it is eaten raw sometimes attaining to the height of CO is the participle. tion. iJ(™(/i7o, Sp. banor fried in slices. Bananas grow in large From the main root, which is long, feet. See Ban.] dido. bunches %veighing a dozen pounds or mor thick and jointed, spring several round, in a general sense, a robber ; tree is the native of tropical countries, An outlaw also This 13 feet from a lawless or desperate a highwayman jointed stalks, which at 10 or and on many isles, constitutes an importhe ground, send out from their joints sevfellow. tant article of food. Encyc. are united at their base.

ing and for pipes,

The

;

;

i

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

<,

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

A

A

I

;

;

;

A

A

;

;

;

BAMBOO,

;

;

;

;

eral stalks

which

banda : Sw. band; Dan. BAND, [Sii-x. These are armed, at their joints, baand : D. band ; G.band, binde ; Sp. banda, or two sharj) rigid spines, and furnished with one

n.

BAN'DLE,

in length.

)'.

An

Irish

measure of two

feet

Bailey.

BAN

BAN

BAN

BAND'LET,

a club, and the clapper of a bell D. benbandehtte. Ir. beanaim, to beat.] BANDELET,,\n. [Fr. gel, a bell Aiiy little band or flat molding, as that w liich 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel to crowns the Doric architrave. thump to cudgel. [A low word.] Encyc. 2. To beat or handle to treat with BAN'DOG, ji. A large species of dog. rouglily violence. Skak. Spenser. Shak. It. bann. bandolera BANDOLEE'RS, [Sp. ; BANG, ?i. Ablow with a club ; a heavy blow. doliern ; Fr. bandouliere ; band otidD. leer, Shak. ;

3.

;

4.

;

;

;

V. t. To waste by little and httle ; to .squander carelessly. Johnson. 5. man's undress or morning BAN'IAN, n.

BAN'GLE,

large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm ; worn by ancient niuskelcers for sustaining their fire arms, and their musket charges,

which being put into little wooden and coated with leather, were hung,

A

as E. Indies.

gown,

cases, 2.

A

to the

in

worn by

the Banians in the Johnson.

Gentoo senant, employed as an agent commerce. Herbert

3. A tree in India. Milton Encyc. Banian days, in seamen's language, are in three days in a « eek, in which the sailors Chaucer. have no flesh meat served out to them Gr. rtavThis useof the term seems to be borrowed

Disposal; license.

)i.

BAN'DORE,

[Sp. bandurria

n.

;

stringed instrument, like a lute.

Encyc.

2.

n. [Fr. banderole ; It. bande ruola ; Sp. banderolas ; literally, a little banner. See Banner.] A little flag or streamer, in form of a gui don, used to be hung on the masts of ves

BAN'ISH,

sels..

1.

The

fringed silk

little

a band.

BAND'Y,

Encyc. flag that hangs on a

71.

A

bandy; h. pando.] .\

Johnson. club for striking a ball at play. V. t. To beat to andfro, as a ball

BAND'Y, in play. 2.

3.

To exchange to give and receive recipShak. rocally ; as, to bandy looks. To agitate ; to toss about, as from man to ;

man. Let not known truth be bandied

in disputa-

f.

bannir,

[Fr.

bannissant ;

;

Arm.

forbana and forbaniIt. bandire D. bannen ; G. :a, to banish vcrbannen, ausbannen. See Bail.] To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the prince or government, either for life or for a Umited time. It is common for Russians to be banished to Siberia. to publish

;

;

string appeiidiint to Taylor. [Fr. bander, to tic, bind, bend, 2. ji.

V.

whence bannisscment, banishment embanna,

Johnson.

trumpet.

BAND' STRING,

called also flats, shoals, shelves or shallows. These may rise to the surface of the water or near to it ; but the w ord bank signifies also elevated ground at the bot-

in

BAND'ROL, 1.

7.

from the Banians in Asia, who, believin a metempsychosis, will eat no flesh, nor even kill noxious animals.

Sapa.]

A musical

;

A comjiany of persons concerned in a bank, wlietiiera private a.ssociation, or au the stockholders incorporated company of a bank, or their re|)resentatives, the directors, acting hi their corporate capacity. An elevation, or rising ground, in the sea ; ;

U\/'ot

use.]

;

;

C.

number of twelve, to each bandoleer.

BAN'DON,

in a galso called from their scat. their banks, the lusty Trojans Waller. sweep. By analogy, a collection or stock of money, de])osited, by a number of persons, for a use that an I)articular is, aggregate of particulars, or a fund as, to establish a bank, tliatis a joint fund. The j)lace where a collection of money is deposited a common repository of the money of individuals or of companies also a house used for a bank. ;

Pkccd on

;

leather.]

bench, or a bench of rower.s,

ley

;

A

A

tom of the sea, when many fathoms below the surface, as the banks of Newfoundland. BANK, V. t. To raise a mound or dyke to as, inclose, defend or fortify with a bank to bank u house. ;

;

To

pass by the banks of. As I have bank'd ihcir towns.

[Ao/ in

To

Shak.

use.]

up or deposit money in a bank. usvdA Johnson. To drive away ; to compel to depart ; as, BANK'.ABLE, a. Receivable at a bank, as to banish sorro^v. bills or discountable, as notes. 3. To quit one's country [Of revoluntarily, and cent origin.] v\ ith a view to reside abroad ; as, he banBANK-BILL, ) A promissory note, isished himself. sued a by banking comBAN'ISHED, pp. Compelled to leave one's BANK-NOTE, ^ pany, signed by their President ancT councountry driven aw ay. BAN'ISHER, n. One who compels another tersigned by tiie Cashier, payable to the beai-cr in gold or silver at the bank, on deto cpiit his country. mand. If ]iayable to order, the note is one': to BAN'ISHING, 3.

lay

[Little

;

;

Compelling

quit called a post-note. act of a prince or BANK'ED, pp. Raised in a ridge or mound of earth inclosed, or f(irtiticelling ball his n. One who kecjis a bank ; one his country, either for a hmited tune or who traflicks in money, receives and remits BAND'YING, ppr. Beating, impelling or llirever, as for some crime. tossing from one to another agitating in 2. A voluntary forsaking of one's country money, negotiates bills of exchange, &c. 2. vessel employed in the codfishery on controversy without ceremony. upon oath, called abjuration. [This practhe banks of Newfouiidhuid. Mar. Did. BAND'Y-LEG, n. [bandy and leg. See tice has now ceased in G. Bntain.] Bend.] 3. The state of being banished; exile. BANK'ING,^/)/-. Raising a mound or hank; crooked leg a leg bending inward or 4. The act of When we speak inclosing with a bank. driving away or dispelling ; as outward. of restraining water, we usually call it Encyc. the banishment of care from the mind. BAND'Y-LEG GED, a. Having crooked B.'\NK, n. banking ; when we sjieak of defending the banc ; D. and G. bank ; /p^r.

H'atts.

tion.

BAND'Y,

V.

i.

To

contend, as

which each own way.

some

at

strives to drive the SItak.

in

game,

counti'y

;

driving away.

BAN'ISHMENT,

n.

The

;

BANKER,

;

A

A

;

[Sax. banck; Dan. banke ; It. banco; banca, banco ; Fr. banc, banque

legs.

BANE,

[Qu. the aftiiiitics. In Sax. buna, is a murderer; in Gr. ijitiio, is to kill in L. j!enf?u(ni is poison Fr. i;e?u';i ; Arm. n.

;

Arm. bancq;

Ar. ^Jiaj

;

benym or

;

;

BA'NEFULLY,

adv. Perniciously n.

;

destruc

Poisonousness

;

de

structiveness. n.

[See

Vol.

I.

A

Jfort.]

called also deadly nightshade. .BANG, V. t. [Dan. banker, to beat

;

plant,

Johnson G. bdngel.

;

land,

lishing a

imbanking. Encyc. business or employthe business of estab-

The ;

common

tiind for

deposits, collecting the

lending money, bills, receiving

money on notesde-

jiosited, negotiating bills of exchange, n. [Fr. banqueroute ;

BANKRUPT,

&c. Sp.

bank and Sp. bancarrota, bankrujitcy, roto. Port, roto. It. rotto, broken ; Eng. rout, defeat. This may signify iencA-broken, or

earth, raised above the surrounding plain, either as a defense or for other purposes. 2 Sam. x.x.

most |iroi)ah!y the latter, ; The last referring to the fund or stock. syllable is the Latin ruptus contracted; 6«nA:-broken

Any

18

it

n.

discounting notes, issuing

thrown or laid together.] A mound, pile or ridge of

;

call

ment of a banker

bench

steep acclivity, whether rising from a river, a lake, or the sea, or forming the side of a ravine, or the steep side of a hillock on a plain. When we speak of the earth in general adjoining a lake or the but a particu.sea, we use the word shore lar steep acclivity on the side of a lake, river or the sea, is called a bank.

we

BANKING,

15.

;

tivelv.

BA'NE WORT,

\.

2.

BA'NEFULNESS,

bank, a

banc

radically the same that which is set, laid or extended. Applied to a mass of earth, it is a collection, that which is

;

destructive.

W.

Bank and bench are word. The sense is,

vinyjn.]

Poison of a deadly (luahly hence, any fatal cause of mischief, injury or destruction as, vice is the 6ajie of society. Shak. BANE, V. t. To poison. BA'NE BERRY, n. A name of tlie herb ehristoj)her, acta;a, or aconitum raecmosum. BA'NEFUL, a. Poisonous pernicious

Sw

Sp. Port. ;

Norm, 1.

A

roitpt, rous,

creditors. 2.

broken.]

trader who secretes hmiself; or does certain other acts tending to defraud his Blackstone. In less technical sense, a trader who fails or becomes unable to pay his just debts; an insolvent trader. In strictness, no perfl!

l)iit

a

Bnnkruptry

A

can be a bankrupt. api)lied to merchants and

trader is

feast

BAN'QUET,

BANK'RUPTCY,

Job

v.

To

t.

Amosvi.

xli.

Shak. ;

to regale one's

with good eating and drinking. Shak. BAN'QUETED, pp. Feasted; richly en-

;

state of

BAN'QUETER,

being a

inability to

pay

A

n.

feaster;

were

2.

One who makes

ments. act ofbecontiug a bankrupt; the act of rendering one's self a bankrupt, as by BAN'QUETING,pj)r. Feasting; entertainng with rich fare. absconding, or otherwise ; failure in trade of rich fare. pp. Rendered insolvent. 2. Partaking feast ; luxurious BANK'RUPTING, ppi: Breaking in trade BAN'QUETING, n. 1 Pet. iv. living ; rich entertainment. rendering insolvent. house ) n. law, wliich, upon where ena bankrupt's sin-rendering all his property S Cant. xxiv. tertainments are made. to commissioners for the benefit of his

RANK'RUPTED,

A

A

Dan.

BAPTIS'TIe, BAPTIS'TICAL, BAPTI'ZE, V. t.

Pertaining to baptism. Bramhall. [See Baptism.] To administer the sacrament of baptism to to I S

;

By some

christen.

A

BANQUETING-HOUSE, BANQUET-HOUSE,

creditors, discharges him from the payment of his debts, and all hability to arrest or suit for the same, and secures his future acquired property from a liability to the

A

[L. baptisterium.]

in ;

feasts, or rich entertain-

The

BANK'RUPT-LAW,

re.

buildings separate from the church but in the sixth century, they were taken into the chiuch-porch, and afterwards into the church itself. Encyc.

lives dehciously.

all

debt.s.

contraction of Anabaptist, one who denies the doctrine of infant baptism, and maintains that baptism ought to be administered only to adults by immersing the body in water. place where the sacrament of baptism is administered. Primitively, baptisteries

who

one

As a

BAP'TISTERY,

tertained at the table.

The

bankrupt, or insolvent J.

2.

treat with a feast, or

To feast

V. i.

self

insolvent. n.

V.

rich entertainment.

BANK'RUPT, make

Esther

drink.

;

BANK'RUPT,

to

a rich entertainment of meat and

;

BAN'QUET,

insolvency, to other persons. a. Having committed acts of bankruptcy; unable to pay just debts ; insolvent. V. t. To break one in trade ;

tradpis

BAR

BAP

BAN son

of

denominations

christians, baptism is performed by plunging, or immersing the whole body in water, and this is done to none but adults. More

v.

the ceremony is performed by re. A saloon, or generally sprinkling water on the face of a person, whether an infant or an adult, and in the spacious hall for public entertainments. Encyc. case of an infant, by giving him a name, or BANQUET, re. banket in the name of the Father, Son and Holy ])ayment of his past debts. BANKRUPT-SYSTEM, n. A system of [Fr.] In fortification, a little raised way Spirit, which is called Christening. of a the inside or foot to in bank, laws and legal proceedings rumfing along regard BAl'TI'ZED, pp. Having received baptism stand to on which musketeers christened. parapet, baidirupts and their property. BANK-STOCK, n. A share or shares in fire upon the enemy in the moat or cover- BAPTi'ZER, re. One who christens, or adered wav. Encyc. the capital stork of a bank. ministers baptism. n. An Irish fairv. W. It BAN'SHEEorBEN'SHI, n. 6«nni>re; inner; BAN'NER, [Fr. Todd. BAPTI'ZING, ppr. Administering baptism bandiera ; Sp. bandera ; G. fuhne andpanto christening. called alier; D. vaan and vaandel ; from Goth.yioia, BAN'STICKLE, re. A .small fish, This fish falls under the B'AR, n. [VV. bar; Ir. barra; Fr.barre; so stickle-back. h. ; ; cloth; Iv.fuan,

BAN'QUETING-ROOM,

BANQUETTE

;

;

Sax.fana

pannus

cloth.]

A

BAN'TER,

square flag ; a military ensign ; the f)rincipal standard of a prince or state. Encyc. 2. streamer borne at the end of a lance or 1.

S]).

genus Gasterosteus. to

To

A

t.

[Gr. ^svai,

words and

jilay U])on in

in

good humor

;

;

re. [Fr. from banner.] made in the field. Bannerets formerly constituted an order of knights or

1.

humor

BAN'TERED,

who led their vassals to bat good hianor. under their own flags. On the day of BAN'TERER,

pleasantry. pp. Rallied ; laughed

battle, the candidates presented their flags to the king or general, who cut off the

laughs

at

with pleasantry. ppr. Joking

B.\N'TERING,

train or skirt, and made it square. They were then called k/nights of the srjuare flag. They were a middle order between barons

BANT'LING,

and "simple knights.

BAP'TISM,

BAN'NEROL. BAN'NOCK,

Encyc.

young

[See Bandrol.]

A cake [Ir. boinneog.'] or peas-meal, baked on an iron plate over the fire used in Scotland, and the northern counties of EngA

BAN'OY, species of hawk, somewhat hawk larger than the English sparrow the back and wings yellow, and the belly •white; a native of the Philippine isles.

2.

;

;

an

1.

Amos

A

4.

and

not, as

sup

Qu.]

infant.

re.

The ap])lication of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated iiuo the visible chmcii ol This is usually iiei'formed by Christ. sprinkling or innnersion.

as a baptismal

BAP'TIST, oriental ii to feed posed, from the pJ3, uJi or bring up delicately.]

tism.

re.

This

vow.

One who

a|)|>ellation

administers bapis

;

which

obstructs, hinders or

an obstruction

a fortification.

;

i.

I

new

bars to

The shore of waters.

[G. banJcaH.

;

feast,

obstacle

Must •3.

BAN'QUET,

and hence a

Any

defends

laughing at

Diet, of J\rat. Hist. 2. The suftcrings of Christ. Matt. xx. 22. Arm. bancfjed, Ji. 23. [Ft. banquet; or banvez ; It. banchetto, a little seat, a 3. So much of the gospel as was preached feast; Sp. banqueta, a stool with three by John, the Baptist. Actsxviii. From these Cruden. banquete, a banquet. legs words, it would appear that banquet is a BAPTIS'MAL, o. Pertaining to baptism; sitting

2t).

my own

joy create.

Bryden. ;

These seem to be from tlie Greek, by con But the Arm. badeza, badein, traction. may be from bath, bad, water]

;

n.

A wood, iron or other solid matlong in proportion to its diameter, used for various purposes, but especialfor a hindrance or obstruction as ly the bars of a fence or gate the tar of a door or hatchway. Numb. iii. 36. Ex. ;

in

[Gr. ftartTinfia, from ^artn^u from 3artTw, to baptize; Sp. bautizar ; It battezzare ; Port, bautizar, or baptizar.

n.

Johnson.

child

re.

;

;

;

banters, or

with good humor.

made of oatmeal land.

One who

re.

barra, sbarra

It.

driven.] piece of

xxvi.

;

at

;

ter,

feudal lords,

Spelman.

Port, id

;

wit or

knight

tie

;

If these is

derision.

A

barra

Heb. n">3 Ch. X13i'; words are the Eng. bar, the sense a shoot, that which shoots, passes or is

Ariti. barren, sparl

whence ^naxi^u,

deride.]

Banter to joke, or jest with. to rally hardly amounts to ridicule, much less to It consists in being ])leasant and witty with the actions of another, and raising a humorous laugh at his expense,! often attended with some degree of sarcasm. BAN'TER, re. A joking or jesting raillery;

Johnson. elsewhere. In botany, the upper petal of a i)a|iiliiinaceous corol. .Martyn. BAN'NERED, a. Furnished with or bearMillon ing banners. Shield the strong foes, and rake the bannered Barlow. shore.

3.

BAN'NERET,

V.

mock, or

ap|propriately

given to John, the foreriuincr of Christ.

Job

the sea,

which

restrains its

xxxviii.

The

railing that incloses the place counsel occupy in courts of justice.

which Hence

the phrase, at the bar of the court, signifies Hence also licensed lawin open court. yers are called bai-risters ; and hence the whole body of lawyers licensed in a court, are customarily called the bar. trial at bar, in England, is a trial in the courts of Westminster, o]iposed to a trial at Nisi in the circuits. Prius, as the bar of .5. Figuratively, any tribunal Thus the final trial of public opinion. men is called the bar of God. The inclosed place of a tavern, inn or ti. coffee house, where the landlord or his servant delivers out liquors, and waits upon Addison. customers. 7. bank of sand, gravel or earth, forming a shoal at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance, or rendering it thfli-

A

;

A

cult.

A

rock in the sea, according to

any thing by which structure

Brown or ;

is

held to-

BAR

BAR

gether, according to Johnson

BAR

with them the word was less reproach Beard, or that which resembles it, or iiah n rows in the jiluce of it as the barb of a ful than with us. 9. Any thing laid across anotlier, as bars in fish, tiie smaller claws of the pol\-pus, &c. BARBA'RIAN, a. Belonging to savages; Johnson. Coxe. rude uncivilized. licraldry, stripes in color, and the like. Pope. 10. Ill the intnage, the highest part of the The down, or pubes, covering the surface 2. (Vuel; inhuman. of some plants; or rather, a tuft or bimcli BARBARIC, a. [\.. barbaricus. Sep. Barbathe plai-e in a horse's mouth between of strong hairs terminating leaves. rian. The Romans applied this word to grinders and tusks, so that the part of the mouth wliich lies under and at the side ot lAnne. Milne. designate things foreign Barbaricum authe bars, retains the name of the gun Anciently, armor for horses; formerly, Tum, gold lioni Asia, V'irg. JEn. 2. .'504 barbe or barde. The upper part of the gums liarbaricm vtstes, embroidered garments Enci/c. Hayivard. which bears no teeth, and to which the bit 4. A common name of the barbary pigeon, from liireign nations. English writers is a bird of a black or dun color. Johnson. use the word in a like .sense.] applied. Did. of Nat. Hist. Foreign imported fioiu foreign nations. 11. In music, bars are lines drawn perpen.5. A horse from of which it seems Milton. Pope. Barbary, dicularly across the lines of tlie staff, into lie a contraction. B'ARBARISM, n. [L. barbarismus. Sec cluding between each two, a certain quan(J. The points that stand backward in an Barbarian.] tity of time, or number of beats. arrow, fish-hook or other instrument for 1. An oftiiiise against purity of style or lan12. In law, a peremptory exception sufficient to destroy the plaintiff's action. piercing, intended to prevent its being exIt guage any form of speech contrary to the tracted. is divided into a bar to common intend jiure idioms of a particular language. bar temporary and 7. In botany, a straight process armed will incnt, and bar special Dry den. teeth jiointing backward like the sting of a 2. bar perpetual. Bar to common intendIgnorance of arts want of learning. bee. This is one sort of pubescence. Shak. ment is an ordinary or general bar, which Dryden. '^. Riuleness of manners; savagism ; incidisables the declaration of the plaintiff. Marttjn. A special bur is more than ordinary, as a B'ARB, II. t. To sliavc; to dress the beard vility ferociousness a savage state of soObs. Shak. Datnes. fine, release, or justification. ciety. Spenser. Atemporan/ 2. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, fish 4. Brutality bar is that which is good for a time, but cnudty barbarity. [In this sense little used, being superseded by barmay afterwards cease. A perpetual bar hook, spear, or other instrument. To armor on a horse. Milton. put overthrows the action of the plaintiff forbaritv.] ever. Blackstone. Cowel 1VARBA€AN, n. [Fr. barhacane ; Sp. bar- BARBAR ITY, n. [See Barbarian.] bacana ; It. barbacane. Qu. a projecting The maimers of a barbarian 13. A barof savageness an ingot, lump ^old or silver, is work.] cruelty ferociousness inhumanity. or wedge, from the mines, run in a niolil 1. A fortification or outer defense to a Clarendon. city and unwrouglit. A liar of iron is a long or castle, consisting of an elevation of 2. Barbarism; impurity of speech. piece, wrouglii in the forge and hammerearth about three feet high, along the foot ed from a pig. Dryden. Su-ifi. of the rampart. use the uord in this is now sense, [The of 14. Among printers, the iron with a wooden Encyc. Joh)ison. Sp. Diet. super.
used in

Jo-Ill

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<,

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BAR

BAR

BAR

brave, but reproached the cowardly. Diod. Sic. Jim. Marcel. Lucan. Festus. 2. In modern usage, a poet. Pope. ; Dryden. B*ARD, 71. The trappings of a horse. ARBED, pp. [See Barb.] Furnished witli armor as barbed steeds. B'AIIDED, o. In heraldry, caparisoned.

hog whole, which is done by sphtling the hog to the back bone, and roasting it on a to roast any animal whole. gridiron

tlie

;

Shak.

Bearded

;

jagged with hooks or points

as barbed arrows. Shaved or trimmed dressed.

ARBEL,

)i.

;

having the beard Encyc. [L. barba ; Fr. barbeau ; D. ;

Encyc.

BARDES'ANISTS, n. A sect of heretics, who sprung from Bardesanes, of Edessa, in Mesopotamia, in the 3d century, who taught that the actions of men depend on fate, to which God hhnself is subject. His

BA'RELEGGED,

Having the

a.

legs bare.

Burton.

BA'RELY, gently only ;

;

adv.

Nakedly; poorly; indiwithout decoration merely without any thing more as a ;

;

;

jirince barely in title.

Hooker. iBA'RENECKED, a. Having the neck uncovered exposed. Shak. BA'RENESS, n. Nakedness leanness ; poverty indigence defect of clothes, or the usual covering. Shak. South. BA'REPICKED, a. Picked to the bone. Shak. Barret.

;

;

;

;

followers went farther, and denied tlie in A carnation of Christ and the resurrection. genus Cypriniis, of the order of abdominals. Tlie mouth is toothless; Shak. Encyc. BA'RERIBBED, a. Lean. the gill has three rays the body is smooth B"ARDI€, a. Pertaining to bards, or to B'ARGAIN, ?!. (^Fr. barguigner, to haggle, to hum and haw Ann. barguignour, a. ba.gand white. This fish is about three feet their poetry. Owen. It. bargagnare, writto cavil, contend, It is a very B^ARDISII, a. Pertaining to bards gler long, and weighs 18 pounds. coarse fish, living in deep still rivers and ten by a bard. bargain ; Ir. braighean, debate. It seems to accord with It. briga, Sp. brega, Fr. Its B^ARDISM, 71. The science of bards the rooting hke swine in the soft banks. Oxuen dorsal fm is armed with a strong spine, learning and maxims of bards. brigue.] shai-jily serrated, from which circumstance BARE, a. [Sax. 6«r, or iter; Sw. and Dan An agieement between parties concerning it bur ; G. bar. This word is from opening the sale of property or a contract by probably received its name. Encyc. A knot of superfluous flesh, growing in separating, stripping. In Ch. Syr. Sam. which one party binds himself to transfer the channels of a horse's mouth; written the right to some property, for a consider1N3 signifies to open, or explain Ar. to also barbie, or barb. Encyc. Farricr^s Dict.l silso lia is to separate, to ])urify. ation, and the other party binds himself dig to receive the property and pay the conARBER, n. [Persian, barb,: See Barb.y Ch. Syr. 113 to lay waste Ar. id.] ne whose occupation is to shave men, or 1. Naked without covering; as, the arm is sideration. to shave and dress hair. Sha/:. bore : the trees are bare. 2. Stipulation interested dealing. ARBER, V. t. To shave and dress hair. '2. With the head uncovereil, from respect. 3. Purchase or the thing purchased. Locke. Clarendon 4. In popular language, final event upshot. Sliak., We must make the best of a bad bargain. ARBER-€IIIRURgEON, n. One who 3. Plain simple unadorned without tlie joins the practice of surgery with that of polish of refined manners. Spenser. To sell bargains, is a vulgar phrase. a barber a practice now unusual. A low 4. Laid open to view detected no longer To strike a bargain, is to ratify an agreement, Wiseman. concealed. Milton originally by striking, or shaking hands. practitioner of sursery. ARBERESS, n. A female barber. [Aoi 5. Poor destitute indigent empty un- The Latin ferire feedus, may represent a like ceremony, unless it refers to the furnished. Hooker. Dryden used.'] I have made Esau bare. Jer. xlix. 'ARBER-M6NGER, ji. A man who frepractice of killing a victim, at the solemn Shak. South. ratification of oaths. quents the barber's sho]), or prides liim- (i. Alone unaccompanied. Shak. Bargain and .lale, in law, a species of conveyself in being dressed by a barber a tbi). 7. Thread-bare; much worn. Shak. S. Wanting clothes or ill supplied with gar ance, by which the bargainer contracts to Johnson. ARBERRY, n. [l^.berberis ; h:barbrog; inents. convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and D. herberis Sp. berbcro. In Eth. abar- Under bare poles, at sea, signifies having no sail set. Mar. Diet. seised to the use of the bargainee. The har, is the nettle, urtica major in Amli., a statute then completes the purchase; that species of thistle. Lud. Eth. 233; Ainh. !t is often followed by of; as, the country is bare o/" money. Locke. 39. It is probable therefore that this is, the bargain vests the use, and the statBlnckstone. ute vests the possession. plant is so named from its spines or barbs. BARE, r. t. [Sax. abarian. See Bare, adj.] to make naked Its other name, oiyacanthus, indicates a To strip oft' the covering B'ARGAIN, V. i. To make a contract or Bacon. Pope. like origin.] as, to bare the breast. conclusive agreement, for the transfer of now bore. property often with for before the thing 1. A plant of the genus berberis, common in BARE, the old preterit of bear, hedges called in England, pipperidge- BA'REBONE, n. [See Bone.] A very lean purchased; as, to terrgafn /or a house. A Tlie berries are used in housebush. person. bargained with B for his larrn. wifery, and are deemeerty who stipulates ARBET, n. A name given by some cealment hence shameless; impudent; to another. Blaekstone. French writers to a peculiar species of audacious as a barefaced ialsehood. those worms whicli feed on the puceron BA'REFACEDLY, adv. Without disguise B'ARGE, )i. bar}. [D. bargie ; It. and ^'p. Ir. bare. Barge, and bark or b'irque, barca ; or ajihis. or reserve opeiilv iin|rtidently. [See Aphis.] Encyc. a ship, are radically one word.] The Bncco, a gemis of birds found in the BA'REFACEDNESS, n. Eflrontery asa vessel or boat of state, 1. A pleasure boat warm chmates of both continents. surance audaciousness. furnished with elegant apartments, canoA dog, so called from his long hair. BA'REFOOT, a. [See Foot.] ARD, M. [W. bardh, or barz ; Ir. bard; With the feet liare without shoes and stock- pies and cushions, equipped with a band with flags and decorated and of rowers, Fr. barde ; a poet Ir. bnrdas, a satire or 2 Sam. XV. Isaiah xx. ings. streamers; used by officers and magislampoon; W.bardhas, philosophy; hard- BA'REFOOT, a. or adv. With the feet trates. Encyc. bare as, to dance barefoot. Shak. gan, a song.] 3. A flat-bottomed vessel of burthen, for 1. A poet and a singer among the ancient BA'REFOOTED, a. Having the fiet bare. Mar. Diet. loading and imloading sliips. Celts: one whose occupation was to com- BA'REGNAWN, a. [See Gnaw.] Eaten Shak. B'ARgE-COUPLES, n. In architecture, a bare. pose and sing ver.ses, in honor of the heroic achievements of beam mortised into another, to strengthprinces and brave men. BAREHEADED, a. [See Head.] The bards used an instrument of music Having the head uncovered, either from resen the Ipuililing. Encyc. hke a lyre or guitar, and not only jnaised Bacon. B'ARCilE-eOL'RSE, vi. In bricklaying, a pect or other cause. Drydt barbeel.] fish of the

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B

ARGEMAN,

n.

A

The man who manages

n. The proprietor of a barge, conveying goods for hire. Blarkslone. BARtiER, n. The manager of a barge.

B'ARciEMASTER,

Spain

n.

for its

A

renders

it

two brajiches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon a horse's nose, to con-

bread-coiii,

from bara, bread.] speci
fine

him, fur siioeing, bleeding, or dressEncyr. n. [Gr. fJapoj, weight, and It is of tin; genus horileuin, conxWu{, a .stone.] porter. Its i-olor is usually a Thosi! ]>rinci-l (.'arlionate of baryte. sisting of several species. ing-

BAR'OLITE,

pally cultivated in England, are the com.spring barley, the long eared barley,' the winter or square barley, by some' called fci'g-, and the sprat or battledore

gray .sotnetimes whitish, or with a tinge of green. It is strongly translucent. It usually occurs in sniajl masses, wliicli liave a fibrous slructui'e light yellowish

mon

cultivated in ashes, from which the purest [Sp.]

Owen

ten barllc.

a barge.

BAIUI/LA,

BAR

BAR

BAR part of the tiling which projects beyond ihe ])rii)cipal rafters, in buildings where; there is a gable, or kirkinhead. Encyc.

plant

;

:

sometimes in distinct crystals. 'riiis grain is used in medicine, is obtained ; used barley, as possessing emollient, diluent, and ex- This mineral is called al.so Witherite, from and soap, and in bleach/^O Dr. Withering, the discoverer. The plant is cut and laid in / pectorant qualities. ing linen! Ckaveland. Kirwan. Vrel into a Encyc. Miller. Arbuthnot. heaps, anil burnt, the sails running iiole in the ground where they form a vit- B ARLEY-BRAKE, n. A rural jilay a trial BAROM ETER, n. [Gr. ,3apo5, weight, aiii^ kind of mineral alkali in

making

glass

:

;

rified

of swiftness.

Encyc.

lump.

B ARLEY-BROTII, The alkali procured from this plant. strong beer. BAR'ITONE, [See Bdrt/lone] BAR'IUM, 71. The metallic basis of barytoor BARLEY-CORN, n.

2.

baryta, which

is

of barley

an oxyd of barium.

length

Davi/.

B'AKK, borke

;

[Dan. bark; Sw. bai-ck ; d. probably from stripping, separa-

n.

ting.]

;

;

A

[See Corn.]

hence originated

oiu-

measures

n.

A column of quicksilver tiien su|iported in the tube, of equal weight with the incumbent atmosphere. This instrument was invented by TorriIts uses are to celli, of Florence, in 1()43. indicate changesof weather, and to determine the altitude of mountains, by the For i'alling and rising of the niercm-y. of (piicksihcr.

A mow

where barley

is

of barley, or deposited.

The rind or exterior covering of a tree, Gay. h. Sugar boiled till it corresponding to the skin of an animal. BARLEY-SUGAR, is brittle, formerly with a decoction of This is composed of the cuticle or epiderbarlcv. mis, the outer bark or cortex, and the inner bark or liber. The rough broken iB'ARLEY-VVATER,?!. A decoction of bar matter on bark is, by the common people ley, which is reputed soft and lubricating and much nse
a glass tube, hermetically sealed at ou(? end, filled with quicksilver, well defecate and purged ol' air, and inverted in a basin

ol'

Jottnson.

length.

the place

A grain

the third part of an inch in

BARLEY-MOW, I

n.

measure.] low word tor An instrument for measuring the weight pressure of the atmosphere, consisting Shak.\ jwfTpor,

Sidnei/.\

is

I

!

!

;

"

small shot. BARQUE, \ barka ; It. and Sp. bnrca.] n. [Sax. beorm. Qu. L. fermentum, but appropriately, a ship small siup which carries three masts without a mizen fromj'en'eo ; or beer-rahm, beer cream or W. beniri, to boil.] The English mariners, in the top sail. the scum rising upon beer, or other] coal trade, apply tliis name to a broad- Yea.st malt liquors, when ternienting, and used sterncd ship without a figure-head. as leaven in bread to make it swell, causEncyc. Mar. Diet. Waier-barks, in Holland, are small vessels, ing it to be softer, lighter, and more delicate. It may be used in liquors to make for conveying fresh water from place to them ferment or work. place, the hold of which is filled with waJohnson. Encyc. ter. Encyc. B'ARK, I', i. [Sax. beorcan, byrcan, to B'ARMY, a. Containing barm, or yeast. Bacon. Shak. bark.] B n. [Sax. bereni, from bere, barley, 1. To nuike the noise of when ARN, dogs, they and cern, or em, a close place or reposthreaten or pursue. to pursue with unreason2. To clamor at itory.] able clamor or reproach. It is followed A covered building for securing grain, hay, flax, and other productions of the earth. by at. To bark at sleeping fame. In the northern state.i of America, the Spenser. B' ARK-BARED, a. Stripped of the bark. farmers generally use barns for stabling .Mortimer. their horses and cattle so that amonj; BARK-BOUND, «. Having the bark too them, a barn is both a cornhouse or grange firm or close, as with trees. This disand a stable. ea.si' is cured by slitting the bark. Encyc. B'ARNA€LE. n. [Port, bemaca, the Solan pp. "Stripped of the bark; peelgoose; Fr. barnacle or bamaque; lu.pema. ed also covered witli bark. a shell-fish.] B'ARK ER, n. One who barks, or clamo.-s 1. A shell which is often found on the botone who strips trees of toms of ships, rocks and timber, below the unreasonably their bark. surface of the sea. B'ARK-GALLEI), a. Having the bark gall- 2. A species of goose, found in the northern This defect is cured ed, as with thorns. seas, but visiting more southern climates on The foreheail and cheeks are in winter. by binding clay. Encyc. B'.'VRKING, ppr. Stripping oft'bark; makwhite, biu the upper part of the body and neck is black. Formerly, a strange no ing the noise of dogs; clamoring: cover tion ))revailcd, that these birds grew out ing with bark. B'ARK Y, a. Consisting of bark; contain- of wood, or rather out of the barnacles atShak. tached to wood in the sea. Hence the ing bark. B'ARLEY, n. [VV. barh/s ; Sax. bere. Qn. name. It is written also Bemacte. L. far, Gr. xvfio;, Heb. 13 bar, corn. In Pennant. the Saxon chronicle. An. 1124, it is writ- 3. In the plural, an instrument consisting of

A

BARM,

;

;

;

;

;

BARKED, ;

;

this purpose, the tube is fixed to a graduated scale, so that the smallest variation in the colunm is visible.

Encyc. Johnson. a. Pertaining or rebarometer made by a baas barometrical experiments. adv. By means of a barometer. Pinkerton. BAR'ON, n. [Fr. baron ; Sp. baron or varon ; It. barone ; Sans, bareru, bharta, a husband. This word, in the middle ages, was written bar, ber, var, baro, paro, viro, virro. It is the vir of the Latins; Sax. viron. tver ; Ir. fir, fear ; \V. ^wr, fiir g'mV, gevir.

BAROMET RI€AL, to the

lating

rometer

;

;

BAROMETRICALLY,

See Spelman's Glossary, and

Hirt. Pansa. 42: Hicks' Sax. Grammar, Sax. Jccr, L. iiV, is doubtless the Sheinitic laj, a man, so named

De

Bell. ,ller.

140.

113,

The

from strength.] 1.

In Gi-eat Britain, a title or degree of noa lord a peer one who holds the rank of nobility next below that of a \ iscount, and above that of a knight or baronet. Originally, tlje barons, being the feudatories of princes, were the proprietors of land held by honorable service. Hence, in ancient records, the word barons comprehends all the nobihty. .\\\ such in bility

:

;

;

England had,

in early times,

in parliament.

a right to

sit

As a baron was the pro-

manor, and each manor had hence the barons claimed, ; day enjoy, the right of judging

prietor of a

its cotirt-haron

and

to this

in the last resort

;

a right pertaining to the

house of lords, or peers, as the representatives of the ancient barons, land-holders, manor-holders.

Anciently, liarons were greater, or such as held their lanils of the king in capite ; or lesser, such as held their lands of the greater barons by military service in capite.

The

title

of baron

is

no longer attached

to the possession of a manor, but given by the king's letters patent, or writ of sum-

BAR

BAR ;

Spelman.

Baron

2.

Blackstone.

Encyc.

BAR'RATOR,

Cowel.

In law, a hu.sband ?i.

The The

2.

and

1011,

is

Johnson,

patent.

See Barter.]

BAR'RATRY,

n.

The

Coke.

dered

;

striped

weight, and

ilapoi,

n.

[Gr.

;

weight,

;

heavy spar.

Kirwan.

Clcaveland.

[It.

;

in

baracane

;

Sp. barra-

Fr. bourucan.]

A thick, strong stuft', something like camelot

:

used for clokes, surtouts, and other outer garments.

A

[Sp. barraca

Fr. baroque. It seems to be formed like Sax. parruc, a park, an inclosure.] hut or house for soldiers, especially in gar In Spain, a hut or cabui for fish rison. n.

;

ermen.

BARRACK-MASTER,?!. The officer who superintends the barracks of soldiers.

BARRA€U'DA,

n.

BAR RENLY, adv. Unfruitfully. BAR'RENNESS, adv. The qliahty

staves and heading, and bound with hoops. The quantity which a barrel contains Of wine measure, the Enghsh barrel contains 314 gallons of beer measure, 30

;

;

;

3.

A

Swift.

species of fish of the

Any

5.

A

;

5.

V.

i.

To

to

applied

the

;

;

»!.

[See

IVort.]

A

plant,

constituting the genus Ejjimedium, of which the alpinum is the only species a low herbaceous plant, with a creeping root, having many stalks, each of winch ;

has three flowers.

Encyc. Shak.

B'ARRFUL, a. Full of obstructions. BARRl€A'DE, n. [Fr. barricade; It. cata 1.

A

harri-

from It. barrare, Sp. barrear, to bar.] ; fortification made in haste, of trees,

earth, ))alisades, wagons, or any thing that will obstruct the progress of an enemy, or serve for defense or security, against his shot. 2. Any bar or obstruction ; that which defends. 3.

In naval architecture, a strong wooden supported by stanchions, extending foremost part of the quarter deck, in ships of war, and filled with rope, mats, pieces of old cable, and full hammocks, to prevent the effect of small shot in time of action. Encyc. across the

;

panum.

;

of matter scantiness; as the barrenness of a cause. Hooker. Defect of emotion, sensibility or fervency as the barren77ess of devotion. Taylor.

rail,

as the barrel of a watcli, within which the s|)ring is coiled, and round which is wound the chain. A cavity behind the tynipamun of the ear It is tour or is called the barrel of the ear. five lines deej), and five or six wide, and covered with a fine membrane. It is min-e usually called the cavity of the tym-

BAR'REL,

Want

BAR'RENWORT,

a tube.

cylinder

new

mind. 4.

thing hollow and long, as the barrel

of a gun 4.

;

])roducing any thing

;

gallons. 3.

of not ])roducing its kind want of the power of conce])tion applied to animals. Uufruitfuhiess; sterility infertihty. The quality of not producing at all, or in small quantities as the barrenness of soil. Want of invention want of the power of ;

regulated by statutes. In Connecticut, the barrel for li(iuors must contahi 31 i gallons, each gallon to contain 231 cubic inches. In New- York, a barrel of flour by statute must contain either 190 lb. or 228 lb. nett weight. The barrel of beef and pork in New-York and Connecticut, is 200 lbs. In general, the contents of barrels, as defined by statute, in this country, nuist be from 28 to 31;

;

Arragon, 3 make Encyc. BARRA€A'DA, n. A fish, about fifteen inches in length, of a dusky color on the white with small and a black bellv, back, Did. of .Vat. Hist spots. are equal to Gj yards Hj yards.

BAR'RACK,

Ft: baril; Sp. barril ; It Arm. baraz.] ; vessel or cask, of more length than round and breadth, bidging in the middle

;

In Portugal and .Symni, a long measure for cloths. In Valencia, 13 barras make 12^ yards English in Castile, 7 n.

n.

Drayton.

;

t3apos,

heavy, and selenite.] muieral sulphate of baryte |3apv;,

;

;

;

A

;

mined by the barosco]ie.

BAROSEL'ENITE,

gan

name

;

;

gallons of ale, 32 gallons and of beer vinegar, 34 gallons. Of weight, a barrel of Essex butter is lOG pounds; of Suffolk butter, 2.'5(i a barrel of herring shoidd contain 32 gallons wine measure, and hold 1000 herrings; a barrel of sahnon should contain 42 gallons a barrel of soap should weigh 2.50 lbs. John.mn. Encyc. lit America, the contents of a barrel arc

;

BAR'RA€AN,

soil

;

instrument to show the weight of the atsuperseded by the Barometer. AROSeOPTC, a. Pertaining to or deter-

and producing trees and grass. The of these barrens is not barren, as the

plain,

made of

to the possessor, or baron. Joh nson, Encyc. 2.

[Gr.

mind. n. In the States west of the Meghany, a word used to denote a tract of lanil, rising a few feet above the level of a

checkered.

;

barile

axo.tfu, to view.]

BAR'RA,

;

imports, but often very fertile. It is usually alluvial, to a depth sometimes of several feet. Mwater, Journ. of Science. pp. Fastened with a bar hin- 2. Any unproductive tract of land as the restrained forbid excluded pine barrens of South Carolina.

BARRED,

given by lihtckstone.'

An

A

;

;

BAR'REN,

Blackstone.

ers or insurers are injured; as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, by wilful deviation, or by embezzling the cargo. Park.

1.

or

Not producing the usual fruit applied to &c. Not copious scanty as a scheme barren

of hints.

In commerce, any species of cheating or fiaud, in a shipmaster, by which the own-

BARREL,)!. [W.

mos|)here

4.

practice of exciting

and encomaging lawsuits and quarrels.

a. Pertaining to a baron. Encyc. n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron, whether spiritu;d or temporal. This lordship is held in chief of the king,

n.

a.

trees.

;

BAR ONY,

title

BAR'REN,

3.

One who frequently excites suits at law common mover and niaintainer of suits and controversies; an encourager of liti-

BARO'NIAL,

and gives

barrel.

i

;

bar-

;

BAR'OS€OPE,

[SeeJSe%.] Hav-

Dryden. a barrel. Putting or packing in a

BAR'RELING, ppr.

1

Erig. barter.

A

in

a.

;

The whole body of

Johnson. BAR'ONESS, n. A baron's wife or ladv. BAR'ONET, n. [Fr. dimin of baron.] dignity or degree of honor, next below a baron, and above a knight having precedency of all knights except those of the garter, and being the only kniglithood that is hereditary. The order was founded I.

a large belly.

BAR'RKLFA), pp. Put or packed in

SwiJI. Coke. Blackstone. 5. Not containing useful or entertaining gation. The master of a ship, who commits any ideas as a harreti treatise. fraud, in the management of tlio ship, or 0. Unmeaning ; uninventive ; dull as barren in relation to his duties as master, by which Shak. Johnson. Qu. spectators. the owner or insurers are injured. 7. Unproductive ; not inventive ; as a barren

dignity of a baron. land which gives title to a baron.

by James

mg

I

It.

a

ons or peers. 3.

iBAR'REL-BELLIED,

mnd 1.

husband and wife.

BAR'ONAGE,

;

;

Blurkstnne. as bdron and feme,

;

;

dinavian, baratla, contest

ons of the exchequer, who are the four judges who try cases between the king and hisj Barons, stdijects, relating to the revenue. nf the Cinque Ports are members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven

3.

I

[from the same root as bare.] harutta, strife, 1. Not producing young, or offspring ; apf|iiarrel barattare, to barter, to cheat ; Sp. plied to animals. barato, fraud, deceit ; baralar, to barter, to 2. Not producing plants ; unfruitful ; steril ; deceive. The radical .sense is to turn, not fertile ; or producing httle ; unproducand tioist, whence to strive ; L. vtrto ; tive ; applied to the earth. ceit

Cinque Ports, two for each port. These ports are Dover, Sandwich, Roniney, Hastings, Hythc, Winchclsea, and K>e.

n. [Old Fr. bar'at, strife, deCimbric, baratton ; Ice. and Scan-

in a baiTel with salt for preservation, as to barrel beef, pork or fish.

I

greeable and sometimes poisonous. Pennant. Catesbi/.

a title of certain officers, as bar-'

is

BAR

pike kind, found in the seas about the Bahamas and W. Indies, of ten feet in length. The color is deep brown, and the fish is very voracious. The flesh is disa-

uions to parliament; that is, the diguily is personal, and not territorial. The radical word, vir,fir, a man, is Celbut the word tic, as well as Teutonic haron was not known in the British isles, till introduced from the continent under the Normau princes.

Encyc. Johnson put in a barrel to pack ;

jBARRJCA'DE,

v.

t.

To

stop

up

a passage

:

to obstruct.

'

j2.

To

with any slight work that prevents the approach of an enemy. fortify

BARRICA'DO. The same

as barricade.

BAR BAR'RIER, 1.

[Fr. barriere

;

harriera

;

Sp.

hnrrtra, a barrier; Sp. bairear, to Iiur or biirrirade. See Bar.] In fortification, a kind offence made in a

or

retrenchment, oom])osed of great stakes, with transmns or overthwart rafters, to stop an enemy. Encyc

passage

2. 3.

4.

B A S

B A S

It.

A A

wall for defense. fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country. Smfl. Any obstruction any thing which confines, or which hinders approach, or attack as constitutional barriers. ;

of deceiving, barratry, as well as of

sen.se

L. vario, verto. (ylass Br.] bartering. trattick or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a

To

sale and purchase, in which money for the commodities transferred.

is

paid

V. t. To give one thing for an other in commerce. It is sometimes followed l)y away as, to barter away goods or honor. B'ARTER, n. The act or practice of traf-

B'ARTER,

;

by

ficking

exchange

of commodities

sometimes, perhaps, the thing given in exchange. Hopkinson. bar to mark the limits of a place any B'ARTERf^.D, ;);). Given in exchange. a line of separation. limit, or boundary B'ARTKRER, n. One who trafficks by exPope change of commodities. BARRING, ppr. Making fast with a bar B>ARTERING,/)//r. Trafiicking or trading obstructing; excluding; preventing pro by an exchange of connnodities. B* ARTERY, n. Exchange of commodities hibiting crossing with stripes.

A

;

;

;

;

;

BAR'RISTER,

n.

[from

A

bar.-]

in trade.

counsel

learned in the laws, qualified and admitted to plead at the bar, and to take clients answering to the advocate or licentiate of other or,

upon him the defense of countries.

Anciently, barristers

were

call-

England, apprentices of the law. Outer barristers are pleaders without tlie bar, to distinguish them from inner barris ters, benchers or readers, who have been sometime admitted to plead within tlie bar, as the king's counsel are.

Johnson. bahre

;

carry. 1.

2.

A

Encyc.

[Sax. berewe ; W. berva ; Ger. berri ; from the root of bear, to n.

I),

See Bear.}

A

hand-barrow is light small carriage. a frame covered in the middle with boards,

and borne by and between two men. A ivheet-barrow, is a frame with a box, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a single man. A wicker case, in salt works, where the put to drain. Encyc. n. [Sax. berga, or beorgh, a hog D. barg, a barraw hog.] In England, a hog and to Ash, according obsolete. Barrow-grease is hog's lard. In .America, a male hog castrated; a word salt is

BAR'KOW, 1.

2.

;

;

in

common

BAR'ROW,

use.

n.

[Sax. beara, or bearewe, a

grove.]

In the names of places, barrow signify a wood or grove.

BAR'ROW, byrgen, a

A

used to

is

liill or hillock G. and D. bergen, to con

[Sax. heorg, a

J!.

tomb

;

ceal, to save.]

B'ARSE, )!. An English name for the com mnn perch. Did. o/jYut. Hist. B>AKSHOT, n. [See Bar and Shoot.] shot, consisting of a bar, witi

a half ball or round head at each end

used for destroying the in naval combat. V.

i.

to exchange. ably to turn or

;

Johnson.

B^ARTRAM,

n.

[L. pyrethrum

Blount.

Gr.

;

jtv(.,

fire.]

A f)lant pellitory. Bailey. Johnson. BARYSTKON'tlANITE, n. [Gr. fiapvi, heavy, and sirontian.] A mineral, called alsostromnite, from Strom;

It has been found in ness, in Orkney. masses of a grayish white color internally,

but externallv of a yellowish white. '

word

brown.

[Sp. baratar

;

It.

;

barattare, is

cannot

find.]

It is

is grayisli or reddish amorphou.s, columnar, tabu-

The columnar form

is

straight or curved, perpendicular or inclined, sometimes nearly horizontal ; the diameter of the coluiniis from three inches to three feet,

sometimes with transverse

semi-s^)herical joints, in which the conve.x part ot one is inserted in the concavity of another. The forms of the columns generally are pentagonal, hexagonal, or octaIt is sometimes i'oimd also in gonal. rounded masses, either spherical, or ((im-

These rounded pressed and lenticular. masses are sometimes com|io.«ed of concentric layers, with a nucleus, and sometimes of prisms radiating from a center. It is heavy and hard. The pillars of the (iiant's causey in Ireland, composed (if this stone and exposed to the roughest sea for ages, have their angles as perfect as thos(^ at a distance from the waves. The English miners call it cockle the German, It is called short, or sharl. by Kirwan, Figurate Trap, from its prismatic forms. Kirwan. Jameson. Cleaveland. BASALT'IC, a. Peitaining to basalt; formed of or coiUaining basalt. BASaLT'IFORM, o. In the form of basalt; columnar. ;

Cleaveland. Phillips. Basaltic Ilornblend fJuovrrj. BAS.^LT'INE, H. a [Gr. jiofivs, heavy weight.] variety of conmion hornblend, so called Ponderous earth so called from its great from its being often found in Basalt. It is also (bimd in lavas and volcanic scorite. It weight, it being the heaviest of the earths. Recent discoveries is Spec. grav. about 4. generally in distinct crystals, and its have shown that baryte is an oxyd, the bacolor is a pure black, or slightly tinged sis of which is a metallic substance called with green. It is more foliated "thanthe barium. It is generally foimd in combiother varieties, and has been mistaken for nation with the sulphuric and carbonic 'nica. Kirwan. Cleaveland. acids, forming the sulphate and carbonate 2. colunm of basalt. Kirwan. ol" bai^'te, the former of which is called BAS'ANITE, n. s-.isz. [Gr. fla.aa.voi, the Cleaveland. Thomson. trier. Plin. Lib. .3(!. Ca. 22. heavy spar. See Basalt.] BARYT'I€, a. Pertaining to baryte form- Lydian stone, or black jasper a variety of ed of baryte, or containing it. Kiru-an. siliceous or llinty slate. Its color is a grayBARYTO-'CAL'CITE, ;;. [ftarirfe and ca/x. ish or bluish black, interspersed with veins See Calx.] It is employed to test the of(iuarty,. purity A mixture of carbonate of lime with sul- of gold. Kirwan. Ure. Cleaveland. phate of baryte, of a dark or light gray BASE, a. [Fr. bas, low W. bas ; It. basso; color, of various forms. Kirwan. Sp. bazo, low ; W. basu, to fall, or lower. a. See Abase.] [Gr. (3opvf, hea\y, and 1. Low in Tovof, tone.] Obs. place. Spenser. vile w orthless that is, low in Pertaining to or noting a grave deep sound, 2. Mean or male voice. Walker. Arbidhnot. value or estimation used of things. n. In music, a male voice, 3. Of low station of mean accomjt w iththe compass of which partakes of the comout rank, dignity or estimation among mon base and the tenor, but which does men tised of persons. not descend so low as the one, nor rise as The base ?hall behave proudly against the honorable. I«. iii. high as the other. 2. In Greek Grammar, a verb which has no 4. Of mean spirit disingenuous; illiber.il low without dignity of sentiment as a accent marked on the last syllable, the base and abject multitude. grave accent being understood. 5. Of little a. to the base constiB.A'SAL, comparative value applied to Pertaining metals, and perhaps to all metals, except gold tuting the base. Say. and silver. BASALT', n. bazaW. [Pliny informs us that the Egyptians found in Ethiopia, a species 6. Deep grave applied to sounds ; as the fcfwe sounds of a viol. of marble, called basaltes, of an iron color! Bacon. and hardness, whence it received its name.! 7. Of illegitimate birth born out of wedlock. Nat. Hist. Lib. 3(3. Ca. 7. But according to Shak. Da Costa, that stone was not the same 8. Not held by honorable tenure. base estate is an estate held by services not which now bears the name of basalt. Hist, in of Fossils, p. 263. If named from its color. honorable, not capile, or by villenage. Traill.

BARY'TA, BAR'YTE,

I

"

;

;

I

;

A

;

;

;

prob-

change, and this gives the

;

;

;

BARYTONE,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

masts and riggin Mar. Diet.

The primary sense

I

lar or globular.

;

ropean continent, and in America. They sometimes were formed of stones, and iii England called cairns. The barrow answers to the tumulus of the Latins. [See Tomb.]

B'ARTER,

barley-town. the manor

manor

and sometimes the out-houses.

itself;

a

\ dark, grayish black mineral or stone, sometimes bluish or brownish black, anrl when

BARYTONE, ;

hillock or mound of earth, intended as a repository of the dead. Such barrows are found in England, in the North of the Eu-

Double headed

lands of a

Camden.

;

ed, in

BAR'ROW,

BARTON, The demain

[JVot used.] n. [Sax. bere-ton,

may

withered, the surface

;

5.

be allied to the Fr. basane, tawny, l-unier refers it to the Ethiopic basal, iron,

it

;

;

A

B A ;i

;

;

BA'SE-BORN,

there is no pedestal, it is the part between the bottom of the cohniin and the plinth. Usually it consists of certain spires or circles. Tlie jiedestal also has its l)ase,

3.

Encyc. In fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to it. In gunnerij, the least sort of ordnance, the diameter of whose bore is 1 1-4 inch.

Encyc. 4.

The

part of any ornament which hangs as housings. Sidney The broad part of any thing, as the bottom of a cone. In old authors, stockings armor for the

down, 5.

6.

;

legs.

The

7.

start 0.

;

Hudibras. place from which racers or tilters tlie bottom of the fieUl the career ;

or starting post. The lowest or gravest properlj' written bass.

A rustic play,

10.

called

jiart in a.\?o

Dryden. music irn;

bays, or prison

Shak. bars. 11. In geometry, the lowest side of the perimeter of a figure. Any side of a triangle may be called its base, but this term most properly belongs to the side which is parIn reclangled trianallel to the horizon.

it is

the base.

Such

;

Shuk. ;

;

basan.

Trumbull.

pride.

BA'SELY,

adv. In a base

maimer meanly; BAS'IL-WEED, the Drydeni

;

BA'SEMENT,

t.

To

;

to lay the base or foundation. commonwealth of man.

;

;

;

i

;

Spenser.',

BASHAW,

[Ar.

IxiLj ''asha

Pers.'

;

prtsha ; Sp. haxa ; It. bascin ; Turk, basch,' the head. Qu. D. baas, master, and the bassus of the Alemunni and Lovgobards, in the middle ages. This word is often writ-' ten most absurdly pasha, both by the It shouhl be English and Americans. 1.

written and pronounced pashaw.] A title of honor in the Turkish dominions appropriately, the title of the ])rinie vizer, but given to viceroys or governors of provinces, and to generals and other men of The Turkish bashaws exerdistinction.

BASIL'I€AL, 2.

\n

At present and green

BAS'ILISK, 1.

a quality of mind often vi.sible mode.sty in external ap|iearance, as in blushing, downcast look, confusion, &c. Vicious or rustic shame. Sidney. ;

a.

s as

Shameless; unblushing. z.

The

[Gr. /Saaatxoj,

it

is

basilicon. n.

Encyc.

s as ;.

[Gr. ^u.ao.iexof

;

L.

hasiliscus.]

Spenser. slope or angle of a

A

fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice,

and said to be produced from a cock's egg The ancients albrooded by a serpent. ledgcd that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and tliat its breath and

j

n.

z.

is given to several ancient medical writers. confined to three officinal

in

ointments, distinguished into black, yellow

an oppressive authority in their provinces. Hence, A proud, tyrannical, overbearing man.

BAS'IL,

s as

This name

ointment.

compositions

;

BASH'LESS,

ii.

royal.]

even

;

2.

nux.

ilica

BASIL'IeON,

cise 2.

to the middle } "" Belonging vein of the arm. I Noting a particular nut, the walnut, bas-

BAS'ILI€, n.

base and build the

Columbiad.

I

;

;

found

ARY

;

Encyc.

To

a plant of

Muhlenburg. ra » •; 1 [See Basilic]

.

on which the order or columns which Chief; an anatomical term applied to several bones, and to an artery of the brain. decorate the jirincipal story, are placed. Coic. Encyc. Basilian monks, monks of the order of St. BA'SE-MINDED, a. Of a low spirit or who fiiunded the order in Pontus. Basil, mind mean. Camden.' The but has less order still e.xists, power BA'SE-MINDEDNESS, n. Meanness of and celebrity than formerly. Encyc. spirit. Sandys. n. s as z. [Gr. /JaoiXixij L. basBA'SENESS, n. Meanness vileness worth-| BAS'ILIC, ilica ; Gr. lianAtvi, a king.] lessncss. Dryden. a hall or court of judicature, the (luality of being of Anciently, iiublic 2. Vileness of metal where princes and magistrates sat to adlittle comparative value. .Swift. minister justice. It was a large hall, with Shak. 3. Bastardy; illegitimacy of birth. aisles, porticoes, tribunes, and tribunals. Bacon. 4. Deepnessof sound. The bankers also had a part allotted for BA'SENET, n. A helmet. Spenser. their residence. These edifices, at first, BA'SE-STRING, n. The lowest note. were the palaces of princes, afterwards Shah. courts ofjustice, and finally converted into BA'SE-VIOL, n. [See Viol] A musical inchurches. basilic now signifies a Hence strument, used for playing the base or church, chapel, cathedral or royal palace. gravest part. Encyc. Sp. and It. Diet. be cast to V. i. down, 1713, bosh, BASH, [lleb. or confounded. Clu. D. verbaazcn, to con- BASILIC,/!. [See Basil.] The middle vein of the arm, or the interior branch of the See Abash.] found. To be ashamed to be confounded withi axillary vein, so called by way of eminence. Encyc. Qidncy. shame.

;

to reduce the value V. t. To einbase by the admi.xture of meaner metals. [UtBacon. used.]

}

floor,

its

look

was

fatal.

Some

writers

suppose that a real serpent exists under this

;

ile

basil,

genus Clinopodium.

BASILAR,

in bastardy. Knolles. Illegitimately RA*!'TI n. In architecture, the ground

BASH'FUL,"a. [See Ba.ih ai,.l Abash.] 1. Properly, having a downcast look hence, the voices sing and other uistruments pervery modest. form their parts, or during the intervals 2. Modest to excess sheepish. Shak.' It is distin 3. when the other parts stop. Exciting shame. guished by figures over the notes. BASH'FULLY, adv. Very modestly in a Counter base is a second or double base, timorous manner. when there are several in the same con BASH'FULNESS, it. Excessive or extreme! cert.

Wild

n.

;

dishonorably.

base, in music, is the part perwith base viols or theorbos, while

BASE,

71.

A

is much used in cookery, especially in France. Shak BAS'IL, «. [Orient. tU to strip.] written also baseless The skin of a sheep tanned

;

met'illic bases.

Encyc.

1.

yard, opposed the farm yard.

of a house

no foundation, or support. The baseless fabric of a vision. The fame how poor that swells our

2.

4 as z. [Fr. basilic ; It. basilica.] plant of the genus Ocymum, of which there are many species, all natives of warm climates. They are fragrant aromatic plants, and one species, the .sweet basil,

BAS'IL, to the chief court

Thorough

formed

8

tool or instrmneiit, as

BA'SED, pp. Reduced in value founded. BA'SELESS, a. Without a base having

salts arc called salts

with alkaline, earthy or 13.

Born

born.]

ii.

in front

The figure is that on which it stands. base of a conic section is a right line in the hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone. Encyc. cAj'jftisd-!/, any body which is dissolved by another body, which it receives and Thus any alkaline, earthy or niefi.ves. talUc substance, combining with an acid, forms a compound or neutral salt, of which

[base

;

gles, the base, [irojierly, is the side oppoThe base of a solid site to the light angle.

12. In

a.

Court.]

The back

;

when

and

of a chisel or plant : out of wedlock. usually of 13 degrees, but for hard wood^ Goj/. 2. Born of low parentage. 18 degrees. Encyc. mean. 3. Vile Milton. BAS'IL, t. To grind or form the edge of Moxon. BA'SE-eOURT, n. [Fr. basse-cour. See a tool to an angle.

a house, &c. In architecture, the base of a pillar |)ropcrly is that part which is between the top of a but pedestal an
2.

B A

B A S

S

tenure is called base, or low, and So writers on tlie tenant, a basr tenant. the laws of England uj:e the terms, a base fee, a base court. Encr/c KASE, 71. [Gr. I'atii L. basis ; It. basa, base ; S]>. basa ; Fr. base ; that which is or the foundation set, hottom.] 1. The hottom of any thing, considered as its support or tlie part of a tiling on which it stands or rests as the base of a cohmni, the pedestal of a statue, the foundation of Sucli

2.

name.

In niilitury affairs, a large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serjient of that name, or from This cannon carried a hall of 200 its size.

pounds weight, but

is

not

now

used.

Mod-

ern writers give this name to cannon of a smaller size, which the Dutch make 15 feet long, and the French 10, carrying a 48 poimd ball. Encyc.

BA'SIN, n. basn. Arm. ba^iii; It.

[Fr. bassin : Ir. bai.fin ; bacino, or bacite; Fort,

B A

B A S bacia.

If the last radical is primarily letter, this is the German becken

K bekken.] Salatal iiollow vessel or dish, to Iiold water for 1. washing, and for various other uses. 2. In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. 3. Tliat whicli resemhies a basin in containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a hollow place for hquids, or an inclosed

A

part of water, forming a hroad space with a little in a strait or narrow entrance ;

It

has

B A «

?>»

live rays issuing from an angular and dividing into innumerable

from the plane, the work

is said to be ill When the figures are so raised rrliif as to be well distinguished, they are said to bo bold, strong, oi' high, alio relievo. jSee Relief] Encyc.

tow

body, branches. These when extended form a circle of three feet diameter. [See Jlsterias. ]

Encyc.

B'ASKET-HILT,

n.

[See Hilt]

A

hilt

Bass-viol,

which covers the hand, and defends it from BAS'SA. injury, as of a

sword.

B-ASKET-HILTED,

Hudibras. a.

Having a

basket-work.

hilt

BAS'SET,

BASKET-SALT,

Salt

made from

springs, which is purer, whiter and finer, Among glass grirukrs, a concave piece than common brine salt. Encyc. of metal by which convex glasses are B'ASKET-WOMAN, n. A woman who carries a basket, to and from market. formed. B' or case, or ASKING, ppr. Exposing lying exposed Among haiters, a large shell to the continued action of heat or genial usually of iron, placed over a furnace, in

[Fr.

bassette.]

A game

at

ice,

salt-

bay. 4.

n.

said to have been invented at Venby a noblenum, who was banished for the invention. The game being introduced into France by the Venetian embassador, card.s,

of]

tVarton. n.

«. [See Base-viol.] [See Bashaiv.]

Justiniani, in

1C74,

it

was

severe edicts.

BAS'SET,

prohibited

by

Encyc.

V. i.

Among

[See Basil.]

coal

diggers, to incline upwards. Thus a vein of coal bassets, ^vhen it takes a direction warmth. towards the surface of the earth. This is is molded into due shape. B' the n. The sun-fish of Uie between called cropping, and is opposed to dipping. a roimd ASKING-SHARK, cavity anatomy, Irish a species of squalus or shark. This anterior ventricles of the brain. Encyc. fish is from three to twelve yards in length, BAS'SETING, 7. The scale of a balance, when hollow and ppr. Having a direction upor even longer. The upper jaw is much round. wards. the tail is BAS'SETING, n. The u|)ward direction of 8. In Jewish antiquities, the laver of the tablonger than the lower one a vein in a coal mine. ernacle. large and the upper part much longer than the lower the skin is rough, of a deep BASSO-CONCERTANTE, in music, is the BA'SIS, n. plu. bases. [L. and Gr.; the same leaden color on the back, and white on as base, which see.] base of the httle chorus, or that which the belly. The fish weighs more than a 1. The foundation of any thing ; that on plavs throughout tlie whole piece. Bailey. thousand pounds, and affords a great quan- BASSO-eONTlNUO, thorough base, which which a thing stands or lies the bottom of is for or foot of the thing itself, or that on which used see imder base. oil, which tity lamps, and to Bailey. cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic com- BASSO-REPIENO, is the lm.se of the grand it rests. See a full explanation umier base 2. The ground work or first principle ; that It is viviparous, and frequents plaints. chorus, which plays oidy occasionally, or the northern seas. which supports. in [See Squalus.] particular parts. Bailey. 3. Foundation Pennant. Encyc. BASSO-RELIEVO. [See Bass-relief] support. Tlie basis of public credit is good faith. B'ASQUISH, a. buskish. Pertaining to the BASSO-VIOLINO, is the base of the baseBrown. viol. Hamiltun. people or language of Biscay. Bailey. The basis of all excellence is truth. B'ASS, n. [It has no plural.] The name of BAS'SOCK, n. The same as bass, a mat. Jnhnsnti several species offish. In England, this BASSOON', n. \Fr. basson ; It. ioisonc, from 4. Basis, in chimistry. See Base. No. 12. name is given to a species of perch, called basso, low.] B'ASK, V. i. [The origin of this word is not musical wind instrument, blown with by some the sea-wolf, from its voracity, obvious. Qu. Ir. basgaim, to rest or and resembling, in a degree, the trout in a reed, and furnished with eleven holes, but a head. It which are stojtped, as in other large flutes. repose.] shape, having larger weighs To lie in warmth to be exposed to genial about fifteen pounds. In the northern Its compass comprehends three octaves. heat to be at ease and thriving under bestates of America, this name is given to a Its diameter at bottom is nine inches, and for convenience of carriage it is divided nign influences; iis,tobask. in the blaze of striped fish which grows to the weight ofl 25 or 30 pounds, and which enters the into two parts whence it is called also a day to bask in the sunshine of royal favor. The word includes the idea of some con rivers the perca ocellata. fagot. It serves for the base in a concert of tinuance of exposure. .\ species of striped fish, of a darker color, hautboys, flutes, &c. with a large head, is called sea-bass, as it B'ASK, 11. /. To warm by continued expo Johnson. Encyc. Busly. sure to heat to warm with genial heat. is never found in fresh water. This fisi BASSOON'IST, n. A performer on the to two or three bassoon. grows Drydcii. pounds weight. Busby. B' ASKED, pp. Exposed to warmth, or gen Both species are well tasted, but the proper B'AST, n. [Qu. D. and Dan. bast, bark, or iai heat. bass is a very white and delicious food. from twisting.] Prince. B'ASKET, n. [W. basged, or basgawd; Ir. Belknap. A rope or cord, made of the bark of the lime bascaid ; probably from weaving or tex- B'ASS, )!. The linden, lime or tiel tree or the bark tree, bass-wood or Unden W. basg, a netting or plaiting of called also bass-wood. [See Bast.] ture made into ropes and mats. Ash. Bailey. 2. [pron. bas.] A niatto kneel on in churches. B'ASTARD, n. splinters.] [Arm. bastard ; Ir.basdar'd; 1. A domestic vessel made of Fr. batard; D. bastaard ; G. bastart ; It. twigs, rushes, BASS, n. In music, the 6a.se ; the deepest or and Sp. bastardo ; W. bastarz ; basu, to splinters or other flexible things interwogravest ])art of a tune. This word is thus ven. The forms and sizes of baskets are written in imitation of the Itahan basso. fall, wlicnce base, and tars, gro\vth, issue, as well as the uses to whici which is the Eng. base, low yet whh the a sprout.] very various, they are applied as corn-baskets, clothespronunciation of base and plural bases, a A natural child a child begotten and born baskets, fruit-baskets, and work-baskets. out of wedlock an illegitimate or spurigross error that ought to be corrected as 2. The contents of a basket as much as a ous child. By the civil and canon laws, a the word used in pronimeiation is the Engwill contain a basket of med bastard becomes a legitimate child, by the lish word base. as, basinet lars is two bushels. But in general, this BASS, V. t. To sound in a deep tone. intermarriage of the parents, at any future time. But by the laws of this country-, as Shak. quantity is indefinite. In military affairs, baskets of earth some BASS-RELIE'F, n. In English, base-relief by those of England, a child, to be legititimes are used on the parapet of a trench, It. basso, low, and ritevare, to raise mate, must at least be bom after the law[From between which the soldiers fire. ful marriage. whence n'Wcwo, raised work. See L/ifl and Blackstone. They serve for defense against small shot. Bastard eigne', or bastard elder, in law, is Relief] when a man has a bastard son, and afterEncyc. Scidptiire, whose figures do not stand out ward marries the motlier, and has a legitifar from the ground or plane on which B'ASKET, V. t. To put in a basket. ' mate son, called midier puisne, or younger. they are formed. When figures do not proCoieper. Blackstone. B'ASKET-FISH, n. A species of sea-star, tuberate so as to exhibit the entire body, or star-fish, of the genus Asterias, and they are said to be done in relief; and BASTARD, n. A kind of sweet wine. [.Vot otherwise called the Slagellanic star-fish, when they are low, flat or little raised in use.] Shak. 5.

which the hat

6. In

;

;

;

;

;

.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Vol.

I.

19

BAT

B A S B'ASTARD,

Begotten and born out of

a.

lawful matrimony illegitimate. Spurious not genuine i'alse suppositiIn this sense, it is aptious adulterate. plied to tilings which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not genuine ; as a bastard hope, bastard honors. Shak. Temple. In military aft'airs, bastard is applied to pieces of artillery which are of an unusual make or proportion, whether longer or shorter, as the double ctdverin extraordinary, half or quarter culvcrin extraordiua-

It

BAT

was demolished by the enraged popu-

lace in 1789.

;

9.

;

;

;

;

Encyc. ry. Bastard- Flower-fence, a plant, a species of

BASTINA'DE, BASTINA'DO, ta,

A

from

[Fr. bastonnade ; Si.. bastonada ; It. bastonaor stafl'. See

?

^

bastone, a stick

Baste.]

sound beating with a stick or cudgel the blows given with a stick or stall". This name is given to a punishment in use among the Turks, of beating an otlender on the soles of his feet BASTINA'DE, ( , To beat with a stick ^-

''

or cudgel. BASTINA'DO, I BASTING, ^^r. Beating with a stick;

mois-

tir,

A

bale

madder.

To make

V. t.

or determine to

Bacon

be a bastard.

be a bastard

The

;

»(.

v.

t.

.state

To make

to declare legally, or decide a per-

son to be illegitimate. Tlie law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful

3.

Blaikslone

wedlock.

To

to build, to set or tbund.]

beget a bastard.

B'ASTARDLY,

adv. In

the

Shot manner of a

;

s])uriously.

;

BA'TABLE, putable. Scotland,

a.

The \\

Inch,

a. Pertaining to the Basternae, ancient inhabitants of the CarpaD\^nville. thian mountains. Bastarnic Alps, the Carpathian mountains, between Poland, Himgary and Transylvania so called from the ancient inhabitants, the Bastarnic. D^Jlnmlle BASTE, II. /. [Arm. haz ; Fr. baton, for hasten ; Sp. baston ; It. bastone, a stick or

club.] 1.

1.

To To

beat with a slick. drip butter or fat upon meat, as it turns upon the spit, in roasting to moisten with fat or other Uquid. Swift.

A

a.

bastear ; It. imbastire, to baste ; It. basta, a long stitch.] To sew with long stitches to sew slightly. BASTED, pp. Beat with a stick ; moistened V.

t.

[S]).

;

with fat or other matter in roasting sew ed together with long stitches, or slightly, BAS'TILE, n. [Fr., from bdtir, bastir, to ;

build.]

An

old castle in Paris, built between 13G9 1.38-3, used as a state prison, and con verted to the purpose of confining men for life, who happened to incur the resent laent or jealousy of the French monarchs.

and

Idngdoms were

contention, was Cowel. Encyc. of tick or mite,

Surinam.

Also

sweet potatoe.

Encyc. [from Batavi, the people

;

A

BATE,

Encyc.

BAT, 1.

[Sax. bat ; Ir. bat, bata ; Russ. bot allied to beat.] heavy stick or club; a piece of wood n.

A

with one end thicker or broader than the 2.

other. Bat or bate, a small copper coin of Germany, with a small mixture of silver, worth four crutzers. Also a coin of Switz

worth five iivres. Encyc. term given by miners to shale or bitu minous shale. Kirwan. eriand,

3.

A

[Fr.

;

retained in make-bate.

battre, to

beat,

to

batter;

but perhaps from abattre, to beat down. The literal sense is, to beat, strike, thrust

;

down. See Beat.] lessen by retrenching, deducting or reducing; as, to hate the wages of the laborer to bate good cheer. Locke. Dryden. to force

To

;

[We now use abate.] BATE, V. i. To grow or become remit or retrench a part Abate thy speed and

;

with will

I

less

;

to

of.

bate of mine.

hryden. uses bate in the sense of sulking, with Spenser a sense regularly driving in, penetrating dcducible from that of beat, to thrust. BAT, n. [Rab. and Tal. mN3, Nni3, or fiNU Yet tliere the steel staid not, but inly bate I have not litund this word in Buxtorf. Deep in Uie flesh, and open'd wide a red any European language, except in Engflood

BAT,

V.

i.

To manage

a bat, or

])lay

Mason

one.

;

sate.

;

BASTE,

the

A

JiASTARN'Ie,

;

when

disthict, was a subject of called batable ground. BATA'TAS, n. species found on the potatoes of the Peruvian name of the

a principal jiart formerly called a bulwho iidiabitcd the isle.] wark. Bastions are solid or hollow. A Pertaining to the isle of Betaw in Holland, bastion is made in the middle of the between the Rliine and the Waal. But is to be when it too defended more generally, the word denotes what curtain, long cut by the bastions in its extremes. appertains to Holland in general. bastion has its jjoint cut oil' and instead of BATA'VIAN, n. A native of Betaw, or of it a re-entering angle, or an angle inwards, the Low Countries. A composed BATCH, n. [D. bakzel ; G. geback ; from with two points outward. bastion has two sides of the interior polybake.] gon unequal, which makes the gorges un- 1. The quantity of bread baked at onetime; demibustion is composed of one a baking of bread. equal. face only, with one flank and a deniigorge. 2. Any quantity of a thing made at once, or double bastion is one raised on the i)lane so united as to have like quahties. of another. B. Jonson. Encyc BAS'TO, n. The ace of clubs at quadrille. BATE, n. [Sax. bate, contention. It is BASTON, or BATOON', n. [Sp. See probably from the root of beat. See De-

Mezeray. state

practices, or

A mode

Cowel. Encyc. [See Bate and Debate.] Disland between England and

;

n.

n.

flat

;

A

of being a bastard, or begotten and boni out of lawful wedlock, wliich condition disables the person from inheriting an estate. Blackstone

B'ASTARDY,

Encyc.

One who

BarringtoH. of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other and hglit, beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds flying to the light are caught with nets or otherwise.

Donne. A an appellation given to a faction or troop of bandits, who ravaged Guienne in France in the 14th century supposed to have been headed by the illeBaste.] sons of noblemen, who were ex bate.] gitimate In architecture, a round molding in the base Strife contention eluded from the rights of inheritance. of a column called also a tore, [torus.] V. t. bastard

ITASTARDS,

n.

pleased with bat-fowling.

huge mass of earth, usually faced will sometimes with brick, or stones, standing out Ironi a ranij.art, of which it BATA'VIAN, is

of a bastard or prove to to convict of being a bas-

B>ASTARDISM, B'ASTARDIZE, ;

is

BAT'-FOWLING,

sods,

B'ASTARD,

tard

BAT'-FOWLER,

;

;

w ith

evenings,

upon moths, flies, flesh, and oily substances, and are torpid during the winter.

;

tening witli dripping sewing together with long stitches. Adeiiantheru. n. a beating with a stick; a Bastard-hemp, a plant, a species o{ Datisca, Basting, false hemp. moistening with dripping a sewing together slightly with long stitches. Bastard-Rocket, dyers-weed, or wildwoad, a species of iff serfa. BAS'TION, n. bas'chun. [Fr. and Sp. bastion ; It. baslione ; probably Irom bastir, bdBastard-Star of Bethlehem, a plant, a species oi'Albuca. Bastard-Scarlet, a red color dyed

latitudes are small ; they are viviparous and suckle their young. Their skin resembles that of a mouse. They enter houses in pleasant summer feed

A

lish.]

race of quadrupeds, technically called BATE-BREEDING, a. Breeding stiife. Shak. [.Yo? jiscrf.] Vespertilio, of the wiXer primates, in Linne's a. Contentious; given to strife; system. The fore feet have the toes con- BA'TEFUL, contention. nected by a membrane, expanded into a exciting Sidney. Shak. kind of wings, by means of which the an- BA'TELESS, a. Not to be abated. imals fly. The species are numerous. Ol BA'TEMENT, n. Abatement; deduction; diminution. these, the vampire or Ternate bat inhabits with its I derivatives, is, Africa and the Orient.il Isles. These an [Bate, believe, little used, or wholly obsolete in the U. imals fly in flocks from isle to isle, obscuStates.] Their ring the sun by their numbers. when extended n. from L. measure five or batto'. six BATEAU, wings [Fr. batillum.] feet. A light boat, long in proportion to its They live on fruits hut are said sometimes to draw blood from persons breadth, and wider in the middle than at when asleep. TJie bats of the northern the ends. ;

hatnmedism,

BAT

BAT

BAT BAT ENfTES, BAT'ENISTS, or BATE - BATHER, immerses NIANS, n. A sect of apostates from Mo who

professed the abomina IsniaeUans and Kir word signifies esoteric, or

One who bathes; one who Shakspeare uses himself in water, or who ap- BATTAL'IONED, n.

plies a liquid to

The

matians.

persons of inward light. [See Assasshis." a. [See Batten.] Rich, fertile, as

BAT'FUL, land.

Mason.

[JVo< in use.]

Tooke,

baB>ATH, [Sax. ba:th, hatho, a bath thian, to bathe W. badh, or baz ; D. G. Sw. Dan. bad, a bath ; Ii'. bath, the sea Old Phrygian bedu, water. Qu. W. 60:!, to n.

;

;

;

immerse.]

1.

A place for bathing recei)tacle of water for persons to plunge or wash their bodies in. Baths are warm or tepid, hot or cold, more generally cal;

warm

a convenient vat or

They are also natural or arlijicial. N'aiural batlis are those which consist of spring water, either hot or colfl, which is often impregnated with iron, and called chalybeate, or with sulphur, carbonic acid, and other miiieral These waters are often very qualities. eflicacious in scorbutic, bilious, dyspeptic and other complaints. led

iind cold.

BA'THING,

Washing by

ppr.

or by applying a liquid

inunersion,

moistening

;

;

fo-

menting.

BA'THING,

n.

The

act of bathing, or wash-

ing the body in water.

Mason

A

vessel for bathing

BATHING-TUB,

n.

In usually made either of wood or tin. the Royal Library at Paris, I saw a bathing-tub of porphyry, of beautiful form and

exquisite workmanship. n. [Gr. ,5a9oj

BA'THOS, bottom,

and perhaps

to

allied to

;

W.

bozi,

word loi' uii Formed into

;

in issues joined upon a writ of right. The contest was had before the judges, on a ])iece of ground inclosed, and the combatants were' bound to fighi till the stars appeared, unless the death of one party or victory sooner decided the

Eng. im

to

of sinking in poetry. ArbuthnM. BATING, ppr. [from bate.] Abating taking away deducting excepting. Children have few ideas, bating some faint

contest.

;

no longer

It is

in use.

Blackstone.

;

ideas of hunger and thirst.

BAT'INIST. BAT'IST, 71.

fine linen

BATTEL,

Locke.

[See Bateniles.]

A

2.

cloth

ariuv. battal

n.

of felony; and

art

;

a.

Barlow. [See Battle.] In law, wager of battel, a s))ecies of trial for the decision of causes between parties. This species of trial is of high antiquity, among the rude mihtary people of Eu It was introduced into rope. England, by William, the Norman Conqueror, and u.sed in three cases only in the court martial, or court of chivalry or honor; in appeals

BATTEL,

merse.]

The

the

ions.

himself or to another.

ble practices of the

made

in

Flanders and Picardy, of three different kinds or thicknesses. Encyc

I',

i.

To grow

fat.

[.Yot in use.]

[See batten.] To stand indebted in the college books at Oxford, for provisions and drink, from the buttery. Hence a batteler answers to

a sizer at Cambridge. small bat, or BAT'TEL, »!. An account of the [from bat.] place expenses of a student at Oxford. ijnmersed in some substance. Thus, square piece of wood with a handle, for A dry bath is made of hot sand, ashes, beating Unen when taken out of the buck. BAT'TEL, a. [See Batlrn.] Fertile fruitJohnson. fid. [.Yot used.] Hooker. salt, or other matter, for the purpose of n. A weight used in Smyrna, of B.\T'TELER, ? " A a applying heat to a body immersed in them. BAT'MAN, , , . r. c 1 student at. Oxford. six okes, each of 400 drams; equal to B'VT'TLER V vapor bath is formed by filling an 1() lbs. t; oz. 1.5 dr. English. BAT'TEMENT, n. [Fr.] A beating; strilcapartment with hot steam or vapor, in which the body sweats copiously, as in BATOON' or BAT'ON, n. [Fr. baton from ing imjjulse. [JVot in use.] baston. See Baste.] Russia or the term is used for the apDarwin, Zoon. x\ staff or club a marshal's staff; a trun BAT'TEN, V. t. bat'n. phcation of hot steam to a diseased part [Russ. botiayu. Qu. cheon a badge of militaiy honors. of the body. Tooke. Encyc. Ar. • J>.j badana, to be fat Johnson. or • .xi A metalline bath is water impregnated with iron or other metallic substance, and RA€HITE, n. [Gr. ^ar^axof, a fiog.] to fatten. See Fat.] A fossil or stone in color resembling a frog. 1. faddana, applied to a diseased part. Encyc. To fatten; to make fat; to make plump Ash. In chimisb-y, a wet bath is formed by hot Milton. plenteous feeding. water in which is placed a vessel contain- BAT'RA€HOMYOM'A€HY, n. [Gr. fiat 2. by To fertilize or enrich land. Philips. pa^oj, a frog, /nvj, a mouse, and i^axr., a bat ing the matter which requires a softer BAT'TEN, V. i. To grow or become fat to iieat than the naked fire. tie.] live in luxury, or to grow fat in ease and In medicine, the animal bath is made by The battle between the frogs and mice a luxuiy. Dryden. bm-lesque poem ascribed to Homer. wrapping the ))art aflt^cted in a warm skin The pampered monarch battening in ease. Coxe. BATRA'CIAN, a. [Gr. ia.tfo.x'X, a frog,. just taken from an animal. Garth. an epithet designa3. A house for bathing. In some eastern Pertaining to frogs n. BAT'TEN, piece of board or scantting an order of animals, including frogs, countries, baths arc \ cry magnificent edifiling, of a few inches in breadth, used in toads and similar animals. ces. Barnes. making doors and windows. It is not as n. An animal of the order 4. A Hebrew measure broad as a pannel. containing the tenth BATRA'CIAN, Encyc. above mentioned. of a home)-, or seven gallons and four BAT'TEN, V. t. To form with battens. and three BAT'TABLE, a. Capable of cultivation. BAT'TER, v.t. ])ints, as a measure for liquids [Fr. battre ; Sp. batir; It. Burton. [.Yot in use.] pecks and three pints, as a dry measure. battere ; L. batuo, to beat. See Beat.] com- 1. To beat with successive blows to beat Calmet. BAT'TAILANT, n. [See Battle.] Shelion. BATH-ROOM, n. An apartment for bath- batant. [.Vot ttsed.] with violence, so as to bruise, shake, or Tooke. BAT'TAILOUS, a. [See Battle.] Warlilce ing. demolish as, to hatter a wall. the form or t. V. of an ar- 2. To wear or to wash. See BATHE, having appearance [Sax. bathian, impair with beating as a batBath. Qu. W. 602s, to immerse.] my arrayed for battle marshaled, as for tered pavement a battered jade. an attack. 1. Ti) wash the Milton. Fairfax. body, or some part of it, by Diyden. Pope. immersion, as in a bath it often differs BATTAL'IA, n. [Sp. bataUa ; It. battaglia, 3. To attack with a battering ram. from ordinary washing in a longer applibattle. See Battle.] 4. To attack with heavy artillery, for the cation of water, to the body or to a par- 1. The order of battle troops arrayed in purpose of making a breach in a wall or ticular part, as for the purpose of cleanstheir proiier brigades, regiments, battalrampart. ing or stimidating the skin. ions, &c., as for action. BAT'TER, V. i. To swell, bulge or stand 3. To wash or moisten, for the purpose of^ 2. The main of an in disout, as a timber or side of a wall from its body army array, soft and or for making Johnson. supple, foundation. cleansing, tinguished from the wings. Moion. as a wound. BATTAL'ION, n. [Fr.bataiUon. See BaiUe.] BAT'TER, 71. [from beat or haHer.] 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid ; as, to A body of infantry, consisting of from 500 .\ mixture of se\eral ingredients, as flour, bathe in tears or blood. to 800 men so called from being origibeaten with some eggs, salt, &c., together BATHE, V. i. To be or lie in a bath; to nally a body of men arrayed for battle. liquor, used in cookery. King be in water, or in other liquid, or to be imA battalion is generally a body of troops pp. Beaten; bruised, brokmersed in a fluid, as in a bulb as, to bathe next below a regiment. Sometimes a baten, inqjaired by beating or wearing. in fierv floods. Shak. talion composes a regiment more gene71. One who batters or beats. BATHED, pp. Washed as in a bath; mois- rally a regiment consists of two or morej BATTERING, ppr. Beating; da.*hing atened with a liquid bedewed. battalions. Johnson. Encyc.] gainst bruising or demolishijig by beating. 2.

A

in

which heat

is

applied to a

body BAT'LET,

A

n.

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

BAT

;

;

A

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

BATTERED,

;

;

BATTERER,

;

;

BAT

W

B A

A U

B

of forces, or division of an arniy.j BAULK. [See BtUk.] JBAT'TERING-RAM, n. lu antiquity, a 2. A body Bacon.] BAV'AROY, 71. A kind of cloke or surtout. to beat down the Johnson. military engine used The main body, as distinct from the van walls of besieged places. It was a large Hayward. BAV'IN, n. A stick like those bound up in and rear. Obs. resomewhat iron of head a with beam, a piece of waste wood. In war, to join is to attack an enemy faggots To battle, its whence of a give ram, sembling the head Johnson. Encuc. brush, faggots. to meet the attack ; but battle, is jiroperly name. It was suspended by ropes in the is not always ob- BAW'BLE, n. [Fr. babiole, a toy, or babyperhaps tliis distinction middle to a beam which was supported thing according to Spelman, baubella are so as to swing backbalanced and by posts, battle is one in which the annies gems or jewels.] wards and forwards, and was impelled by A pitched drawn up in form, with a A trifling piece of finery a gew-gaw ; that men against tlie wall. It was sometimes are previously which is gay or showy without real value. of the forces. regular disposition mounted on wheels. den val ;

;

;

;

BATTERY, It.

3.

Sp. hatcria

;

To

battle to the gate,

entered the xxviii.

BAT'TLE, V. i. [Fr. batailler ; Sp. batallar. someIn the militanj art, a parapet thrown up.to To in fight join in battle to contend Addison. cover the gunners and others employed times with it ; as, to battle it. witli about them, from the enemy's shot, V. t. To cover with armed force. BAT'TLE, t>atthe guns employed. Thus, to erect a Fairfd.c. form the parapet and mount the BATTLE-ARRA'Y, n. [battle and array.] tery, is to also to a numor order of battle ; the disposition of guns. The term is applied Array ber of guns ranged in order for battering, forces preparatory to a battle. used and to mortars used for a like puri)0se. An ax ;

;

Cross batteries are two batteries winch each other, forming an angle play athwart upon the object battered. is one which scours or Battery

BAT'TLE-AX, BAT'TLE-AXE,

hne or length. is that which plays

obliquely.

Camerade play at the

.

,

battery, is

,

BATTLE-DOOR, n.

when

several guns place.

same time upon one

shuttle-cock

.5.

jars at the same time, and- discharged in the an electrical battery. called is manner. This of plates Galvanic buttery, a pile or scries ziuk, or of any substances

manner, that they may be charged

been

action. susceptible of galvanic n.

The management

BAT'TISH,

n.

BAT'TLEMENTED,

;

BAT'TLE,

[Fr.

drawing of the bow, It. balta^lia, from la

;

W.

a battle

;

Secured by

n. Conflict.

battle-

batel,

a

Pp. batal-

to females.]

BAWD, V. for 2.

To

To

i.

procure

;

to provide

[J^ot in use.]

foul or dirty. a.

n. [Gr. ^troxoyia, from a garrulous person, and Tooyoj, dis-

Skelton.

Descended from a bawd. Shak.

BAWD'ILY, arfi). Obscenely, BAWD'INESS, n. Obscenity B.\WD'RICK,

n.

;

lewdly. lewdness.

[See Baldrick.]

A

belt.

Chapman.

The abomina-

women

ble jiractice of procuring lust. gratification of

BATTOL'OgIST,

Herbert.

women

lewd purposes.

BAWD-BORN,

One

llatTos,

A

Thomson BAWD'RY,n. [See Bawd.]

BATTOL'OuY,

bat, an animal.] as a batlish humor.

hataille

a fortifica-

what tends

as

ius,

Herbert

BATTLING,

2.

Obscenity

BAWD'Y, applied

to

-,

"a.

filthy,

unchaste language. unchaste filthy

Obscene

;

;

;

laniruase.

BAWD'Y-HOUSE^ and

for the

a.

A

house of lewdness

prostitution.

low

i. [Sax. bellan ; Sw. bola, or bellow ; W. ballaiv ; G. bellen, to bark D. balderen, to roar L. balo, to bleat Fr. to pule ; Heb. hy the plainer, to bawl, Per. bala, a cry or blast of a

to

BAWL, V.

;

p'ernon.] Ji.

a.

ments.

I

[from

bat

bastille,

from Fr. bdtir, bastir, to build. Qu.] wall raised on a building with openings or embrasures, or the embrasure itself Encyc. Johnson.

Mason.

pjj^y

Resembling a

from

is

But one author quotes Hesychor giving Gr. )3a*o5, a procurer procuress.] or person who procuress. procurer and conkeeps a house of prostitution, ducts criminal intrigues. [Usually applied

to allure.

Locke.

use in U. S.] [.Vof in is said to have

;

W. pud

In

or rush forward.

[This

n. [See Battology.] that repeats the same thing in speakmg fVhitlock. or writing. [Little used.] BATTOL'OUlZE, r. t. To repeat needof a bat [Little used.] lessly the same thing.

ofcopperand

TJAT'TING,

bastillement,

n.

tion,

A

same

a

quicken which, from the Italian, baldo, haldanza, appears to be from the root of Eng. bold, the prito project, to push which sense of is, mary

An instru- A

a racket.

;

A child's horn book.

BAT'TLEMENT,

Encyc. In lav), the unlawful beating of another The least violence or the touching of anBtackstone. a is in other battery. anger a In electrical apparatus and experiments, number of coated placed in such a

1.

;

a handle and a flat play, with board or palm, used to strike a baU or

2.

;

to enliven, to

exbaldire,

as a

bat'tl-dore.

Trifling

;

ment of

,

.

contemptible. Shak. BAW'-COCK, n. A fine fellow. [Qu. beauShak. cock.] of this the not know n. origin BAWD, [I word but in French, baudir is a term in hunting, signifying to excite or encourage formed, according to dogs to the chase or Lunier, from the Low Latin, baldire,

anciently

"'

a.

Obs.

;

which plays

is that Battery de revers, upon the enemy's back.

BAWB'LING,

weapon of war. I the It has been used till of late years by and is still used highlanders in Scotlanil in Edinburg, in quelling the city guards by Encyc. mobs, &c.

d'enflade,

.sweeps the whole Battery ea echarpc,

/

Dry

is to fight

and drive the enemy, who hath Is to the gate. city, back

iantly,

See Beat.]

batteria.

turn the

;

The act of battering, or beating. The instrument of battering.

1.

3.

baUerie

n. [Fr.

A

course.]

needless repetition of words in speaking. Ash. Encyc. BAT'TON, n. [from bat.] In commerce, deal for flooring, or pieces of wood or other purposes. Encyc.

;

;

See Beat. trumpet and Ar. and Heb. Sas, to weep, butel, to be from clamor These all coincide in elements to wail. compact, and the fel, tight, n. Among the Hans-Towns, a and the the BAT'TORY, have L. to with expressed word primarily pello, appello, Eng. peal, merchants an factory or magazine which the primary sense is the same.] drawing of the bow. This is probably have in foreign countries. Encyc. 1. To out with a loud full sound to error. The first battles of men were with cry used in beating, BAT'TULATE, v. t. To interdict commerce. hoot to cry with vehemence, as in calling, clubs, or some weapons \A word used by the Levant company.] or in pain or exultation. Hence the club of Hercules. striking. Eton. or 2. To cry loud, as a cliild from pain And although the moderns use difterent com of A n. prohibition some mode of BATTULA'TION, vexation. weapons, still a battle is Eton. merce. To proclaim by outcry, as a D. t. BAWL, beating or striking.] between enemies, BAT'TY, a. [from bat, an animal.] Siinft. common crier. I. A fight, or encounter Shak. to a bat. BAWL'ED, pp. Proclaimed by outcry. or opposing armies an engagement. It Belonging or large bod- BATZ, n. A small copper coin with a mix- liAWL'ING, ppr. Crying aloud. is usually applied to armies of some in parts ture of silver, current but in popular language, the BAWL'ING, n. The act of crying with a ies of men Encyc. Germany and Switzerland. loud sound. word is applied to an encounter between n. [Qu. Fr. bas-billon.] In Scot stone small bodies, between individuals, or infe- BAUBEE', 71. An inclosure with mud or hall BAWN, a of North the and land England, It is also more generally a fortification. rior animals. walls for keeping cattle Johnson of land forces penny. Spenser. apijlied to the encounters used.] [.Vo( manufactured in Bur than of ships the encounters of the latter BAUgE, n. A drugget Todd. and of B/VW'RFL, 71. A kind of hawk. But battle is gundy, with thread spun thick, being called engagements. B-Jonson. n. A badger. coarse wool. Encyc. BAW'SIN, applicable to any combat of enemies ;

bealins:.

Owen supposes the Welsh stretched,

;

;

;

;

'•

;

;

;

;

BAY BAXTE'RfAN,

B E

Pertaining to Baxter, a celebrated English divine ; as the Bailerian scheme. Encyc. a. Fr. bai or baie It. baio ; Sp. bayo ; BAY, [ ; L. badius. Class Bd.] Red, or reddish, inclining to a ehesnut color applied to the color of horses. The shades of this color are called light bay, dark bay, a.

BAY-SALT,

;

dappled bay, gildtd bay, ehesnut bay.

popular language, in England, horses are called brown.

lit

all

bay

Johnson. Encyc. n. [Fr. baie ; Sp. Port, bahia; It.baia; D. baai ; contracted from the root of Sax. byge, an angle, bygan, D. boogen, to bend,

BAY,

1.

whence bow.] An arm of the land, not of

than a

gulf,

name however

is

of Biscay.

3.

A

pond-head, or a pond formed by a dam, for the purpose of driving mill-wheels. [/ believe not used in U. S.] In a bam, a place between the floor and the end of the building, or a low inclosed

place, for depositing hay.

In EnglandfSays JoUnson, if a barn conof a floor and two heads, where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays. These hays are from 14 to 20 feet long, and floors from 10 to 12 feet broad, and usually 20 feet long, which is the breadth of the barn. Builder's Diet. In ships of war, that part on each side between decks which hes between the hitts. sists

4.

Mar. !>.

Any

Diet.

kind of opening in walls. Chavibers.

J^. [Qu. Gr. i3awi>, a branch of the palm In Sp. baya is a berry, the fruit of the laurel.] 1. The laurel tree. Hence, 2. Bays, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown, bestowed a.s a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. The patriot's honors, and tlie poet's bays. Trumbull. 3. In some parts of the U. States, a tract of

BAY,

tree.

land covered with bay trees. Drayton, S. Carolina BAY, n. [Goth, beidan, to expect It. bada ; " tenere a " star a bada," to keep at bay bada," to stand trifling badare, to stand trifling, to amuse one's self, to take care, to watch, to covet abbadare, to mind "Fr. hayer, to gape or stand gaping. Qu. ;

;

;

;

A

n.

from the wall, as

BAY- YARN,

;

abnyer.] state of expectation, watching or looking for ; as, to kee)) a man at So a stag bay. at bay is when he turns his head

Encyc.

A

window

An-unmannerly

BA'YED, eta;

A

It.

and

a.

To

3.

Phil.

;

ii.

be, contents his nat
To be made

to he

And they twain

To

4.

To

reniaui.

Philips.

a.

Having bays, as a n.

cause the first bayonets were made at Bayoime. P'ieyra's Poiiuguese Diet.] short pointed instrument of iron or broad dagger, formerly with a handle fitted to the bore of a gun, where it was inserted

to

Pope.

become. be one flesh.

Let the garment

Math.

When

v\ ill

be as

if

Where was

be jnesent in a place.

at the time ?

B. Jonson.

;

shall

Jcr. xxxii.

was made.

be

you

at

1

my

house ? 5. To have a particular manner of being or happening as, how is this affair ? how was it ? what were the circumstances ? This verb is used a.s an auxiliary in forming the tenses of other verbs, and particularly in giving to them the as, passive form he has been disturbed. It forms, with ;

;

a particular future tense, which often expresses duty, necessity or as, govenunent is to be suppurpose for use, af\er the soldier had fired but we are to ported now made with an iron handle and rmg pay our just debts. which go over the muzzle of the piece, so Let be is to omit, or leave untouched to let alone. that the .soldier fires with his bayonet the

infinitive,

;

;

;

;

Let

fixed.

be, said he,

my

Dry den.

prey.

Encyc. BA'YONET, V. I. To stab with a bayonet. BE, a prefix, as in because, before, beset, beTo compel or drive by the bayonet. deck, is the same word as by ; Sax. 6e, big ; Goth. bi. It is conunon to the EngUsli, Burke. Saxon, Gothic, German, Dutch, Danish BAYS, or BAYZE. [See Baize.] o ^ and Swedish languages. It occurs probain the BAZ'AR, ?!. [Pers. Russ. bly Russian, but is written po, a.s it jIjLj bazar; is mpossideo and a few other words in the bazari, a market.] Latin. It denotes nearness, closeness, Among the Tiuks and Persians, an ex about, on, at, from some root signifying to change, market-place, or place where pass or to press. [See By.] goods are exposed to sale. Some bazars That this word is the Shemitic 3, used as a are open, others are covered with lofty prefix, is certain, not only from its geneial ceilings or domes, pierced to give light. applications, which may he seen by comThe bazar at Tauris will contaui 30,000 " paring the uses of the word, in the Heb. men. Encyc for instance, with those in the Saxon BAZ'AT, ? „ A long, fine spun cotton from but from its use in particular phrases, parBAZ'.-^, ^ Jerusalem, whence it is called ticularly in its use before the name of the Jerusalem cotton. Encyc. Supreme being in swearing. Hence we BDEL'LIUM, n. delVyum. [L.; Gr. ^-KKmv find that 3 is not from n3 nor from ri'3, as Syr. Ch. Heb. nSlJ. Bochart and ParkParkhurst supjioses, but is a contraction hurst translate it, pearl. Gen. ii. But it of big, which is used in the Saxon, bigis doubtful whether the bdellium of the spell, a proverb, a by-word bigstandan, scriptures is that now used.] to stand by. A gummy resinous juice, produced by a tree n. [Qu. Russ. bok, coast] in the East Indies, of which we have no BEACH, The shore of the sea, or of a lake, wliich is account. It is fi-om satisfactory brought washed by the tide and waves the strand. the E. Indies and from Arabia, in pieces It may be sometimes used for the shore of of different sizes and figures, externally of large rivers. a dark reddish brown, internally, clear ;

;

;

and not unlike to glue. To the taste, it slightly bitterish and pungent ; its odor agreeable.

In the mouth,

it

becomes

is is

soft

and sticks to the teeth on a red hot iron, it readily catches flame and burns with a It is used as a perfume crackling noise. and a medicine, being a weak deobstruent. Encyc. V. i. BAY, [Fr. aboye'r ; It. baiare, to bark.] BE, V. i. substantive ; mrr. being; pp. been. 1. To bark, as a dog at his game. Spenser. G. bin, bist ; D. ben [Sax. beon, to be. 2. To encompass, or inclose, from bay. now use embay. Shak. Indie, pres. tense. Qu. Pers. • \ BAY, V. (. To bark at to follow with barkShak. ing. bodan, to be, and W. bud,

BE'ACHED,

a. Exposed to the waves washed by the tide and waves. Shak. a. Having a beach or beaches.

;

BE'ACHY,

Shak.

;

BE'A€ON,

against

the dogs. Whence abeyance, in law, or a state of expectancy.

We

;

xi.\.

ard, kind.]

beliolder.

sense is to stand, remain or be fixed ; hence to continue. This verb is defective, and its defects are supphed by verbs from other roots, am, is, was, were, which have no radical connection with 6e. The case is the same with the substantive verb in most languages.] To be fixed to exist to have a real state or existence, for a longer or shorter lime. Let this mind be in you, which was in Christ Jesus.

Chambers.

Bhnd ; stupid. Taylor. building. [Fr. baionette ; Sp. bayonbaionetta ; so called, it is said, be

BA'YARDLY, BA'YONET,

1.

2. jutting out

n. A denomination sometimes used promiscuously with woolen yarn. Chambers.

2.

The

in shops.

BA'YARD, n. [bay The 1. A bay horse.

not used with much pre cision, and is ollen applied to large tracts of water, around which the laud forms a curve, as Hudson's Bay. Nor is the name restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but u.sed for any recess or inlet between capes or head lands, as the bay 2.

BAY-WINDOW,

sea, extending into the definite form, but smaller

any and larger than a creek.

B E A

whicli erystahzes or receives Its consistence from the heat of the sun or action of the air. It forms in pits or basins, and from this circumstance re ceives its denomination. It appears first in a slight incrustation upon the surface of the wafer, which may be sea water, or any other water in which salt is dissolved. This crust thickens and hardens, till the crystalization is perfected, which takes place, in eight, ten or fifteen days. is salt

n. heikn. [W. pigvm, a Ijeacon, cone, or turret, from pxg, a point. See Pike. Sax. beacen, beccn, asignal D. baak, baaken ; Ger. bake.] signal erected on a long pole, upon an eminence, consisting of a pitch barrel, or some combustible matter, to be fired at night, or to cause a smoke by day, to notify the approach of an ;

1.

;

.

;

byzu, hydiaic. 2.

A

A

enemy.

Ught-house ; a house erected on a point

B E A

B E A

of land, or other place on the sea-coast, with lamps which burn at night, to direct navigators, and preserve vessels from running upon rocks, sand banks, or the shore. In general, a beacon may be any light or mark intended for direction and security

2.

Figuratively, that n.

which gives notice of

Money

maintenance of a beacon.

paid for the Encyc. Ash.

n. [Ger. belhe, a bead supposed from beten, biddan, to pray, from the use of beads in Catholic countries Sax. bead, a praying. In Spanish and Portuguese, the word answering to count is used for a bead.] 1. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn about the neck, for ornament. A string of beads is called a neck-

BEAD,

;

3.

to be at one''s

beads,

A

bubble on spirit. In architecture, a round molding, commonly made upon the edge of a ])iece of stuff, in the Corinthian and Roman orders, cut or carved in short embossments, like beads in necklaces. Encyc. Bidding of beads, is a charge given by a

the feet northern, or cat beagle, smaller, and of a finer shape than the southern. From these speciesl united, is bred a third, still preferable andi a smaller sort is little larger than the lap-

One who makes beads. In French, pntemostrier IS one who makes, In Paris are strings, and sells beads. three companies of paternostriers one that works in glass or ci-ystal one, in wood ;

;

and horn

;

a third, in amber, coral, &c. Enci/c.

BE'AD-PROOF,

a.

Spirit

is

bead-proof,

after being shaken, a crown of bubbles will stand, for .some time after, on the surface, manifesting a certain standard of strength. Encyc. BE' AD-ROLL, n. Among Catholics, a list or catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls, they are to repeat a certain number of prayers, which they count l)v

when,

their beads.

BE'AD-TREE,

n.

The

Encyc. azedarach, a species

of Meha, a native of the Indies, growing about 20 feet high, adorned with large pinnated or winged leaves, and clusters of pentapetalons flowers. Encyc.

BEADS-MAN, n. A man employed

in praying, generally in prayuig for another. Johtison.

BE' ADS-WOMAN, a

woman who

n.

A

woman

praying

;

resides in an alms-house.

Ash. 11. [Sax. hydel, or ba-del; Fr. Sp. bedel It. bidello ; Ger. buttel, or from lictor pedell ; Sw. bodel, a beadle, the root of bid. Sax. beodan, to order or

BE'ADLE, bedenu

;

;

;

command. 1.

dog. ;

;

;

;

See Class Bg.] bill, or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny substance, either straight or curving, and ending in a point. A pointed piece of wood, fortified with family.

1.

The

L«

The

straight |)art or shank of an anchor. In ships, a great main cross timber, which holds the sides of a ship from falling together. The beams support the decks and The maui beam is next the mainorlops. mast. Mar. DicL The main piece of a plow, in which the ph.w-tails are fixed, and by which it is

drawn.

Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a square wooden cr brass beam, having shding sockets, that carry steel or pencil points used for describing large circles,

10.

;

and

in large projections for drawing the furniture on wall-dials. Encyc. Johnson.

Qn

the

A

BEAM-TREE,

;

A

A

A

;

;

W. 5ai, a prominence.] a small inflammaJohnson. Ash. gather matter to swell and to a head, as a pimple. Johnson. Ash.

BEAL, n.

A

[Seel?o?7.

pimple

;

a whelk

;

tory tumor; a pu.stule.

BEAL, come

V.

i.

To

;

;

;

Encyc.

9.

on which the cloth

wove.

;

;

;

7.

8.

it is

beam, in navigation, signifies any distance from the ship, on a line with the the vessels of .an enemy. In modern ships, beams, or at right angles with the keel. Mar. Diet. the beak-head is a name given to the fore ]iart of a ship, whose forecastle is square, Before the beam, is an arch of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right or oblong a circmnstance common to all angles, or the line of the beam, and that ships of war, which have two or more tiers of guns. Mar. Did point of the compass which she steers. Mar. Did. Beak or beak-head, that part of a ship vessel is said to be on her before the forecastle, which is fastened to Beam ends. beam ends, when she inclines so much on the stem, and supported by the main knee. one side that her beams approach a verEncyc. .Mar. Did. tical position. 3. In farriery, a little shoe, at the toe, about an inch long, turned up and fastened in Beam-feathers, in falconry, the long featliers of a hawk's wing. Bailey. upon the fore part of the hoof In Yorkshire, Englaiid, Farrier''s Diet. BE'AM-BIRD, n. the petty chaps, a species of Motacilla, 4. Any thing ending in a point, like a beak. called in Dorsetshire, the hay-bird. This in America is more generally pro nounced peak. Encyc. of MusciBEAK, II. t. Among cock fighters, to take The spotted fly-catcher, a speciesEd. capa. Encyc. hold with the beak. Ash n. of wild serspecies a. a beak in BE'AKED, Having ending vice. Johnson. a point, like a beak. The Aria. Cyc. Crataegus BE'AKER, n. [Ger. becher.] cup or glass. Johnson. BEAM, n. [Sax. beam, a ray of the sun; beamian, to shine or send forth beams ; bickern an iron tool, BE'AKiRON, n. Sam. hahmah, splendor Ii. beim, a stroke, ending in a point, used by blacksmiths. and solliheim, a thunderbolt.] Ash. A ray of light, emitted from the sun, or other

;

inoner.

;

rolled, as

«. [D. tei ; W.pig; Ir. peac Fr. bee ; Sp. pico ; It. becco ;

Encyc. The part on the head of a stag, which bears the antlers, royals and tops. The pole of a carriage, which runs between the horses. Dryden. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wuid the warp before weaving and this name is given also to the cylinder

Encyc.

Arm. ; Dan. ; Sw. pigg, pik Sax. piic ; Fr. pig, pik Eng. peak, pike, &c. The sense pique and is, a shoot, or a point, from thrusting this word is connected with a numerous bek

See Bid.] messenger or crier of a covut a servi- BE.^M, n. [Goth, bagms, a tree Sax. beam ; G. baum ; D. boom, a tree Dan. botn, a bar tor; one who cites persons to appear and or rail Ir. beim, a beam. We see by the answer called also an apparitor or smn-

A

6.

BE.^K,

priest to his parishioners, to repeat certain 2. brass, resembling a beak, fastened to the pater-nosters upon their beads for a deend of ancient gallies ; intended to pierce parted sold. Bailey. n.

5.

;

;

3.

BE'AD-M.'VKER,

weighing. 4.

"I.V.]

small hound, or hunting dog. Beagles are of different sorts as the southern beagle, shorter and less, but thickei', than the

and squared, or

from the ends of scales are suspended ; sometimes used for the whole apparatus for

;

Johnson.

hence the glass globules, used in traffick with savages, and sold in strings, are called beads ; also a ;

Any

Encyc. large piece of timber, long in pro-

which the

;

deep-mouthed hound

to be at prayer.

is

globular body

named

n. [Fr. bigle, so

;

and

serves to support the principal rafters. 2.

Wood. from lit

VV. 6ac, little Ir. pig ; It. piccolo. have from the same root boy, and the Danes pige, a little girl, and probably pug is the same word. Qu. Gr. rcvyftaioi, a pyg tlene-ss

to tell heads,

Encyc.

Any small

Encyc.

A

We

use strings of beads in rehearsing their

and

building, that lies across the walls,

parish officer, whose business is to punportion to its tliickness, ish ])etty offenders. hewed for use. Johnson. n. The office of a beadle. 3. The part of a balance,

BE'AGLE,

Beads are made of gold, pearl, amber, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, crysTlie Romanists tal, pastes, glasses, &c.

2.

;

1.

BE'ADLESHIP,

lace.

Hence the phrase,

Bg. It properly signifies the stock or stem of a tree that is, the fixed, firm part.] The largest, or a principal piece in a

procession, at public connnencements.

;

prayers.

B E A

a university, whose chief walk with a mace, before ;

danger.

BE'A€ONAgE,

officer in

business is to the masters, in a public procession or as in America, before the president, tru; tees, faculty and students of a college, in a

against danger. 3.

An

Gothic, th^t the

word belongs

to Class

luminous body. To send forth; to emit. t'. t. V. i. To emit rays of hght, or beams;

BEAM, BEAM,

to shine.

He

beam'd, the day

star of the rising a^e.

Trumbull.

BE'AMING,

ppr. Emitting rays of hght or

beams. n. Radiation darting of light in rays.

BE'AMING,

;

the emission or

B E A 'i.

B E A

The

issuing of intellectual light ; dawn prophetic intimation first indication. Such were tJie beamings of an original and T. Dawes. cifted mind.

B E A

Dan. bcerer, to carry, bear, 20. To remove, or to endure the effects barn, a sou of; and hence to give satisfaction for. I)roduce ; L. fero, pario, porta ; Gr. ^ffiw, He shall bear tiicir iniquities. Is. liii. Hcb. ^jojjfu ; Sp. I'urt. parir, to bring forth porix. It. tar, to carry Ir. portare, to carry bearadh, beirim, to hear or bring forth, to To bear the infirmities of the weak, to bear one tell or relate, whence Fr. another's burdens, is to be charitable toparler ; Russ. wards their faults, to sympathize with 6er!«, to take, to carry ; Sans, bharadi, to bear. This verb I sujjpose to be them, and to aid them in distress. radically the saine as the Shemiiic vro to Broum. produce ; L. pario. The primary sense is to throw To bear off, is to restrain ; to from

;

;

;

;

;

BE'AMLESS, a. Emitting no rays of light. BE'AMY, a. Emitting rays of light radi;

ant 2.

shuiing.

;

Resembhng a beam massy.

3.

BEAN,

and weight

in size

;

Dnjden. Dryden. 71. [Sax. bean ; Dan. bonne ; Sw. Gr. nvavw D. boon ; Ger. bohne ;

Having horns, or

antlers.

bona ; Ch. [ISN, apuii, a vetch. Qu. Arm. J'avon Corn. id. ; W. faen.] A name given to several kinds of pulse, or leguminous seeds, and the plants producing them. They belong to several genera, particularly Vicia, Phaseolus and Dolichos. The varieties most usually

;

ti.

A

plant, a

1.

A

small fishing vessel or

iron.

Encyc.

BE'AN-FED, BE'AN-FLY,

a.

Fed with

A

beans.

SItak.

of a pale purple color, found on bean flowers, pro duced from a maggot called mida. Encuc. BE'AN-GOOSE, n. A species of Anas migratory bird, which arrives in England in autunm, and retires to the north m sum mer. It is so named, from the likeness of the nail of the bill to a horse-bean. n.

beautiful

fly,

;

Encyc. Bean-tree of America, a name given to the Erythrina. Kidney-Bean-tree, a name given to the Gly cine.

Binding-hean-tree,

Mimosa.

a

name given

Bean-trefoil, the Cynisus.

BEAR,

to

;

him eth them on her wings."

;

;

To keep afloat as, the water bears a ship. To support or sustain without sinking or yieldmg to endure as, a man can bear severe pain or calamity or to sustaui with proportionate strength, and without inju;

;

V. t. pret. bore ; p|i. born, borne. [Sax. bceran, beriin, beoran, byran, gebarnn, gebe gebyran, abtrran, aberan, to beai-,

ran,

To

To

Isaiah. Deuteronomy. To wear; to bear as a ujark of authority or distinction as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name to bear arms in a coat.

;

;

ry ; as, a man may bear stronger food or drink. To entertain ; to carry in the mind as, to bear a great love for a friend ; to bear inveterate hatred to gamhig. To suffer to undergo ; as, to bear ;

pun

ishmcnt.

fonvard, to press, incite or animate. Contidence hath borne thee on. Ardlon. bear through, is to conduct or manage ; " to bear through the consulship." B. Jonson. Also, to maintain or support to the end as, religion will tear us through the evils of life. To bear out, is to maintain and to the

To

as,

;

support

end to defend to the last. Company only can bear a man out ;

thing.

To

to

keep from

up

the

an ill South.

in

falling.

mind under

sui'-

Addison.

fprings.

To To

;

bear up, to keep afloat. bear a body. A color

said to bear

is

a

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

to

bear away.]

This

is

unusual

in

prose;

and though

To carry on, or maintain to have ; as, admissible, is rendered intransitive, merely to bear a part in conversation. the omission of pain, or other word exTo show or exhibit to relate ; as, to bear by pressive of evil. testimony or witness. This seems to im- 2. To be patient ; to endure. I cannot, cannot bear. ply utterance, like the Latili fero, to relate Dryden. or utter. This also seems to be elliptical. ;

15.

;

3.

;

;

;

;

;

To

act in

Instruct

;

;

To produce, as fruit to be fruitful, in opposition to barremiess. This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden. Were fruit must be imderstood. To take eftect to succeed as, to bring matters to bear. Guardian.

;

;

6.

To

;

any character. me how I may bear like

\_Unusual.'\

;

;

;

Religious hope bears

;

;

bear up, to support

To suffer without resentment, or interference to prevent to have patience as, to bear neglect or indignities. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without or violence,

carry, bring, sustain, jiroduce, bruig forth 16. To sustain the effect, or be answerable for as, to bear the blame. gebyrian, gebyrigan, to pertain to, to belong to, to happen, to become, or be suit- 17. To sustain, as expense to supply the able answering to the Latin means of payuig as, to bear the charges, fero, porta, that is, to pay the expenses. pario and oporteo. Hence, probably, Sax. oarn, beam, a son, coinciding with born. 18. To be the object of. Goth, bairan, to bear, or carry gabairan, Let me but bear your love, and I'll 6ear your to bear; G.fdhren, to carry, and cares. Shak. [CiiusHa/.] gebclren, to D. beuren, to lift bring forth to act in any character voeren, to 19. To behave as, or bear to forth ; Sw. carry baaren, "hath he borne himself penitent?" [.Vo< bring bhra from, to bring forth bhra, to carry Shak. usual] ;

bear hard, is to press or urge. Cesar doth bear me hard. Shak. bear on, is to press also to carry against ;

body in painting, when it is capable of being ground so fine, and mixed so entirely with the oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. 9. Johnson. To bear date, is to have the mark of time injury, when written or executed as, a letter or change as, to give words the most favorbond bears date, Jan. 6, 1811. able interpretation they will bear. To bear a price, is to have a certain price. 10. To bring forth or produce, as the fruit of In common mercantile ])lants, or the young of animals as, to bear language, it often to bear signifies or implies, to bear a good or high children. a])ples 11. To give birth to, or be the native price. place of Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore To bear in hand, to amuse with false pretenses to deceive. Bacon. South. Shak. Dry den 12. To possess and use as I believe this phrase is obsolete, or never power to exercise used in America. as, to bear sway. 13. To gain or win. To bear a hand, in seamanship, is to make Some think to bear it by speaking a groat haste, be quick. word. Bacon. BEAR, V. i. To suffer, as with pain. now used. The But man is bom to bear. [Not phrase now used is, Pope. 8.

the 14.

Fam. of Plants.

;

;

;

;

n.

in

to

;

place place as, they bear upon the shoulder ;" " the eagle bear-

7.

used in the ri\ers of Portugal forward, having its stem bent above into a great curve, and ])lated with

;

to bear

ma

;

species of

pilot boat, It is sharp

and

liafiof, tiotjvs,

;

2.

Encyr.

BE'AN-€OD,

;

;

;

Gr.

bly,

;

zygophyllum, a native of warm climates

proach

a distance

off a boat also, to carry away; as, and di/JP. Hence, jirobato bear off stolen goods. and a great family of To bear doivn, is to impel or urge ; to overwords. See Class Br. No. 15, Si!, 33, 35.] throw or crush by force ; as, to bear dmen To support to sustain as, to bear a an enemy. weight or burden. To hear down to press to overtake to To carry to convey to support and re- make all sailupon, to come up with. " move from to

Shemitic

various colors. Malacca-beans. Anacardia, the fruit of a tree growing ui Malabar, and other parts of| 4. the Indies. This fluit is of a shining black color, of the shape of a heart flattened about ail inch long, terminating at one end in an obtuse point, and at tlie other, adhering to a wrinkled stalk. It contains, within two shells, a kernel of a sweetish taste and betwi.xt the shells is lodged a 6. thick acrid juice. Encyc.

BE'AN-€APER,

keep apseamanship, to remove to keep clear from rubbing against any thing as, to bear off a Wow ;

out, to bring (brth, or in general, to thrnst or drive along. It hicludes the proper significations, both of L. fero and pario

;

cultivated are, the horse bean, the maza gan, the kidney bean, the cranberry bean, the lima bean, the frost bean, &c. The stalk is erect or cUnibing, and the fruit generally roundish, oval or flat, and of

;

a true

friar

Shak.

be situated as to the point of compas?.

B E A

B E A wiih respect to something else land bore E. N. E. from the ship.

;

us,

BEAR-BIND,

the

A

Ji.

or Convolvulus. n. Brank-ursine or Acanthus, a genus of plants. BEAB'S-EAR, n. The trivial name of prim-

To bear away, in na^ ig-ation, is to change the course of a ship, when close liauled, or sailing with a side wind, and make her run before the wind. To bear up, is used in a like sense, from the act of bearing up Mar. Did. the helm to the windward. Hence, perhaps, in other cases, the exor pression may be used to denote tending moving from. to 8. To bear dotcn, is to drive or tend to approach with a fair wind as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. 9. To bear in, is to run or tend towards; as

BEAR'S-BREECH,

a ship tears in with the land opposed to hear off, or keeping at a greater distance. 10. To bear vp, is to tend or move towards also, to be as, to bear up to one another supported to have fortitude to be firm not to sink as, to bear up under afflictions. 11. To bear upon, or against, is to lean upon or against ; to act on as weight or force, in any direction, as a column upon its base, or the sides of two incluiing objects

n.

7.

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

against each other. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure as, " a lion bears against his

Dryden. prey." To bear upon, to act upon as, the artillery bore upon the center : or to be pointed or situated so as to affect as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort, or a

13.

bear long unth tliem

?

Luke

A

wild quadruped, of the genus Ursus. of the genus are, six fore

the upper jaw, alternately hollow on the inside ; and six in the under jaw, the two lateral ones lobated ; the dog teeth are sohtary and conical ; the eyes have a nictitating membrane, and the nose

teeth

is

5.

6.

7.

8.

3.

moths and

butterflies.

Encyc.

V. t. herd. To take by the beard pluck or pull the beard, in contempt or anger. To oppose to the face to set at defiance. I have been bearded More. by boys. ;

2.

;

;

long, soft, and white, tinged in some parts with yellow. He grows to a great size, the skins of some being 13 feet long. This bear lives in cold climates only, and freisle

of ice

to

Encyc. The name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the greater and lesser bear. In the tail of the lesser bear is the pole star. BEAR-BAITING, n. The sport of baiting bears with dogs. Shak. BEAR-BERRY, n. A plant, a species of Arbutus.

BEARD'ED, as a 2.

man.

a.

berd'ed.

Having

Having a beard,

5.

pp. berd'ed. Taken opposed to the face.

BEARD'ED, beard

;

BEARD'-GRASS,

A

71.

plant, the

BEARD'ING, beard

beard hood.

;

ppr. berd'ing.

opposing to the

;

a.

ity

so, an arch of the horizon intercepted between ihe nearest meridian and any distant object, either discovered by the eye and referred to a point on the compass, or resulting from sinical proportion. Mar. Did. In heraldry, bearings are the coats of arms or figures of armories, by which the nobility and gentry are distinguished from

bear

Harris.

n. [Sax. beam ; Goth, Goth, gabaurans, born.]

A

;

beest

JI.

bast, beest

Shak. Shak.

bu-yst,

savage, fero-

wild,

Boisterous.']

four footed animal, which may be used lor labor, food or sport distuiguishcd from fowls, insects, fishes and man as beasts of burden, beasts of the chase, beasts of the forest. It is usually apphed to large animals.

Any

;

;

Andro

Taking by the Without

2.

3.

a 4.

Opposed

to

man,

it

A game

Hence

at cards.

any irrational

to beast.

Encyc. a.

Like a beast

or qual

of being destitute of beard. Lawrence, Led. n. [See Bear.] One who bears,

signifies

animal, as in the phrase "man audbeast." So wild beast. Figuratively, a brutal man ; a person rude, coarse, filthy, or acting in a manner unJohnson. worthy of a rational creature.

BE'ASTLiKE, The slate

of bears.

biasf,piasd ; Corn, b^t ; D. Fr. bete, from beste; Dan. ;

W.

:

See

cious. 1.

A keeper

n.

[Ir.

L. bestia

;

Shak.

bam ; from

In Scotland, bairn.

child.

BEAST,

by the

;

n.

Encyc. of the quahties of

Resembling a bear.

a.

REARWARD,

Dryden.

hairs.

BEARER,

In nav^igation, the situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, a.s on the bow, on the lee quarter, &c. Al-

BEARN,

Martyn

young not having arrived to manIn botany, not having a tufi^ of

BEARD'LESSNESS,

Pope^ In architecture, the space between the two extremes of a piece of timber, or be-

a bear.

tiice.

berd'less.

I know him by his [ Unusual.} bearing. Shak The situation of an object, with respect to another object, liy which it is supposed to have a connection with it or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it. But of this frame, the bearings and the ties

BEAR LIKE,

pogon.

BEARD'LESS,

;

common persons. BEARISH, a. Partaking

hairs or tufts

parallel

of hair, as the leaves of plants. Baibed or jagged, as an arrow.

Shak

Gesture; mien; behavior.

Builder's Did. 4.

its

to sieze,

n.

tween one extreme and a supporter.

being easily drawn out. The heard or chuck of a horse, is that part which bears the curb of a bridle, under neath the lower mandilile and above the

gnats,

Encyc. mar.

A

herd.]

fi.xed

given to the lower lip of a ringent corol. Martyn. A barb or sharp point of an arrow, or oth er instrument, bent backward from the

BEARD,

arctos,

another.

2.

is

chin. Farrier's Diet. Encyc. The rays of a comet, emitted towards that part of the heaven to which its pro])er motion seems to direct it. Encyc. The threads or hairs of an oyster, muscle or similar shell-fish, by which they fasten themselves to stones. Encyc. In insects, two small, oblong, fleshy bodies, placed just above the trunk, as in

and

Supporting ; carrying pro

ducing.

BEARING,

;

or black bear, has his bo
3.

Johnson.

or sharp prickles on the ears But more technically, parallel hairs or a tuft of stiff' hairs terminatmg the leaves of plants, a species of pubescence

to prevent

ports another thing. In heraldry, a figure in an achievement, placed by the side of a shield, and seeming to support it generally the figure of a beast. The figure of a human creature for a like purpose is called a tenant. re. [hear that tends bears.

The awn

end

as a

;

bearer.

BEARING, ppr.

terms lor old age. Beard is sometimes used for the face, and to do a thing to a man's beard, is to do it

By some authors the name

badge or

its fruit

In architecture, a post or brick wall be-

BEARHERD,

of corn.

in

quently swims from one

The hail- that grows on the chin, lips and adjacent parts of the face, chiefly of male adults hence a mark of virility. A gray beard, long heard and reverend beard, are

in defiance, or to his face. 3.

thing, as a

tree or plant that yields

;

;

;

2.

prominent.

The

;

bear.] 1.

barus.]

The marks

.fish

Rude

The whelpof a

;

baptized.

1.

place where bears

turbulent as Todd. bear. BEAR-VVIIELP, Shak. Shak. BEAR'S WORT, n. A plant. BEARD, n. herd. [Sax. beard; D. baard Ger. bart; Dan. hart ; L. barba ; Russ. bor oda, the beard and the chin probably from

xviii.

carried to church to be Shak. BEAR, n. [Sax. bera ; Ger. biir ; D. beer ; Sw. Dan. and Ice. bierrn; Ir. hear; allied perhaps lo fierce, L. ferus, /era, or to bar-

of 5.

o.

A

tween the ends of a piece of tunber, to support it. In general, any thing that sup-

bear-garden sport.

1.

when

covered

4.

Bacon.

plant, a species

A

are kept lor diversion.

> BEAR €LOTn, " A cloth in which BEaRING-€LOTH, S a new born child

is

A n.

BEAR-GARDEN,

Acts

though he

species of

insect.

n.

BEAR-GARDEN,

xviii.

his elect,

An

One who wears any

sword. 3.

good

A

n.

hellebore.

ship. 14. To bear mith, to endure what is unpleasing ; to be indulgent ; to forbear to resent,

God avenge

n.

BE.\R'S-FOOT,

;

Shall not

EAR SANIeLE,

BEAR-FLY,

;

oppose, or punish. Reason would I should bear with you.

2.

Cortusa.

12.

;

sustains, or carries ; a earner, especially of a corpse to the grave.

ula auricula.

BEAR'S

;

;

B E A of bind weed,

species

Tittis

BE'ASTLINESS,

n.

[from

;

brutal.

Andronicus. Bru-

beastly.)

coarseness; vulgarity ; filthiness; a practice contrary to tlie rules of humanity. tality

;

13

BE'ASTLY, filthy

n.

Like

conti'ary to

;

E A

B E A ;

;

To

of irian.

B E A

too low. He beats vpon a u-alk, walks too short.

bmuil conrsp the nature and dignity

a beast;

when

alified

lie

;

;

It.

baltere

L. batuo

;

beut.i.

;

christians.

To dash

with force, as a storm, flood, pasa.s, the tempest beats against the

All

;

;

Port, baler

years after ins dr ulii.

ilifirates or attestations of his virtncB and miracles are examined by the congregation of rites, and this examination continues often for years after which his Holin(!.«s decrees the beatification, and tho corpse and relics of the intended saint aj-e exposed to the veneration of all good

beat out, to

;

;

,'30

CI

Eneyc

extend by hammering. In 2. Having the form or nature of a beast. popular use, to be beat out, is to be extremePrior. to have the strength exhaustly fatigued BEAT, V. t. pret. beat ; p)). beat, beaten. ed by labor or exertion. [Sax. beatan, gebeotan, to beat gebeaten, BEAT, V. 1. To move with pulsation, as the pulse beats ; or to throb, as the heart beaten W. beczu ; Fr. baltre, or btilre : Sp. batir

till

Ena/e.

BEAT'IFY,

[L. beatus, happy, from to make.] to bless with the comIleb. Ch. C.j'.^a kabata ; Syr. B3n .3. To knock at a door. Judges xix. pletion of celestial enjoyment. 4. To fluctuate ; to be in Shak. 2. Ill the Romish church, to declare, by a deagitation. Perhap.-!, \i\ndoo, pata, to kill ; Burman, poTo beat about, to try to find ; to search by cree or )mblic act, that a person is receivtai, id; as we say, to smite and to slay. various means or ways. Addison. ed into hea\ en, and is to be reverenced as Hence, the otV-pato, man killers, in Hero blessed, though not canonized. dotus. Class Bd. No. 20. 33. 33. See To beat upon, to act upon with violen<-e

Russ.

botai/u

;

Ar. IaA.a.

gabata, an
sion,

&c.

To

strike repeatedly

to lay

;

Dent. xxv.

xii.

To

strike an instrument on, as a ilriun.

To

3.

Al.'o, to

on repeated

blov.s, with a stick, with tlie hand or fist or with any instnniient, and for any cause, Luke jn.st or nnjiist, or for ])iiiiishnient. 2.

of music

;

break, bruise, comminute, or pulver-

by beating or pounding, as pepper or Ex. XXX. spices. 4. To extend by beating, as gold or oilier malleable substance or to hanjmer into any form to forge. Ex. xxxix. to shake by beating, or 5. To strike bushes to make a noise to rouse game. Prior. to force out corn from the G. To thresh husk by blows. Itiifh. 7. To break, mix or agitate by beating as, to beat an egg with any other thing. ;

men

enlist

In

;

to enforce

soldiers, is to into the army.

go about

t.

aud facio,

To make happy:

runs

other.

BEAT,

;

4.

A

Diet.

stag heats up and down, one way and then an-

first

wind &e. ;

Eneyc.

ing blows

by

heating of flav and hemp is an operation which renders them more soft and For this purpose, they are made pliable.

be

a striking

;

it

i.s

felt.

Encyc.

_

intended

book binding, beating is performed by laying the book in quires or sheets folded, a block, and beating it with a heavy broad-faced hammer. On this operation ihe elegance of the binding and the easy ojiening of the book chiefly depend.

Busby.

Encyc.

ulating the di\ i.sions of lime in music. .\ transient grace-nolc in music, struck

immediately before the note to ornament.

act of striking or giv-

punishment or chastisement

into rolls and laid in a trough, where they are beat, till no roughness or hardne-ss can "

on

;

The

n. ;

bloAvs.

The

a blow,

stroke

.strik-

;

;

whelher with the hand, or with a weapon. A pulsation; as the if n( of the pulse. 'l"he rise or full of the hand or foot, in reg-

)i.

Laying on blows:

ing; dashing afrainst conquering: pounding sailing against the direction of the

BE'ATING,

Mar.

3.

to

seamanship, to beat, is to make progress against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse.

when he

;

by

Hooker.

Willi hunters, a

;

;

speak frequently

repetition. beat up for

To

to play Sh/ik.

ize

In the military art, the beat of drum, is a Beating the ipind, was a practice in the succession of strokes varied, in different ancient trial by combat. If one of the to strike or combatants did not appear on the field, ways, for particular purposes ; as to reg Milton ulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms the other was to beat the tcind, by making Blackmore. or quarters, to direct an attack or re flourishes with his weapons by which lie contest or was entitled lo the advantages of a contreat, «Stc. as one Bo;/le.

To dash

or strike, as water brush, as wind. 9. To tread, as a path. 10. To overcome in a battle, strife ; to vanquish or conquer 8.

1.

Jonah. BE'.\TIN(i, ppr.

Mate.] 1.

V.

beo, to bless,

;

house.

;

;

;

beats anotlier at play. Pyrrhus beat the Carthaginians at sea.

The beat of a watch or clock, is the stroke made by the fangs or pallets of the spin-

queror. Beatings, in music, the regular pulsative dle of the balance, or of the pads in a roy~1rbitthnot. swellings of sound, produced in an i>rgan al To 11. harass to exercise severely to overpendulum. Encyr by pipes of the same key, when not in ) labor as, to beat the brains about logic. BEAT, Struck; dashed against: unison, and their vibrations not simulta^''' neous or coincident. Hakewill S pressed or laid down Busby. hammered pounded vanquished made BEATITUDE, n. [L. beatitude, from beaTo beat down, to break, destroy, throw down, smooth by treading worn by use track See Beatify.] tus, beo. by healing or battering, as a wall. ed. 1. Blessedness Also, to press down or lay flat, as by felicity of the highest kind; consununate bliss ; used of the joys of treading, by a current of water, by violent BE'ATER, n. One who beats, or strikes one whose occupation is to hammer meheaven. Shak. wind, &c. tals. 2. The to lower the declaration of blessedness made by Also, price by iraportuuitv 2. ."Vn instrument for pounding, or eoniniiour Savior to jiarticiflar virtues. or argument. Also, to depress or crush as, to beat down iiuting substances. BEAU, Ji. bo. phi. beaux, boze. [Fr. beau, BEATER-IP, 11. One who beats for game: contracted fiom bel, L. bcllus, Sp. It. opposition. a sporlsman''3 term. Butlerj Also, to sink or lessen the price or value bello, fine, gay, handsome.] Bacon BEATH, v.t. To bathe. [.Vol in use.] Usiii-y beats down the price of land. A man of dre.-is; a fine, gay man one whose -To beat back, to compel to retire or return. Spenser. great care is to deck his person. In faTo lieatinto, to teach or instill, by repetitioi BEATIF'I€, from miliar language, a man who attends a I "' [L.6frf«5, blessed, ;

;

;

BEATEN,

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

•

;

;

of instruction.

BEATIFICAL,

To

S

beo, to bless,

and

facio,

beat np, to attack suddenly ; to alarm or disturb ; as, to beat up an enemy's tpiarters.

To

beat

the

loing,

to flutter

to

;

See Beatify.] to make. That has the power to bless or make happy, or the power to fonijilete blissful enjoymove with ment; used only of heavenly fruition after

fluttering agitation. beat off, to repel or drive back. beat the hoof, to walk to go on foot. beat time, to measure or regulate time in

Tj To To

;

music by the motion of the hand or foot. Id the manege, a horse beats the duiit, when at each motion he does not take in ground

enough with

his fore legs

when he does them

Vol.

J.

;

ajid at curvets,

too precipitately, or

lady.

BEAUISH, pish

;

a.

bo'ish.

Like a beau

;

fop-

fine.

BEAU-MONDE,

BEATIF'K ALLY,

bomond'. [Fr. 6cau,fine, and monde, world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion

BEATIFICATION,

BEAU TEOUS,

Milton as beatific vision. adv. In such a manner as to complete happiness.

death

;

n. In the Romish an act of the Pope by which he declares a person beatified or blessed after death. This is the first step towards canonization, or the raising of one to the dignity of a saint. No person can be beehttrch,

20

n.

and gaiety.

Very

Prior. a. bxt'teous.

fair; elegant in

[See Beauty.] form; pleasing to

the sight beautiful very handsome. It expresses a greater degree of beauty than handsome, and is chieflv used in poetrv. BEAU'TEGUSLY, adv. 'hu'teously. In "a :

;

EEC

B E C

B E A

the cause, for the cause, which is mentioned Order, prosin the ne.xt atfirmation, viz. I was afi-aid. Ezek. xvi. perity, peace, hoUness. to the sight beautifully. To adorn to beau- Hence, cause being a noun, because may BEAU'TEOUSNESS, n. biiteousness. The BEAUTY, V. t. bu'ty.Obs. be regularly followed by of. Shak. state ortjuality of being beauteous; beautify or embellish. The spirit is life, because of righteousness. A n. BEAUTY-SPOT, patch; bu'ty-spot. tyBecause of these cometh tlie wrath of God BEAU'TIFIER, n. bu'tifier. lie or that a foil a spot placed on the face to heightupon the children of disobedience. en beauty. which makes beautiful. BECH>ARM, V. t. [be and charm.] To BEAU'TIFUL, a. bu'tiful. [beauty and full.] BEAUTY-WANING, a. Declining in beau- charm to captivate. Beaum. Shak. J. Elegant in form; fair; having the form ty. BECHANCE, V. i. [be, by, and chance.] To It expresses more BE' AVER, n. ]Sax. befor, biofor ; Fr. bitthat pleases the eye. Shak. befall to luqipen to. vre ; L. fiber ; Ir. beabhar; Sw. bafwer ; than hnndsoine. a n. [Gr. iSyiX'^xa,from (3j;?, cough.] Dan. bmver ; Ger. biber; D. bever; Russ. iBE'CHIC, A beautiful woman is one of the most attracA medicine for relieving coughs, synonyJinon. tive objects in all nature's works. mous with pectoral, which is now the term bobr ; Pers. ij babir.] A circle is more beaidful than a square a Quincy. mostly used. square is more beaut fttl than a parralleloKruni. This the genus BECK, n. A small brook. Gray. IjOrd Kamea 1. An aniphil)ious quadruped, of It has short ears, a blunt nose, Castor. word. Sax. becc, Ger. bach, D. beek, Dan. 9. Having the qualities which constitute small fore feet, large hind feet, with a flat the senses or that which pleases beauty, Pers. ^j Sw. back, rers. rfj bak, a brook ba:k, ovate tail. It is remarkable for its inge other than the sight asabeautiful sountl. or habita or rivulet, is found in the Ir. Ar. Ch. Syr. nuity in constructing its lodges Encye. is obtained the Sam. Heb. and Eth., in the sense of flowBEAU'TIFULLY, adv. bu'lifully. In a tions, and from this animal castor of the shops, which is taken from beautiful manner. ing, as tears, wee\nng. Gen. xxxii. 22 It is cods or bags in tlie groin. Its fur, which obsolete in English, but is found in the JJEAU'TIFULNESS, n. bu'Ufulness. Eleis mostly of a chesnut brown, is tlie mate the ((uality of names of towns situated near streams, as gance of form beauty rial of the best hats. in Walbeck ; but is more frequent in names being beautiful. The fur of the beaver, and a hat made of on the continent, as in Griesbach, &c. BEAU'TIFY, V. t. bu'Ufy. [beauty and L. the fur also, a part of a lielniet that covn. a beacnian.

beauteous manner

;

in

a manner

pleasiugj

Joy and gladness.

6.

Is.

Ixi.

;

;

;

;

;

I

;

!

;

;

;

deck

or rentier beautiiul to

;

grace

;

to

;

to

See

i'.i.

advance

BE.\U'TY, 1.

BE'.WERED,

To become

bu'tify. in beauty.

n. bu'ty.

Covered with or wearing Pope.

BEBLEE'D,

beau-

v. t.

from beau BEBLCiOD',

BEBLOOD Y,

iJe«it.]

and

[be

To make

bleed.]

Chaucer.

Obs.

blnodv.

Jlddison.

[Fr. beaute,

a.

a beaver.

Haywanl.

BE.MI'TIFY, ;

ers the face.

to adorn ; to to ; to em-

add beauty "

bellish. tiful

BECK,

;

facio.]

To make

and

[be

I ^' , <

make

blood.]

bloody.

An

assettdjlage of graces, or an assemblage of properties in the form of the person or any other object, which pleases the In the person, due j)roportiou or eye. symmetry of parts constitutes the most

To

Obs. Sheldon.

[Sax. heacn, sign ; bycnian, to beckon. The Sw. peka, Dan. peger, signifies to point with the finger.] of the head a significant nod, in-

A nod

;

BEBLOT', stain.

I,'.

(.

and

[be

To

blot.}

blot

;

to

;

Chaucer.

Obs.

BEBLUB'BERED,

a.

[be

and

blubber.]

Foul

Shelton. or swelleil with weeping. essential property to which we annex BECABUN'GA, n. [Sax. bece ; G. bacli, a In the face, tlic regulariihe term beauty. brook.] the color Brooklime speedwell ; veronica becabunga ty and symmetry of the features, a plant couuiion in ditches and shallow of the skin, the expression of the eye, are streams. Hooper. among the princi[)al properties which conas is But it stitute beauty. hardly possi- BEC.\Fi'€0, (I. [It. from the root of pica See Beak.] ble to define all the proiierties which conpeck, beck, andfco, a tig. stitute beauty, we may observe in general, fig-pecker ; a bird hke a nightingale which feeds on figs and grapes. hat beauty consists in whatever pleases the Johnson. Prior. Bailey. eye of the beholder, whether in the human See V. t. bechm. in a tree, in a landscape, or in any [be and calm. ;

A

I

BE€ALM,

l>ody,

other object.

;

:BECKTNG,

Nodding significantly ; ppr. directing by a nod. v. i. bek'n. [See Beck.] To make a sign to another, by nodding, winking, or a motion of the hand or finger, &c., intended as a liint or intimation. Acts

BECK'ON,

.xi.x.

BECK'ON, cant sign

C(din.]

Beauty is iittrinsie, and perceived l)y the eye at first view, or relative, to jierceive which the aid of the understanding and re(lection is requisite. Thus, the beauty of a machine is not perceived, till we understand its uses, and adaptation to its piu'This is called the beauty of utility. pose. By an easy transition, the word beauty is used to express what

is

[(leasing

to tht

1.

To

to to appease to make quiet used stop, or repress motion in a body of the elements and of the passions as, to But calm becalm the ocean, or the mind. is generally used. To intercept the current of wind, so as to still

;

;

;

;

BECLIP', to

A particular grace, feature or ornament any particular thing which is beautiful and pleasing as the beauties of nature.

obtain

becaming.

?!.

A

calm

diffijr

sense fall

Herbert.

sea.

;

A

A

i

justness of composition.

Encyc.

BECA'ME, pret. of become. [See Become. BECAUSE, beeauz', a compound word. See By and [Sax. be for by and cause. Cause.] By cause, or by the cause on this account ;

which is explained in the for the reason next exnext ]H-oposition Thus, I fled, because I war plained. 1 fled, by afraid, is to be thus resolved for the cause

;

;

t.

V. ;

to

[Sax. beclyppan.]

[See Cloud.] dim.

t.

To emWickliffe.

To

V.

i.

cloud

;

Sidney.

becum'.

These significations if and come. from the sense in Enghsh. But the to is, to come to, to arrive, to reach, ;

to. [See Come.] Hence the sense of suiting, agreeing with. In Sa.x.

at

;

particular excellence, or a part whicl surpasses in excellence that with which it is united ; as the beauties of an author. 4. beautiful person. In scripture, the chief dignity or ornament. 2 S.nn. 5. In the arts, symmetry of parts; harmony ;

3.

BECALMING,

signifi-

Dryden.

;

by a

becaming. Appeasing; keeping from motion or progress.

Percival.

a

pret. became, pp. become. [Sax. becumnn, to fall out or happen D. bekoomen ; G. bekommen, to get or Dan. Sw. bekomma ; bekommer, to obtain;

BECALMING, ppr.

So Ijeauti^. armed with virtue, bows the soul With a commanding, but a sweet control.

V.

obscure

BECOME,

;

senses, or to the understanding peased. say, the beauty of a thought, of a 2. a. Hindered from motion or progress calm ; as a ship becalmed. remark, of sound, &c.

Thus we

To make

[.\o< in use.]

brace.

BECLOUD',

;

;

bek'n.

t.

sign, as a hint.

;

for ])revent motion to keep from motion want of wiiul as, high lands becalm a ship BECALMED, pp. becamed. Quieted ap-

V.

to.

BECK'ONED, pp. Having a sign made to. BECK'ONING, ppr. Making a significant

other

2.

;

tended to be understood by some person, especially as a sign of command. BECK, V. i. To nod or make a sign with the head. BECK, V. t. To call by a nod to intimate a command to to notify by a motion of the Shak. head. BECK'ED, /)/>. Called or notified by a nod. BECK'ET, n. A thing used in ships to conas a fine loose ropes, tackles or spars large hook, a rope, with an eye at one Mar. Diet. end, or a wooden bracket.

or pass

Goth, kwiman, is to come, and Sax. cweman, is to please, that is, to suit or be agreeable.] To i)ass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state or condition, or

ctiman,

1.

by assuming or receiving new propcrlies or qualities, additional matter, or a character ; as, a cion becomes a tree.

new

BED The Lord God

breathed into

BED liis

nostrils the

breath of Ufe and man became a living soul To the Jew, I became a Jew. 8.

To become

usually with what preceding to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition as, what will become of our commerce ? what will of,

;

;

become of us y In tlie present tense, it applies to place as well as condition. What has become of my friend ? that is, where is he ? as well as, what is his roiiditiim Ithere is he become? used by Shakspeare and Spenser, is obso but this is the sense in Saxon, where Icie has he fallen ? BECOME, 1'. t. In genera!, to suit or be suita to Ik; rouffruous bl(^ to befit to accord with, in character or circumstances to he It is used worthy of, decent or pro])er. in the same sense applied to persons or ''

;

;

;

;

;

things. 11 I

become not

a cart as well as another

man.

Shak Tlii.s

useof the word however is

less fre-

quent, the verb usually expressing the suitableness of things, to persons or to

other things a,s, a robe becomes a prince. It becomes me so to speak of an excellent I'oet. Dry den BECOM'ING, jo;)r., but used rarely or never ;

an adjective. Fit suitable proper graccfid belonging to the character, or adajdcd to circumstances as, he speaks with becoming boldness; a dress is very becoming. Some writers formerly used of after this word. Such discourses as are becoming of {hem. Drydcn But this use is inelegant or improper. Shak RECOM'ING, o. Ornament. Ob.n. e.xcept as

;

congruous

;

;

;

;

BECOM'INGLY,

adv. After a

proper manner.

BECOM'INGNESS, propriety

from

decency

;

ra. ;

becoming or

Fitnes.s; congruity; grac(!fulness arising

bed of the carriage of a gun is a thick plank which lies under the piece, being, as it were, the body of the carriage. The bed of a mortar is a solid piece of oak, hollow in the middle, to receive the britcl and half the trunnions. In masonry, bed is a range of stones, and the joint of the bed is the mortar between two stones placed over each other. Encyc. Bed of justice, in France, was a throne on which the king was seated when he went to parliami^nt. Hence the phrase, to hold a bed of justice. To make a bed, is to put it in order after it has been used. To bring to bed, to deliver of a child, is rarely used. But in the passive form, to he brought to bed, that is, to be delivered of a It is often followed by child, is conunon. of; as, to be brought to bed of a. son. To put to bed, in midwifery, is to deliver of a

lame

;

t). ?.

;

;

king dim hv

too brilliant

ii

BED'CllAM'BER,

». [if,/

lu.-^ter.

and

cha7nber.]

and

n. plu.

;

BEDEHOUSE,

plant in soft mold.

To

lay in

of England.

any hollow

place, surrounded

;

;

)'.

;

;

;

BEDABBLED,

;

[A peculiar orthography ^of

beadle.]

BE'DELRY,

The

n.

office.

BEDEW,

extent of a bedel's Blount.

To moisten, as with dew; to moisten in a gentle manner with any liquid as, tears bedeic her face. Shak. pp. Moistened, as if \\nh dew; gently moistened. 11. That which bedews. Sherwood. V. t.

[be

and dew.] ;

BEDEWED, BEDEWER;

BEDEWING, with

dew

;

BEDEW'Y,

ppr. Moistening gently, as wetting.

Moist with dew.

a.

[Little

used.]

BEDAB'BLING, n/)r. Wetting Wetting; sprinkling BEDFELLOW, n. [bed and fellow.] Orie BEDAFF', V. To make a fool of. [Ao< in who lies in the same bed. Shak, Chaucer. BED-HANGINGS, n. Curtains. Shak. u.ie.] To BEDI'GHT, V. bedi'te. [be and dight.] BEDAG'GLE, v. [be and daggle.] t.

'

t.

f.

as clothes, by drawing the ends in the ,To adorn to dress ; to set off with ornaments. [Little used.] mud, or spattering them with dirty water. More. BEDAG'GLED,;);?. Soiled by reaching the BEDI'GHTED, pp. Adorned; set off with soil,

;

mud in walking bespattering. BEDA'RE, r. [be and dare.] To

ornaments. dare to BEDI'GHTlNG,jB;)r. Adorning. Peek. BEDIM', V. t. [be and dim.] To make dim ; darken. to obscure or darken. BEDARK', [be Sidney. Goiver. BEDIM'MED. /);). Made dim any thing, whether upon the earth or withobscured. [JVot tinted ] in it as a bed of sulphur a bed of sand BEDASH', !•. t. [be and dash.] To wet, by BEDIM'MING, ;)pr. Making dim obscuror clay. ing darkening. throwing water, or other liquor upon; to Rev. ii. The grave. Is. I'ain, torment. bespatter, with water or mud. BEDIZ'EN, j^ t. bediz'n. [be and dizen.] To Ivii. The lawful use of wedlock. Heb. BEDASH'ED, pp. Bespattered with water adorn to deck a tow word. xiii. or other liquid. BEDIZENED, pp. Bedecked ; adorned. ;

hollow place, in which any thing rests as the bed of a mortar. A layer a stratum an extended mass of ;

;

;

;

t.

defv.

[JVot used.] V.

t.

and dark.]

;

To

;

;

;

;

;

8. ,

An

a))artment or chandler intended or appropriated (iira bed, or for slee)) and repose.

;

;

-7.

;

;

A

;

Clarendon 4. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining Bacon. groimd. 5. The channel of a river, or that part in which the water usually flows. Milton. 6. Any hollow place, especially in the arts a

dashin-

;

;

George, the eldest son of his second bed.

;

BEDDING,

(3.

;

over

BED'-€L0THES, [bed clothes.] Blankets, or coverlets, &c., for beds. bed, or discubitory bed, among the Shak. ancients, a bed on which persons lay at BED'DED, p/). Laid in a bed ; inclosed as meals. It was four or five feet high, and in a bed. would hold three or four persons. Three BED'DER, } [from bed.] The nether of these beds were ranged by a square BEDET'TER, $ "• .stone of an oil mill. table, one side of the table being left open, Todd. and accessible to the waiters. Hence the ppr. Layuig in a bed ; incloLatin name for the table and the room sing as in a bed. triclinium, or three beds. bed and its furniture ; a Encyc. BED'DING, n. From bed and board. In law, a separation of bed the materials of a bed, whether for man and wife, without dissolving the bands man or beast. Spen.ser. of matrimony, is called a separation from BEDECK', V. t. [be and deck.] To deck ; to bed and board, a mensa et Ihoro. In this adf)rn to grace. Shak. case the wife has a suitable maintenance BEDECK'ED, Adorned; ornamented. ;>/>. allotted to her out of the husband's estate BEDECK'ING, ppr. Adorning decking. called alimony. n. [Sax. bead, a prayer, and Blackstonc. Bacon. BED, i'. /. To j)lace in a bed. house.] 'i. To go to bed with. [Unusual.] Shak. Formerly, a hospital or alms house, where 3. To make partaker of the bed. the poor prayed for their founders and Bacon. 1. To plant and inclose or cover ; to set or benefactors. lay and inclose ; as, to bed the roots of a BE'DEL, J!. An officer in the universities

[See Cripple.] Toniak.

to cripple.

Beispattering

water upon, or other liquid. V. t. To daub [he and daub.] to besmear with viscous, slimy matter to soil with any thing thick and" dirty. Shak. BEDAUBED, pp. Daubed over besmeared. BEDAUBING, ppr. Daubing over; be smearing. BEDAZ'ZLE, r./. [be and dazzle.] To confound the sight by too strong a light to make dim bv luster. Shak. BEDAZ'ZLEI), ;;/). Having the sight con fViunded by too strong a light. iBEDAZ'ZLING, /););•. t'oniounding or ma

BEDAUB',

child.

or inclo.sed as, to bed a stone. To lay in a place of rest or security, cov[Little used.] as a fish BE€URL', V. t. To curl. [.Yot u.te,l.] ered, surrounded or inclosed bedded in sand, or under a bank. BED, 71. [Sax. bed ; D. bed : G. belt or beet Goth. hadi. The sense is a lay or .spread 7. To lay in a stratum to stratify to lay in from laying or setting.] order, or flat as bedded clay, bedded hairs. T. A place or an article of furniture to Shak. sleep and take rest on ; in modern time.=, and BED, I'. To cohabit to use the same bed. If he be married and bed witli his wife. among civilized men, a sack or tick filled Vi'^iseman. with (fathers or wool but a bed may be made of straw or any other materials. Tlit BEDAB'BLE, v. t. [be and dabble.] To wet to sprinkle. word bed includes often the bedstead. Bedabbled with the dew. Shak. 2. Lodging ; a convenient place fi>r sleep. 3. Marriage matrimonial connection. vp. Wet sprinkled.

BE€RIP'PLE,

BEDASH'ING, ;);)r.

Dining

Greic 5.

fitness.

BED

The

;

:

BEE

BEE

BED

A and
[ie(/

;

;

;

.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

I',

Spectator. a college or university. bed n. [bed and mate.] fellow. , ,^. •S^"*and ii. molding.] BED'-MOLDING, [bed a of cornice, members In nrchitecture, the below the coronet, con which are

A

BED'MATE,

;

BEDO'TE, .lote.

BED

V.

t.

To make

and dote]

[be

[Xotinus(.] ?i. [bed and pos(.]

The post

a bedstead. [bed and press.] loves his bed.

BED'PllESSER,7i. fellow

who

one

;

v.

(.

dirt, in

A lazy Shak.

[be

walking.

,-,,,, liEDRENCH', I'. (. [be and drench] lo drench ; to soak to saturate with moistimbibe moisture applied to things which *^"*ure.' ;

Drenched; soaked. Soaking; drench

BEDRENCH'ED, pp. BEDRENCH'ING,

;

;);>(•.

ing.

and ride „ "• [bed

}

;

covered, wlieiice it is collected iiitii body a brush on their second pair of jiellets, by in a hollow in the third legs, and deposited It is called bee bread, and is the fiiml pair. of the lanoe or young. The adult bee is

Sax. bed

rida.]

<>

Confined to the bed, by age or infirmity. Shak.

BED'RITE,

)!.

and

[bed

The

rile.]

privi-

to

Room in BEDROP',

2.

a bed. v.

I.

[be

[jXot in use.] drop.]

and

BEDROP'PED, drops

;

A\hi'-h flows

Chaucer

;

side of the bed.

[bed

and

staff.]

A wooden

on the sides ot bed pin anciently inserted from slipping steads, to keep the clothes on either

BED'STRAW, laid

n.

under a bed

1

stead.]

btraw

[bed and straw.] to make it soft ; also the

of gcdium. plant, a species «. [bed and swerve.] One that swerves from his bed ; that is, one who is false and unfaithful lo the marriage

name of a

BED'SWERVER, vow.

tliat

it

into the

wound

inflicted

plu. bvaihh 1.

is

by

bue

;

Sp. buey

An

;

L. bos, bovis

an ox ;

;

Arm.

;

Port,

;

Ae-

boy W. a cow, ;

Ir. to,

Gr.

liovf.]

animal of the bovine genus, whether lu^ed of those which

ox, bull or cow ; but are full grown or nearly so. lu this, which a pluis the original sense, the word has ral, beeves. •2.

When

The

of an ox, bull, or cow, when In popular language, the word is

flesh

killed.

is

I

I

Johnson

side.

BED'STEAD, n. bed'sted. [bed and A frame for supporting a bed.

ascertained

The

tree.]

often apjilied to the live animal; as, an ox In is good beef: that is, is well fattened. this sense, the word has no plural. BEE'-BREAD, n. [bet and bread.] Th< BEEF, a. Consisting of the flesh of the ox, Swift. collected by bees, as fi)od or bovine kind ; as a beef-steak. pollen of flowers BEE'F-EATER, n. [beef and eat.] One for tlieir young. [See Bee.] that eats beef. bit BEE'-EATER, n. [bee and eal.] There are several I2. yeoman of the guards, in England. tliat feeds on bees. in the genus merops, ot :j. The Biiphaga, an .'Vfrican bird that feeds species included on the larvas which nestle nnder the hides which the apiastcr of Eurojie is remarkaof oxen. ble for the brilhancy of its plumage. Encyc. 4. In popular use, a stout fleshy man.

new

Middleton.

BED'STAFF,

n.

now

n. [Fr. bmtf, beuf, It.

;

buw; Corn, byuh, an ox

a hive is overstocked, a sent out under the direction coiony of a (lueen bee. This is called swarming. Cyc. Ed. Enyc.

the sting.

Sprinkled as will variegated with spots.

The

n.

sprinkle,

pp.

speckled

BED'SIDE.

Slwk.

To

it is

rin

froiu the

formed

and

n. [beech

beech.

BEEF,

honey by a similar proThe females and neuters have a cess. barbed sting, attached to a bag of poison,

;

as with drops.

be formed" from pollen by a digestive

process, but

BEE'CH-TREE,

The wax was supposed

feed on honey.

bed. lege of the marriage n. [bed and room.] A room or intended or used for a bed a

BED'ROOjM,

apartment lodging room.

A

It lives

hcjney.

;

along in dirt or mud:

BED'RID,

its

;

Soiling by drawing

BEDRAG'GLING, ppr.

BED'RIDDEN,

ancesbeing used, by our rude

material for writing, the word to signify a book.] tree arranged" by Liniie tinder the genu.^ the c'hesnut. The beech grows fngus, with

came

in

ot

;

the

wax and

this

tors, as the

to a large size, whh branches forming a swarms or societies, of from 10,000 to beautiful heail, with thick foUage. The These sv/arms conbark is smooth and of a silvery cast. The 50,000 individuals. or tain three classes of bees, the females mast or nuts are the food of swine, and of the and or males drones, certain wild animals, and yield a good oil ipieen bees, the When eaten by man, they are neuters or working bees. Of the former, for lamjis. there is only one in each hive or swarm said to occasion giddiness and headach. whose sole oflice is to propagate the speEncyc. other the than is much It cies. larger BEE'CH-€OAL, n. [beech and coal] The drones serve merely for im- Charcoal from beech wood. bees. after which they are BEE'CHEN, a.beechn. Consisting of the pregnating the queen, These last are wood or bark of the beech belonging to destroyed by the neuters. the laborers of the hive. They collect the the beech as a beechen vessel. Dryden. other the feed and BEE'CHMAST, n. The fruit or nuts of the honey, form the cells, bees and the young. They are furnished beech. with a proboscis by which they suck the BEECH-OIL, n. [beech and oil] mouth by which Oil or nuts of the honey liom flowers, and a expressed from the mast it to the then and swallow convey it, beech-tree. It is used in Picardy, and in they hive in theu- stomachs, where they disother parts of France, instead of butter The pollen of flowbut is said to occasion heaviness and pains gorge it into the cells. their ers "settles on the hairs with which Encyc. in the stomach.

periods, tor

and draggle.] To in soil as garments which are siitiered, to sod by dirt walking^ to reach the Swift. drawing along on mud. UEDRAG'GLED, pp. Soiled by reachmg

BEDRAG'GLE,

and

.

,„,^'"''"''^'.i

TOST,

It. is probabee and boc is a book. ble that 6fecfcis properly the name of bark,

Saxon

;

to

,•

It. faggio;

gus\

;

71.

Gr. ^layo;; L./«Russ. 6m* Sp. haya; Vott.faia. In

Slav. 6oAu;

stained.

D. ii/e Ger.bienc ; Sw. [Sax. 6eo; Dan. bie ; Ir. beach ; It. pecchia ; Sp. 6?}' abeja. Class Bg.] An insect of the genus Apis. [tooe_ Apis.] placed a list, a large boultme, The species are numerous, ot which the sisting of an ogee, to man. and another list under the coronet. honey-bee is the most interesting earliest Enci/c It has been cultivated from the

BEE,

;

Spenser.

staiu.

BEDY'ED,;)p. Dyed

onltfC.

A

BEE' -FLOWER,

n.

[iee

and

flower.]

A

A BEE'F-STEAK,

a species of Ophrys or iwybladc whose flowers represent singular figures Encyc. of bees, flies and other uisccts. plant

n.

[beef

and

steak.]

A

steak or slice of beef for broihng.

;

BEE'F-WITTED, I

ill

intellects

;

a.

stupid

Dull heavy-headed. Shak.

[beef ;

and

int.]

BEE BEELD, toction

BEEN,

;

[jVni in use.\

refugo.

Part.

[S.ix. fceoji.]

nouncerl bin. In old prescut tense plural

it is

liir,

1.

n.

ber; D.

and Ger.

like a beetle

It.

bier;

birra.]

farina-

hut generally from harloy, malted and ground, and its{ fermentable sidjstance extracted hy hot water. This extract or infusion is evaporated by boiling in caldrons, and hops or! .some other plant of an agreeable bitterness added. The liquor is then suffered! Beer is of different; to ferment in vats. degrees of strength, and is denominated! small beer, ale, porter, brown stoul, &.C., ac-' cording to its strength, or other peculiar,

ceous grain whirl)

;

J.

;

season

in

which

made.

it is

A

n.

BEE'R-HOUSE, liquors are sold

;

A

I

barrel for holding]

an

n.

It.

bietola

;

Avith

;

eland, black cattle.

BEFALL',

t.

\»et. befell; part, [Sax. befiellan, of be and fall.] happen to ; to occur to ; as, let

To

flat

roots, like turncps.

The

;

I

younger in succession. U. Previous to; in previous order; der

the worst that can befall me. It usually denotes ill. It is generally transitive in form, but there seems to be an ellipsis of to, and to sometimes follows it.

To happen

V. i.

;

come

to

P2.

this

treatise

points are necessary. Before the icind, is

wind by

tion of the

BEFO'RE, You

this discord

which

its

impulse.

adv. In time preceding.

tell

me what

1

knew

;

whicli before were

Further onward

3.

unknown. in place, in progress,

or

in front.

Reaching Phil.

fore.

forth to those things

which

are be-

iii.

on the fore part. The batUe was before and behind.

In front

4.

;

2 Chron

xiii.

In

have reveal'd

can become of use, two Su^ift. [See No. 7.] to move in the direc-

before. Dryden. In time preceding, to the present, or to this time hitherto as, tumults then arose

2.

to

pass. I

in or-

to.

Before

befallen.

me know

BEFALL',

for

;

V.

some of the examples of the use o{ before,

which Johnson places under the adverb, the v\ord is a preposition governing a sen" tence as, Before the hills appeared." This is the real construction, however overlooked or misunderstood. BEFO'REHAND, adv. [before and hand.] to be suit In a state of anticipation or preoccupation often followed by with ; as, you are Milton befell.

Milton.

To befall of is not legitimate. BEFALL'ING, ppr. Happening ring to

;

coming

BEFELL', BEFIT',

prct.

V.

t.

suitable to

to pas.s.

„f befall.

To

and fit.] become.

[be

to

;

That name best

BEFO.AM,

;

VV. httijsen ; L. beta ; Fr. beltt.'] plant of the genus Beta. The species cul-: tivated in gardens are the cicta and vulgaThere are maris, or white and red beet. ny varieties some with long taper roots,

and others

kind of beet, used Ash.

for sallad.

to

;

occur

;

;

;

l>cfits tliee.

ppr. or

a.

Suiting

;

becom-

j

[See Biestiiin:^.] [D. bid; Ger. beetr ;

\

A

A

"•

n. phi. of beef. Cattle quadrupeds of the bovine geims, called in En-

BEFIT'TING,

BEKSTINCJS,

BEET,

stock.]

Spenser.

BEEVES,

inalt:

ale house.

an
Thomson. )

j

house where

me,

;

S

beer. n.

I

Shak.j

being promippr. Jutting standing out from the main body.

BEE'T-RADISH,

Eiicycl

Beer is a name nienting liquors made of various other materials and when a decoction of the roots of plants forms a pari of the com-j position, it is called spnng-beer, tiom the

;

Cometh after me is preferred before he was before me. John i.

that

liead 10. Prior to; having prior right ; preceding in order as, the eldest son is before the

Having a

a.

stupid. n. [beeUe

a beetle.

BEET-R.-VVE,

given in .America to fer-1

BEE'R-BARREL,

;

BEE'TLING, nent

He I

The handle of

is first

qualities.

head.]^

A

Scot.]

dull

;

BEE'TLE-STOCK,

made from any

liquor

and

[beetle

BEETLE-HEADED,

; proalso the

A

A spirituous

n.

stupid li'llow.

Fair/ax..

of 6c

pert',

aiithoi's, ol'Ae.

BEE'TLE HEAD,

Pro-

(Vetted stringed instrument of music, of the guitar kind, having nineteen Jls. Researches. frets; used in India. BEER, 71. [W. Mr; Fr. biere ; -Ann. hyer,

BEEN,

BEG

B E F

hM>idan, to cover.]

n. [Sax.

V.

t.

with foam.

[be

To

and foam.]

[Little used.]

infatuate

Men

To

3.

;

pp. Fooled

;

deceived

;

led 4.

into error.

BEFOOL'ING,

Fooling; making

;

Tim.

;

BEFOOL'ED,

hand with me.

Antecedently by way of preparation or Math. xiii. 1 aforetime. preliminary ;

cover

to fool V. t. [be and fool.] to delude or lead into error. Soiith. befool tlicmselves.

BEFOOL',

before 2.

v.

In a state of accumulation, so as that more has been received than expended. A man is beforehand. In this use it is more properly an adjective. At first ; before any thing

is

done.

L'Estrange.

ppr. root furnislies a large portion of suBEFO'RE-TIME, adv. [before and time.] fool of deceiving; infatuating. gar, which has been recently manufacturFormerly of old time. 1 Sam. 0. Josh. BEFO'RE, prep, [he and/ore, tliat is byfore, ed in France on a great scale. 06*. C'l/c. XX. near the fore part. Sax. before, or beforan, n. or a. mallet; BEE'TLE, [Sax. iW, bytl, BEFOR'TUNE, t>. t. [be and fodune.] To retained Chaucer in bifont.] by betel, the insect, beetle.] ShaJi. happen to to betide. J. In fiont ; on the side with the face, at 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer, used 1-. /. [Sax. befylan, be and foul.] Milton. ;BEF01JL', any distance used of persons. to drive wedges, beat pavements, &c To make foul ; to soil. 2. In presence of, with the idea of power, called also a stampei', or rammer. BEFRIEND, i'. t. befrend'. [6c atid friend.] authority, respect. of the a scara2. lu zoology, insects, To favor ; to act as a friend to ; to coungenus Abraham bowed before the people of the land. Shak. boeus, of many species. The generic chartenance, aid or benefit. Gen. xxiii. acters are, clavated antenna", fissile lonFavored; countenanii

;

;

;

;

AVherewithal sIl-vII I come before the Lord. gitudinally, legs frequeutly dentated, and Micah vi. wings which have liard cases, or sheaths. 3. In sight of; as before the face. The bones of these insects are placed ex- 1. In the presence of, notitig cognizance or ternally, and their muscles within. They jurisdiction. arc of different sizes, from that of a ))in's Both parties shall come before the judge. Some are head, to that of a man's fist. Ex. xxii.

produced in a month, and go through their existence in a year in others, four years are required to produce them, and they live as winged insects a year more. They have various names, as the may-bug,

5.

the dorr-beetle, the cock-chuffer, the tumble-dung, the elephant-beetle, &c. The latter, liiund in South America, is the largest s|)ecies, being four inches long.

7.

BEE'TLE-BROW,

;

n.

[beeUe

prominent brow.

JBEE'TLE-BROWED, nent brows.

a.

and brow.]

a' Sfiak

To

furnish

r.

t.

;

ppr.

Favoring;

showing kindness befrinj'.

[be

with a fringe

;

assistto.

and fringe.] to adorn as

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BEFRINGE,

-

6.

Encyc.

To jut to be proinV. i. bee'tl. inent to hang or extend out as, a cliff that bceiles over its base. Shak.

BEE'TLE,

ced.

ing as a friend

Fuller. with friiiixe. In the jjower of, noting the right or ability BEFRINGED, pp. Adorned as with a choose or possess free to the choice. fringe. 'I'he world was all before them. Milton. word BEG, / " [The Turks write this begh My land is before thee. Gen. xx. or bek, but pronounce it bey.] In front of any object as before the house BgY, ^ In the Turkish dominions, a governor of a before the fire. town or country more particularly, the Preceding in time. lord of a sangiac or banner. Every provBefore I was afflicted, I went astray. Ps. ince is divided into seven .sangiacs or bancxix. and ners, each of which qualifies a bey am. I John viii. Abraham was, Before these are conunanded by the governor of Here the preposition has a sentence folthe province, called begler-beg or lord of lowing for an object. Each beg has the command all the beys. In preference to. of a certain number of spahis, or horse, Arid he set Kphraim before Maoasseh. Gen. to

;

BEFRIENDED,;)/).

BEFRIEND'ING,

8.

xlviii.

Poverty

is

desirable before torments.

Having promiSwijl. 9. Superior; preceding in dignity.

Taylor.

denominated timariots. In Tunis, the beg or bey is the prince or king, answering to the dey of Algiers. In Egypt, the begs are twelve generals

BEG

BEG

who command

the militia, or standing for-i ces of the kingdom. Enajc.\ BEG, V. t. [In itahan, piccaro is a beggar. Tliis word is from some root in Class Bg, which signifies to make towards or to press, to urge, or to cry out. The Ger.

1.

hegehren, to which Skinner refers this word, is a compound of be and gicren to desire D. begeercn, Sax. gienian, whence yearn. With this, beg has no connection.] To ask earnestly ; to beseech ; to entreat

tablished at

med fiom

in charity; as, beg onr bread

to

;

;

t. pret. begot, begat; pp. begot, [Sax. begetan, of be and getan, to

to

generate

creates

;

n.

as,

;

luxury begets vice. begets or pro

BEG'GABLE,

a.

may

be begged.

One it

his

impoverish.

make

destitute

;

As lie spake by Ifie mouth of his holy prophwho have been since the world began Lukel. Judgment must begin at the liouse of God 1

From Nimrod

Reduced

ppr.

Reducing

my

;

to

to indigence

n. ;

a.

The

thing

Ye

state of being

Mean poor ;

;

in

the con-

Shnk.

to flow.

act

;

some-

as, begin.

;

I

I

to repent. will also

end.

1

To do

v.t.

the

first

act

;

generated.

;

to hiiry.

To

Besmeared

Spenser. Propp. of get.

To

;.

I'.

deposit in the grave

til's

BEGRE'ASE,

v.

[.Vbf used.] f. s as z. '[be

Gower.

and

grease.] oily

daub with grease, or other

snil or matter.

BEGRI'ME,

V.

I.

[be

and grime.]

To

with

dirt

ural

hue cannot easily be recovered.

BEGRUDGE, To grudge

BEGUILE, delude fice

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

1

;

;

;

;

V.

Deeply

t.

begrudj'. [See

eiuT the possession of

f.

begi'le.

to deceive or craft.

The

soiled.

;?;».

V.

to

:

;

serpent beguiled

to

Grudge.]

[be and guile.] To impose on by arti-

me and

I

did eat.

Gen.

iii.

;

;

2.

To

elude by craft.

Wien

;

;

soil

deep-impressed, so that the nat-

BEGRI'MED,

God.

;

;

[JVot used.]

engrave.

Shak.

Gen. xi. they begin to do. To trace from any thing, as the first ground ; to lay the foundation. .The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of

;

gore.]

;

Locke BEG'GARLY, Meanly indigently Hooker. To begin loith, to enter upon first to use or despicably. BEG'GAR-MAID, n. A maid that is a beg- employ first as, to begin with the Latin Grammar to begin business with a small Shak. gar. BEG'GAR-MAN, n. A man that is a beg- capital. Slmk. BEGIN'NER, n. The person who begins gar. BEG'GAR- Woman, n. A female begear. he that gives an original the agent who an author. is the cause Shak. BEG'GARY, n. A state of extreme indi- 2. One who first enters upon any art, scigence. ence or business one who is in his rudiSidney. ments a young practitioner often implyBEG'GED,p/). Entreated; supplicated ask eil in charity. ing want of experience. BEG'GING, ppr. Asking alms; supplica BEGIN'NING, ppr. First entering upon without ting assuming proof. commencing giving rise or original taBEG'GING, n. The act of^sohciting alms king rise or origin. the practice of asking alms as, lie hves BEGIN'NING, n. The first cause origin. am the beginning and the endinoj. Rev. i. bv begging. BEGHARDS', ) "' A religious order of St 2. That which is first the first state comBEGUARDS', S Francis in Flanders, es- mencement entrance into being. ;

and

[be

BEGOTTEN,

BEGRA'VE, 2.

of any

to enter on to commence. nymphs of Solyma, begin the song.

a.

with gore.

Taylor

make an

Pope. 12.

of a participle.

BEGOT',

To begin,

Shak.

BEGO'RED,

Dryden.

to enter u|ion

to take the first step

;

And

dition of a beggar; extremely indigent.

adv.

:

depart. These two words have been improperly united. Be retains the sense of a verb, and gone, that

iii.

BEGIN',

extreme poverty. Barret.

BEGGARLY,

inclosed

;

the savage race began.

first

began first

muse.

WTien

extreme

Sani.

meanness

tears

To do the thing new

;

or a state of beggary. ;

;

BEGIRDING,

created

Pope

And 2.

Shak. to exhaust

poverty.

beggarly

Pet. 4.

Begin every day

pp.

BEG'GARLINES'S,

;

original or first existence to commence.

ets,

as, to ieffo-rrr description.

BEG'GARING,

To have an

to take rise

;

de])rive or

surrounded

^

besiogefl.

BEGONE. Go away;

application.] 1.

business

to beg for charity. One who supplicates with humility ; a petitioner ; but in this sense rarely used as the word has become a term of conJohn.ion tempt. 3. One who assumes in arginnent what he does not prove. Tillotson. BEG'GAR, t>. t. To reduce to beggary to

To

:

BEGIRT,

nibble.

Butler that lives

9.

BEG'GAREI),

;

;

Tliat

n.

[See Beg-.] by asking alms, or makes

2.

;

;

One who"

a father.

BEG'GAR,

begurd'. pret. begirt, begirded;

;

;

ist;

t.

To To

;

;

BEGET'TER,

V.

[be and gird ; Sax. begyrdan.] bind with a band or girdle. 2. surround to inclose to encompass. Milton. Begird the Almighty throne. 3. To Clarendon. besiege. To begirt, used by B. Jonson, is a corrupt orthography. BEGIRD'ED, ) "" Bound with a girdle

pp. begirt,

;

Get.]

procreate, as a father or sire to gen erate as, to beget a son. To produce, as an effect to cause to ex ;

2.

BEGIRD,

ppr. Binding with a girdle,surrounding besieging. BEG'LERBEG, n. [See Beg.] The governor of a province in the Turkish emjiire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. Each Eth. Tl(D^ plant, to confirm, to create has three ensigns or staves, trimmed witk Kon, to be, to become or be made Ar. a horse tail, to distinguish him from a ba• ir to be or become, to make, to create, shaw, who has two, and a beg, who has one. His province is called beglerbeglik. to generate Heb. Ch. Sam. to make |D, Encyc. Sam. reaily, to adapt, prepare, establish BEGNAW', v.t. benaw'. [Sax. begnagan ; to create. The primai-y sense is, to throw, be and gnatv.] thrust, stretch forward, hence to set, or To bite or to eat away ; to corrode ; gnaw to produce, according to its connection or to

V.

See

pp. begun. [Sax

;

created the heaver

rudiments, first ground or materials. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. .^„„ Dryden. BEGIN'NINGLESS, a. That hath no beginning. [A bad word and not used.} Barrow,

1.

began

beginn, a beginning, origin W. cyciimu, to begin, cy, a prefix, and cwn, a head. The radical word is gin or gyn, to which are prefixed be, on, and du whjcli is to. This appears to be the root of the Gr. ywo^iai, yfwow, h. genero, gigno, coinciding with Kon, to begin to be ; in Aph. to Syr.

;

To

Enci/r. B.Jot^s'on.

Gilded. pret.

God 1.

The

ma-

;

we

assume without

;

get.

in

;

xvi.

begotten.

patroness,

employed themselves

;

;

1.

Begghe, their

In the beginning, and the earth. Gen.

na-

gynnan, aginnan, beginnan, and onginnan, to begin, ongin, a beginning Goth, du ginnan Sw. begynna) Dan.'begynder ; D. and Ger. beginnen, to begin 1). and Ger

proof; as, to beg the question in debate, BEG, V. i. To ask alms or charity to practice begging to live by asking alms. I cannot I am ashamed to beg. Luke dig

BEGET',

and so

Antwerp.

BEGILT', n. BEGIN', V. i.

xxvii.

To ask or supplicate may yet be reduced to To take for granted

BEG

in 1228,

lung linen cloth, united in bonds of charity, without any rule; but in 1390, they embraced that of the third order of St. Francis. The name has been transferred to all the other religious of the convent of

with humility. It implies more urgency than ask or petition. Math Joseph begged the body of Jesus. 2.

St.

at first

They

or supplicate

3.

Antwerp

misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. Shak.

To elude anj' thing disagreeable by to pass amusement, or other means to amuse as, to beguile the tedious day with sleep. Shak. Deluded BEGUI'LED, pp. imposed on misled by craft eluded by stratagem

3.

;

jileasingly

;

;

;

;

;

;

passed pleasingly.

BEGUI'LER,
He

«.

or that

which beguiles

deceives.

BEGUI'LING, /)/)?. Deluding; raft: eluding

BEGUIL'TY, barbarous

BE'GUIN,

by

J>.

ivord.] n.

(.

The

artifice

To

;

deceiving by

amusinff.

render guilty. [^ Smtdir.mn. Beguins are a congrega-

B E H

B E

(ion of nuns in Flanders, so railed from their founder, or from their head dress.

BEHEAD'ING,

Beguin, in French, is a linen cap. From this order sprung the Beguinages in Flanders. Encyc. Miison. BEGUN', pp. of begin. Commenced ori-

BEHEAD'ING,

;

the

H

B E H

ppr. behed'ing. from the body.

lieuil

Severingj

BEHELD',

and pp. of

pret.

;J.

;

as, to loolt

Past in the progress of time. Forgetting those things which arc behind. Phil.

iii.

Future, or remaining to be endured.

4.

which

behold,

on the back-part

;

behind.

j

The act of" n. behed'ing. separating the head from the bo
Backwards

2.

And

ginated.

till

up

tliat

tions of Christ

wliicli is

behind

the

ul

afflic-

my n. behaf. [This word is probably BE'HEMOTH, n. [Heh. nran3, from nOHD,! a heast or brute from an Arabic verb,| .1. Kemainuig after a payment unpaid as, a corruption. If composed of 6c and half, there is a large sum behind. which signifies, to shut, to lie hid, to be but I take it is a word of modern origin G. Remaining after the ili'parture of; as, he dumb. In Eth. dumb.] or it to he the tiax. behefe, profit, need, departed and left us behind. convenience; O. behuf; U. behoef, neces- Authors are divided in opinion as to the animal intended in scrijuure by this name BEHINDHAND, a. [behind and luind.] Sw. be saries, business behoeve, behalf In in an exhausted state; in a state arrear; some supposing it to he an ox, others, an kof; Dun. beliov, need, necessity, sufficienin which rent or profit has been anticipaelephant and Bochart labors to prove it; cy, or what is required, sustenance or sup ted, and expenditures precede the receipt the hippopotamus, or river horse. The latport from the verb behoove., brhofwa, beof fluids to supply them. In popular use, ter opinion is most probable. The spelling is therefore hover, to need. [See Hipa state of poverty, in which the means of The word in Arabic popotamus.] original corrupt: it .should be ie/io/"or it/ioo/". Sec Al.so, living are not adequate to the end. signifies a brute or beast in general, esBehoof.] in a state of backwardness, in which a ], Favor; advantage; convenience; profit; pecially a quadruped. particular business hsis been delayed besupport defense vindication. The ad- BE'HEN, BEN, or BEK'EN, n. A plant. The white belien is a species of Cucuhal- yond the proper season for performing it vocate pleads in behalf of the prisoner. as, he is behindhand in his business. called Swedish Lychnis, or gum The patriot sufTers in behalf of his coun us, Behindhand urith, is behind in progress not sepungar. The empalcment of its flower try. upon equal terms in forwardness as, to be 9. Part; side; noting substitution, or the act resembles net-work, and its leaves have behindhand with the liishionable world. somewhat of the flavor of pease. of taking the part of another; as, the agent This woril is really an adjective, as it is apappeared in behalf of his constituents, and Family of Plants. Encyc. The behen of the shops, or white belien,! plied to t\ie person rather than to the verb; entered a clahn. but like adnft, aloft, ashamed, and several BEHAP'PEN, r.i. [be and happen.] To is spatling pojipy. Red behen is sea lav- other words, never precedes the noun. ender. to. Lee. Bailey. Coze happen Spenser. " " behindhand Sliakspeare's slacknes.s, BEHA'VE, v.t. [G.gehaben; Sax.gehabban, BEHEST', n. [be and Sax. hcese, a comtherefore, according to present usage, is and hehabban ; be and have.] mand Ger. geheiss, command, from heisnot a legitimate ])hrase. 1. To restrain to govern to subdue. [The sen, to call, tell, or command. See Heal.] Saxon sense of the word.] Command precept niandate. [Antiquated^ BEHOLD, v.t. pret. and pp. beheld'. [Sax. behealdan, beheoldan, gehealdan, gehaldan, He did behave his anger e'er 'twas spent. except in poetry.] from heatdan, to hold. The sense is, to Shah: BEHI'GHT, V. t. behite; pret. behot. [Sax. hold, or rather to reach with the eye, to This sense is obsolete. Yet it often behttan, to promise.] have in sifht, from straining, or extendseeu)s to be implied for to behave one^s To promise to entrust to call, or name In Saxon, the verb signifies not only ing. to command to adjudge to address to self, is really, to govern one's self; to have to look or see, but to guard ; so in Latin, inform to mean to reckon. The orthogin conunand. obscno, from servo, to kee]). This expli2. To carry to conduct used with the reraphy is corrupt it should he behite. Obs. cation leads us to an understanding of the Chaucer. he behaves

BEHALF,

Col.

llcsh.

ill

i.

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

•

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

|

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ciprocal pronoun ; as, himself But the tendency of modern usage is to omit the pronoun ; as, he behaves well.

manfully.

BEHA'VE,

1'.

j'.

To

act

;

to conduct

Spenser.

1.

Manner of behaving, whether good or bad

'2.

conduct; manners; carriage of one's self, with respect to propriety, or morals deportment. It expresses external ap|)carance or action; sometunes in a ])articular

;

Remaining

left

;

after

the departure of

;

;

Inferior to another in dignity and excellence. For I suppose I was not a whit behind the veiy chiefcst apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 6. On the side opposite the front or nearest word to qiudifj' it. part, or opposite to that which fronts a as behind a To be upon one\s behavior, is to be in a state person on the other side bed ; behind a hill behind a house, tree of trial, in which something important deor rock. on of conduct. The mod5.

;

;

;

pends propriety ern phrase is, to be or good behavior.

to be

put, upon one's

the body, with a cutting instrument propriately u.sed of the execution of for crimes.

head cut

off".

pp.

behed'ed.

the

in

hack,

scripture, signifies, out

of notice, or regard overlooked disregarded. They cast thy laws behind their backs. Neh ;

BEHEAU', v.t. behed'. [be and head.] To cut oft' the head; to sever the head from

BEHEAD'ED,

Behind

;

ap-

xix.

Is. xxxviii.

men BEHIND,

Having the

;

arfi).

[be

aud

hind.]

Out of sight;

not produced, or exhibited to view; re

maining

;

is behind.

as,

gehouden, held, bound

;

and the Danes ;

a reObserve

behold,

See

and Regard.]

walk behind another.

as, to

decease. Left at a distance, in progress or im provement as, one student is behind another in mathematics.

;

;

ill

in beholder, to keep, retain treat, refuge, reservation.

;

1.

To

the eyes upon; to see with atten-

fix

tion

another, whether by removing to a dis tance, or by death ; as, a man leaves his servant behind him, or his estate at his

:'

more generally in the connnon life as, our future destiny depends on our behavior in this life. It inay express correct or good manners, but I douht whether it ever expresses the idea of elegance of inanners, without another

itive

The Germans

;

;

rear 3.

participle beholden,

prep. [Sax. bchindan, of be and hindau, behind ; Goth, hindar, beyond, hehind hindar-kilhan, to pass, priPterire Ger. hinter.] At the hack of another as, to ride behind a horseman. On the back i>art, at any distance in the ;

;

BEHA'VED, pp. Conducted. BEHA'VING, /)/;r. Carrying; conducting. BEHA'VIOR, n. behavyur. [See Behave.]

which retains the primsense of the verb, bound, obliged. retain the original sense in behalten, to hold or keep; as the Dutch do

BEHIND,

gen

;

erally applied to manners, or to conduct in any particular business and in a good or bad sense. He behaves well or ill.

character duties of

;

;

to observe

;

Behold the

with care. Cod which taketh away John i.

lainh of

the sin of the world. '2.

In a

intensive sense, to look

less

upon

;

to see.

When he beheld the serpent Num.

of brass, he lived.

x\i.

BEHOLD,

ti.

i.

To

look

;

to direct the

eyes

to ail object.

And

I

throne,

To

fix

attend

;

beheld, and lo, iu the midst of the a lamb, as it had been slain. Rev. 5.

the attention upon an object ; to to direct or fix the mind. I stand at the door and knock.

Behold, Ro\'.

iii.

This word is much used in this manner for exciting attention, or admiration. It the imjierative mode, expressing command, or exhortation and by no means a mere exclamation. BEHOLDEN, pp. or a. behdldn. [The is iu

;

participle of behold, to keep, guard, or bind.

See Behold.]

we know no what evidence Obliged bound ;

Little are

in gratitude

we beholden

to

;

indebted.

your love.

Shak.

BEL

K

B E

BEHOLDER, n. One wlio beholds; t;ili>r

who

one

;

BE KNOW,

iispt-

looks upon, or sees. FLxhig the eyes upon

bor

regariling with at-

3.

To

acChaucer.

[JVot iised.]

won

Carrw. mistaken use

A

for beholden. n. The state

I

to block up ; to surround wit'i so as to preclude escape.

;

an army,

;

to

thump.

Dry den

BELA'CE,

v.

t.

[be

and

To

lace.]

.

of being

To beat to whip. BELA'CED, a. Adorned

'i.

Dryden. Besieged.

One who

BELE'AGUERER,

n.

BELE'AGURING,

Sherwood. ppr. Besieging block

besieges. ;

ing up.

fasten, as

BELE'AVE,

with a lace or cord.

BEHO'LDINGNESS,

besiege

BELEAGUERED, pp.

Ajax belabors there a harmless ox.

[AV used.] Obligation. Obliged. Baron on hove. of the

BEL To

and know.]

ti. t. [perhaps from be and labut in Russ. bulava is a club.] To

;

beat soundly

tention. 4.

[be

BELABOR,

;

;

;

t.

knowledge.

BEMO'LDING, ;)pr.

looking on seeing. 2. Fixing tlie attention

V.

V.

I.

[be

and

and

lee.]

[Not used.]

;

leave.]

To

leave.

May.

To

place on the lee, or in a position unfavorable to the [An error, and not in ii.te.] Beaumont. Shak. RElioN'EY, r. I. To sweeten with lioncy BEL'AMOUR, t!. [Fr. bel-amoxir.] A gal- wind. [Abi used.] Sherwood. BELEM'NITE, n. [Gr. lifUuvov, a dart, or lant a consort. [Ao/ used.] Spenser. liEHOOF'. n. [Sax. Jfi'iq^ir)), towant, to be arrow, from liiKoi, from the root of >ja>Au. friend n. [Fr. bel-aml] A BEL'AMY, good pello, to throw.] necessary, to be expedient hence, to lie an intimate. [.Vo< ii.'ff/.] Spenser. Arrow-head, or a duty D. behoeren, to need Ger. behuf, finger stone vulgarly called BELA'TE, 1'. (. [be and late.] To retard or thunder-bolt, or thunder stone. genus behoof; Dan. behorer, to need, to lack make too late. [.Vo( used.] of fossil shells, common in chalk an(i mainhehov, need, necessity, sufficiency, a. [be and lafed.] Benighted BELA'TED, Sw. hmestoue. These shells consist of an intenance, that is, things needed abroad late at night. terior cone, divided into partitions conbehofica, to need.] behof, need 5 Too late for the hour apjiointed or innected by a syphon, as in the nautilus, and 1. Rndieally, need, necessity whence, by tended later than the proper time. surrounded by a number of concentric layan easy analogy, the word came to signify n. A being too late. BELA'TEDNESS, that which supjilies want. ers, made up of fibers radiating from the Hence, ini Milton axis. These layers are somewhat trans])resent usage, BELA'VE, V. t. [be and lave.] To wash. parent, and when burnt, rubbed or scn.ped, 0. That which is advantageous ; advantage benefit. [JVot used.] give the odor of rasped horn. The speprofit cies are now e.xtinct. No mean recompense it brings to your behoof.' BELAW'GIVE, v. t. To give a law to. JUiiton. Milton. Barbarous and not used.] [ Encyc. Ed. Encyc.

Donne. Sidney.

ol)liged.

with

BELEE',

lace.

V.

t.

[be

;

:

:

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;;

\

;

BEHOOV'ABLE, o. Needful profitable. BELAY, V. BEHOOVE, V. behoov'. [Sax. hehnjiar., to be and lay. ;

t.

want, to be necessary, or expedient.

Sii-, I.

prrt.]

To

be necessary for

meet

to be

;

fit

for

thus

behooved Christ

it

3.

Luke,

to suffer.

4.

x\iv. j

It

may perhaps be used let

him behave as such use

lieve

is

;

o.

])rotitable

BEIIOOVEFULLY, fiilly

profitablv.

;

behoov'fid.

Needful

adv. hehoov'/idly. Use-: {Obs. or nearly so.]

BEHOT',jO)f<. ol'tt/iig-Zi/. Obs. BEHOVE, and its derivatives. V.

i.

[be

and howl] Tojliowl

ambush

at.

Man, being in lienor, abideth not, n. Existence as, God ;

Ps. xlix.

the au-

is

God we Acts

being. '2.

3.

person existing

;

applied

to

[This

is '3.

the

humane

raee. 4.

immaterial, intelligent existence,

or,

Superior beings, when of late they saw mortal man unfold all nature's law

I

—

A

\

Pope. 5.

; any living creature. Animals are such beings, as are endowed sensation and spontaneous motion.

.'\n

animal

BE,IA'DE,

r.

(.

[J\iot

[6e

and jade.] To

To

tire.

1

[AW;

Chaueer.

V.

t.

[be

and

kiss.]

To

kiss or sa-

Jonson

[JMot in use.]

BEKNA'VE, luiavc.

V.

t.

[be

[Ab( used.]

and

knave.]

To

That i)art of a steeple, or other building, which a bell is hung, and more particuthe timber Avork which sustains it.

;

V.

making

Encyc.

fast.

BELGARD',

t.

n.

[Fr. bel

A

and egard.]

soft

look or glance. [Not used.] Spenser. BEL'GIAN, a. [See Belgic] Belonging to Belgica, or the Netherlands. n. A native of Belgica, or the BEL'tilAN, bale, prominent.] To throw or eject wind from the stom- Low Comitries. BEL't>Ie, a. [L. belgicus, from Belgae, the ach with violence. inhabitants of the Netherlands and the To eject violently from a deep hollow country bordering on the Rhine, from that place as, a volcano belches flames and The river to the Seine and the ocean. to

push out,

;

name may have been

n. The act of throwing out from the stomach, or from a hollow jilace eructation. A cant nann> for iiialt liquor. Dennis.

call

Pope.

Ena.

Ejected from the stomach, or from a hollow place. BELCH'ING, ppr. Ejecting from the stomach or anv deep hollow place.

Barret BELCH'ING, n. Eructation. BEL'DAM, n. [Fr. belle, fine, handsome

and dame, lady.

It

seems

to

be used

given to them from

their bidk or large statm-e;

inent, jnoud,

in

bulge

;

from

6a/,

a

W.

6«/f,

prom-

shooting out

Russ.

velikai, great. 3. 3, and 3. 5 :

;

See

Tac. Agric Joseph. De Bell. Jud.2. 16 Herod. L.6: Strabo. L. 4. Owen supjmses the Welch name. Belgiad, to have been given them, from their bursting forth and ravaging Britain and Ireland. But they had the name on the continent, before their ir-

Pomp. Mela. :

Lib.

:

ruption into Britain.] Pertaining to the Belgae, who, in Cesar's time, possessed the country Ijetween the Spenser seems to have used the word in Rhine, the Seine and the ocean. They its true sense for good dame. were of Teutonic origin, and anterior to 2. A hag. Cesar's invasion of Gaul and Britain, colDryden. Shak BELE'AGUER, v. t. belee'ger. [Ger. tielagern. onies of them had established themselves The in the southern part of Britain. from if, by, near, and lagern, to lay D. counlry was called from its inhabitants belrgeren, to besiege, to convene, to belay was the town Sw. bela-gra, to besiege; Dan. beligger ; Belgica, not Belgium, which 2. 2. Ant. Germ. Cluv. See ofBeauvais. Buss, ohtrgayv.]

contempt, or as a cant term.]

will)

laugh at; to deceive.

used.]

BEKISS', lute.

v.t.

I

I

jMilton.

wsed.]

BE.)A'PE,

Among military writers of the middle age, a tower erected by besiegers to overlook the place besieged, in which sentinels were placed to watch the avenues, and to prevent surprise from parties of the enemy, or to give notice of fires, by ringEncyc. ing a bell. larly,

BELCH'ED, /)/).

I

An

spirit.

with leprosy. Beaumont.

;

xvii.

particular state or condition. hardly a different sense.]

infect

in

BELCH,

and move, and have our

live,

A

A

2.

lava.

thor of our being. In

To

;

1.

Existing in a cer-

tain state.

BE'ING,

Diet.

[Sax. bealcan, to belch, that to swell or heave helgan, to be angry, that is, to swell with passion Eng. bulge, bilge, bulk; allied to VV. is,

Shak: [See Be.]

p;jr.

adorn, surround, or cover. Spenser. In seamansltip, to fasten, or make fast, by winding a rojie round a cleat, kevil,or beIt is laying-pin. chiefly applied to the

BELCH,

[See Be-

used.]

{.\'ot

BE'ING,

1.

Spenser.

Mar.

t.

[Fr. befroy; barb. L. belfre-

dus.]

Oower.

place in anihush.

V.

[.Yot used.] n.

BEL'FRY,

;

hoove.']

BEHOWL',

See

BELA'YEI)^ /;;?. Obstructed; ambushed; made fast. BEL,\'YING, ppr. Blocking up laying an

:'

advantageous.

;

To To

running rigging.

rare.

BEHOOVEFUL, useful

intransitively ; as.i behooveih ; but I be-'

it

composed of BELEP'ER,

is

Dryden.

or convenience.

And

[This word

be

to

;

witli respect to necessity, duty,

lor,

t.

to lay to, lay by, or close. Belea^ver.] To block up, or obstruct.

1.

An

old

woman.

Shak.

;

;

BEL

BEL

BEL

now

not so clear as to leave no douirt but the applied to the Netherlands, shades of strength in opinion can hardly called also Flanders, or that part of tin Low Countries wliicli Ibrnierly belonged be defined, or exemplified. Hence the use of qualifying words; as a. firm, full or to the house of Austria. BE'LIAL, n. [Heh. hy^h^-} As a noun, nn strong belief. The thing; believed the object of belief wickedness. As an adprotitableness wicked. In a roller .Superstitious prophecies are the belief of jective, worthless fools. Bueon. live sen.se, wicked men. Parkhurst. BELI'BEL, I'. I. [he and libel.] To libel or 0. A creed a form or summary of articles of faith. In this sense, we generally use Fuller. traduce. [JVot used.] Creed. ol' Sax. heUcsrctn, BELI'E, V. f. [be and lie. D. BELIEVABLE, a. That may be beheved he and leogan, to lie, lij^, or lyg, a lie credible. Shenvood. to belie. See heliegen ; Ger. beliigen BELIE'VE, V. i. To credit upon the authorLie.] to be per1. To ity or testimony of another f(ivc the lie to: to show to be false; suaded of the iruth of to charge with falsehood something upon as, the heart the declaration of another, or upon evibelies the tongue. It is rarely used of dedence furnished by reasons, arguments, clarations but of a|)pearances and fact and deductions of the mind, or by other which show that declarations, or certain circumstances, than |ier.soual knowledge. appearances and pretences arc false and When we believe ujion the authority of Hence, liypocritical. To counterfeit to mimic; to feign re another, we always put confidence in his When we believe upon the ausemblance. veracity. With dust, with horse's hoofs, that beat the thority of reasoning, arguments, or a conis

Belgic

under instruction, as prejiaratory to bap, lism and admissiem to church jirivilege.s.

:

;

I

;

knowledge.

BELIE'VINGLY,

;

ikely

;

4.

uiaitial brass, belie

5.

the tliuiider's sound IJri/Jeti

give a false representation. .Should 1 do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak.

To

tell lies

concerning

false reports. Thou do^t belie

To

with

fill

Iiini,

to

;

calumniate by Shali.

Percy.

lies.

Slander doth belie

all comers of the world. Shak. pp. Falsely represented either by word or obvious evidence and iudicacalion counterfeited mimicked.

[J\'ot legitimate.]

BELI'ED, ;

2.

own experience, &c. To ex])ect or hope

n.

[Sax. geleitf, leave, license, permission, consent, assent, belief, faith or

truat gelenfan, gelefan, geliefdn, gebjfan, to believe leofan, to leave and to live. From tiicsc words, it ap))ears that belief is from the root of /raw, permission, as.sent; Sa.\. leaf, leave and belief, fides leofa, permission, license ; written also lif and luft ; lifan. to i)ermit; I), geloof, it. gUiuhe, belief,

witli

;

;

geloovcn, glnuben, to believe Dan. 6e/oi>er, to |)romis<"; D. oorlof, verhf. lea\ e, permission G. urliuih, leave, furlow. The primary sense of believe is to throw or put to, or to assent to ; to leave with or to rest on ; to rely. See Leave

;

;

;

and 1.

A

Live.]

persuasion of the truth, or an assent of

Jiiind to the tnuli of a declarntion, proposition or alledged fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct from personal knowledge as tlie belief of the gospel belief of a witness. be founded Belief may also on internal impression.s, or arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds as the belief of our senses a train of reason;

;

;

;

ing may result in belief Belief m opposed to knowledge and seience. In t'leologi/, faith, or a firm persuasion of . the truths of religion. .

3.

Lr

confidence

;

its first

tures.

To

of faith. "

me."

Vol.

L

way

isim])lied. It is ol'ten fol in or on, especially in the scripbelieve in, is to hold as the object

Ve

John

to [ilace full

with

warn persons to move out of the of so ill an omen, as the sight of a criminal or his executioner also on the necks of beasts and birds, and in houses. In chinches and other public buildingfei, bells are now used to notify the time of meetingof any congregation or other asnals, to

(ion ht

believe in

faith.

To

xiv.

God,

believe on, is to trust,

confidence "

;

believe also in

in, to

To them gave

become

rest

upon

sembly.

be power to

used

tinction.

In theulng)/, to believe sometimes expresses mere assent of the understanding to the truths of the gospel as in the case of Si moil. .\cts viii. In others, the word im plies, with this assent of the mind, a yield ing of the will and aftections, accompanied with a humble reliance on Clirist for ;

salvation.

John

i.

12.

iii.

15.

of

o])inioii,

and

is

nearly equivalent

t(

pp. Credited; assented

to,

as

;

one than

In the primitive church, those who had been Hooker. instructed in the truths of the gospel and in disbaptized, were called believers tinction from the catechumens, who were ;

21

:

or calix of a flower. bear the bell, is to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wether of a flocly, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears bells on his collar. To shake the bells, a ])hrase of Shakspeorc, signifies to move, give notice or alarm. BELL, V. i. To grow in the form of bells, as buds or flow ers. -FASHIONED, a. Having the fi>mi of a liell. Mortimer.

To

BELL'-FLOWER,

true.

BELIE'VER, n. One who believes who gives credit to other evidence

3.

BELL

think or .nippose.

BELIE' VEli,

in electrical experiinent.s.

A hollo >v body of metal, perforated, and containing a solid ball, to give sounds used on animals, as on horses or haw ks. Any thing in Ibrm of a bell, as the cup when shaken

;

In popular use, and familiar discourse, to believe (.fteii expresses an opinion in a vague manner, without a very exact estimate of evidence, noting a mere preponderance

Encyr.

In private houses, bells are n.sed to call servants, either hung and moved by a wire, or as hand-bells^ f^mall bells are also

the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name." John i. John son. But there is no ground for much dis

promulgation.

In some cases, the word is used for ])ersuasion or opinion, when the evidence is

nightly rounds in camps or garrisons, used to ring a bell, at each sentinel-box, to see that the soldier on duty was awake. Bells were also put on the necks of crimi-

i. To have a firm persiuision of any thing. lu some cases, to have full per suasion, a|iproacliing to certainty; in oth

more lowed by

Obs.

;

BELIE'VE, V.

;

upon

perlia|)s. [Marli/ antifjualed.] adv.. I'lobably. [Ao/ used.]

robe adorned with them in like manner. Among the Greeks, those who went the

Ps. xxvii.

ers,

man-

Probably;

ciding with ,iav/.u and pello. See Peal.] A ves.sel or hollow body, used for in.-iking sounds. Its c(uistituent jiarts are a barrel or hollow body, enlarged or expanded at one end, an car or cannon by which it is hung to a Ijcam, and a clajiper on the inside. It is formed of a ccmiposition of metals. Bells are of high autiquitj-. Tlie blue tunic ol' the Jew ish High I'ricst was; adorned w ith golden bells and the kings of I'eisia are said to have the hem of their

1.

to

that of personal knowledge. 2. In theologij, one who gives credit to the truth of the scriptures, as a revelation from No man can attain [to] belief by the bare God. In a more restricted sense, a pro Hooker. contemplation of heaven and earth. fessor of Christianity one who receives Religion ; the body of teuets held by the the gospel, as unfolding the true way of| professors of faith. In the heat of |iersecution, to which christian • salvation, and Christ, as his Savior. belief was subject,

like.]

Hall.

I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of tlie Lord in tlie land of the living.

;

credit, faith

and

71.

trust.

;

BELIE'F,

[be

Live.] Speedily; ' quickSpenser. BELL, [Sax. bell, bella, belle, so named from its sound ; Sax. bellan, to bawl, or belloir: W.ballaw; G. if W(;i ; I). ?V.,- coinl.v.

currence of facts and circumstances, we rest our conclusions upon their strength or probability, their agreement with our

ground.

And

adv.

BELI'KELY,

;

To

;

BELI'VE, arfr. [See

:

3.

adv. In a believing

ner.

BELI'KE,

;

;

,

%

ppr. Giving credit to testior to other evidence than personaj

mony

;

;

JCncyr.

BELIE VING,

n. [bell

and

flower.]

A

plants, so named from the shape of the corol or flower which resembles a Campanula, a genus of monogynian pentandcrs, comprehending many

genus of

bell, L.

species.

BELL'-FOUNDER, n. [bell and founder.] A man whose occupation is to found or cast bells.

BELL'-MAX,

)i.

[ifrtandm««.]

A man who

rings a bell, especially to give notice of any ill the streets.

thing

BELL -METAL,

n.

[bell

and

metal.]

A

mixture of copper and tin, in the proportion

BEL

B E h parts of copper to one oi tin, or accorcliiia; to Tlioinson, three parts to one, and usually a small portion of brass or zink used for making bells. ten

(if alioiit

"2.

make

BEL

a loud outcry to roar. In eontempt, to vociferate or clamor. To roar, as the sea in a temjiest, or as the wind when violent to make a loufl, holto

;

low, continued sound. Dryden. IJELL'-PEPPER, n. [bell and pepper.] A BEL'LOVV, n. A loud outcry; roar. name of the Guinea pepper, a species of BEL'LOWING, ppr. Making a loud hollow soimd, as a bull, or as the roaring of Capsicum. Tliis is tlie red pepper of the

Encyc.

BELL'-f^HAPED,

a.

ing the lorm of a

[bell

anA

hell.

BELL'-WETHER,

n.

[hell

loether.]

n.

BEL'LADONNA,

A plant,

I

A

Atropa, or deadly niglitshade. 7i." [L.] A ruddy, so

;

Lee.

;

Sp.

handsome,

hello,

embellish

;

allied

whence

fine,

Huss.

to

perha]is

bielo,

In popular use, a lady of superior beauty and nuich admired. BELL'ED, a. Hung with bells. n. plu.

anglicised, hell-lttlers.

beV

See

[Fr.

letter,

Belle

propel

it

through a tube upon the

BEL'LOWS-FISH, whence

and

its

name.

BEL'LUINE,

Letter.']

The

n.

Polite literature ; a word of very nification. It includes poetry

a.

Diet.

[L. helluinus,

a beast.] vague sigand orato- Beastly pertaining to or tal. ry but authors are not agreed to what [Little used.] particular branches of learning the term BELLY, n. [Ir. bolg, the ;

budget, blister, bellows

Encyc.

BELL'IBONE, n. [Fr.helle and bonne.] A woman excelling both in beauty and good[JVot in use.]

ness.

BELLIU'ERENT, AfWiijero, to

wage

whence holiaw, Arm. hoelcH, bowels.

a beast

like

,

;

;

;

;

ligerent nation.

BELLlG'EP.ENT,

n.

A

2.

as bellige-

3.

on war.

state carrying

BELLIG'EROUS,

a.

The same

4.

[Sax. W/an, to bellow.] The noise of a roe in rutting lime a hunt.s-

BELL'ING,

n.

;

man's term. '2.

Diet.

Growing or forming

a.

ing

full

and ripe

;

BELLIP'OTENT,

like a bell growused of hops from bell. Ash. a. [L. helium, war, and

BELLIQUE, lilie.

a.

;

in war.

bellee'k.

[JVut used.] n. disease,

A

BEL'LON,

.5.

;

(i.

7.

potens, powerful, bellipotens.]

Powerful or mighty

[Little used.] Diet.

[Old Fr.]

War-

Feltham. attended with lan-

els,

common

in places

smelted.

BEI/LOW,

!>.

i.

To make a

;

bru-

;

W.

a bag, pouch, holy,

belly,

the bel-

to

gorge

The primary

lead ore

The part of a beast, corresponding to human belly. The womb. Jer. 5. The recejitacle of food that which

;

;

iii.

la

The whole man. Brown,

II.

t.

V. i.

See Bawl.] hollow, loud noise, as a bull

;

;

berant, like the belly bellying canvas.

To strut. BEL'LY-A€HE, in

;

the bowels; the

n.

[belly

n.

[See Worm.]

Johnson.

BELOCK',

t.

jj.

[Sax. bclucan, from

BEL'OMANCY,

or

ache.] [Vulirar.]

WEED,

[Gr. t3fXoj, ;iitti'T(ta, divination.] kind of divination, practiced cient Scythians, Babylonians nations, and by the Arabians.

A

number

n. [Gr. i3l^olr;, a needle.] The gar, garfish, or sea-needle, a species of Eso.x. It grows to the length of two or three feet, with long pointed jaws, the edges of which are armed with small

teeth.

Encyc.

BELONG',

V. i. [D. belangcn, to concern, belong, concern, interest, importance, of if and lav g Ger. helangen, to attain to, :

come

ti^; anlangen, to arrive, to come concern, toucli or belong Dan. anIn Sax. langer, to arrive at, to belong. gelavgian is to call or bring. The radical sense of long is to extend or draw out, and with be or an, it signifies to extend to,

or

to, to

;

to reach.] 1.

To be the projierty of; as, a field belongs Richard Roe ; Jamaica belongs to G. Britain. Tt) be the concern or proper business of ; to appertain ; as, it belongs to John Doe to prove his title. to

2.

•3.

A

baud that encom-

by the anand other

BELO'NE,

To

be appendant

He went n.

a

Shak. an arrow,

of arrows, being marked, were put into a bag or quiver, and drawn out at random ; and the marks or words on the arrow drawn determined what was to hajipen. See Ezek. xxi. 21. Encyc.

;

Pain

lock.

n.

and rV

12.

bellying goblets Phillips.

loc,

lock, with he.]

jirotu-

and

A worm

that breeds in the belly or stomach.

Bcthsaida. 4.

A

Enlarging capacity; swel-

;

BEL'LY-WORM,

Dryden.

i-olic.

BELLYACHE BUSH BEL'LY -BAND,

a.s,

i.

;

to gratify his appetite.

a. [See Pinch.] StarShak. pinched with hunger. BEL'LY -ROLL, n. [See RoU.] A roller protuberant in the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in hollows. Mortimer. BEL'LY-SLAVE, n. A slave to the appetite. Homily. BEL'LY-TIMBER, n. [See Timber.] Food ; that which supports the belly. [ Vulgar.] Prior. Hudibras.

re-

Cniden. Shak.

glut-

ling out, like the belly.

Baileij.

n.

spec es (•f.latropha.

;

Tit.

To fill to swell out. To .^well and become

A

of his belly

BELLY-PINCHED,

i.

Phil.

is,

god.]

whose great business or pleasure

hE,h'hYWG, ppr.

the

quires food, in opposition to the back. Whose god is their belly. Phil. iii. The part of any thing which resembles the human belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a harp or a bottle. Any hollow inclosed ])lace; as the belly of hell, in Jonah. In scripture, belly is used for the heart. Prov xviii. 8. XX. .'30. John vii. 38. Carnal lusts, sensual pleasures. Rom. xvi. 18.

BEL'LY,

is

The

is

sense

swelled, or a swell.] ])art of the human body which extends from the breast to the thighs, conIt is called also the taining the bowels. abdomen or lower belly, to distinguish it from the head and breast, which are sometimes called bellies, from their cavity.

2. belluvi, war.] Jlnt. Mythol.

[Sax. hulgian,bylgean ; W. hulken ; Sw. bbla

L. halo; D. Sax. btUan, to bawl.

balldw; 1.

where

Encye.

»!. [from L. goddess of war.

;

that

That

guor and intolerable griping of the bow- BEL'LY,

BELLO'NA,

;

Qnincy.

or

power

nation,

BEL'LY-GOD, n. [belly and ton one who makes a god

is

1.

and gero, to wage part, gerens, gerentis, waging. Gr. rto^f^oj, war W. bel, war, tumult beta, to war, to wrangle.] Waging war carrying on war as a bel;

Johnson.

I

Merhury. To lock or fasten as with a

belly,

to

ly,

Spenser.

[L. belliger. warlike war ; from helium, wm;' a.

abundance; more than enough. [Vulgar.]

j

ofMxt. Hist. from hellua,

;

sluiuld bo restricted.

fire.

trumpet-fish,

about four inches long, with a long snout

or

A

ved

utensil or machine for blowfire, either in private dwellings or in It is so formforges, ftirnaces and shops. ed as by being dilated and contracted, to iidude air by a lateral orifice which is opened and closed with a valve, and to

Chaucer.

n. The chafing of a horse's belly, with a fore girt. violent pain in a horse's belly, caused worms. Diet. Ijy

n. [belly and full.'] As nmch as fills the belly, or satisfies the appetite. In familiar and ludicrous language, a great

I

projierly in the

ing

lady.

BELLES-LETTRES,

bla'.tehelg.

bat.]

to

white.]

A young

Dan.

;

is

\n instrument,

gined influence in exciting war. Encyc. n. bet. [Fr., from L. bellus, It. hel-

BELLE, lo,

bUisbalg

The word

singidar nmnber, Goth halgs, but is used also in the plural. It seems to be the same word as the L. follis, and probably from shooting out, swelling or driving, W.

ima-

its

Sw.

blaasbalg ; See Blaze.

glittering-

named from

;

Johnson. cheer. [ATot

BELLYFUL, i

;

;

star of the second magnitude, in the left

shoulder of Orion

;

Good

BELLY-FRETTING, 2.

[Sax. bilig or

an
.mg.

n.

used.]

Herbert. n.

;

the Uvularia.

BEL'LATRLX,

BEL'LY-CHEER, I

loud hollow sound or

bellows and bilig, bylg, a blown Goth, balgs, bylg, bylbladder, a bottle L. hxdga ; Ir. builg, ga, a mail or budget Ger. balg, a skin blasebotg, a bellows D. balg, a bellows, that is, a blow-skin hylig,

Muhlenberg. plant, a species of

A

n.

A

n.

roar.

BEL'LOWS,

wether or sheep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck.

BELL'-WORT,

I

I

Botany.

and

I

billows.

BEL'LOWING,

Hav-

shape.}

passes the belly of a horse, and fastens the saddle a girth. Sherwood. BEL'LY-BOUND, a. Diseased in the belly, so as to be costive, and shrunk in thef belly. ;

I

;

;

gardens, and most proper for pickling. Encyc. BELL-RINGER, n. One wlio.se business is to ring a church or otiier bell.

I

to.

iato

a desert phice

Luke

ix.

belonging

to

To be apni-t of, orcoimectcd with,tliough detached in place as, a beam or rafter ;

BEL

meat btlongeth

Stroni;

Heb.

to

them of

1

Cor.

to the Lord,

a hiiral residence, settlement, or

inhabitancy, whether by birlli or operatimi of law, so as to be enlitled to maintonancc by the parish cirtown. IJastards also

.settled

:)re

in the

which the mothers belong.

parishes to

Blackstonc.

Hence,

To be the native of to have original residence. There is no other country in the world to which the Gipeys could belong. Grellman. Prcf 12. 11. In common language, to have a settled residence to be domiciliated. 10

;

;

BELONG'ING, ppr.

I'crtainiiig

;

a|)pertain-

ing being the jimpcrty of; being a quality of; being the concern of; being appendant to being a native of, or having a legal or permanent settlement in. ;

;

BELONG'INU,

A (pialitv.

n.

[Xol in

use.] Shall.

and goose-

tai'

A

white tish.] of the cetaceous order, and genus from 12 to IH feet in length.

fish

Uelphinus,

The

BENCH, bene

Kncyc. ff'arton.

I.

divided into two lobes, lying horizontallj and there is no dorsal fin. In tail is

,

swimming, this fish bends its tail under its body like a lobster, and thrusts itself along with the rapidity of an arrow. This li.sli is found in the arctic seas and rivers, ami is caught liir its oil and its skin. I'l nnant.

age

vii.

To have

and applying

it,

BELT, V. To encircle. BELU'GA, n. [Buss, signifying

V.

To relate to, or be referred to. He careth for things that belong

8.

9.

full

ing mold on grease.

BEN

M

B E

helongs to such a frame, or to such a placp ill the biiilcUn^. 5. To have relation to. And David said, to wliom belongest thou ? 1 Sam. XXX. C. To be ihc quuhty or attribute of. To the Lord our Cod bcloiig mercies and forDan. ix. giveness. 7. To be suitabh; for.

n.

I'r.

;

Corn, btnk ; See Bank.]

[Ir. bin.se

banc.

A

SaX.

;

long seat, usually of boiinl or plank, differing tiom a stool in its greater length. 2. The scat where the judges sit in court .seat of justice, ilence, .3. The persons who sit as judges; the court. Shak. Dryden. Free bench, in England, the estate in copyhold lands, which the wife, being esjioused a virgin, has for her dower, after the deccaM- (d" her hu.-^band. This is \arious 1.

;

in dHhrent manors, according to their resiiective customs. King's Bench, in England, a court in which the sat in per.son, and which gooseking formerly foot or wiltl orach, called scoparia or anThe court accompanied his householil. nual mock cyjiress. It is of a bcautiliil consists of the Lord Chief Justice, and three other justices, who have jurisdiction pyramidical Ibrm, and much esteemed in as a and for other uses. over all matters of a criminal or China, salad, jiublic nature. It has a crown side and a Encyc. jilea side ;. In Ilnliun architecture, a pavilion on tlie the fiirmer determining criminal, the latan artificial eminence Blaekstont. ter, civil causes. top of an edifice in a garden. t. i!. To (tirnish with benches. Encyc. BENCH, BELYE. [Sec Belie.] Drydeti. Shak. BE'MA, n. [Gr. liifta.] A chancel. [Alsf 2. To seat on a bench. in use.] Beaumont. 3. V. i. To sit on a seat of justice. Shak. In ancient Greece, a stage or kind of pul- BENCH'ER, n. In England, the benchers on which stood when adin the inns of court, are ihi' senior mempit, speakers bers of the society who ha\c the govern.Milford. dressing an assembly. BEMAD', iJ. <. [beumimad.] To make 'mad. ment of it. They have been readers, and ahak. [.Vot in use.] being admitted to plead within the bar, arc BEMAN'GLE, v. t. [be and mangle.] To called inner barristers. They annuallv elect a treasurer. mangle to tear asunder. [Little used.] Encyc. Johnson. Beaumont. The alderman of a corporation. BEBLASK, v. t. [he and mask.] To mask ^Ishmole. to conceal. Shelton. 3. A judge. Shak. BEMA'ZE, V. I. To bewilder. [See Maze.] BEND, V. I. pret. bended or bent ; pp. bended

BEL'VIUERE,

n.

[L. teWus, fine,

and

rirfco,

to see.]

A plant, a species of chenopodium,

1.

;

;

BELOVED,

ppr. [he and loved, from love. Belove, as a verb, is not used.] Loved ; greatly loved ; dear to the heart.

Paul.

KEhOW, prep,

[tf

and

licncath ; not so high below the knee. 2. Iiderior in

?oiP.]

Under

in place;

as, below the

;

BEMIN'GLE,

Unworthy

of; unbefitting. Drydcn. adv. In a lower place, with respect to any object as, the heavens above and the earth below, "2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. The fairest child of Jove below. Prior. 3. In hell, or the region of the dead ; as the realms below. Dryden. 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction ; as, at the trial heloiv. IVhealon. BELOWT', V. t. [See Lowl.] To treat with ;

contemptuous languiige. n.

A

[.Voi in use.]

Dryden.

BELT,

n.

[Sax.

L. balteus.

belt

Qu.

;

Ir.

Sw. IMt bull,

a

;

Dan. bwUe welt.

;

Class

Bl.] 1.

2.

A

girtUe; a band, usually of leather, in

which a sword or other weapon is hung. A narrow passage, or strait between the isle of Zc.d.ind and that of Fuiien at the

entrance of the I'allic, usually called tin Great Belt. The Lesser Belt is the jnissage isle of Eunen, and llie coast of Jutland. 3. A bandage or band used by surgeons for various purposes. 4. Ill astronomy, certain girdles or rings, which surround the jilanet .Uipiter, are

between the

5.

called belts. disease among sheep, cured by cutting off the tail, laying the sore bare, then cast-

A

To meas-

mete.]

mingle

[be

to mix.

;

and mingle.] used

[Little

V.

incumber throiiiili

BEMIST',

To

[be aiid mist.]

involve in mist.

BEMOAN,

;

That may

Felton.l

;

The |)rimary sense is, to jutting out. Bend and bind are radstretch or strain. ically the same word.] be lamented. 1. To strain, or to crook by straining ; as, to benda bow.

To

laugh

t.

[he

and

To

at.

3.

Fr. mouiller. 5.

to soil or [J^Tot

in

incum-

tise.]

t.

make monstrous. V.

Bacon: and monster.] To

a half note. [be

or

a.

with musing

;

and mttse.] dreaming a [be

;

or

BEN'-NUT,

nut, the

over.

Overcome wetrd of con- 8.

Johnson.

tempt.

BEN

mourn

7.

[Little lined.]

BEMUSED,

6.

Shak.

[JVot in u.w..]

To weep

t.

largest of

bert, yielding

an

oil

n.

ui

to

;

curve;

bend the arm. ;

Pope. or a

Encyc.

To inchiie ; to be determined ; that is, to stretch towards, or cause to tend ; as, to be bent on mischief. It expresses disposition or purjiose. To subdue to cause to yield to make submissive: as, to bend a man to our will. In seaman.'ihip, to fasten, as one rope to to fasten, as a another or to an anchor to fa.sten, as a cohle .sail to its yard or stay .Mar. Diet. to the ring of an anchor. To bend the hrow, is to knit the brow to Camden. sco« 1 to frown. ;

;

;

fil-

pharmacy.

;

vii.

;

A purgative fruit

which rcseiuhles used

make crooked

as, to

bend the mind to study. To prejiare or put in order for use to stretch or strain. He hath bent his bow and made it ready. Ps.

Shak.

BEMOL, n. In musJc, BEMON'STER, v.

to

;

;

moil.

;

;

To

direct to a certain point as, to bend treat our steps or course to a jiarticular place. Shak. 4. To exert ; to apply clo.sely ; to exercise or stretch to intend ; as, to laboriously

to wet.]

bedraggle to beinire her with mire and dirt.

To crook to inflect

bewaihng.

[he and mock.] [Little !(.sfrf.]

t.

!.

2.

laments.

ppr. Lameiitiiiir;

V.

BEMOURN,

;

bendare, to crown ; i>\i. pandeetr, to bind or be inclined, to bulge out, to belly pundo^ pandeo, a bulge or protuberance

Sherwood.

One who

with mock^MV.

To

;

;

or!

Lamented; bewailed.

/y;?.

V.

;

;

Jeremiah.

.son.

.N'ot jt.vfrf.]

BEMOANED, BEMOANER, BEMOANING, J).

;

;|

BEMOANABLE, a.

BEMOCK,

Vr. bander,

;

',

[.Yot used.]

bemoan the loss of a

BEMOCK',

cover

bend

;

;

To lament [6e and morni.] to express sorrow for; as, to

r.<.

to bev.ail

BEMOIL',

To;

]

;

V. t.

to

6eiirf«»i,

;

f.

ill

[Sax.

Ger. binden, to wind, bind or tie D. binden, the same Sw. Dan. binder, to bind L. banda, to bind pando, paudare, to bend in; pando, pandere, to open pandas, bent, crooked It. banda, sidewise benda, a fillet or band

To drag or [be and mire.] to soil by passing the mire mud or dirtv places. Swijt.i

BEMI'RE,

beyit.

to bend, bind or tie

Shnk.

v. t.

?i.

Camden. lewd man.

and

[he

[AJot in use.]

ure.

or

Coivper.

V. t.

;

BELOW,

BEL'SWAGGER,

[Little used.]

moon HEME'TE,

rank, excellence or dignity. Felton.

;5.

:

9.

;

BEN

BEN JSEND,

I'.

('.

To

be crooked; to eiook, or be

c-iirviiig. 'i.

.'3.

4.

To

incline ; to lean or turn bends to the west.

To jilt over as a hending To resolve, or determine.

supeiior region

a road

in earfii beneath.

BEN'EDleT,

cliff.

;

[Sec Bent

on.]

Dri/den.

To bow or be submissive. Is. l.t. BEND, 71. A curve a crook a turn

5.

;

in a

;

road or river flexure incurvation. In marine language, that part of a rope which is lastened to another or to an anchor. [See To bend. No. 8.] •3. Bends of a ship, are the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more gener ally called wales. They are reckoned from ;

;

2.

4.

the water,_^re?, second or third bend. Thej' have the beams, knees, and foot hooktbolted to them, and are the chief strength of the ship's sides. Eneyc. Mar. Did. In heraldry, one of the nine lionorable ordinaries, containing a third part of the when field, charged, and a fifth, wjien It

plain.

made by two

is

lines

:

;

subdued.

The person who also,

[L. benedictus.]

well,

Boon and

>!.

and

[L. benedictio,

dictio,

speaking.

Diction.]

The act of blessing; a God or rendering thanks

sition

bend.s, or for

an instrument

;

beneficence being benignity or kindness exerted in action. Johnson. adv. In a beneficent ;

BENEFICENTLY, manner.

BENEFI"CIAL,

a.

Advantageous ;

;

;

;

giving praise to profitably helpfully. for his favors BENEFI"CIALNESS,n. Usefulness; profitableness. Hale. blessing pronounced hence grace before and after meals. BENEFI'CIARY, a. [L. heneficiarius. See Blessing, prayer, or kind wishes, uttered Benefaction.] in favor of any person or thing a solemn Holding some office or valuable possession, or affectionate invocation of happiness in subordination to another having a de;

:

;

'2.

;

;

3.

thanks; expression of gratitude. The advantage conferred by blessing.

Bacon 1.

pendent and secondary possession.

BENEFI'CIARY,

A

abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop.

;

Ayliffe. 5.

The

ceremony ]ierformed by a priest in the office of matrimony is called the nuptial benediction. Encyc

G.

being accountable to any person. The word was used, in the middle ages, for a

exteniiil

In the

RoHa'.f/i

;

feudatory, or vassal. Encyc. One who receives any thing as a gift, or maintained by charity. Blackstone. BENEFI'CIENCY, n. Kindness or favor

2.

is

bestowed.

;

;

Brown.

BENEFI CIENT,

a.

Doing good.

Mam Smith.

;

)7.

into four, six or

and varying

in

Diet.

divided

field

more

metal

parts, diagonally, and color.

Encyc. Ash. Tiie popular name of the sesamiim orientale, called in the West Indies vangloe, an African ))lant. Mease. BENE'.-^PED, a. [be and neap.] Among seamen, a ship is heneapcd, wlien the water does not flow high enough to float her from a dock or over a bar. Encyc. BENE'ATII,;H-e;j. [Sax. beneath, bcneothan, benythan ; of be and neothan, below, under. See J^/ether.] (. Under lower in place, with something

BENE,

n. hcn'y.

ble donation.

BENEFACTOR,

He who

n.

Atterbiiry

confers a

n. [Primarily from L. beneficium, or benefaetum ; but perhaps directly fioin the Fr. bienfait, by corruption.] An act of kindness a favor conferred. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all

BEN'EFIT,

conferred, especially

Bailei/.

Bacon. holds a

One who

n.

benefice. beneficiary is not the proprietor of the revenues of liis church but he has the administration of them, without

The form of instituting an

ceremony by which a thing

BEND'-WITH, n. A plant. In heraldry, th»^ BEND'Y,

confer-

;

ring benefits useful profitable helpful ; followed contributing to a valuable end by to ; as, industry is beneficial to the body, as well as to the property. 2. Receiving or entitled to have or receive from advantage, use or benefit ; as the beneficial See owner of an estate. Kent. BENEFI'CIALLY, adv. Advantageously;

Church, an ecclesiastical is rendered BEND'ING, ppr. Incurvating forming into sacred or venerable. Encyc. a curve stooping; subduing; turning as BENEFACTION, »i. [L. benefacio, of bene. a road or river leaning apwell, and facio, to make or do.] as the mind fastening. plying doselv, 1. The act of conferring a benefit. BEND'LET, n. In heraldry, a little bend, More generally, which occupies a sixth part of a shield. a charita'2. A benefit ;

bending other things.

active good-

;

a.

Doing good performing acts of kindness and charity. It tliffers from benign, as the act from the dispo-

Having

black friars. bene,

practice of doing good ness, kindness, or charity.

BENEF'ICENT,

BENEDI€'TION, 1.

The

:

;

n.

a.

B E N

heaven, or to any heaven above, or

;

A

makes crooked

;

to as, in

mild and salubrious qualities. [JVot in Bacon. wsc] BENEDI€'TINE, a. Pertaining to the order or monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet. BENEDI€'TINES, j!. Aji order of monks who profess to follow the rules of St. Benan order of great celebrity. They edict wear a loose black gown, with large wide sleeves, and a cowl on the head, ending in a point. In the canon law, they are called

drawn

across from the de.\ter chief, to the sinis ter base point. It sometimes is indented Johnson. ingrailed, &c. Encyc. band. [JVot in use.] Spe7iser. BEND, )i. BEND'ABLR, a. Tliat may be bent or incurvated. Sherwood. inciirvated Strained BEND'ED, ? ^^' made crooked uiclined BENT, S

BEND'ER,

Below, as opposed

Sandi/s. as,

;

'2.

1.

;

benefit, especially one who makes charihis benefits. Ps. ciii. table contributions either for public insti2. Advantage ; jirofit ; a word of extensive tutions or for ])rivato use. use, and expressing whatever contributes n. female who conto promote prosperity and personal happifers a benefit. Delany. ness, or add value to property. BEN'EFICE, n. [L. benejicium ; Fr. beneMen have no right to what is not for their

A

BENEFACTRESS,

See Benefaction.] fice. Burke. benefit. 1. Literally, a benefit, advantage or kind- 3. In la^v, benefit of cleisy. [See Clergy.] But in present usage, an ecclesiast- BEN'EFIT, V. I. To do good to to advanness. ical living a church endowed with a revein or to advance health, prosperity ; tage nue, fur tiie maintenance of divine service, as, exerapplied either to persons or things or tlie revenue itself. All church jirefertrade benefits a nation. cise benefits health ments are called benefices, ^xcept bish- BENEFIT, V. i. To gain advantage to But oprics, which are called dignities. make im()i'ovement as, he has benefited by ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to that is, he has been benegood advice directly over or on, as to place a cushbishoprics, deaneries, arcli-deacoiiries, and fited. ion beneath one; often with the sense of prebendaries and benefice, to parsonages, BENEFITED, />;>. Profited; having receipressure or oppression, as to sink beneath a vicarages, and donatives. Encyc. veil benefit. ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

burden, in a

'i.

literal sense.

laider, in a figurative sense ; bearingheavy impositions, as taxes, or oppressive gov-

ernment. Our coiintiy

sinks beneath the yoke.

Shak. Lower in rank, dignity or excellence ; as, brutes are beneath man man is beneath angels, in the scale of beings. 4. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to as, he will do nothing beneath his station or character. BENE'ATH, adv. In a lower place as, the earth from beneath will be barren. Mortimer.

3.

2.

Ill the middle ages, benefice was uscfl for a fee, or an estate in lands, granted at first for life only, and liekl e,r mero bemficio of the lienor. The estate afterwards becoi ing hereditary, took the appellation offend, and benefice became ajipropriated to churcl

BENEFITING, ppr. ing

;

name. 2.

Doing good

to

;

profit-

gainhig advantage.

To [Sax. he and naman.] Spenser. [JVot in use.]

BENE'ME,

V.

To promise

t.

;

to give.

[JVot in use.]

;

;

;

BEN'EFICED,

Spenser.

Encyc.

livings. a.

Possessed of a benefice

or church ])referinent.

BEN'EFICELESS,

a.

BENEFICENCE,

v.

t.

To name.

Having no benefice Sheldon. [L. bcneficentia,

the participle of te7if/urio.]

from

[JVot in use.']

Spensei".

-lyliffc

[JVot used.] n.

BENEMP'NE,

BENEPLAC'ITURE, bene, well,

and

n.

;)/HfiVi(Hi,

[L. bcncplacitum, from plaeeo, to

|ilease.]

Will

;

choice.

[J\ot in use.]

Glanvilk.

BEN

BEN To

net

/.

I'.

and

[be

net.]

catch in a Shak.

to (Misnaio.

BP>N'JAMIN, htish.

their happiness. benevolence of God is one of his that attribute which de; lights in the happiness of intelligent beings. " God is love." 1 Jolm iv. 2. An act of kindness ; good done charity

promote

The

;

given.

Blackstone. a. [L. benevolcns, of bene

and volo.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing love to mankind, and a desire to [iromote and happiness

their pros|)eritv

BENEVOLENTLY, ner with good will. A thin stuff made BENGAL',

Geum.

BEN'NET FISH,

women's apparel,

BENGALEE', in

Johnson. language or dialect

The

n.

n. sing,

II. t.

darkness

.4s.

Res.

2.

;

4.

to

BENT, BENT'-GRASS,

as a benighted

;

as

gracious

;

;

Our

Creator, bounteous and benign.

Generous

hberal

;

tor.

Favorable; having a salutary influence as the benign aspect of the seasons. The benign light of revelation. H'ashington. not pernicious as a benign 4. Wholesome Arbuthnot. medicine.

3.

;

;

;

5.

Favorable

;

not malignant

;

as a benign

disease.

BENIG'NANT,

a.

Kind; gracious;

n.

Goodness of

favor-

able.

BENIG'NITY, or heart

kindness of nature

;

disposition

1.

Actual goodness

3. Salubrity

;

which tends

gracious-

BENI'GNLY, kindly

;

beneficence.

;

wholesome quahty to

promote health.

adv.

beni'nely.

graciously. n. s as z.

BEN'ISON,

;

or that

Wiseman.

Favorably

[Fr. henir, to bless

from the root otbtne, henissant, blessing See JSoon.] bonus, boon. Blessing ; benediction. [Nearly antiquaJohison ted.] ;

[Sax. corruptly bcniman, benyman, ]){>. 6e»Mnifn, to seize, of 6e and niman, Sax. and Goth., to take or This root is retained in withernam. It is to be observed, that b after m, in numb, thumb, dumb, &c., is an arbitrary addition of modern writers.] To make torpid; to depiive of sensation as, a hand or foot benummed by cold. To stupify to render inactive as, to be;

num

tion

;

BEN'ZOATE,

n.

A

salt

formed by the union of the benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

BENZOIC,

Pertaining to benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of Benzoin, is a )(ecuUar vegetable acid, obtained from Benzoin and other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is a fiiie light white matter in snuill needles its taste pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic.

BENZOIN',

a.

)

Gum

Golds7nith.

;

testify

Eng.

;

some

;

as. to

;

UKtillEATIIED, pp. Given o"r HKUUE' ATIIING, ppr. Giving

HEQUE'ATHMENT, queathing

left

by

will.

or devising

V.

BERATE, hemently

The

act

left

Something

To

I.

V. t.

by

be-

«»f

will;

a

rain upon. [Xol in use.]

and

[be

To

rate.]

Chaucer. chide ve-

to scold.

;

BERAT'TLE,

v.

t.

[be

and

rattle.]

To

with rattling sounds or noise.

BERA'Y,

!'.

i.

To make

foul

fill

Shak.

to soil.

;

in use.]

[.Yot

Milton.

BERBERRY,

/(.

[L. berheris.]

[See Bar-

berry.] n. [Sax. ier, barley.] The name of a species of barley In Scotland. Gray. BERir.WE, V. t. pret. bereaved, bereft \)]>. bereaved, bereft. [Sa.x. hereof an, of be and renfnn, to deprive. See Rob an
BERE,

:

with

before the thing taken away. have ye bereaved of my children. Gen.

o/'

Mo xlii.

It is

sometimes used without of, and is apphed to express the loss of

I)articularly

friends by death. 2.

To

away

take

BERE'AVED,

from.

Shak.

pp. Deprived; stripped

and

left destitute.

BERE AVEMENT,

n.

Deprivation, particularly by the loss of a triend by death. BERE'.WING, ppr. Stripping bare; de]niving.

BERFjFT',

;)/).

oi'bereave.

Deprived ; made

destitute. n. The opinions or doctrines of Berengarius. archdeacon of St. Mary at .\njou, and of his followers, who deny the reality of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. Encyc.

BERENGA'RIANISM,

;

BEN'J.\MIN, y''

solid and brittle, sometimes in yellowish white tears joined together by a brown! substance, and sometimes of a uniform! brown substance lilie resin. It has little'

n.

legacy.

BER.\'IN,

Thomson. benjamin a con-

crete resinous juice flowing from the Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, &c. It is properly a balsam, as it It flows from incisyields benzoic acid. ions made in the stem or branches. It is

n.

a bequest.

;

BIXIUEST',

Depriving of sensa-

[See Benzoin.]

To praise

jn-aise.]

;

stupified.

;

and

[he

to devise give or leave by will species of property by testament lieqvcnth an estate or a legacy.

;

ppr. stupifying.

[be

t.

quuth.]

;

prived of sensation

t.

V.

testament n/Man, to

ion, will,

Dryden depp. Rendered torpid

BENL'M'MING,

V.

To

the senses.

BENUM'MED,

cover with pow-

and purple.] To tinge or dye with a ])urple color. BEQIJE'ATM, v. t. [Sax. becwmthan ; bv and civethan, to say cu-ixl, a saying, opin-

t.

;

;

ness. 2.

v.

.seize.

2.

Milton. as a benign benefac-

;

BENUMB',

pinches.

Chapman. and powder.] To

[be

greatly or extravagantly.

BEPUR'PLE,

Encyc

BENUM',

favorable.

'2.

A kind of grass, called "'i" botany, Agrostis, of

n. The time when ])i geons feed on bents, betbre peas are ripe. Johnson. Dryden.

;

dis])osition

S

BENT'ING-TIME,

benighted nations, or heathen. pp. Involved in darkness, physical or moral overtaken by the night. BENI'GN, a. beni'nc. [L. benignus, tVom the ns same root, bonus, bene, ancient L. bentis, ;

i

several species.

/.

!'.

der.

;

Garth

debar from intellectual Ught

Eng. boon.] Kind of a kind

;

Locke.

involve in moral darkness, or igno;

;

;

Markedwith

\

by testament.

a ttHrftng' ofthe 171. 5. Application of the mind mind in study or investigation. Locke. involve

clouds benight the sky.

overtake with night

degrees of strength. Flexion tendency particular direction as the bents and tiu-ns of a subject.

and pinch.] To mark

[be

PP-

to sprinkle or

;

BEPRA'ISE,

nite

BENI'GIITED,

1.

jjowder

;

traveler.

To

;

native

night.

To

Inclination disposition ; a leaning or hi as of mind ; propensity ; as the bent of th( mind or will the bent of a people toward an object. This may be natural or artificial, occasional or habitual, with indefi

vii.

and night.] To shroud with the shades of

[be

to

;

A

and plu.

orthe natives of Bengal.

BENI'GHT,

rance

BKPliVCHT, BEPO\V DER,

;

Dryden,

man-

so called from

Bengal.

BENGALE'SE,

3.

Hist. inflected

pp. of bend. Inciu-vated ; inclined prone to or having a fixed propensity ; determined. Bent on, having a fixed inclination ; resolved or determined on. BENT, n. The state of being curvin, crooked, or inclined from a straight line ; flexure ; ctirvity. 2. Declivity ; as tlie tfHf of a hill. [Umisual.]

in the E. Indies.

spoken

smell, especially

Fam. of Plants. BEPINCH', V. t. with |>inches. of two feet in BEPIIVCH ED, I

BENT,

Bailey.

The

fish

Did. of .Vat.

of silk and

?!.

in

A

n.

length, caught in the African seas, having scales of a deep purple, streaked with gol(l.

;

Bengal

its

grows

It

kind.

;

In a kind

adu.

hair, for

but

taste,

;

A species of contribution or tax illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England.

BENEVOLENT,

2.

Laurus Ben-

;

moral attributes

3.

R

B E

tree, the

;

;

;

n.

zoin, a native

[J^ot used.] of n. [L. bemvolentia, See volo, to will or wish.

;

BENEVOLENCE, 1.

A

when rubbed or luxated, is extremely fragrant and of America, called aUospiceto the height of 15 or 20 agreeable. It is chiefly used in cosmetics and perfumes. feet, with a very branchy head. bene, well, and Encyc. Thomson. 3. A gum or resin, or rather a balsam. I fill.] [See BEI'A'INT, V. i. [be and paint.] To paint; to cover with paint. Shak. Tlie disposition to do good Benzoin.] Encyc. good will [TAttle used.] the love ot BEN'NET, n. The herb bennet, or aven.s, BEI'A'LE, v.l. [be and pale.] To make kindness charitableness known in botany by the generic term pale. [.Vo< in use.] Carew. mankind, accompanied with a desire to

BENET',

BERG,

A

«.

[Sax. beorg, beorh, a

hill,

a castle.]

borough a town that sends burgesses to ParUament a castle. [See Burg.] Obs. ;

;

Ash.

BERG'AMOT,

n.

[Fr. bergamote; Sp. ber-

gamota.] 1.

A

species of pexir.

B E R a.

tJ.

4.

A

species of citron, at

B E S

first

casually prografted a citron

duced by an Italian, who on the stock of a berganiot pear tree The fruit lias a fine taste and smell, ami its essential oil is in high esteem as a per vane. This oil is extracted from the yellow rind of the fruit. Hence, An essence or perfume from the citron thus produced. A species of snuff perfumed with berganiot.

5.

A

manufactured with

coarse tapestrj',

flocks of wool, silk, cotton, hemp and ox or goat's hair, said to have been invented at

Bergamo

in Italy.

Ena/c.

n. [berg, a cliff, and Dmi. and, G. enic, Sax. ened, a duck.] burrow duck; a duck that breeds in holes

BERG'ANDER, A

under

Thomson.

clitf-i.

BER'GERET, n. [Fr. A song. [jYot used.] BERG'lMANITE,

A

a.

a shepherd.] Chaueer. Bergman, the

bFrger,

[from

mineralogist.] mineral classed with seapolite, in the fam-

It occurs massive, witli ily of felspath. gray and red quartz in Norway. Its colors are greenish and grayish white. Ci/c. BERG'MASTER, n. [Sax. beorg, a hill or

castle,

The

and

master.] chief officer

V.

t.

rhipne.]

To men-

S

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

[See Bright.] BERTH, n. [from the root of bear.] 1. A station in which a .ship rides at anchor

BES€RIB BLE,

v.

t.

BESCUM'BER,

v.

t.

any situation or jdace, where a vessel lies or can lie, whether at anchor or at a wharf room or apartment in a ship, where a number of officers or men iness and re-

•2.

A

To

scribble over.

Milton.

comjirehendiug the space in which .she ranges. In more familiar usage, the word

among

and

[he

B E

fruit,

;

shire miners.

BERIIY'ME,

succulent or pulpy

signifies

the DerbyJohnson. BERG'MOTE, n. [Sax. beorg, a hill, and a mote, meeting.] A court held on a hill in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between the miners. Blount. Johnson. bailiff or

A

containing na- If the abatement happened on the death of one's gi-andfather or grandmother, a ked seeds. Or in more technical language writ of ayle lietli a succulent pulpy pericarp, or seed vessel, if on the death of the without valves, coutaining several seeds, great grandfather, then a writ of hesayle ; which are naked, that is, which have no bin if it mounts one degree higher, to the covering but the pulp and rind. It is comtresayle, or grandlather's grandfather, &c, the writ is called a writ of cosinage, or moidy round or oval. This botanical def dc consanguineo. inition includes the orange and other hke Blackstone. fruits. But in popular language, berry ex- BES€AT'TER, v. t. [be and scatter.] To scatter over. tends only to tlie smaller fruits, as straw [J^ol used.] Spenser. seeds or V. t. and &c., BESeORN', berry, gooseberry, containing [be scorn.] To treat with scorn to mock at. [JVot used.] gramdes. W. Browne. 2. A mound, Chaucer. [for brtrrow.] BER'RY, V. i. To bear or produce berries. BES€RATCH', v. I. [be and scratch.] To BER'RY-BEARING, o. Producing berries. scratch to tear with the nails. [.Vo< in BERT. Sax. beorht, berht ; Eng. bright. use.] Chaucer. This word enters into the name of many BES€RAWL', v. I. [be and scrawl.] To Saxon princes and noblemen as Egbert scrawl to scribble over. Milton. The Bertha of the northern na- BI^SCREE'N, 1!. t. [be and screen.] To covSigbert. tions was by the Greeks called Eiidoria, er witli a screen to shelter to conceal. Of the same .sort an equivalent word. Shak. were Pha:drus, Epiphanius, Photius, BESCREE'NED, pp. Covered sheltered ; concealed. Lampridins, Fulgenlius, Illustris. Camden. 1.

encumber.

BESEE',

i.

I',

mind.

To [from cumber.] nor used.] B. Jonson. and see.] To lo( k ; to

[jVul legitimate

[JS'ot

[be

in use.]

tf'ickliffe.

BESEECH, v.t. pret. and pp. besought. [Sax. be

and secan,

verzoeken

D.

to seek, enquire, follow Ger ersuchen ; from seek,

;

;

se-

quor, to ftdlow, with be, b}', near, about ; that is, to follow close, to press. See Seek 3. The box or place for sleeping at the sides and Essay. The Saxon has gesecan.] of a cabin tlie place for a hammoc, or a for &c. To entreat to supplicate ; to implore : to chests, repository side.

;

;

To

ask or pray with urgency followed by a " I Paul beseech ; as, you by the BER'LIN, n. A BER'TRAM, n. [L. pyrcthrum, said to be meekness of Christ," 2 Cor. x. or by a I beseech your patience. ; as, sujjposed to have this name from Berlin, from its acrid thing from rti'p, fire, quality.] n. Cine who the chief city of Prussia, where it was first Bastard beseeches. BESEE'CHER, pellitory, a |)lant. maile, or from the Italian bcrlina, a sort BER'YL, >!. [I., beryllus Gr. firpvrKoi; Ch BESEECHING, ppr. Entreating. of stage or |)illory, and a coach. 1!. t. To beseech. Encyc. [JVot used.] Syr. Eth. a gem, beryl, and in Syr. crystal, BESEE'K, Chaucer. BERLUC'CIO, n. A small bird, somewhat and a pearl ; the latter word being a dif like the "yellow hannner, but less and more V. t. [be and seem.] To become ferent orthography of beryl probably BESEE'M, sle-.der. Dirt, of .Vat. Hist. to be fit for, or worthy of to be decent from the root of the Fr. briller, to shine, for. BER'-IE, n. In fortification, a space of Eng. brilliant, Eth. D C U bareah, to shine Wliat form of speech or behavior beseenieth ground of three, four or five feet in width, Hooker. ; l)etween the rampart and the moat or A mineral, considered by Cleaveland as a us, in our prayers to God ? 1 Its to of the of Emerald. receive the ruins BESEE'MING, ppr. or a. Becoming; fit; foss, designed preva'din; subspecies worthy of. color is green of various shades, hut al rampart, and prevent the earth i'roni fdling Barret. the loss. Sometimes, it is palisaded, and ways pale. Its crystals are usually longer BESEE'MING, n. Comeliness. suitable. ami larger than tliose of the iirecious em- BESEE'MLY, a. Becoming fit in Holland, it is generally planted with tion in

rhyme or verse

used in contempt. Shak. vehicle of the chariot kind, ;

lot to

berth, in

each

seamen's language,

man

a place for his

is

to al

;

hammoc.

person

;

;

;

,-

;

;

quick-set hedge.

BER'NA€LE. [See Barnacle.] BER'NARDINE, a. Pertaining nard, and the

monks of the

Encyc.

n.

to

St.

Ber-

order.

An

;

color.

BEROB',

v.t.

[be

and

rob.]

To

Enct/c. rob. [.Vol in Sj)enscr.

u.
n. A marine animal of an oval or spherical form, nearly an inch in diameter, and divided into longitudinal ribs, like a

BER'OE,

and

its

structure

of grapes

;

herga, a grape stone, a berry.]

distinctly fo-

BESEE'N,

It is

;

cy.

Enci/c.

BER'YLLINE,

a.

Like a beryl

or bluish green.

/. BESA'INT, [6e and aint. BEIi'RIED, a. Furnished with bcrri.-s. [.N'ot in M.te.] BER'IIY, n. [Sax. beria. a grape or (duster BESA'YLE, n. [Norm,

Diet, of Mit. Hist.

nielnn.

more

harder than the apatite, with which it has been confounded harder The anfl less heavy than the pycnite. best beryls are found in Brazil, in Siberia and in on the fronand Ceylon, Dauria, tiers of China. They are found in many parts of the United States. SiUiman, Cleaveland. BER'YL-€RYSTAL, n. A species of imperfect crystal, of a very ])ure, clear, and equal texture. It is always of the figure of a long and slender cohnnn, irregularly hexangnlar, and tapering at the top. Its color is a pale brown, of a fine transparenliateil.

order of monks, founded by Robert, abbot of Molemc, and The or
jJER'NARDINS,

erald,

1'.

grandfather.]

A great

s«irt<.]

;

of a light

To make a

a.

us:-d.]

BESET',

V.

t.

Adapted

scttan, to )ilace, of 6c and setlan, to set; See Set.] htzetten : Ger. be seize n. 1.

:

Fr. aieul, a

grandfather.

D.

To surroimd to inclose; to hem in; to besiege as, we are beset with enemies^ a ;

;

is

city 2.

3. 4.

beset

with

To

])ress

To To

fall ujion.

troo|is.

Hence,

on all sides, so as to perplex to entangle, so as to render escape difficult or impossible. .Milton. Ailam sore iescl repHod. ;

Shak.

waylay.

BESETTING, ing

;

Spenser.

Surrounding

ppr.

;

besieg-

wMylaving.

BESET'T'ING, jjressing

;

o.

Habitually attending, or

as a besitling sin.

BESHI'NE, BESHRE^V',

1'. f.

ayle

;

adjusted. [J^'ot Spenser. pret. and pp. beset. [Sax. I>e;

I',

To t.

shine npon.

[be

[J^Tof u.ied.]

^nd shrew.] To wish Dryden.

a curse to; to execrate.

B E

B E S To happen BESHUT', V.

BESME'ARING,

B E

S

S

gage against a future time

as, to bespeak a seat in a public coach. BE.SMIRCTl' V. t. [be shut up. [Ab( vstd.] Shak. to foul to discolor. [Little xised.] Chaucer. Shak. My lady is bespoke. foul To To forebode to foretell. BESI'DE, prep, [be and side, by the. side.] BESMO'KE, ti. t. [be and smoke.] with smoke to harden or di-y in smoke. 1. At the side of a person or thing; near; started and fears, They bespoke dangers, to [Little used.] as, sit down beside me, or beside the stream. scare the allies. Swift. distinct from. BESMO'KED, pp. Fouled or soiled with 2. Over and above To speak to to address. This sense is is smoke dried in there smoke. Be.iide all this, between u.s and you, a prcat p;ulf fixed. Luke xvi. BESMUT', V. I. [be and smut.] To blacken mostly poetical. He thus the queen bespoke. out of the regular course or 3. On one side with smut to foul with snot. Dryden. order not according to, liut not contrary. BESMUT'TEU, pp. Blackened with smut 4. To betoken to show to indicate by exIt is beside my present business to enlarge ternal marks or appearances; as, bis manor soot. Locke. this ners upon .(peculation. BESNOW, V. t. [be and snoio. Sax. besniwed, bcfpeak him a gentleman. 4. Out of; in a state deviating from as, to To scatter like snow. [Little BEf^PE AKER, n. One who besjieaks. participle.] put one beside his patience. Hence, Gower. BESI'E'AKING, /)/n-. Si)eaking liir or orused.] 5. VVitli the reciprocal pronoun, beside one's and belbrehand loreboding addressa. or pp. snow. BESNOWED, dering [be wits or senses out of the setf'iti outof the Covered or sprinkled with snow, or with ing showing indicating. order of reason, or of rational beings. n. A previous white blossoms. BESPEAKING, Hanbury. speaking Paul, thou art be.iide thyself. Acts xxvi. or discourse, by Way of apology, or to enBESNUFF', v.t. To befoul with siniff. BESrUElS, prep. Over and above ; sepa BESNUFF'ED, pp. Foul with snufl". gage favor. Dryden. rate or distinct from. i'. t. and [be Young. BKSPECK'LE, speckle.] To Anil there was a famine in the laud, besides Milton. BE'SOM, n. s as z. [Sax. beam, a brush or mark with speckles or sjxits. the first famine. Gen. xxvi. 2. 3. Ger BESPI'CE, V. t. [be and spice.] To season broom Orosius, besman, twigs. the Note. Tliis word, though radically with spices. Tiie Shak. besen ; D. bezem; Arm. bezo, birch. same as beside, and a corruption of it, ought To or over was a little bundle of twigs used BESPIRT', to besom spurt out, I not to be confounded with it, for it is nevthrow out in a stream or for sweeping.] BESPIJRT', ^ er used in tlie senses explained under bestreams. [.Vo< used.] A broom; a brush of twigs for sweeping. Milton. second. in tlie side, except BESPIT', V. t. jiret. bespit ; pp. bespit, bespitI will sweep it with the desom of destruction more than BESI'DE, ) ""''• Moreover ten. [be and Sjtit.] To daub or soil with Is. xiv. saith the Lord of Ho.sts. that over and above BESI'DES, I Johnson. spittle. distinct from not included in the number, BE'SOM, V. t. To sweep, as with a besom. and pp. of bespeak. or in what has been mentioned. Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the BESPO'KE, pret. Barlow BESPOT', V. t. [be and spot.] To mark w itli Besides, you know not what is the fate of plain. .Mortimer. spots. your friend. BESORT', V. I. [be and soH.] To suit t( BESPOT'TED, 'ITie men said to Lot, hast thou here any bepp. Marked with spots. Shak. fit to become. Gcu. xix. sitles ? BESPOT'TING, Marking with spots. BESORT', n. Company attendance train. BESPRE.\D', f. ppr. t. To all beside, as much an empty shade, hrspred'. pret. and pp. Shak. Obs. An Eugene living, as a Cesar dead. Pope bespread, [be and spread.] To spread over These sentences may be considered as BESOT', v.t. [be and sol.] To make sottish to cover over to as, bespread with flowers. to make dull or to infatuate to stupify 9.

ill

to.

I.

To

[JVot in use.]

Slinlc.

Bedaubing; soihng. anA smirch.] To soil:

;)/>r.

;

;

;

;

;

."3.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

elliptical.

BESID'ERY,

A

n.

Milton.

senseless.

species of pear. Johnson.

2.

To make

Shak. pp. Made sottish or stupid. infatuated with foolish affec-

I.

and

BESOT TEDLY,

'i.

by famine or by violent attacks siege a castle or city. To beset to throng round.

;

folly

BESIE'6ED, ;);). Surrounded hostile troops.

BESIE'tiING, ppr. Laying ing with armed forces.

BESIE GiNG, manner come.

;

V.

[be

and

To

sit]

[.Yot used.] V.

t.

;

to

«.<.

BESPAN'GLED, gles or

[be

and

[be

of beseech. Enby entreatv. and spangle.] "To

pp.

Adinned with span-

BESPAT'TER,

v.

t.

[be

m\A

spatter.]

2.

soiled

;

;

i

;

soiled.

BESME'ARER,

n.

One that besmears.

1.

bespoken, [be and speak.] To speak for beforehaad

;

to order or en-

;

;

;

;

attributes, is often

;

used without

its

noun,

when

the noun is obvious; as, men are all sinners the best of them fail in the per;

2.

formance of duty. Most advanced most accurate ;

;

as the

best scholar.

;

!

most advanced. Hence, Most good having good qualities in the applied indifli'rently to highest degree as, thi! best physical or moral sulijects man the best road the 6e*/ cloth the best abilities. Thi.s, like most, and other ;

by spattering to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. To asperse with calumny or reproach.

BESPAT TERED,

or any thing or nose. [Vul-

;

1.

Siinfl.

slubber, slabber.]

See Bet-

ter.]

Literally,

;

Hull.] to soil.

spittle,

running from the mouth

;

connection in origin with good.

To soil

Spattered over ; pp. with dirt and water ; aspersed calumniated. gar.] and BESiME'AR,t).<. [6e smear.] Tobedaub;! BESPAT'TERING, ppr. Spattering with to overspread with any viscous, glutinonsj water soiling with dirt and water asmatter, or with any sotY substance that persing. adheres. Hence, to foul to soil. BESPAWL', V. t. [he and spawl.] To soil or Milton. BESMEARED,/);?. Bedaubed; overspread! make foul with spittle. with Emy thing soft, viscous, or adhesive BESPE'AK, r. t. pret. bespoke; pp. bespoke,

with

G. bass, good, ; profit, aid, assist Eng. bcsscr, better, beste, best ; D. beter, best ; Dan. beste ; Sw. btist. This word has no

something shining.

gles or glittering objects.

B. Jonson. t.

betest, from bet, more, or better; betre also used ; betan, to amend, or restore, correct, heal ; 4o(e, reparation, compensation ; Eng. boot, to boot ; Goth, botyan, to but is

.sought

;

6e-

from

BESPANGLING, /)/». Adorumg with span-

he-

subjugate; to enslave.'

u.?erf.]

BESLUB'BER, v. To soil or smear

t.

bespangled witli stars.

Speyiser.

To daub with slime;

v.

;

To

over.

besaut'. pp.

implored

[be

BESPRINK'LING, ppr. Sprinkling over. BEST, a. superlative. [Sax. bc-it, contracted

;

Bp.

[.Vot used.]

BESLI'ME,

To

suit

arrant Milton.

adorn witii s|iangles to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant; as, tlie heavens

surround-

;

t.

;

BESPAN'GLE,

Sin-rounding in a hostile employed in a siege as a besieg-

BESL.V'VE,

[JVot

treated

is

a.

ing army.

BESIT',

;

;

and spriitkle.] scatter over as, to

t.

pp. Sprinkled over. n. One that sprinkles

BESPRINK'LER,

Infatuating; making

ppr.

BESOUGHT',

siege

Stupidity

BESPRINKLED,

sottish or foolish.

or beset with

lays siege, or

a siege.

in

employed

One who

;i.

n.

infatuation.

;

BESOTTING,

;

BESIE'GER,

Milton.

BESOT'TEDNESS,

as, to be-

Dryden. In a fooUsh man-

adv.

v.

sprinkle over ; to sprinkle with dust.

to dote.

BESOT'TED,

[be and siege ; Fr. siege, Besotted on, assieger, to besiege. See Siege. J tion. 1. To lay siege to ; to beleaguer ; to beset, or surround with armed forces, for the ner. purpose of compelling to surrender, either V.

BESIE'(5_E,

BESPRINK'LE,

3.

Most correct or complete

as the 5e«(

;

view of a landscape, or of a subject. The best. This phrase is elliptical, and

may be

variously interpreted as, the utthe most, the highest perfection as, let a man do his best ; let him do a thing to Me best of his power. At best, in the best manner in the utmost ;

most power the strongest endeavor ;

;

:

;

B E

B E

S

degree or extent, applicable to the case as, lile is at best very short.

To make

improve perlcclion to make the best of a sum of money, or a piece of land. Also, to permit the least possible inconvenience us, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain. ;

The

best

primary

BEST,

best

;

;

With most

profit or success ; as, money fces/eni]iloycd in manidactures this med;

answer

icine will

the ])resent case most particidarly

best in

Most intimately or as, what correct!}'

is

known to himself BEfiT-TEM'l'ERED,

a.

4.

V.

t.

[be

and

best

To mark

stain.]

[be f2.

and

besteii. \net.

t.

To

stead.]

and pp.

ferred V

shall pass

They

BESTOAVER, er

it,

That

distressed

is,

To dispose. BES'TIAL, a.

;

1.

;

One who bestows;

n.

applying

;

own

respecting his grace.

w'ill

is

bestottment of saving Smaltey, Serm. p. 3

confeircd, or given

They strengthened

BESTICK', and

V.

t.

.stick.]

and

"pret.

pp. beslitck.

[be

|

To

stick over, as \v\tU sharp points to mark by infixing points or sjjots here and there. shall

bestuck with slamlerou>

retire,

Millon

darts.

BESTIR',

V.

t.

bestur'. [be

and

stir.]

into brisk or vigorous action

with

To

put

move

to

;

and vigor usually with the repronoun as, rise and bestir your-

life

;

ciprocal

;

selves.

BESTIR RED, action

quickened

:

Roused

;);;.

uito vigorous

in action.

BESTIR'RING,

ppr. Moving briskly ; putting into vigorous action. n. The state of being best.

BEST'NESS, [.Vo(

i(.sf(/.]

BESTORM', to rage.

BESTOW, Stow. 1.

The

To

t'.i.

t.

[be

[be

and

and

stoi-m.]

See

Literally, to set or place.] to confer ; to impart ; ;

with the sense of gratuity, and followed by on or gi\ e

upon. Consocrate yourselves to the Lord, that he a blessing, Ex. xxxii.

may bestow on you

To

I.

bestride.

r.

I.

Distracted

by the is

I.

A '

and

ap.

teem.] ;

;

of pepper,

.species

leaves of

')

To

bring to shed to bestow. Spenser. Shak.

[be

produce

?

the

which are chewed East Indies.

iidiabitants of the

It

a creeping or

chmbing plant like the somewhat resembling those

ivy, the leaves

[See

mad.

;

pret. be.itreived

strewed, bestrown. [be and ter over ; to besprinkle ;

.f/p'ciw.]

;

It is planted by a tree, or by props. In India, betel is taken after meals; during a visit, it is offered to friends when they meet, and when they se))ariite in shoit, nothing is to be done without betel. To correct the bitterness of the leaves, a little areca is wrapped in them with the chinam, a kind of burnt lime made of shells. Enei/e.

supjiorted

[.\~ot

}>]i.

To

be-

scat-

;

to strow.

Milton.

BESTREWED,

pp. of bestrew.

BESTRl'DE,

V. t. jiret. bestrid ; pp. bestrid, bestridden, [be and stride.] To stride over ; to stand or sit with any

thing between the legs, or with the legs extended across as, to bestride the world, to bestride a horse. like a colossus Shak. To step over; as, to bestride a threshold. Shak. Bestriding sometimes incluiles riding, or defending, as Johnson remarks but the ]iarticulflr purposes of the act, which depend on the circmnstances of the case, can

BETHINK',

ppr.

I

pp. of bestick. Pierced in variplaces with sharp points.

BESTIICK',

V. t.

[be

and

.itud.]

To set

with

studs; to adorn with bosses; as, to hestud stars.

BESTUD'DED,

Milton pp. Adorned with studs.

liave

bethought myself

q/*

another

fault.

Shak.

BETHINK',

V.

i.

to consider.

To have

in recollection

;

Spenser. n. [Heb. the house of food

BETHLEHEM, or bread.] 1. A town or village

in .Tndca,

about six

miles south-east of Jerusalem fiimous for its being the place of Christ's nativity.

Extending the legs

over.

and pp. bethought,

;

:

hardly be reduced to definition.

pret.

to recall or bring to recol-

:

lection, reflection, or consideration generally followed by a reciprocal pronoun, with o/' before the subject of thought.

;

BESTlil'DING,

t.

!;.

[he and think.] c;dl to mind

To

;

with

to

BE'TLE,

Shak.

BESTUD',

;

of the citron. a.

used.]

BESTREW',

o\ts

;

V.

[JVot used.]

BIC'TEL,

Straddle.]

BESTRAUGHT',

1.

to

ofieteA-e. [JVot used.]

Chaucer.

BETEE'M,

Thndey. r.

over any thing, so as to include it between them. Young. BESTROWN, pp. of bestreiv. Sprinkled

stow, a jilace.

BEtAUGHT',;)re<.

and munificent bestowment of the

Sovereign Judge.

Obs. Spenser.

forth

their liberal his fanuly. Christ. .Wag. iii. 66-5

Morion. T.. storm:

[jYot used.] V.

free

BESTRAD'DLE,

;

Truth

dona-

;

Formerly, to take or seize.

(ilving; resorting.

hands by

his

bestowmcnts on him and

;

;

;

BETA'KEN, part, of betake. BETA'KING, ppr. Huvmg recourse

tion.

beast.]

;

to vice. 2.

blessings purchased, to his son.

That which

Skak. as a bestial appetite. BESTIAL'ITY, ». The quality of beasts the state or njaimers of man which re seinble those of brutes. 2. Unnaturnl connection with a beast. BES'TIALiZE, v. t. To njake like a beast. BES'TIALLY, adv. Brutally; in a manner l)elow humanity.

dejiositing in

fCdwards on Redemp. .372. If we consider this bestuwment oi' gifts iu tliis view. Chaunceif, U. Sal. \^5. Whatever may be the secret coimsel of his

perplexed.

;

;

;

Having the qualities of a beast brutal below the dignity of reason or humanity carnal

a giv-

;

ment of the

bested,

To

;

ppr. Conferring gratuitous-

out

V. t. pret. betook; pp. betaken, [br take. Sax. betwcan.] lake to to have recourse to to apwith the reciprocal proto resort ply noun as, to betake ourselves to arms, or to action. It generally implies a motion to« ards an object, as to betake ourselves to a shady grove or an application of the mind or faculties, corresponding with such motion, as to betake ourselves to study or

and 1.

;

beasts. '3.

ilgar.

BETA'KE,

;

ji. The act of giving graa conferring. tuitously God the father had committed the bestow-

Spenser

[from

badian, to give

;

disposal.

;

gratuitously conapplied ; deposited for

a disposer.

;

to a beast, or to the class of

Belonging

;

ly laying store.

hardly bestead

3.

conferring

BESTOWMENT,

.Milton.

through

A

11.

out

BESTOWING,

8.

Is.

;

liiid

safc-keei)i]ig.

profit.

How little you bestead. To accommodate.

;

or take a pledge.]

A wager

;

[lAllle used.]

;

I',

;

[Sax. heswiean.] Cower.

;

BESTOWED,;);). Given

with stains to discolor, either the whole Shak. surface of a thing, or in spots.

BESTEAD,

beswik'.

t.

;

BESTOWAL,

Having the most

kind or mild temper.

BESTA'IN,

is

expedient

V.

To allure. [.Wot used.] BET, 11. [Sax. bad, a pledge

;

;

;

SettLng with studs

ppr.

adorning as with bosses.

BESWIKE,

that which is laid, staked or pledged in a contest, to be won, either by force upon an object. the victorious party himself, or by another To lay out, or dispose of; to give in payperson, ui consequence of his victory. At ment for as, to bestow money for.what we a race, a man lays a bet on his own horse, desire. Deut. xiv. 2C. or on the horse of another man. To lay up in store to deposit for safe BET, V. t. To lay a bet to lay a wager ; to to to stow kee])ing place. stake or pledge something upon the event I liave no room where to bestow my fmits. of a contest. Luke xii. BET, the old participle oibeat, is obsolete or

bestow our whole

to

as,

;

;

to like this

;

most advantage with the most " which instrument can yon best as,

the

case use ?" -3.

one

as, to love

;

beyond

;

to please best.

;

% To

the best

BESTUD'DING,

.3.

;

ertion, or use

the city ; that is, the most, IThisis ]iart of the distance. sense of the word.] 5.

In the highest degree

adv.

other

all

best

had made

to feed the

goods

I could have bestowed her upon a fine genTatter. tleman. To ap])ly ; to place for the purpose of ex-

ivai/ to

the greatest the

We

the teay.

of

of our

xiii.

To

3.

;

Cor.

BET

S my

all

This won! should never be followed by to. to dispose of give in marriage

cany

to

1

poor.

to its greatest to the iitiuost ; as, 2.

the best of, to

bestow

I

Though

;i

;

2.

A

bospitid

lunatics

i'or

;

corrui)ted into

bedlam.

BETH'LEMITE, lehem

;

n.

An inhabitant

of Beth-

a lunatic.

In church history, the Bethlemites were a sortof Moidvs, introduced into England in the year 1257, \vho were habited like the Dominicans, exce|>t that they wore a star \vith five rays, in memory of the comet or

BET

BET order of Bethlemites also in Peru.

Encyc. bethaut', pret. and pp. of

BETHOUGHT', bethink.

BETHRALL', slave

;

V.

sounilly.

Toon

thrall.]

v.

/.

as,

Ix-at

Shak. or betided ; \i\>. Sax. tidan, to happen

V.

and

[be

tide.

Tide.]

To happen

to befall

;

good or evil. What will betide

BETI'DE,

V.

;

to

come

few

the

to

used of

;

Jirdton.

?

To come

i.

pass; to hap-

to

;

Shak

and thump.] To

[if

1.

to bring into

;

[Little tised.] t. pret. betid,

BETI'DE, See

and

[be

[Little tised.]

BETHUMP', betid,

<.

reduce to hondage

to

sid)iection.

pen.

of thee proper.

BETl'ME, BETI'MES, 1.

but this

.'

[he

,

and

time, that

is,

fore

;

Soon in He tires

To

what

V.

t.

beto'kn.

and token

[be

6ctecfln.]

by some

visible object

to

;

show

Tliis river betrays its origiual iu its

;

;

commit-

camp, of bet. See Best. [Sax. better; bctere, betera, better;

biUter

D.

profit

a.

;

baaten,

;

beter

to

;

G.

besser ; D. to avail ;

boot,

baai,

Sans.

bhadra, good. The |)riniary sense is, more, or advanced further and in America, this is a common popular signification. This vessel contains better than half, that is, more than half; he walked better than a mile, that is, more than a mile.] Having good qualities in a greater degree ;

1.

than another ajipiied to physical, acquired or moral qualities as a better soil, a better man, a better physician, a better house, ;

;

a letter

Ex. 3.

air,

a better harvest.

More advantageous. Were

Addison name. Holwell

ppr. Entrusting

Mason. bet,

2.

Nor, after length of years, a stone betray place where once the very ruins lay.

cloud, and in the cloud a bow Jtilton. Betokening pence from Ood. 8. To foreshow by present signs to indi-

Entrusted; confided;

;)/).

more,

BET'TER,

The

A dewy

;

n. The act of entrusting the thing entrusted. Cliipman. BET'SO, n. The smallest Venetian coin.

;

;

entrust

;

Hence,

6.

To

ting in trust.

H'alts.

you betray your ignorance.

trust.]

in trust.

BETRUST'ING,

is

To mislead or expose to inconvenience not foreseen as, great confidence betrays a man into errors. To show to discover to indicate what is not obvious at first view, or would otherwise be concealed.

and

BETRLST'WENT,

Sw.

disclose, or permit to appear,

[be

another in confidence of This is less used than Hall.

BETRIST'ED,

my

;

signify signs.

by

To

lest

5.

betimes, that spurs too fast betimes

BETO'KEN, 1.

;

t.

to

to confide.

;

committed

followed by the person, or the thing friend betrayed me, or betrayed the

;

V.

commit

fidelity entnist.

intended to be kept secret, or what prudence would conceal. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue

be

Shak Sax.

as,

a short time.

;

as,

;

mutual promise

;

BETRUST',

secret.

by

Milton. 2.

;

intended husband

A

n.

or contract between two parties, for a future marriage between the persons betrotlicd espousals. Encyc.

xvii.

by fraud, or unfaithfuhiess

To

pose

leam thou betimes.

life

violates

If the people of ^Vmerica ever betray their trust, their guilt will merit even greater punishnations have suffered, and the /. Adams. indignation of heaven. violate confidence by disclosing a se3. cret, or that wliich was intrusted ; to ex-

is late.

it

To measure

To

espousing.

BETROTH'IMENT,

into the

ment than other

4.

)

P'^"- tlietime.] Seasonably; in good season or time

for a luture wife, as the

to

to betray a trust.

unusual or im-

is

an officer betrayed the city. The son of man shall be betrayed

hands of men. Matt. 3.

Shak. What news else brlideth here ? Shakspeare has used it with of. What would betide

BET

The word confidence rejioscd. does not in itself import to deliver up; but by usage, either with or without the word deliver enemies, it signifies to up, in breach of trust.] To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust late tlic

which appeared over Bethlehem at the nativity of our Savior. There is an

star

it

not better for us to return to Egypt

'

xiv.

More

acceptable. To obey is better than

sacrifice.

1

Sam. xv.

cate something future by that which is All the names in the country betray great an- 4. More safe. seen or known as, a dark cloud ollen beIt is better to trust in the Lord, than to put tiquity. Bryant. tokens a storm. confidence in man. Ps. cxviii. Thomson.] 7. To fail, or deceive. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betrayBETO'KENED, pp. Foreshown previIni))roved in health; le.ss affected with Johnson, Boswell. ously indicated. disease as, the patient is better. ing me. BETd'KENING, ppr. Indicating by previ-' BETRA'YED, pp. Delivered up in breach 6. To be better off, to be in a better condioils signs. tion. Beddoes, Hygtia. This is a verj' comof trust; violated by unfaithfulness exBET'ONY, n. [L. betonica.] mon phrase but ought not off, to be off genus of posed by breach of confidence disclosed The pmple or contrary to expectation or intention made It is not elegant. plants, of several species. wood betony grows in woods anil shady To hare the better, is to have the advanknown discovered. places, and is deemed useful as a mild cor-, n. One who betrays a traitage or superiority, followed by of before roborant. him or that over which the advantage is tor. EncycJ BETOOK', pret. of betake. enjoyed as, the English had the better of ppr. Delivering up treach BETO'RN, a. Torn in pieces. the Spaniards. erously violating confidence disclosing BETOSS', V. t. [be and toss.] To toss; contrary to intention exposing ; discov- 8. To get or gain the better, is to obtain the to agitate to disturb to put in violent ering. advantage, superiority or victory as, to ;

;

;

1

;

A

;

;

;

;

BETRAYER,

;

BETRAYING,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

motion.

Shak.

BETRAP',

V.

t.

[from

trap.]

To

Shetton. to ;

BETRA'Y,

V.

traiss, and of traistre ;

trahir, to

t.

[be

BETRIM

;

to

embellish

9.

Shak

\f traho is the root,' trahison, treason. the sense is, to draw aside, to withdraw,! or lead away which would agree with the D. bedriegen, G. bttriegen, Sw. he-\ draga, Dan. bedrager, to deceive and; treachen/, Fr. tricherie, is from the root ofi trick. I do not tiiid helrogan in the Sa.\on,f but bedrog is rendered fefdiit, and this is from dragan, to draw. Betray then seemsj to be a compound of be and dragan, to' draw and betrass, supra, may be from aj different root. In strictness, to fail in du-i to be guilty of breach of trust to vio-l tv ;

;

;

;

get the better of an enemy. For the better, is for the advantage or im-

provement.

alED, pp. Adorned; decorated. BET'TER, adi'. In a more excellent manner with more skill and wisdom, virtue, ppr. Decking; adorning;

BETRIM'MING,

;

advantage or success

;

and

I.

To deck

trim.] to ;

;

betrass, be-

a contraction

is

t.

;

;

and

;

;

Arm. traygza, to betray Norm. embellishing. draw in, to betray treitre, a trai-i BETROTH', V.

tor; Fr. trahir, which seems to be tlie L.^ traho. From trahir, is formed trahissant,'

Vol.

V.

dress to adorn to grace to beautify to decorate.

Occleve.

[Chaucer wrote

t.

the Fr. traitre

BETRIM',

entrap

ensnare. [JVot used.]

\he

and

troth, truth, faith.

See Truth, and Troth.] To contract to any one, in order to a fu ture marriage to promise or pledge one:j2. to be the future spouse of another; to af"I

better

;

to

cultivated

;

as, to perfonii work better ; land better

plan a scheme ;

laws

better

executed

;

govern-

ment better administered. More correctly, or fully a.«, to understand a subject better than another. " The father 3. With sex. fiance used of either superior excellence as, to write or betroths his daughter." speak better than another. 4. With more affection ; in a higher degree ; 2. To contract with one for a future spouse to espoiisi' as, to love one better than another. as, a man bcti-oths a lady .3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to It is not easy to specify and exempUfy the various appUcations of better. In general, consecration. Ayliffe. it im]>lies what is more excellent, advanpp. Contracted for future marriaire. tageous, useful, or virtuous, than someelse. to thing BETROTH'ING, ppr. Contr.xting any one, in order to a future marriage, as the BET'TER, V. t. [Sax. beterian, hetrian. See father or guardian contracting with one BeUer.] 1.

;

;

;

;

;

;

BETROTHED,

;

B E V 1.

To improve tJie

2.

3.

To

to increase

;

qualities of ; as, manure betters discipline may better the morals. surpass ; to exceed.

good

land

;

The works of nature do always aim at that which cannot be bettered. Hooker. Qu. is not the sense, made better ? To advance; to support; to give advanto belter a as, to better a party tage to ;

;

cause. n. A superior one who has a claim to precedence on account of his rank, age, or office as, give place to your belters. It is generally or ahvuys used in the plural. BET'TERED, pp. Improved meliorated

BET'TER,

;

;

;

made

;

hetter.

BET'TERING,

Making

ppr.

better;

im-

proving.

BET'TOR,

n.

[from

bet.]

One who

bets or Addison.

lays a wager.

[Supposed to he a cant word from the name of a maid but qu. is it not from the root of beat or L. peto ?] An instrument to break open doors.

BET'TY,

n.

;

BETUM'BLED, about

;

a.

tumbled

;

[be

and

Arbuthnot. Rolled

tumble.]

disordered.

S/iak.

BETWEE'N,;7(f;?. [Sax. betweonan, bclwi/nan ; of be and twain, two. Sax. twee^. The Saxons used, in tlie same twegen. See sense, bettih and betweoh, betwo. Twain, I.

Ttirin.]

In the intermediate space, without regard as, New-York is between Boston and Philadelphia the Delaware river runs between Pennsylvania and New-Jerto distance

;

;

sey. 'i.

From one

BEVEL, V.

another

in

common

or

partnership as, two soul between them own a tract of land between them. observe that between is not restricted to two. Having mutual relation to two or more as, discords exist between the families. Noting difference, or discrimination of one from another; as, to distinguish between

have but one twenty proprietors

friends

;

;

W

B E

be cautious

Sw. bevara ; D. Ger. bewahren ; Dan. bevarer, See IVare, guard, preserve.

hibit, fortify,

;

bewaaren

;

to

keep, Wary.]

1.

;

Literally, to restrain or Hence, to regard

guard one's self with caution to from any thing that may be dangerous, injm-ious or improper; to from.

angle. a.

Curving

right line.

BEVELING,

A

n.

;

bending from a

hewing of timber with

restrain one's

avoid

to take care

;

;

.self

;

a proper and regular curve, according to a

followed by o/ before avoided.

the thing that is to be Beware of all, but most beware of man. or bevel of timber. Pope. Encyc. Beware of false prophets beware of the leavn. In mineralogy, bevelen ol the Pharisees beware of the concision. ment supposes the removal of two confrom Scripture. the tiguous segments edges, angles 2. To have a special regard to. or terminal faces of the j)redomiiiant form, Behold, I send an angel before thee beware thereby producing two new faces, inclined of him, and obey his voice. Ex. xxUi. to each other at a certain angle and form\_This is unusual and hardly legitimate.'] Cleaveland. This word ing an edge. though here admitted as a verb, BEV'ER, 71. [It. hevere, to drink.] A colla- from the Saxon, is used as a verb rarely tion or small rei)ast between meals. [JVot in fact or if a verb, is now never used exMonson used.] It is a comce])t in the imperative mode. BEV'ER, ii. i. To take a small repast bepound of be and the Old Eng. ukire, nowtween meals. Wallis wan/. i?c icon/ of danger. Hence it cann. [It. bevere, or here, to drmk; not be used with did, like a regular verb, beverctggio, driid? S|). beber, from L. bibo ; nor with be, in any of its inflections, he i.s Fr. buveur, a tipler buvette, a tavern bubeware ; for this would be to use the subArm. beuvrauh, votter, to sip, to tipple stantive verb twice before ivare and wary, beverage.] is and be. Ben Jonson however has used Drink liquor for drinking. It is generally the word in the third person. He bewares used of a mixed liquor. Nectar is called to act. But it has no past tense or jiarticithe beverage of the gods. ple, and therefore, if admitted as a verb, it In the middle ages, heveriige, beveragium, is defective, and used only in the imperaor biberagium was money for drink given tive nioile, or after an auxihary. to an artificer or other person over and We must beware of excess. above his liire or wages. The practice BEWEE'P, V. t. To weep [be and weep.] has existed, to a certain extent, in America, over; to bedew with tears. [Little tised.] within my memory, and I know not but it Shak.

mold

2.

on one side of its surface.

laid

The curve

BEVELMENT,

;

;

—

;

BEVERAGE,

;

;

;

;

;

still

;

Belonging to two or more,

i.

BEVELING,

A

some

exists in

who had

person

parts of this countrj'.

new garment, was

a

called on to ;w)/ beverage, that

with liquor.

parties. 3.

To

curve to incline towards a point, or from a direct line. BEV'ELED, pp. Formed to a bevel angle, Kinvan. BEVELING, ppr. Forming to a bevel

passing from one to another, noting exchange of actions or intercourse ; as, things go well betweenthe to

W

B E

to meliorate

:

"2.

to treat

is,

Hence,

A treat on wearing a new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from the tailor also a treat on first coming into prison a gar;

;

We

BEWEE'P,

To make

v.i.

[lAttle used.]

lamentation. Shak.

BE WEPT', pp. Wept over; bedewed tears.

with

[Little used.]

BEWET',

V.

moisten.

t.

[be

and

rvet.]

To wet

;

to

[JVot used.]

BEWIL'DER,

V.

t.

[Dan.fonilder, vUder

;

nish. D. verioilderen ; G. venvildern ; from tcild.] In England, water-cider, a mixture of| To lead into perplexity or confusion ; to lose cider and water, made by putting water in pathless places ; to confound for want ; into pumice before it is pressed. of a jrlain road ; to perplex with mazes ; Mortimer. Johnson. "i. or in general, to perplex. BEVILE, n. [See Bevel.] In heraldry, a Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search. broken or opening, like a carpenthing Addison. and right wrong. ter's bevel. Encyc. BEWIL'DERED, pp. Lost in mazes ; perBETWIXT', prep. [Sax. bttuyr, betwyrt, n. [I know not the origin or affiniplexed with disorder, confusion, or intribetweox, betweoh ; be and tweg, two.] ties of this word. The etymologies I have 1. Between; in the space that separates two cacy. seen are not worth notice.] ppr. Losing in a pathpersons or things ; as, betwixt two oaks. A flock of birds; hence, a company; an as- less place ; perplexmg with confusion or 'I. Passing between ; from one to another, or collection of persons ; usually intricacv. sembly noting intercourse. [See Between.] w. [Fr. buveau. applied to females. BEWIN'TER, v. I. To make like winter. Q.u.It.biecalive}X.

BEVY,

BEWILDERING,

BEVEL,

oblique level.] joiners, &c., an instrument, or kind of square, one leg of which is frequently crooked, according to the sweep of an arch or vaidt. It is movable on a point or center, and so may be set to any angle. An angle that is not square is called a bevel angle, whether obtuse or acute. Bailey. Johnson. Enn/e. A cin"ve or inclination of a surface from a right line ; as, the proper bevel of a piece

la,

.
9.

oftiniber.

BEVEL,

a.

BEVEL, V.

Eneyc.

Crooked t.

To

awry oblique. Bailey. cut to a bevel angle. ;

;

Moxon

BEWAIL, to

<.

j>.

lament

and

[be

The

true

;

To bemoan;

wail.]

to express

;

presses deep sorrow of a child.

sorrow

for.

ex-

penitent bewails

liis

ingratitude to

Jlnon. V.

To

i.

BEWA'ILABLE,

a.

,««A-. express grief That may be lamented. Shenvood.

BEWA'ILED, pp. Lamented bemoaned. BEWA'ILING, /)/)r. Lamenting; bemoan;

ing; expressing grief

BEWA'ILING,

BEWA'KE, awake.

r.

n.

V.

t.

i.

for.

Lamentation. [be

[A'ot used.]

BEWA'RE,

[JVot used.]

Cowley.

BEWITCH',

t;.<.

[he

and

To

witch.]

fas-

an ascendancy over by charms or incantation an operation which was furnjerly supposed to injure the person bewitched, so that he lost his flesh, or behaved in a strange unaccoimtable manner ignorant people being inclined to ascribe to evil spirits what they could not account for. cinate

;

to gain

;

God.

BEWA'IL,

It

as, to bewail the loss

and

jvake.]

;

Look, how

I

am bewitched

Is like a blasted sapling

Raleigh.

To keep Goner.

[Sax. hewerian, bewarinn, gcivarian, to guard, defend, restrain, pro-

To charm;

;

beliold,

mine arm

withered up. Shak. to please to such ;

to fascinate

a degree as to take

away

the

power of

resistance.

The charms of poetry our

souls bewitch.

Drydert,

BEY BEWITCH'ER,

One

n.

a.

ctiarm

;

that pleases, South.

Alluring; fascinating. Milton.

BEWITCH'ING, ppr.

ceive or circumvent. Let no man go beyond and defraud his brothSt. Paul. any matter.

Fascinating

charm-

;

ing. a. That has power to bewitch or fascinate that has power to control by tlie arts of pleasing. BEWITCH'L\GLY, adv. In a fascinating

BEYOND', arfu. At a distance; BEZ'AN,

;

manner.

Hallywell.

^EWITCH'MENT.n. of charming.

Fascination; power Shak. and wondtr.^ Ama-

[be

Fairfax.

[.Vo< used.]

BEVVRAP', wrap up.

V.

I.

berap'.

[be

V.

t.

beray.

make

BEZEL, Sw.

[This word

beturaytth thee.

is

BEWRA'YED, betrayed

n.

A

divulger of secrets

;

:

a

BEWRA'YING, known

making

ppr. Disclosing; or visible.

V. t. bereck'. [be and icreck-] to destroy. [JVot used.] ; a. berauV. [be and it>or/t.] Worked. [.Vbi used.} B. Joiison. BEY, n. In the Turkish dominions, a gover-

ruin

BEWROUGHT',

nor of a town or particular district of country also, in some places, a prince tlie same as the Araltic Beg. [See Beg.] ;

;

Eton.

BEYOND',

Encyc.

prep. [Sax. begeond, begenndan,

be and geond, yond, yonder. This is the participle of the verb gan, to go, to It coincides with the D. gartnde, the pass. participle of the present tense of tlie same

of

verb gaan, to go rally, then,

it

;

Dan. gaaende.

2.

Lite-

signifies by-jiassing, or by-

or as we now say, past by, gone ; by.] the further side of; on the side must distant, at any indefinite distance from that side ; as beyond a river, or the sea, either a mile beyond, or a hundred miles beyond the river. Before at a place not yet reached.

past 1.

The

antler.]

limits,

Encyc. confines;

[Pers.

^ i,

CI

I^llindu, t/iu,

ground,

BL\N'GIJLATE,

)

ri

BIAN'GULATED,

ia-

^

•

i

'"'"'

f' 1'"! ""^'"'"*' •'" ""e''-"-J S Having two angles or corners. [Little used.] a. a race of Bailey. BIARM'IAN, Finns in Noting Pernie, in the north of Europe, on the badzhar, Dvina, and about the White Sea written

;

n.

n.

plant.]

beautit'ul plant

^

-iij

!bian'gulous,

;

venftis,

i.

also Permian. The Biarmians or I'ermiaiis are said to be the most wealthy and

e. dis-

alexipharmiciim omno, quod venenum pellit, et spirituum faculveneni,

Tooke. powertiil of the Finnish tribes. n. [Arm. bihays or vies; Fr. biais, a

BI'AS,

from

tates retinet,

itj wind,

slope

breath,

^

poison

Others make

it

'1. I

pazahar, against poison, an antidote for poison.] All antidote

use

to

biaiser,

shifts,

evasions or

tricks.]

j

and

spirit,

;

j

o

2.

A

weight on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight line. A leaning of the mind inclination prcjiossession propensity towards an object, not leaving the mind indifferent; as, education gives a bias to the mind. That which causes the mind to lean or incline from a state of indiflerence, to a ;

;

;

a general name for certain animal substances supposed to be eflicacious in preventing the fatal effects of poi- 3. son. Bezoar is a calcarious concretion Ibiind in the stomach of ccrtan ruminant particular object or course. animals, composed of concentric coats BIAS, I', t. To incline to one side; to warp: surrounding each other, with a little cavity to give a particular direction to the mind in the middle, containing a bit of wood, to prejudice to prepossess. The judgstraw, hair, or the like substance. There ment is ofVen biassed h\ interest. are two sorts the oriental, from Persia and This word is used by Sliakspeare as an adthe East Indies, of a shining dark green verb, bias and thw art, i. e. aslope ; and as or olive color, with a smooth surface; and an adjective. the occidental, from the Spanish West InBlow till Inas cheek ;

;

BEWRECK', To

Ch. hu,

O

1.

to view.

[Qii.

which Castle interprets "

xxiii.

discoverer.

n.

betzel,

BE'ZOAR,

rvraie,

nearly antiquated.] pp. Disclosed ; indicated

exposed

;

BEWRA'YER,

Matt,

[from

a rein betzta, to cuih.] part of the collet of a ring, which encompasses and fastens the stone.

visible.

Thy speech

n.

antler.

The upper

wreye, wray, and in the infinitive, beicrien, to discover, as if from Sax. wrecan, to tell. In Sax. aiereon, onwrcon, signify to reveal, as if the negative of ivrif^an, to cover.] To disclo.se perfidiously ; to bctraj' ; to show

or

from Bengal, Encyc. gold coin of Byzantium.

[See Bt/zant.]

brow

and champac, a

of India, kno«ii in Linne's system, under the name of Kampfcria rotunda. The blossoms rise from the ground with a short scape, and scarce five a whole day. As. Res. iii. 254. BI'A, 71. In commerce, a small shell called a cowry, much valued in the East Indies. Encyc.

branch of a deer's horn, next above the

and wrap.] To

[Chaucer has

A

cotton cloth

A

n.

BEZANT'LER,

sipator

BEWRA'Y,

A

n.

BHLC1I.\.MP'AC,

yonder. Spenser.

white or striped.

BEZ'ANT,

BEWITCII'ING,

a. /BEWON'DERED, zed.

^

Fascination

n.

power of any thing

BEWITCH'FUL,

I

in ingenuity,

er in

Stafford.

BEWITCH'ERY,

-.

of a dusky blue color, nearly of the size of of a herring. iJict. ofjVat. Hist. BEZ'ZLE, t'. t. To waste iii riot. [.VV used. MiUon. [See jEniiezz/c]

in research, or in anyj thing else; hence, in a bad sense, to de-

that bewitclies or

fascinates. resistless

BIB

B E Z ceed

To deceive and

mislead by juggling tricks or imposture. Acts viii. 9. BEWITCH'ED,;)jj. Fascinated; charmed.

3.

On

;

;

;

dies,

which has a rough

surface,

is less

green, much heavier, more brittle, and of a looser texture. The oriental is generally less than a walnut; the occidental is larger, and sometimes as large as a goose egg.

The

£(ic^c. oriental bezoars are generally of a

resinous composition and combustible.

Thomson.

thy Oulswell the cholic of puft

BIAS-DRAWING,

n.

.\quiloii.

[Xot Shak.

Partiality.

used.]

BI'ASED, warped

pp.

Inclined from a right line

;

jirejudiced.

;

ppr. Giving a bias, particular direction or propensity warping prejudicing. small piece of linen or other cloth BIB, n. worn by childjen over the breast. 2. fish about a foot in length, the back of a light oUve, the sides yellow, and the Diet. of.Yat. Hist. belly white.

BI'ASING,

;

;

A

In a more general sense, any substance A formed, stratum upon stratum, in the stomach or intestines of animals. Encyc. This name is also given to the biliary calcidi of certain animals. Cyc. BIB, V. t. [L. bibo ; Sp. beber ; It. berere ; Fossil-bezoar is a figured stone, formed, lilte Gypsey, piava, to drink Slav, pibo, piba, the animal bezoar, with several coats drink.] round some extraneous body, which serves To sip to tipple to drink frequently. [Litas a nucleus; found chiefly in Sicily, in tle iiscd.] Locke sand and clay pits. It is of a jiuqile color, BIBA'CIOUS, a. [L. bibaz. See Bib.] Adand of the size of a walnut. It seems to ilicted to drinking disposed to imbibe. be of the nature of bole armenian, and is 71. The quality of drijiking ;

;

;

A thing beyond us, even before our death. Pope. Past; out of reach of: further than any BiBAC'ITY,^ called Sicilian earth. given limit fiirtlier than the extent of any much. [j\'ot used.] Encyc. else our as, thing beyond power beyond Bezoar-mineral. This preparation is an oxyd BIBBER, n. A tippler a man given to of antimony, produced by distilhiig the nicomprehension beyond dispute beyond drinking chiefly used in composition, as our care. trous acid several times to dryness from winebihber. 4. Above in a degree exceeding or the sublimated muriate of antimony. BIB BLE-BABBLE, n. Idle talk prating surpassing proceeding to a greater degree, as in J\^cholson. to no purpose. [A low word, and not used.] dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind; BEZOAR'Dl€, a. Pertaining to or comShak. as, one man is great or good beyond anpounded of bezoar. BIB'IO, n. A name of the wine fly, a small other. medicine compounded insect found in empty wine casks. BEZ0AR'DI€, ji. To go beyond is a phrase which expresses an with bezoar. Johnson. Dirt. ofXat. Hist. excess in some action or scheme to ex- BEZ'OLA, n. Afish of the truttaceous kind. BIBLE, 71. [Gr. liiSuop, (SiSXoj, a book.} ;

3.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

B

BID

C

I

B

Peter answered him and said, Lord, if be thou, Ind me come to thee on the water.

;

Tlie

Jinon.

as well as of faith.

BIB'LER,

n.

A

[See Bib.]

tipler

drinker.

BIB'LICAL, Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sacred writings ; as biblical criticism. a.

BIBLIOG'RAPHER, and

ypttt'*',

n.

[Or.

/iiS^of,

a book

Pertaining the history

{ "• J

bnoks.

of|

Keil.

?i. A history or descrip the perusal of books, and manuscri|its, with notices of the diflijrent editions, the times when they were printed and other information tending to illustrate the history of literature. Encyc. Pinkerlon. BIB'LIOLITE, 11. [Gr. 3ie>.ior, a book, and called also phytobiblia anil !ii0o5, a stone ;

lithobiblia.] ;

times simple dendrites. n.

;

hazard, and drawing from

scrijiture at

them

indications concerning things future Encyc. Southey. BIBLIOMA'NIA, n. [Gr. f3ie^tov, book, and fiavM,

madness. ;

to

;

;

as, to bid

a price at

make known by a

public

Shak.

thrice bid.

To denoimce,

or threaten

;

bid

as, to

a

as, to bid defi-

;

ance. 7.

To wish or

pray. Neither bid him good speed. 2 John 10. bid beads, is to pray with beads, as the CathoUcs ; to distinguish each bead by a

To

picchiere, a soldier

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

and

An

in a place or state.

iron.] n.

[L. horn, bicornis.

for possessing rare

beak or

iron ending in a

BI'CORN,

Book-madness a rage and curious book:

propose

;

[Gr. /3iiS?.o;, a book, and fiavrna, divination.] kind of divination, performed by means of the bible consisting in selecting passages

of

to fight

;

a species of shistous stones, Bookstone mostly calcarious, which present, between their lamens, the figures of leaves, or some-

\

to

Obs.

To pronounce or declare welcome.

0.

;

;

BIBLIOM'ANCY,

;

proclaim

Johnson. prayer. armed with a Also, to charge parishioners to say a or stroke, a wood number of paternosters. Encyc. pike ; picchio, a blow is Iron To bid fair, is to open or offer a good prospecker beccare, to peck. This verb the root of beak, peck, pike, and primarily pect; to ai)pear fair. to thrust at, or BID or BIDDEN, signifies to beat, to strike, pp. of bid. Invited offered commanded. to make at by repeated tlirusts or blows.] to fight oft" and on; that is BID, n. An oflier of a price 1. To skirmish a word much to make repeated attacks. used at auctions. [But in this sense I believe rarely used.] BID'ALE, n. [bid and ale.] In England, an to contend in words ; to invitation of friends to drink ale at some 3. To quarrel scold to contend in |)etulant altercation. poor man's house, and there to contribute in charity an ancient and still a local [This is the usual signification.] to quiver to be tremucustom. 3. To move quickly Encyc. lous, fike flame or water; as ihe bickering BIDDER, n. One who offers a price. stream. the flame Bidders at the auction of popularity. bickering Thomson. Milton. Burke BICK'ERER, n. One who bickers, or enga- BID'DI\G, ppr. Inviting offering com ges in a petty quarrel. manding. contendn. Invitation command order BICK'ERIiVG, ppr. Quarreling; BID'DING, a proclamation or notifying. Shak. ing (juivering. BICK'ERMENT, n. Contention. [.Vo/ BIDE, V. i. [Sax. bidan. See Abide.] To dwell to inhabit. Milton. Spenser. used.] beak or a be n. W. To to continue or 2. remain beak, BICK'ERN, permanent, pig, [of

toj

BIBLIOG'RAPHY, books

5.

bicker, to fight by tlirowing stones, to move quickly, to skirmish allied perhaps to It. picchiare, to beat ; picchiarsi,

;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL,

To

Our bans

Scot,

;

xiv.

offer

voice.

and any such muscle is denominated biceps. V. L [W. bicra, to fight, to bicker

To

4.

BICK'ER,

to write.]

One who composes or compiles the history of books one skiUed in literary history Johnson. Ash. a transcrilier. Bailey.

tion of

Mat.

an auction.

BICIP'ITAL, ? [L. biceps, of bis, BICIP'ITOUS, S and caput, head.. Having two heads. Applied to the muscles, or origins it signifies having two heads

a great

;

it

3.

Cyc. twice,

by levigation.

E

I

And

about five feet in length ; its back and sidesi of a brown color, and its belly white. Diet. o/Mtt. Hist. BICE or BISE, n. Among painters, a blue color prepared from the lapis arnwnus, Armenian stone. Encyc. Bice is smalt reduced to a fine powder Bible should be the standard of language

THE BOOK, by way of eminence the sacred voluiue, in wliich are contained the revelations of God, the principles of ChrisIt tian faith, and the rules of practice. consists of two parts, called the Old and New Testaments.

bis,

[JYearly anfiqunted.]

Shak.

point.

and comu,

twice,

a

BIDE,

ji.

t.

To endure

to suffer.

;

Abirle.]

[See Shak.

whose anthers have the appearance BI'DENS, 7!. A plant, bur marigold. Milne. BIBLIOMA'NIAC, n. One who has a rage of two horns. Muhlenberg. two horns. for books. BIDENT'AL, a. [L. bidens, of Ms, twice, aiid BI'CORN, \ " Having Broume. dens, a tooth.] BIBLIOP'OLIST, )?. [Gr. /SiSxiw, book, and BICORN'OUS, \ Having two teeth. bidden. or bade A bookseller. BID, V. t. ]iret. bid, pp. bid, TfuXfu, to sell.] Sun/I. A small horse, formerly BIBLIOTH'ECAL, a. [L. bibliolhcca, a U[Sax. biddan Goth. bidyan,io ask, request BIDET', n. [Fr.]

A

plant

;

;

brary

fitSxoj,

;

and

theca,

Sr^xr,,

Sax. beodan, to command bead, allowed to each troo]>er or dragoon for persuades or exhorts Sw. bidia, carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. Encyc. to ask or entreat; D. bieden, to oft'er, or bid gebieden, to connnand G. bieten, to BI'DING, ppr. Dwelling contiiming ; reoffer maining. [See Abiding.] gebieten, entbietcn, to command Dan. beder, to pray, or desire byder, to BI'DING, n. Residence ; liabitation.

a reposito

or pray

Belongmg

to a lihrurv.

BIBLIOTH'ECARY, n. A librarian. BIBLIOTHE'KE, n. A library. BIB'LIST,

n.

manists, one

[from

Hnll. Bait. With the Rothe scriptures the

sole rule of faith. 2.

One who

is

BIB'ULOUS,

;

;

L. bid, to offer, to invite command, to ask, to desire, peto, to drive at, to attack, to

Encyc

a.

a.

[L.

Ch.

t!'3,

to

BID'ON,

pray or beseech

;

Etii. (<'t'(D

Thomson

a. [L. 6is, double, and ca/i a little chest, from capsa, a cliest See Capsular.] In botany, having two capsules containing as a bicap.ndar seeds, to each flower

BICAP'SULAR,

1.

1.

;

pericarp. n.

Martyn. Supercarbonate a ;

carbonate containing two primes of carUre. bonic acid. fish of the sword-fish kind, BICAU'DA, n.

A

Encyc. a.

[L.

biennis, of bis, twice,

and annus, a year.] Continuing for two years or happening, or taking place once in two years as a ;

;

is,

;

;

sula,

BIC*ARBONATE,

measure of liquids, of about wine measure, used by sea-

The primary fatho, to desire. to press forward, to drive, to mge biennial election. hence, h. impetus. A[)plicd lo the voice, it 2. In botany, continuing for two years and denotes utterance, a driving of sound then perishing as plants, whose root and which is applied to asking, prayer, and leaves arc formed the first year, and which conmiand. Class Bd.] Martyn. produce fruit the second. To ask ; to request; to invite BIEN'NIALLY, adv. Once in two years ; at the return of two years. Go ye into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, Ind to tlie mairiage. Math. xxii. BIER, n. [Sax. tnr ;"l). baar ; Ger. bahre ; This sense is antiquated, but we have Dan. baare ; Ir.ficr ; from the same root as the same word from the Latin, in invite, bear; \j.feretrum, (nt\nfero. See ifear.] sense

of imbibing

A

men.

BIEN'NIAL,

fato, or

that has the quality fluids or moisture. ;

n.

five quarts,

:

;

Doubly bracteate. Eaton bibulus, from bibo, to

Roive.

;

to beseech, anciently beto; Ir. impidhim, to beseech Sji. Poit. pedir, to ask or beg Sans, badi, padi, pelir, bottl, a commander;

drink. ^

Spungy

;

;

;

conversant with the bible. Ash.

BIBRAC'TEATE,

;

;

bible.]

who makes

;

;

who

one

[in

2.

and

A

bid.

To command

;

to order or direct.

carriage or frame of wood for conveying dead human bodies to the grave.

B BIE'R-BALK,

[JVot used in

als.

BIE'STING.S,

n.

BIG

G

I

The church road

n.

tor buri-

BIG' AMY,

n.

B

[L. bis, twice,

and Gr. yafnu,

^165/

If the

L

I

French cagot

is

connected with

bigot, the first syllalile in

Homilies.

America.]

to

or bi/ating; plu. [Sax. byst,

marry,

In Ar.

marriage.

yofioj,

But

i^s*

Ger. biestiiulch.] is to collect to come together ; to agree, milk given by a cow after calving. or he in accord to sleep together ; tol B. Jonson. bind.] o. [L.bifarius; bis awijiro riie crime of having two wives at once. But to or Teutoni<%/«run, go.] the term is ordinarily used as synonymous In butany, pointing two ways, as Two-1'okl. with Polygamy, anci may be more justly! leaves that grow only on opposite sitles ot delined, the crime of having a jdurality oil a branch. Mnrlyn. wives. Black.ilone.l manhilarious In a adv. BIF.'V'RIOUSLY, In the canon law, bigamy was the marrying ner. A stem or branch is hilariously hairy, a second wift^ after the death of the first, when the hairs between any two joints or once a widow. marrying Thisdisqual-' come out on tlie Iront anil back, anil in died a man for orders, and holding ecclethe two adjoining internodes, on tlic right

D.

The

ed.

am

1

both is a prefix. not able to ascertain the real

origin and primary sense of the word. The etymologies 1 have seen are not

;

;

tirst

;

BIFA'RIOIIS,

Bluckstone.

siastical oflices.

and

left side.

BIF'EROUS,

a.

[L. bifer, biferus;

Marhjn. of bis,

twice, andjTero, to hear. Bearing fruit twice a year, as j)lants do in warm ciimales. Miiiii/n.

BIF'ID,

I

BIF'IDATE,

I

"

[h.bifidu.i, bijidalus,(>nns twice, aud jindojidi, to split

or cleave. See Divide and Wide.] In Wrtny, two-cleft divided; opening with divided by a hnear sinus, will a cleft Martyn. straight margins. BIF'LOROUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and/orto.] flowers. two Marlyn. Rearing ;

;

BI'FOLD, fidd

;

a. [L. bis,

twice,

and fold.] Two-

double; of two kinds, degrees, &,c. a. [L. bi/onnis, of bis, twice, and

BI'FOKM,

forma, form.]

Having two forma, bodies or shapes.

HIG'RELLIED,

satisfactory.] jjerson who

A is obstinately and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious The creed, opinion, practice or ritual. word is somctiines used in an enlarged sense, for a person who is illiberally attached to any opinion, or system of belief ; as a bigot to the jMuhammedan rehgion a ;

bigot to a l()rm 2.

1

if

government.

A Venetian li(|ui(l measure containing the fourth part of the amphor, or half the l>o'>t.

belly

;

Encyc.

) Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, ^ opinion, practice or ritual ; unreasonably Herbert. devoted to a system or party, and illiberal RIG'CORNED, a. Having large grains. towards the opinions of others. Dry den. BIG'OTEDLY, adv. In the manner of a RltiEM'INATE, a. [L. Ws, twice, and ^emi bigot pertinaciously. nus, double.] n. Obstinate or blind attachTwin-forked ; used of a decompound leaf BIG'OTRY, ment to a particular creed, or to certain a forked with several leafhaving petiole, tenets unreasonable zeal or warmth in lets, at the end of c^acli division. Jilariipi. favor of a p.nty, sect or opinion ; excessBICr'GEL, n. A (|iia
advanced

in

pregnancy.

lilGBO'NED,

a.

BIG'OT,

BIG'OTKD,

Having large bones.

;

;

its heail resembles of a It has two horii.s, cloven feet and a mane like an ass. Diet. of^Vat. Hist PiIG'GIN, >i. [Fr.beguin; Sp. teca, a tippet,

or cap.]

Croxall.

Bl'FORiVIED, a. Compounded of two forms.

Having a great

a.

1.

1.

A

child's cap, or

something worn about

the head.

Johnson.

BIG'SOUiNDING,

a.

HaWng

a pompous

.sound.

Hall.

BIG'SVVOLN,

a.

[big

and swoln.

See

Swell.]

Swelled

to a large size ; turgid swelled ; ready to burst.

BIG-UDDERED,

a.

and

greatly

;

Addison.

"2. A building. Obs. [Sa.x. byggan, to build.' More. or udders swelled with Shak Having large udders, milk. BI'F1JR€ATE, ) [L. bifurcus, of bU, Pope. n. [D. bogt, a bend, a turning, a n. A double hydroguBI'FURCATED, (,"' twice, and furca, a lilGHT, Dan. biigf, a bend, a bow BIHYDROG'URET, coil, a bay or with two of hydrogen. atoms ret, fork.] a bay. It is the participle of boogen, buiForked divided into two branches. Thomson. VV. bac, bacu. to bend See gen, Imgan, " Johnson. BIJU'GOUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and jug^tm, a a pair.] BIFUR€A'TION, n. A forking, or division 1. Bow.] A bend, or small bay between two points yoke, two into two branches. Brown. of leaflets of pinnaused ; Having pairs of land. ted lea\ es. BIG, a. [In W.baie is a load beiciaw, to a. The double Martyn. part of a rope when folded, and load, or lay on BILA'BIATE, a. [h.bis, twice, and Zaitum, beiciawg, pregnant in distinction from the end that is, a is a a lip.] iio/Sf swelling huciaw, to bellow Dan. round, bend or coil any where except at the two as the corols of flowers. These words seem to be

BIFORM'ITY,

A

n.

[big

udder.]

double form.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

bug,

belly.

allied to big, but

have not found

I

this

word

any other language.] Bulky protuberant pregnant, applied to Big, in the sense of pregnant, is followed by with ; as, big with child. The use of of, big 0/ child, is not good English. Great; large; in a more general sense applied to any body or object. Full; fraught, and about to have vent, or be brought forth.

ill

1.

;

;

females.

2.

3.

The iiiiportaut day,

big with the fate of

Rome.

Addison

Thy

is

.

as with grief or passion.

full,

;

heart

big, get thee apart and H'eep.

Shak Swelled tumid inflated, as with pride hence, haughty in air or mien, or indica ting haughtiness; proud; as big looks; big words to look big. Great in spirit lofty brave. Have not I a heart as big as tliine Shak. ;

;

;

6.

;

name.

Crashaw.

:

A. Distended

5.

Hps, the ends. Mar. Diet, Having Martyn. Tlie inward bent of a horse's chanibiel, BILASI'ELLATE, a. [L. Ms, twice, and and the bent of the fore knees. Bailey. lamella, a plate.] BIG'LY, adv. [from big.] In a tumid, the liirm of a flatted sphere, longituHaving swelling, blustering manner haughtily. bifid ; used of the stigma of plants. BIG'NAMED, a. Having a great or famous dinally

3.

;

;

.'

BIG,

n.

A

BIG'AM,

kind of barley.

n.

A

bigamist.

[Afot used.]

Bp. Peacock. n. [See Bigamy.] One who has committed bigamy, or had two wives

BIG'AMIST, at once.

BIG'NESS,

n.

Bulk

size

;

;

largeness

;

di

inensions. It is used of any object, ani mate or inanimate, and with or without comparison. Thus we speak of the bigness of a tree, of a rock, of a house, without instituting a comparison with other Yet in this case there objects of the kind.

Martyn.

BI'LANDER, belandre

;

n.

S]i.

[D. hylander ; Fr. belande, bilandra ; from be, by, and

land; Ger. binnenlander.] A .small merchant vessel with two masts, distinguished from other vessels of two masts, by the form of the main-sail, which is bent to the whole length of a yard, hanging fore and aft, and inchned to the horiis always some reference in the mind to zon in an angle of about 45 degrees the known measure. VVe also say, one thing foremost lower corner, called the tack, is as in which case we big as another being secured to a ring-bolt in the deck, and the aftermost or sheet, to the tafTerel. give the idea of unknown size, by a known and Few vessels are now rigged in this manbigness always imply object. Big ner. expansion, more or less, in breadth, and Encyc. Mar. Diet. are thus distinguished from tall and tall- The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable ness. by four or five men and used ciiiefly in the canals of the Low Countries. Johnson. BIG'OT, n. [Fr. bigot, and cagot, a bigot or ;

;

hypocrite; Avm. bigod. In Itahan, iaccAc< is a hypocrite. In Spanish, bigote is a whisker; hombre de bigote, a man of tener bigotes, to be ni-m or undaimt spirit tone

;

BILATERAL, Having two

[L. bis

a.

sides.

BIL'BERRY, of6t7 in this

and

latus, side.]

Diet.

know not the meaning word. The Dutch word is

71.

[I

B

I

L

B

Uaauwbes, blue-berry ; the Ger.

to the bile ary duct.

heidelbeere.

heath-berry.]

The name of a shrub and

a species

;

L

I

B

conveying the

bile

;

as a

[from a place of this The name in London frequented by low people of Vaccinium or whortle-berry. who use foul language.] name with us is given to the taller slirub and its fruit whicli is of a bluish color. Foul language ribaldry. Pope. BIL'BO, n. [from Bilboa, in Spain.] BILIN'GUOIJS, a. [L. bis, and lingua, A rapier a sword so named, it is said, tongue.] from Bilboa in Spain, where the best are Having two tongues, or speaking two Ian made. Jlsh. Johnson guages. BIL'BOES, n.phi. Onboard of ships, lonn BIL'IOUS, a. [L. biliosus, from bilis, the bars or bolts of iron with shackles shding bile.] on them, and a lock at the end, used to Pertaining to bile consisting or partaking of bile caused by a redundancy, or bad confine the feet of prisoners or offenders. as a bilious fever. state of the bile Hence the punishment of offenders in this its fruit

;

BIL'INGSGATE,

n.

4.

;

;

;

5.

6.

;

;

;

;

;

&c.

;

manner

is

called by the

same name.

Mar.

Diet.

BILIT'ERAL,

E:ici/e. id. [G.

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and

litera, 7.

letter.]

Consisting of two letters; as a biliteral Tool in language. Sir W. Jones. To construct to erect to set up and finish BILK, V. t. [Gcith. bilaikan, to mock or deThis Gothic word appears to be ride. as, to bild a house or ship ; to bild a wall compound, hi and laikan, to leap or [This is the true orthography the com-

BILD,

V.

pret. bilded, bill ; pp. bitden; Dan. bilder ; Sw. bitda.] t.

;

;

;

;

mon spelling BILD'STEIN,

is

See Build.]

incorrect.

n.

[G.

bild,

shape, and

stein,

steatite pagodite, in grotesque

China

from

its

coming from

figiu-es.

Ure.

BILL,

unctuous powder.

Cleaveland.

A

71. yellow bitter [L. 6!7(.s ; Fr. bile.] liquor, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the pori biliarii and gall

BILE,

All inflamed tumor.

[See Boil,

n. [bile and L. ductus, a convessel or canal to convey bile.

cretion of

BILgE, and

1.

2.

?i.

n. [bile viscid bile.

[A

and

A

stone.]

A

different oi-thography of iu/g'f,

which

is 1.

aground. Hence, when this part of a ship is fractured, she is said to be Encyc. Mar. Diet. bilged. BILGE, v. i. To suffer a fracture in the bilge to spring a leak by a fracture in the The term is used also when a ship bilge. has some of her timbers struck off by a rock or an anchor, and springs a leak. ;

2.

Encyc. Mar. Diet. pp. or a. Having a fracture in the This participle is often used, as if bilge. the verb were transitive ; and perhaps it

G.

beil,

bile

;

an ax or hatch-

W.

bwyell

shovel.] pick-ax, or mattock ; a battle-ax or hatchet with a crooked point. n.

[Norm,

bil;

Pers.

;

Arm.

bille,

;

an ax

a label or note

bilked; Sp.

billete

:

It.

;

Fr.

;

a

pump

draw

the bilge-water from a ship. n. Water which enters a ship, and lies upon her bilge or bottom. BU.'IARY, a. [from L. bilis.] Belonging

the seller to the buyer, of the several articles purchased, with the price of each.

bigl-

BILgE-WATER,

3.

1

V.

A

bill

of sale

is

when a person borrows

money and

delivers goods to the lender as at the same time, gives him empowering him to sell the goods,

security,

and

a bill, if the money is not repaid at the appointIn law, a declaration in writing, expressed time with interest. Encyc. ing some wrong the conii)lainant has sufIn the United States, a bill of sale is a fered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. It writing given by the seller of personal to the contains the fact complained of, the dampurchaser, answering to property, a deed of real estate, but without seal. age sustained, and a ]ietition or process It is 12. A bill against the defendant for redress. of mortality is an account of the used both in civil and criminal cases. number of deaths in a place, in a given In Scots laiv, every summary applicaIn these bills it is not unusual to time. tion in writing, by way of |)etition to the insert registers of births and christenings, court of session, is called a bill. as in London. Encyc. In law and in commerce, in England, an or security given for money

under the hand, and sometimes the seal of the debtor, without a condition or forIn the latter feiture for non-payment. circumstance, it differs from a Ijond. In

sometimes so used. burr-puinp

;

oliligation

BILG'ED,

A

bit

Dan.

a mattock, or pick-ax, and a

;

rest, if

n.

;

Tlie primary sense probably is a roll or folded paper, Sp. boleta, a billet, a ticket, and a pajier of tobacco, coinciding with bola, a ball or it is from cutting off, and signifies a piece.]

a ship's bottom, or that part of her floor wliich approaches to a horizontal dii'ection, on which she would

is

[Sax.

bil,

called the payee.

A bill of entry is a written account of goods entered at the custom house, wliether imported or intended for exportation. 1). A 6(7/ of lading is a written account of goods slii])ped by any person, on board of a vessel, signed by the master of the vessel, who acknowledges the receipt of the goods, and promises to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three or four copies of the bdl ; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipjier, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. 10. A bill of parcels is an account given by 8.

ietto, bulletta, bollettino.

The breadth of

to

&c.

n.

D. byl

billet,

con-

belly,

BILgE-PUM P,

;

BILL,

Darivin.

a protuberance.] The protuberant part of a cask, usually in the middle.

is

fitted witli a handle. short, it is called a hand-bill; wlien It is used for pnini long, a hedge-bill.

A. A J

Dariciii.

BI'LESTONE,

de-

When trees,

BI'LEDUeT, duit.]

;

of a crescent, and

et

and thence discharged by the common duct into the duodenum. Eneyc.

A

deceived

ppr. Frustrating ; defrauding. [Sax. bile, a beak, that is, ;

The beak of a fowl. An instrument used by plumbers, basket makers and gardeners, made in the form

BILL,

bladder,

the correct orthography.]

n.

shoot.] 1.

steatite in its pliysi- 2. cal characters, but differs from it essenIt is soft, easily tially in its composition. cut with a knife, and reducible to a fine

n.

;

frauded.

BILK'ING,

This mineral resembles

BILE,

;

BILK'ED, /)jo. Disappointed;

A bill of exchange is an order drawn on a person, in a distant place, requesting or directing him to pay money to some person assigned by the drawer, or to his order, in consideration of the same sum received by the drawer. Bills of exchange are either foreign or inland ; foreign, wlien drawn by a person in one country upon one residing in another inland, when both the drawer and drawee reside Ln the same country. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer ; the person on wliom the request or demand is made, is called the drawee ; and the person to whom the money is directed to be paid,

to deceive or defraud, by non-fulfilment of engagement as, to bilk a creditor. Dryden.

A

massive figure-stone. mineral, with sometimes a slaty structure ; of a color gray, brown, flesh red, sometimes spotted, or with blue veins. It fuses into a transparent glass. Brongniart call;* it

exult.] frustrate or disappoint

To

;

stone.] .\gahnatolite, or

L

I

are called

bills ; but usually they are qualified by some description, as a bill of attainder. A paper written or printed, and posted ui some public place, advertising the proposed sale of goods, or particular things; an advertisement posted. An account of goods sold or delivered, services rendered or work done, with the price or value annexed to each article. Any written paper, containing a statement of particulars as a bill of charges or expenditures a physician's bill of prea bill of fare or provisions, scriptions

ses, statutes

hili-

13. Bank-bill. 14.

A

[See Bank.]

bill of rights is a privileges, claimed

summary of

rights

by a people. Such presented by the and commons of England to the of and Orange hi 1688. princess prince In America, a hill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of

and

was

tlie

declaration

lords

the United States, this S])ecies of security is usually called a note, a note of hand, or the several states. a promissory note. bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, was a form or draft of a law, presented to a 15. In some cawriting irivcn hv the husband to the wife. legislature, but not enacted.

A

A

B

M

I

by which the marriage

B

relation

was

V.

;

t.

vertise by a

bill

word.

To

rt.

[fliin.

of biU;

Fr. billet;

Wlioiii

BIN'ACLE,

small paper or note in writing, used for various purposes sometiines it is a short soiik^hotter, iiddressed to some person; timcs a ticket directing soldiers at wliat ;

A

In

a long square.

BILL'ET,

ibrm

ol

Eiicjc.

Biilet-doux, bil'k-doo. [Fr.] n. [Fr. billot.]

A love billet. A small stick

V.

I.

hillct,

[iroiii

a

To

ticket.]

where

direct a soldier by a ticket or note

hence, to (piarter, or pl.ice in ; lodgin
BILL'ETING,

ppr. Uuartering, as soldiers

in private houses.

[L. biniis,

BILLIARDS,

n.

plu.

Pertaining to the bil'yards.

[Fr.

bill-

It. higliurard, a mace or liilliard-tabic do ; Sp. viUar. According to the an lent orthography, halyard, this wcud is composed of ball and yard, a ball-stick.] game played on a rectangular table, covered with a green cloth, with small ivory ba" which the players aim to drive into hazardnets or pockets at the sides and corners ;

oftlie tables, by impelling one ball again; another, with maces, or cues, according to certain rules oftlie game.

BILL'ION,

)i.

[his

bil'yiin.

and

million.

million of millions; as many millions as there are unit.s in a million. n. [Dan. iu/gf, Sw. bolja, a. swell, or rolhng swell, allied to bilge, bul/xe.] or surge of the sea, occasioned It can hardly usually by violent wind. be applied to the waves of a river, unless in poetry, or when die ri\er is very

BIL'LOW,

A great wave

BIL'LOW-BEATEN, BIL'LOWING, ppr. large waves surges.

pet. 11.

two and two.]

To

o.

;

same

A'l'riraii.

Sw.

binda, forhinda ; Dan. binder, n. A person who binds one and bind, a band also baand, a BI'NDER, whose occupation is to bind books ; also, band Hindu, bandna ; Gypsey, bandopen ; one who binds sheaves. oV ^ (J ^ o.* 2. Any thing that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, • Pcrs. aIj bandan, and «Xj>Xaj band. ;

;

to bind,

;

;

Tossed by billows. Swelled into large

o*^*^

a.

or

,

bandidan, to bind the former signifies also, to a])ply, to bend the mind ; and the latThe sense ter, to shut, close, make fast.

BI'NDERY,

[L. ;

twice, and Or See Lobe.] Divi

bis,

XoSof.

as a bilobale

1.

pericarp.

The Hindu name of a

Martyn. plant,

Crata^va Marmelos of Linne. As. Res.

two hands.

n.

[bis

Man

is

iii.

25(5. 5.

and manus.] Having himanoiis.

Lnwrence.

BIME'DIAL, [L. i?*, twice, and medinl.]\ In mathematics, if two medial lines, A B aud| a.

4.

To

restrain in

He

tlie

Job

floods

a. That obliges; obhgatory; as the binding force of a moral duty or of

a

;

to

If a

engage man shall swear an oath Numbers xxs.

n. The act of fastening vmh a a bandage the cover of a book, with the sewing and accomany thing that binds panviiig work something that secures the edge of cloth. In the art of defense, a method of securing or crossing the adversarj''s sword witli a pressure, accompanied with a spring of

band or obliging

overflowiog.

xxviii.

with a bond.

command.

BINDING,

;

;

from

2.

To oblige by a promise, vow, stipulation covenant, law, duty or any other moral tie

a

BI'NDING,

any manner,

binJeth the

place where books are

kins hard or stiff.

;

;

;

A

band ; ppr. Fastening with confining: restraining; covering or wrapa promise or other morjiing : obliging by al tie ; making costive ; contracting ; ma-

to strain.]

leaf.

71.

bound.

BI'NDING,

:

BIMA'NOUS,

a

A

;

2.

n.

to bind

The

;

ded into two lobes

BIL'VA,

as,

Mortimer. heat. constitution of two. stifl'; as, clay binds by Fotherby. 2. To grow or become costive. 3. To be obligatory. [L.WiiMj. See JSniaiT/.] Bestalk of hops, so called from its n. ing double or in couples growing in pairs BIND, winding round a pole or tree, or being A binate leaf has a simple petiole, connectbound to it. of a on leaflets the two species top ing is a quantity consisting of Martyn. 2. A bind of eels, digitate leaf. 10 strikes, each containing 2.5 eels, or 250 BIND, !'. t. pret. bound; pp. bound, and obs. in the whole. Encyc. hounden. [Sax. bindan, gehindan, pret. 3. Among miners, indurated clay, when band, buml, or bunden ; Goth, hindan, ga much mixed with the oxyd of iron. bindan ; D. hinden, verbinden ; Ger. the n.

BI'NATE,

is,

internally

;

;

;

I "• I

cover wiUi leather or any thing firm ;

sew together and cover

book.

;

To tie together, or confine w itli a cord or any thing tliat is flexible to fasten as with a band, fillet or ligature. To gird, iiiwrap or involve; to confine by Marti/n. sometimes BILOC'ULAR, o. [L. bis, twice, and lo'cti- a wrapper, cover or bandage with up ; as, to bind up a wound. a from locus, lus, place.] as with a chain, Divided into two cells, or containing two 3. To confine or restrain, him hand and foot. bind fetters or cord as, as a hilocular cells

BILO'BED, BILO'BATE,

to

;

;

;

;

BI'NARY,

Swelhng, or swelled into wavy full of billows, or

;

To restrain the natural discharges of the to make costive as, certain kinds of food bind the body or bowels. 10. To form a border; to fasten with a band, ribin, or any thing that strengthens the edges ; as, to bind a garment or carbowels

;

surges.

BIL'LOWY,

these eighteen

xiii.

constrain by a powerful influence or persuasion. I ^0 bound in tlie spirit to Jerusalem. Acts

;

;

v.i.

a.

Satan hath bovnd

Luke

To

;

To swell; to rise and roll in Prior. large waves, or surges. waves or

be

are used, in lieu of ten thi; cypher mul- 12. To cover or secure by a band ; as, to bind a wheel with tire. tiplying every thing by two, as in common 10 is 13. To oblige to serve, by contract as, to arithmetic by 10. Thus, 1 is one two 11 is three 100 is four 101 is five bind Ml apprentice; often with out; as, to 110 is six; 111, is seven; 1000 is eight bind out a servant. 1001 is nine 1010 is ten. It is said this 14. To make hard or firm as, certain substances hind the earth. species of arithmetic has been used by the Chinese for 4000 years, being left in enig- The uses of this word arc too various and ma by Fohi. numerous to be reduced to exact definiEncyc. used in is that in tions. music, Binary measure, common time, in which the time of rising To bind to is to contract ; as, to hind one's in beating, is equal to the tune of falling. self to a wife. Encyc. TV) Innd over is to oblige by bond to appear at a court. Binary number is that which is composed of two units. Encyc. BI.ND, r. i. To contract; to grow hard or

large.

BIL'LOW,

shall

by infirm-

;

BILL'IARD, a. biVijnrd. game of billiards.

A

a.

aritlimeiic, the invention of Leibnitz, and 1, is that in vvhicli two figures only,

Binary

BILL'ET,

A

BI'NARY,

bind on earth,

Mattli. xvi.

i).

lump or candle.

ion, a

of

wood.

shall

lieaven.

XX.

more probahly, hoile d^nig-uille, needle box wooden case or ho.\ in which the compass and lights are kept on board a ship. It is sometimes divided into three apartments, with sliding shutters; the two sides contain each a compass, and the middle divis

house

to lotlgc. heraldry, bilUU is a bearing in the

II. [Formerly ti'Hac/e, supposed be a corruption of Fr. habitacle ; but

to

ill

distress, trouble, or confine

years. 8.

or other eommodities.

It.

bulletta.]

laws of kindness, of

ity.

;

BILL'ET,

tlie

ratify.

Whatsoever thou

BILL'ARI), 71. A bastard or im|iert'ect ca- BIN, n. [Sax. binn, or binne.] A wooden box or chest used a.s a repository of corn A.
A

bound by

confirm or

bound 7.

-Osh.

tities.

L'Eslrange.

To

C.

Encyc. Belonging to a quantity arising from a particular combination of two other quan-

To ada writiiis-] or public notice; a cant

[IVoiii hill,

are

nature, of a state, kc.

A

[iroin liill, a beak.] To join bills, to caress in Ibiidiiess. Dryden.

V. i.

as doves

BILL,

We

C, commeusurabk; only in power, and comcontaining a rational rectangle, are C will be irrapounded, the whole line tional, and is called a first bimedial hue.

solved. 16. [See Indictment.]

BILL,

BIN

N

I

B

dis-

the wrist. floor into

;

Encyc.

lo bind his soul Binding-joists, in architecture,

of a

;

are the joists

which the trimmers of stair-

B

B

P

I

of the stairs cases, or well holes ney ways, are framed.

and chim-

2.

Encyc.

A

R

I

B

In botany, having pinnate leaves on each side of the petiole, as a leaf or frond. Martyn.

11. genus of plants, called a. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. Convohulm, comprehending many species, BiPET'ALOUS, nira'Kov, a leaf] as the white, the blue, the Syrian bind is Consisting of two flower leaves ; having two or Tamus black The &c. briony weed, petals. railed black hind-weed ; and the Smilax is BIPIN'NATIFID, ? [L.bis, twice, pinna, called rough bind-weed. a wing or feather, Encyc. Fam. of Plants. BIPEN'NATIFID, S and/(irfo, to divide.] of alum a BING, n. In alum works, heap ; having pinnatifid leaves thrown together in order to drain. Encyc. Doubly-pinnatiiid of the side each on Martyn. petiole. BIN'0€LE, n. [binus, double, and ocxdiis, an BIQUaD'RATE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quad eye.] ratus, squared.] tubes (hoptric telescope, fitted with two the fourth power, arising from In mathematics, enable a person to view joining, so as to the multiplication of a square number or an object with both eyes at once. which quantity by itself Thus 4X4=16, Harris. is the square of 4, and 16X 1(3=256, the bi a. [See Binoclc] Having of that number. quadrate two eyes ; also, having two apertures or n. The same as biquadtubes, so joined that one may use both rate. Encyc. eyes at once in viewing a distant object BIQUADRAT'Ie, a. Pertaining to the hi as a binocular telescope. Encyc. or fourth

BI'ND-WEED,

;

;

;

n. [bird and bolt.] .\n arrow, broad at the end, for shootuig birds. Shak.

BIRD'BOLT,

A

n. [bird and cage.] A box or case with wires, small sticks, or wicker,

BIRD'-€AgE,

BINOCULAR,

forming open work, for keeping birds.

BIQUADRATIC,

BIRD'CALL,

'

a.

and nomen,

[L. bis, twice,

name.]

In algebra, a root consisting of two members connected by the sign plus or minus 3. as a b, or 7 Encyc.

—

+

BINOMINOUS,

;

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and

no-

men, name.] Johnson. [bis and note.] Consistas a binotonovs cry.

Having two names.

BINOT'ONOUS,

a.

ing of two notes

;

Montague. [See Biography.] One who writes an account or history of the a life and actions of a particular person writer of hves, as Plutarch.

BIOG'RAPHER,

n.

Pertaining to bio^ "' BIOGRAPHICAL, S raphy, or the histocontaining ry of the life of a person biography. n.

[Gr.

to write.]

hfe,

and

ypo^.^,

The

history of the particular person.

life

Journ. of Science.

rhomboid.

BIP'AROUS,

a.

[L. bis, twice,

and pario,

to

bear.]

two

fortli

Bringing

at a birth.

[Urd and is

catch.]

One

to catch birds

a

;

(c)wler.

BIRD'-€ATCIIING, n. [bird The art of taking birds or wild

and

catch.]

fowls, either

for food, for pleasure, or for their destrucwhen pernicious to the husbandman.

tion,

BIRD'-CHERRY,

n.

[bird

and

A

cherry.]

species of Priunis, called padits ; there are other si)ecies called by the same name. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. tree, a

BIRD'ER, n. A bird-catcher. BIRD'-EYE, ) " [bird and eye.] Seen from BIRD'S-EYE, S above, as if by a flying liird

;

Burke.

as a bird-eye landscape.

BIRD'EYED, a. Of quick sight. BIRDING-PIECE, w. [bird &nA piece.]

ra[L. his, twice, and diatus, set with rays.] as a biradiale fin. Encyc. hirce ; D.herken, or

a.

BIRD'-LIME,

n.

A

Shak.

fowling-|)iece.

BIRD -LIKE,

Resembling a bird. [bird and lime.] A viscous

substance, usually made of the juice of holly-bark, extracted by boiling, mixed with a third-])art of nut od or thin grease, mon birch, the dwarf birch, the Canada used to catch birds. For this purpose, the varieties several are there which of birch, twigs of a bush are smeared over with tlus and the common black birch. viscid substance. Encyc. Birch of Jamaica, a species of the Pistacia or BIRD'-LIMED,n. Smeared with bird-lime ; Fnm. of Plants. Howell. turpentine tree. spread to ensnare. fowler birch of Made n. and consistin, BIRCH, } BIRD'-MAN, man.] [bird or bird-catcher. BIRCH'EN,*;"" of birch. BIRD, n. burd. [Sax. bird, or hridd, a chick- BIRD'-PEPPER, n. [bird and pepper.] a en from the root of hear, or W. bridaw,to species of Capsicum or Guinea-pepper break forth.] shrubby plant, bearing a small oval fruit, 1. Properly, a chicken, the young of fowls, more biting than the other sorts. and hence a small fowl. Encyc. 2. In modern use, any fowl or flying animal BIRDS'EYE, ?!. [bird and eye.] A genus of It is remarkable tliat a nation should lay knovFn plants, called also pheasant's eye, aside the use of the proper generic name in botany by the generic term .Idojm. of flying animals, fowl, Sax. fugel, D. voThere are several species, some of which and substitute the name of gel, the 'flyer, Encyc. produce bcautifid flowers. the young of those animals, as the generic BIRDS'FOQT, n. A plant, [bird and foot.] term. The fact is precisely what it would the Ornithopus, whose legumen is articuof name be to make lainb, the generic form of lated, cylindrical, and bent in the sheep, or colt, that of the equine genus. a bow. Encyc. Shnk. BIRD, II. t. To catch birds.

A

;

;

partiens, to divide.] Dividing into two ^sh. parts. a. [L. bis, twice, and paHitus, divided.] 1. Having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party. 3. In botany, divided into two parts to the tio,

BIPARTITE,

as "a leaf

Marlyn

BIPARTI"TION, n. The act two

parts, or of dent parts.

n. [L. hipes, pedis, a foot.]

An animal

having two

BIP'EDAL,

a.

length of two

BIPEN'NATE,

of dividing "in-

making two correspon-

BI'PED,

of

bis,

feet,

Johnson. twice, and jhs.

as man.

Having two

feet,

or feather.]

A

;

;

Bird of paradise, a genus of birds, found

or the

isles,

;

covered with a belt or collar of downy feathers at the base, and the feathThe larers on the sides are very long. lieak

[L. bis, and penna, a Having two wings.

in

and in New Guinea some of them remarkably beautiful. The

the "Oriental

feet. a.

A

;

BIPART'IBLE, ? [L. bis, twice, and parBIP'ARTILE, S"' tio, to divide.] That mav be divided into two (larts. Martt/n. a. BIPAR'TIENT, [L. bis, twice, and par-

wing

Encyc.

whose cniidoytnent

;

newly discovered Vesuvian mineral, whose primitive form is that of an obtuse

to

of

Ger. Ijirke Dan. birk.] which there genus of trees, the Betula, of are several species as the white or com-

herkeboom

[from Biot, a French natu

n.

ralist.]

biise,

\

put a

&c.

Havina two rays and character of a BlRCH,\i. iiiccA. [Sax. ;

BIOTINA,

A

jito;,

\

little

is

laurel leaf counterfeits the voice a leek, that of nightingales : ;

BIRD'-€ATCHER, n.

are disaspect of the planets, when they tant from each other, by twice the fifth part of a great circle, that is 144 degrees or

twice 72 degrees.

A

for imitating the cry

of lapwings

tus, fit\h.]

BIRA'DIATE, BIRA'DIATED,

some plant

A

birds.

An

?

;

BIOG'RAPIIY,

leaf of

power. quadratic is an equa Biquadratic equation, in algebra, tion raised to the fourth power, or where the unknown quantity of one of the terms has four dimensions. is a curve Biquadratic parabola, in geometry, line of the third order, having two infinite legs tending the same way. Biquadratic root of a number, is the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is f>, and the square root of 9 is .3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Encyc. BiaUIN'TILE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quin

;

BiOGRAFH'Ie,

[bird and call.] one end, in which

n.

stick, cleft at

;

BINO'MIAL,

R

I

gest species is two feet fotu- inches iu length. The head and back part of the neck are lemon-colored the neck of the brightest emerald green, soft like velvet the breast is black the wings of a chesnut color. The back part of the body is covered with long straight narrow feathers, of a pale brown color, similar to the plumes of the ostrich. These are spread when the bird flies, for which reason he cannot keep long on the wing. From the rump proceed two long stiff' shafts, feathered at the extremities. Encyc.

is

BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL,

n.

A

genus of

of several species. plants, the Lotus, Enn/c. n. [bird and nest.] The nest which a bird lays eggs and hatches her

BIRDS'NEST, in

young.

B

BIS

R

I

A plant,

a species of Oplir) s or ivvyblade also a species of Orchis. Enci/cJ 3. In cookery, the nest of a small swallow, of^ China, aiifi tlie neiglihoriiif.' coniitrics, del Tlii; with and mixed soups. tasted, icately nest is found in the rocks it is of a hem a goose ispheriral figure, of the size of egg, and in suhstance resembles isinglass. In tlie East, these nests are esteemed a great luxury, and sell at a very higli price. 2.

Not having the

a.

of attention.

BI'REME,

A

of oars.

tiers

Milford.

BIRG'ANDER,

The name of a

jj.

«.

rhombs. Sax.

hurt.

11.

1.

A

Eneyc. fish, called also turbot.

berth. D. [Sax. bi/rd, btorth Ger. geburt ; Ir. beirlhe ; L. partus, the participle of pario, to bear.] The act of coming into hfe, or of being

n.

freboortc

born.

;

;

Except

applied to

in

human

poetry, it is generally beings; as the birth o(

a son. 2.

Lineage

;

extraction

descent

;

song sung

;

as,

Gre-

at the birth

and stran-

[biiih

Strangled or sufibcated

in

born.

BIRTH'WORT,

and

n. [birth

being Shak.

A

ge of many spe cies. Of these an- the snake root of! America, and the contrayerva of Jamaica.!

nus of

BISA,

wort.]

jilants, Aristolochia,

)

AcoinofPegu,ofthe value of half

BIZA, ^ 'a ducat; also, a weight. Kncyc. BIS'COTIN, H. [Fr.] A confection, made of flour, sugar, marmelade and e 71. bis'liit. [I'r. comjiounded of

BIS'€UIT,

It. biscotto; bis, twice, and cuit, baked Sp. bizcochn.] A kind of bread, formed into cakes, and

L. 1.

;

baked hard

seamen.

for

A

cake, variously made, for the use of private famihcs. The name, in England, is given to a composition of flour, eggs and sugar. With us the name is given to a composition

of flour and butter, made

and baked

in private families. But the com]iositions under this denomination are very various.

Denhttm. 3. The body of an earthern vessel, in distinction from the glazing. used of high or low extracticui hut Thomson. way of distinction tiir a BISECT', V. t. [L. Ijis. twice, and seco, secdescent from noble or honorable parent lum, to cut. See Section.] To cut or of divide into and ancestors as a man birth. two ])arts. In geomeThe condition in which a person is born. try, one line bisects another when it crosses! A foe by birth to Troy. it, leaving an erpial part of the hne on each Dryden. That which is born that which is pro side of the point where it is crossed. duced, whether animal or vegetable. BISECTED, pp. Divided into two equal cian birth. It is

is

;

often used by ;

3. 4.

;

Mdison.

Milton. 5.

6.

7.

The act of bringing forth as,shehadtwo children at a birth. In o IheologicaJ sense, regeneration is called the new birth. as the birth of an Origin beginning ;

;

;

empire.

BIRTH, BERTH, ship rides.

BIRTH'DAY,

n.

A

station in

which a

[See Berth.] n. [birth

and day.]

The day

ti-

An

overseer; a ruler or director

s|)iritual ;

applied

superintendent, to Christ.

Ye were

as sheep going astray, but are now tlie .
returned to 2.

In the primitive church, a spiritual overseer an elder or presbyter one who liad the pastoral care of a church. The same persons are in this chapter called elders or presbyters, and overseers or bishops. .\cxs xx. Scott, Cotnm. Till the churches were niulliplicd, tlie liishops and presbyters were the same. /*. Phil. i. I. ;

;

1

Tini.

iii.

I.

Tit.

i.

7.

Both the Greek and Latin fatliers do, with one consent, declare, that ln.ihop.s were called presbyter?, aiid presbyters bishops, in apostolic times, the name being then coininon. Whitby. and some Protestant churches, a jirelate, or person consecrated for the spiritual government .-ind direction of a diocese. In Great Britain, bishops are nominated by the king, who, upon re-

Encyc.l 3. In the Greek, Latin,

birce, bip-c]

birch or rod. Obs. Ch. liclig. Appeal. BIROS'TR.VTE, ? "' [L. bis, twice, and roslnwi, a l)eak. BIROS'TRATi:i), S Having a double beak, or process resembling a beak. The capsule is bilocular and biroxirated.

BIRTH,

of a. person. gle.]

Cleavelnnd. birch,

[from

t.

BIRT,

from descent.

BIRTH-SONG, n. A

an
Having a surface composed of twelve rhombic faces, which, being taken six and six, and prolonged in idea, till they intercept each other, would form two difleretit

BIRK'EN, V. To beat with a

sense of primogeni-

in the

BIRTH-STRANGLED, a.

[bis

1.

souls. 1

be used

easgob.

This

;

and right.] Any which a jjerson is en-

[birth

birtii,

ture, or the privilege of the first born, but is ap[ilicable to any right which results

wild

(lu. Brrfrandcr.

sroosc.

BIRIIOAIBOID'AL,

may

Ir.

oskof.

the Athenians gave to those whom they sent into the jjrovinces subject to them, to inspect the state of aflairs and the Romans gave the title to those who were inspectors of provisions.]

xii.

liticon. It

two banks or

n.

such as an estate desby cendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a fice constitution. Esau, for a morsel, sold his birthright. Hcb. titled

,_ix^\

tle

;

oar.]

vessel with

[birth

right or privilege, to

faculty

and remus, an

;i.

and

O J O J

or other local district.

city,

;

n. [L. hiremis,bis

In Ar. and Pers.

BIRTHRIGHT,

names of plants.

BIRD -WITTED,

years.

and place.] The town, city or country, where a person is born more generally, the particular town,

Encijc.

BIRDSTONGUt:

and

ohispo, Port. bispo,W. esgoh,

BIRTH'PLACE,

;

BIRDSTARES

BIS

night in which a person is boni and the anniversary of that night in succeeding ;

;i

))arts.

BISECT'ING,

ppr. Dividing into

two equal

parts.

BISECTION,

The

«.

two equal parts

;

act of cutting into the division of any fine

or quantity into two equal parts.

BISEG'MENT,

n.

[bis

of the parts of a equal parts.

and segment.]

line,-

One

divided into two

quest of the dean and chapter, for leave to elect a bishop, sends a conge d'elire, or license to elect, with a letter missi\ e, nom-

whom he would have The election, by the chapter, made within twelve days, or the has a king right to appoint "whom lie pleases. Bishops are consecrated by an archbishop, with t«o assistant bishops. A bishop must be thirty years of age and all bishops, exce])t the bishop of Man, are j)eers of the reahn. Btackstone. By the canons of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States, no diocese or state shall proceed to the election of a bishop, unless there are at least six inating the person

chosen. must be

;

officiating presbyters residing therein, who shall be qualified, according to the canons, to vote for a bishop ; a majority of at least must concur in the election. But

whom

the conventions of two or more dioceses, or states, liaving together nine or more such presbyters, may join in the election of a bishop. convention isconij)osed of the clergy, and a lay delegation, consisting of one or more niembei-s from each parish. In every state, the bishop is to be chosen according to such rules as the convention of that state shall ordain. The mode of election, in most or all of the states, is by a concurrent vote of the clergy and laity, in convention, each body voting separately. Before a bishop can be consecrated, he must receive a testimonial of approbation from the General Convention of the church or if that is not in session, from a majority of the standing committee in the several dioceses. The mode of consecrating bishops and ordaining priests and deacons differs not essentially from the practice in England.

A

which any person is born. BiSEX'OUS, a. Consisting of both sexes. The same (lay of the month, in which a: Brown. person was born, in every succecdingi BISH'OP, n. [L. epi.icopus Gr. iranxono;, of year often celebrated as a joyfid anniveriru, over, and nxoxog, insjjector, or visitor; It sometimes has the form of an sary. Bxontu, to view, or insjiect V\'hence tniattribute as a birth-day ode. axf jtTo^uoi, to visit or inspect also udaxomu, BIRTH'DOM, n. [birth and dom. See Dom to iew. This Greek and Latin word acand Doom.] Privilege of birth. [JVut used.] companied the introduction of Christianity Shak. into the west and north of Europe, anil BIRTH'ING, Ji. Any thing added to raisel has been corriipied into Saxon blscop, bisBishop Broicnelt. the sides of a ship. Ash. Bailey.' b, n. A cant word for a mixture of ceop, t^w. and Dan biskoi iskop, D. bisschop,mi'Y\'OV, BIRTH'NIGHT, »i. [birth and night.] Tile! Ger. bischof, It. lescor'0, Fr. evique, ei'^01 Sp.jl wine, oranges, and in

2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

-i

sugai-.

Vol.

I.

23

Su-ifl.

BIT

BIS 2.

To

confirm to admit i
BISII'OP,

i:

t.

;

BIT

and tail shorter, and the hairs of head and neck longer than in the latter. Regne Anim.

pistareen, about ten cents, or five pence

the legs its

BISSEXTILE, from

bissejrtris,

sterling.

The

4.

point of an auger, or other borer

;

the

bite.

>i.

[L. bisseititis, leaji year, [his and sfrdts] the sixth of

This word

used, like jot and ivhit, to express the smallest degree ; as, he is not a bit wiser or better. is

the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercala- BITCH, 71. [Sax. bicca,bicce, bice; Dan.bikkr. tion of a day. Ainsworth.] Qu. Ger. betze Basque, potzoa. This word BISH'OPRI€, n. [bishop and rk, jinisdicprobably signifies a female, for the French tion.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day the district over which tlie biche is a hind.] 1. A diocese is added to the month of February, on acexcess of which the I. The female of the canine kind, as of the of a count of the G extends. In hours, jinisdiction £Hffbishop This civil year contains, above 36.5 days. knid, arc twenty-four bishoprics, besi
BISirOPLIKE,

a.

.Ish. EncycJ Resembling a bishop;!

belonging to a bisliop.

J<\ilke.'

;

;

;

teen.

The charge of

instructing and governing in s|)iritual concerns office. Acts i. 20. RISIl'OrSWEED, n. [bishop and weed.'] genus of plants, witli the generic name

ii.

;

that is, it exceeds the real year, or annual revolution of the earth. Hence at the end

of every century, divisible by

4, it is

Pope.

BITE,

V.

t.

bit

pret.

bitan ; Sw. hita to bite.]

neces-

;

pp.

Arbuthnol.

bitten.

bit,

Dan. bider ; Ger.

;

[Sax. beissen,

sary to retain the bis.sextile day, and to suppress it at the end of those centuries which 1. To break or crush with the teeth, as in are not divisible by 4. Ammi. Encyc. eating to pierce with the teeth, a.s a sern. BISH'OPSWORT, BISSEX'TILE, a. "Pertaining to the leap pent to seize with the teeth, as a dog. plant. 2. To pinch or pain, as with cold vear. as a BISK, n. [Fr. bisque.] Soup or broth, made the frost bites. biting north wind by boiling several sorts oi"flr>li together. BIS'SON, a. [Sax. fc^sen.] Blind, [^rotused.] Shak. 3. To reproach with sarcasm to treat with King. BIS 11. from n. This A biscuit. words or TER, his, brown.] BFSK'ET, [Fr. bistre, orthograpliy severity by as, one writing is adopted Ijv many respectable writers. Among painters, the burnt oil extracted jjoet praises, another bites. I'rom the so
A

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

i

;

proper

wanner climates sulcus, a furrow.] Cloven footed, as swine or oxen. of the Eastern Continent. The bison i; Brown. wild animal, with short, black, rounded BISUL'PHURET, n. [his and sulphuret.] horns, with a great interval between their In ckimistry, a sul))huret, with a double proOn the shoulders is a large hunch, portion of sulphur. bases. Sillimnn. The BIT, n. [Sax. hitol, gebaite, gebcetel, a bit consisting of a fleshy substance. head and luincli are covered with a Ion batan, to bit or curb.] undulated fleece, of a rust-color, divided The iron part cf a bridle which is inserted In winter, the whole body is in the mouth of a horse, and its appendainto locks. It covered in this manner but in summer, ges, to which the reins are fastened. includes the bit mouth, the branches, the the hind part of the body is naked, and wrinkled. The tail is about a foot long, curb, the sevel holes, the tranchefil and cross chains. Bits are of various hinds, naked, exccjit a tutl of hairs at the end. as the musrol, snatHe, or watering bit The fore parts of the body are very thick the canon mouth, jointed in the middle and strong the hind i)arts are slender animals inhabit the canon or fast moiuh, all of a piece, weak. These the in and kneed in the middle the scatch-mouth terior parts of North America, and some the masticador, or slavering bit &c. of the mountainous parts of Europe and Pennant Asia. Johnson. Encyc. Pennant alledges that the bison of America BIT, V. t. To put a bridle upon a horse to is the same species of animal as the bi.soi l)Ut the bit in the mouth. and aurochs of Europe, the bonasus of BIT, pret. and pp. of bite. Seized or wound ed by the teeth. Aristotle,theMrusof Cesar, the bos ferus or wild ox of Strabo, the bison of Pliny, and BIT, n. [Sax. l/ita, a bite or mouthful bitan, to bite the }nston of Oppian. D. ftit ; G. hiss.] A small piece a mouthful, or morsel Cuvicr has not separated the bi.son of Ameri a bite. ca from that of Europe. He considers 2. A small piece of any substance. their identity as doubtful. The former has 3. A small coin of the West Indies, a half

BITERN'ATE,

species, peculiar to the

three.]

a petiole

Martyn.

;

;

cheating.

BI'TING, «. Sharp; severe: sarcastic. Bl TINGLY, adv. In a sarcastic or jeering manner.

BIT'LESS,

Not having a

a.

bit or bridle.

Fanshaw. and mouth.] The bit, or that part of a bridle which is put in a horse's mouth. Ash. Bailey. Encyc.

BIT'MOIJTII,

«.

;

[hit

BIT'TACLE,

n.

;

[Qu. Fr.

hoite

d'aigui'tte,

needle box.]

;

The box

for the

board a ship.

;

compasses and

lights

on

[See Bimiacle.]

BIT'TEN, pp. of bite, bit'tn. Seized or wounded by the teeth cheated. BIT'TER, a. [Sax. Ijittr Sw. D. Ger. and ;

;

Dan.

;

;

when

Seizing, wounding, or crushing with the teeth piuchiiig, paining, causing to smart with cold reproaching with severity, or treating sarcastically ;

;

;

and temus,

[L. his

BI'TING, ppr.

;

;

a.

In botany, doubly ternate, as has three ternate leaflets.

I.

;

bitter;

from

bite.]

Sharp, or biting to the taste; acrid; like

worunvood.

i

;

.

Sharp Ileb.

i.

;

cruel

;

severe

:

as

bitter

enmity

.

BIT 'i.

1.

Sharp, as words Sliarp to

5.

tlie

makes

t}iat

to

BIT

rcproacliful ; sarcastic. feeling pic^rriiijr ; [lainful ;

as a

;

or a bitter blast. Painful to the miud; calatnitous as a iiHer fate.

nant

Afflicted

poig-

The Egyptians 7.

Hurtful

8.

Mournful;

It

i-**

;

niadt! their lives l/itter.

Ex.

i.

distres.sing

;

Jer.

ii.

expressive of mis-

[See

Bitters.] n. [See Bitta.]

Epsom

n.

whose

ces

first

a

n. [6i7/(r

and

is

BIV.ALV OLS,

) the seed cases of certain plants.

Ihniugtwo

liuibiiig

then a sweet

BIT TERVETCH,

n.

BIT'TEK-WURT, [

a.

BIT'TERISHNESS,

lOUS, a. [L. bivivs Ijis and via, way.J Having two ways, or leading two ways. Brown BIVOUA€, n. [Fr. This word is probably composed of be and the Teutonic root of Sax. wacian, to wake, to wake, watch watih L. vigilo ; G. wache, a guard wa-

The

.pialily

of be-

;

;

or

ins moderately bitter. Encyc. adv. With a bitter taste. In a severe maimer in a manner express-

3.

ing poignant grief; as, to weep bitterly. In a manner severely reproachful sharp-

RIT'TERLY,

;

ly

;

severely

;

angrily

;

as, to

censure

n.

[I),

butoor

;

n.

The

butor

Mar.

long legs and neck, and stalks among reeds and sedge, feeding ir|)on tish. It makes a singular noise, called by Dryden

BIX'WORT,

V.

the

slacken

To

t.

BIT'UMEN, BITU'ME.\,

^

"•

;

[L.

;

;

D.

lab-

;

;

Diet.

Sp. betun

;

Ir. clahaire, a babbler; labhraim,U> speak Chaucer, labbe, a blabber.] To utter or tell in a thoughtless manner to publish secrets or trifles without discretion. It implies, says Johnson, rather thoughtlessness than treachery, but may be used iu either sense. Dryden. To tell, or utter in a good sense. Shak. Shak. BL.VB, I', i. To tattle to tell tales. BL.\B, n. A babbler a telltale one w ho betrays secrets, or tell things which ought to be kept secret. BLABBER, n. A tattler; a tell-tale.

bery, ])rattle

1.

:

;

it

Fr. bitume

plant.

!•.

cable,

?

A

»i.

BIZANTLN'E. [See Byzantine.] /. BLAB, [W. llavaru, to speak

put roimd the bills as, to in order to fasten it or to! out gradually, which is called .Mar. Diet. veering away. BITU'ME, n. Bitumen, so written for the sake of the rhyme. May. liitt

;

billern.

sail sheet bitts, paut-bitts, carrick -litis, &i-.

BITT, Fr.

Corn, klubitttr.] fowl of the grallic order, the Ardea stellaThis fowl has ris, a native of Euro|)e.

V. t. To watch or be on guard, as a whole army. [This word angliciscul would be bewatch.]

BIVOUAC,

Dnjden

bit-

terly.

tack.

The

n. phi.

;

BIT'tERN,

or watch of a whole army, as in cases of great danger of surprise or at-

GVniiana, which has

BIT'TOR,

;

ehoi, to watch.]

The guard

[from the same root as 6?7e.]i A frame of two strong pieces of timber fixed perpeu
BITTS,

;

.

bitter taste.

I

(luldsmitti.

n.

3.

A

[IMer and woH.]

n.

gentian,

remarkably

BIT'TOUR

Knei/c. bitter; bitter

Somewhat

pliuit called

a I

moderate degree.

Bailey.

BIV'

A

[hitter au.l retch.]

A

in a

a. [L. ii'^ and ie)i/er, bellv.) bellies ; as a biventral nuiscle.

'

A

BIT'TERISH,

Martyn. Coxe. a. [L. 4w, twice, and vault.] vaults or arche.s. Barloir.

Having two

taste.

the liius. species of Ervum, or lentil, cultivated for Bitter-end, that part of a cable which is fodder. Encyc. abaft the bitl.*, and therefore within board, 2. genus of plants, known by the generic when the ship rides at anchor. name Orolnis, remarkable for their beauMar. Did. tiful i)a|)ilionaceous flowers. The tuberBIT'TER-GOURD, n. [bitter and gourd.-i cles of one species are in great esteem plant, a species of Ciicumis, called Col among the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew ihom, wlien dry, to give a better ocynthis, Colocynth, Colmiuiutada. The fruit is of the gourd kind, having a she relish to their liipiors. inclosing a bitter pulji, which is a very drastic purgative. It is brought from iht Levant, and is the bitter apjjle of the shops

-)

\ a. valves

A BIVAULT'ED,

sweet.] i

two parts. Encyc. Having two shells or which open and shut, as the oyster and

splits ij)to

Enci/c.

round

..

when chewed, produ- BI VENTRAL,

root,

In marine lan-

guage, a turn of the cable which

opens or

BI'VALVE,

Rhombspar, a mine- BIVALV'IJI.AR,

n.

bitter,

I

aniujal having two valves, or a shell consisting of two j)arts which open and shut. ALso a pericarp in which the seed-case

salt.

species of Solnnum, a slender plant,

ro/i-f ,

An

bitter

herbs or roots are steeped generally a spirituous li(|uor, the bitter cause of intemperance, of disease, and of premature death !,

BIT'TER-SWEET,

A

BI F'TER,

which

in

liciuor

ral that crystalizes in rhomboids. It is the crystalized variety of magnesian limestone. Ure.

very sinful.

an evil and bitter thinp.

ery ; as a bitttr complaint or lamentation, .lob .x.xiii. Jer. vi. x.\xi. substance that is bitter. BIT'TEK, n.

6w, twice, and

n. [L.

BI'V.\LVE, vulva.]

A

BIT'TER-SALT, BIT TER-SI*AR,

distressed.

;

to apos-

;

;

;

I

0.

lleb. xii. n.

BIT'TERS,

cold
bitter

B L A

draw persons

schism, tending to tasy,

;

;

smart

I

;

;

;

BL.VB'BING,

It.hitume.]

;

ppr. Telling indiscreetly

what

This name is used to denote various inflambumping, and by Goldsmith booming. ought to be concealed tattling. mable substances, of a strong smell, and of" BL.\CK, a. [Sax. blac, and blcec, black, Encyc. pale, ditierent consistencies, which are found BIT'TERN, 71. [from bitter.] In salt worh, wan, livid blacian, blcecan, to become pale, in the the brine remaining after the salt is conearth. There are several varieties.! to turn white, to become black, to blackmost of which evidently pass into each' creted. This being lailed otf, and the salt en bla-c, uik Sw. blek, pale, wan, livid taken out of t!ie pan, is returned, and beother, proreela(k color, and when rubbed emitting an Black and blue, the dark color of a brniso In the gall of bitterness, in a state of extreme in the flesh, which is accompanied with a unpleasajit smell. That of Dalmatia is so mixture of blue. impiety or enmity lo God. Acts viii. charged with bitumen, that it may be cut Soot of bitterness, a dangerous error, or like soap. Ure. BLACK, )i. That which is destitute of light ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

j

;

I

;

!'.

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

B L A

B L A

or whiteness tlie darkest color, or rather; a destitution of all color as, a cloth has a

Scotland, a name given to the Faleo fulvus, the white taded eagle of Edwards. BLACK'-EARTH, n. Mold ; earth of a dark color. PVoodivard.

;

;

black.

good 2. 3.

A

A

ne<;ro

a person whose skin

;

lilack

or

dross,

mourning

is

;

black.

to

as,

BLACK'ED, BLACK'EN,

be

clothed in black.

BLACK,

t.

I',

To make

black

blacken

to

;

to soil.

and

in choosing,

v.

To

t.

reject or negative

by putting black balls into a

ballot-box.

BLACK'-BERRY, and

A

and moor.]

[black

a black man.

Using foul or scurKillingbeck.

;

;

;

Franklin to cloud.

;

A

eyes are placed near the corners of itt moutu on the edge of the lower jaw. Did. ofjYat. Hist. In the U. States, a fish caught on the rocky shores of New-England.

berry. ] ;

of slaves that has blackened

BLACK'-FISII,

blachenan, black

The berry of the bramble or rubns lar name applied, in ditfereut

;

rilous language.

BL.VCK'NESS,

black.

America.

n. [black nnd fsh.] fish in the Orontes, about twenty inches long in shape resembling the sheat-fish. Its

n. [black and bar.] A plea obliging the plaintiff to assign the i)lace of Ash. trespass.

BLACK'-BAR,

n. [Sax.

negro

n.

;

position for blacking shoes.

BLACK'-BALL,

[Sax. blwcan. See Black.]

;

A com-

ball.]

a denomination given to Encyc.

the Benedictines.

BLACK'-MOOR,

BLACK'-MOUTHED.o.

black; soiled.

;

Blackslone. n. [black

To make

lialf

[black

warren, &c., or to hunt or steal deer, &c., with the face blacked or disguised.

BLACK'-BALL,

t.

The importation

and act.] The Enslish statute 0. Geo. I. which makes it felony to appear armed in any park or n.

V.

BLACK'-MONKS,

n. The quality of being black black color darkness atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. to darken ; 2. To make dark n. A kind of food BLACK'-PUDDING, :i. To soil. made of blood and grain. Johnson. 4. To sully reputation to make infamous BLACK'-ROD, n. [black and rod.] In Engas, vice blackens the character. land, the usher belonging to the order of BLACK'EN, V. i. To grow black, or dark. the garter so called from the black rod BLACK'ENER, n. He that blackens. which he carries. He is of the king's chamber and usher of Parliament. BLACK'-EYED, «. Having black eyes. Cowel. Dryden. BLACK'-FACED, a. Having a black face. Black row grains, a species of iron stone or Sliak. ore, found in the mines about Dudley in 1.

;

Boyle.

BLACK'-ACT,

Made

pp.

B L A

a popu-

Staffordshire, England.

Encyc,

BLACK' SEA,

n. [black and sea.] The Euxon the eastern border of Europe. BLACK'-SHEEP, n. [Mack and sheep.] In

ine Sea,

oriental histort/, the ensign or

a race of

Turkmans

standard

of

Armenia and Mes-

in

3. places, fo opotamia. Encyc. n. [black and smith.] ditferent species, or varieties of tliis fruit. n. [black and forest.] smith who works in iron, and makes iron BLACK'-BIRD, 7i. [black and bird.] In forest in Germany, in Swabia; a part of utensils more properly, an iron-smith. J^ns'and, the merula, a species oC tardus, a the ancient Hercynian forest. Black' -strokes, in a shi]), are a range of planks singing bird with a fine note, but very loud. In .iinerica, this name is given to BL.\CK-FRIAR, n. Black-friars is a name immediately above the wales in a ship's to the called Dominican also Order, given different bird.?, as to the gracula fpiiscula, side, covered with tar and lamp-black.

A

BLACK-FOREST,

A

BLACK'SMITH, ;

or

crow

and

black-bird,

to

the

Predicants and preaching friars in France, Jacobins. Ency n. [said to be of black

oriolns

phaeniceiis, orred winged black-bird, nus predatorius, Wilson.]

;

[.S'/j(r-

BLACK'-GUARD,

and guard but is it not a corruption of BLACK'-BOOK, [black and book.] The black-ard, black-kind ?] Black Book of the Exchequer in England, is a book said to have been composed in A vulgar term applied to a mean fellow, who uses abusive, sciuTilous language, or It contains a 1 175, by Gervais of Tilbury. treats others with foul abuse. description of the Court of Exchequer, its black. officers, their ranks and privileges, wages, BLACK'ING, ppr. Making n. A substance used for perquisites and jurisdiction, with the reve- BLACK'ING, nues of the crown, in money, grain and! blacking shoes, variously made any factitious matter for making things black. cattle. Encyc.l Encyc. Ash. 'i. Any book which treats of necromancy, a. Somewhat black modeEncyc.\ BL.XCK'ISH, A book compiled by order of the visitors rately black or dark. ;i. of monasteries, under Henry VIII., con- BLACK'-JACK, n. A name given by min.

;

j

;

ners to blend, a mineral called also false galena, atu\ blend. It is an ore of zink, in combination with iron and sulphur, sul-

taining a detailed account of the enormi-' ties practised in religious

houses, to black-\ en them and to iiasten their dissolution.

1

pluu'ct

Eiicyc.

KLACK'-BROWED,

a.

and brow.]^ gloomy dis-

[black

Having black eye-brows mal tlireatening; as a black-browed ;

;

;

"2.

;

•}.

common

in

Encyc. Pennant.'] In cookery, an apple roasted till black, to be served up in a dish of boiled custard.

Mason.

BLACK'-€ATTLE,

[black

and

cattle.]

proper, as

n.

A

mineral of a dark

it

contains.no lead.

It is called

])Iunibago, and technically graphite, as it is used for pencils. Cleaveland. n. In some parts of England, a disease among calves and sheep. It is a sort of jelly which settles in the

BLACK'-LEGS, legs

and sometimes

in the neck.

Encyc.

BLACK'LY, adv. Darkly atrociously. BLACK'-MAIL, n. A certain rate of money, ;

corn, cattle or other thing, anciently paid in the north of England, to certain men,

Cattle of the bovine genus, asbidLs, o.xen Johnson.] and cows. [English.] n. A mineral ofabluish| black color, of a slaty texture, and soiling fingers when handled a variety of

leathern cup of old times.

and of a scaly texture, composed of carbon, with a small ])ortion of iron. This name, black-lead, is im-

Europe.

n.

JVicholson.

steel-gray color,

BLACK-BRY'ONY, [black bryony.]' A plant, the Tamus. Encyc. BLACK-CAP, n. [black and cap.] A bird,' the Motacilla atricapUla, or mock-nightingale so called from its black crown. It

A

of zink.

BLACK-LEAD,

gust.

Drydeti.^

and

n.

is

who were

allied to robbers, to be by them Cowel. Encyc protected from pillage. Black rent, or rents paid in corn or flesh Ure. Bailey. Encyc. argillaceous slate. BLACK'-COCK, n. [black and cock.] A BLACK'-MONDAY, n. Easter Monday, in 34. Ed. III., which was misty, obscure, fowl, called also black-grous and blackand so cold that men died on horseback. game, the Tetrao letiir of Linne. Stowc^ BLACK'-EAGLE, ii. [black and eagle.] In

BLACK-CHALK, the

Encyr.

BLACK'-TAIL,

n.

[black

and

tail.]

;

2.

A

fish,

a kind of perch, called also a ruff or pope. Johnsoit.

;

BLACK'-THORN,

71.

[black

species of prunus, called

and also

thorn.]

A It

sloe.

grows ten or twelve feet high, very branchy, and armed with sharp, strong spines, and bearing small, round, black cherries.

It is

much

cultivated for hedg-

es.

Encyc.

BLACK-TIN,

and tin.] Tin ore, dressed, stamped and washed ready for melting. It is the ore comminuted by beating into a black powder, like fine sand. J!,

[black

when

Encyc.

BLACK'-VISAgED,

Having a dark

a.

n.

vis-

Marston.

age or appearance.

BLACK'-WaDD,

[black

An

and wadd.]

ore of manganese, found in Derbyshire, England, and used as a drying ingredient in paints.

remarkable for taking fire, with linseed oil in a certain

It is

when mixed proportion.

Encyc.

)i. [black and luork.] Iron wrought by black-smiths; so called in distinction from that wrought by white-

BLACK'-WORK, sinilhs.

Encyc.

BLAD'-APPLE, a species of

?i.

In

toteni/,

the cactus or

Fam. of Plants.

it.

BLADDER,

n. [Sax. bla:dr, bladra, bleddra, bleed, a puft" of wind, also W. a goblet, fruit, the branch of a tree pledren, a bladder; Sw. and Dan. blad, a page, a leaf, Eng. a blade ; D. blad, a leaf, page, sheet, a board, a blade, a plate; G. blatt, a leaf; blatter, a blister, which is our The Germans express bladder by bladder.

a bladder, and

;

D. blaas, which is our blaze. Hence observe that the sense is taken from extending, dilating, blowing ; Sax. blawan, to blow W. blot or blwlh, a

blase,

we

swelling,

;

puft'or blast

breadth

;

;

W. ;j/f(/, extension,

L. talus.]

(romlled,

B L A A

B L A

membranous bag in

animals, whicli serves as llie receptacle of some secreted fluid, as the urinary bladder, tlie gall bladder, &c. Hy way ofoiniiicnce, the word, ill common language, denotes the urinary or when bla
thin

Martyn.

pericar|>.

BLAD'DERED,

Swelled

a.

like a bladder.

Drydcn.

BLAD'DER-NUT,

?!.

[bladder and

nut.]

A

•renus of plants, with the generic name of Tlicy have three capsules, Staphyliea. inflated and joined by a longitudinal suture. Encyc.

The The

3. 3.

of

nut

the Royena. is a species

Jlfriran bladder laurel-leaved bladder-nut

//cr,

holm or

is

Fam. of Plants.

holly.

BLAD'DER-SENNA,

genus of plants, called

The joinled-podded

bastard-senna, a

or in

the Co-

is

containing bladders. BLADE, n. [Sax. 6/iirf, bkd, a branch, fruitherbs, goblet, a ])hial, the broad part or Gr. ^fkarvi, broad. The blade of an oar radical sense is to shoot, extend, dilate. See Bladder.] 1. The stalk or spire of a plant, particularly but apphcable to the of grass and corn ;

;

stalk of

any herbaceous

green or dry.

A

leaf

In this sense

plant,

whether

blame

;

for blasmer ; It. biasmo, for blasmo, the root of this

The Greeks have

blame.

in ^tan^r^fiiu, to blaspheme, and it seems to bo of the same family as Fr. See blesser, to injure, that is, to strike.

2.

To

whiten make white

To

slin-

to avoid 3.

To

to take out the color, and to obliterate. Drydm.

;

to balk

;

to

:

BLWNCH,

;

to pass

over

;

that

is,

make empty.

strip or peel

as, to

;

To evade

V. i.

Obs. Bacon. blanch almonds. fViseman. to

;

sliift

;

to

speak

Johnson. softly. Blemish. But it is not clear that the noun Rather, to fail or withhold ; to be reserved to remain blank, or empty. ought not to be arranged before the verb.] ;

1.

To

of

censure

to express disapprobation to find fault with ; opposed to prai.'e ;

Books

will

when

speak plain,

counselors

blanch. Bacon. or commend, and applicable most properly pp. Whitened. to persons, but applied also to things. BL'ANCHER, n. One who whitens; also, I withstood liiiii, because he was to be bla one who anneals, and cleanses money. med. Ci}. ii. BLAN(;HI.M ETER, n. [blanch, and Gr. I must \blame your conduct ; or I must fiiTpov, measure.] blame you/or neglecting business. Legiti- .\n instrument for measuring the bleaching mately, it cannot be followed by of. of oxymnriate [chloride] of lime, To bring reproach upon to blemish to ])ower and potash. Ure. injure. [See Blemish.] BIVANCHING, ppr. Whitening. In coi'»She had blamed licr noble blood. [ Obs.] age, the oiieration of giving brightness to Spenser of silver, by heating them on a peel, BLAME, Jt. Censure reprehension impu- pieces and afterwards boiling thcni successively tation of a fault disapprobation; an ex in two pans of copper, with aqua forti.s, prcssion of disapprobation for something connnon and tartar of ;

BLANCHED,

;

;

;

;

;

forever. Gen. xliii. sin that which is deserFault crime ving of censure or disapprobation. That wc sliould be holy and vvilliout blame before hini in love. Eph. i. ;

Hurt

3.

;

;

;

injury.

glancing down his shield, from blame him fairly blest. Spenser. sense of this word, as used by Spenser, proves that it is a derivative from the .i\nd

The

root of blemish. blame, in the phrase, he

is to

blame, signi

in the

the leaves

;

Faulty;

The

blade of the shoulder, shoulder-blade, or blade-bone, is the scapula, or .scapular bone.

Monlpelier

salt,

deemed to be wrong. Let me bear the blame

fies blamahle, to be blamed. Southern States of JY. Jlmeiica, for Blame is not strictly a charge or accusation of a fault but it implies an opinion in the of maize, which are used as fodder. 3. The cutting part of an instrument, as the censuring party, that the person censured blade of a knife, or sword, so named from is faulty. Blame is the act or expression of is made it breadth. or its length Usually, disapprobation for what is supposed to be of iron or steel, but may be of any other wrong. metal, cast or wrought to an edge or point. BLA'JMED, /iip. Censured; disapproved. Also, the broad part of an oar. BLA'MEFUL, a. meriting blame "2.

1.

word

To much used

B L A

Culpably; iu a manner

[Fr. bldmer,

t.

!'.

biasmare, to

Resembling a bladder

a.

arfr.

deserving of censure.

BLAME,

Fam. of Plants.

ronilla.

BLAD'DERY,

botany Colutea. Fam. of Plants.

bladder-senna

BLA'MABLY,

then sand over with

;

oil" the water in :i sieve and fresh water are then thrown them, and when dry, they are rubbed

draining

:

a towel. Encyc. The r-overing of iron plates with a thin coat of tin is also called blanching. Encyc. Blanch-ferm, or blank farm, in ancient law, a wliite farm, was one, where the rent was in in not cattle. silver, paid Encyc. Blanch-holding, in law, a temne by which the tenant is bound to pay only an elusory jearly duty to his superior, as an acknowlto his right.

edgment

Ennjc.

BLAiN'C-MANGER, white food.]

pron. blomongc. [Fr. In cookery, a preparation of

dissolved isinglass, milk, sugar, cinnatnon, &c., boiled into a thick consistence, and garnished for the table with blanched

almonds.

BLAND,

Encyc.

a.

[L. blandus

Fr. blond ; G. lindra ; (J. Dan. lindrer ; to soft-

linde, gelinde, mild, soft

;

;

Sw.

lindern ; D. lindcren ; reprehensible. en or mitigate Dan. lind, soft, mild, genBLA'MELESS, a. Without fault innocent It is the broad upper bone of the shoulder, not meriting censure. guiltless so called from its resemblance to a blade A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. tle L. lenis, lentus ; Ar. • J) lana, to be or leaf. Sometimes followed by of. We will be blameless of this thine oath. mild, soft, gentle, placid, smooth, lenient. brisk man ; a bold, forward man ; a 5. See Relent.] Josh. ii. rake. BLA'MELESSLY, «
4.

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

BLAMEWORTHINESS,

;

;

BLA'MEWORTHY,

A

;

BLANDISHMENT, ;

;

;

;

;

Eng.

;

13

B L A

L A

shilling ; Sw. blanck, white, shining See Bleach.] Jiia, to shine.

Void;

1.

blan-

;

as a

man, he administered the

3.

Wliite or pale

3.

Pale from fear or terror

;

as the blank

hence confused

;

2.

coiifouiidoil (Us|iirited; dejected. Adam astonished stood, and blank. Milton.

5.

C.

;

Without rhyme as blank which riiyiiie is wanting.

verse, verse ui

;

Pure; entire; complete. Not containing balls or bullets

Beddoes. as blank

;

cartridges.

word

applied to various other objects, usually in the sense of di-stilution, emptiness; as a Waiiir line a Wu/ii space,

Tliis

is

;

in a book, n.

S.

3.

Any void space a void space on paper, or iii any written instrument. A lot by wliich nutliing is gained a ticket in a lottery which draws no )!rize. A paper unwritten a paper without

4.

5.

This

;

BLARE, And

;

ciiaracters.

2.

pa]>er containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ or execution, with vacant S))aces left to be tilletl with names, date, descriptions, &c.

which an arrow

marked with white

is

7.

8.

Aim

;

directed, 1.

[Little used.']

jiaper.

Ohs.

shot.

which any thing directed. ,%ak. small copper coin formerly current in at the rate of 5 deniers Tuurnois. There were also pieces of three blanks, and of six but they are now become moneys of account. Encyc. Ill coinagr, a plate or piece of gold or silcut and ver, shaped, but not stamped. Object

;

He

as too much heat or moisture, or other destructive cause or to check growth and ;

against

to

;

that

To

\

The

]iride or hopes. this verb are taken

n.

reputation 3.

irreverent terms.

Tim.

1

4.

powder. They did

2.

!'.

t.

To make

Encyc. void

;

to annul. Spen.'icr.

To

deprive of color, the index of health and spirits to damp the spirits to dispuit or confuse as, to blank the face of :

;

;

Sliak.

joy.

Tillotson

BLANK'ED, pp. Confused dispirited. BLANK'ET, n. [Fr. blanchct, the blanket of ;

a printing press.] A cover for a bed, made of coarse wool loosely woven, and used for securing against cold. Blankets are used also by soldiers, and seamen, for covering. 2. A K'iiiil of pear, sometimes written after the French, blanqnei. 3. Among printer.
reproachful words concerniiiir God. a. Containhig blaspheimpiously irreverent ori ;

reproachful towards God.

BLAS'PHEMOUSLY, impious irreverence

BLAS'PHEMY,

Sidney.^ adv. Impiously with!

to

;

if

not stop to blast this ore. Forster's Kalm's Travels.

Affected by some cause

plosion of gunpowder.

BL'ASTER,

|

Blasphemy an injury otlered to God, by denying that which is due and belonging to him, or attribuling to liim that which is not agreea])!e to Linwood.

In the middle ages, blasphemy was u.
He

or that wliich blasts or

ppr. Affecting by a blast ; preventing from coming to maturity frustrating sphtting by an explosion of gunpowder. BL'ASTING, n. A blast destruction by a ;

;

Among

the

Greeks, to bla.sphcme was to use words ofi omen, which they were careful to avoid.

cause; explosion. n. Blast; sudden stroke of destructive cause. [Superseded by

pernii'iiiiis

BL'ASTMENT, some

is

his nature.

n.

destrovs.

BL>AStlNG, ;

God.

An

indignity offered to Gotl by words or writing reproachful, contemptuous or irreverent words uttered impiously against .Tehovah. n.

blast

and

a calf.

Shak. Bellowing as Dn/den. [from the root of bleat.]

blasting.]

BLA'TANT,

a.

[See Bleat.]

[.Wot used.]

BLAT'TER, To make

v. i.

a senseless noise.

BLAT'TERER, boaster.

n.

A

noisy

[JVot used.]

blustering Spenser.

[See Bleak.] A small ri\cr fish, the bleak. Ainsworth. Jolinson. Encyc.'. BLAZE, n. [Sw. bl&sa ; G. blasen ; D. blaa2. That which derogates from the preroga-j zen Dan. blwser, to blow, and Dan. btus; fives of God. Mark ii. BI;AST, n. [.Sax. blo'st, a puff of wind, aj sc}-, to burn, blaze, glisten Eng. to blush Sax. blaze, a lamp or torch Dan. bias : Svv. bltist ; Dan. bla:st ; Ger. blowing Fr. blaser. The word seems primarily to blaseti ; D. blnazen ; Dan. blaser ; Sw. whence Ger. bla.
BLAY,

71.

:

;

;

:

;

;

;

dark nights, and

to blast designs.

;

growth, injures, impairs, destroys, or renders abortive ; spht by an ex

i.

Uttering impious or

BLAS'PHEMOUS, my calumnious ;

figurative senses of

To conlbund, or strike with force, by a loud blast or din. Shak. To split rocks by an explosion of gun-

;

BLASPHE'MING, /)^r.

violence,

injuring, destroying, or disappointing of the intended effect ; as, to blast credit, or

of.

To utter blasphemy.

;

BLANK,

with some sudden

affect

One who blasphemes one who speaks of God in impious and BL\\STED, pp. that checks

BLASPHE'MER,

maturity and pro-

to

to blight, as trees or plants.

from the blasting of and all express the idea of checking growth, preventing maturity, impairing,

be forgiven. Mark iii. Spiiit 2. To arrogate the jirerogatives of God. This man blasphemeth. Who can forgive sins but God ? Math. ix. Mark ii.

|

;

jilague, calamity, or destructive influence, which destroys or causes to fail ; as, to blast

blaspheme against the Holy

shall

fruit

ducing

cal-

speak reproachfully

v. i.

from coming

jirevent

plants,

shall not

Blank-bar, in law, a common bar, or a plea in bar, which, in an action of trespass, is put in to obhge the plaintiff' to assign the] place where the trespass was committed.

with a shock, caused by the discharge of cannon. A forcible stream of air from the mouth, from a bellows or the like. A violent explosion of gunpowder, in splitting rocks, and the explosion of intiammable air in a mine. The whole blowuig of a forge necessary to melt one supply of ore a common use of the word among worluneu in forges in America. V. t. [Literally, to strike.] To make to wither by some pernicious influence,

f.

Pope.

Encyc.

Encyc. Point-blank, in gunnery, tlie shot of a The distance giui leveled horizontally. betwei'ii tlie piece, and the point where the shot tirst touches the ground, is called the point-blank range ; the shot proceeding on a straight line, without curving.

v.

Kings xxi. Mark iii. To speak evil of to utter abuse or

umny

a

BL'AST,

The [Gr. iSTio^^^^fu. first syllable is the same as in blame, blasme, denoting injury probably, Fr. bhsser, to hurt, that is, to strike ; L. lado, Ice.tns. Hence in Sp. btasfcmahle is blamable. The last syllable is the Gr. ip);^[, to speak.] To speak of the Supreme Being in terms

BLASPHE'ME,

;

P.

Barlow. A small copper coin of Bern, nearly of the same value as the ratz. Enci/c.

;

2.

A

France,

;

'

1

is

thing pestilential

blight on plants. A" sudtlen compression of air, attended

;

;

sigh for battle's blare.

of impious irreverence to revile or speak reproachfully of God, or the Holy Spirit

Sliak.

to

with

;

Shak. 6.

;

Bailey. believe, usually caW'A fare noise. {Little used.]

Roar

BLASPHE'ME,

A

Tlie piiiut to

is, I

n.

plants.

The infection of any

;

;

marks or

manner

blowing a wind

Shak. pernicious or destructive influence

Any

paleness or coid'usion. BLARE, V. i. [Old Belgic blaren ; Tent. blarrcn ; L. ploro, to cry out, to bawl, to weep Ir. bloi; or glor, a noise, or voice (i. The radical soiise is to shoot or drive forth or to spread.] /. 1. To roar; to bellow. [Little used.] Johnson. 2. To sweal or melt away, as a candle. 8,

(Sec.

BLANK,

3.

upon animals or

In a blank

nrft'.

or a sudden gnst

;

instrument.

punisluncnt of

tossing in a blanket. Cloth for blankets.

BLANK'LY,

gust or puff of wind

The sound made by

2.

The

n.

A

of wind.

Encyc.

cover with a blanket.

BLANK' ETING,

moon. Milton.

4.

To

9.

BLANK'ETING,;);)r. To.ssingin a blanket

blajik paper.

—

B L A discipline of the 1.

blanket.

consequently white

eiii]>ty;

;

:

!;

B L E

B L E

B L E

blank and blanch are this same word, with a nasal sound casually uttered and afterwards written be/'ore the final consonant.] 3. To whiten to make white or whiter; to horse, deseeiuling nearly to the nose. take out color applied to many things, but as the blaze of 4. I^if{lit expanded light

we

observe the radical sense of dilatnlion, as well as tliat nf light. A white ppot on the forehead or face of a this sensp,

;

particularly to cloth and thread. ing is variously perforULcd, but in general by steeping the cloth in lye, or a solution of pot or pearl ashes, and then expo.sing it to the solar rays.

tumult. BLAZE, V. i. To flame as, the fire blazes. 2. To send forth or show a bright and ex5.

Noise

agitation

;

;

;

panded hght. The third fair mom now blazed upon the main. Bleaching

generally performed, on the large scale, by means of chlorine or the oxymuriatic acid, which has the property of whitening vegetable substances.

Pope.

To be conspicuous. To make pubhc far and BLAZE, V.

.*?.

t.

To

blaze fliose virtues

wide. which the good would

hide.

2. 3.

i^ope.

See Blazon.] Peacham. a white mark on a tree, by paring

To

blazon.

To

set

[JVul used.

Todd. Published far and wide. One who publishes and

otf a |)art of the bark.

BLA'ZEU, BLA'ZER, spreads

i)p.

n.

re|)orts.

BLA'ZING,

Flaming

ppr.

publishing far

;

and wide.

BLA'ZING, a blazing

Emitting flame, or light

a.

is

;

as

star.

BLA'ZING-STAR,

?i.

A

comet; a

accompanied with a coma

star that or train of

now

is

BLEACH,

To grow

I.

I'.

in

any man-

pp. Whitened

BLE'ACHERY, wax

n.

is to

A

bleachery.

BLE'ACHING,

;

One who

Ji.

blab, blutjber.] httle tumor, vesicle or blister. Arsenic abounds with air blebtt.

BLED, pret. and pp. oi' bleed. BLEED, V. i. pret. and pp. bledan 1.

white. whitens, or

;

the

as,

;

arm

die a violent death, or

dooms

riot

:

blood, by

;

To

[Sax.

bleeds.

by slaughter.

to bleed to day.

Pope. ;5.

To issue forth, or drop as blood, from an incision to lose sap, gum or juice ; as, a tree or a \ ine bleeds. ;

place for bleaching Tooke.

;

;

;

Kirwan. bled.

G. bluten; to bleed

allied i)erliaps to (Jr. (3?.i^u.] To lose blood to run with

The lamb thy

cloth.

Whitening

ppr.

D. blocdtn

whatever means 2.

made

whiten

n.

of

A

Shak.

whose occupation as a

to cry as a

;

sheej).

BLEAT,

Cyc.

white

ner.

BLE'ACHED, BLE'ACHER,

the noise of a sheep

The cry of a sheep. BLE'ATINfJ, pjir. or a. Crying as a sheep. BLE'.ATING, n. The cry of a sheep. Bleach- BLEB, n. [This word belongs to llic root

;

;

;

day.

To make

makuig

white becoming white. BLE'ACHING, h." The act or art of whiten-

For

The

balm

iric llie

heart

bleed.i,

shall bleed.

Pope.

a jihrase used to denote

is

extreme pain from sympathy or

To

pity.

"blood ; to take blood .from, bv opening a vein. ing, especially cloth. blood ; letting a. [Sa.\. W((c, hlizc, black, and pale, BLEE'DiNGj ppr. Losing blood losing sap or juice. or wan niger, pallidus, fuscus, pullus. DING, n. running or issuing of It appears that originally this word did a nose as from the ; hemorrhage blood, not ilenote perfect whitencs.s, but a wan the oj)eration of letting blood, as in surgeThis is from the same or brown color. ry ; tlie drawing ol' sap from a tree or See Bleach.] root as black and bleach. plant. I'ale. [But not often used in this sense, in BLEIT, / [Ger: blSde ; D. bloode.] BashAmerica, as far as my observations ertcnd.] ;

BLEED,

V.

t.

let

BLEAK,

;

BLEE

;

A

:

light.

BLA'ZON, blasonare

[Fr. blasonner ; It. Sp. blasunar, to blazon ; blason, bla'zn.

v.t. ;

heraldry. It is a derivative of blaze.] To explain, in proi)er terms, the figures on Addison. ensigns armorial. to adorn. 2. To deck ; to embellish She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form.

1.

1.

;

3.

4.

To

display

to set to

;

show

;

Garth. to celebrate

by words or writing. To blaze about to make public ;

Shak. far

and

wide.

To

display ; to exhibit oonspicuously. There pride sits blazon'd on th' uninoauiiio; TrumbiiU. brow. BLA'ZON, n. The art of drawing, descri5.

bing or explaining coats of arms perhaj>s a coat of arms, as used by the French. ;

Peacham. 2.

Publication

show

;

:

celebration

;

])orn-

pous disi)lay, cither by words or by other means. BLA'ZONED, pp. Explained, decyphered

manner of heralds

published abrond displayed jjompously. BLA ZONER, n. One that blazons a herald an evil speaker, or propagator of in the

;

Gower. 2.

vacant

exposed to a free current of air as a bleak hill or shore. This is till" true sense of the word hejice cold A bleak wuid is not so and cheerless. named merely from its coldness, but fron its blowing without interruption, on a wide waste at least this is the sense in America. So in Addison. " Her desolation presents us with nothing but bleak and

Open

;

;

;

;

])ale,

belongs to the geiuis Cy]iriiuis, and to the

blay.

BLE'AKNESS, to the

exposure

1.

is

cold

;

Bleak

a.

;

open

;

unsheltered

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

n.

;

;

Any mark

Dryden. of deformity;

any scar or defect that diuiinislies beauty, or renders hnperfect that which is well formed.

Dryden.

a.

Explaining, describ ppr. ing as heralds showing publishing bla- Sore, with a watery rheum apjilied only to zing abroad displaying. the eyes as the Wear-eyed owl. BLA'ZONRY, n. The art of describing L''Estranfre. coats of arms, in proper terms. BLEAR, V. t. To make sore; to affect withj BLF>A, n. The part of a tree, which li soreness of eyes, or a watery humor; to the bark. believe not under immediately [/ make dim or partially obscure the sight. Chambers. used.] Raleigh. Dryden. BLEACH, V. t. [Sax. bla:can D. bleeken ; BLE'AREDNESS, n. The state of being G. bleichen Sw. hleka Dan. bleegcr ; to bleared, or dimmed with rheum. whiten or bleach ; D. blykcn, to ap]iear, to Wiseman. show Dan. hlik, a white ])late of iron, or BLE'AR-EYED, a. Having sore eyes ; hatin plate bleeg, pale, wan, Eug. bleak ; ving the eyes dim with rheum ; dim-sight;

;

;

[D. blaar ; Dan. hlane, a blister, 2. a bladder or bid}ble.]

BLA'ZONING,

:

;

chill.

BLEAR,

were formed. See DIame.] To mark with any deformity to injure or imi)air any thing which is well Ibrmcd, or

Encyc 2. defame. Openness of situation wind hence coldness. BLEM'ISII, Addison

BLE'AKY,

;

;

excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. Sidney. To tarnish, as reputation or character to

called also by contraction

n.

Noiinan, blasme, broken

blesmys,

;

Londoners by the name of

It is

ivhite bait.

;

and

blemish,

;

;

BLEAK, known

blem

;

l)lamed

blcmisS7nent, blemishment, infringement, prejudice blcsme, pale, \\ an from hlesser, to injure, or its root, from which was formed the noun blesnie, pale, wan, or black and blue, as we shoidd now say and the s being dropped, blamer and blcmir,

;

;

scandal.

wan Arm.

;

It

;

\,

BLEMISH,

;

barren prospects." )i. A small river fish, five or six inches long, so named from its whitene

"

used in Scotland and the ful Johnson. northern counties of Enirland. v.t. [In Fr. WcmiV, is to grow pale, and hleme, from the ancient blcsme, is

BLATE,

disgrace that which impairs taint turpitude ; deformity. Hooker, BLEMISHED, pp. Injured or marred by any mark of deformity; tarnished; soiled.

Repioach

;

reputation

;

;

;

BLEMISHING, mity

;

Marking with defor-

ppr. tarnishing.

BLE5I'ISHLESS,

a.

Without

blemish;

spotless.

BLEMISHMENT,

n.

Disgrace.

[Little

Morton.

tised.]

BLENCH,

WancA and perha])s the

v.i. [This evidently is the

of Bacon

[see Blanch,]

;

Sw.

to shine. Ar. ^JiXj balaka, to open or be opened, to shine blek, id.; blekxt,

;

S Xj

balaja, id.

It is

not improbable that

eil.

BLEAT, blaeten rer.

V. ;

It

plaudo.]

i.

[Sax.

Sw.

bMan

;

Butler. L. Wa^cro ; D.

bladra, pluddra : Dan. pludcoincides in elements with L.

modern_^!Hc/i.]

To

shrink

;

BLENCH,

to start r.

t.

To

back

;

to give

wav.

Shak. hinder or obstruct, .says

But the etymology explains the passage be cites in a different man-

Johnson.

B L E uer.

hay

B L E

" TliC rebels caiiied great trusses oi before them, to blench the defendants

And Jesus

B L

took the five loaves and the tivo

and looking up to heaven he blessed fishes, them. Luke ix. That is, to render the to render it ineftectual ; to 6. To praise ; to glorify, for benefits re; ceived. force of the attack ; to deaden Bless the Lord, Obs. my soul, and all (hat is

tlie

the shot.

BLENCH,

A

n.

upon the payment

Shak. whicli frustrates. tenure of lands of a small sum in si

ver, blanch, ll)at

white money.

within me.

start.

BLENCH'EIi, n. That BLENCH'-110LDL\G, is,

n.

7.

A

8.

Ps.

ciii.

praise; to magnify; to

e.xtol, for

ex-

To esteem or The

BLICE'A, German

account happy

;

with the re-

nations shall bless themselves in him.

Jer. iv.

;

V.

blast

BLIN,

2.

To mi.x or mingle together; hence to confound, so that the separate things mixed

enjoying sjiiritual happiness and the favor of God; enjoying heavenly felicity. cannot be distinguished. Blessed-thistle. A plant of the genus To pollute by mixture to spoil or cor Cnicus, sometimes used in decoctions, for Obs.

To

Spenser.

Obs.

blind.

BLEND,

V.

i.

To

be mi.xed

1.

BLEND'ED,

Mixed; confounded by

pp.

mixture.

BLEND'ER,

)!.

One

that mingles or con-

founds.

;

Happily

;

ppr.

Minghng together; con

founding by niixture.

heavenly joys "

;

:

felicity

S/;ak.

;

chcs to a foot

BLENT,

2.

—

BLESS,

in length.

Encyc. Did. o/JVai. Hist. the obsolete participle of blend. Spenser. V. t. pret- and ])p. blessed or blest

[Sax, bledsian, bletsian, bletsigari and We.?sian ; whence, hletsung, bledsung, a ble: W. Had, a gift, a sing or benediction. 1.

x.wiii.

To make happy

;

to

make

successful

;

to

;

doest.

Dent. xv.

To make happy Blessed are Rev. xiv.

4.

To

favor 4.

in a future life. dead who die in die Lord.

the greatest blessing. Among the Jeivs, a present a ;

because

it

gift

;

of the giver, or because was the means of increasing ha]ipiness. for the welfare

Take,

I

pray thee,

to thee.

BLEST, BLEST, 2.

my

blessing that

is

it

a.

;

purpos-

t.

4.

To darken

To make

blind

of

ing.

He

endeavored

to

blind

and confound the

controversy.

Stillingflcet.

To eclipse. BLIND, or BLINDE, See Ble7id, BLIND, n. Something to hinder

Fletcher.

5.

brought

Civility casts a blind over the

an ore. the sight.

duty.

L'Estrangc. 2.

cheering. While these blest sounds my ravish'd ear as sail. Trumbull.

n. The faculty of perceiving and indicating subterraneous springs and currents liy sensation so called from

BLE'TONISM,

who

to mislead the eye or the unas, one thing; serves as a derstanding blind for another. skreen; a cover; as a blind for a win-

Something

;

;

one Bleton of France

to deprive

;

ui' bless.

Made happy.

Making happy

;

to obscure to the eye. Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden. To darken the understanding; as, to Wtn^ the mind. To darken or obscure to the understand-

tien. xxxiii.

pp.

;

set apart or consecrate to holy to make and pronounce holy.

3.

either

was attended with kind wishes

r.

sight.

is

possessed this facultv. es Encyc. And God blessed the seventh day and sancti- BLE'TONIST, n. One who possesses the fied it. Gen. 2. faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs To consecrate by prayer to invoke a by sensation. Encyc. blessing upon. BLEW, pret. oi' blow. ;

5.

tlie

is

gistrate

just and jiious maa iniblic blessing. The diviue

telicity.

;

of descernment, but moral depravity.

BLIND, 2.

;

A

;

approbation nor blind reprobation. Federalist, Jay. In scripture, blind implies not only want

;

immortal

;

prosper in temporal concerns as, we are blest with jieace and plenty. Tlie Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thou 3.

3.

favor, a blessing.] To pronounce a wish of happiness to one to express a wish or desire of happiness. And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him.

Gen. 'I.

71. Benediction; a wish of happiness pronoimced a prayer imploring hap])hiess upon another. A solemn pro]ihetic benediction, in which hap|)iness is desired, invoked or foretold. This is the blessing wherewith Moses blessed [he children of Israel. Deut. x.vxiii. Any means of hapjiiness a gift, benefit or advantage that which promotes tem])oral prosperity and welfare, or secures

;

;

;

;

defects.

;

;

BLEND'OUS, a. Fertaining to blend. BLEND'-WATER, n. A distemper hicident BLESS'ING,' genus of tishes, of the order of Jugulars in Ichthyology called Blennius. There are several species the size from five in

own

their

;

that blesses or pros. one who bestows a blessing. ))prs BLESS'ING, ppr. Making happy ; wishing hapjiiness to jiraising or extolling ; con secrating bv jiraver.

A

blind to

censure as a blind corner. Hooker. Dark obscure not easy to be found not easily discernible ; as a blind path. Heedless inconsiderate ; undehberating. This plan is recommended neither to blind

One

n.

are

Blind should be followed by to ; but it i.s by of, in the jihrase, blind of an eye. Unseen out of pidjlic view private dark sometimes implying contempt or ;

Sanctity.

BLESS'ER,

to cattle, called also more-hough. Enctjc. n. [Sax. blinnan, to cease.]

;

;

fi)llowed

;

;

BLEN'NY,

ving sight. Not having the faculty of discernment destitute of ititellcctual light unable to understand or judge ignorant as, authors

in a fortunate

Happiness the favor of God.

;

BLEND'ING,

Spenser.

CI. [Sax. blind; Ger. D. S^v. and Dan. blind Sax. blendan, to blend and to This is the same word as blend, and was so written by Spensei'. See Blend. Obscurity is from mixture.] Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defiict, or by deprivation not ha-

;

n.

to

or cease.

;

manner.

2.

[Sax. blinnan.]

,

2.

a bitter.

BLESS'EDNESS,

;

;

;

BLESS'EDLY, adv.

be united.

to

;

There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blendu with our convivialiLy. Jnnng.

to

;

To stop

Obs.

;

riipt.

3.

t.

blind.

;

\.

r.

BLIND,

;

ly affairs

t. affect with blight prevent growth, and fertility

to

;

frustrate.

;

blind.]

A

name ot blights. To BLIGHT, V.

;

blinder,

small fish caught in the

somewhat resembling the

J!.

disease incident to plants, affecting them variously. Sometimes the whole plant perishes ; sometimes only the leaves and blossoms, which will shrivel, as if scorched. 2. Any thing nipping or blasting. In America, I have often heard a cutaneous eruption on the human skin called by the

;

;

Farrier's Diet.

A

seas,

Diet, of Mil. Hist. English sprat. n. [Qu. Sax. Ucectha, scurf, lep-

writ-

Hiss, may Sjienser Ckavdand. Thomson. ten, not for rhyme merely, but because t. [Sa.v. bhndian, to blend and bless and bliss are from the same I'oot. gcUendan, to mix, to stain or BLESS'EJ), ;)y). Made happy or prosperous dye; blindan, lo blind; D. blinden ; Ger. extolled pronoimced happy. Dan. blander, to I>lentl llenden, to bhnd BLESS'ED, a. Happy prosperous in worldor nii.\ to

Founroy.

to blind

I

inflammation in the foot

BLIGHT, 1.

)!. [Ger. blenden, to blind bknik, i). To pronounce a solemn prophetical bena bUnd or skreen.] An ore of zink, called also mock-lead, false ediction upon. Gen. .xxvii. Deut. xxxiii. 10. In this line of Spenser, it may signify to galena and black jack. Its color is most throw, for this is nearly the primary sense. There are ly yellow, brown and black. His sparkling blade about Ids head he blest. several varieties, but in general, this ore Johnson supposes the word to signify to contains more than half its weight of leave or brandish, and to have received this zink, about one fourth .sulphur, and ususense from the old rite of blessing a field, In chiniical ally a small portion of iron. by dii-ecting the hands to all parts of it. language, it is a suljihuret of zink. Bless in for be so

BLEND,

An

ro.sy.]

Ps. civ.

ciprocal pronoun.

Btackston'

BLEND,

To

cellencies.

n.

of a horse, between the sole and the bone.

Carew.

fight."

combat blank break

BLEYME,

'i.

A

dow, or

for a horse. pp. Deprived of sight ved of intellectual discernment dark or obscure.

BLINDED,

BLINDFOLD,

a.

;

depri-

;

made

and fold.] Having having the mental eye

[blind

the eyes covered

;

darkened.

BLINDFOLD,

v.

t.

To

hinder from seeing.

cover the eyes: to

B L BLINDFOLDED,

B L O

t the eyes cov

Having

pp.

gratulate, to

applaud

;

B L O

also

bliihsian,

to 2.

See Bless and Blithe.] highest degree of hajipiness blessed ness felicity used of felicity in general, hindeiing from seeinj;. BLINDING, ppr. Depriving of siglit, or of when of !ui exalted kind, but a])proi)riately of licaveidv joy.s. Hooker. Pope. iiii
;

hiiidereil tVotn .seeing.

BLINDFOLDING,

rejoice.

ppr. Covering the eyes

;

The

;

;

;

To

swell or

make

turgid with water, or other means ; as a bloated limb. It is used to denote a morbid enlargement, often acconi))anied with softness.

BLOAT,

V.

BLOAT,

u.

To

i.

grovx' turgid

;

to dilate.

Arbidhnot.

;

witliout examination 3.

;

as, to

;

;

be

blindli/ led

by aniither. Without judgment or direction.

BLINDMAN'S BALL, gu.s,

Lycoperdon, or

A

n.

A

n.

fiin-

felicitv

A

ignoLocke.

tlifferent (iialect.

plant.

being overlooke
A

n.

Eiiryc the

of

rei)ti"l(;

but spotted with red, white an(

brown. [blind

Did. o/Mit. Hist. and side.] The

side which is most easily assailed ; or the side on which tin" |)arty is least able or dispo.sed to see weak part.

danger weakness ;

;

foible

;

Sieifl.

BLIND VESSEL,

with chimists, a vcsse" with an opening on one side only. Johnson.

BLINDWORM,

n.

A

n.

turgid state

:

fur

gidness; dilatation from inflation, debility, or any morbid cau.se. Arbuthnot.

JiaiMiiness

[blind

and

tcoi-m.]

A

small reptile, called ;dso slow worm, a species of .'Ingnis, about eleven inchc long, covered wilh scales, w ith a forked tongue, but harmless. Diet, of A«/. Hist. BLINK, V. i. [Sax. hlican, to shine, to twin kle bliciend, clothed in white nblican,

word

BLOATl.XG, ;?/». Swelling;

as bladder, in a

See Bladder,

Blast,

ple in

America, blubber. word, but not elegant.

am

BLOB'BERLIl',

Blaze.-i 1.

Cape of Good Hope, covered with black n.

BLOATEDNESS,

inflating.

:

:

radically the sami-

is

five feet asunder, of the highth of a man to .shelter the workuien, and prevent their

BLINDSIDE,

Exalted

fulness of joy. Barrow. a. Destitute of bliss.

sight

BIjINDS, n. In the viilitan/ art, a defense made of osiers or branches interwoven, and laid across two rows of stakes, four or

scales,

n.

inflated.

;

rance.

BLIND SERPENT,

;

BLISS'LESS,

;

;

Hawkins BLOB'BER, n. [Ir. plub, or pluibin, from Fam. of Plants. BLIS'SOM, V. i. [W. bh/s, hlysiaw, to crave, swelling, pushing out, as in bleb, blvbber; that is, to reach forward.] W. llivi), a bulging out. Qu. bulb, by iransplay in which and hunts out To be lustful to caterwaul. [Little used. See Blubber.] po.sition. Johnson BLIS'TER, n. [Ger blase, and blatter. It A bubble ])ron
one person is blindfolded, the rest of the company. n. Want of bodily want of intellectual discernment

BLINDNESS,

BLINDNETTLE,

BLISS'FULNESS,

Dryden Dryden.

species of

;

puff-ball.

BLINDMAN'S BUFF,

n.

Shencood.

Swelled turgid. [Xot used.] BLOATED, pp. Swelled grown turgid

A

a thin bladder on the skin, pustule containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn, or other injury or by a vesicatory. It is formed by rais

thick

;

ing the cuticle.

n.

It is

a legitimate

Carew.

and

[blobber

lip.]

A

Dryden.

lij).

BLOB'BERLIPPED,

a.

Having

thick

lips.

L' Estrange.

BLOCK, n. [D.blok; Ger. Woe*; Fr. Woe W. ploc, from Hoc, a mound ptociaw, to

;

;

made by

block, to /)/ug- ; Russ. u/«c/i«, a block. The prin1a17sen.se i.s, set, hxed, or a mass.] L heavy piece of timber or wood, usually steel. with one ])lain surface ; or it is rectangu'i. lar, and rather thick than long. vesicatory ; a ])laster of flies, or other 2. Any mass of matter with an extended surmatter, applied to raise a vesicle. face as a block of marble, a piece rough BLIS'TER, i<. t. To rise in blisters. Dnjden. from the quaiTy. BLIS'TER, V. t. To raise a blister, by any hurt, burn or violent action upon the skin :1. .\ massy body, solid and heavy : a mass to raise a blister by a medical application, of wood, iron, or other metal, with at least or vesicatory. one plain surface, such as artificers use. 2. To raise tumors on iron bars in a furnace, 4. The wood on yvhich criminals are bein the process of converting iron into steel. headed. BLIS'TERED, pp. Having blisters or tu- i). Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction : mors. a stop ; hindrance ; obstacle. a blister 6. ; BLIS'TERING,;j/jr. Raising ap piece of wood in which a pulley rims ; used also lor the pulley, or the block itplying a blistering plaster, or vesicatory. self and the sheaves, or wheels. ELITE, n. [L. btitiim ; Gr. /JiiiToi-.] "genus of plants, called strawbeiTy spinach. 7. blockhead ; a stupid fellow.

the separation of the film or skin, as on |)lants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on

Any

tunii>r

A

A

;

;

A

A

A

Among cutters in wood, a form made of hard wood, on which they cut figures in to appear, to whiten D. hlikUen, to relief yvith knives, chisels, &c. Encyc. glance, to twinkle, and hlinken, to shine, BLITHE, a. [Sax. blithe and blealha, blenthe, 9. In falconry, the jierch whereon a bird of to ghtter 6/(/A-eri, to appear or show Sw This is ]irobably the same gaj', joyful. prey is ke])t. Encyc. to to coimivc to word as bliss L. la-tus hlincha, wink, ; See BLOCK, V. t. [Fr. bloquer; Port, and Sp. hleka, ; Eiig. glad. Bliss and (Had. The Ir. lilh, happiness, shine, to twinkle ; Ger. blicken, to look, bloquear ; It. Wocc«re.] to glance btinken, to glance, to shin seems to be the original word w itiiout the To inclose or shut up, so as to hinder egress ;

;

;

;

2.

A

Encyc.

species of amaranth, or flower gentle Fam. of Plants.

;

;

;

to twinkle, to wink; J):\u. blinker, to blink, to glance, to wink, to shine, to glitter.

This contains the same radical

letters as

prefix.] ;

For

2.

To wink to twinkle with the eye. To see obscurely. Jidn}son. Is it not

Of goddesses,

;

blinking and one leg was lame.

Pope. Hull. BLINK, glimpse or glance. BLINK, n. Blink of ice, is the dazzling whiteness about the horizon, occasioned by the reflection of light from fields of ice n.

A

Mar.

at sea.

BLINK'ARD, person

who

Diet.

n. [blink and ard, A! kind.] blinks or has bad eyes; that

which twinkles, or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disap])ears. Hakewill. BLINK'ING, ppr. Winking; twinkling. BLISS, n. [Sax. bliss, joy, alacrity, exultation

;

Uissian. to rejoicej to exult, to con-

Vol.

J.

;

mirthful.

:

:

;

road. so blithe, so smooth, so gay.

BLOCKA'DE,n.

Milton.

do,

blocked up

BLI'THEFUL, a. Gay; fldl of gayety. The siege of BLI'THELY. adv. In a irav, joyful manner. ing it with

BLITHENESS,

?

One eye was

sprightly

to

see with the eyes half shut, or with frequent winking, as a person with weak

eyes

;

that fair female tioop thou sawest, thai

seemed

light] 1.

or passage to obstruct, by to stop up placing obstacles in the way often followed by up as, to 4/ocA- up a town, or a ;

Gay; merry joyous

n.

Gayety; sprightliuess

;

the quahtv of being blithe.

BLI'THESOME, a. Gay merry ;

:

cheerful.

Ph Hips. n. The quality of being blithesome gayety. BLOAT, V. t. [This woVd may be allied to bladder, from the sense of inflating, .swelling W. bbrth, a puff, a blast blythae, a fat pauncli, a bloated person.] 1. To swell or make turgid, as with air to inflate to pnft' up hence, to make vain folloyvcd by up, but without necessity. To Woof \ip with is less elegant than to jiraise

BLI'THESOMENESS, ;

;

;

;

;

24

[It.

;

Sp. bloqueo

Port, bloqueaFr. blocu.i.]

;

a])lace, fonned by .surroundhostile troops or ships, or by posting them at all the avenue.s, to prevent escape, and liinder supplies of pro-

visions and anununition from entering, with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and want, without regidar attacks.

To

constitute a blockade, the investing power must he able to api)ly its force to every point of practicable access, so as to ren-

der it dangerous to attempt to enter and there is no blockade of that port, where its force cannot be brought to bear. Kent's Commentaries. BLOCKA'DE, v. t. To shut up a town or fortress, by posting troops at all the aveDryden. nues, to compel the garrison or inhabi;

bloat yvith [jraise.

:

Woccofo

;

;

B L O

B L O means of hunger and

tants to surrender by

want, without regular attacks also, to sta tion ships of war to obstruct all intercourse with a town or nation. ;

BLOCKA'DEU,

Shut up or inclosed by

;);).

an enemy.

BLOCKADING, ppr. pid fellow

;

Tliis

which

BLOCK'HEADED,

blood of the New Testament, slied for the remission of sins. Matt,

my

is is

The death and

A

Stupid

Eph.

dull.

;

Wo

A

Hab.

to

him

BLOOD'PUDDING, n.

Acts

ii.

i.

its

a.

Stupid

dull

;

deficient in

;

Shitk.

understanding.

BLOCK'ISIILY,

BLOCK'ISIINESS,

BLOCK'LIKE,

manucr. Harinar

adv. In a stupid

a.

n. Stujiidity

Like a block

;

commit an

dullness

14.

A

hot spark

;

a

color

of

or spirit

fire

;

and

[blood

root.

Spenser.

BLOOD'SHEDDER, blood

One who sheds

n.

a nmrderer.

;

BLOOD'SHEDDING,

a

rake.

The shedding

n.

BLOODSHOT,

and

a.

[blood a turgid

and inflamed by blood vessels, as

;

shoot.]

GaHh.

BLOOD'SNAKE, n. A species

A

a soft swellinff.

'2.

;

Acts

(he earth.

'i.

1.

5.

;

Shall

I

not require

;

liis

blnod at your hands

and punishment.

Your blood be upon your

own

were horn, not of flesh and blood, nor ol the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. John i. V.

and

BLOOD-FROZEN,

T)f

Jloicer.]

The

or crime

and

[blood :

thirst]

tnurderous.

animal bodv

an artery or a vein. a. Warm as blood

;

BLOOD'-WARM,

Spenser.

guilt

Shak. a.

sirous to shed blood

BLOOD'-VESSEL, n. [blood and vessel.] Any vessel in wliich blood circulates in an

Having the blood

a.

warm.

i^idlt.]

;

juke

Jlddison.

BLOOD'-WITE,

of shedding blood.

n.

and

[blood

wite, a fine

or penalty.] BLOOD-HOT, n. [blood and hot.] As warm In ancient hnv, a fine or amercement, paid as a com))ositoii for the shedding of blood. as blood in its natmal lem|)erature. BLOOD'-HOUND, n. [blood and hound.] BLOOD'-WQOD, n. [blood and wood.] luimc ffiveii to log-wood, from its color. sjiecies of canis or dog, with long,j Ps.

Ii.

A

BLOOD'-WORT,

smooth and pendulous

cars, remarkable: for the acuteness of its smell, and emjiloy-' ed to recover game which had escaped]

jdaiit,

the Inuiter, by tracing the animal by the blood it had sjjilt the name of the dog. Enci/c. BLOOD'ILY, adv. In a bloody nuiinier cruelly with a tlisposition to shed blond. lost

2.

;

;

3.

;

applied to animals.

Attended with bloodshed cruelty

applied to things

;

BLOOD'Y,

V.

BLOODY',

adv.

drunk.

;

BLOOD'LESS,

VVitbout blood dead. 9 Without shedding of blood or slaughter Man, or human w isdoni, or reason. as a bloodless victory. Shak. Jf'allcr. Flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in licaven. Matt. xvi. 3. Without si>irit or activity. ShaJk. n.

;

;

marked by

as a bloody bat-

tle.

of being

state

A

Rumex.

;

disposition to shed blood. ppr. Letting blood; staining iiuiring to blood, as a hound.

n.

wort.]

Cruel murderous given to the shedding of blood or having a cruel, savage

with blood

;

and

Stained with blood.

BLOOD'ING,

bloody

[blood

;

Shak.

The

a.

disposition

;

BLOOD'INESS,

n.

a species of

BLOOD'Y,

wounded from

;

life.

Who

[blood

;

Fleshly nature the carnal part o€ man as opposed to spiritual nature, or divine ;

n.

whence

heads. Acts

xviii.

8.

draws blood.

;

BLOOD'-THIRSTY,

BLOOD'-FLOWER,

suck.]

A

?

iv.

Slaugliter ; murder, or bloodshedding. 1 will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu. Hosea i. The voice of tby brother's blood crieth to me from the ground. Gen. iv.

7. Guilt,

stained with blood

;

and

[blood ;

inured to blood.

chilled.

Life.

Sam.

pp. Bled

n.

Any animal that sucks blood, as a leech, a A cruel man a murderer. flv, &:,c. BL6t)D'-SUCKING, a. That sucks or

Shak.

blood.

BLOOD'ED,

[blood

BLOOD'-SUCKER,

Wasting the

BLOOD-GUILTINESS, n. [blood and

;

of tlie blood. Honorable birth high extraction as a Shak. gentleman of blood. 2

6.

;

;

;

and stone.] A if worn us an amulet, to be a good preventive of bleeding at the nose. [See Hematite.] n.

stone, imagined,

the

;

;

;

;

a.

of murder.

also, giiiltv

BLOODSTONE,

Haemanthus, a genus of plants, natives of Cape of Good Hope. Encyc.

xvii.

Hence the word is used for a child a a kindred descent family lineage &.c. l>rogeny descendants as a prince Royal lineage blood royal ;

BLoOD-€ONSU'MING,

Encyc. Stained with blood ;

BLOOD'-STAINED, a.

;

;

Jlsh.

n. [blood and spavin.] dilatation of tlie vein that runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming

BLOOD'-SPAYIN,

;

the blood beingor white-blooded white, or while tinged with blue. Kindred; relation by natural descentfrom a common ancestor consanguinity. God hath made ot" one bloody all nations of

of snake, the

ha^morrhus.

;

!>«.?,

Red

state of the of the eye.

in diseases

;

;

of

the crime of shedding blood. Homilies.

;

;

n. [block

;

The

shed.]

;

blood

man

and red

Bigelotv. n.

;

Hakeinll. 15. The juice of any thing, especially if red " the blood of grapes." Gen. .xlix. and tin.] Tin which as, Whole blood. In law, a kinsman of the u^iole is pure, uiniiixed, and unwninght. blood is one w ho descends from the same Johnson, jlsh BLO'MARY, n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron. cou])le of ancestors of the half blood, one who descends from either of them singly, The first forge through which iron passes, after it is melted from the ore. by a second marriage. Enct/c. BLoOD, V. t. To let blood; to bleed by BLONK'ET, o. Gray. [.Vol used.] opening a vein. Spenser. BLOOD, n. [Sax. Sw. and Dan. Woi/ , 3. To stain with blood. Addison. Dri/den. Ger. 6/u?, blood Wi(/fH, to bleed D.btoed, 3. To enter to inure to blood; as a hound. blood bloeden, to bleed allied perhaps to Spenser. i. To beat the blood to exasperate. Gr. )3>.nCw.] [UnBaco7i. 1. The fluid which circulates through tlie usual.] arteries and veins of the hiniian body, and BLOOD-BESPOT'TED, a. Spotted with blood. Shak. of other animals, which is essential to tlie preservation of life. This fluid is gene- BLOOD-BOLTERED, a. [blood and bolter.] If the blood of an animal is Si>riiikled with blood. [.Vol used.] rally red. Macbeth. not red, such animal is called e.rsangul-

BLOCK'-TIN,

;

shedding or spilling of blood slaughter; waste of life the crime of shedding blood.

act in

to iminn or heat the blood, is to

;

plant so named from a species of sanguinaria, called

BLOOD'SHED,

coW blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion. ff'urm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated

other

as blood.

A

»i.

also puccoon, turmeric

;

;

excite the passions.

stupid.

;

13.

Red

n.

BLOOD'-ROOT,

to

house.]

and pudding.;]

[blood

made with blood and

])udding

materials.

town with blood

an enemy.

BLOCK'ISH,

A

which is ob and seizing

BLOOD-RED, that buildeth a

lets blood,

a phlebotomist.

;

n. [blood and let.] The act of letting blood, or bleeding by opening a vein.

i.

Temper of mind .state of the passions but in this sense, accompanied with cold or ivann, or other rjualifying word. Thu

and

fortress,

to let blood. Jlrbuthnot.

;

One who

Wiseman.

erected to block up a pass, and defend against the entrance of

house or

bleed

n.

BLOOD'LETTING,

goods.

Shak. Like a blockhead.

BLOCK'HEADLY, a. BLOCK'HOUSE, n. [block

as in diseases

Being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved trom wrath through him. Rom. v. iii ;

a.

To

BLOOD'-LETTER,

sufferings of Christ.

and head.] stu a person deficient in 12. The price of blood that tained by shedding blood,

;

understanding.

BLOOD-LET,

v. t.

xxvi.

11.

Besieging by a block

n. [hlocit

a dolt

B L O

sacramental symbol of the blood of

Christ.

ade.

BLOCK'IIEAD,

A

10.

t.

[This

To

Overhury. as bloody sick, bloody ven/ vulgar.]

Very is

BLOOD'Y-EYED,

;

stain with blood.

a.

;

Having bloody

or

cruel eves.

;

iBLOOD'V-FACED, a. Having I

or appearance.

a bloody face Shak.

blostmidn, to blossom D. bloe^stm, ;i bios Ajiusiiilc up
TUr n. [blood iiiidy/wr.] disease in wliirli the dis-

a

dysentery,

;

Dan. blot, naked G. bliissen, Dan. micover W. bloden, a flower blottir, blodiuaw, to blossom, from blawd, meal bloom Gr. \i>.a.^r^ito., a bud, probably from the same root; Syr. _.i».ii '" gT-

and hand.] A hand stained with the blood of a deer, whieli, in the old forest laws of England, was sudlcient evideiire of a man's trespass

in

BLOOD'Y-MINDED, Having a barous

;

a.

1.

an
cruel, ferocious disposition inclined to slied blood.

;

bar-

Having the color of

a.

blood. a. Having a 2. scepter obtained by blood or slaughter. Shak.

BLOODY-SCEP'TERED,

BLuOD'Y-SWEAT, n. A sweat, accompanied blood

sickness,

[Wood and sweat]

by a discharge of a disease, called sweating

also

;

which formerly prevailed

in

wise, i)f«f /i-co/orerf.

2.

to sacrifice in

leaves.]

To

ers

literating

BLOW,

blowing.

;

BLOSSOMING, n. The iiig

V.

[Goth, blauthjan

t.

Dan. plet, a or stain

Pope

;

jirefix

;

;

biota,

;

as, to blole herrings.

Smoked and

/;;;.

dried.

Stained; spotted; era.sed. In counting houses, a waste

;)/>. 71.

ppr. Spotting with ink staining.

;

;

ob-

n.

letter lost is probably a dental, and the original was blod or bloth, in which case, the word has the elements of loud,

laudo, claudo, lad, &c.] The act of striking more generally the stroke ; a violent application of the hand, fist, or an inslrunient to an object. The fatal stroke ; a stroke that kills ; liluro, oblihence, death. D. /itatWeH, 3. An act of hostility ; as, the nation which strikes the first blow. Hence, to come to 1.

;

Sw.

plotlra ; pleller, to blot 2.

s])ot, stain, blot ; L. lilura, [whence

without the

tero,]

:

Sw.

The

blowing or flower

of plants.

BLOT,

VV. plyz, soft

[This prolialily is a contracted word, and the primary sense must be, to that is, strike, thrust, push, or ihmw, I have not to drive. found it in the cognate dialects. If g or other ]>alatal letter is lost, it corresponds in elements with the L. plagn, Gr. n'/.rjyr;, L. figo, Eng. flog. But blow, a stroke, is written like tlic verb to blow, the Latiny/o, and Woic, to blossom.

Is.

rose.

;

blodtr,

book.

to flower. llie

Dan

;

BLOT'TING,

more

Putting forth flow-

ppr.

to soften

is

drv and smoke

BLOT'TEK,

Encyc. put forth blossoms or

;

Goth, to

in

;

bloda

BLOT TKD,

shrubs culin a

Arm.

HLO'TKI),

xxxv.

;

urouiid.

To

t.

to

;

IBLOS'SOMING,

;

;

1'.

bloom to blow; To flourish and prosjier. The desert shall blossom as

flowers

land and other countries. n. [Goth, bluma ; U. hlwm ; G. blume ; Sw. blmnmc ; Uan. hlonisltr ; W. f*ax. bloden, blmvd, from the root of blow bloroan, contracted from btnddii, or blothan. Blossom is a dialectical form of the word, from the same root. See Blossom.] Blossom the flower of a plant an e.\panded bud. While opening blooms difl'usc their sweets

i>f

and bloom,

;

of this word are

lnSax.Wo(a7i is serve or worship;

to soften.]

general sense, as flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. Tills word is used to denote the color of a lior.se, that has his hair white, but inter mixed with sorrel and bay hairs; other-

BLOS'SOM,

Eng-

BLOOjM,

1.

when we speak

ornament

Harmar.

[The

affinities

plyznw, to soften

;

tivated for

blacken.

not clearly ascertained.

The flower or corol of a jdant a general term, applicable to every species of tree or i>lant, but more generally used than flower or bloom, when we have reference Thus we to the fruit which is to succeed. u.se y?ou'ers,

Drydnx.

BLOOD'Y-RED,

To

t.

t.

;

niinate, to flourish, to put Tbrth

Ash. Hunting for blood. Shak.

[Wood

BLOTCH, V. BLOTE, V.

;

;

the forest against venison.

BL0OD'Y-HUNTlNG,a.

blos.s;

to

n. [blood

an eruption, usually

;

;

G.

cljarges from the bowels have a mixture Arhuthnnt. of blood.

ULOOD'Y-HAND,

B L O

B L O

B L O BLOOD' Y-FLUX,

and

The opening of flowers in general flowwith a different one.] ers open, or in a state of blossoming ; as, 1. To spot with ink ; to stain or bespatter blows, is to engage in combat, whether by the trees are clothed with bloom. with ink; as, to blot a paper. individuals, armies, fleets or nations ; and .). The state of youth, resembling that of 2. To obliterate writing or letters with ink, when by nations, it is war. blossoms a state of opening maidiood, so as to render the characters invisible, or sudden calamitj' ; a sudden or severe of healtl with a state not evil. In like manner, plaga in Latin gives life, beauty, and out; generally vigor; distinguishable; and growth, promising higher perfection ; a a sentence. blol out word or rise to the Eng. plague. as, to as the hloo)ii of youth. to cause to be un- 5. 3. To eflace ; to erase as, to gain single act ; a sudden event 4. The blue color upon ])lunis and grapes or lose u province at a blow, or by one blow. seen, or forgotten ; to destroy ; as, to blot Johnson. out a crime, or the remembrance of any At a stroke is used in like manner. newly gathered. To produce or yield bios V. i. 6. An ovum or egg dejiosited by a fly, on thing. soms ; to flower. 4. To stain with infamy ; to tarnish ; to disflesh or other substance, called a fy-blow. 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing J', i. grace to disfigure. pret. blew ; jip. blown. [Sax. Slot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. youth and vigor; to show the beauty of blawen, bloioan, to blow as wind ; blowan, Rowc. as to blo.ssom or blow, as a flower ; D. blotyouth ; blooming graces. 5. To darken. V. t. To put forth as blossoms. yen, to blo.ssom ; G. bliihen, to swell or inCharitable affection bloomed them. He sung how earth blots the moon's giWcd to blow. This word flate ;

2.

;

A

;

A

;

;

BLOOM,

BLOW,

;

BLOOM,

Hooker.

IJM'ot in use.']

BLOOM, n. [Sax. W. plwm Arm. ;

Fr. plomb

A

S[).

;

pliiiiibum, lead,

blomrt, a

mass or huiip

;

6.

plom, ploivm, or bloiim plomo ; It. piombo ; L.

life, is

ner.

BLOOM'Y, a. Full of bloom flowery flourishing with the vigor of youth ; as a ;

;

bloomy spray bloomy beauties. n. [This is a difl'erent orthography of Wart, which see.] The act of blowing a blast. [.\o( used.] ;

Chapman.

BLOS'SOM, bloslma,

71.

and

[Sax. blosm, blosmn, blostmi a blossom; blosmianj

blosan,

Cowley. one out of the book of

BLOT,

when

blow, a flower

A spot

2.

An

Here

or stain on paper, usually

\.

5.

A

;

4.

Censure

He Prov. 5.

;

scorn

;

Dryden. ;

a disgrace Shak.

reproach. wicked getteth a

that rebuketh the

;

to breathe

;

;

Mrs. Page

at the door,

is

To

breathe

;

us, to bloto

To sound with or trumpet. To flower

ix.

hard or

sweating and Shak.

hot and cold.

L'Estrange. being blown, as a liorB Milton.

;

to

blossom

;

to

bloom

;

as

plants.

How blows the

To blow

over, to

Milton.

citron grove.

pass

away without

eflect

;

as, the storm or the clouds are blown over. To blow up, to rise in the air also, to be broken and scattered by the explosion of gun-

to cease or be dis.sipated

blot.

;

;

In backgammon, when a single man lies Johnson. open to be taken up.

BLOTCH,

blows a gale. to puff jiant

blowing.

paid, are crossed or 3.

printed. 3. spot in reputation ; a stain a reproach a blemish.

;

;

To

quick.

obhteration of something written or

71.

;

it

as,

ajpi)lied to ink. 2.

from the same root as bloom, blossom, W. bloden. See Blossom.] To make a cmrent of air to move as air Often used with it ; as, the wind blows. is

of 1.

;

brance, and cancelled.

probably

h.fo,

blot

him from the number

who are to he saveil. To blot out a name, a person or a nation, is to destroy the person or nation to exterminate or consume. To blot out sins, is to forgive them. .Sui* are compared to debts, which are recorded in God's book of remem-

BLOKft,

;

to reject

those

properly a lump.]

mass of iron that has jjassed the blomary, or undergone the first hannnering. BLOOM'ING, ppr. Opening in blossoms; flowering; thriving in the health, beauty, and vigor of youth ; showing the beauties of youth. fiis blooming laurels graced tlie muse's seat. Trumbull BLOOM'INGLY, adv. In a blooming man-

wane. In scripture, to

7!.

[Sax. bla:cthu, a scab or lep-

rous affection.]

powder.

BLOW, air

V.

upon

t. ;

To throw

or drive a current of also, to fan. as, to blow the fire ;

B L O To

3.

ing

ilrivc

as, to blow the fingers in

;

To sound

4.

r>.

B L U

by a current of air; to impel as, tlie tempest blew tlie sliip ashore. To breathe npon,fortlie purpose of warm-

2.

a

wind instrument

;

a cold day. Shak. as, blow the

And through

the court his courtesy

7. 8.

;

was blown

Dryden a practice of

butchers.

To form

glass into a particular shape by the breath, as in glass manufactories. 10. To melt tin, after beuig first burnt to

it.

destroy the mundic. Kiicyc. To blow awiiy, to dissipate to scatter with wind. To blow down, to prostrate by wind. To blow off, U> shake down by wind, as to blow off li-uit from trees; to drive from land, as to blow off' & ship. To blow out, to extinguish by a current of ;

as a candle.

air,

To blow

up, to

to blow

To

'.!

with

To To

3. 4.

;

air

to swell

;

;

as,

;

flattery.

kindle

;

blow up a contention.

as, to

burst, to raise into the air, or to scat-

by the explosion of gunpowder. Figuratively, to scatter or bring to naught suddenly as, to blow up a scheme. ter,

;

To

blow upon, to

make

stale

blow Addison.

as, to

;

upon an author's works.

BLOW,

A flower

n.

an instrument

18"21,

in

some unimportant

modifications.

of plav

«.

n.

A

;

a blossom.

This word

One who blows

;

one who

is

n.

[Ir. blath, blaith,

BLOWING,

;

ing

tin.

n.

blue, red.

body and the throat and breast, of a dirty It makes its nest in the hole of a

tree.

BLUE-BONNET,

n. [blue and bonnet.] plant, a species of Centiiurea.

A

Fam. of Plants. and bSttle.] A plant, a species of Centaurea, called CyaThis and nus, which grows among corn. the former plant receive their names from

BLU'E-BOTTLE,

2.

n.

[blue

their blue fiuinel-shaped flowers. Johnson. fly with a large blue belly.

A

BLU'E-CAP,

n.

cap.]

A

andf^h.]

A

and

[blue

fish

of

the salmon kind, with blue spots on its head. Did. of J^at. Hist. BLUE-EYED, a. Having blue eyes.

BLU'E-FISH,

n.

[blue

Dniden. fish, a

a flower or

BLOWZE,

;

;

;

The motion of wind

or act

Encyc. To weep in such a man!'. (. ner as to swell the cheeks. Johnson. If I mistake not, this word carries with it the idea of weeping, so as to slaver. BLUB'BER, V. t. To .swell the cheeks or disligure the face with weeping. BLUB'BKRED,/)/}. Swelled; big; turgid; us a blub! ered

lip.

BLUB'BERLN'G,

of blowing.

sky-blue 'lescent, inhabiting the northern parts of Europe and Asia. a. Having blue veins or streaks. Shak.

Bleb.]

BLUB'BER,,

in melting tin.

plate of iron for drawing up a fire in a stove chinniey. Mason. ppr. Making a current of air; breathing quick ; sounding a wind instrument ; intlating ; impelhng by wi]id melt-

ULOWLVG,

blue by heating, as metal.-.

species of Cor} phajiia, of the order ofthoracics, found about the Bahamas, and on blossom D. bloeizel ; Ger. bliUhe.] the coast of Cuba. Encyc. Bloom, or blossom, or that which is expand- BLUE-HAIRED, a. Having hair of a blue ed. It signifies bloom or blo.ssoms in genc(;lor. Milton. Thus we BLU'E-JOHN, H. Among mrncra, fluorspar, eral, or the slate of blossoming. a mineral, found in the mines of Derby.say, trees are now in their blowlh, or they have a full blowlh. shire, and fabricated into vases and other H. blowz. [From the same root ornamental fisures. Encyc. as blusli, which see.] BLU'ELY, adv': With a blue color. Smfl. .\ ruddv fat-faced woman. Hall. BLU'ENESS, n. The quahty of being blue a blue color. BLOWZ'Y, a. Ruddy faced fat and ruildy Boyle. high colored. liLU'E-THROAT, n. [blue and throat.] A liird with a tawny breast, marked with a BLUB, !'. f. To swell. [Md in use. See

among

BLOWTll,

A

employed '.'.

&c.

Silliman.

[blow a\v\ point] A kind children. Johnson.

BLOW-POINT,

is in general use in the U. States, and le- BLIIB'BER, n. [See Blobber, Blob and Bleh.] blobber, or bidjble ; o common vulgar gitimate. In the Tatler, it is used for blos- I. soms in general, as we use blowlh. teorj, but legitimate. >. Among seamen, a gale of wind. This The fat of whales and other large sea anialso is a legitimate word, in general use in mals, of which is made train-oil. It lies t)ie U. States. inunediately under the skin and over the SLOW-HALL,)!. [hlowMiAball.] The flow- nniscular flesh. er of the dandelion. B. Jonson. 3. Sea nettle, or sea blubber, the medusa. -

BLOWER,

make

A small bird, a sjiecies of Motacilla, very common in the U. States. The upjier part of the is

]iro])elled

water, are made to unite in a ca]>illary orifice, at the moment when they are kindled. The heat produced, when the focus is formed on charcoal or any non-conducting substance, is such as to melt every thing but the diamond, to bmii the metals,| and to dissijjate in vapor, or in gaseousi forms, most known substances. The blow-pipe of Newman, Clarke, &c., is the compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, with

to

BLU'E-BIRD,«.[Mue and bird.]

which o.xygen

by hydrostatic or other pressure, coming from separate res-! ervoirs, in the pro|)ortious requisite to form

;

;

with

fill

up a bladder or a bubble. to pulf up as, to blow up one

inflate

color

Compound Blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, invented and hydrogen,

To deposit egajs, as flies. To ibrni bubbles by blowing. To swell and inflate, as veal

(j.

heat, on minute fragments of mineral substances, supported on charcoal, by platiua forceps, &c. in

trumpet. To spread by report.

B L U

jets to produce flames of different sizes. Its ottice is to produce instantly a furnace

ppr.

Weeping

so as to

BLU'K-VkINED,

a. [Perhaps aflied to W. lluf, Eng. from shooting forward.] Big surly Dryden.

BLUFF, leap,

;

;

blustering.

BLUFF,

7!.

A high bank, almost perpendicu-

lar, projecting into the sea presenting a steep front.

;

a high bank

Mar. Diet. imd bow.] HavMar. Dirt. BLUFF'-HEADED, a. [bluff and head.] Mar. Did. Having an upright stem. Belkitap.

BLUFF'-BOWED, ing broad and

BLUFF'NESS, ness

;

flat

a.

A

n.

[bluff

bows.

swefling or bloated-

surliness.

BLU'ISH,

a.

ff'orld.

Blue

in a small degree.

Pope.

fanned swell the cheeks. pp. r)ri\en by wind BLU'ISHNESS, n. A small degree of blue sounded by blowing spread by report BLUD'tiEON, n. [Goth, blyggwan, to strike.] •clor. Boyle. swelled inflated expanded as a blossom. A short stick, with one eml loaded or thicker BLOW-PIPE, n. [blow and pipe.] An in- and heavier than the other, and used as an BLUN'DER, V. i. [This word seems to be allied to the Gr. rt^xwcuj, to err, and to ;?ojt7ioffensi\e weajiou by low persons. strument by which a blast or current of der. The sense of the latter is to move air is driven through tlie flame of a lamp BLUE, a. blu. [fiax.bleo, bkoli,bleow, color; with sudden jerks, and irregular motions. Ger. blati Dan. blaae ; Sw. D. blaauiv or candle, and that flame directed upon a Sw. bly, Dan. blye, Ger. blei,' In Dan. blunder is to wink, twinkle or dismineral substance, to fuse or vitrify it. bla, blue semble allied to Fr. loin.] lead, so named from its color Slav, plavu Blow-pipe of the artist, a conical tube of brass

BLOWN,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

glass or other substance, usually a quarter

of an inch

in

diameter at one end, andcaj)

;|

Fr. bleu ; Corn. Won.] of the seven colors, into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism. There are various' shades of blue, as sky-blue, ov azure, Prus-\ ^an blue, indigo blue, smalt hive, &.c.

or nearly so at the other, where it is bent nearly to a right angle. This is used to jiropel a jet of air from the lungs, through the flame of a lamp or candle, upon the Kirwan. Kncyc' substance to be fused. liloW'pipe of the mineralogist, the same in- Prussian blue, a combination of the oxyd of iron with an acid called ferro-prussic. .stiument substantially as the foregoing, bnt usually fitted witli an ivory or silver Ure. mouth-piece, and with Rcvcral movable BLU'E. V. t. To make blue to dye of a blue illary

1.

One

:

To

mistake grossly

to err

;

widely or Johnson.

stupidly.

To move

without direction, or steady to plunge at an object to guidance move, speak or write with sudden and ;

;

blind precipitance ; as, to blunder yjion a reason ; to blunder round a meaning. 3.

To

stumble, as a horse

;

Pope. a common use of

the word.

BLUN'DER,

?i.

A

mistake through precipi-

BOA

B L U or without due exercise of judga gross mistake.

tance,

ment BJ-HN'IJERBUSS, ;

a tube

A

short

[btunder, and D. bus, ; bossa, a gun.] or fire-arm, witlj a larj;e bore,

Dan.

;

gun

n.

Hw.

hOssi:

capable of holding a number of balls, and inttMidcd to do execution without exact aim.

BLI'N'DKRER,

One who

n.

make

der, or to

is

gross mistakes

apt to bluna careless ;

person.

BLUNDERHEAD, A stupid fi'llowjone who

head.]

blunders.

L'Jistrange

BHIN'DERI!V(i, ;

Leuis. [from the root of Gr. auS^wu,

manner. BLlIiNT, a. to dull.]

as an instru-

Having a thick edge or point, ment dull not sharp. ;

;

Dull iu understanding; slow of discern Sliak. ment. unceremom 3. Abrupt in address plain ous wanting the forms of civility rough Bacon. in inainiers or speech. 2.

;

;

;

;

Hard

;

ashamed;

;

;

;

;

;

to penetrate. [Unusual.] Pope. II. t. To dull the edge or point, by it thicker.

;

A

:

.'!.

Bl.UNT, making 2.

;

;

Moving or acting

ppr.

with blind precipitance; mistaking gross ly stumbling. BI.UN'DERINGLY, adv. In a blundering

4.

A

BOAR-SPEAR,

n. .spear used in liimting boars. Spenser. It implies BuAR, I', i. In the It: loise,loisi, tiumc. manege, a horse is said to a throwing out, or spreading. Flash may wlien he buar, ^loots out his nose, raising be from the same root. See Blaze.] it as high as his ears, and tosses his nose iu 1. To redden in the clieeks or face to be the wind. Encyc. suddenly suftiised with a red color in the BO.'\RD, ». [Sax. lor(/ and bred, aboard, or cheeks or tiice, from a sense of guilt, shame table Goth, baurd ; Sw. bord, anil brbde ; D. board, a board, a hem, border, margin conliisimi, modesty, dithdence or sur|)rise followed by iit or for, before the cause of Ger. bord, a board, a brim, bank, border ; and bret, a board, or plank blusliing as, lilusk at your vices ; blush/or Dan. bord, a board, a table; brcede, a board, or plank; your degraded country. and bred, a border ; \V. burz, a board or In the presence of the shameless and unblushtable Ir. bord. a table, a border. This ing, the young otfcnuer is ashamed to lilush. Buckntinster word and broad seem to be allied in origin, 2. To bear a blooming red color, or and the primary sense is to open or spread, any soil as the rose. color whence bright blushing broad, dilated.] He bears his blushing honors thick ui)0ii him. 1. A piece of timber saw ed thin ;ind of consid.SViu/r. erable length and breadth, compared with the thickness, used for building and other Shakspcarc has used this word in a transitive sense, to make red, and it nniy be purpo.
;

[blunder and

n.

1.

BOA

blushing D. Wos, ablush Sw. 6/om; Dan. Dan. blites vcd, to l)lusli or be blun, a tench

To repress or weaken any appetite, desire or power of the mind to impair the force of any passion which aflccts the iniml, or of any evil or good wliich affects tl body as, to blunt the edge of love, of pain, ;

Sudden appearance a glance a sense taken from the sudden sufiusion of the face as, a proiiosilion app(!ars ah surd at lirst blush. Locke.

BLUSH'ET,

n.

or face

;

BLUSH'LESS, BLUSH'Y,

ppr.

girl.

in the

a.

4.

[Ao/

a.

;

blast

;

;

Hancij.

[Probably allied to blaie, G. blusser, to blaze, to rage.] loud, noisy or swaggering ; to bully ; V. i.

Dan.

:

;

;

as a ioorrf of directors.

The deck of a

ship the interior part of a ship or boat used in the phrase, on board, aboard. In this phrase however the sense is inimarily the side of the To go ship. aboard is to go over the side. The side of a ship. [Fr. bord ; Sp. borda.] Now board to board, the rival vessels row. ;

;

having the color

of a blush.

BLUS'TER,

Making dull repressing;

;

ing i>.

Marslon.

Like ablush

Entertainment liiod diet as, the price of botird is two, five, or seven dollars a week. A table at which a council or court is held hence a council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meet;

cheek:

Unblushing; past blush

ing; impudent.

BLUNTED,

reiircssed.

young modest

bearing a bright color.

Your ceaieless endeavors will be exerted to blunt the slings of pain. Dwight. Made dull ; weakened; ;jyj. ;

A

BLUSH'ING, ppr. Reddening

orof suftering.

impaired

3.

;

used.]

;

BLUNT'ING,

;

;

in blusliing

To be Dryden as a turbulent or to swagger To fall ot'cr board, that is, over the side boasting person. the mast went by the board. be as and to To wind; tumultuous, roar, abruptly pluitdy coar.sely Board and board, side b\- side. be boisterous; to be windy; to hurry. cacy, or the usual forms of civility. BLUNT' NESS, n. Want of edge or point BLUS'TER, n. Noise tumult ; boasting; 7. The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. To make a good board, is want of sharpness. boisterousness turbidence roar of a temdullness; obtuseness to sail in a straight line, when close hauled. 2. Coarseness of address; rouglincss of manany irregular pest violent wind hurry To make short boards, is to tack frequently. ners rude sincerity or plainness. noise and tumult from wind, or from Mar. Diet. BLUNT'WITTED, a. [blunt a.nd wit] Dull; \anitv. C. A table for artificers to sit or work on. Shale. BLUS'tERER, ji. A swaggerer; a bully stupid. !>. A table or frame for a game as a chess BLUR, n. [I have not found this word in a noisy, tumultuous fellow, who makes board, &c. any other language, but probably it is algreat pretensions from vanity. 10. A body of men lied to the W. llur, black and blue, livid, BLUSTERING, ppr. Making'a noise; puffconstituting a quorum in session a coiut, or council as a board of L. luridus.] ing; boasting. trustees a board of ollicers. A dark spot a stain a blot, whether upon BLUS'TERING, a. Noisy tumultuous BO.\RD, V. t. To lay or spread with boards ; jjaper or other substance, or upon repuwindy. to cover with boards. tation. tumultuous South. BLUS'TROUS, a. Noisy Hudibras. 2. To enter a ship by force in combat, which BLUR, JI. t. To obscure by a dark spot, or by boastful. answers to storming a city or fort on land. BO, exclam. [W. hw.] A word of terror a any Ibid matter, without quite cti'acing. to make the first attempt upon 3. To attack to 2. To sidly to stain to blemish children to sound uttered as, by customary a man. In Spenser, to accost, [t r. aiorblur reputation. Butler. frighten their fellows. Bacon. Shak. BLURRED, yj/?. Darkened or stained ob- BO'A, 71. A genus of serpents, of the class der.] Obs. To place at board, for a compensation, aa scm-ed. Ainpbibia, the characters of which are, 4. a lodger. the lielly and tail are furnished with scuta. BLUR'RING, ppr. Darkening or staining and lodging, 5. To furnish with or food food, It includes the largest species of serpent, spotting. BLURT, V. I. [Allied probably to flirt, to the constrictor, sometimes 30 or 40 feet for a compensation as, a man boards ten 1.

impairing.

BLUNT'ING, BLUNT'LY,

Restraint. adv. In a blunt

ji.

;

;

;

to puft";

Taylor.

manner

without

;

;

;

deli- 2.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

throw.]

To throw

or unadvisedly vertently

;

to words.

BLUSH, Dan.

Cyc Corn, bora, a boar D. beer, a bear or boar ; Ger. eber, a boar, and a gimlet or auger; also, eberschwein, boarswine. Qu. L. aper, and verres ; Sans. long.

out, or ;

throw

at

to utter

random,

hastily, BO.'VR, n. [Sax. bar

suddenly or inad-

commonly with

out,

and applied Young.

[D. bloozen ; Sw. Wi/as,to blush blusser, lo blaze or glisten ; !'.

i.

:

6/uss«/,[i

;

varaha.]

The male of swine

not castrated.

;

students. V. i. To receive food or diet as a lodger or without lodgings, for a compensation as, he boards at the moderate price of two dollars a week.

BOARD,

;

BO.VRDABLE, as a ship.

a.

That may be boarded,

BOB

BOA pp. Covered witli boards; entered liy armed men, as a ship furnished with food for a compensation.

BOARDED,

1.

;

BOARDER,

One who.

n.

and lodging

food or diet

lias

names

One who boards a ship in action oiicj who is selected to board shijis. Mnr. Did.\ ;

ppr.

;,

;

receiving boartl, as a lodsrer, for a reward. n. A school, the scholars of which hoard with the teacher.

BOARDING-SCHOOL,

BOARD-WAGES,

w.

Wages

allowed

to

;

o.

BOAST,

V.

[W.

i.

to

hostiaiv,

boast,

to

throw G. paustcn, to blow, swell, bounce; Sw. posa, Dan. paster, id. Qu. ;

Gr. ^vaoM, to lioast \.

inflate

a jeer or flout, Ascham. Encyc.

;

Jlinsworth. 4. 5.

The ball of a short pendulum. A mode of ringing.

as, long-boat, lanch, barge,

;

;

:

;

Russ. chvasluim,

;

ii.fdstus.] brag, or' vaunt one's self; to make an ostentatious display, in speech, of one's own worth, property, or actions. Not of works, lest any man should boasl. ;

To

Eph.

2.

to

a shake or jog

;

;

Shah.

toss or

blow

I

Swinish ;"bru-

[from 6oar.]

cruel.

A

;

servants to keep themselves in victuals. Drydtn. tal

3.

cutter,

Covering with boards furnisliing or, entering a ship by force

BOARDING,

BOARISH,

open vessel, or water craft, usualThe forms, ly moved by oars, or rowing. dimensions and uses of boats are very various, and some of them carry a light sail. The different kinds of boats have different

Johnson. 6. A bob-wig. Shenstone. pinnace, BOB, V. t. To beat; to shake or jog. Shak. 8. To cheat to fraud. Shak. yawl, fin-y-boat, wherry, gain by jolhi-hoat, Ainsworth. Moses-boat, punt, felucca, fshing-hoat, pe- 3. To mock or delude. 4. To cut short. rogue, &c. A small vessel carrying a mast and sails BOB, J). ?'. To play backward and forward: to play loosely against any thing. but usually described by another word Dryden. as a packet-boat, passage-boat, advice- 2. To angle, or fish for eels, or to catch eels with a bob. Johnson boat, &.C. Encyc. BOAT, V. t. To trans])ort in a boat as, to BOBANCE, )i. bobans'. A boasting. [JVot in use.] boat goods across a lake. Chaucer. on Canals. Ash. Beat shaken or cheated IBOB'BED, pp. Report BOAT.VBLE, a. Navigable for boats, or eained by fraud; deluded. small river craft. Ramsay. B6B'BIN,'«. [Fr. bohine; D. bahyn.] A BOAT-BILL, n. [boat and bill.'] A genus small ])in or cylindrical piece of wood, of birds, the Cancroma, of two species, the with a head, on w Inch thread is wound for crested and the brown hut by some ornimaking lace. A similar instrument, bored thologists, they are considered as varieties through to receive an iron pivot, and with of the same species. They are of the gral a border at each end, is used in spinning, lie order, with a bill four inches long, not to wind thread or silk on a spool. unlike a boat with the keel uppermost, or BOB'BING, ppr. Playing back and forth like the bow Is ol' two spoons, with the holstriking; el eating angling for eels.

in another's family for a re-

ward. ii.

BOD

A small

;

;

;

low

]>ar(s

BOAT-FLY

9.

placed tosetlier.

Encyc.

BOAT-INSECT,

or

n.

A

BOB'BINVVORK, n. [bobbin and Work wo\(n with bobbins.

ivork.}

Grew.

ge nus of insects, hemipters, known in zool- BOB'-CHERRY,?!. [hob mA cherry.] Among children, a pla.\ in which a cherry is hung ogy by the generic term Notonecta. so as to bob against the mouth. Johnson. Encyc. St. tliein of Macedonia. BOAT-HOOK, n. [boat and hook.] An iron BO'BO, n. A Mexican fish, two feet long, in Paul. 2Cor. ix. hook with a jioint on the back, fixed to a high esteem for food. Clavigero sometimes is followed it by of; Usually, BOB'STAYS, n. [boh and stay.] Ropes to long pole, to pull or push a boat. Mar. Diet. by in. confine the bowsiait of a ship downward To exalt one's self. to the stem. Mar. Diet. BOATING, ppr. Transporting in boats. With your mouth you have boasted against of )). The act or transBOATING, BOB'TAIL, n. [bob and tail.] A short practice

To

ii.

glory

speak with laudable

to

;

jiride

and ostentation of meritorious persons or things. I boast of you to

3.

me.

Ezek.

V. t. To display in ostentatious lanto speak of vvitli pride, vanity or ; exultation, with a view to self-commenda-

BOAST,

2.

guage

porting in boats. In Pec^ia, a punishment of cajjital offenders by laying them on the back in a boat

which

is

tion.

men

should boast their specious deeds. Milton. To magnify or exalt. They boast Ihemsclves in the multitude of

Lest

'i.

Ps. xlix.

their riches.

Rom.

'I'hou Jnakest ihy baast of the law. 'i.

BOA'TION, roar.

The cause of boasting;

n.

A

[L. two.]

}

BOATSMAN,

(,

by peers

is

BOCAQUE

ii

Dnjden.

11.

One who

BOATSWAIN,

boasts, glories or

vaunts ostentatiously.

BOASTFUL,

Boi/Ie.

Given to boasting ost'en worth or actions.

a.

;

tatious of personal

Shak.

BOASTING,

ppr.

is

bnastini; then

adv.

?

In

Ronj.

BOASTIVE,

n.

BOASTLESS,

Mar.

[Unusual.' Shenstone Witliout ostentation.

Any

Diet.

Encyc.

Thomson n.

ing

;

;i. t

f(jr

The words za.

<,

A kind " liawk.

Ash. of long-winged

(1.

Johnson.

t.

;

;

to

;

command,

to

show,

to promise.

Radi-

cally, this is the same word as hid, which see. The radical sense is, to utter, to drive

out the voice.]

To

Johnson

repeated at the end of a

tail.

A

;

to presage ; to i)ortend ; to foreshow indicate something future by signs ; to be the omen of; most generally applied to things ; as, our vices bode evil to the coun-

little

eels.

?

[Fr.]

;

;

[Sax. and Sw. hat ; Dan. hand \V. had : h. bad ; D. hoot ; G. hot, a boat It. dim. hatteUo, a little boat, whence Fr. bateau ; Sp. Me, a boat.]

BOAT,

?!.

short wig.

Encyc. [See Bookland.] [Sax. bodian, bodigan, to forebod, an order, tell, to utter or announce a mandate or edict hoda, messenger, or preacher Sw. hod, a message, an embassy ieiorfiJ, to tell or relate Sa.x. gebodian, to offer or hid, to relate, tell or announce,

to their
round thing, that plays loosely at the end of a string, cord, or movable machine a little ornament or that pendant hangs so as to play loosely Dryden Our connnon people apply the word to a knot of worms, on a string, used in fish

Presiunptuous. a.

BODE,

iii.

A

ivig.]

Dict.of.Xat. Hist. sort of fine linen Johnson. spams, a beautiful fish.

n.

The

BOCKLAND.

long-boat, for setting forth and weighing anchors, warping, towing and mooring.

manner; with boasting.

n.

sivein,

an ostentatious BOB,

and

has no

it

BOCK'ELET, BOCK'ERET,

the watch, assist in the necessary business of the ship, seize and punish offenders, &c. He has a mate who has charge of the

;

Where

BOCE,

Marlyn. language,

seamen's

bosn.

sunmion the crew

Talking ostentatiously;

;

BOASTINGLY,

In

and

or buckram.

[Sax. batstveiii, from bat, boat, and swain, a boy or servant.] An officer on board of ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables and cordage. His office is also, to

vaunting. BOASTING, »i. Ostentatious display of personal worth, or actions a glorying or vaunting. glorying

shorter,

BOC'ASiNE,

;

tion.

F$OASTER,

Prior.

A

a.

n.

[bob

Spectator.

Having the shape of a boat; navicular; cymbiform hollow like a boat; as the valve of some pericarps.

occasion of pride

H.

or BO€AKE, n. An animal foiuid on the banks of the Nieper, resembling a rabbit, except that its ears are

n. [boat and rope.] rope to fasten a boat, usnallv called a painter.

the boast of the British na-

UEstrange.

BOB-WIG,

BOAT-ROPE,

BOAT-SHAPED,

;

;

;

rower of a boat.

Shetk.

cut short.

tail

Derham.

A man [boat and man.] who manages a boat a

"'

or a

short.

jierish.

vanity, or laudable exultation. Trial

tail,

The rabble used in contempt. Braynston. BOB'-TAILED, a. Having the hair cut

2.

Encyc. crying out a

[.Wot used.]

BOATM.AJV,

To

exult in confident expectation. Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii, BOAST, n Expression of ostentation, pridf or vanity; a vaunting.

H.

covered, where they

;

try.

BODE, i

1'.

i.

To foreshow

This bodes well to you.

;

to presage.

Dryden.

Chaucer. BODE, n. An omen. 2. A stop. [See ./Ihide.] An omen; portent; propstanjBO'DEMENT, Shak. a Ohs.

UEstrunge.

ri.

I

jiostic

;

fore-showing.

BOG

BOD UODliE,

i.

I),

To

[See Boggle.]

[Ab< used.]

stop.

A

a systent

boggle to Shak. ;

B O

as a body of laws

;

a body ot

;

I

[bog and land.] Living ni or iiurtaining to a marshy country.

BOG'-L.\ND,

divinity.

a.

II. .Strength as wine of a good body. Dryden. or BOG'GLE, n. [W. iug-, a imUoclc. V2. Among painler.s, itolors bear a body, when bugbear or goblin.] A bugbear. BOD'ICR, n. Stays a waistcoat, quilted they are capable of being ground so fine and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as BOG'-ORE, «. An ore of iron found in bogwitli whalebone worn by women. to seem only a very tlilck oil of tlte same Johnson. gy or swampy land. rush BOD'IED, a. [from body.] Having a body. color. Eneyc. BOG'-RL'SII, )i. [bog and rush.] SImk. V^. The unrenewed part of man, or sensual that grows in bogs, the Scbceaus. Pennant. BOD'ILESS, a. [See Body.] Having no afli'ctions. But I keep laidcr my body. 1 Cor. ix. 2. A bird, a species of warbler, of the size of body or material form incorporeal. a wren, of a testaceous brown color, seen DaviesJ 14. The extent the hmits. Cause to come here on such a day, twelve BOD'ILY, n. Having or containing a body among the bog-rushes of Schonenin Swefree and lawful men from tlie body of your
BOD(iE,

n.

botch.

[ATot used.]

;

BOGLE

;

;

A

;

;

—

;

:

;

Shak.' actnal; as bodily a.ct. BOD'ILY, adv. Corporeally united with a' body or matter. It is liis human nature, in which the GoHhciid

3. Rea"l

;

BOD'Y-€LOTHES,

1

dwells bodily.

BO'DING,

Bp. Hard.' bod, ahnib, tliat i.s, a, with the tciniination kin, used as a diminutive Gr. (Jaro;, a thorn.] An instrument of steel, bone, ivory or tiie hke, witli a small blade, and a sharj) point, 7!.

1.

A dagger.

in the IGth century.

2.

ii;

flexible

See Bow.] yielding to pressure, bending. A quagmire covered with grass or oti It is defined by marsh, and moplant.s. rass, but difl'ers from .a marsh, as a jiart from the whole. Wet grounds are bogs, which are the softest and too soft to bear a man marshes or fens, which are less and sivamjts, \\hich are soft, but very wet soft spongy land, upon the surface, but sustain man and beast, and are often

A

little

elevated spot or clump of earth, in filled with roots and

common

grass. [This is a in .Vew- England.]

i

use of the word

;

;

;

somebody

nobody.

;

Reality, as opposed to representation. A shadow of things to come, but the body of Christ.

A

!

mass; a number of

(^>r. xii.

;

A

c()r|)or:iti
;

by a common tie, by one form of government, or by occupation as the legislative^ body the body of the clergy ; body corpo;

;

rate 8.

;

body

politic.

The main a tree

;

i

the bulk; as the body of jiart the body of a coach, of a ship, ;

Any extended

solid

substance

any substance or mass ers

;

1.

W.

Fam. of Plants. bugwl, a terrify

To(loid)t; to hesitate; to stop, as if afraid to proceed, or as if imi)eded by unforeseen difiiculties to jday fast and loose. :

We

boggle at every unusual appearance.

To dissemble. BOG'GLE, V. t. To embarrass

as a metalinc body

a popular or vidgar the United States. ties

sudden

;

;

;

;:

;

;

Bailey. [Fr. bouillir ; L. iu//ro ; It. 6o/Sp. bullir, to boil L. btdla, a bubble Russ. but, the noise of boiling water; It. bubble or blister; Eth.
BOIL,

full

Amh.

a.

[from bog.]

BOG'HOUSE, of oflice.

Ji.

Containing bogs

[6og'

/lOKse.]

A house

^

to boil

;

W. balau, to spring.

Qu.

;

;

;

;

away, to evaporate by boiling. oier, is to run over the top of a

vessel, as liquor when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of

effervescence. To dress or cook in boiling waI', t. to extract the juice or to seethe ter

BOIL, ;

and

(^

;

Sax. weallan, to well, to boil.] To swell, heave, or be agitated by the action of heat; to bubble to rise in bubbles ; In a chimical sense, to as, the water boils. pass from a liquid to an aeriform state or vapor, with a bubbling motion. 2. To be agitated by any other cause than heat as, the boiling wa^ es which roll and foam. 3. To be liot or fenid ; to swell by native as the boiling heat, vigor or irritation blood of youth his blood boils with anger. 4. To be in boiling water; to suffer boiling heat in water or other hquid, for cookery or other purpose. To bubble; to effervesce; as a mixture of acid aiul alkali.

[.Vot used.]

of bogs.

;

1.

Taylor. 2.

BOG'GY,

r.i.

;

boil

Doubtful.

;

;

lesitating. (/.

low

;

boil

ppr. Starting or stopping at I

in

ed I'ou-y or Voo-y. \'ol. i. -ki/.] species of coarse or low priced tea from China a species of black tea. or BOj'AR a BOY'AR, »i. In the Russian nobleman a lord a person of Empire, a soldier. This word answers quality nearly to Baron in Great Britain, and other countries in the west of Europe. Tooke. Eton. BOI'ARIN, JI. In Rus.iia, a gentleman; a the master of a famjierson of distinction Tooke. Russ. Diet. ily. BOIGU'ACU, n. The largest of the serpent kind, and said to be forty feet long.

tunorous Shak.

doubter

;j

distinct from otha floating body ; ;

in

growing

Fam. of Plants. [Grosier infornjs ns that this a moimtain in China, call-

A

endtarrassed.

man. difiiculties

word

n.

named from

To

;

A

BOGGLING,

is

Perplexed and impeded by To

diflicidties

BOG'GLER,

difficul-

use of the

;

BOG'GLED, pp.

with

matter

;

a movins body ; a light body a heavy body. 10. A pandect a general collection a code :

Howell.

3.

BOGGLISH,

&c. f).

[Qu.

ing.]

Granville.

commander. Clarendon.' a number of men, imited

forces under one 7.

niiU'shy places.

V. i.

27.

1-2.

The main army, in distinction from the wings, van or rear. Also, any nnnd)erof

j

(J,

BOGGLE,

iiidividu-,

as the body of mankinil. Christians united or the Church is called the body, of which each Christian is a member, and Christ the head. 1

als or ))articulars united

low lands and

[

[hog berry.] the cranberry growing in

is

Col.ii.

collective

name of

imn, a

lands.

BOIIE'A,

lire

substance of an animal, in distinction from BOG, V. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud the living j)rinciple of beasts, and the sold and mire. Jonson. of man. HOG'-15E.\N, n. [bog and bean ; called bxickBe not anxious for your bodi/. beun.] Matthew. Luke. Menyanthes, a plant, the marsh-trefoil, Hooker. Matter, as opposed to spirit. which grows in moist and marshy j)laces A jH'rson a hmnan being sometimes Fam. of Plants. al<)n(! more generally, with sovie or no ; BOG'-BERRY, n.. and Vaccinas,

hilliciry or wliortleberry

pro-

marshes and swamps,

[Sax. bodig, stature, trunk, spine,! that which is .set or fi.xed.] ; Tlie frame of an animal; the material

n. [bog and trot.] One who lives in a boggy country. Johnson. HOG'-WllOKT, n. [bog -dnd u-hort.] The

marsh Sax.

;

is

BOG'-TROTTER,

guard.

Porleus. a

mowed.

Ubrary^

boily

that lilt'

;

Pertaining to Sir Thomas founded a celebrated

a.

BOD'Y, n. 1.

cloth.]

;

Chaucer.

[J^ot in use]

BOD'LEIAN, Bodley, who

the

;

;

;

1.

A like infor making holes by piercing. strument with an eye, for drawing thread, An tape, or ribin through a loop, &:c. Johnsoyi. instrument to dress the hair. 2.

and

The guard

soft

gan

[Jr.

point, a shoot,

;

Ji.

71.

[Ir. bog, bogach, bogha, a bow boghaim, to bend D. boogen, to bend. Soft ;

An omen.

n.

^lu. [body

tects or defends the person Ilencc, security.

;|

BOG,

presaging.

BO'DING, BOD'KIN,

BOD'Y-GUARD,

Jl'ntts.]

[from bode.] Foreshowing

pi>r.

n.

Clothing or covering lor the body, as t<)r a horse. Mdison.

;

;

quahty of any thing by boiling. To prepare for some use in boihng liquor To form as, to boil .silk, thread or cloth. This word by boiling and evaporation. is applied to a variety of processes for different purposes as, to boil salt, or su-

;

;

B O L

B O h In gcnera.],boiling is a violent heat to boil a agitation, occasioned by liquor is to subject it to heat till it bubbles, and to boil any holid substance is to subject it to heat in a boiling liquid. BOIL, n. [D. buil ; Ger. beiUe ; Dan. bylde ; Sax. bile; Arm. btiU, a bUster Sw. bula, a j)rotuberance D. 60/, plump Ger. hoik. a bud, a gem; Ir. bvile, rage, madness; Pers. pallo, a wart, an ulcer, a boil W. 6a/, a prominence.] V tinnor upon tlie flesh, accompanied witb soreness and inflamiiiation a sore angi-yj ;

;

2.

;

(i.

;

7.

li(|Uor.

A

A

H.

\\ liu

person

boils.

which any thing

vessel in

is

boiled.

;

A

;

Thess.

speak to you.

to

ii.

In 071 ill sense, rude, forward, impudent. Licentious; showing great liberty of ficas, the figures of an author are bold. Standing out to view striking to the eye ;

;

;

as hold figures in painting, sculpture and architecture. as a bold abrupt prominent Stee|) shore, which enters the water almost perpendicularly, so that ships can approach ;

;

;

land without danger. large pan, or vessel of iron, cojijjcr or VVheie the bold cape its warning forehead rears. brass, used in distilleries, ])0t-asb worL TrttmbuU. and the liUe, for boiling large quantities of To make bold, to take freedoms; a common, liquor at once. bm not a correct phrase. To be bold i the and for BOIL'ER Y, ji. better. boiling i)lace

near

to

A

BOLD,

a])paratus.

Bubbling; heaving in being agitated as boiling liquor .swelhng with heat, ardor or passion or preparing for some pmpose dressing bv hot water. BOIL'ING, )!. The act or state of bubbling the act of agitation by heat ebullition dressing by hot water the act of preparing by hot water, or of evaporating by

BOIL'ING, bubbles

ppr.

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

heat.

an

71.

ell

A

green snake, foimd in Amerin length, called by the Portu-

guese, cobra de verb. It is harmless, unless but its bite is no.xious. Encyc. a. [Dan. p«.< a puff, a

provoked

;

BOIS'TEROUS, blast

and Sw. pusla, to Ijlow Dan. bister, furious, raging

puster,

;

D. byster

W. 1.

r.

To make

[.Vo( used.]

daring.

To make

/.

bold

Hall. to give con-

;

This is nearly di.sused being Ascham. superseded by embolden. BOLD-FACE, n. [bold and /ore.] Impua term of reprehendence sauciness sion, and reproach. L'Estrange. fidence.

1

i

is

The bolted.

a pericarp or seed-

barley was in the ear and E'xodus ix.

Hell.

the flax

wis

Gr. artfp^oTtJor, as translated

S>':iJ,

;

bivyst,

:

;

wild, savage, whence, beast] violent; stormy; as a

;

;

;

;

man.

BOLO'GNIAN STONE,

;

;

stone.

;

;

BOLSTER,

;

polster

;

;

bolo'nian

Radiated sulphate of barytes found in roim,disli masses, composed of radiating fibers first discoA ered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent, when calcined.

unwieldy huge ; clumsily vio as a boisterous club. Obs. Spenser painting, sculpture and architecture. as a boisterous heat. Woodward} 3. Freedom from timidity liberty, 4. Violent (treat my boldness of speech towards you. BOIS'TEROUSLY, adv. Violently; furi2 Cor. vii. ously with loud noise tuniultuously. confident trust. 4. Confidence BOIS'TEROUSNESS,™. The state or qualWe have boldness and access with confiity of being boisterous; turbulence; disiii. dence.

Large

Eneyc.

ships.

generosity of magnanimity. Prominence ; the quality of exceedhig the ordinary rules of scrupulous nicety and caution ; applied to style, expression, and metaphors in /((Hguogc ; and to figures in

Turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy

lent

To form into

i.

a bold manner; courageby till' seventy. ously; intrejiidly without timidity or fear; Bollard timbers, in a ship, or knight-heads, with confidence. Sometimes, ])erhai)s, in are two timbers, rising just within the a bad .sense, for imjnulently. stem, one on each side of the bowsprit, to Mar. Diet. BOLDNESS, n. Courage bravery intre- secure its end. pidity spirit fearlessness. I cannot, with In docks, bollards are large posts set in the Johnson, interpret this word by forlitude ground on each side, to which are lashed or magnnnimily. Boldness does not, L large blocks, through which are reeved think, imply x\\c firmness of mind, which the transporting hawsers for docking and constitutes I'ortitnde, nor the elevation and undocking

Loud; roaring; as a boisterous

3.

I',

vessel.

Bramhall.

Iniijudent.

sometimes

BOLL,

;

BOLD-FACED, a. Boldly, adv. in

Bole, a measure of six bushels, Avritten in this manner.

])ericar]i.

;

;

boislerons wind. 1.

(.

1'.

BOLD EN,

bole is of a bright red color, with a tinge of yellow, harder than the other kinds, and of a rough dusty surface. Bole of Blois is yellow, lighter than the other kinds, and it effervesces with acids. Bohemian bole is of a yellow color, with a cast of red, and of a flaky texture. French bole is of a pale red color, variegated with sjiecks of white and yellow. Lemnian bole is of a pale red color. Silesian bole is of a pale yellow color. Encyc. BOLET'It, a. Boletic acid is the acid of Boletus, a genus of mushrooms. IBOLE'TUS, n. [L.] A genus of niushrooms, conlaining many species. BO'LIS, n. [L. from Gr. t3oJ.i5, a dart; ^o^7.U, to throw.] A fire-ball darting through the air, followed by a train of light or sparks. BOLL, n. [W. hit, a seed vessel ; Sax. bolla, a bowl.] The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax; a

;

BOIO'BI, ica,

unctuous, and receives a

Armenian

Confident not timorous. We were bold iu our God

tion or expression

BOIL'ED, pp. Dressed or cooked by boil-| subjected to the action ol" boiling ing

little

It adheres to polish from the finger nail. the tongue, melts by degrees in the mouth, and impresses a slight sense of asCleaveland. tringency.

Requiring courage in the execution executed with spirit or boldness; planned with courage and spirit as a bold enter-

1

4.

swelling.

'i.

smooth, a

;

;

;

BOIL'ER,

B O L

or other animals

prise. .3.

;

;

men

fearless ; applied to as, bold as a lion.

sar, &:c.

;

n.

Dan.

fSax. and Sw. bolster ; Ger. bolster-dyne, a feather bed

;

i>^

;

Pers.

;

»ILj balisht.

In Dutch, bolster

;

a husk, cod or shell.] long ]iillow or cushion, used to support the head of persons lying on a bed generally laid uniler the jiillows. G. Prominence steepness as the boldness 2. A pad, or quilt, used to hinder pressure, of the shore. supjxirt any part of the body, or make 7. Excess of freedom, bordering on iinpiia bandage sit easy upon a wounded part Hooker. BO'LARY, a. [See Bole.] Pertaining to dence. a comjiress. bole or clay, or partaking of its nature BOLE, re. [Sw. bol; Dan. iu/.] 3. In Sadler}!, a part of a saddle raised upon and qualities. Brown. 1. The body, or stem of a tree. [JVot in use.] the bows or hinder part, to hold the rider's Dryden. BOL'BITINE, a. An e|iitliet given to one Farrier's Diet. thigh. of the channels of the Nile, by which its 2. A measure of corn, containing six bush In ships, a cushion or bag, filled with tarMortimer \i. els. waters are discharged into tlie Mediter red canvas, used to preserve tlie stays ranean. It is the second from West to BOLE, n. A kind of fine clay, often highly from being worn or chafed liy the masts. colored by iron. Its color is reddish yelEast, but nearly filled with sand. Mar. Diet. D\4nvitle. low of various shades, often with a tinge BOLSTER, V. t. To support with a bolster, Enryc. sometimes to of or quilt. a. D. conbeald brown, reddish, passing bovt, ; BOLD, [Sax. bald, pillow or any sofi (lad or blackish flesh or tracted red, to maintain. It. baldo, bold brown, to hold up baldanxa, ])reyellowish, 2. To support It is opake or a littl Hooker. South. yellowish white. imiialdanzire, to emboklen. suniptioii The sense is, open, forward, rushing fortranslucid, especially at the edges, in tlie i3. To afford a bed to. [Unusual.] Shak. red and varieties. It is compact out. a. Swelled yellow ward.] [BOLSTERED, L During courageous; brave; intrepid; and its fracture conchoidal. It is brittle JBOLSTERER. n. A supporter.

order

;

5.

A

Brazilian serpent, about eight feet long, covered with triangular scales, of an olive or yellowish color, whose bite is mortal. Diet. ofjYat. Hist. n.

is

Eph.

tumultuousness.

BOITLAPO,

Freedom from

ba.shfulness

;

;

1.

assurance;

A

;

Bacon

confident njien.

;

j

I

;

;

;

;

I

;

;

BOM

B O L BOLSTERING,

A

n.

BOLTING-HUTCH,

prop or support.

n.

G. bolzen is

holt

[Dan.

.Sa.\. bolta,

;

(hiveii,

:

Uiiss.

Ml

catapulta,

from the root of Gr.

;

D. hout

machine or

An

arrow

prise-bolts,

the

from

liei'

aiguinonts.

it is

used of coneys.

a mass.] mediiinal to be

/JoJiOf,

inflated;

BOM'BASTRY,

high sounding

;

Shajlesbury. n. Swelling words withoiit ;

fustian.

Swift.

n. [Immb and A chest.] with bombs or only with gun jiowder, jilaced under ground, to make

chest

filled

destruction

liy its

displosion.

n. A salt tijriiied by the bomand any base saturated.

BOM'BLVT, bic acid

iMVoisier.

;

;

To examine by

sifting to open or sepaparts of a subject, to find the "Time truth; generally followed by oiti. and nature will bolt out thetruth of things."

;

;

rate the

;

L'Estrange. [Unusunl.1 Stiak. as at Gray's irm, where cases are privately discussed by students and barristers. Encyc. BOLT, V. i. To shoot forth suddenly; to spring out with speed and suddenness to start forth like a bolt; commonly followed by out; as, to bell out of the house, or otit of a den. Bryden. [Inelegayit.]

To To

See Bowsprit.]

it.

;

Su-iJ1. ;

;

Milton.

7.

bombast.

Swelled

Encyc. BOM'BlC, a. [L. bombyx, a silk worm.] JI. A large serpent found in Amcric;a, Pertaining to the silk worm as bomhic of a harndess nature, and remarkable for acid. a sound like bom. BOMBILA'TION, rt. [L. bomhilo.] Sound; uttering Did. ofJVat. Hist. noise. Brown. report [Little used.] A small ship or vcsBOMB, n. [L. bombus ; Gi: liofxeoi.] A great BOMB-KETCII, I noise. lincon. liOMB -VESSEL, sel, constructed (or p2. A large shell of cast iron, round and holthrowhig bombs into a fortress from the low, with a vent to receive' a fusee, which sea, and built ivmarkably strong, in order is made of wood. This being filled with to sustain the shocks jirodiiced by the disgunpowder and the fusee driven into the charge of the mortars. They generally are rigged as ketches. Mar. Did. vetit, the fusee is set on fire and the bomb is thrown from n mortar, in such a direcBOMBY(;'INOU.S a. [L. bombycinus, from tion as to fall into a fort, city or enemy's bombyr, a silk worm.] ctmip, when it bursts with great violence 1. Silken; made of silk. and often with terrible effect. Tlie in- 2. Being of the color of the silk worm ventor of bombs is not known they transparent, with a vellow tint. Darwin. came into common use about the year BO'NA-FIDE, [L.] With good faith with1(>?4. out fraud or deception. Encyc. 3. The stroke ujion a bell. Bo.N.i-RoBA, n. [It. a fine gown.] .A showy BOMB, V. I. To attack with bombs; to bom- wanton. Shak.

often followed by out. 4. [Norm, bitltrr, a bolting sieve. Qn. Fr. biuter.l To sift or separate bran from flour. In .Inicrica thi.t term is applied only to the in milh. operation performed 5. Among sportsmen, to start or dislodge, (i.

High-sounduig a.

than boiK^y.

;

can boll

Encyc. a.

big without meaning.

BOMBASTIC,

BOM,

;

ice

the

swallowed at once, liki^ a pill. It inay be of any ingredients, made a little thicker

BOLT,

\

ridiculous.

BO .MB A.ST,

much meaning

[From

;

;

;

BOMB'-CHEST,

n.

infla-

ted style fustian a serious attempt, by strained descri|)tion, to raise a low or familiar subject beyond its rank, which, instead of lieiug sublime, never fails to bn

universal

doultt

The quantity of twenty-eight ells of canvas. Encyc. V. (. To fasten or .secure with a bolt, or iron pin, whether a door, a plank, fetters or any thing el.se. to restrain. Sliak. to shackle 2. To fasten to utter or throw out pre3. To blurt out

Hence, high sounding words; an

popular pronvinciation of this word, this may have been the original word but I

BO'LUS, n. [L. to/its Gr. A soft mass of any thing

a bolt.

darting like

In this sense

Mar. Did.

the head-rope.

to]),

;

4.

cipitately. I hate when

ensjine for sifting meal. Encyc.

BOLT-SPRIT,

a stream of lightning, so

:

its

A

;

transom-bolts, traverse-bolts,

thunder-bolt

mill.]

perpendicular side is called the leech-rope that at the bottom, the foot-rope; that at

and bracket-bolts.

A

and

n. A tub to sift meal in. A rope [bolt and rope.] which the edges of sails .'ire .sewed to That part of it on the strengthen them.

;

the sides and dock.s, and have dirterent names, as rag-bolts, eye-bolts, ring-bolts, In gwmery, there are chain-bolts, &c.

ii.amt'd

[boll

to

a dart; a pohitccl shaf>. Dnjiltn. 3. A strong cyliiKlrical pin, of iron or oilier metal, used to fasten a door, a jiiank, a In ships, bidts are used in chain, &n\

3.

n.

BOLTING-TUli, BOLT-ROI'E, 71.

L.

pello.] 1.

for bidtcd

;

BOLTING-MILL,

;

lliat wliicli ,>3a?.>.u,

tub

Hour.

Tdi/lor.

BOLT,

BON

A

n.

purify ; to purge. discuss or argue

bard.

[J\l'ot

Prior.

used.]

BOMB, V. To BOM'BARD, n.

BONA'IR,

a.

sound.

[It.

bonario,

from L. bonus.]

B. Jonson. Complaisant vielding. [.Vol used.] [bomb and ard, kind. Fr. BON,\'SUS, n. [L.] A species of Bos, or bomharde ; Sp. It. bombarda.] wild ox, with a long mane a native of 1. A Asia and Africa. It is of the size of a piece of short thick ordnance with a bull. large mouth, formerly used; some of them Encyc. a ball of three hundred BoN carrying Chretien, n. [Fr. good christian.] pounds It is called also ba.Hlisk, and by A species of pear. weight. the Dutch, donderbuss, tliundcr-gim. But BOND, n. [Sax. bond. See Band and Bind.] the and the name arc no longer in 1. Any thing that binds, as a cord, a chain, BOLT-AUGER, n. [holt and auger.] A use. thing a rope a band. Encyc. .'}sh. large borer, used in ship-buildinir. 2. An attack with bombs bombardment. 2. Ligament that which holds things toBOLT-BOAT, ?!. [bolt and boat.] A stroi Barlow. gether. boat that will endure a rough sea. .ish. 3. A a drinking vessel. barrel Obs. 3. Union connection a binding. BOLTED, pp. Made fast with a bolt shot Johnson. Ash. Let walls be so constructed as to make a good forth sifted examined. BOMB' ARD, i>. t. To attack with bombs bond. jMortimer. BOLTER, n. An instrument or macliine thrown from mortars. 4. In the plural, chains imprisonment capfor separating bran from flour or the coar 'BOMB'ARDED, pp. Attacked with bombs. tivity. ser part of meal from the finer. n. One whose business is BOMBARDIE'R, He liath (lone nothing worthy of death or 3. A kind of net. Johnson. to attend the loading and firing of morof bonds. Acts. BOLT-HEAD, n. [bolt and head.] A long tars. 5. Cause of union cement which unites straight-necked glass vessel for chiniical 2. Carabus, a genus of insects of the beetle link of connection as the bonds of afl<;cdistillations, called also a matrass or re kind. tion. Encyc. ceiver. Johnson. BOMB'ARDING, ppr. Attacking with shells is the bond of perfcctncss. Col. 3. Charity with a BOLTING, ppr. Fastening or bombs. 6. An obhgation imposing a moral duty, as bolt, or bolts blurting out n. An attack with shooting forth sud by a vow, or jiromise, by law or otlier bombs the act of throwing bombs into a means. denly separating bran from flour sill ing examining discussing dislodging. Addison. 7. In laiv, an obligation or deed by which a town, fort or ship. BOLTING, ji. The act of fastening with a BOMB ARDO, )i. A musical instrument of person binds liimself, his heirs, executors, bolt or bolts a sifting discussion. the wind kind, much like the bassoon, and and administrators, to pay a certain sum, BOLTING-CLOTH,?!. [6o« and c/o(/i.j A used as a base to the hautboy. on or before a future day ap])ointed. Encyc. linen or hair cloth of which bolters are BOMBASiN, Ji. « as z. A name This is a single bond. But usually a congiven to made for sifting meal. two sorts of of dition is added, that if the obligor shall do Encyc. stiifl"s, one silk, the other BOLTING-HOUSE, n. [bolt and honse.] crossed of cotton. a certain act, or pay a certain sum of moEncyc. The house or place where meal is bolted. BOM'BAST, n. Originally a stuff of soft ney, on or before a time specified, the Johttson. loose texture, used to swell garments. obligation shall be void ; otherwise it shall

8.

i.

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

,

;

;

;

;

BOMBARDMENT,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Vol.

I.

;

;

;

25

;

BON

BON

BOND,

a.

Wjietlier

we

we

be bond or

captive.

;

Jews

t)e

free.

1

or Gentiles

Cor.

;

whether

xii.

To

give bond for, as for duties or customs at a custom house to secure payment of, by giving a bond.

BOND,

V.

t.

and exportation, official clearances were given, in which no meution that the cargo consisted of bonded or War in disguise. debenturcd goods.

was made

In the U. States,

it

is

which the customs

applied to the goods on arise, and to the duties

secured by bond. BOND'AuE, n. Slavery or involuntary ser-

BON'FIRE,

n.

cartilaginous, but they gradually harden with age. The ends of the long bones are larger than the middle, which renders the articulations more firm, and in the fetus are distinct jiortions, called epiphyses.

BON'GRACE, n. [Fr. bonne, A covering for the forehead.

extremities.

is Their extremely sensible. cavities are occupied by a fatty substance, called the medulla or marrow.

and

cells

Obligation; tie of duty. He must resolve not to be brought under the Houlh. bondage of observing oaths. In scripture, spiritual sid)jcctioii to sin and of the or to the yoke corrupt passions, ceremonial law servile fear. Heb. ii. Gal.

one sixteenth, and carThe tilage, about one third of the whole. earthy matter gives them their solidity, and consists of phosphate of lime, with small i>ortion of carbonate of hme and phosphate of magnesia. H'islnr. Thomson. Cyc. A piece of bone, with fragments of meat

\l.

3.

;

;

They than

;

ii.

Rom.

viii.

consistof earthy matter, rather more

Beauvi.

wages,

slave, or

opposition

Johnson.

a sort of bobbins, 71. [bond and man.] A man Bones, bones, for weaving lace one bound to service without In old English law, a villain, or

made of

wages.

BONE,

tenant in villenage.

BOND'SERVANT, A slave one who ;

n. is

[bond and servant.] subjected to the au-

thority of another, or libertv are restrained.

V.

t.

flesh, as in "2.

To

|uit

To

;

into stays.

3.

^ON'DUC, nickar

n.

A

slave.

at

tree, tlie

Without bones

a.

;

wanting

Shak bones; as boneless jiums. B. Jonson. To set a V. t. [bone and set.] species of Guilandina, or BO'NE-SET, dislocated bone to unite broken bones. nickar, a

climbing yellow plant, a native of the West Indies, bearing a pod containing two hard seeds of the size of a child's marble. Encyc. BONE, n. [Sax. ban ; S\v. ben ; D. been bone or leg; Ger. bein, a leg; Dan. been. The sense probably is, that leg or bone. I.

A

BO'NELESS,

and

small vessels,

in

in

winds.

A

»t.

moderate Mar. Diet.

species of Cap-

sicum, or guinea pepper.

Fam. of Plants. and belle.] A

.ish

;

A woman

Encyc. Bonnet a preire, or priest's bonnet, is an outwork, having at the head three salient Johnson. inwards. and two angles In sen language, an addition to a sail, or an additional part laced to the foot of a

BONNET-PEPPER, BON'NIBEL, liandsorne

n.

[Fr. bonne,

Spenser.

girl.

BON'NILASS,

[bonny and

n.

handsomely plimi|iness.

BON'NY,

a.

Spenser.

Gayly

[See Bonny.] plumply.

;

BON'NINESS,

n.

A

lass.]

beautifid girl. adv.

BON'NILY,

;

"'

boned.]

woni by females, close at tlie sides, jirojecting over the forehead. In jhrtijicntion, a snjall work with two faces, having oidy a parapet, with two rows of pahsades about 10 or 12 feet distant. Generally it is raised above the salient angle of the counterscarp, and communicates with the covered way.

sail,

A game

A

(,

;

Arm.

;

A covering for the head, in common use before the introduction of hats. The word, as now used, signifies a cover for the and

;

BONDS'WOMAN, BOND'-WoMAN,

n.

head,

"2.

trotter

the highest BOND'SERVICK, n. [bond and sennce.] card turned up to him, wins the bone, that is, one half the stake. Encyc The condition of a bond-servant; slavery BOND'SLAVE, n. [bond and slave.] A \ier- BO'NE-A€HE, «. Pain in the hones. Shak one whose BO'NED, pp. Deprived of bones, as in son in a state of slavery cookery. person and liberty are subjected to the BO'NED, a. Having bones used in com authoritv of a master. slave. position; as high-boned ; strong-boned. BONDS'MAN, n. [bond and man.] lace n. [bone and lace.] Derham. BO'NELACE, 06s. made of linen thread, so called because one wlio is boinid, or who '2. surety made with bobbins of bone, or for its stitigives security, for another. ness. Obs. ) [bond and tooman.]

A

This word is not and mav be pronounced bomo. [Fr. bomiet Sp. bonete ; h:

a witty repartee.

fminead 1.

Johnso)i

cookery.

whale bone

;

anglicized,

BON'NET,

Johnson

whose person and BO'NE-ACE, n. [hone and ace.] cards, in which he who has

To

t.

word.]

A jest

also dice.

take out bones from the

v.

used.]

;

vant.

and grace.] [JVot used.]

convert into good. [JVot Cudworth. BONITO, n. [Sp.] A fish of the tunny kind, to the growing length of three feet, and tbinul on the American coast, and in the It has a greenisli back, tropical climates. and a white silvery belly. Hawkswoiih. Pennant. Diet. JVat. Hist. BON'MOT, n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, a

BO'NIFY,

half, gelatin,

BOND'MAN,

[Fr. hon, good, and fire.] as an expression of public

made

fire

joy and exultation.

2. pp. Secured by bond, as duties. Bonded goods are those for the duties on adhering to it. which bonds are given at the custom To be upon the bones, is to attack. [Little used, and vulgar.] house. BOND'M.\ID, n. [bond and viaid.] A fe- To make no bones, is to make no scrujile a metai)hor taken from a dog who greedily male slave, or one bound to service with swallows meat that has no bones. to a hired serin out

BONDED,

bonito.

Herbert.

A

inflamed,

vitude captivity im])risonnient restraint of a ]ierson's liberty by compidsion. In ancient English law, \ illeuage. ;

Qu.

The flat bones are compact externally, and cellular internalThe bones in a fetus are soft and ly. the

veiy vascular. They are probably also fmiiished with nerves and absorbents, though less easily detected in a sound state. They are covered with a tliin, strong membrane, called the periosteinn, which, together with the bones, has very little sensibihty in a soimd state, but when

their rcsliipiiient

sea fish.

)!.

Bones are su])plied with blood vessels, and in the fetus, or in a diseased state, are

;

On

A

BOjSTET'TA,

at

In a state of servi-

[for bound.]

tude, or slavery

BON

a central cavity occupied by a network of plates and fibers, and cellular or spongy

If the condition is ieinain in full force. not peiloinu'd, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable 10 the payment of the whole sum. Blackstone.

Gayety

handsomeness

;

[Little used.] [Fr. bon, bonne,

:

;

good L. bonus;

See Boon.] 1.

Handsome Till

2.

Gay

;

beautiful. across the plain.

bonny Susan sped ;

merry

;

frolicksome

;

Gay. cheerful

;

blithe.

Shak.

Blithe and bonny.

;

Jl'iseman.

'.i.

n. A plant, the thoroughwort, a species of Eupatorium.

BO'NE-SET,

BONE-SETTER,

n.

whose occupation

is

[bone

In familiar language, plump, as plump and healthfid persons are most inclined to mirth. tvord is nmch ttsed in Scotland.] n. Among miners, a bed of ore, from a sijuat in being round, whereas a squat is flat or a distinct bed of ore, that communicates with no vein.

and set.] One [This and restore BON'NY,

to set,

broken and dislocated bones. BO'NE-SETTING, n. That branch of sur which is set or fixed.] A firm hard substance, of a tlull wliit( gery which consists in replacing broken and luxated bones the practice of settin color, composing some part of the frame bones. of an animal body. The bones of ati ani mal support all the softer jiarts, as the BO'NE-SPAVIN, n. [bone and spavin.] A flesh and vessels. bony excrescoice, or hard swelling, on the They vary in texture inside of the hock of a honsc's leg usuin ilifferent bones, and in different parts of the same bone. The long bones are ally cured by blistering and firing, or caustic blisters. Encyc. compact in their middle portion, with

differing

;

Bailey. Encyc, [Qu. bonny, or

;

;

BON'NY-CLABBER, Ir.

A

baine,

biestings

;

word used

milk,

G.

lab,

ji.

and D.

clabber

leb,

;

Ar.

LaI

rennet.] sour buttermilk.

in Ireland for

Johnsoi}^

BOO

BOO

BOO

liOOK'TiD, pp. Written in a book; registered turned or become thick in the jirocess of BOOK'FUL, ft. [book and fuU.] Full of notions gleaniMl from hooks ; crowded with souring, and applied only to that part

It is used, in

which

is

America, for any

millt thai

settled habitation, but wanders liom placu to place, with his flocks and herds, living on their milk, like the Tartars.

is

thick.

undigested learning. Pope ppr. Registering in a book. BOI.)K'ISH, a. Given to reading; fond of Johnson study more acquainted with books than Shak. BO'NY, a. [fromftone.] Consisting of bones; willi men. full of bones BOOK'ISIILY, adv. In the way of being pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or addicted to books or much reading. prominent bones; stout

BON'TEN, n. A narrow woolen .stuff. BoNUM MAGNUM, [L.] A SpCcicS of plllUl.

Spenser. boom, a tree, a pole, a beam, a Goth, bngins ; Ger. haum ; Eng. beam ; D. boomen, to push forward with a pole Dan. 60m, a rail or bar.] long |)ole or spar, run out from various parts of a ship, or other vessel, for the jiurpose of extendiiig the bottom of particular sails; as the jib-boom, studding-sail boom, main-boom, square-sail boom. &c.

BOORL

;

;

Thurloiv. bon'zy.

An

Indian priest

China, Tunkin and

in

a

BOOK'ISHNESS, n.

tlie

fondness for study.

;

In China, tlic Bon neiglioring countries. zes are the priests of the Fohists, or sect of Fohi. They are (Ustinguishcd from the In tlioir dress. liiity by Japan, they are In Tunkin, every genllcnieii of family.

pagoda has at least two bonzes belonging to it, and some have thirty or forty. In China, the number of bonzes is estimated at fifty thousand, and they are represented us idle dis.solute men. Encyc. BOO'BY, n. [Sp. 6060, a dunce or ideot, a ruff for the neck, a buffoon, the bird

BOOK'-KEEPER, who

One

keep.]

public office.

:}.

[book

anA

The

keep.]

of recording mercantile transactions in a regular and systematic manner the art of keeping accounts in such a manner that a man may know the true state of his business and property, or of his debts and <'redits, by an inspection of his book; The books for tliis purpo.se are, 1. a If'aste Book, or blotter, in which are registered all accounts or transactions in the order in which they take place 2. the Journal, which contains the accounts transferred from ihe waste book, in the same order, but expres.sed in a technical style 3. Ihe Legrr, in which articles of the same kind are collected together, from the journal,

water.

art

;

dunce a stupid fellow ; a lubber; one void of wisdom, or iiUcllect. Prior. A fowl of the pelican genus, of a brown color, nuich varied in diffen lit individuals. This fowl is found amoii llie B.ihama isles, feeds upon tish and lays its eggs on the bare rocks. It has a joint in the upper mandible, by which it can raise it witlioul opening the moutli. Encyc. and arranged under proper titles. BQQK, n. [i^iix. hoc, a book and tlie beech- In addition to these, several others are used tree Goth. Imka ; Icelandic book ; D. boek, as cash-book ; book of charges of merchana book, and the mast of beech beuke, a dize ; book of house-expenses ; invoice-book; beech tree G. buck, a book, and huche, a sales-book ; liitl-book ; receipt-book ; letterbeech Dan. bog; ; Sw. bok ; Russ. buk ; Gy pbook ; pocket-book ; the use of which may be understood from the names. sey, buchos. Like the Latin liber, book sigEncyc. nifies ])rini;uily bark and beech, the tree BOOK'LAND, ) and land.] In old "" [book being i)robably named from its bark.] BOCK'LAND, S English laws, charter land, held by deed under certain rents and general name of every literary composition which is in-inted but appropriately, a free-services, which differed nothing from a volume free socage lands. This species of tenure printed composition bound The name is given also to any number of has given rise to the modern freeholds. WTitten sheets when boimd or sewed toBlackstone gether, and to a volume of blank paper, BOOK'LEARNED, a. [book and learn.] intended for any species of writing, as for Versed in books acquainted with books for and literature a term sometimes itnplymemorandmns, accounts, or receipts. '2. A particular part of a literary composiing an ignorance of men, or of the comtion a division of a subject in the same mon concerns of life. Dryden. 1.

2.

;

BOOK'-KEEPING,n.

;

2.

;

and white

BOOM,

i. [Sax. byma, byme, a trumpet to blow or soimd a trunqiet D. a drum; bommen, to dnmi W. bwmp, a hollow sound. We see the senses of sovnding, uttering the voice, swelling and rushing forward, are connected.] 1. In marine language, to rush with violence, as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To swell to roll and roar, as waves. The hoarse waves booming to the ocean sliore.

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

volume.

or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept a register of debts and ;

credits, receipts and expenditures, &c. In books, in kind remembrance in favor. I was so much in his books, that at his decease hf left inc his lainp. Addison. JVilhout book, by memory without reading; without notes; as, a sermon was delivered without book. This phrase is used also in the sense ofuithout authority ; as, a ;

;

man

asserts without book.

BOOK,

V. t.

To

enter, write or register in a

book.

;

Hillhuust

Goldsmith. cry as the bittern. The Dutch use 60m for the sound of an

empty

n.

whose occupation

[book is to

n.

and

bind.]

L

;

material.

n.

It.

buono

A

gift

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

BO'OPS,

The pike-headed

)!.

whale, with a

doublt! pipe in its snout, and a hard liorny ridge on its back ; so named from its sharp pointed nose. Encyc. BOOR, n. [Sax. gebur, a countryman or farmer; D. boer, a rustic, or fanner: G. hauer, a countryman and a builder, from bauen, to build, to cultivate; Sax. byan, or

bugian, and gebugian ; D. bouwen ; Dan. hygger ; Sw. byggia, to build. Boor is a

n.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

Shak.

BOOK'MATE,

7^.

[book

and mate.]

Shak.

One BOOK'WoRRI,

n.

The n.

oath

made on

the Shak.

[book and sell.] to sell books.

H. [iooA-

and

icorm.]

In Ireland, one

who

BOUSF

Pope.

has no

;

Ar.

LT J

shut up or imprison.] stall or inclosure for an ox, cattle. [.Yot used or local.]

A worm To

judgment. )i.

A

One BOOSE,

is

or mite that eats holes in books. A student closely attached to books, or addicted to study; also, a reader without

BOO'LEY,

Oiax, a stall or crib

A school-

fellow.

art or practice of 2.

binding books or of sewing the sheets, and covering them with leather or otiier

barrel,

drum.

to

is

[L. bonus ; Fr. 6o7! ; Norm. 6oo)i ; ; Sp. iitf no ; Port. 60m, good.] a grant a benefaction a present a favor granted. Mdison. 2. [Dan. 66(!, Sw. ban, a petition.] Ash. prayer, or petition. BOON, a. [Fr. bon ; L. bonus.] Gay merry kind bountiful as a ioo?! companion. Milton.

BOON,

;

whose occupation

bind books.

The

and bommen

;

BOOK'OATII.

BOOK'BINDER,

.

To

3.

;

BOOK-ACCOUNT', n. [book and account.] book, or Bible. An account or register of debt or credit in BOOKSELLER, a book. BOOK'BINDING,

;

contracted word.] Learning acquired by reading acquaintance with books and A countryman a peasant a rustic a plowman a clown hence, one who is rude in literature sometimes implying want of manners, and ilhterate. Dryden. practical knowledge. Sidney. BOOK' LESS, a. [book and less.] Without BOOR'ISH, a. Clownish rustic awkward Shak. in manners ilhterate. books unlearned. Shenstone. BOOK'MAKING, n. The practice of writmg BOOR'ISHLY, arff. In a clownish manner. BOOR'ISHNESS, n. Clownishness rustiand publishing books. BOOK' MAN, n. [600* and man.] A man city coarseness of manners. whose i)rofession is the' study of books. BOOSE, n. [Sax. bosig, bosg ; Heb. Ch.

BOOK'LEARNING,

A volume

;

;

boiiime,

;

3.

V.

bymian,

;

;

;

Mar. Did. A strong iron chain, fastened to spars, and extended across a river, or the mouth of a harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from jiassing. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how to keep the channel, in shallow

filxitlock.

and

keeps accounts, or the accounts of another the officer who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in a

6060.1

A

Addictedness to book.*

n. [600A:

[I),

;

A

;

.strong.

BON'ZE, n. name used

».

bar, a rafter

BOOK'IN(;,

}

.

"'

\

drink hard

BOO'SY,

;

t"to guzzle.

a. boo'zy.

ry with liquor.

BOOST,

r«-

,

t".

t.

push up. £)ig'/a)!rf.]

To [.i

•

I

abasa, to

\

cow

or other

•

"Ozt, to

immerse.]

[Vulgar.]

A httle intoxicated

[Vulgar.] or raise

lift

common

;

mer-

by pushing

rulga'r

;

to

word in AC

BOO JiOOT,

V. I.

a making good, amends

if^tUctioii,

prolit or help

holi/aii, to '

;

Sw.

hot,

BOOT'LEG,

sat-j

BOOT'LESS,

a fine;

We

he root of

W.

buz, profit; buziaw,' observe this word is from ;

denoting more, or ad-! \ ance Eng. but. The primary sense of the root is to advance, or carry forward.] To profit; to advantage. better,

;

|

I

them.

shall not tiuol

It

Hooker.]

Hnt more generally followed by buots in

it

Indeed

.-'

is

it

what

it,

seldom used, except

the latter |)hrase.

To

[from

boot.]

Unavailing;

.^sh.

Obs.

will hoot thee.

Profit

n.

;

;

;

;

one The!

will give my house for yours, with tiundreil dollars to boot. [?^ax. lo bole. is

Saxon.] [See Boolt/.] Shnk.\ BOOT, n. [Fr. botle, a boul', a liunch Ir.; bulais ; W.botdstn, botcis : ii\}. bota, a boot,' a bull, or cask, a leather bag to carry

phrase Spoil

piu'e

|

plunder.

;

;

boots, a cask.] A covering for the leg, made of leather, This garmenti anil united with a shoe. li(piors

was is

;

I'ort. bold

It. bolte,

;

originally intended for horsemen, but^

now generally worn by gentlemen on The different sorts arefslitng-boots,'

foot.

worn

in water; huniiHs;-boots, a thinner a strong, kind for sportsmen jtick-bools, kind liir horsemen and hitlf-boots. A kind of rack for the leg,' formerly used This was made of to torture criminals. boards bound fast to the legs by cords or a boot or buskin, made wet and drawn upon the legs and then dried by the fire, so as to contract an.d squeeze the legs. ;

;

;

ilncyc. \. box covered with leather in the fore part of a coach. Also, an ajtron or leathern cover for a gig or chair, to defend

A

persons from rain and mud. application is local

This

latter

and improper.

BOOT, V. To ptu on boots. lJOOT'€ATCIIER, n. [boot and boots.

BORDAliE,

[See Bordlands.]

re.

BORD'EL, BORDEL'LO,

[Fr.

I

fcorrfe;,

a brothel

;

D.

S"' bordeel ; Ger. bordell ; It. Sp. burdel ; Arm. bordell ; from ing it This is the Eng. brothel.] bord, a house. Mar. Did. and rosin. A brothel a bawdy-house ; a house devoBOOT-TREE, or -LAST, n. An B. Jonson. ted to prostitution. instrument to stretch and widen the leg of re. The keeper of a brothel. a boot, con.sisting of two pieces, shaped BORD'ELLER, Gower, like a leg, between which, when put into BORD'ER, re. [Fr. bord ; Arm. id Sp. borthe boot, a wedge is driven. Encyc. do ; Port, borda ; It. bordo. See hoard.] Dan. D. re. bylle ; [Sw. byte ; The outer edge of any thing the extreme G. bente ; It. boltino ; Sp. botin ; liuit ; part or surrounding line the confine or Fr. butin ; D. bidlen, to rove. See But.] exterior linnt of a country, or of any region 1. S])oil taken from an enemy in war; plunor tract of land the exterior ])art or edge der pillage. Milton of a garment, or of the corol of plants ; •2. That which is seized by violence and rob the rim or brim of a vessel, but not often Shak. bery. applied to vessels the exterior part of a To play booty is to play dishonestly with an garden, and hence a bank raised at the intent to lose. Johnson. side of a garden, for the cultivation of BOPEE'P, re. [bo, an exclamation, ixm\peep. in short, flovvers, and a row of plants The act of looking out or from behind the outer part or edge of things too nusomething and drawing back, as children merous to be specified. in play, for the jiurposeof friglitening each BORD'ER, V. i. To confine; to touch at the Shak. Dryden. other. edge, side or end to be contiguous or adBO'UABLE, a. [See Bore.] That may be jacent with on or upon ; as, Connecticut bored. [Little used.] on the uofthborders on or upon MassachuBORAC'H'IO, n. [Sp. borracho, drunk.] A setts. drunkard. Congreve. 2. To approach near to. 2. A bottle or cask. [.Vo/ used.] Dryden. Wit, which borders upon profaneness, deo. to BORACTC, [See Borax.] Pertaining Tillotson. serve^ to be biaiideii as folly. or produced fnim borax. BORD'ER, v.t. To make a border; to Boracic acid, a compound of a peculiar base, adorn with a border of ornaments as, to It is generally obboron, with oxygen. border a garment or a garden. tained from borax, by adding sulphuric 2. To reach to; to touch at the edge or end acid. It it also found native, in certair to confine upon to be contiguous to. IVcbster mineral springs in Italy. Sheba and Raamah border the Persian bordello

with a mixture of tallow, sulphiu'

BOOT

;

;

Obs.

BOOTY,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Borate of magnesia mag nesian earth combined with bi^racic acid It is generally of a cubic fm"in, and remark

BO'RACITE,

catch.] is to

Th pu

Swift.

n.

ed.

BO'RACITED,

a.

Combined

when

heatCleaveland. with boracic

acid.

BO'RA€OUS ACID,

the

base of boracic

re.

bur' rage.

A

To

confine within bounds

with a

Raleigh. to limit. [JVot

Shak. pp.

Adorned or furnished

liorder.

BORDERER,

One who

re.

dwells on n

border, or at the extreme part or confines

of a country, region or tract of land one who dwells near to a jjlace. Bacon. Lavoisier. BORDERING, /);)r. Lying adjacent to; of the geforminir a border.

A

])Iant

BORD-HALFPEiNNY, sait

;

used.]

BORD'ERED,

oxygen.

nus Borago.

BO'RATE,

3.

;

acid, partially saturated with 71.

gulf.

;

able for its electrical properties

BORAGE,

f.

person at an inn whose business oft"

o|)eration of cleansing a ship's bottom near the surface of the water, by scraping oft" the grass, slime, shells, &c., and daub

R

irregularly crystalized, and of a dirty white. 3. Dutch or purified borax, in portions of transparent crystals, which is the kind generally used. It is an excellent flux in docimastic operations, a styptic in medicine, and useful in sodering metals. Encyc. Cleaveland. Hooper.

;

enrich; to benefit.

Shak. JtOOT, advantage that gain which is given to make the exchange' etpuil, or to supply the deficiency of valuej Sluik., in one of the things exchanged. 'J. To boot, in addition to; over and above:; besides; a compensation fir the ditt'erence of value between things bartered as, I I

i.

a.

BOOT'LESSLY, adv. Without use or profit. BOOT'-TOPPING, n. [boot and (o;;.] Tht

I

1.

Leather cut

penance ; biissen, to amend ; Dan. b6dder,\ lo repair, or requite ; boder, to expiate, or, lo profit.

J,.

B O /eg'.]

and

unprofitable; useless; without advantage Shak. or success.

make atonement

f*.

[boot

out for the leg of a boot.

GothJ

;

n.

D.6o(/f, fine, penalty, repentance; boeten,] G. basse, boot, line,! to amend, or repair ;

1.

R

B O reparation,

bole,

hot,

[Sax.

formed by a combinaany base satura-

tion of boracic acid with

setting

up boards or a

re.

Money

stall in

paid for

market. Burn.

boots on. ted. See Fourcroy. BORD-LAND, re. Dryden. /);;. Having [hard and land. word sometimes used for re. A Board.] Ar. BORAX, re. [Pers. ^"jyi a half or short boot. ,^j >y-; In old laic, the demain land which a lord n. A northern for the maintenance of constellation, BOO'TES, kept in his hands his bord, board, or table. borakon, from OjJ baraka, to shine; consisting, according to Flamstead's cata Spelman. BORD-LODE, ) "' [bord and load.] The Iluss. bura.] logue, of fifty-four stars. BOOTH, n. [W.bwih; h: boilh nr both; G. Sub-borate of soda a salt formed hy the BOARD-LOAD, ^ service required of a from ihe woods to bnde ; Russ. budka Ch. ri'3, bith, a house, tenant to timber combination of boracic acid willi the macarry and to lodge for a night also in the Ar. the lord's house also, the quantity of proIt is brought from ll rine alkali or soda. Sam. Syr. Eth. and Heb. beth, a house or vision paid by a bord-man for bord-land. East Indies, where it is said to be fnund booth, a nest for birds. Probably the at the bottom or on the margin of certain Bailey. sense is, a dwelling, from lodging, abiding.] BORD-MAN, re. [ion/ and rem?!.] A tenaiit It is said t lakes, particularly in Thibet. A house or shed built of boards, boughs oi be artificially prepared in Persia, like niter. of bord-land, who supplied his lord v.'ith trees, or other slight materials, for a temIt comes in three .states. 1. Crude borax, Encyc. provisions. Camden re. Bible. An incursion upon porary resilience. tinkal, or chrysocolla, from Persia, ii BORD'-RAgING, BOOT'-HOSE, n. [boot and hose.] Stocking- greenish masses of a greasy feel, or in the borders of a countrv. Obs. Spenser. re. kose or spatterdashes, in lieu of lioots. [board and service.] opakc crystals. 2. Borax of China, some- BORD'-SERVICE, The tenure by w hich bord-land was held, Shak what purer, in small plates or masses

BOOT'ED,

1500TEE',

,

;

;

;

;

B O K wliicli

was

the

IJ

payment of a

rertaiii (]uan the lonl. In lieu of

O R

B O K

One who bores also au in strnmenf to make holes with by turning.

BORER,

(1.

;

of provisions to the piercer, a genus of sea tlie tenant now pays six pence an Vj. Terebella, worms, that pierce wood. Encyc. n. In /teraWn/, a tract or com BORiX, pp. of bear, baurn. Brought forth, as an es animal. A very useful distinction pass of metal, color or fur, within the is observi'd by good authors, who, in the ciiti'hcori, and aruunil it. Bailey. sense of produced or brought forth, write BOKE, V. I. [rtax. burian ; f?w. bora; V.boo this word born ; bur in the sense of caren ; Oin\ bohren Dan. borer, to hore ; 1). This dilference of boor ; Gt'.r. bohrer ; Dan. burre, a borer ried, write it borne. orthography renders obvious the diflcr L./oro and perj'oro, to bore, to perforate ; ence of i>roiiunciation. Russ. buruv, a borer; Gr. «fi(jw, to pierce 1. To be born, is to be jirodnced or or transti.x also, to pass over, in whu brought " Man is into life. born to trouble." A sense it coincides witii ferry. Tlie Celtic man born a |irince or a beggar. It is follow ber,bear, a spit, L. vera, iiom thrustini;o ed by if, belore the mother or ancestors. piercing, coincide in elements with thi lity

this,

aire.

150KD'UIIE,

;

mitted in their district, they were bound to have the oftender forthcoming. The association of len men was called a tithing,

or dece_nary; the jiresiiling man was called the tithing man, or head-liorough ; or in some places, borslwUhr, liorongh's elder. This society w as called also friburg, free burg, frank pledge. Ten tithings formed a hundred, consi.-tiug of that number of sureties, and this denominatiou is still given to the districts, comprehended in the a.ssociation. The term seems to have been

'

;

Man

root. 1.

Pers.

To perforate or penetrate a solid body and u round hole by turning an auger Hence, to gindet, or otiicr instrument. make hollow to form a round hole ; as, to make

;

tore a

that

is

born of woman Job xiv.

is

of few days

anil lull of trouble.

« j.aj » borer.]

camion.

To eat out or make a hollow by gnawing or corroding, as a worm. To penetrate or break through by turning or labor as, to bore ihrough a crowd. Oiiy. BORJ'i, t'. i. To be pierced or i)enetrateil by an instrument that turns as, this timber does not bort well or is hard to bore, To pierce or enter by boring as, an an-

2.

3.

2.

To be born, or born again, is to be regenerated and renewed to receive spiritual .lohn iii. life, ;

BORNE,

pp. of bear.

supported

BORNE,

;

n.

of bourn, a Bourn.]

BORON,

Carried;

conveyed;

defrayed.

The more limit

correct orthography or boundary. [See

used both for the society and lor each sureThe word main, hand, which is attached to this socieiy, or their mutual as-

ty.

surance, indii-ates that the agreement was ratified by shaking hands. Spelnwn. Blackstone. Cowel. Some writers have suggested that the application of this word to towns sprung from these associations, and of cour.se

was posterior to them in time. See Encyc. Art. Borough. But the word was u.-^ed for a town or castle in other nation.^, and in Asia, doubtless long before the origin of l\ie frank

pledge.

The combustible

base of hora- In Connecticut, this word, borough, is used fora town or a i>art of a town, or a village, Ure. with certain privileges, disBOROUGH, 71. iHr'ro. [Goth. ftoiVg-s ; Sax. incorporated tinct tVom those of other towns and of burir, burh, beorh, beorg, byrig ; Ir. brog ; as the Borough of Bridgeport. cities l'"r. bourg ; It. Imrgo Sp. burgo ; I), burg and berg ; Dan. 6org' ; Arm. bourg ; G. In Scotland, a borough is a body corporate, ger bores well. consisting of the inhabitants of a certain 3. To push tbrxvard toward a certain point. district, erected by the Sovereign, w ith a burg and berg; Gr. Jtupyo;; Ar. _ -j certain jurisdiction. Boring to the west. Drydeii. Sans. bura. This word, in Saxon, is in- Boroughs are erected to be held of the 4. With horsemen, a horse bores, w hen In: carries his nose to the ground. Did. ter])reted a hill, heap, mountain, fbrtifica sovereign, as is generally the ca.se of royal 5. In a transitive or intransitive sense, to tion, castle, tower, city, house and tomb. boroughs or of the superior of the lands Hence Perga, in Paiuphylia, Bergen, in included, as in the case of boroughs of repierce the earth with scooping irons, which, w hen drawn out, bring with them Norway, Burgos, in Spain, and probably Royal boroughs are gality and barony. Prague, in Bohemia. In W. bwr, bwrc, generally erected for the advantage of saiii|iles of the different stratuius, through w hich they jiass. This is a method of dis- signifies a wall, rampart, or work tor de irade. Encyc. and is a bwrdais But the is a customary descent veins of BoRouciii ore and coal without fense, burgess. English, covering of lands and tenements to the youngest original sense probably is found in the verb, opining a mine. Encyc. BOKE, 71. The hole made by boring. Ilenee, Sax. beorgan, D. and G. bergen, Russ. son, instead of the eldest; or if the owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother. the cavity or hollow ol' a gun, camioii, jiisberegu, to keep, or save, that i.s, to make clo.se or secure. Hence it coincides witi tol or other fue-arm Blackstone. the caliber; whethCowel. See the next Borough-head, the same as head-borotigh, the er formed by boring or not. park, and L. parens, saving. word. If the noun is the primary word, chief of a borouifh. for making lioles by 8. Any instrument Ash. this is from throwing to BOROUGH-HOLDER, ii. as an A or head-boor hill, denoting boring turning, auger, gimlet wimble. ,ish. gethcr, collecting ; a sense allied to that of rough a borsholder. BOROUGH-MASTER, 71. The mayor, BORE, n. A. tide, swelling above another making fast or close.] tide. Burke. Originally, a fortified city or town hence Ash. governor or balifl'of a borough. A sudden influx of the tide into a river hill, for hills were selected lor places of BORRACH'IO, 71. The caoulchouc, India defense. But in later times, the term city or narrow strait. rubber, or elastic gum. [See Caoutchouc] Cyc. was substituted to denote an episcopal BOR'RELISTS, ?;. In church history, a BORE, pret. of bear. [See Bear.] in wijich was the see of a bishop, sect of Christians in Holland, .so called BO'RE-€OLE, 71. A species of Brassica town, and that uf borough was retained for the from Bond, their founder, who reject the or cabbage. Fain, of Plants. rest. At the name is given approuse of the sacraments, public prayer and BOREAL, a. [h. borealis. See Boreas.] jiriately present, towns and to such ;ill external worshij). villages as They lead a veiy Northern; pertaining to the north or the send representatives or burgesses to Par austere life. Encyc. north wind. Pope. V. t. [Sax. borgian, to borrow lianient. Some boroughs are incorpora ; BO'REAS, 71. [L. borcas; Gr. Jop-as, the ted, others are not. Btackstonc. Enryc. D. borgen, to borrow, lend or trust Ger. nortli wind Russ. boria, boreas, and 6i(a surethe same Dan. 71. burro. BOROUGH, borgen, [Sax. tocAoe, borger, to borria, a storm or tciiJi)est; buran, a tempest row borgen, bail, surety, pledge, warborg, interest ty borgian, to borrow with snow. The Russ. gives the radical ranter, main-pcrnor borg, trust, credit; Sw. borga, a debtor, a surety borgwed, a pro sense.] niise or bond for appearance, a pledge borgan, a giving bail borg, a fortress. The northern wind; a cold northerlv wind. violation of The primary sense is, to make fast or sepledge borg-bn/ce, burg-break, 'Milton. borghand, borhhand, a surety or bail beorcure.] BO'RED, pp. Perforated by an auger or gan, to keep, guard or preserve G. bor- 1. To take from another by request and conother turning instrument; made hollow. sent, with a view to use the thing taken gen, D. id., to borrow. See the preceding BOREE', n. [Fr.] A certain dance, or movefor a time, and return it, or if the word.] thing ment in common time, of four crotchets In Saxon times, a inain pledge, or associataken is to be consumed or transferred in in a bar tion of men, who were sureties or free the use, then to return an equivalent in always beginning in the last quaver or last crotchet of the measure. kind as, to borrow a book, a sum of money, pledges to the king for the good behavior of each other, and if any oflense was comor a loaf of bread. It is opposed to ?€7irf. Busby. ;

71.

cic acid.

;

%

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

BORROW,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BOS

BOS

/

B O T

To take from anotlier, for one's own use BO'SOiM, >i. s as :. [Sax. bosm, bosum boezem ; G. busen. Qu. Ch. nr3 or to copy or select from the writings of

2.

as, to borrotu a passage to borrow a title. take or adopt for one's own use, sentiments, principles, doctrines and the hke

another author

;

from a printed book

;

1.

To

3.

;

take for use something that belongs another to assume, copy or imitate to borrow the manas, to borrow a shape ners of another, or his style of writing BOR'ROVV, n. A borrowing the act of ;

;

.3.

;

[J^ot iised.]

The borrow

adventure Shak.

BOR'ROWED,

Taken by consent of

Biitof your royal presence of a week.

pp. another, to be returned or kind copied assumed.

its

;

op-

[See the verb.] takes Avliat belongs to another

to lender.

posed

One who

to use as one's

BORROWING,

own. ppr.

t).

Taking by consent

to

use and return, or to return itserjuivalent taking what belongs to anotlier to use as one's own; copying; assuming; imita-

;

ting.

BOR'ROWING, [Sec the

act of borrowing.

7.

8.

J!.

Cuvier.

now

bocage, a

[Fr. boscage,

bxish.l

Wood under-wood perhaj)?, sometime; lands covered with underwood also, a ;

thicket. In old laws, food or sustenance for cattle is yielded by bushes and trees.

which

Cowel.

With painters, a landscape, rejiresenting thickets of wood. Encyc. n. The conunon wild duck, or mallard, belonging to the genus Anas.

BOS'€HAS,

Encyc. Todd.

BOSH, ri. Outline figure. BOSK'ET, } [It. boschetto, a little wood, See BosBOS'QUET, > n. from hosco. ;

!>

;

bosom. Job xxxi. the interior as the ;

;

;

The

cany the lambs in his bosom. Is. xl. arms, or embrace of the arms. Ps.

shall

;

idarly disposed, according

to fancy.

Encyc. a. [See Boscage.] ered with thickets.

Woody

;

cov-

Milton

V.

To

t.

inclose in the

bosom

my counsel.

up

To

ti

in vines

Pope

BO'SOMED,

pp.

Inclosed in the breast

)i.

A

boatswain

;

a popular, but

corrupt pronunciation.

The merry boson.

Dryden

BOSPO'RIAN,

a. [from Bosporus.] Pertaining to a bosporus, a strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a sea and a lake

The Al.ms tribute,

forced the Bosporian kings to pay and exterminated the Taurians.

BOS'PORUS,

n. [Gr./Sov;,

with bosses. His head reclining on his bossy

shield.

Pope

B0S'TRY€HITE,

n.

[Gr.

l3o;pvxos.]

A

Jlsh. gem in the form of a lock of hair. BOS'VEL, )i. A plant, a species of crow-

foot.

Johnson.

[See Bats.]

BOTAN'Ie, BOTAN'ICAL,

[See Botany.] PertainS ing to botany relating to plants in general also, containing plants, as a botanic garden. BOTANTCALLY, adv. According to the sy.stem of botany.

BOT'ANIST,

concealed.

Tooke an ox, and Ttopoj, a

passage.] narrow sea or a strait, between two seas or between a sea and a lake, so called, it is supposed, as being an ox-passage, a

over which an ox may swim. So our northern ancestors called a strait, a sound, that is, a swim. The term Bosporus has been ]iarticularly applied to the strait

strait

Shak. ;

)

"'

;

;

;

BO'SON,

A

;

bosses.

150T. ;


conceal to hide from view. To happy convents bosom'd deep

them

sometimes inclosed with a cavetto, and sometimes with a listel. Encyc. pp. Studded ornamented with

BOSS'ED,

f(.

7Joso»! "2.

corners of edifices, an
BOSS'I VE, Crooked deformed. Osboiiie. Shak. BOSS'Y, a. Containing a boss; ornamented

fidential, dear.

between the Projiontis and the Eux-

ine, called the Thracian Bosporus; and to the strait of Cafia, called the Cimmerian

Bosporus, which connects the Palus Ma'otis or sea of Azof, with the Euxine. D'.'lnvilte

n. [Fr. basse ; Arm. fcof;. In D. bos i.a bimch, a bundle, a truss, a Inft, a bush, a sheaf, whence bosch, G. busch, a bush, or thicket. In W. both is the boss of a buck-

BOSS,

cage.-]

In gardening, a grove a compartment formed by branches of trees, regularly or irreg-

BOSK'Y,

my

keep with care.

;

;

Bl'SK'ET,

in

;

BO'SOM,

;

13.

inclosed place

such phrases, bosom may be considered as an attribute eipuvalent to intimate, con-

Spelman.

grove It. bosco ; Dan. busk ; Ger. busch a wood, or jirojierly a thicket or under-

•2.

my iniquity

Any

;

;

Eng.

hiding

bosom of the earth or of the deep. The tender affections kindness favor as the son of his bosom ; the wife of thy

;

Encyc.

;

Moxon.

A

Encyc. bosom. Lam. ii. 2. Rustic work, consisting of stones, which The breast, or its interior, considered as a advance beyond the naked or level of the close place, the receptacle of secrets. building, by reason of indentures or chanIf I covered my transgressions as Adam, by nels left in the joinings ; cliiefly in the

lover, bosom-inleresi,

;

;

;

atiection and confidence as a bosom-friend, an intimate or confidential friend bosomIn bosom-secret, &c.

of ten

BOS, n. [L.] In zoology, the technical name of a genus of quadrupeds. The characters are, the horns are hollow within and turned outward in the form of crescents there arc eight fore teeth in the under jaw, but none in the upper there are no dog teeth. The species are, the nurus or common ox, the Urus, aurochs or bison of Europe, the fiisoft or buffalo of North America, the Bnbalus or proper buffiilo of the Eastern continent, the Caffer or Cape buft'alo, the Gruniiiens or yak of Thibet, and the JMoschutus or musk ox of Arctic America.

;

a boss of wood.

as, to hve in the bosom of a church. 4. water-conduit, in form of a tun-bellied Ash. Bailey. breast, as inclosing the heart ; or the figure. interior of the breast, considered as the BOSS'AGE, n. [from boss ; Fr. bossage.] seat of the passions. 1. stone in a building which has a projecresteth in the ftosoni of fools. Eccles. Anger ture, and is laid rough, to be afterwards vii. carved into moldings, capitals, coats of Their soul wa5 poured into their mother's &c.

;

Lumberl.

3.

The

n.

;

wood

;

[A contraction of 0. Inchnation desire. [JVol used.] borough's elder, the elder Bosom, in composition, implies intimacy,

eaidor,

'2.

iv.

;

He

or chief of a borough.]

1.

Ex.

cxxix.

The head orchief of a tithing or hurg men the head-borough.

BOSCAGE,

bosom.

bosom.

i^erb.]

BORS'IIOLDER, iiir/i's

The

n.

in thy

Embrace, as with the arms inclosure compass; often implying friendship or af-

;

arms,

5.

One who borrows

n.

1.

a protuberance, either from shooting, projecting, or from collecting and forming a mass.] A stud or knob a protuberant ornament, of silver, ivoi:y, or other material, used on bridles, harness, &c. A protuberant part a prominence ; as the boss of a buckler. A rounder swelhng body of any kind a» is

A

equivalent in

;

;

BOR'ROWER, 'J.

I'll

folds or covering of clothes about the breast.

fection

4.

;

borrowing.

XI13,

and the parts

The

Put thy hand

To

to

boss

adjacent. •2.

as, to iorroKi instruction. 4.

the breast, uber, mamma.] The breast of a human being

D.

;

One

n.

skilled in

botany

;

one

versed in the knowledge of plants or vegetables, their structure, and generic and specific differences.

The botanist is he who can affix similar names to similar vegetables, and different names to different ones, so as to be intelligible to evei-y one. Linne. v. i. To seek for plants ; to investigate the vegetable kingdom ; to study plants. He could not obtain pennission to botaniie JViebulir, Trans. upon mount Sabber.

BOT'ANIZE,

B0TAN0L'06Y, and

>.C705,

n.

discourse.]

[Gr.

A

a plant, discourse upon

jiotavr!,

£)ict.

[dants.

BOTANOM'ANCY,

n. a plant, [liotar^,,, divination.] An ancient species of divination by means of and leaves. Per]ilants, especially sage fig sons wrote their names and questions on

and

^uoi'T'na,

leaves, which they exposed to the wind, and as many of the letters as remained in their places were taken up, and being joined together, contained an answer to

the question.

BOT'ANY, AJ

«,J

Encyc. [Gr. (ioroir, a

n.

" shrub

;

[)lani

;

PeVs,

j)robahly allied to bud, to

the nave of a wheel, and a bottle, ami shoot.] hence W. bothel, a rotundity, a bottle or That branch of natural history which treats a science which treats of of vegetables any round vessel, a wheal or blister. A ler,

;

the

ilift'erent

plants,

B O T

B O T

B O T and of thedistinguUli- This word

ing marks by which each individual species may be known from every other. Marlyn. Encyc. Or, botany is the science of the structure,

with which

He

nouns

often placed before the

is

it is

coimected. how to manage both

uiiderstiinds

a bag, and tVoin the sense of swelling, bulging, or collecting into a bollle is iirimarily

bunch if so, the word was originally applied 10 the bags of skins used as bottles in Asia. Yet the primarj- sense is not

public-

;

and private concerns. Guth.Quinlilian, p. 4 often used as a substitute for nouns. And Abrabaiii look sheep and oxen, and gave and both of them made a thciii to Ablniclech

It is

functions, properties, habits and arrangement of plants, and of the technical charc'ovfiiant. (»en. xxi. acters by which they are distinguisheil. Both often rejireseuts two members of a sen Cyc. tence. relishing sort of BOTAR'GO, n. [Sp.] He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate ; but he will food, made of the roes of the mullet, much bear both, l)Ocause he is prepared for both. used on the coast of the Mediterranean, as an incentive to drink. lioUiigbroke on Exile Chambers. Both often pertains to adjectives or attriJohnson. :

and in this case generally precedes in construction as, he endeavored render commerce both disadvantageoui Mickle's Lusiad. a large ulcerand infamous. J. ous affection. BOTll'l'-K, the vulgar pronunciation of Botches and blaius must all his flesh iinboss. [See Pother.] pother. Milton. BOTlI'Nl€, ) Pertaining to Bothnia, a 9. A patch, or the i>art of a garment patched BOTH'NIAN, an( S'^- province of Sweden, or mended in a chniisy manner ill-finisli to a gulf of the Baltic sea, which is so ed work in mending. called from the province, which it |)ene a part 3. That wliicli resembles a botch Pinkcrton uses Bollmic, as a nonn trates. added clumsily adventitious or ill-applied for the gulf, and Barlow uses Bothnian, in words. the same manner. If those words are not notorious botches, I am Pink. Alt. Sweden. Cohimb. 9. 5G4. deceived. Dryden BOTO'TOE, 71. A bird of the parrot kind, BOTCH, j>. t. To mend or patch with a neeof a fine blue color, found in the Philippine dle or awl, in a clumsy manner, as a garHist. Did. n.

hozza,

[It.

a swelling, the latter is the

[botza,]

or rather nezzo, a piece ; Kug. palm.] A swelling on the skin

new wine

isles.

mend

or repair awkwardly, as Hudihras. system of government. 2. To ].ut together unsuitably, or unskilfully to make use of unsuitable pieces. For treason botched in rhyme will be thy li.ine.

;

3.

To mark

Diydcn

.

with botches.

2.

form

;

Fr. botte,

of.Val. [Gr. /Jorpvs, a bunch of grapes, and ^605, S bundle Arm. a bunch or I

;

bod, hot, a grape.]

Having the form of a bunch of grapes;

like

grapes as a mineral presenting an aggre gationof small globes. Kirwan. Phillips.

Garth.

Young Hvlas botched with stains. Patched clumsily

;

mended BO'TRYOLITE,

marked with botches.

?.i9o5,

n.

[Gr.

,3orpij,

supra, and

stone.]

This mineral occurs

glass bottles are called vials or phials* The contents of a bottle ; as much as a but from the size of botbottle contains tles used for wine, porter and cyder, a bottle is nearly a quart ; as a bollle of wine or ;

of ]iorter. 3.

A

(piantity

of hay

of hay.

BOT'TLE,

V.

To

t.

in

a bundle

a bundle

;

put into bottles;

as, to

wine or porter. This includes the stopping of the bottles with corks. Shak. Bt)T'TLE-ALi;, 71. Bottled ale. BOTTLE-COMPANION, ) A friend or bottle

"•

BOTTLE-FRIEND,

companion

S

in drinking.

BOTTLED,;);?. Put

;

BOTCHED, pp. unskilfully;

BO'TRYOID, BOTRYOI'DAL,

In Euro|ie

bottles."

;

;

to

new

into

and America, glass is used for liquors of all kinds and farmers use small cags or hollow vessels of wood. The smiJI kinds of

;

;

;

A hollow vessel of glass, wood, leather or other material, with a narrow mouth, lor holding and currjing liquors. The oriental nations use skins or leather for the con» and of this kind are veyance of hquors the bottles mentioned in scripture. " Put ;

;

to

;

ment

as Jaj

Cast.]

1.

butes,

them

1

n duck, Sp. pato, and urceus coriaceus in circumfcrunt viatores. liipiidiora

ipio

A

BOTCH,

The Arabic

easily ascertained.

into bottles

;

inclosed

in bottles. 2.

Shak.

Having a protuberant belly.

BOTTLE-FLOWER,

A

plant, the cyanus, or blue bottle, a species of Centaurea. Fam. of Plants. n.

A clumsy workman at Literally, grape-stone. BOT("II'F,ll, n. in mammillary or botryoidal concretions n. screw to draw mending a mender of old clothes, whethin a bed of magnetic iron in gneiss, near er a tailor or cobler. corks out of bottles. E!i/ot. Areudal in Norway. Its colors are pearlof botches full a. Marked with JiOTCH'Y, BOT'TLING,/!;)!-. Putting into bottles. and or reddish white, pale gray, grajish botches. BOT'TLING, 71. The act of putting into form concentric stripes. bottles and corking. BOTE, ti. [The old orthography of loo(, but rose-red, and Cyc. BOT'TOM, ?!. See retained in law, in composition. Sw. botn ; D. [iivix. botm ; is a variety of siliceous borate of bodem ; G.boden. It seems to be allied to Botryolite Boot.] falls in Passaic is near the lime. It found amends satisfac1. In law, compensation Gr. /ia9o5, and to the Russ. pad, a valley, Cleaveland. tion ; as manbote, a compensation for a New-Jersey. padayu, to fall. The sense is from throwman slain. Also, payment of any kind. BOTS, 71. generally used in the plural. [Qu. ing down, setting, layingor beating down ; Pers. pot, teredo, a worm that eats wood.] 2. A privilege or allowance of necessaries, a dialect perhaps of basis. Class Bd.] in the intesworms foiuid of small A used in composition as equivalent to the as the bot1. The lowest part of any thing species tines of horses. French estovers, supplies, necessaries as tom of a well, vat or ship the bottom of a They are the larvas of a hill. species of Q^slrus or gad-fly, which deposhouse-bote, a sufficiency of w;ood to repair its its I'ggs on the tips of the hairs, gener a house or for fuel, sometimes called j?rc2. The ground under any body of water as hote ; so plow-bote, cart-bole, wood for maally of Uie lore-legs and mane, whence the bottom of the sea, of a river or lake. king or repairing instruments of husbandthey arc taken into the mouth and swal- 3. The foundation or ground work of any lowed. This word is also applied to the ry hay-bole or hedge-bole, wood for hedges thing, as of un edifice, or of any .system or or fences, &c. These were privileges enlarvas of other species of CEstrus, found moral subject the base, or that which supunder the hides of o.xen, in the nostrils of joyed by tenants under the feudal system. ports any superstructure. Blackslone. low ground a dale a valley ; applied Cyi 4. sheep, &c. BO TELESS, a. In vain. [See Boolh.^s.] BOT'TLE. n. [Fr. bouteille Arm. boulailh ; in the U. States to the Jlnl lands adjoining BOTET'TO, H. A small thick tish of Mexico, Ir. boid, buideal ; \V. both, a boss, a bottle, rivers, Sfc. It is so used in some parts of the nave of a wheel about eight inches long, with a flat belly, hot, a round body England. Mitford. and convex back. When taken out of the bolwm, a 5. The deepest part ; that which is most rebolas, from bol, a boot, a buskin and from both, the ^V. has also water it swells, and if kicked, will burst. butt
A

BOTTLE-SCREW,

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

B O U

B O U the first moving cause spring or origin ; is at the bottom of the !is, a foreign prince

;

coiifederacy. 9. ship or vessel. Goods imported in foreign bottoms pay a liighor duty, than those

BOUgE,

;

We

Corn.

»/.

;

throw

Sax. bugan.] The branch of a tree applied to a branch of size, not to a small shoot. BOUGHT, ia«/, prt/. and pp. o( buy. [See ;

;

Buy.]

single risk. hall of thread. 10.

A

BOUN'CER,

n. bou.

to bend, to

hotwm, a button

[W. SeeCoWf.]

;

BOUGHT,

bawt. [D. bogt, a bend, a coil: from l/oogen to bend. See Bight.] twist ; a link ; a knot ; a flexure, or bend. Milton. Brown. The part of a sling that contains the stone. n.

is the low- 1. A This phrase sniijioses a declivity but if is often used fur tiie most remote '2. BOl'GHT'Y, part, wlien tliere is very little declivity.

11.

The

bottom of a lane or alley,

est end.

;

a. Imw'ty. Bending. Sherwood. of beer, or other liquor, is the BoUgIE, n. booget'. [Fr. a wax-candle S]i. bugia.] grouniis or dregs. 13. lu the lans;u(ige. of jockeys, stamina, na- In Surgery, long slender instrument, that is introduced througli the urethra into the as a horse of good liottom. tive strength It is bladder, to remove obstructions. BOT'TOM', v. I. To found or build upon to fix upon as a support followed by on : usually made of slips of waxed linen, coiled into a slightly conical form by rolling them as, sound reasoning is bottomed on just on an\ bard smooth su7'face. It is also premises. made of catgiu, elastic gum and metal a. To furnish with a seat or bottom as, to but those of waxed linen are generally bottom a chair.

12. Tlic bottom

To wind round

something, as

in

making fihaL

a b;dl of thread.

BOT'TOM, mate

V. I.

To

rest upon, as

FinJ on what foundation

BOT'TOMED,

pp.

See

«.

[Fr.

Broth

Boil.]

;

BOULDER- WALL,

supi)ort. botLiicke.

a proposition

toms.

preferred.

Bouillon,

its ulti-

Furnished with a bot-

tom having a bottom. This word is often used in composition, as ;

in wliirh case the a.jl.at-tiotlomed boat, pound becomes an adjectivi'.

wall.

A

Hooper. Dorscy. from bouUUr, to boil. sonp. n. [rather bowlder-

;

;

of flints. n.

;

U

;

BOUND,

n.

[Norm, bonne, boune, a bound bond, limited; bundes, limits; from hind, or from French bond, that which binds bondir, to s])ring, and denoting the utmost ;

;

extent.] 1.

A limit the line which comprehends the whole of any given object or space, [t difiers from boundary. See the latter. ;

Bound is applied

to kingdom.s, states, cities,

towns, tracts of land, and to territorial jurisdiction. a.

A

by which any excursion

limit

is re-

strained the limit of indidgenee or desire as, the love of money knows no bounds. A leap; a spring; a jump; a rebound: ;

3.

;

[Fr. bondir, to spring.] 4.

In dancing, a spring other.

BOUND,

See Bowlder.]

beach cast up, or where there

in fa-

;

'Johnson. ;

wall built of round flints or pebbles laid in a strong mortar, used where the sea has a

com- BtiULET',

a bullv

;:»;?/.

thum](ing with a loud noise boasting ; moving with force, as a lieavy bounding body. BOUN'CING, o. Stout strong large and heavy a customary sense in the States ; as a bouncing lass. BOUN'CINGLY, adv. Boastingly.

:

:

;

Leaping; bounding with violence, as a heavy body springing out ;

;

;

boaster

mtliar language.

;

;

A

n.

BOUNCING,

-,1

3.

O U

B

[JVot in use.]

Jonson. [!ia.\. bog, boh or bogh, thf shoulder, a branch, an arm, the body of a ,Sw. tree, a stake, a tail, an arch, or bow bog ; Dan. bov ; liom the same root as bou',

BOUGH,

A

imported in our own. Hence, a state of but in tliis sense hazard, chance or risk it is used chiefly or solely in the singidar. say, venture not too nnich in one bottom ; that is, do not hazard too much at a

Provisions.

»i.

is a plenty Builder's Diet. [from the root of bull, or 2.

V.

t.

To

limit

:

from one foot

to the

to terminate

to fix

;

the furthest point of extension, whether of natural or moral objects, as of land, or empire, or of passion, desire, indulgence. Hence, to restrain or confine as, to bound our wishes. To bound in is hardly legitimate. ;

To make

bound. Shaks. bowl ; Fr. boule.] BOUND, V. i. [Vr. bondir ; Ann. boundit,-za.] To lea]i; to jump; to spring; to move Founding; building In the nuniegc, a horse is so called, when the with a bottom. fetlock or pastern Joint bends forwaril, and ibrwaril by leaps. oiu of its luitural ]iusit)on. Befori- his lord the ready spaniel bounds. BOTTOMLESS, a. AVithout a bottom Encyc. applied to water, caverns &c., it signifies BOULT, ail incorrect orthography. Pope. [See 2. To rebound but the sense is the same. fathomless, whose bottom caimot be found Bolt.] l)y sounding as a liottomlcss abyss or ocean. BOULTIN, n. [from the root of 6o/<; Sp. BOUND, pret. and pp. of bind. As a paiiiBOT'TOMRY, n. [from bottom.] Tlie act bulto, a protuberance.] ciple, made fast by a band, or by chains or fetters oldiged by moral ties confinof borrowing money, and pledging the In architecture, a molding, the convexity of] ed restrained. keel or bottom of the ship, that is, the ship which is just one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the plinth in the 2. A» a paiiiciple or perhaps jnore properK itself, as security for the repayment of the an adj., destined tending ; going, or inTuscan and Doric capital. money. The contract of bottonn-y is in Encyc. the nature of a mortgage the owner of a BOUNCE, V. i. [D. bnnxen, to bounce bons. tending to go with to or for; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. a bounce allied probably to bound ; Ann. ship borrowing money to enable him to The application of this word, in this use, carry on a voyage, and pledging the shi]) boundi'.za ; Fr. bondir.] is taken from the orders as security lor the money. If the ship is 1. To leap or spring; to fly or rush out sudgiven for the liut if the lost, the lender loses the money government of the voyage, implying oblideidy. Out bounced the ma'^lilf. So gation, or from tending, .stretching. Swift. ship arrives safe, he is to receive the nioney destined implies being bound. lent, with the interest or premium stipula- 3. To sjiring or leap against any thing, so as to beat or thump by a spring. Bound is used in conjposition, as in iceto rebound ted, although it may exceed the legal ratp when a ship is confiof interest. The tackle of the ship also is wind-bound, bound, his Itosoni Against 6(;?/»rf(/liislieavinglieart. ned or j)revented from sailing l)y ice or answerable for the debt, as well as the perJJryden. bv contrarv winds. son of the borrower. AVhen a loan is maile 3. To beat hard, or thump, so as to make a BOUND'ARY, n. A hmit a bound. Johnupon the goods shipped, the borrower is sudden noise. This word is thus used as synonyson. said to take up money at respondentia, as Anotlier bounced as hard as he could knock mous with bound. But the real sense is, to answer the conhe is bound personally Swifl. a visible mark designating a limit. Bound Blackstone. Park. tract. -1. To boast or bully used in familiar speech. is the limit itself or furthest point of extenBOT'TONY, [from the same root as Johnson. but sion, and may be an imaginary line turf, button.] To be bold or strong. Shak ,5. In heraldry, a cross bottony terminates at boundary is the thing which ascertains the n. A heavy blow, thrust or thunii BOUNCE, limit Thus by a statterminus, noffmis. each end in three buds, knots or biutouf solid a with large body. ute of Connecticut, it is enacted that the resembling in some measure the three The bounce burst open the door. iidiabitants of every town shall procure Drydcu. leaved grass. Encyi: its bounds to be set out by such marks and 2. .\ loud heavy sound, as by an explosion Bf)ljeMET', n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. boundaries as may lie a jilain direction for Shak. BOUD, )i. An insect that breeds in malt or Gay which nutrks and boundaries a threat in low language. the future other grain called akso a weevih Diet. 3. A boast shall be a great heap of stones or a ditch Johnson, BoUtiE, II. i. booj. [Fr. !)owge, a lodge, the of six feet long, &i-. This distinction is from the root of bow, 4. A fish; a species of squalus or shark. bilge of a cask observed also in the statute of Massachuwhich see.J To swell out. [Little n.sed.] Encyc.

BOT'TOMLVG, upon

;

to

ppr.

fin-nisliing

;

—

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

BOY

B O U But the two words

setts.

nosegay; Arm. boged

are, in ordinary

uso, cont'oiinded.

BOUNU'KD,

Btackalone.

trII^it.

Limited

pp.

confined

;

;

BOUNU'EN,

[See Bind, and

A jest.

»!.

which

Obs.

BO'VINE,

A

that

Hniits;

a bounHerbert.

BOUR'gEON,

v.

i.

V. t. [Sax. bvgan, bygan W. bwan, and bacu, to bend, to grapple; G. biegen, beugen ; D. boogen, buigen ; Sw. 66ya ; Dan. biiyer, to bend.]

BOW,

;

;

A

stone to play Dryden. Unlimited; uncoiitined as boundless illimitable

BOI'ND'IiNG-S'i'ONE,

}

BOUNJV-STONE, BOUND'LESS, a.

^"-with.

innneasnrahle

;

branch. rather

BOURN, limit

;

BOCfND'LErJSNESS,

quality of be-

ing without limits.

Soidh.

No

used chiefly in poetry for bountiful, Johnsvn.

BOUNTEOUSLY,

adv. rously; largely; freely.

BoURNONlTJE,

Liberally; geneLiberality in be-

'n.

stowing gifts or favors munificence kind;

BOOZE,

S

to give; liberal in

vors

generous.

nmnificent

God, the

;

6o!(ii(i/"w/

author of our being.

Lucke. It is

followed by of before the thing given, to before the person receiving.

and

.

J *•"<"'"

[Arm. flow,

;

intoxicated.! It.

A

;

ed

adv. Liberally; largely;

BOUNTY,

n.

[Fr.

lence, favor ; bonus, good.]

1.

" Goodness. honle, bontii

It.

;

B6UTADE, n. [Fr. from bouter, Sp. botar, ll. buttare, to thrust; Eng. ptit ; alhed to and favors; bud.] munificence. The word inPro]ierly, a start hence, a whim. [,\'ot Enor favor and tlie kindness gift gll.ih'] Smfl of disposition with which it is bestowed n. [Fr. from houter, to throw, or a favor l)rstoweil w ith a benevolent B6UTEFEU, and feu, fire or according to Thomson This distinguishes it fi-om a disposition. from boute, a match. Qu. from the root of mere gift. It is also observed by Johnson, Eng. bate or better.] Liberality in bestowing gifts

generosity cludes the

it

;

from

(lifters

charit}/,

as a present

Irom an alms, in not being bestowed upon This is persons absolutely necessitous. often the case but botinlij includes char-

An

as the genus

charili/

comprehends the species; however does not necessarily in-

clude bounlfi, tor charity or an alms be given with reluctance.

may

The word triay be used also for a free 2 Cor. i.x. 5 or a disposition to give, gift, without the gift goodness in general. ;

;

2.

Spen.ier. offered or given, to induce to enlist into the public service ; or

A premium men

encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry, manufactures or conjmerce. Bouquet, n. booka'y. [Fr. a plume, a to

Vol.

I.

;

BOUTISALE,

A

n.

[Qu. sale, of Thomson.]

booty,

or tion

;

BO'VATE, bovis,

An

n.

[In

bid.

Law

Hayward. L. bovata, from bos,

an ox.]

;

BO'VEY-CO.AL, flanmiable

Brown

n.

fossil,

resembUng,

in

wood.

its proj)ertie.s, bituminous ture is a little slaty ; its cross

or

conclioidal,

in-

many

of

fractm'e,

even

luster,

An

their knees. Judges.

bow down

together.

Isa-

inclination of the head, or a in

bend.]

An

instru-

Harris.

An instrument for taking the sun's altitude at sea, consisting of a large arch of ninety degrees graduated, a shank or a side-vane, a sight-vane, and a staft", horizon-vane now disused. Encyc. An instrument in use among smiths for turning a drill with turners, for turning wood with hatters, for breaking fiir and wool. Bows of a saddle, are the two pieces of wood laid archwise to receive the upper ;

I).

;

:

Its struc-

with a resinous

26

an

lignite,

n.

ches.

[.Yot used.]

ox-gate, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year Cowell says 28 acres.

stooj): tliey

;

according to others, a sale by a lighted match, during the burning of|

which a man may

bowed upon

sink under pressure.

it to sound. A beam of wood or brass, with three long screws that direct a lathe of wood or steel used in forming drafts of to any arch shijis, and projections of the sphere, or wherever it is necessary to draw large ar-

a niake-bate. [JVot English.

boute, a match. cheap sale or

To

;

Bacon

;

ity,

incendiary

;

;

;

;

ihat

;

respect, civility, n. [See bow, to

; Sp. bcbe use this word tautologically in the jihrase, a drinking-lo«?; or the word is the same as the preccdinsr.

L. bonitas, ti-om

the

to his will.

or other ela.stic matter, with a string fastened to each end. The bow being bent by drawing the string, and suddenly returning to its natural state by its elastic force, throws an arrow to a great distance, and with force sufficient to kill an animal. It is of two kinds, the /ona--6ou', and the cross-bow, arhalet or arbalest. The use of the bow is called archery. Any tiling bent, or in form of a curve; the rainbow the doubling of a string in a knot; the part of a yoke which embraces the neck «Scc. A small machine, formed with a stick and hairs, which being drawn o\er the strings of^an instrument of music, causes

We

goodness, excel-

botv.t the nations

ment of war, and hunting, made of wood,

boire

Obs.

(,

to

grave.

He

BOW,

;

)

Eccles.

;

token of reverence, or submission.

;

BOUN'TIHEDE, BOUN'TIHEAD,

thine car to the poor.

iah.

:

;

or incline towards, in condescen-

bending of the body,

;

manner.

in a bountiful

to 4oic vines.

to crush to subdue. ; heavy hand hath bowed you

His

BOW,

a

turn as much of an action as is performat one time a single part of an action carried on at successive intervals essay n. The of beattempt. BOUN'TIFIJLNESS, Sidney. Dryden. quality ing bountifid liberality in the bestow- BOUT, ;i. [It. beuita, or bevuta, a drinking, from here, or berrrc, to drink L. libo ; Fr. ment of gifts and favors.

BOUN'TIFyLLY,

To bend

Bow down To dej)ress

They

BOUS'Y,

botta,

;i.s,

sion.

Tlie people 3.

BOUT,

Dn/den.

;

body in token of respect or bow the head.

;

;

a. boot'y. Drunken ; [I'ulgar.] n. [Fr. bout, end, or stroke.]

to inflect

the

;

D. buysen. In Russ. busa is a ; Old drink brewed from millet. Tooke.] drink freely to tope to guzzle. [Jl vulgar word.] Spenser.

To

;

as, to

;

V. i. To bend to curve to be inflected to bend, in token of reverence, respect or civility often with down. This is the idol to which the world bows. To stoop; to fall upon the knees.

beuzi, to overto drown; \V.

bozi

;

and full.] Eree bestowing gifts and fa-

, ^-

To bend To bend

BOW,

Ure. }

ness. [hount>)

•3.

Antimonialsulphuret of

n.

lead.

B6USE,

;

civility

whose bourn Shak

;

;

;

1.

2.

counlrj', from traveller returns.

A brook ; a torrent a rivulet. [In this sense obsolete ; hut retained hi many natnes 4. of towns, seated on the banks of streams. In Scotland, it is still used in the sense of a but write it brook, they burn.]

;

a.

[Fr.

That undi.scovered

Liberal a. [See Bounty.] disposed to give freely generous; numiticent; beneficent; free in be stowing gifts as Imunteous nature. It is ;

BOUN'TIFUL,

Goldsmith. ionic, a

n.

bound. In the sense of a burn ; Sw. brunn ; D. bron ;

G.brunnen Dan. brand.] A bound; a limit.

I.

BOUN'TEOUS,

BOUN'TEOUSNESS,

BORNE,

bnrner, to

;

The

n.

:

stream, Sa.\.

;

boundless ]iower

in charity

;

than the eight living souls, who issued (iom llieir allegorical iiiollier, the bovine ark. Faber.

bur'jun. [Fr. bourgeon, BOUND'ING, ppr. Limiting; confining;, a bud : Arm. bourgeon, a button, or a bud.] restraining ; leaping ; springing ; rebound- To S])rout to put forth buds ; to shoot forti ing advancing with leaps. as a

;

generally disagreeable. Ckaveland. [Low L. borinus, from bos,

n.

an ox

to

i.s

One

n.

dary.

sjiacc

is

Spenser.

W. Int. buw, bur, buwg, and boris, appears be a French word, but I know not the the verb, bw,iaw, to bellow.] reason of its ap])lication to types.] Pertaining to oxen and cows, or the quadsmall kind of printing types, in size berupeds of the gemis Bos. tween long primer and brevier. The This animal tlie strongest and fiercest of the bovine genus. type on which the main body of this work Barrow's Trav. is printed. The ox-bom souls mean nothing more

pp. liouird.]

BOUND'ER,

nosegay; a bunch of ilowcrs.

BoURD'ER, ». A jester. Obs. BOURGEOIS', n. burjois'. [It

res

trained.

pp. of bind.

A

B6UR1),

W

B O

somewhat shining. It is brittle, burns with ;i weak flame, and exhales an odor,

See

h. boschcilo.

Bush.]

BoUM>-iiAii,rFf, n. An ofiicer appointed by u slieritriD execute process; so deiionii Dated lioni the bond given for tlie faithful discharife of his

;

7.

BOW

BOW

BOX

of a horse's back, to give the saddlelBOW'EL, v. t. To take out the bowels; to eviscerate to penetrate the bowels. its due form, and to keep it tight Ainsxvorth. Jish. Farmer's Did Bom of a ship, is tlie rounding part of hei BOWELLESS, a. Without tenderness or jiail

;

8.

where the planks inwards, and terminating wlicre tliey

side forward, beginning

pity.

[from bow.] An anchor carof a shi|). There are generally two bowers, called first and second, and little, or best and small. great Encyc. BOW'ER, 7). [Sax. iur, a chamber or private apartment, a hut, a cottage W. horizon, not exceeding 45 degrees, combwr, an inclosure.] prehended between some distant object, and tliat point of tlie compass wliicli isj 1. A shelter or covered ])lace in a garden, made with boughs of trees bent and twined Mar. Did. right ahead. arcli

A

BOVV'ER,

narrow close, at the stem or prow. bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a hold or hluff bow. 071 the how, in navigation, is an areh of the

n.

of pebbles or bowlders of flint or other siU ceous stones, which have been rounded by the action of water. Builder's Diet. BOWLER, n. One who jilays at howls.

BOWLINE, "

n.

[botu

An

and bear.] whose duty

under officer of the forest, inform of trespasses. «. [how and htiid.]

is

to 2.

Milton.

BOW -DYE,

A

kind of scarlet color, superior to nunhler, but inferior to the true scarlet grain for ti.xedness, and dm'alion first used at Bow, near l.,on
3.

4.

them from

languas^e, a frame at the

sect

of junk, laid out

bows of

injury by

BOW-IIAND, that

In

n.

or coni|)osilion sides, stem, or

Encyc.

;

A

draws a bow.

BOW-LEGGED,

Spenser.

[how and

a.

uses a

n.

bow

;

B. Jonson. Shenstone. a plantation for shade. /r.

BOWER,

!'.

t.

To embower

BOWER,

V.

{.

To

Jerem.

7!.

iv.

I

bower

A

Mason

figures,

which mouth

is

thrust into the other,

is

a

and

;

;

boirery

maze

that shailcs the

BOWESS, BOWET, when

n.

A

Diet.

young hawk,

it

at the

marim bent inwards. Encye. BC)W'ING, ppr. Bending stooi)ing king a bow. [bow and piece.] A piece BOWTNGLY, adv. In a bending manner. of ordnance carrie
;

BOWL,

n. [how and shot.] The space which an arrow may pass w hen shot from a bow. Gen. xxi, \(>. Boyle. BOWfjPRlT, H. [how and sprit D. boegspriet Dan. boui^-sprid (i. hiigspriet. See

BOW-SHOT,

il.

\

large boom or s]iar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward. [This is probably the true orMar. Diet. thography.]

BOW-STRING, string of a

The

[how and string.]

;i.

bow.

[J\l'ol

in

plu. [G. bauch

D.

;

Dan. hug ; Fr. boynu ; swelling bogel, the navel. protuberance.]

;

intestines of

especially of

man.

an animal

The

Iniil^

W.

The

;

The

;

S\v.

bog sense

is

[D.

Fr. houle

bol;

:

Sp. bola;

The

as the' interior part of any thing bowels of the earth. 3. The seat of pity or kindness ; hence, tenderness, compassion, n scriptural sense. Uoivel, in the singular, is

;

sometimes

To

roll as

a bowl

;

;

worn smooth or rounded by

tised for

;

The term

a jiebble. bowlder is

tlie

Johnson.

now

used

;

])|e

A

Eniyc.

Granite, often of great size, are very common on the surface of the most recent formations.

BOWLDER-STONE. [See Bowlder.] BOWLDER-WALL, n. A wall constructed

;

;

Pers.

/j^ij

buxus, box tree;

Ar.

the same. Box may be from closeness, apthe slind), the fist and the case.] cofier or chest, either of wood or metal. In general, the word box is used for a case of rougli boards, or more slightly made than a cliest, and used for the conveyance of goods. But the name is applied to cases of any size and of any materials; as a woollen box, a tin box, an iron box, a

jilied to

strong box. i.

action of

Gecdogy rounded masses of any rock, found out of ])lace, and ap|)arcntly transported frtJio Bowlders ol their original bed by water.

;

;

;

;

3.

The ([uantity that a box contains ; as a box of ((uicksilver ; a box of rings. In some cases, the quantity called a box is fi.xed by custom ; in others, it is uncertain, as a box of tea or sugar. A certain scat in a play-house, or in any public room.

in

for

;

;

also, to pelt

Shak. with anv thing rolled. Ji. [from hoid.] A small stone of a roundish form, and of no determinati and on the on the sea shore size, found banks or in the chaimels of rivers, &:c.

Encyc. drench.

;

;

1'. t.

to

n. [from bow, a corruption of sawyer.] archer; one who uses a bow; one who Johnson. [Little used.] BOX, n. [Sax. box, a cofl'er and the boxLat. buxus, the tree, and ])y.ris, a tree box Gr. jtv^i;, a box, and rtiloj, the tree Ir. bugsa, huksa ; Sw. hurrtti, the fist bom ; Ger. Imchsbaum ; Dan. bu.ilmm, the box tree Ger. hiichse, a box It. bosso, the box tree hossolo, a box Sp. box, the Port, bnxo, the tree buxa, a stoptree

ball

water

the entrails heart. 2. Cor. vi ;

12. 2.

n.

;

makes bows.

W. pel.] hovl, a ball of wood used for play on a level plat of ground. BOWL, 1'. To play with howls, or at bowArm.

A

drink

hoivcr, like

Bacon

BOWLDER,

;

hiik

1.

IbOWL,

To bouse.

An

as the howl

;

a fountain.

:

ling.

pp. Bent; crushed; subdued. like a bow. pp. Bent 71.

basin

BOWL,

iise.]

BOWED, BOWELS,

A

I.

Qu.

BOWYER,

('.

BOW-WINDOW. [See Bay-window.] BOWABLE, «. Of a flexible disposition. BOW'ED,

Latin, [Sax. hollow of the hand.] A concave vessel to hold lir|uors, rathe wide tlian deep, and thus distinguished from a cuji, vihich is rather dceji tliaii

The hollow part of any thing of a spoon. .'?.

V.

[Ao/ used.]

wide.

;

;

Sprit..]

;

to pull all together.

away,

BOWSS'EN,

;

71.

Encyc.

:

;

Tnimbull.

the

little

;

It decorations. but the French

.

shading as a also, containing bowers. Covcri'.ig

;

BOW-PIECE

bowling.

may be used for bowhng and Italians have such greens for ornament. Eneyr. Thomson. BOWSE, v. i. In seaman's language, to ])ul! or haul as, to l.owse upon a tack to bowse purple ^
Spenser. a.

begins to get out of the nest a term in Encyc. Ash. BOWNET, n. [how and net.] An engine BOWGE, falconry. v.i. To swell out. [Bee Botige.] for catching lobsters and crawfish, called V. t. To perforate as, to bowge a It is made of two round BOWOE, also boiv-wheel. Atnsworfh. ship. wicker baskets, ]>uinted at the end, one of [I do not find this leord in any other author.]

Mar.

7!.

lodge. Spenser. 2. Ill gardening, a parterre in a grove, laid bow.] Muscles that with fine turf, with compartments of dibend the joints. with dwarf trees and other vers

I

BOWERY,

Encyc.

BOWLING, ppr. Playing at bowls. BOWLING-GREEN, [boid and greeTi.] A level piece of ground kept smooth for

[from

"•

29.

who rows

Broivn.

to inclo^e.

Shaks.

I'.OWERS,

A man who

and man.]

Tlie man foremost oar in a boat.

BOWMAN,

;

Johnson

[hoiv

an archer.

;

Ha

leg.]

ving crooked legs.

BOWMAN,

!s shady recess

BOWRS, The bam

[bow and hand.]

11.

secure

ships to

ice.

A

or bend.] rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perjiendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate parts, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close haul-

;

;

BOW-GRACE,

Arm.

from arbor in that it may be round or square, whereas an arbor Milton. is long and arched. Encyc. A lied-clianiber any room in a house ex- ed. Mar. Did. cept the hall. Spenscr. Mason. Bowline-bridles, are the ropes by which the A comitry scat a cottage. bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. It differs

together.

Cowel.

Cn.oked.

B0\V-15EiVT,

[Sp. and I'oit. bolina;

;

;

BOW-KEARER,

11.

voile de biais jjoiir ret^evoir le vent de c6t6," a slanting sail to receive a side wind, Gregoire ; Fr. bouline, a tack bouliner, to tack, to turn one wav and the other, to dodge or shift. But iii Dainsh it is bougline, the line of the bow

houline,

bow

ried at the

4.

The

case which contains the mariner's-

comjiass. .5.

).

A money chest. A tree or shrub,

The

7.

constituting the genus

used for bordering flower-beds. African box is the myr.'^inc. A blow on the head with the hand, orou the car with the open hand. buxiis,

BRA

BRA

BOY

H'arlon. 2. The state of a boy. cylindrical hollow iron used in wheels, in wliicli the axle-tree runs. Also, a hoi BOYS-PL,\Y, n. Childish amusement any low tulid in a piuiij), closed with a valve. thing trilling. BOX, V. i. To fight with the list to conihat BOYli'NA, n. A large serpent of America, black and sh^nder, having an intolerable with tlie hand or list. BOX, V. I. To inclose in a box also, to fur- smell. Also, a harmless reptile. Did. of.Xat. Hist. nish with boxes, as a wlioel or block. 2. To strike with the hand or fist, especially BP. All abbreviation of Bishop. X\n: car or side of the head. BRABANT'INE, a. Pertaining to Brabant, a jirovince of the Netherlaiid.s, of which 3. To rehearse the several points of the comBrussels is the capital. Encyc. pass in their propter order. State Papers, V. ii. 4. To make a hole or cut in a tree, to procure the sap as, to box a maple. BRAB'BLE, »!. [D. brabbekn, to stanimer.] A broil a clamorous contest a wrangle. 5. To sail round. [Sp. hoxar.] on Shak. box struck Obs. in a BOX'KI), pp. Inclosed to contest the head with the fist or hand furnished BRAB'BLE, v. x. To clamor Beaum. and Fletcher. noisilv. Obs. With a box or hollow iron, as a wheel. BO,VEi\,rt. IMade of box-wood; resembling iBR.'VB'BLER, Ji. A clamorous, (|uarrelsonie, Shak. Obs. box. noisy fellow a wrangler. Drydin. Guij. BO.V'KR, n. One who fights with his fist! BRAB'BLING,/)pr. Clamoring; wranghng. Ob.t. BOX'-IIAUL, V. t. To veer a .ship in a par ticular manner, when it is iinpractical)le BRACE, 71. [Fr. bras ; Sp. brato ; Port. Ir. brae and Chamhers. to tack. bra;o ; Ann breach, or breh BOX'ING, ppr. Inclosing in a box striking raigh ; VV. braic ; ('orn. breck, or breh ; L. This brachium ; Gr. f3|jttj;iui', the arm. witli the list; foniishing with a box. BOXTNG, n. The act of fighting with the word furnishes clear and decisive evidence of the change of a palatal letter into a sibfist; a comhat with the fist. 3.

the sides of and snares.

A

;

.BRACIO,

V.

;

;

:

;

i

;

j

;

;

[box and thorn.] the Lyciuin, or a species of it.

BOX'-THOKN,

(I.

A

To make

2.

Pam. of Plants. AV. burgen, ihin: Arm. iusrue/, a child, bugiilv. b(ir, little; boyish ; Sw. poike, a yoinig hoy ; Dan. pog ; Fr. page. See Beagle and Pug. Boy is a contracted word, and probably the L puer for puger, liir we see by puclla, that r So the Gr. rtais ])robably js not radical. is contracted, for the derivative verb, The radical ^at?w, forms rtai^u, naix9iii. letters jirobably are Bg or Pg.] A male cliild, from birth to the age of pu berty ; but in general, applied to male: under ten or twelve years of age a lad. Sometimes it is used in contempt for a

BOY,

Ji.

[Pers. bach, a

boy

yoimg man, indicating immaturity, want of vigor or judgment. Johnson. t). t. To treat as a boy. Rather, to act as a hoy to imitate a boy The passage in Shakspeare, in in action.

BOY,

;

which

word

sup])osed to allude to the practice of boys acting women's parts, on the stage. 1

this

shall see

greatness.

BOY'AR,

n.

is

found,

is

some squeaking Cleopatra boy my

A

See Alaiton^s Sup.

to

Johnson.

Russian nobleman.

[See

The Greek fornuMl liom Dyrnichium. verbs furnish a multitude of similar changes.

branch

This word fiirnishes also a proof

that A is a prefi.x, fiir in Irish brae is written also raigh. The sense of arm is, that which breaks forth, a shoot. From bras,

the

French have

and

in

to embrace, braces, and bracear is to brace, and to swing the arms. Brace, in naval afl'airs, is in D. bras; Dan. bras, and braser, to brace. Qu. is this the same word as the Fr. bras, an arm.] I. In architecture, a jiiece of timber framed in with bevel joints, to keep the building It extends from swerving either way. like an arm from the post or main timber. a cinc9. That which holds any thing tight ture or bandage. The braces of a drum are not bands. 3. A pair a couple as a 5r«ce of ducks. It is used of persons only in contempt, or in the style of drollery. 4. In music, a double curve at the beginning etnbi-asser,

Sp. brazas

is

;

;

;

of stave. n. boy'o. of a tree.]

[Fr. boyav, a gut,

and

a

;

;

tense; to strain up

;

as, to l/race

To

To

furnish

with braces

str«'ngtlien

;

;

as, to

bra/:e

to increase tension

a

as, to

;

brace the nerves.

In marine language, to bring the yards ta either .side. brace about is to turn the yards round for the contrary tack. To brace sliurp is to cause the yards to have the smallest possible angle with the keel. \To brace to is to check or ease olf the lee braces, and round-in the weather ones, to assi.st in tacking. Mar. Diet. 5.

I

To

I

j

BR.\'CE1), pp. Furnished with braces; drawn close and tight made tense. J). [Fr. lirasselet, and bracelet; It. bracciale, braccialelto ; Sp. brazatete. See ;

BRA'CELET, Brace.] 1.

An ornament for the wrist, worn by laThis ornament seems anciently to have been worn by men as well as women. A piece of defensive armor for the arm.

dies.

Johnson.

BRA CER,

Boiar.]

BOY'AU,

tight; to tighten to make tight and

building. 4.

Spanish or other Celtic dialect, hrach, 2. brazo, the Sp. z being originally a palatal or guttural ; thence to the Fr. bras, and Eng. brace. In like manner, Dunizzo is,

;

;

To draw

a drum. |3.

The change comes through the

ilant.

plant,

t.

to bind or tie close firm.

I

;

;

heails

j

;

;

for tightening the

it,

.5.

A

thick strap,

which

sujjports a carriage

n wheels. A crooked

JI. That which braces, binds or firm ; a band or bandage also, for the arm. Chaucer. 2. An astringent medicine, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. BRACH, 11. [Fr. braque ; D. brak ; It. bracco. a setting dog; Sp. traco, pointing or setbitch of the hound ting as a pointer.] kind. Shak. BRA€II'IAL, a. [L. brachium, from the Celtic braic, brae, the arm.] Belonging to the arm as the brachial arterv. Hooper.

makes armor

;

A

;

BRAtlPIATE,

n. [See Brachial.] In botany, having branches in jiairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each ]iair at right angles with the next. Martyn. BRA€ll M.'\N, } An ancient idiilosopher

"•

BRAM'IN, mans

\

The

of India.

Encyc.

BRACHYG RAPHER, word.]

A

n. [See writer in short hand.

BRACIIYG'RAPHY, and

The

brach-

are a branch of the ancient gymnosthe severity of

opliists, and remarkable for their lives and mannirs.

yfOL^t;,

n.

the

next

Gai/lon. [Gr. lipaxvi, short,

a writing.]

art or practice of

riting in short

\\

BRACIIYL OtiY,

hand

;

B. Jonson.

stenography.

n. [Gr. lipaxif, short,

and

in forlijicalion, a ditch covered with a i)ara- 6. line in printing, connecting two >/)yo5, exjiression.] In rhetoric, the exjiressing of any thing in the pet, serving as a communication between or more words or lines thus, i 'i two trenches. ( most concise manner. Enryc. Encyc. BOY-BLIND, a. Blind as a boy undiscernIt is used to connect triplets in poetry. BRACK, n. [G. brvch ; Dan. brcek; Norm. Obs. Beaum. 7. In marine language, a rope reeved through from break, which see.] brck ing. Flemish sloop, with a castle BOY'ER, n. a block at the end of a yard, to square or An opening caused by the jiarting of any at each end. a breach a broken part. solid hodv The name is given Encyc. traverse the yard. 7i. Fern. [See Brake.) BOY'lIOOD, n. [hoy and hooil.] The state also to pieces of iron «hicli are used as of a boy, or of immatin-e age. Ii. Swifl. [Fr. braquer, to bend. Qu. supports such as of the poop lanterns, &c. BRACK'ET, Oriental "[in, Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. Sani. and Mar. Dirt. BOYTSII, o. Belonging to a boy childish; bend the to kuee ; hence it signifies is a measure anEth., a in maimers 8. or Brace, orbrasse, foreign boy trifling resembling the knee.] Shnk. swering to our fathom. opinions puerile. BOY'ISHLY, ''adv. Childishly; in a trifling 0. Harness warlike preparation ; as we 1. Among workers in timber, an angular wooden stay, in form of the knee bent, to Shak. Sherwood. manner. f^ay, girded for battle. Holder. support shelves, scaffolds and the like. BOV'ISHNESS, n. Childishness; the man- 10. Tension lightness. II. Braces. /)/h., suspenders, the straps that 2. The cheek of a mortar carriage, nia'e of ners or behavior of a hoy. sustain pantaloon.s, &c. strong plank. BOY'ISM, n. Childishness; puerility. Encyc. Dryden. 12. The braces of a dnim, are the cords on 3. In printing, hooks ; thus, [ ] ;

;

;

A

;

;

BRACKEN,

;

;

;

;

;

;

.

BRA

BRA

[D. brak, overflowed qii. Per-' iVoni break or Gr. i3ptj;ui, to water. to land on which salt waterl li;i|js applied has flowed.] a moderate or salt in it is Salt, degree ap-^ plied to any water partially saturated with

BRACK'ISH,

a.

;

BRAG'LESS, tentation.

BRAG'LY,

os-

Shak.

[Unusual.l adv.

BRAKE, pp. BRAKE,

of break.

Obs.

[See Break.]

[W. bnvg; h: fraoch ;

1!.

so as it may be P'inely [JVot used.] Spenser. a. Pertaining to the Brach-

bragged of

i

BRA

Without bragging, or

a.

Port.

brejo ; Sp. brezo ; Dan. bregne ; G. breche ; L. e7^ca ; Gr. tpixu,, tpftxw, to break. So

;

named probably from

BRAHMAN'I€, its roughness or mans or Bramins of India. broken aj)])earance.] Vallancey. BaconJ BRAID, r. I. [Sax. bredan, to braid Old L Brake is a name given to fern, or rather to the female fern, a species of Eng. hrede Dan. brtider, to upbraid.] cryjjtogambrackish 1. To wea^•e or infold three or more strands ian plains, of the genus Pteris, whose to form one. fructification is in lines under the margin Cheyni To reproach. Obs. [See Upbraid.] '2. of the leaf or frond. BIl.VCK'Y, a. Brackish. [.N'ot jised.] Ainsworth writes, BR.\1D, J(. .\ string, cord or other texture, Fam. of Plants. Encyc. l!R.\e'TEA, } " [L. formed by weaving together different 2. A BKACTE, S hradea, or braltea.] place overgrown with brake. Encyc. In botany, a tioral l(.'af", one of the seven fulstrands. 3. A thicket a place overgrown with shrubs crunis or props ot" plants. It differs Croni '2. A start. Sackville. and brambles. Johnson. other leaves in shape and color, and is gen- BRAID, a. Deceitful. Shak. 4. In the U. States, a thicket of canes, as a Chaucer used the Saxon word brede, to erally situated on the peduncle, so near the cane-brake Init I believe used only in comdeceive. This is the figurative sense of corol, as easily to be mistaken for the Ellicott. ;

salt.

;

BRACK'ISHNESS.n.

Tlie quality of bein saltness in a small degree.

;

;

:

;

calyx.

BRA€'TED,

BRAIL, I.

Furnished with bractes.

a.

fiRA€'TEOLE,

n.

A

Marl>in bract.

littl.'

De CandMe.

BRA€ TEOLATE, a.

Furnished with brae

teoles.

BR.Vn,

in Sax., is broad,

and occurs in names

;

as in Bradford, hroadford. BR.'VI), n. [.'Vrm. broud, a point ; Ir. brod, or braid ; Dan. brand, a goad or sting ; Oh. U13 a dart, a borer.] .A particular kind of nail, used in floors and

other work, where it is deemed proper to drive nails entirely into the wooil. For this purpose, it is made without a broad head or shoulder over the shank.

Moxon.

BRAD'YPUS, BR.\(i', t'. up, to

»i.

[W.

J.

The

sloth, which see. hragiaiv, to swell, to .shoot

IX'sition. n.

Obs.

braid.

Marti/n.

In the Asiatic Researches, iv. 354, this word is anitlicized, and written brad. BRAC'TEATE, o. [from irarfea.] Em-nished with bractes. Barlon.

71.

a

[Fr. hrayer

brail,

or truss, a

contracted word.] A piece of leather to bind up a hawk's wing. Bailey. In navigation, brai are ropes passing through pulleys, on the mizen mast and and fastened to the aftmost leech of yard, of the sail in difterent places, to truss it up close. Also, all ropes employed to haul up tlie bottoms, lower corners and skirt* of the other great sails, for the more rendy Mnr. Did. furling of them.

1.

[Sax. bra;gan, bregtn, bragen ; D. brcin ; Gr. fjpfyiia, properly the tore pai t of the head or sinciput, also the brain.] That soft whitish mass, or viscus, inclosed in the cranium or skidl, in which the nerves and spinal marrow terminate, and which is supposed to be the seat of the soul or intelligent principle in man. It is divided above into a right and left

;

;

;

;

;

:

tellow.

RRAG'GARDISM,

n.

A

puffing, boasting

Dryden. Boastfulness vain

BRAINLESS, .silly

;

a.

Without understanding

thoughtless

;

witless. Tickel.

;

BRA'INPAN,

ostentation.

BRAG'GART, A boaster a BRAG'GART,

[brag and vain fellow. n.

art, ard, kind.]

The handle

An

instrument to

or lever by which a pump is worked tiiat is, brae, bi-achium, an arm. A baker's kneading trough. A sharp bit, or snaffle. ;

3. 4. 5.

A machine for confining refractory horses,

while the smith

shoeing them.

is

Johnso7i. 0.

That part of

the carriage of a

which enables

battery or engine 7.

movable

it

to turn.

A

skull

brambles or shrubs

;

7J.

;

n.

hemp.

'2.

flax or

;

BRAIN,

bragcr, to brag, and

BRAGGADO'CIO,

[See Break.]

break

Fni/fax. large heavy harrow for "breaking clods BRAIL, V. t. To brail up, is to liaul up into after jilowiug called also a drag. the brails, or to truss up with the brail BR.\'KY, a. Full of brakes ; abounding with .Mar. Did.

malt bran;, a sprouting, brag bragu, to malt. It coincides with Dan hemisphere, and below into six lobes. It is composed of a cortical substance, which crackle, Gr. /3pa;tu, Eng. to many other v.ords signifying to is external, and a medullary, which is inbreak or shoot forth. See Brave.] ternal. From the brain proceed nine pair Vo boast to disjjlay one's actions, merits or of nerves, which are ilistributcd princiadvantages ostentatiously; to tell boastful pally to the head and neck. stories; followed by of; as, to brag of Hooper. Encyc. Hale. good horse, or of a feat. Sidney. Shak. 1. The understanding. To brag on is vulgar indeed the word itself 3. The affections fancy imagination. [Unis become low, and is not to be used in elShak. Sandys. ustial.] egant composition. BR.\IN, !'. t. To dash out the brains; to kill I?RAG, n. A boast, or boasting ; ostenta by beating out the brains. tious verbal display of one's deeds, or adPope. Dryden. vantages the thing boaste
BRAKE,

71.

and

[bra.in

which incloses the

Shak.

pan.]

brain.

;

The

Dryden.

rough

thorny.

;

B.

The bream, a

BRAM'A,

Jonsoji.

fish.

[See

Bream.]

BRAiM'A,

frum.

Herodo-

[B/oum,Piromis.

BRUM' A, BRAH MA,

tus,

tin.

priomh,

L. pT^inus,

Ir.

Goth.

chief,

first,

origin, beginning.]

The

chief deity of the Indian nations, considered as the creator of all things. As. Researches.

BRA3I BLE,

n. [Sax. iremte/, tremtr, bre/nel, a brandile, rubus, vepres D. braam, traamGer. hro7nbraamstruik, bramble ;

bosch,

;

bramThis plant probably is named from its berry or its prickles. See Bi-oom.] The raspberry busli or blackberry bush a general name of the genus 7-ubus, of which there are several species. They are armed with priclvles; hence iu common languat'e, any roui;h, pricklv shrub. BRAiNI'BLEBLISH, n. [bramble and bush.] The Inamble, or a collection of brambles Ash. growing together. BR.\M'BLED, a. Overgrown with brambles. bcer, ble.

blackberry

;

brombecrstaitde,

;

BRAM'BLE-NET,

A

hallier, or

BRAM'RLING,

BRAM

BLE,

? i;

finch.

BRAM'IN,

«.

[bra/nble

and

7iet.]

a net to catch birds. .\

bird,

Encyc. Ash. a sjiecies of

tringilla, the nioinitain

E7icyc. I

[See Brarhman.] [b/-ain and sick.] "DisBRAHMIN, S understanding giddy V jtricst among the Hindoos and other naShak. Knolles. thoughtless. tious. Donne. There are several orders tions of India. with a BRAG'GER,?!. One who brags a boaster.' BR A'INSICKLY, arfi'. We.akly of Bramins, many of whom are very corShak. BRAG'GET, n. [W. bragawd. See Brag.' disordered imderstanding. rupt in their morals; others live sequesA liquor made by fermenting the wort of BRA'INSICKNESS, n. Disorder of the untered from the world devoted to superstiale and mead. Owen tion and iii(iiilcn<'e. They are the only derstanding giddiness indi.scretion. BRAG'GING, ppr. Boasting. BRAIT, n. Among jewelers, a rough dia- persons who understand the San.scrit, or mond. ancient language of the country, in which BRAG'GINGLY, adv. Boastingly. ;

a.

Boastful

;

Shak.

vainly ostenta

BRA'INSICK, ordered

a.

the

in

;

;

;

;

;

:

BRA

BRA

BRA

MiLlun. and to |4. To have horns shooting ouu sacred books are writ((;n them are European nations in(lol)teil lor IBR'ANCII, r. <. To divide as into branch their knowledge ot' the lan','uage. e.s; to make subordinate divisions. Tlicy Bacon. worship Brania, the supposed creator ol the world, but have many subordinate de- 2. To adorn with needle work, representing ities. branches, flowers, en' twigs. Spenstr. BR'ANCHEU, pp. Divided or spread into subdrdinatc branciics into separated adorned with branches furnished parts BRAMIN'ICAL, a. Pertaining to the Bra with branches. as niins, or their doctrines and worship the Braminical system. BR-ANCHER, n. One that shoots forth branches. Aitiai. Researches. BRAM'INISM, n. The religion, or system 2. A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches. of doctrines of the Bramins. BRAN, n. [W. bran, composed of b and BR'ANCHERV, n. The ramifications or ratnified vessels dispersed tiiruugli the rlian, a piece, (i-orn rluiiiu, to rend or tear Arm. brenn ; Ir. and Er. brim. In Italian puljiy part of fruit. Encyc. Ash. Arm. ranna; Ir BR'ANCfllNESS, n. Fulness of branches. brano, is a piece or bit. >lieir

BR'.\NCHING, p;)r. Shouting

or other fari-

naceous grain, separated trom the

;

;

;

;

BR'ANCHING,a.

properly brand-new, brennen, to burn brand, burning.] ;

new,

new]

[fire

BRANeARD.n.

;

a.

[O.

A

horse htter. [.Vol

W.

ably the fact.] The shoot of a tree or other plant; a limb; a bough shooting from the stem, or from anoilier branch or bough. .)ohns
Encyc

Any arm

or extended part shooting or extended from the iiiaiu budy of a thing as the branch of a candlestick or of an ar Hence, from similitude, a smaller tery. .stream running into a larger one, or pro cecding from it. Also, the shoot of a stag's

n.

One who

in the air

;

Raising and waving

fiourishing. n. kind of

A

BRANDLING,

and

in

brandishes.

worm. Ifalton.

BRAND'-NEW,

o.

Quite new; bright as a

brand of fire. a.

jBRAN'DY, to distil

Tatler.

[D.branden

7i.

;

Gcr. brennen,

branden, to boil brtnner, a disG. branntwcin ; Fr. brandevin, brantiller See Burn.] dy. The membrane. An ardent distilled from wine. The cliiosli'gotis brnnctdostegi spirit are an order of fish in the laiincan system, same name is now given to spirit distilled the raysof whose fins are bony, but whose from other liipior.s, and in the U. States gill-covers are destitute of bony ravs. particularly to that which is distilled from BRANCH-LEAF, n. A leaf growing on a cyder and peaches. branch. ffiseman. JMarlyn. BRANDY-WINE, n. Brandy. IBUANCHLESS, a. Destitute of branches, iBRAN GLE, n. [Russ. iraJi, war, strife, or shoots ; without any valuable product noise, broil branyu, to hinder, to scold barren luiked. Shak. Qii. I^.frendeo. wrangle. Biangle, in ScotFr. tisiti, signifies to shake, or to threaten BR'ANCHLET, re. A little branch a

n.

restricts the «ord to a shoot from a main bous^li ; but the definition is warranted neither by etymology nor usage. A division of a main stem, supporting tlie leaves and fructification. Afartyn. All arm of a tree sprouting from the stem.

ISIIEK,

BRANDISHING, ppr.

branches;

[Gr lifxyxta., a covering.] Having gill covers, or covered gills, as a branchio.ite gous fish; covering the gills, as iIk^ bran gills,

[Fr. branche ; Arm. hrnncq If re is not radical, this word coincides will This is probbraic, the arm, a shoot.

2.

BRAND

Furnished with blanches;

BRANCHIOS'TEGOL'S,

Quite

bright or shining.

[Fr.]"

waved

pp. Raised and the air with a flourish.

shooting out branches.

in use.]

BR'ANCH,

Locke.

syllogisms.

BRANDISHED,

diviiling into several subcirdinate parts.

flour by

grinding.

BRAN-NEW,

in

"•

shake.] To move or wa\e, as a weapon to raise, and move in various directions to shake or riourish as, to brandish a sword or a cane. It often indir-ates tlireutening. 2. To play «ith to llourish ; as, to brandish

Johnson. r_ve

\

1.

;

;

rannuin, to tear.] outer coat of wheat,

An

iron to brand with. BRANDING-IRON, \ BRANDISH, v.t. [Fr. brandir: Port, irandir ; Sp. blandir, r changed into / ; It. brandire ; probably allied to Fr. hrankr, to

;

The

mark of

reproach.

;

;

fixing a stigma or

;

BRAND -IRON,

j

I

1.

a hot iron

I

;

ffyoj,

;

;

;

I

;

;

;

;

I

twig

;

;

the subdivision of a branch.

I

iBR

ANCH-PEDUN€LE,

n.

A

peduncle

springing from a brancli.

I

BR'ANCH-PILOT,

»!.

branler.]

j

Asial. Researches. (A

Matiyn.

I

A

.Marti/n. pilot

who

has a

wrangle

;

a squabble

;

a noisy contest or

disjiute.

I

jBRAN'GLE,

r. i.

contentiouslv

;

To wrangle

Su-ifl. ;

to dispute

to squabble.

Su-ijl.

IBRAN'GLEMENT, n. Wransle brangle. Ji hillock. BRAN'GLING, n. A quarrel. BRANK, n. [So named probably trom its "

branch or public commission. Laics of .Massachusetts and .N". York. |BR'A\CHV, a. Full of branches having Gallia; ()uoque suunj joints, breaks. wide spreading branches. Popi farris dedere quod illic brance vohorn an antler. BRAND, n. [Sax. brand; B. brand ; G. genus cant, apud nos sandalum, nitidissimi brand; Dan. brccndc ; !^w. brand; from ;{. Any member or pun of a body, or sys Plin. 18. 7.] grani." See dm!.] bi'anna, brennen, to hunt. teui a distinct article a section or sub 1 a Buckwheat, a species of polygonum or a stick or division as, charity is a branch of christian |1. A burning piece of wood grain cultivated mostly lor beasts and piece of wood partly burnt, whether burnduty. but in the U. States, the flour is poultry 4. Any individual of a famil)ing or after the fire is extinct. descending in much used for making breakfast cakes. a collateral line; any descendant from a ,2. .\ sword, either from brandishing,- Fr. 2. In some parts of Englaud and Scotland, a common parent or stock. brandir, or from its glittering brightness scolding-bridle, an instrument for c-orrect(loic obsolete, unless in Milton. ~>. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent poetry. ing scolding women. It consists of a headA tliunder-bolt. Granville. iron which bear the bit, the cross chains piece, which incloses the head of the of4. A iiiaik made by burning with a hot iron, and the curb. Eno/c. fender, and of a sharp iron which entere as upon a criiiunal, or upon a cask a In architecture, branches of ogives are tlie the mouth and restrains the tongue. arches of Gothic vaults, traversing from stigma: any note of infamy. Plott. Encyc. Bacon. Dryden. one angle to another diagonally, and formBRANK'URSINE, n. [brank and ursus, a ing a cross between tlie other arches, BR.\ND, V. t. To burn or impress a mark bear.] which make the sides of the square, of with a hot iron as, tohrand a criminal, by or acanthus, a genus of plants, Bear's-breech, which these arches are diagonals. way of punishment or to brand a cask or of'several s|)ecies. The leaves of the comHarris. any thing el.se, for the purpose of fixing a mon sort are said to have furnished the 7. A warrant or commission given to a niarU U|iou it. pilot. model of the Corinthian capitals. Jjaics of .Massachit.telts. 2. To fix a mark or character of infamy, in A species of fish of the 8. A chandelier. .^sh. allusion to the branding of criminals to BRAN'LIN, n. BR'ANCH, r. i. To shoot or spreail in stigmatize as infamous as, to brand a vice salmon kind, in some places called the branches to ramify, as a plant, or as with infamy. Rowe. Addison. flngry, from five or six black lines or marks on each side resembling fingers. liorns. It is BRAND' F>D, pp. Marked with a hot iron foimd ia rapid streams. 2. To divide into separate ]iaits, or subdi.stigmatized. Did. of Mtt. Hist. visions, as a mountain, a stream, or a mor- BRAND -GOOSE, n. A species of Anas, or al subject to ramify. the goose kind usually called in Ainerica BRAN'NY, a. [from bran.] Having the 3. To speak diffusively to make many disbrant or Inent. appearance of bran consisting of bran. tinctions or divisions in a discourse. Wiseman. BRAND'ING, ppr. Impressing a mark witi; '^

i

;

;

;

;

j

;

;

j

.

;

;

;

;

;

•'i.

».).

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BRA

BRA BRAN''SLE,

A

n.

brawl, or dance.

ot'anas or

15RANT,

a.

Todd.'

Steej).

BKA'SEN,

Made

hnizn.

a.

Brass and Brazen.]

BKA'SIER, works

A

of brass.

An

bra-Jmr.

11.

artificer

[See

'.).

who

4.

holding coals [See Brazil.]

n.

3Iagnificent

;

;

1. The flesh of a boar, or the animal. do an 2 The fleshy, jirotuberant, muscular part of JInon. the body. Peacham.

will not deliberately

man. graceful

grand

;

having a noble

3.

Bulk

Shah.

4.

The arm, from

Shak.

Excellent; noble; dignified. Bntin modit has nearly lost its uppticalion to

ill

>.

;

BRAWN'ED,

a.

BRAWN'ER,

n.

dress.

Ohs. II. hector; a discretion or decency. to adorn.]

A

BRAVfj,

man

BRAWN'INESS,

3 yj

[Ar.

brawny

;

Impudence

BRASSI€A,

n. [L.] »i.

A

Cabbage.

;

Pope

quality of brass

;

that 2.

Hard

a.

The

the

apfjearance of brass.

BRASS-PAVED,

as brass.

;

of brass of brass.

;

hard as brass

;

in

tluellist,

he thinks

it

pro\

;

iiig

;

.,1non

Splendor; magnificence

;

showy

.

having the color

Dryden.

To make

a harsh, disagreeable grating Milton. or roar of an

sound. ass

harsh grating sound.

a

;

The harsh sound

?!.

Shelving grf'und.

BRAY,

n.

[W.

BRA'YER, 2.

A

iii.

Pope.

instrument to temper ink

mall

;

ppr. roaring.

Show

4.

Brava
ostentation

;

;

;

Bacon.

boast.

grinding

noise

;

;

clamor. Smi(/i.

BRAZE,

Bacon.

fine dress.

Johnson.

Pounding or

Roar

n.

in printing

Bailey.

Is.

Spenser.

3.

A

otiices.

BRA'YING,

apjiear-

of their tinkling ornaments.

One

n.

BRA'YING,

The bravery

Fairfax. a mount or peak.] Obs. Herbert. that brays like an ass.

hre,

bank or mound of earth.

shows

his bravery,

suspected.

auce. Spenser.

BRASS-VISAgED, a. Impudent. Todd. BRASSY, a. Pertaining to brass partaking

;

BRAY,

;

The

BR'ASSINESS,

Brag and Break.] To ])Ound, beat or grind small as, to bray a fool in a mortar. Prov. xxvii. To make a harsh sound, as of an ass.

met

gallantry fearless ness of danger; often united with generosity or dignity of mind which despises meanness and cruelty, and disdains to take advantage of a van(|nished enemy.

pale spotted perch, witl two long teeth on each side ; the liieio.fish. perca. n.

1.

2.

;

intrepidity

W.

;

;

;

t.

;

BRAVELY,

ted sjarit

V.

Gr. |.3pa;tw ; bribrair, to cry, to brag waw, to break in pieces, to rub, or grind ; breyan, a quern ; Ir. bra, a handmill. See

not.

set at defiance;

;

;

Dryden.

Bacon.

BRA'VED./jp. Defied

fleshy ; bulky ; strong.

;

[Sax. bracan ; Fr. broyer, to pound, or bruise braire, to roar, or bray as an ass Arm. hregui, to roar; N%rm.

without dismay, or being moved. ff(/i'. Courageously; gallantly splendidly in a brave manner heroically. In Spenser, finely gaudily. Enci/c BR A' VERY, (I. Courage heroism; undaun-

Thomson.

BR'ASSE,

which they beUeve

King.

The quality of bemg hardiness. Locke.

;

Musculous

a.

having large, strong muscles

BRAY,

;

brave that

a brazen face.

;

Spenser. boar killed for the table.

n.

strength

;

BRAWNY,

Spenser.

daring beyond

;

2.

A

.strong.

;

John.ion. in

showy

;

BRAVE,

not evident.] An alloy of copper and zink, of a yellow color; usually containing about one third of its weight of zirdc, but the proportions are variable. The best brass is made by cementation of calamine or the oxyd of zink with granulated copper.

Brawny

ings.

Gaudy

ininiinent, to hasten, to render present. Hot braves like these may figlit. Dryden. The latter sense indicates tliat it is from 2. A boast ; a challenge ; adetiance. Shak. the Lathi. BiU I see no connection beto challenge; to en]>./. To dely tween these senses and brass. This w ord counter with courage and fortitude, or may be named from its bright color, and without being moved to set at defiance. be allied to Port, braza, Sp. brasas, live The ills of love 1 can brave. Tile lock tliat braves the tempest. coals, abrazar, abrasar, to burn or inflame ; Dryden. but the real origin and primary sense are 2. To carry a boasting appearance of; as, to 1.

muscular strength. Dryden. its muscles or strength.

;

as a brave place.

;

Denham.

[See Brass.]

W. pyes ; Corn. [Sax. bra:s In Welsli, prts signifies bresl ; Ir. pras. brass and what is quick, ready, sliar|i, smart, ,ilso haste, fuel, and presu, to rend

BR' ASS,

lofty

;

ern usage,

Franklin.

in brass.

|ian for

BRASIL.

Gallant mien.

[L. ajrrugnus, caro apnigtm.]

n.

Bacon.

The brave man injury to his fellow

;

BRAWN,

qualities

;

often united.

[Qii. hrancl, Ijnrnt or brown.] tlio goose kind called and brand-goose, wliich see.

?!.

A species

also hrent

2.

[Ao(

Spenser.

used.]

BRANT,

BRA

generosity and dignity of mind

Sidney.

!'.«.

To

[Fr. 6raMr.]

soder

brass. 2.

whh

J\lo.T07i.

To harden

to

impudence

;

to

harden as

A showy person. with brass. Shak. Spen-ier. 0. brazn. Made of brass as [In the last four senses, this word is nearly a brazen helmet. antiqunted.] Dryden. BRA'VING, /)/«•. Setting at defiance; chal 2. Pertaining to brass ; jiroceeding from Shak. brass; as a irrcfii din. 2. Ot^spring lenging. progeny. daring villain 3. Iiij]iudent having a front like brass. BRAUL, n. Indian cloth with blue and white BRA'VO, 71. [It. and Sp.] a bandit ; one who sets law at defiance Brazen age, or age of brass, in mythology, stripes, called turhants. Eneyc. an assassin or murderer. the age which succeeded the silver age, BRAVA'DO, n. [Sp. bravata ; Fr. bravade. 2.

5.

Impudent; impudently

BRAST, a. hurst. BKAT, n. A child,

BRAZEN,

bold.

;

[.Yot in use.] Spenser so called in contempt.

:

A

;

;

A

See Brave.] boast or brag an arrogant menace, tended to intimidate. ;

BRAVE,

a.

[Fr.brave

;

Arm.

in-

Cov''t of the Tongue. when men had degenerated from primitive purity. [G.bnillen; D.'brullen Dan. Sw. vrCila, to roar or Brazen dish, among miners, is the standard ; bellow Fr. braiUer ; Arm. brailhat, to by w hicli other dishes are guaged, and is brawl or be noisy L. pmlior ; W. hrokept in the king's hall. England. liau\ to boast, to brag brawl, a shooting Brazen sea, in Jewish antiquity, a huge vessel of brass, cast on the plain of Jordan, out, a boast.]

BRAWL,

V. 1.

and

rraaler

;

broler

;

brao

;

Sp. Port.

;

Ix. bravo : D.braaf; fiw. braf; T)n\i.brav; ; Ger. brav, whence brariren, to look big, to In Sp. and Port, bravo 1. To bully or hector. quarrel noi-sily and indecently. signifies fcraj'e, valiant, strenuous, bullying,^ fVatts. fierce, wild, savage, rude, unpolished, ex-l 2. To Shak. speak loud and indecently. cellent, tine ; brnvear, to liidly, to menace 3. To roar as water to make a noise. in an arrogant maimer; brava is a swell of| Shak. the sea ; bravezn, valor, and fury of the V. t. To drive or beat away. elements. The word brave expresses also Shak. a showy dress ; Arm. br(is:at, to be well n. [Norm, braxil.] Noise ; quardressed, fine, spruce, of which brao seems! rel Hooker. scurrility ; uproar. to be a contraction. The word bears the 2. Formerly, a kind of dance. sense of open, bold, expanding, and rushShak. B. Jonson. ;

BRAWL,

BRAWL, ;

ing, vaunting. 1.

It is

doubtless contracted,

and jirobably trom the root of ira^.] Courageous bold daring intrepid fearless of danger: as a brave warrior. It ;

;

;

;

usiudly unites the sense of courage with

BRAWL'ER,

n.

A

Gray.

noisy fellow

ghr.

BRAWLING,

a wran.4i//ije.

ji.

BRAWL'INGLY, manner.

;

The

act of quarreling. adv. In a quarrelsome Huloei.

and

])lai'ed

ten

cubits

in Solomon's temple. from brim to brim,

It

was in

five

height, thirty in circumference, and contained 3000 baths. It was designed for the priests to wash them.selves in, bcfiire they pertinnied the service of the temple.

BRA'ZEN,

II.

i.

Encyc. be impudent to

To

briizn.

;

Arbuihnot.

bully.

BRA'ZEN-FACE,

n.

impudent persmi

;

[brazen

An

(Uie

for

eflionterv.

BRAZEN-FACED, excess

;

shameless.

BRA'ZENLY, manner.

a.

adv.

In

and fare.] remarkable

Shak. Impudent; bold to

Dryden. a bold impudent

B

R E

In

sense, brassineas

tliis

Word. 2.

<" glowing given to the wotjd

i'0"'>

America on account of its producing tliis wood. It was first named Santa Cruz, by its discoverer, Pedro Alvares Cabral. try in

Lindlei/\f ATarralive

of a voyage

a. vol.

to Brazil.

Brazil, or hra/.il-wood, or hraziletto, is a very heavy wood of a red color, growing in It is Brazil, and otljer tropical countries. used in nianulactines for dyeing red. It is

;

;

BREAD'LESS, a. Without bread hold,

The same

n.

a.

;

as,

Brazilian strand. Barlow. C.n: n. [Yr. hreche ; D. hreuk bruch ; Sw. brUck ; Dan. hra'k ; Sp. and Port brecha. See Break.] The act of breaking or state of being a gap; the broken; aru|)ture; a break S])ace between the severed parts of a solid body parted by violence as a breach in a garment, or in a wall. The violation of a law the violation or non-fidfihnent of a contract tlie non-perfi)rniance of a moral
Encyc. n. bredth. [Sax. bra:d and bred. See Board and Broad.] or extent of any plain surface tiiim side to side a geometrical dimen ;

jBREADTlI'LESS,

An opening

a coast.

in

[Ml

frustrate

;

to prevent.

break not heaven's Pope. to break the whole

If plagues or earthquakes

More.

V. t. pret. broke, [brake. Obs.]; p|). broke or broken. [Sax. braican, brecan, to break, and bracan, to bray, as in a mortar Sw. br'uku ; Dan. brakker ; D. braaken, breeken ; G. brechen ; W. bregu, to break ; breg, a rent or rupture ; brer, a breaking

design.

To

22.

staff

To

'23.

;

take

away

of bread. stret<-h

;

;

a.s,

Ps. cv.

to strain

;

to rack

;

as, to break

one on the wheel.

To

break the back, to strain or dislocate the vertebers with too heavy a burden also, to disable one's fortune. Sliak. out, a freckle ; Goth, brikan ; Ir. bracaim, To break bulk, to begin to unload. to break, to harrow Sp. and Port, brecha,

is

Hamilton.

hurtful to [jublic credit.

Bacon.

To

Having no breadth.

a.

BREAK,

lation.

3.

;

;

5X3=

;

Every breach of the public engagements

to cause to cease to 6reaA: sleep. ;

;

conversation

intercept ; to check ; to lessen the of; as, to break a fall, or a blow. Bacoti. separate ; to part ; as, to break comor triendship. Atlerbvry. dissolve any union; sometimes witli off ; as, to break off' a. connection. 19. To cause to abandon ; to refoi-m or cause to reform ; as, to break one of ill habits or practices. Grew. to propound :20. To open as a purpose ; something new to make a fir.st disclosure of opinions; as, to break cue's mind.

sioii, wliich, niultiphcd into the length, constitutes a surface ; as, the length of a table is five feel, and the breadth, three ; 1.5 feet, the whole surface. 21.

;

;

to interrtipt

Shak.

n.

BREADTH,

;

;

Dryden.

To stop:

as, to break

kept

The measure

;

9.

is

'I'lie l(i. To [bread and tree.] force bread-fruit tree, or Artocar|ius, a tree which grows in the isles of the Pacific ocean, of the size of an apple-tree, producing a fruit 17. To shaped liki' a heart, .•uid as large as a small pany 18. To loaf of bread, which is eaten as food.

as Brazil-

Pertaining' to Brazil

BREACH, 1.

destitute 15.

where the bread

BREAD'-TREE,

wood.

BRAZIL'IAN,

;

BREAD'-ROOM,j!. An apartment in a ship's

a species of ('tBsalj)ina.

BRAZILET'TO,

;

ot' t'ood.

WO.]

.3.

.

;

[Port, braza, a live

for its color, and it is said that King Emanuel of Portugal gave this name to the coun-

Mfd. Rep. Hex.

;

I

;

[Hee Brasier.]

BRAZIL', I " BRAZ1]/-W001>, S This name was fire.

;

BREAD

Impudence; excess of assurance.

BRAZIER.

To tame to train to obedience to make [See Cassada.] p. BKEAD, V. t. [Sax. brwdan. Sec Broad.] tractable; as, to ij-eo/.- a horse. Addison. To spread. [Ao< used.] South. Ray JO. To make bankrupt. -CHIPl'ER, n. [bread and chip.] 1 1 To discard, ilismiss or cashier as, to break an officer. One who chips bread a baker's servant Su-ijt. 12. To crack, to part or divide, as the skin iSTiaA: an imdi r butler. to open, as an apostenie. liREAD'-tDKN, n. [bread and com.] ('orn of which bread is made. This in most 13. To violate, as a contract or promise, cibut in some ther by a jiositive act contrary to the countries is wlieat and rye countries bread is made of other grain, as promise, or by neglect or non-fulfilment. 14. To infiini;i> or violate, as a law, or of maize in some parts of America. any BREAD'EN, a. Made of bread. [Little moral obligation, either by a positive act or by an omission of what is required. used.] Rogers

like brass. Cassuda-hread.

more corrcrt

the

is

B R E

B R E

BRA'ZENNESS, n. Appearance

usual.]

;

;

Spenser. 4.

C.

;

aflliction.

violation of the public peace, as by a aflray, or any tumult which is contrary to law, and destructive to the public tranquillity, is called a breach of the peace.

BREACH,

To make

a breach, or openLife of ]f ellington. ing. BREAD, n. bred. jSax. bread ; G.broi; D. brood; Sw.brod; Uan.hrod. Qu. Gr. iJpurof, any thing esculent. If the w ord signifies food in general, or that which is eaten, probably it is the Heh. and Ch. nnj, fronj ni3 barah, to eat or feed. But in German, it signifies loaf as well as bread. " Zolicn It may therebrot," ten loaves. fore signifv prirndrily a lump or portion]

'?.

V-

t.

A mass of (longh, made by moistening and kneading the flour or meal of some species of grain, and baked in an oven, or pan. Food

in general.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.

Gen.

;

this

day our daily bread. Lord's Player.

Support of Is

first consonant is a jjrefix, which is probable, then connected with these words are theGr. pjjyiau, and tpstxio, W. rhuygaw, Arm. roga, rega, to rend. Wreck is j)robably of the same family. The primary sense is to strain, stretch, rack, drive hence, to strain and burst or break. It shoiikl be noted that the Greek fiyr;, in the jEolic dialect, is fjpjjyj;.] 1. To part or divide by force and violence, as a solid substance to rend apart as, to break a band to break a thread or a cable 2. To burst or open by force.

;

;

To

break a deer, to cut

Johnson. breakfast, to eat the first meal in the day, but used as a conqround word. To break ground, to plow. Carew. To break ground, to dig to open trenches. Encyc. To break the heart, to afflict grievously to cause great sorrow or grief; to depress with sorrow or despair. Dryden. To break a jest, to utter a jest unexpected. Johnson. To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. Shak. To break off. to put a sudden stop to to in-

To

;

;

;

to discontinue. ; Breali off tliy sins by righteousness.

;

terrupt

;

The

fountains of the earth were broke open.

u\> at table.

it

Dan.

iv. j2.

To

sever

;

to

divide

as, to

;

Burnet

break off u

twig. To divide by piercing or penetrating to To break sheer, in marine language. When a burst fi)rth as, the hglit breaks through the ship at anchor is in a position to keep clouds. clear of the anchor, hut is forced by wind Dryden. 4. To make breaches or gaps by batteiing, or current out of that position, she breaks as in a wall. Shak. her sheer. Mar. Diet. 5. To destroy, crusli, weaken, or impair, as To break up, to dissolve or put an end to the human body or constitution. JMiUon. as, to break up house-keeping. to appall or subdue G. To sink as, to break 2. To open or lay open to break up a as, the s])irits, or the passions. bed of earth. Philips. 7. To crush to shatter to dissipate the 3. To plow groinid the first time, or after strength of, as of an army. Dryden. Iving long unplowed ; a common use in the 8. To weaken, or impair, as the faculties. V. States. Shak. 4. To separate ; as, to break up a company-

3.

:

;

;

iii.

Give us 3.

Mar. Diet.

;

the

A

riot,

j.

;

;

;

sequent 7.

a breach Arm. L._/(Tnig'o,_/'re^!, »i casual fricga; Vr. fracas ; Heb. ( 'h. Syr. Sam. Ar. to break, to free or deliver, to sepa p13 Gr. ^fianau, ^pay.ua. These words rate seem also to be allied to "jlS and lljj. If

Separation between friends by means of difference quarrel. Clarendon. Infraction; injury; invasion; na a breach Clarendon. upon kingly power. Bereavcnieiu loss of a friend and its con-

enmity 5.

life in general : maintenance. the reward of virtue, bread? Pope.

Bee-bread.

[See Bee.] Ship-bread, bread for ships

:

hard

biscuits.

;

;

;

;

;

n R E

R E

B

as, to brertk up all the ivkeel, to stretoh

quential senses of injury,

To

»vord as brack, differently written and iioimced.

;

the

such as grass, sea weed, ooze. Mar. Diet. &e., from a ship's bottom.

IiREAK,

i.

vide in t>vo

part; to separate; to dias, the ice breaks ; a band

;

breaks. 'i.

2.

To

biirs-t

To

burst,

as,

;

a storm or deluge breaks.

3.

D.

Dry den.

by dashing against something as, a wave irtaAi upon a rock. Pope. To open, as a tumor or apostenic.

l).

4.

To

5.

To

4.

To

The

open, as the morning to show the to dawn. Addison. burst forth to utter or exclaim. ;

ing

;


;

trade or other occupation ; to become bankrupt. Pope, 8. To decline in health and strength ; to beto lose the natural vigor. gin Swijl. 9. To issue out with vehemence. Pope. 10. To make way with violence or suddenness; to rush often with a particle; as, to break in ; to break in upon, as calamities ; to break over, as a flood to break nut, as a fire to break forth, as light or a sound.

jjro-

first

the

;

0.

2.

ajipearance of light in the mornas the break of day. Ar.

dawn

;

3.

id.

To come

to

lowance

BREAKER,

;

B.

Ji>7ison.

To faint, flag or pant. My soul brcaketh for longing to thy judgments. Ps. c\ix. To break away, to disengage itself from ; to rush from also, to dissolve itself or dissipate, as fog or clouds. To break forth, to issue out. To break from, to disengage from ; to depart ;

abruptly, or with vehemence.

Ro.wommon. break in, to enter by force ; to enter unAddison. ; to intrude. To break loose, to get free by force to escape from contincment by violence to shake oft' restraint. Milton. Tillotson. To break off, to part to divide also, to de;

Bacon. suddenly. break offfrom, to part from with violence.

To

break out, to issue forth

sist

self by

;

elTects

,

BREAKFASTING,

n.

A

ofl'

restraint,

rending asunder

"

;

Parting by violence becoming bankrupt.

:

BREAKPROMISE,

n.

[break

and promise.]

One

Vvho makes a practice of breaking his Shak. promise. \JVot used.] !!.

[AV

Shak. n. [break and leater.] The an old vessel smdc at the entrance of a harlior, to break or diminish thetlirce of the waves, to secure the vessels in harbor. Mar. Diet.

used.]

hull of

.\

Mar. Did.

A

mole, Ht the mouth of a harbor, intend to break the force of the waves. BREAM, n. [Fr. bremc ; C\i. nan^N, abru

ed

mah

;

sense ins;,

Pope.

with

it

its

primitive

oi' .•itrainin^;, parting, sei'erins;, burstoftcu will) violence, with the conse-

small buoy fastened to a large one, the rope of the latter is not long to reach the surface of the water.

when

enough

:

companion. This verb carries

power of singing. To meet in

Tusser. front ; to

Irest.

to breast.

Dunght.

The court breasted the popular current by JVirt. sustaining the dt'murrer. n. [ireast and tone.] The

bone of tlie breast; the sternum. Pea^:ham.

BREAST'-€>ASKET,

n.

[breast

and cask-

and longest of the caskets

A

BREASTTIIGH,

Sp. brcma.] tbe Cyprinus brama, an inhabitant of lakes and (lee]* water, extremely insipid and littli' valued. fi'cdtun. Encyc. ;

fish,

BREAM,

1'.

^ In sea language, to burn

ofl'

a.

[breast

and

High

high.]

as the breast.

Sidney.

BREAST'HOOK,

n.

[breast

and

hook.]

A

thick piece of timber placed directly across the stem of a sinp to strengthen the fore jjart and unite the bows on each side.

Mar.

BREAST'ING, breast

;

ppr.

opposing

BREAST KNOT,

Diet.

with

Meeting

the

in front. n.

[breast

and

knot.]

A

knot of ribins worn on the breast. Addison.

One

BREAKWATER,

Dryden.

;

t.

BREAST'BONE,

A

fall [break nnix neck.] that breaks the neck ; a steep place endunShak. gerini; the neck.

and become disso-

break up, to dissolve itself and separate as a coni|)any ict«/.s vp; a meeting breaks up; a. foii breaks up; but more generally we say, fog, mist or clouds lireak away. To break with, to part in eimiity to cease to' be friends as, to break with a friend or!

tlie

Goldsmith.

Chesterfield.

ppr.

hrer.

To throw

V.

oppose breast

et.]

BREAKNECK,)!,

the skin, as a child breaks out. Hence we ha.\e freckle from the root of break ; Welsli

lute.

Formerly,

BREAST,

Dryden.

One of the

party at break-

fiist.

BREAKING,

;

To

5.

Cowley.

A

;

a fever breaks out. Dryden. Milton. To appear in eruptions, as pustules to have pustules, or an efflorescence on the

:

;

;

One

BREAKVOW, [break and vow.] or spring up; who habitually breaks his vows.

to arise as, a lire breaks out ; a sedition breaks oitf its

called also ice-breaker. that breaks u]> ground. destroyer. Micali ii.

iidants.

A BREAK'FAST,

Shak. discover it-

to

low

fi>r

His breasts are full of imlk. Jol) x,xi. 24. fore part of the thorax, or the fore ]iart of the human body between the neck and the l>clly. The ])art of a beast whicli answers to the breast in man. This, in quadrupeds, is between the fore legs, below the neck. Figuratively, the heart; the conscience the disposition of the mind the afii'ections the seat of the aflfections and passion.s.

The

A BREAK'FAST,

;

To

breaks

;

;

also, an al in transpor-

The person who

n.

brbsl

largest or strings on the mi
;

;

;

any thing; a violator or transgressor; as a breaker of the law. South. rock which breaks the waves; or the wave itself which breaks against a rock, a satid bank, or the shore, exhibiting white foam. Mar. Diet. Johnson. A pier, mound or other solid matter, placed iii a river, to break the flouting ice, and prevent it from injuring a bridge be-

.5.

To

expectedly

4.

breaking broken,

A

I am to break with thee upon some afiairs. Shak. [/ beliire, aiiliqualed.] To sufler an interruption of friendship to fall out. 4. Be not aliaid to break vvitli tiailors.

13.

A

«.

for things

tation.

an explanation.

12.

In architecture, a recess.

Sw.

;

The sense seems to be, a jjrotuberance.] The soil, protuberant body, adhering to milk

the deck is the part to

commences.

[Sax. breast

the thorax, which, in females, furnishes

and the descent on

^ -

UREaKAGE,

;

y.

1.

fail in

;

'i.

ternjinates,

0«.i farakon,

;

11.

it

the next deck below

Shak. 7.

In a ship, the break of

where

Harvey.

first light

0.

:

bresl.

the breast, a lad, a notch ; G. breast, and briisten, to hold up the head, to look big; Dan. brost, breast; also defaidf, defect, blemish ; also, in/si, breast, pap ; bry.'iter sig, to strut ; brisler, to burst. borst,

brust,

A A

))ause; an interruption. line in vvritiiig or printing, noting a siis ])cnsioii of the sense, or a stop in the sentence.

filth,

BREAST, n.

;

;

V.

R E

B

army. defect, and »'/?and break firmiti/. To break upon tlie bones by torture upon tbe wheel. BRE.\fc, n. A state of being open, or the To break wind, to give vent to wind from the act of separating an. 0])ening made by It is the .same an open |)lace. force body backward. 'J'd (li.sbaiid

5.

BREAST'PLATE, 1.

Armor

2.

A

3.

n.

[breast

and

plate.]

fijr the breast. Cowley. strap that runs across a horse's breast.

Ask. In Jewish nnliijuity, a part of the vestment of the high priest, consisting of a folded piece of the rich embroidered stufl^ of

which the ejihod was made. It was set twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve with

tribes.

BREAST'PLOW,

Encyc. n.

[breast

and plow.]

A

plow, driven by the breast, used to cut or Johnson. pare turf.

BRFAST'ROPE,

n. [breast and rope.] In a ship, breast ropes are used to fasten the yards to the parrels, and with the parrels, to hold the yards fast to the luast now ;

called parrel ropes.

R E

B BREAST'-WORK,

fortification, u \v<»k tliriiwii

a ])ara[)ot,

BREATH,

!3.

;

[4.

t>r<-tli.

more contempt than

Ii.is

BREATHING-TIME,

power of

Tlie state or

a

to

opposed

; as, I in lireath.

!

brcatliinj; freely

2.

;

ing exhausted of breath.

resjjiration ery breath.

An

A

sur-

make

llicm, as a

made.

BRE€H'1TE,

breath has

2.

have time

3.

To

pass as

To

nliose

foul

v.

I.

To

inject

air

The lower

Shali. 2.

Breeches

inhale as air into the

it;

as, to breathe vil.il air.

3

To expire; ed by out

;

(jcn.

life.

4.

To

exercise

keep

in breath.

are as swift as breathed stags.

To

give

air

manners in youth. To bring thee forth

;

take

through the age train and con-

liir,

mind and form the with pain, with

care to

Dryden.

;

See

Britch.

;

D.

4.

n.

plu. brich'es.

6ro(A-

[Sax

Ovid.

15.

L

K,.

Tri.-t.

.').

and

Raleigh.

To raise a breed as, to choose the best species of swine to breed from. race or ])rogeny from the BRP^ED, n. same parents or stock. 2. A cast a race of men or other a kind 5.

;

See

Freckle.]

covering the hips a close garment formerjy was used for a

;

animals, which have an alliance by nativity, or some distinctive (puilities in common as a trtfrfof men in a jiarticular country ; a breed of horses or shee]). Applied use race. to men, it is not elegant. ajiplied to other Progeny oflsjiring Shak. things than animals. ;

to denote, diver.se in colof; variegated,

like freckled.

;

A

The Pelloutier, Hist. Celt. L 30. to be from the root of break, 3.

\ garment worn by men, and thigh.s. It is now

be increased by a new production. But could youtli last and love still breed.

;

Cluv. Germ. Ant.

7.

To

brcec,

Arm.

;

word seems

to open ; as, to ; brathu, to pierce.]

Johnson. to manifest.

to pro\ide

;

to instruct the

;

to

;

;

or vent to

[W.

mirse and foster

to

bring up care of in infancy, and :

duct

variegated with colors. "Sarmatoe totimi 4ra«vr/i corpus." Mela, 2. L See Plin. .-{ I. Herod. Lib. 7. Str.abo, Lib.

Shak.

breathe a vein.

To

of youth

bryc,

;

^.

;

vulgar.

breed.

;

blow

a vow.

;

;

;

braga, brages It. brace, brachesse or braghesse ; Port. Sp. bragas ; Fr. braies; Ir. hrog ; Low L. hracece ; Dan. brog, breeches, and broged. of various colors, mixed, variegated W. bryran, a spotted covering, scotch plaid

Acts.

to

;

inspire or

to instruct

;

part of the body behind. female breeds with pain. but rarely used in the singular. 2. To be formeil in the to jiarent or dam Shak be generated, or to grow, as young before The hinder part of any thing. Johnson. birth as, children or young breed in the V. t. To put into breeches. matrix. Job nso7i 3. To have birth; to be produced ; as, fish To whip on the breech. Massinger. breed in rivers.

brcrccw

;

Shak. into ; to cause to sound by breathing as, to breathe the flute. Prior. G. To exhale; to emit as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfume. 7. To utter softly or in private; as, to breathe

To

to form by eduoften, but imnccessarily. (i)liowed by V]); as, to breed a .son to an occupation a man bred at a university. To breed up

educate

;

BREECHES,

ii.

to eject by breathing followas, to breathe out threateniiigs

The greyhounds 5.

;

To

BREECH, 2.

into his noshils 3.

and slaughter.

produce by

;

bybrcathing; to infuse; follow-

the breath of 3.

produced

.

Anon. to

;

i.

mouth no wholesome

ed by into. And Ihe Lord God breathed

breed intirmilies.

a heart and a brain to breed it in ? Shak. give birth to to be the native place a northern of; as, a pond breeds fish country breeds a race of stout men.

is

to the Al-

;

to

;

BREDE, n. A braid. [.Xol vsed.] Addison. BREED, V. To produce, as a fetus; to BREECH, n. brich. [&i;v Breach M\d Break.] bear and nourish, as in pregnancy as, a

Drijden. 0.

lust

;

To

;

to breathe.

To

lungs and ex[)el

iiud

Amhilion breeds factions. contrive to hatch

To

cation

7.

allied

fos.sil

pp. of breed. Generated contrived e
air.

breatlies in.

BREATHE,

A

BRED,

Hence, to live. Pope. Shak. exjiire air. To tak<^ lireath ; lo rest from action ; as, let tlicin

n.

as.

;

;

ti.

It is cylindrical, .striated, and its thick end conical, pierced with holes, and crested. Fr. Dirt. A'at. Hist.

1><-

iiroduce

Had he

cyons.

(!ol(ls7nilh.

BRE ATHABLE.rt. That may hnathed. BREATHE, i\i. To respire; to inspire and

to

;

jilotting.

.5.

Consisting of angular

fragments, cemented together.

word. breath can

4.

frag-

different

rate. a.

body

;

to occasion

;

Tilloteon

In mineralogy,

rounded stones and angular fragments are united by a cement, the aggregate is usually called coarse conglome-

BRECCIATED,

cause

Hull.

breach.]

When

Dry den

jiroduce within or upon the to breed worms.

Intemperance

varieties are the siliceous, calcarioiis anil Cleaveland. trap breccias.

instant ; the time of a single respiraa single act. ; smiles and lie frowns in a breath.

A

a.

minerals, uniteil by a cement, and presenting a variety of colors. Sometimes a feiv of the fragments are a little romnh^d. The

He 3.

[It.

an aggregate comiiosed of angular

swears

as, lie

;

7!.

To To

originate.

The state of be-

ments of the same mineral, or of

Addison. at ev-

face.

A single

n.

;

to breed teeth

Shak

as a breathless body.

;

BRE€'CL\,

Shak Breeze; air in gentle motion. Calm and iinrufilcil .is a summer's sea, Wlien not a bnath of wind flies o'er its

Dead

bncd, warm hrydiaw, to to heat. Class Rd. See Uroad.] generate; to engender; to hatch; to the of proihice young any species of animals. 1 think it is never used of plants, and in animals is always applied to the

To

mother or dam. 2.

3.

BREATH'LESSNESS,

am

;

tion

a. brtth'less. Being out spent with labor or violent ac-

;

tion.

.

Sliak Ros|>ite ; pause ; time to breatlio ; as, let nie take breuik give me some brmth.

scarce

7.

jiause.

Pause; relaxaHall.

of breath

of exhaustion frnni vioout of breath : I am

.state

lent action

G.

n.

tion.

i

of Ineath.

I

lyrifiten

5.

A

tr.

IBREATH'LESS,

No man

4.

1.

as|)iration.

;

\\'.

;

warm,

Dnjden.

;

Accent

unfold

'2.

;

2. Life.

.3.

B R E Prior:

Aspiration ; secret prayer. Breathing-place vent.

BRE'ATHING-PLACE, A vent.

[.Sax. liralh, odor, .sreiit, G. broilon, stoani, vapor, breatli.^ Tlie air inlialcd and expelled in tln^ resof animals. piration

l)reath 1.

2.

wliir-li st»>.

n.

R E

B and work.] In up for defense

n. [Lrcnst

4.

We

;

;

A

number proiluced

a brood used.

;

but for

this,

once

at

brood

is

:

a hatch

;

generally

Grew. V. To express but the word BREED-BATE, n. One that breeds or loose garment, now called trowsers, taxa; Shak. Other articles breathe Uie same severe spirit. originates quarrels. [A'ot in use.] Ovid. BREE'DER, n. The female that breeds or braecae. Jllilner. BRE'ATHED, pp. Inhaled and exhaled; To wear the breeches is, in the wife, to usurp produces, whether human or otlier aniuttered. Johnson. the authority of the husband. mal. res|iired BRE'ATHER, n. One that breathes or BREECHING, ppr. brich'ing. Furnishing 2. The person who educates or brings up ; with breeches, or with a breech. [See that which brings up. lives; one that utters; an inspirer, one who animates or infuses bv inspiration. Britch.] Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men. Ascham. BREATH'FyL, o. hrethful. Full of breath 2. Whijiping the breech and as a noun, a Marlow. 3. That which produces. lull of odor. whipping. Spenser. Time is the nurse and breeder of all good. BRE'ATHING, /i/ir. Respiring ;Jiving ut- jBREECIHNG, in gunnery on board of Shak. tering. ships. [See liritching.] 2. «. Exhibiting to the life as hreathins: BREED, v.t. pret. and pp. ircrf. [Sax. fcre 4. One who raises a breed one who takes care to raise a particular breed, or breeds, dan,breedan,t()\\a\m, todilate, to open, to paint. Pope. BRE'ATHING, n. Respiration; die act of spread; D. Iirocden, to brood; Ger. britten, as of horses or cattle. Temple. Dan. breder, to spread, dilate, BREE'DING, ppr. Bearing and nourishing, to brood inhaling and exhaling air. ;

Dryden.

;

'

:

;

I

;

;

;

;

Vol.

I.

27

R E

B as a fetus

;

••atin<;.

:l.

n.

The

;

cdu-i

of producing. Ti.e raising of a breed or breeds; as, the farmer attends to the breeding of slieep. Nurture education instruction formation of manners. ;

;

She had her breeding t.

producing

;

BREN,

;

B R E

at

my

BRENT

father's charge

genteel deportment. »i. [Sax. briosa, from

its

A

BRANT,

or

a.

[W.

bryn,ji

hill.]

Jlscham. Steep high. Obs. n. A brant, or brand-goose, a fowl with a black neck and a white collar or line round it. [See Brant] Biu-iit. [See Dren. Obs.] Spenser.

1.

9.

BREVV,

n. In architecture, the

of a colunm, more usually called torus or tore. Encyc. Encyc. [See Torus.] sound, BREST'-SUMMER, n. In architecture, a piece in the outward part of a wooden

member

building, into which the girders are framed. This, in the ground floor, is called asi7/, and in the garret floor, atcam. Encyc. BRET, n. A loiaf name of the turbot, called

while with a proboscis, like a sting, it sucks the blood. BREEZE, )i. [It. brezza, a cold, windyinist Sp. brisa, a breeze Sw. bnisn, to be fervid

BRET'FUL,

also hurt or brut.

Chaucer a. Brimful. Obs. It is used n. plu. of brother. almost exclusively in solemn and .scriptural language, in the place of brothers. to boil, to nnirmur Dan. bruser, to rush, [See Brother.] roar or foam, to rise in waves; brimsen, BREVE, H. [h. breve; L. brevis; Sp. breve, the rustling of the wind, a humming or See Brief] Fr. bref short. French sea In fermentation. 1. In music, a note or character of time, buzzing, language, brise, a breeze Gr. iSpa^u, and equivalent to two semibreves or four niin W. ims. When dotted, it is equal to three to brew fSpaffSu, to boil ; Fr. brassei; from rliys, a rushing. These semibreves. brijs hasty, words seem all to have a conunon root. •2. In law, a writ directed to the chancellor, See Rush.] judges, sheritt's or other oflicers, whereby a gentle gale. 1. A a person is .summoned, or attached, to an light wind swer in the king's court. From land a gentle breeze arose at night. Encyc. JJryden This word, in the latter sense, is more genfrom the sea that blows "2. A shifting wind, erallv written brief. or from the land, for a certain time, by BREVET', n. [from breve.] In the French customs, the grant of a favor or donation night or by day. Such breezes are com mon in the tropical regions, and in a good from the king, or the warrant evidencing the grant a viinrant a brief, or commis degree regular. Tlie wind from the sea More particularly, a commission sion. is called a sea breeze, and that from the In general, the sea land, a land breeze. given to a subaltern officer, written on breeze blows in the day time, and the land Encyc. parchment, wiihout seal. breezes are like The at 2. A commission to an officer which entitles breeze night. him to a rank in the army above his pay conmion, in the summer months, in the Thus a brevet major serves as a cajitain temperate latitudes. BREEZE, V. i. To blow gently a icora and receives pay as such. Such commis.sions were given to the officers of the common among seamen. American Army at the close of the war, For now the breatliing airs, from ocean born Breeze up the bay, and lead the lively morn. giving them a grade of rank above that Barlow whicii they had held during service. destitute a. Motionless BREE'ZELESS, Eniyc. Marshall's Life of Jf'ash. Shenstone. BRE'VIARY, ")i. [Fr. breviaire ; h. breviaof breezes. BREE'ZY, a. Fanned with gentle winds or rium, from brevis, short. See Brief] an epitbreezes as the breezy shore. Pope. 1. An abridgment ; a compend ome. 'lyWe•J. Sidiject to frequent breezes. Gray. of the BRE'HON, n. In Irish, a judge. In an- 2. A book containing the daily service Romish church. It is composed of matins, cient times, the general laws of Ireland lauds, first, third, sixth and ninth vespers, were called Brehon laws, unwritten like The or communio. and tlie laws post the common law of England. These compline Greeks also liave a breviary. Encyc. were abolished by statute of Edward III. Breve and Brief] A Encyc. Blackslone. BRE'VIAT, Ji. [See BRE'ISLAKITE, n. A newly discovered short compend ; a summary. Decay of Piety. Vesuvian mineral, resembling a brownish or reddish brown down, which lines the BRE'VIATE, v.t. To abridge. [Xot used.] small bubbles found in the lava of Scalla, [See .Wibreriate.] and is found in cavities of the lava of Oleba- BRE'VIATURE, n. An abbreviation. [See Johnson. no named from Breislak, a celebrated Brief.] Italian naturalist. Journal of Science. BREVIE'R, n. [Fr. breviaire; so called, 6rf ;rtman, to nnirnuir, to a. says Johnson, from being originally used

BRETHREN,

;

;

;

;

few words

;

;

;

;

[Sax.

L. fremo.] Cruel

;

sharp. [J^ot nsed.^

Chaucer

printing a breviary.] small kind of printing types, in size be-

in

A

briw,

;

,-

;

:

;

tion. .3.

To

4.

To

contrive chief

5.

put in a state of preparation. Qu. V. i. To be in a state of preparato be mixing, forming or collecting; ; as, a storm brews in the west. In this sense I do not recollect the use of the verb, in a transitive sense, and generally the particias, a storm is brewing. ple only is used To ])erform the business of brewing or making beer as, she can brew, wash and bake.

mingle.

Brew

Shak.

nie a pottle of sack.

to plot

;

;

as, to

brew mis-

To

BREW, tion

;

2.

;

BR EW, that

I

;

Dryden.

brew;

;

mix

to

;

;

discourses or ivri-

[Sax. briioan, to

v.t.

D. broutven, to brew, to contrive, G. brauen. These seem to be contractions of the Gothic; Sw.briggia: Dan. brygger, to brew. The Russ. has burchu. The Welch has bnvc, a boiling, stir, tumult, from rhivc, something rough and it has also bertei, to boil, or bubble, whence berwezu, to brew, from bar, fury, Our word brew seems to be diitnpulse. The sense is, to rectly from the Saxon. stir, boil, or agitate with violence.] 1. In a general sense, to boil, and mix hence in Saxon, it signifies broth or pottage Old Eng. brewis. 2. In a more restricted sense, to make beer, ale or other similar liquor from malt or to prepare a liquor from malt and ht>ps, and in j)r!vatc families, from other matefermentarials, by steeping, boiling and broth

;

;

to

applied

;

tings.

;

fret

Shortness; applied to time; as the brevity of luiraan life. Shortness; conciseness; contraction into

2.

BREST or BREAST,

See Brief]

short.

Encrjc.

\ genus of flies or insects, technically called Tabanus. There are many species, but the most noted is the bovinus, great horse is armed witli two hooks lly, whose mouth which penetrate the skin of an animal,

BRI'.ME,

much

It is

in

BRENT,

;

resembling a breeze.]

used

BREVTPED,

;

Shak

manners; knowl By way edge of ceremony deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life. Hence good breeding is politeness, or the qualifications which con

'15REEZE,

tween bourgeois and minion.

BREVITY,

hounds.

of eminence,

stitiite

R E

/.

I'.

printing marginal notes. a. [L. brevis, short, and pes, foot.] Having short legs, as a fowl. fowl having short legs. tenants paid to their lord, in hen of bran BREV'IPED, n. n. which they were obUged to furnish for his [L. brevitas, from brevis,

I

TiREE'DING, 'i.

B

[Sax. hrennan, to burn.] To Obs. burn. Spenser. act of generating or BREN'NAgE, 11. [from bran.] In the middle ages, a tribute or composition which

engendering

The mixture formed by brewing

71.

which

is

Mah

;

Bacon.

brewed.

drink brewed. Shak. pp. Blixed, steeped and fermented made by brewing. BREW'ER, n. One whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors one who brews.

BREW'AtiE,

n.

liquor

;

BREWED, ;

;

BREWERY, and

A

n.

brew-house; the house

where browing

api>arat\is

is

carried

on.

BREW-HOUSE, brewery

;

n. [brew

A

and

house.] ajipropriated to brew-

a house

ing.

BREWING, ppr. Preparing malt liqUor. 2. In a state of mixing, forming or preparPope. ing; as, a storm is breuring. 3. Contriving; preparing; as, a scheme is IVotton.

brewing.

BREWING,

n.

The

act or process of pre-

paring li(|Uors frotn 2. 3.

malt and hops.

Bacon. The quantity brewed at once. Among seamen, a collection of black Mar. Diet. clouds portending a storm.

BREWTS, A piece

2.

pottage,

n.

Broth

;

pottage.

Obs.

of bread saaked in boihng fat

made of saUed meat. Bailey.

Johnson.

R

B BRIAR,

[See Brier.}

BRIBE,

n.

brfah.

[Ir.

B

I

BRICK'EARTH, In Pers.

parah

g^L

is a bribe, a half, ])iece, bit, segment, a morsel. Fr. bnbe, a piece of bread.] A price, reward, gifV or favor bestowed or promised with a view to pervert the judgment, or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness or other person. A bribe is a consideration given or promised to a person, to induce him to decide a cause, give testimony, or peribrm some act contrary to what iio linovvs to be truth, justice or rectitude, it is not used in a good sense, unless in familiar language. 2. That which seduces. Not tlie bribes o( sordid wealth can seduce to leave these ever blooming sweets. Metiside. BRIBE, II. t. To give or promise a reward or consideration, with a view to pervert the judgment, or corrupt the conduct. To biro for bad purposes to purchase the decision of a judge, the testimony of a witness, or the performance of some act contrary to known truth, justice or rectitude. 9. To gain by a bribe. 1.

;

\\\

familiar language,

a good sense

sometimes used

it is

in

n.

Worth BRICK,

[bribe

and

bribing to obtain. brir/ue, a brick,

n.

[^Fr.

loaf; Ir. brice, or brike

;

su|)-

probably a compound, of which the

A

syllable is from tifiix'^, whence It. imbriaSee Ebiiety.] carsi, to get drunk. mass of earth, chiefly clay, first moistened and made fine by grinding or treading, then formed into a long square in a mold, drietl and baked or burnt in a kiln ; used in buildings and walls.

A loaf shaped like To lay BRICK,

2.

I'.

2.

last

(.

them with

n.

[brick

and

bat.]

A

or fragment of a brick.

BRICK-BUILT, BRICK'CLAY,

)i.

o.

1.

2.

the word.]

riage

BRICK'DUST,

n.

[brick

of pounded bricks.

and

dust.]

SpectcUor.

A flying bridge is made of |VJntoons, light

[bride

and

bed.}

The mar

A

3.

Prior.

cake which

wedding;

boats, hollow beams, empty casks or the like. They are made, as occasion requires, for the passage of armies. flying bridge is also constructed in such a manner as to move from one side of a river to the other, being made fast in the middle of the river by a cable and an anchor. Encyc. 2. The upper part of the nose. Johnson.

called, in the U.

Matt. ;

n.

The

States, wed-

nuptial apart-

n.

[Sax. bn/dguma;

D. bniidegom

gam Dan. brudgom ;

a

;

;

Sw.

Ger. brauti-

compoimd of bride,

and gum, guma, a man, which, by oiu" ai This cestors, was pronounced goom. word, by a mispronouncing of the last syllable, has been corrupted into bridegroom,

w hich

BRIDGE, over

\x.

BRIDEGOOM, brudgumme

signifies

a

bride''s

groom being a Persian word,

hostler

As

is

Encyc. build a bridge or bridges ;

Sherwood. n. [Sax. bridl, or bridel ; Fr. Arm. brid; D.breidel,a bridle; Sp. Port, brida.] brida, the reins of a bridle

bride;

;

1.

The instrument with which a horse is governed and restrained l)y a rider conof a head-stall, a bit, and reins, witii other appendages, according to its particular form anil uses. A restraint ; a curb a check. If'atts. A short piece of cable well served, attached to a swivel on a chain, laid in a ;

sisting

just.

are those dulcet sounds in break of day,

To

BRI'DLE,

;

2.

Tliat creep into the dreainino; bridegroom's ear, 3. to marriaKe.

And siuomon him

iCt.

;

To

;

signifiying a

has the care of horses. Such a gross corruption or blimder ought not to remain a reproach to philology.] man newly married or a man about to be married. The passage of Shakspeare cited by .lolmson proves that the last defi-

mu-

as, to bridge a river. to make a passage erQCt bridges on Milton. by a bridge or bridges. BRIDG'ED, pp. Covered or furnished with a bridge. BRIDG'ING, ppr. Erecting a bridge ; building a bridge over. BRIDG'Y, a. Full of bridges. [.Vol used.]

2.

man who

nition

part of a .stringed instrument of

gun-carriage.

BRI DECHAMEER, ment.

The

over which the strings are stretched, and by which they are raised. In gunnery, the two pieces of timber which go between the two transnms of a

sic,

[bride and cake.] The is made for the guests at a 4. n.

ding cake.

A

Dust

n.

lied.

BRI'DECAKE,

Bacon.

used or suitable for making bricks. Uoodward.

Johnson. A woman new married. But the name is applied to a woman at the marriage festival, befiire she is married, as well as after the ceremony. A woman es])onsed, or contracted to be married. The case of Lewcllyn, prince of Wales. Henrifs Hist, of Britain, B. iv. ch. i. sect. 2. [This is tlie true original sense of

BRI'DEBED,

].ie'ce

Dn/den. [brick and c/oy.] Clay

;

;

ap])ropriate, to esjiouse, to marry.]

Enri/c.

Built with bricks.

A

drato t>ridge is one which is made with hinges, and may be raised or opened. Such bridges are constructed in fortifications, to hinder the passage of a ditch or moat and over rivers, that the passage of vessels need not be interrupted.

rily

Swift.

fine i>laster.

abutments.

;

dialects, that bride is prima an adjective used with the name of maid or woman, as bridegoom is the same word with the name of a man. In W. jiriawd, the root of priodas, signifies a]) priodi, to render pro|iriate, proper, fit

by the Celtic

imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on plaster, by smearing it with red Ocher and making the joints w ith an edge-tool, fdling

BRICK'BAT,

;

;

a brick. or pave with brick.s.

To

together, covered w ith planks, and called A bridge over a niarsk floating bridges. is made of logs or other tnaterials laid upon the surface of the earth. Pendent or hanging bridges are not supported by posts, but by the pecidiar structure of the frame, resting only on the

Jonson D. bruid ;

used.]

[J^'ot

;

little

;

j)osed to be a contraction of L. imbrex, n gutter-tile, from imbcr, a shower, which is

;

[Sax.bryd; Sw. brud ; Ger. braut ; Dan. brud ; Arm. pn/ed, pried priod-verch, priodns-vcrch, a bride Ir. brideog ; W. priodi o verch, to be married Ar. prietaat, to marry Corn, benen-priot, a bride-; W. priod-vnh, a bride-mab, bride goom Arm. pridoliith, wedlock. It seems,

Ma.ion.

and a

BRIDEWELL,

and make.] One

W.

tvorthy.]

Ann. brigen

\_brick

BRIDE, n.

propriately to the giver. a.

easi-

Spenser.

[JVol used.] ?i.

;

;

feast.

;

I

broken.

Brittle

[from break.]

;

BRI'BERY,

BR BE- WORTHY,

A

;

South.

n. The act or practice of giving or taking rewards for corru])t practices the act of ])aying or receiving a reward tor a false judgment, or teslimony, or for the performance of that which is known to be illegal, or unjust. It is applied both to him who gives, luid to him wlio receives the compensation, but ap-

1 [See Bridegoom.]

:

pays for

corru]it practices.

n.

n. A house of correction, for the confinement of disorderly per.sons; so called from the ))alace built near St. who makes bricks, or whose occupation Bride's or Bridget's welt, in London, w hicb was turn
ly

n.

BRICK'MAKER,

Milford. bribes, or

DEGROOM,

;

BRICKLE,

as, to bribe

One who

and earth.] Clay BRI

woi or earth used, or suitable for bricks. BRI'DEMAID, n. [bride and maid.] A kiln, man whoatterids t,n a bride at her wedding. n. [brick and kiln.] or furnace, in which bricks are baked or BRI'DEMA.N", n. [bride niul man.] A man who attends ijjion a bridegnom and bridoburnt, or a pile of bricks, laid loose, with at their marriage. I have generally heard arches undciiicath to receive the wood or these wolds jironounced bride's man and fuel. BRICK'LAYER, n. [brick and lay.] One bride's maid. whose occupation is to build witli bricks BRI'DESTAKE, n. A stake or post set in the ground to dance round. B. Jo7ison. a mason.

;

BRl'BER,

B R

1

BRICKKILN,

a chihl to take a medicine. Dryden has nscd the word in a good sense, in solemn language ; but such use is rare, and hardly legitimate. BRIBE-DEVOUR ING, a. Greedy of bribes or presents as bribe-devouring kings. ;

R

n. [brick

;

R

B and die

li.ii'bor,

iippei'

R

B

1 end drawn into a

ble contribution

I

B

I

BRIG'ANTINE,

of money for any public

or private purpose. and sceuicd to tlic bitts. The use is J^etD-England. enable a sliip, when moored, to veei Shak. J\Iar. Diet. 4. A writing in general. with the wind and tide. Bowline bridles are short legs or pieces of In music, the word, if I mistake not, is breve. written now rope, ruiuiing tln-ougli iron thimbles, by wliich th<; bowline attaches to ditlerent BRIE T'LY, adv. Concisely in few words Bacon places on the leech or edge of a large sail. Mar. Diet. BRIE'FNESS, n. Shortness conciseness Camden. ill discourse or writing. ISRt'DLE, V. t. To put on a bridle as, to bridle a horse. BRI'ER, n. [Sax. brcer ; Ir. briar, a prickle 'i. To restrain, Fr. bruijere, heath Arm. brug. The latter guide or govern to check curb or control as, to bridle the ])assions; shows this word to be from the root of " to bridle a muse." Pope. roi(.g/i.] Bridle tlie exclusions of youth. or Divig;lit 1. In general sense, a ])rickly plant BRIDLE, V. i. To holdiip the head, and shrub. Is. V. (i. Judges viii. 7 draw in the chin. 2. Ill a limited sense, the sweet-brier and reBRI'DLED, pp. Having a bridle on the wild-brier, species of the rose. strained. BRI'ER Y,«. Full of briers; rough thorny Johnson. 15RI'DLE-HAND, n. [bridle vind hrmd.] The hand which holds the bridle in riding. BRIG, the termination of names, signifies a sliip

to

;

;

;

;

R

I

[Fr. brigantin ; Ann. bringnntine ; It. brigantino ; Sp. bergtntin ; Port, barganlim ; D. berkantyn. tiu. from L. apliractum, Gr. a^jjoxroj, a vessel withiiut a deck, uncovered. It is usually derived from brigand.] [Se.^ l^>'ig-] BRIGHT, «. iii/e. [Sax. be'orht, brifit, byrhl, or bryht, clear, shining, whence beorlitnes, brightness, beorlitian, Goth, bairtiyan, to shine or be clear, or to manifest Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. Eth. to shine, or more n.

;

pna

probably, Eth.

;

(1

CU

bareali, to shine, a«

;

Eth. participle fl^iy'^ berht or bereht, corresponds exactly with the Saxon. I have not found this word in any other Teutonic or Gothic language, and the original verb is lost in the Saxon. In Sa.xon, beorhlhivite, or brihthufile, signifies a moment, the twinkling of an eye. This directs us to the primary sense of the verb the

;

;

Sidneij.

BRI'DLER, restrains

straining

n.

One

that bridles

;

an
drawing

The

bridling frown of wrinkled brows. a. [Fr. bref;

It.

whence

;

is

Thomson. 3.

i_XJj.3

4.

major,

that

is,

a

division,

Evident

;

clear; manifest to the mind, a«

hglit is to the eyes. The evidence of thi<; truth

agmen, turba houiinum from

is

fVatl.'i.

bright.

as b bright Resjilendent with charms beauty the brightest fair. Pope. Illuminated with science sparkling with wit as the brightest of men. Pope. ;

;

o.

;

wax.

made

BRIG'AND,

it

Shakspeare applies ture, sic.

A

little

to

irars,

brief authority,

to is

naau-

thority very limited. n. [ill this sense the word has been received into most of the languages of

BRIEF,"

Europe.] An epitome a short or concise writing. This is the general sense of the word, as explained by Zonaras on the council of Carthage. It was thus used as early as ;

the third century after Christ. Spelman. Ill modern times, an apostolical brief is a letter which the pojie dispatches to a jirince or other magistrate, relating to public affairs. Irifis distinguished from a bull, in being more concise, written on paper, sealed with red wax, and im|iressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a bull is more amiile, written on boat. parchment, and sealed with lead or green

A

A

i.

which

This word comes to us faraka, to break. ; from the south of Europe, and may have G. Illustrious; glorious; a.s ih& brightest pebeen introduced into Spain by the Moors. riod of a kingdom. Cotton. If this conjecture is not well founded, I 7. In popular language, ingenious ; possessword. See know not the origin of the ing an active mind. Cast. Hepi. Col. 30'84.] 8. Promising good or success ; as bright A party or division of troops, or soldiers, pros|)ects. whether cavalry or infantry, regular or Sparkling; animated; &s bright eves. It militia, commanded by a brigadier. BRIGHT-BURNING, a. Burning' with a consists of an indeterminate number of bright flame. A BRIGHTEN, regiments, squadrons, or battalions. v. t. brdn. To make bright or or ten of of horse is a eight body brigade brighter ; to make to shine ; to increase or six squadrons ; of infantry, four, five, luster. battalions, or recimeiits. 2. To make hmiiiioiis by light from withV. t. To form into a brigade, or out, or by dispelling gloom ; as, to brighten into brigades. sorrow or prospects. Philips. An n. BRIGA'DE-MAJOR, [See Major.] 3. To cheer; to make gay or cheerful. ofiicer appointed by the brigadier, to assist JUilton. Joy brightens liis crest. him in the management and ordering of 4. To make illustrious, or more distinguishhis brisade. ed as, to brighten a character. Swifl. The n. from BRIGADIE'R, brigade.] 5. To make acute or witty. Johnsnri. [Fr. general ofiicer who commands a brigade, BRIGHTEN, p. i. britn. To grow bright, wlietiier of horse or foot, and in rank or more bright to clear up ; as, the sky

;

I.

glance.

we have

;

farikon,

coincides in

elements with break.] Short concise ; it is used chiefly of language, discourses, writings and time as a brief space, a brief review of a bo(.)k.

which is, to shoot, to dart, to That this is the primary sense, evidence from the Sax. bryhtm, a derivative from brylii, and which

to shine,

Trumbull. BRIG.'V'DE, n. [Fr. bris:ade ; Sp. Port, breve; L. and Poll, brigada perhaps from Ar.

The Greek word

abridge.

town

n.

signifies a moment, that is, the time of a shoot, or darting, hke glayice.] 1. Shining; lucid ; luminous ; splendid; as a Mar. Did. bright sun or star ; a bright metal. 9. Clear ; transparent ; as liquors. It. 6n>«to

in the

brevio, to shorten, abbreBretiis, in Latin, is d.oubtless contracted from the Gr. ii^)axvi, whence to

brevis, viate.

cases, a

[from brigantine.] A vessel with two masts, square rigged, or rigged nearly like a ship's mainmast and foremast. The term however is variously apphed by the mariners of different nations.

BRIG,

chin.

BRIEF,

some

or burg.

thiuj

Milton.] re:

ppr. curbing.

bridge, or perhaps, in

one

Putting on a bridle

Holding up the head,

;i.

;

and governs.

BRI'DLING,

Encyc. In law, an abridgment of a client's case, out for the instruction of council on a tri.al at law. Encyc. Johnson. Also, a writ summoning a man to an swer to any action or any precept of the king in writing, issuing ironi any court whereby he commands a thing to be done.

BRIGADE,

;

;

next below a major-seneral. »!. [Fr. brigand; W. hrigant, a mountaineer, a iilunderer, from W. brig. a top or summit.] a lawless fellow a tree hooter .\ robber ;

brightens.

To become prospects

less

dark or gloomy

brigliten. a.

BRIGHT-EYED,

;

as,

our

Having bright eyes. Gray.

;

;

who lives by plunder, or who belongs to a BRIGHT-HAIRED, a. Having bright hair. Warliurton. liand of robbers. Milton. Cowel. BRIG'ANDAtiE, n. Theft robbery plun- BR1GHT-H.\RNESSED, a. Having glitIf'arburton. iler. Milton. In Scots law, a writ issuing from the tering armor. of this the n. [da. origin imiGHTLY, adv. brltely. Splendidly; with chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, BRIG'ANDINE, word. In Pers. praghe is a helmet.] luster. ciiiiim;inding and authorizing that judge The name has BRIGHTNESS, n. briteness. Splendor ; to call a jury to intprire into the case, and Anciently, a coat of mail. South. lu^ter ceased to be used, with the disuse of the glitter. u|)on their verdict to |)ronounc.e sentence. It consisted of thin jointed scales 2. Acuteness, apphed to the faculties; sharpthing. Encyc ness of wit; as the brightness of a man's A letter patent, from proper authority,! of plate, pliant and easy to tlic body. ;

;

;

;"!.

authorizing a pidilic collection or charita-'

Encyc.

parts.

Prim'.

,

R

B

JJRfOHT-SHiNING.a.

Spenser.

[J\iol

[from brigue.] Contentious.

a.

It. Iirigii,

[Fr. in/^ue

strife, ilisqniet

Ir.

;

; Sp. 6«g-a; hreaghean,to

deltati', to qiiarri'l.]

A

cabul II f

intrigue

;

;

contention. [LdtChaucer. Chesterfield.

faction

used.]

BRlGUK,

I.

I'.

hreeg.

To

;

BRILLIANCY, dor

;

phurous.

Splen-

BRIND'ED,

Sp.

;

;

joy, gladness, also

brillo,

brillar,

to glitter

;

britlndor,

is

irinato, spotted.] Marktabby ; having different

;

'

Milton.

colors.

j

n.

[from brind, the root of

brinded.] state of being brinded

The

;

j

spottediiess.

;

;

;

is

secondary. verb is so extensive, and incorporated into so many |ieculiar idira-^es, that it is not easy to reduce its significations within any precise limits. In general, the verb bring iin|)lies motion from a place remote, either in a literal or figura live sense. It is used with various modi lying words. To bring back is to recall, implying previous departure, either in a literal or figurative

The use'of this

[It.

with spots

Richardson. Gcr. and Dan. brilliant brillo, splendor hence Eug. BRIN'DLED, a. Spotted; variegated with brilte, a pair of s])ectacles Addison. spots of different colors. heri/l and pearl.] 1. Sparkling with luster glittering ; as a BRINF', n. [Sax. bn/ne, brine, and a burning, from brennan, to burn.] briUiant gem a brilliant dress. 2. Sj)len(lid shining; as a 6riWta?i< achieve- 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with sail, like the water of the ocean. Arment. tificial brine is used for the preservation of Washington was more solicitous to avoiJ fatal than to perform briUiant exploits. the flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, iScc. iui:ttakes, Ames. 2. The ocean or sea. Milton. BRILL'IANT, ?i. A diamond of the finest 3. Tears, so called from their saltness. cut, formed into angles, so as to refract the Shak. more which it is rendered brine is light, hy glit- Leach brine which drops from corned Dn/den. Encijc. salt in drying, which is preserved to be tering. "3. In the manege, a brisk, high-spirited horse, boiled again. Encyc. with a stately carriage. Encyc. BRINE, i\ t. To steep in brine, as corn to BRILL'IANTLY, «
by custom, and other

Habit brings us to relish things at first disagreeable; reflection brings u man to his senses, and whether the pro-

;

;

a.

BRIN'DLE,

1

cau.scs.

'

ed

a. brillant, .sparkling, [Fr. to sliine or sparkle ; It. hril-

hriller,

lanlt, sparkling

tipsey

[Sec BrUliitnt.]

it

cojitaining

Hurd. great brightness.

jiflitter;

BRILL'IANT, from

n.

BRIM'STONY,

to solicit.

[Lillle Mserf.]

R

effected

cess is slow or rapid, the sense of the verb the same. To inng- to the mind any thing before and forgotten, is to recall ; but the sense of bring is the same. Hooper. JVicholson. a. Full of brimstone, or The primary sense is to lead, draw or cause to come ; tlie sense oi' reserabhng brimstone sulconveying or bearing

;

canva.ss

is

process

of volcanoes. It is an ingredient in a vaThe sidphur riety of minerals and ores. of commerce is procured from its natural beds, or artiticially extracted from pyrites.

Puller.

used.] n. hrerf^.

HRiGUE,

B

I

electric by heat and friction, ft is found, in great quantities, and sometimes pure, in the neighborhood

comes negatively

Shining with splen-

dor.

BRIGO'SE,

R

B

I

!

sense.

;

;

;

;

by

horse.

BRIM,

n.

bramme

I.

bnjmm

[Sa.\.

Sw. brum; Dan.

;

probably the extent or extreme.] The rim, lip or broad border of any vessel or other thing as the brim of a hat, or of a vcs.sel. The upper edge of a vessel, whether broad or not ; as the brim of a cup or ;

I.

BRI'NE-PIT,

4.

verge.

BRIM,

V.

t.

;

well

:

the

known

;

Ifarner. [.Ynt in use.] till to the brim, u|)per edge,

To

or top.

BRIM,

Milton.

V. i.

To be

full

BRIM'MING,

A

draw

a.

Mdison.

bowl

the top. Dri/den. Full to the top or brim full to

;

as a brimming pail. Dn/den. BRIM'STONE, n. [Sax. brrjue, coinbu,stion, and stone, burn-stone, or burning stone. See

Brand and Burn.]

a hard, brittle, imflanimahle substance, of a lemon yellow color, which has no ginell, unless heated, and which be

Sulphur

;

and spring.]

pret. and Sw. bringa

A

Encyc.

t.

pp. brought.

[Sax.

n

is

;

to.

-I.

about, to bring to pass ; to effect ; to bring to the desired ;

accomplish

issue. fruit

to

is

forth also,

;

produce, as young or

to bring to light to disclose. ;

make manifest To bring forward,

;

;

that

tlian to I)c

jiiat.

To

attract or draw along. In distillation the water brings over widi it another substance. To cause to come ; to cause to [iroceeil fiotn a distant place, in company, or at the same time as, to bring a boat over a river ; to bring a horse or carriage ; to bring a ;

is,

advance

to cause to

[)roduce to view. To bring in, to import

to introduce

to to

;

to liear

:

fi'oni a remote place within a certain precinct ; to place in a ])articular condition; to collect things dispersed to reduce ;

within the limits of law and goverinnent ; to produce, as income, renter revenue; to induce to join &.c. To bring off, to bear or convey fi-om a dis;

tant place, as to bring off men from an isle also, to procure to be acquitted ; to clear from condemnation to cause to es;

;

cape. To bring 071, to cause to begin, as to bring on an action also, to originate or cause to exist, as to bring on a disease also, to bear or convey from a distance, as to bring on a quantity of goods also, to attend, or to aid in advancing, as to bring ;

;

;

Ins

way.

To bring

over, to bear across, as to bring over dispati-hes, to bring over passengers

in a boat

:

also,

means

or other

;

to convert by persuasion to draw to a new party ;

cause to change sides, or an opinion. To bring out, to expose to detect to bring to light from concealment ;is, to bring out an accomplice or his crimes. To bring under, to subdue to repress to restrain to reduce to obc
:

;

;

;

Nothing brings a man more honor invariably 3.

to

To bring

one on

not radical.]

To fetch ; to bear, convey or lead from a distant to a nearer place, or to a person ; as, bring me a book from the shelf; bring me a morsel of bread. In this sense, it is opposed to carry, and it is applied to the pei'son bearing or leading, in opposition to .^ending or transmitting by another. 2. To produce; to procure as a cause; to

Philips. ;

n.

;

briggan, that

to the brim.

a. [brim ami full. ^ Full to the top completely full as a glass brimful ; a heart brimful of tears. n. Fulness to the top. BRIM'FULNESS, Shak. [.Vo< used.] BRIM'LESS, a. Having no brim.

BRIM'MER,

[brine

Dan. bringer ; D. ; G.bringen ; Goth, briggun. VV'e see by brought, D. bragt, and the Gothic

BRIM'FUL, ;

brine-

in the 1.

Dntijton.

celebrated.

V.

bringan brengen

;

BRIiM,n. [Sax. bn/mc.] Public

A

spring of salt water.

BRLVG,

The top of any liquor the edge or that next the border at the top. The feet of the priests were dipped brim of the water. Josh. iii. The edge or brink of a fountain

aiul pit.]

[brine

BRI'NE-SPRING, n.

glass. 3.

n.

pan, or a salt spring tVom which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. Encyc.

;

To bring

;

;

;

;

to feed and clothe to form the manners, and furnish the mind with The i)lirase may conqjreknowledge. hend all these particidars. Also, to introduce to practice, as to bring up a fashion or ceremony also, to cause to advance near, as to bring up forces, or the body of reserve also, to bear or convey upwards.

struct

;

;

;

cargo of dry goods. 5. To cause to come to a point, by moral In navigation, to cast anchor. influence; used of the mind, aud implying previous remoteness, aversion, alienation, To bring down, to cause to come down or disagreement as, to bring the mind to also, to humble or abase, as to bring down assent to a proposition or to bring a man high looks. to terms, by persuasion or argument. In To bring to, in navigation, to check the course this sense, it is nearly equivalent to of a ship, by arranging the sails in such a persuade, prevail upon, or induce. The same manner, that thev shall counteract each :

;

;

;

R

B

2.

The plirase is is then said to lie to. used also in applying a rope to the cap She

by the lee, to incline so rapidly to leeward of the conrse, when a ship sails large, as to hring the lee side suddenly to the windward, and by laying the sails aback, expose her to the danger of over

To bring

settuig.

Mar. Diet. brings, or con-

One who

n.

veys to. Bringer in, the person who introduces. Bringer tip, an instructor; one who feeds, clothes, and educates ; also, one who is in Ascham. the rear of an army.

To

raise the

head and

B R O as in anger 2.

strut,

or defiance as, a man bristles up to another. In this sense the word is common in the U. States, but generally pronounced

3.

brustle.

4.

;

Stan.

URING'ER,

R O

B

I

and keep her nearly stationary

otlicr,

A musical

mstrimient played by turning a handle. Johnson. A clasp or small utensil to fasten a vest. [See Brooch.] A start of the head of a young stag. Johnson,

BRIS'TLE-SHAPED, a. [bristle am] shape.] Of the thickness and length of a bristle, as BROACH, a

leaf.

Martyn.

BRIS'TLY,

Thick

a. bris'ty.

set vvitli bris-

or with hairs like bristles

rough. Bacon. .species of or catch fiy. Lychnis, bachelor's button Fam. of Plants BRISTOL-STONE, n. Rock crystal or crystals of quartz, found in a rock near the tles,

BRIS TOL-FLOWER,

n.

V.

t.

to thrust or

[W. prociaw,

stab.] 1.

;

2.

A

3.

To

with a spit. Shak. Hakeudll. To tap to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor ; hence, to let out. Hudibras. To open, as a store. [ Unxisual.] spit

to pierce as

;

;

Knolles.

To

to give out to publish fu'st ; to public what was before unknown ; n. The water of a as, to broach an opinion. persuading causing to come. Swift. BRING'ING FORTH, n. Production. warm spring near the city of Bristol in To broach to, in navigation, to incUne sudShak. Jlsh. denly to windward, so as to lay the sails Encyc. England. brine a. Like oraback and to the fish BRI'NISH, BRIT, n. [from brine.'\ expose the Vessel danger probably a dift'ereiu saltisli. of o\ersetting. Mar. Diet. Carew. salt; somewhat salt tliOgra|)hy of ire/, or burt. BRI'NISHNESS, n. Saltness the quaUty BRITAN'NIC, a. Pertaining to Britain or BROACHED, pp. Spitted tapped opened ; uttered first of being saltish. pubhshed. in its present use, to Great Britain. It is n. BRINK, n. [Dan. Sw. brink ; W. bi-yneyn spit one who broaches, applied almost exclusively to the title of BROACHER, Ir. breach, bruach ; from break.] In opens or utters a first publisher. the king ; as his Britannic Majesty. The edge, margin or border of a steep i)lace, the Encyclopedia, article Jlrgo Mtvis, it Dryden. UEstrange. hrawd. [Sax. brad; Sw. bred; as of a precipice, or the bank of a river. is applied to catxdogue, the Britannic cat- BROAD, a. D. breed ; Ger. breit ; Dan. breed, broad ; BRI'NY, a. [from brine.] Pertaining to alogue. Arm. brudi, brudein, to publish. This brine, or to the sea partaking of the nan. [G. britsche, a club or mace.] the BRITCH, as a briny taste word and spread seem to be formed on the ture of brine ; salt The large end of a cannon or of a musket or to open, expand, spread ; root briny flood. Dryden. .Mdison. the club or thick ]iart of the stock of a the same be of a. word in to L. a root of extenBRISK, [This may Syr. go, gradior musket or other fire arm. sive use.] family with yrjsA, and fresh, which see. extended in breadth, or from side W. brysg, from brys, quick brysiaw, to BRITCII', V. t. To fasten with britcliing. 1. Wide n. strong rope, fastened to side, as distinguished from long, or exhasten, coinciding with press ; from W, BRITCH'ING, to the cascabel or pummelion of a cannon, See Rttsh.] tended from end to end. It is opposed to rhys, a rushing. by a thimble, and clinched to ring bolts in narroiv ; as a broad street a broad fable. 1. Lively; active; nimble gay; sprightly; the ship's side, to prevent it from recoiling vivacious Dryden. Temple. applied to animals ; as a brisk Mar. Diet. 2. Wide extensive ; vast ; as the broad extoo much in battle. young man a brisk horse. as To he or become v. i. or 2. Full of spirit or life ; BRIGHT, BRITE, effervescing, panse of ocean. as a broad iriixture of falsehood. over ripe, as wheat, barley or hops. 3. Large liquors; as brisk c}'dcr. Johnson. Liockc. 3. Lively burning freely as a brisk fire. clear ; not covered, confined or 4. Vivid as, a glass makes an ob bright [I know not that this word is used in the U. 4. Open 6mA:. JVewton. as in broad sunshine. concealed [JVot used.] Stales.] ject appear as broad mirth broad coarse BRISK IIP, V. t. To make lively to enlito Great Britain 5. Gross a.

BRING'ING, joyjr. Bearing to; conveying

city

;

of Bristol

in

England.

4.

utter

;

;

make

BRISTOL-WATER,

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

rm

in

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BRIT'ISII,

;

ven

to animate.

;

Pertaining

;

;

nonsense. Pope. Dryden. It is sometimes applied 6. Plain tending to obscenity ; as a broad language of the Welsh. to take an erect, or bold attitude. comment. Dn/den. speed n. A native of Britain. BRITON, not delicate not reserved ; as broad 7. Bold BRISK'ET, )t. [Qu. Fr.6rcc7ie(.] The breast BRITON, a. British. Spenser. Shak. of an animal or that part of the breast that BRITTLE, a. words. [Sax. brittan, brytan, to The fore part of the lies next to the ribs. 8. Comprehensive. W. Dan. break; Sw.bryla; bryder, iil.; neck of a horse, at the shoulder down to It may be urged that the words in the cona Sam. ni3; A'\S;Ch. Irarf, the fore legs. breaking stitution are broad enough to include the case. Bailey. D. Daggett, Wheaton's Rep. BRISK'LY, adv. Actively vigorously w ith life and spirit. Ar. c. vi Syr. Z. va H<='^- "•"'3. fopart, to Broad as Boyle. Ray. long, equal upon the whole. in acJi. Liveliness BRISK'NESS, vigor L'Estrange. break. See Part.] effertion quickness gayety vivacity )!. [broad and ax.] Formerly, South. Dn/den Easily broken, or easily breaking short, with- BROAD-AX, vescence of liquors. In modern usage, an a military weapon. rent from the or loose ;

BRISK

UP,

V.

To come up

i.

with

life

or

and

inhabitants.

its

to the

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

BRIS'TLE, Svv. borst

G.

borste,

Dan.

n.

liris'l.

iJ.

;

[Sax. brisU, and byrst a bristle, a biush

borstel,

bristle

bryster,

;

;

;

;

to

,

;

borslen, to bristle u]) strut. The sense is, a ;

;

shoot.] 1.

The

stiff glossy hair of swine, especially growing on the back, used for makinj similar hair on other animals. .species of pubescence on plants, in forn

that

brushes 2.

A

of stiff roundish i>.

/.

BRIT'TLENESS, fragility "

erect in bristles

;

to erect

n.

opposed

to

Aptness to break toughness and tena-

defiance or anger, like a swine as, t Shak. the crest. fix a bristle ; as, to bristle a thread. Johnson. BRIS'TLE, V. i. To rise or stand erect as, the hair bristles. Dryden ;

city.

Boyle.

[See Brfeje.]

;

a peg

To

;

;

BROACH, n. [Fr. broehe, a spit, W. proc, a thrust, a stab quill

bristle

2.

;

Martyn. BRIZR,n. Thegadfly.

hair.

To

;

;

;

;

BRIS'TLE, in

out splinters parts not tdugh or tenasubstance fragile as brittle stone or glass. cious Arbuthnot. BRIT'TLELY, adv. In a brittle maimer. Sherwood.

drill, "a

1.

;

;

brocciare, to prick

tack.

]ioiiued thing.] spit, and in

It

;

ax

for

hewing timber.

BROAD-BACKED,

[broad and back.] JBarlow. [broad and biota.]

a.

Having a broad back.

BROAD-BLOWN,

a.

Shak.

Full blown.

BROAD-BREASTED,

a.

Having a broad

Ijreast.

BROAD-BRBIINIED,

a.

[broad and brim.]

Bramslon.

Having a broad brim.

BROAD-CAST,

n. [broad uud ea.'sl.] Among farmers, a casting or thmwing seed from brocco, the hand for dispersion in sowing. broca, a adv. BROAD-CAST, By scattering or throw-

faucet or It.

S)).

denotes a shoot, a sharp

A some parts of the English dominions, an awl, and a bodltin. Encyc.

ing at large from

tlic

hand

;

as, to

sow

broad-cast.

BROAD-CVST,

a.

Cast or dispersed upon

B R O

a wide

\

[broad and eye.] Having as broad-tyed day. Shak.

a.

lew or survey

;

Having a broad liont amilitd to cattle. Chapman. BROAD-HORNED, a. Having large horns

BROAD-f'RONTED,

a.

;

Huloit

BROAD'ISH,

Rather broad.

a.

BROAD-LEAVED, BROAD-LEAFED,

2.

)

"'

[broad and

BROADLY, BROADNESS,

;

n.

lea/.]

extent from

[broad and

piece'.]

[This word is little used, at least in Amer; and English writers seem to have used

ica

;i

BROKE, pret. an
BROKEN,

Owen.] an animal of the genus Ursus, badger found in the northern parts of Europe and In Ir. Asia. The Russians call it barsuk. ;

breeh

shoidder.]

Broad across

a. tlie

[broad and shoulders. Spectator.

BROAD-SIDE, [broad and side.] A dis chaige of all the giuis on one side of aship above and below, at the same time. Mar. Did 2. The side of aship, above the water, from Mar. Diet. the how to the (piarter. 3. In printing, a sheet of paper containin one large page, or printed on one side

BROG'GLE,

oidv.

-/Ish.

BROAD-SPREADING,

a.

Johiison.

Spreadmg wideShak.

ly.

BROAD-SWORD,

[broad and sword.] A sword with a broad blade, and a cuttingJlsh. Wiseman. edge. BROAD-TAILED, a. Having a broad tail. n.

V. i.

To

fish for eels.

1.

brog.

[Ir.

3.

is one which is so weakened in her frame as to droop at each end. Mar. Diet.

" Clouted brogues," in Shaks])eare, signify shoes whose soles are stud-' ded with nails, or clouts. A cant word for a corrupt dialect or manner of pronunciation. Farquhar. Brogues is used by Shenstone for breeches) from the Irish brog.

a. and [break Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. adv. In a broken interrupted manner without a regular series.

heart.]

;

BRO'KENNESS, ken 2.

BROID, V. To BROID'ER, V.

braid. Obs. [See Braid.] t. [Fr. broder ; Sp. and Port.i bordar, to embroider; Arm. brouda, to prick t.

|

;

mix, confound, embroil

and other ornaments.

BROCA'DED, 8.

a.

mult

En eye. Span. Diet. Woven or worked, as bro

cade, with gold and silver. Drest in brocade.

verb, Roil. tate.

the Conus s;eographicus. C'yc. CAGE,^t.' [See Broke, Broker.] The premium orcommission of a broker; or derived from the gain profit transacting business for other men, as brokers, either in a good or bad sense. Spenser.

BRO 1.

;

It.

is

To

V.

from

[Qu. Fr.

t.

hruler.

1

beheve

agitate with heat

;

to dress or

cook oven

but more generally' 2. The hire given for any unlawful office. Dryden. upon a gridiron over coals. Bacon. BROIL, I', i. To be subjected to the aclioui to be! 3. The trade of a broker ; a dealing hi old of heat, like meat over the fire things. greatly heated or to sweat with heat. Shak. Where have you been broiling? 4. The business of a broker ; the transactions of connnercial business, as buying BROIL'ED, pp. .\gitated or dressed by heat. and selling, for other men. [See Broke, BROIL'ER, ji. One that excites broils; that which dresses by broiling. Broker.] 5. The act of pimping. ^ish. BROIL'ING, ppr. Agitating by heat sweat;

;

BRO €ATEL. BROCATEL'LO,

)

"' ^

[Sp. brocafel,]

A

;

cal-

carious stone or spe-

to

Insurance-brokers, whose business is procure the insurance of vessels at sea

or

bound on a voyage.

3.

or generally carried on by the same person. One who deals in old household goods. Johnson. A ])imp or procurer. Shak. Johnson. [In the two latter senses, tlie word, I believe, is never used in America, unless ia cant

language.] ji. The fee, reward or foi:, transacting business as a broker. Anderson's Comm.

BRO-^KERAgE,

commission given or charged

BRO'KERLY, BRO'KERY,

a.

ji.

ing-

BROKE,

their employers.

who are employed to buy

In the U. States, the business of a stockbroker and an insurance-broker is often

tliis' I

coals, before the fire

short

4.

;

broiiillcr.]

Having

property deposited in pledge.

bruler.]

contention; dis-l cord, either between individuals or in the Gran ville.state. Shak.

BROIL,

Encyc. a.

the stocks, whether of the public funds, of banks or of other corporations. 3. Pawn-brokers, who make it their business to lend money ujion pawns, that is,

From this brogliare, to embroil. we have roil, to distiu-b, as lees. Seej The primary sense is, to stir, to agi-t It may be allied to trail'/ and thel

tumult; a noisy quarrel

A

2. Stock-brokers, sell shares in

and

broitiJler, to^ broglia, tu-,

;

French

Johnson.

BRO€ADE-SHELL, n. The trivia! name of A

exchange and notify

Ticket.

from

[Fr. broiiiUerie,

u-ind.]

transacts other business lor his employers. Brokers are of several kinds. 1. Exchange-brokers, who make and conclude bargains for others in matters of money or merchandize, learn the rate of

',

Embroider.]

and

merchants to make and conclude bargains for them, for a fee or rate per cent., or who

I

n.

[break

breath, as a horse.

;

BROIL,

»!.

BRO'KER, n. [from broke.] 1. An agent or negotiator, who is eiuployed by

;

book.]

of being bro;

ing fatigue.

;

to

state

;

A maker of brogues. BRO'KENWINDED, Johnson)

D. bordnuren, to embroider W. brodiaw)' make compact, to darn, to embroider brwyd, a broach, an embroidering frame.] 'in arfr. To adorn with figmes of needle work. BROAD-WISE, wise.] [broad A ro()e, a ^ro/dt^ef/ codt, and a girdle. Exod. the direction of the breadth. Boyle. BROCA'DE, n. [Sp. brocado ; probably from BROID'ERER, n. One that embroiders. broche, the instrument used in embroidery BROID'ERY, n. Embroidery; ornamental needle work wrought upon cloth. [See so Fr. brochure, a pamphlet or stitched Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or raised and enriched with flowers, foliage

A

disease in horses, often accompanied with a preternatural enlargement ol" the lungs and heart, which disables them from bear-

Sandys.

mi

n.

unevenne.«s. ('ontrition as brokenness of heart. ;

BRO KENWIND,

i

n.

rupturSandys.

ed belly.

BROKEN-HEARTED,

Hakeivill.

bouse.] A shoe.

BR0GUE-3IAKER,

broken-backed

a shoe, a

irog-,

,

2.

A

BRO'KEN-BELLIED,a. Having a

;

n.

;

;

a.

BROKENLY,

[JVot

used.]

BROGUE,

n.

;

ship

?!.

;

BROAD-SHOULDERED,

o{ break. of break, bro'kn. Partrent asunder infirm

BROKEN-BACKED,

a woli', a wild

is

pp.

ed by violeiK^e m.ide bankrupt.

to grunt.

A BROCK'ET,

in a low sense.]

it

broc,

;

A

;

I

n.

Mean; servile. The business of a

Jonson. broker.

j

I',

i.

[Sax. brucan, to use, employ,!

;

;

[Sax. broc ; Ir. broc ; Corn, id a badger, and noise, din, tunudt,i foam, anger broi^i, to chafe, fume, wax fierce, from rhoc, a rough soimd ; rhocain,

W.

fructus, fruit

To

sprouts; Fr.

orthography of broach.

BROCK,

whence

Gr. itfo.'jau, «|)o|u, npay^a. See Practice.] transact business for another in trade to act as agent in buying and selling, and other coimiiercial business to transact business by an agent. Bacon. ShaJc.

J^ewman's Sp. Diet.

[It. broceolo,

savage and a hadger.l [See Brock.] A red deer! two years old. Bailey writes this irocA or piece of gold coin broader than a guinea The French write it brocard. brocket. Encyc. BROAD-SEAL, n. The great seal of Eng BRO'DEKIN, n. [Fr. brodequin.] A busland as a verb, not used. kin or half boot. Echard. n.

;

A variety of cabbage or Brassica. BROCHE, the true, but not the common

side to side; coarseness; grossness; fidsoineness. Dri/dcn.

BROAD-PIECE,

;

;

brocoli.]

broad Woodward.

Breadth

n.

fruor, for frucor,

of

silk.

Encyc.

Having

^

adv. In a broad manner.

henjp and

BROceOLI,

Rvssel.

leaves.

Ihurcroy. j\/'icholso7i. Sp. DictJ A kind of coarse brocade, used chiefly fori Newman says it is made of: tapestry.

enjoy; to eat or chew ; to brook to profit; broce, use ; brec, use, gain bryce, gain, profit, i'ruh,fructus ; a violation, or breaking Sw. bruka ; G. brauchen ; Dan. bniger ; I), gebruiken, to use or employ; L.

cies of marble, composed of fragments four colors, white, gray, yellow and red.

.

BROAD-EYED,

B R O

R O

B

the ground with the hand, as seed in sowing; oi)posed to planting in hills or rows. BROAD-€LOTII, ?!. A species of woolen cloth, so called from its breadth. BROADEN, V. i. brawd'n. To grow broad. Thomson [ Unusurd. ]

JVot used.]

Hall.

R O

B

B R O

R O

B and semi-metallic that of bronze.

BROOK,

to

[Sax. hrdcan, to i;.vp, einj)loy or perform, to eat or chew breecan, brcDiet. broker can, to break; Gr. |3pi';tu, to eat, to grind BROJIE, 71. [Gr. j3pu/jo?, fcptor.] A li- Bronzite is regarded by Cleaveland as a the of teeth.] diallage. subspecies quid oCa deep red-brown color, very volaill smell, obtained from BROOCH, n. broche. [Slav, obrutsh, or ob- Literally, to chew or digest, as the Fr. digetile, and having an

Transacting business as a Shak. practical by brokers.

BRO'KING, ppr. ;

the motlirr-watcr of salt-works, and from flie lixivia of the ashes of sea plants, by It treating these solutions with clilorine. has three times the density of water. journ. of Science.

BROME-GRASS, BRON€H'IAL,

n.

a.

A

1.

(ipoyjro;,

the

w

It

rir.

is

S.

With

all

;

young

as,

Dri/den.

A

BROOK-LIME,

n. [brook and lime.) plant, a species of Veronica, called becabunga, with blue flowers in loose lateral

Encyc.

s])ikes.

BROOK-MINT.

BROOK -WEED,

jewel. nainte's, a paintins

;

Hooker.

round, \\\l\\ a tongue crossing diameter, sometimes with two tongues formerly was used in England, as it was in America, and is still in the highlands ofj Scotland. Encyc.

A

Hence, ;

It

iiid-

t.

To bear to endure to support men cannot brook restraint.

as formerly usually made of

shirt,

its

pipe.] Belonging to the broncliia, or rami- 2. fications of the winfl-pipe in the lungs

The

of a

silver, often

Bromus. Muhttnberg

V.

;

ruch, a ring, a circle, a bracelet.] An ornamental utensil for fastening the vest, or the bosom used in America.

plant, the

[Gr.

approaching

luster,

The water

)!.

A

n.

mint.

water \»mMuhlenberg.

plant,

liernel, the Samolus.

of onecolor.

bronchial arteries are branches of the Diet. BROOK'Y, a. Abounding with brooks. superior descending aorta accompanying Dyer. BROOCH, n. t. To adorn or furnish with the bronchia, or branches of the trachea. D. hrem,braam ; Slink. BROOM, n. [Sax. brum; brooches or jewels. Bronchial glands, glands at the division of Ir. brum. This is the simple root of bramand 1'. i. BROOD, [Sax. brod, a brood Core. the bronchia. Qiiinci). ble.] broedan, bredan, to dilate or extend, to BRONClI'l€, a. The same as bronchial. plant of several species, called dyer's D. broeden, 1. to dividge, to spread BRON€H'OCELE, n. [Gr. lifoyxo^, the warm, weed, being used by dyers to give a yelbrut Ger. briiten, to bioofl to brood wind-pipe, and xr^T-r;, a tumor.] low color, broom, green wood, or An enlarged thyroid gland a tumor on the brood W. bru-d, warm brydiaw, to warm. wood waxen,dyers dwarf iroom, all belonging The sense is, to tvarni, or to cover, to spread fore part of the neck, called goiter ; tl to the genus Genista. Broom rape\>- Oroover.] Derbyshire neck. Quincy. Coxc. To sit on and cover, as a fowl on her eggs hanchc, and with large purple fliwers, BRONCIIOT'OMY, n. [Gr. lip^xoi, the 1. for Lathrern. Fam of Plants. the ]inrpose of warming them and and a routj, cutting.] wind-pipe, Broomis a species of Spartium, and An incision into the wind jiipe or larynx, be- hatching chickens, or as a hen over her Spanish Butcher''s broom is the Riiscus. to warm and protect them. chickens, tween the rings called also tracheotomy, besom, or brush with a long handle for on to spread over, as with wings Coxe. 2. To sit (^iiinci). so called from l>eing sweeping floors as, to sit brooding over the vast abyss. In BROND, n. sword. [See Bra.n'il.] originally made of tlie broom-plant. Milton. BRONTOL'OtiY, n. [Gr. jSpoir,, thunder, 3. To remain a America, brooms are made of the fops of in or solong time anxiety aiifl >.oyo5, iliscourse.] broom-corn, or of some species of wood A discourse or dissertiition upon thunder, licitous thought to have the mind nnin- sphntered, chiefly ash. The latter speferruptedly dwell a long time on a subcies of broom is tinnished by the natives containing an explanation of its cause;: ject as, the miser broods over his gold. and phenomena. of the coimtry. The original broom, made Encyc. Drijden BRONZ, I "• [Fr. bronze; Arm. bromz: 4. To mature any thing with care. Bacon. of slirubsor twigs, is still used in stables. BROOM. |Sce Br<:«m.] Ii It. bronzo ; Sp. bronce. BRONZE, I V. t. To sit over, cover and cherish BROOD, BROOM'€ORN, n. [broom and corit.] Ital. bronzino is sun burnt. It may take its as, a hen broods her cliickens. name from its color, from burn, brown.] species of Holcus or Guinea-corn, with a 2. To cherish. 1. A compound of copi)er and tin, to which jointed stem, like a reed, or the stem of throne. You'll brood your sorrows on maize, rising to the highth of eight or ten other metallic substances are sometime; Jh'yden. feet, bearing a head of which brooms are added, especially zink. It is brittle, hard made. and sonorous, and used for statues, bells BROOD, n. [Sax. brod.] Offspring proge a ship. ny formerly used of human beings in el and cannon, the [iroportioiis of the respec[See Bream.] egant works, and we have brother, from BROOM'LAND, n. [broom a\\(\ land.] Land tive ingredients being varied to suit tht but it is now more generally this word Mortimer. A''icholson. ]iroi!ucing broom. particular jmrposes. Encyc. used in contcnjpt. BROOM'RAPE, n. [See Broom.] 2. .\ color pre[)ared tor the pur|)ose of iuiithe young birds hatched at BROOM'STAFF, ? 2. A hatch an(\ Stick.] of the [See Staff two bronze, kinds, tating yellow once as a brood of chickens or of ducks. BROO!M'STICK, ^ The staflT or handle and the red. The yellow is made of fine bred species generated .3. That which is Shak. Su^ft. of a broom. copper-dust; the red, of copper-dust with that which is produced. BROOM'Y, a. Full of broom containing a little pulverized red oclier. Encyc. Addison .Mortimer. broom. Lj hia".< broods of poison. Swijl. 3. Among aniicjuaries, any figm-e of men, 4. The actof covering the eggs, or of broodBROTH, n. brauth. [Sax. iro//i ; It. brndo ; beasts, urns, or other piece of sculpture, Shak. ing. [Unusual.] ir. broth : S|>. brodto: Ir. bruifhim, to boil. which the ancients made ol' bronze. with the Covered BROOD'ED, pp. wings; Qu. D. brnaden, to roast W. bnth, a stirEncyc. cherished. ring cr tunudt.] 4. Any statue or bust cast of bronze, whethBROODING, ppr. .Sitting on; covering 1. Liquor in which flesh is boiled and maer original or a copy of an ant)(|ue. and warming; ilwelliiig on with anxiety. cerated, usually with rice and herbs, or Encyc BROOD'Y, a. In a state of sitting on eggs some ingredient to give it a better relish. 5. Among medalists, any copper medal. for hatching; inclined to sit. {Unusual.] 2. In .America, the word is often apjilied to ;

A

:

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

.

A

;

:i

;

BROOMING

;

;

"

;

;

:

;

;

;

Ray. i\ t. To imitate bronze, by means of copi)er-dust or leaf fastened on the out side, as gold-leaf is in gilding. Ena/c. 2. To harden, or make like brass. Yonng. BRONZ'ING, ppr. Imitating bronze. BRONZ'ING, 71. The act or art of imitating bronze, by means of copper-iUist or

BRONZE,

leaf.

Encyc

BRONZ'ITE,

A

?(. [frf)m njineral bronze.] called by Ilady diallage melallo'idr, nearly to Labrador hornblend, or hyper

allied

stcne.

It

has a vellovvish brown coloi

n. [Sax. broc, or hrooc. As the sense is a stream or flowing, it may be the D. broek, G. bruch, a marsh, and allied to Gr. fn'ix'^, or ,i3pvw, to rain, to p
BROOK,

brec,

A

Tliymbrius.] small natural stream of water, or a current flox\ingfrom a spring or tiumtain l(s> than a river. In some |)arts of America run is n;ed in a like sense lint run is also applied to larger streams than brook. ;

foaming water, and especially to a mixtine of snow and water in tlie highways which is called snoic-broth. BROTHEL, n. [A dialectical orthography oi'bordel, which .see.] A house of lewdness; a house appropriated to the purposes of prostitution

house

;

;

a

bawdy

a stew.

BROTII'ELER,

?!.

One

that

frequents

brothels.

BROTH'EL-HOrSE, jBROTH'ELRY,

)i.

n.

A

brothel.

Luwdness

; obscenity. Hall. Jonsov.

R O

B BROTHER,

brothers

plii.

1.

;

frater

Gr.

;

4'pa"'7p,

t('"7up

boradar; Corn,

bnnvd

;

Sam.

Ir.

^.i 5j.j

tirnthair

fcrerfar; a/ir«( ; Fr. frire,

W

;

2.

from L. 3.

4.

joy or surprize. Hence, to knit the brows, is to frown. Encyc. The hair that covers the brow forming an arch, called the eve brmv. The forehead. Hence, the general air of the coimtenance. Shak. Holler. The edge of a steep place, as the brink of a river or precipice as the brmo of a in

3.

rents only is called a half-hmther, or Blackstone. brother of the hall'blood. Any one closely imited an associate as a band of brothers.

Bacon.

One that He th.it

is

him

a {jreat waster.

that

is

resembles another slodilul in liis work

in

manners.

is

brother to

Proverbs

.wiii.

applied to a

is

Persons of the .same profession call each other brother, as judges, clergymen, j)rofessors of religion, members of societies

common

united in a

monks and

cause,

the

n.

BROWN-SPAR,

n.

A

brown

color.

Sidney.

Pearl spar, or sidero-

calcite.

Ure. n. [hroim and study.] dull thoughttulness; med-

BROWN'-STL'DY, Gloomy study;

itation directed to

no certain object. JVorris.

BROWN'- WORT,

n. [frroum

and icort.]

A

plant, prunella.

Kings give

each other the

to

title

of

Clergymen address their congregations hy the title of bretliren. In a more genesense,

man

brother or brethren

is

used for

men

being children of general the same primitive ancestors, and forming one race of beings. Brother-german is a brother by the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only. in

all

;

Encyc.

BROTH'ERHOOD, The

»!. [brother and hood.] state or quality of being a brother.

Lorke.

An

of men

as.«ociation

as a society of monks

;

for any purpose, a fraternity.

Da vies.

A

The

n.

Bailey.

The branch

of a deer's horn next the tail. Ena/c. BROW'-BEAT, v. t. [brow and beat.] To dei)ress or bear down witli haughty, stern looks, or witli arrogant speech and dog matic assertions or in general to bear down by impudence. BEATEN, pp. Overborne by mi2.

;

BROW

ppr. Overbearing with severe brows, stern looks, or positive as-

class of men

of the same kind, profesAddison.

sion, or occupation.

BROTH'ERLESS,

a.

Without a brother.

BROTH'ERLIKE,

a.

Shak. Becoming a brother. Shak.

BROTH'ERLOVE,

n.

Brotherly affection. Shak.

n. A bearing down with stern looks, supercilious manners, or

BROWBEATING,

confident assertions.

BROWBOUND,

a. [broiv and bound. having the head encircled as Shak. BROW'LESS, a. Without shame.

Crowned

;

a diadem.

Mdison.

BROW'-POST, builders, a

n.

beam

[brow and post] Among that goes across a build-

ing.

BROW-SICK, ed

;

BROWSE,

V. t. s as :. [Gr. 3puaxu, to eat or browse, f3p«(»{, food, but probably these worils may be from sprouts ; Arm. iroitz, brouez, or liroust, sprouts, buds Fr. brout, ;

brouter

Arm.

;

a.

[brow and sick]

hanging the head.

growth

;

tobrowze.

W.

brwys, luxin-iant rhwys, vigor, luxuriance, wanton;

ness.] cat the

To

ends of branches of trees and shrubs or the young shoots, as cattle, or deer. Spenser. Shak.

BROWSE,

as z. To feed on the tenshoots of shrubs and sheep and goats. Arbuthnot. Shak. brows. The tender branches

V. i.

s

Encyc. Deject-

[JVot used.]

trees, as cattle,

BROWSE,

D. bruin ; Ger. braun ; Dan. bruun ; Fr. brun ; Sp. and It. bruno ; from the verb, to bum.] Dusky of a dark or dusky color, inclining to redness ; but the shatles are various, as Spanish brown, London brmvn, clove broum tawny brotni. Brotmi residts from a mixtine of red, black and yellow. Kincayi. BROWN, V. t. To make* brown or dusky. a.

[Sax. bntn

;

;

A trembling

twilight o'er the welkin moves, Bromiis the dim void, and darkens deep the Barlow. groves.

n.

or twigs of trees and thrub.s, fit for the food of cattle and other animals. BROWvS'ING, ppr. s as :. Feeding on branches, shrubs, or shoots of trees. A new vegetable alkali, exBRU'CIA, } tracted from the bark of BRU'CINE, S the false angustura. Ure. BRU CITE, n. A mineral, the chondrodite of Berzelius, which sometimes occurs in or sometitnes grains imperfect crystals, in four-sided prisms with rhombic bases. It is so named from the late Dr. Bruce, a

"

distinguished mineralogist of

Suckling.

BROWN,

broiista, orfcroi/za,

It is allied to brtish

der branches or

])udence.

BROWBEATING,

w itli

2.

;

Milton. [brow and antler.] fust start that grows on a deer's head. of.

sertions.

like.

brother.

•ral

the edge or border

BROW'-ANTLER,

;

;

kinsman by bloorl more remote than a son of the same parents; as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban.

3.

BROWN'NESS,

A.species of Scrophtdaria, the vernalis, or brethren is used.] 5. A of coppice, adjoining to the hedge yellow figwort, with brown stalks. A Iiuman male born of the same father of afringe field. Mason. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. ami mother. A male by one of the pa- BROW, V t. To bound to limit to form BROWN'Y, a. Brown. Shak. [.Vol used.]

In scripture, the term brother

2.

U

with his congregation and settled at Middlehurgh in Zealand. He was the head of a party of Independents in Church government. Encyc.

;

hill.

;

2.

R

B

probably contracted from brg, and signi fies an edge, border or projection.] The prominent ridge over the eye, forming an arch above the orbit. The skin of this arch or ridge is moved by muscles which contract it in a frown and elevate it

Pers.

;

frater; Sp. frayle, a friar: It. fratello, brother, and /;a
R O

B

or brethren. [Goth, brothar ; Sax. brother, or brether ; few. and Dan. broder ; D. broeder, from broeden, to iroorf, to Ijreed ; G. brudtr ; Sans. brader ; Riiss. brat ; Dudnatian brath L. n.

BRCISE, V. Fr. briser, bruise

;

New

York.

Cleaveland. [Sax. brysan, to bruise ; to break or bruise ; froisser, to

t.

s as

Arm.

:.

brousta.]

To crush

by beating or pounding with an instrument not edged or pointed. When applied to animal flesh or to vegetables, a

bruise is a contusion that impairs the natural solidity and textin-e of the part, but When often without breaking the skin. applied to minerals and similar substances, it signifies to break them, and of\en to re-

duce them

to a coarse powder. a hurt upon the Ji. A contusion of animals, upon plants or other bodies, with a blimt or heavy instrument BRUISED, pp. Crushed; hurt or broken by a blunt or hea^y instrument. BROWN'ISH, a. Somewhat brown; in BRnSER, n. A concave tool for grinding Kincan the specida of telescopes. clined to brown. Chambers. BROWN'ISM, n. The doctrines or reli 2. In rnlsrar language, a boxer. gious creed of the Brownists, who main- BRriSEWORT, ti. [bruise and teort.] nounced braut. [See Bring.] that of tained Johnson. body professing Chrisplant comfrey. BROW, n. [Sax. breeu; bruwa ; D. braauw : tians vmitedany under one pastor, or com- BRCISING, ppr. Crushing ; breaking or G. braue ; Riiss. brov ; Ir. brn, brni, eyemuning togethei;, constitute a church in-' wounding hy a bhmt or heavy instrument. brow, and abhra, the eyelid Sans, bruwan, )!. In d(-|icu(lent of any other. BRnSING, Ennjc. popular language, abealn. A follower of Robert ing or boxinff. bnt Gr. o^ipwj, o4)p«j{ ; Pers. , j or . j 1 BROWN'IST, j. j, Brown, a puritan, or dissenter from th<> BRflT, n. [Fr.] Report; rumor; fame. and the last syllable of L. palvebra. It is Church of England, who left England Shak. Obs.

BROTII'ERLY,

a. Pertaining to brothers such as is natural for brothers; becoming brothers kind affectionate as brotherly love. Bacon. Shakspeare uses this word as an ad" I verb. speak but brotherly." But the use is not authorized. BROUGHT, prtt. and pp. of fcnng- ; pro;

;

;

;

A [brown and bill] the English foot soldiers. The origin of the name is not stated but from it brown tnusket is said tc have derived its appellation. Johnson.

BROWN'-BILL,

n.

weapon formerly used by

BRUISE.

;

A

:

;

;

Vol.

.

I.

;

flesh

28

B R U To

R

B

B U C

U

move

so hglitly as scarcely to be perceiv- BRU'TIPV, I.. /. To make a person a bfute; Prior. to make senseless, ed as, to brush by. Obs. Raleigh. stupid or unfeeling. n. [h. bruma, winter, brumcdis ; 3. To move or skim over, with a slight conCongreve. BRU'TISH, a. Like a brute or beast as a tact, or without much impression. Span, bruma, winter, tog or mist.] brutish form. Brown. Milton. Drijden. Beloii;>ing to the winter. BRUME, n. [Fr. brume; Sp. bruma. See BRUSH'ED, pp. Rubbed with a biush; 2 Insensible stupid as brutish men. Grew. struck lightly. 3. Unfeeling; savage; ferocious; brutaL lirumat.] 4. Gross carnal bestial. Barlow. BRUSH'ER, n. One who brushes. Mist; fog; vapors. [Little used.] Shak. South. BRUN, BURN. A river or stream. Obs. BRUSH'ING, ppr. Sweeping or rubbing 5. Ignorant uncivihzed untaught. Hooker, from brun, brown. with a brush; striking gently; moving BRU'TISHLY, adv. In the manner of u BRUNET', I "• [Fr. in haste over brute See woman BRUNETTE, nimbly skimming liglitly. Brown.] grossly irrationally stupidly witli a brown or dark complexion. South. BRUSH'ING, a. Brisk light as a brush- savagely. i sort of BRUN'ION, n. [Fr. brugnon.] Encyc. BRU'TISHNESS, n. Stupidity ; insensiing gallop. BRItUSH'LIKE, a. [brush and like.] Resem fruit between a plum and a peacli. the qualibility brutality savageness a lirush of a brute. Asial. Res. ties Trevoiii: bling Spratt. Brunsivick green. An ainmoniaco-nmriate of BRUSH'WQOD, n. [brush and u'ood. BRY'ONY, n. [h. bryonia Gr. tifwiMM.] a genus of plants of several copper, used for paper liangings and in oil Brush a thicket or coppice of small trees White jalap The root of the rough or white and shrubs also, branches of trees cut off". Ure. species. painting. BRUNT, n. [Dan. brynde, and brunst, ardor, Dryden. bryony is a strong irritating cathartic. ardency, burning heat. It is the Dutcl BRUSH'Y, a. Resembling a brush rough Encyc. Coxe. brand, fire, flame, ardor, from the com shaggy having long hair. Boyle. Black-bryony is a genus of plants, called Tamoil root of burn, brennan, brand. This BRUSK, a. [Fr. brustjue.] Rude rough. mus. Encyc. H otton BUB, n. cant word for strong malt liquor. .shows the radical sense of burn. See

BRDIT,

V.

t.

report

to

;

noise abroad.

;

BRUMAL,

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

(,

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

BRUS'TLE,

Burn.]

V. i. brus'l. [Sax. brastlian, to G. brausen Dan. bruser ; Sw. crackle brusa ; from the root of rustle.] tion as the brunt of a battle. To crackle to make a small crackling 2. Tlie force of a blow violence shock of noise to rustle, as a silk garment to va Hudibras. any kind. ])or, as a bully.

The

an onset the strength or violence of any conten-

1.

heat, or utmost violence of

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

A sudden BRUSH, n. 3.

BRUS'TLING, ppr. Crackling rustling Sp. vaporing, brusca, bruza ; probably allied to browze, BRUT, v.i. [Fr. brouter.] To browse. [Md W. brwi/s, thick, branching, from rinvi/s, in use.] Evelyn vigor, luxuriance, or prys, brushwood. 1!RU TAL, a. [See Brute.] Pertaining to a A brush is primarily sprouts, shoots.] brute as brutal nature. An instrument for cleaning any tiling of 2. Savage cruel inhuman brutish im dust and dirt by light rubbing, as floors, merciless as brutal feeling like a brute [Fr. brosse

;

It.

brusca

;

;

;

To throw

t.

out in bubbles.

1.

[Ao(

Sackvllle.

used.] n.

[D. bobbel;

Sw. bubla

;

tioin

swelling, inflation.] A small bladder or vesicle of water or

other fluid inflated with

air.

J\'eivton.

;

;

;

I.

V.

BUB'BLE,

;

;

Bp. Hall.

effort.

Prior.

BUB,

;

;

2.

thing that wants firmness or solidia vain project that whii h is more

Any ty

;

;

specious tlian real. Hence, a false show a cheat or fraud. Bacon. Dryden. A delusive scheme of speculation an ;

3.

;

money on imaginaas the South Sea bubble.

eiiiiity project to raise

ry grounds Brushes originally furnitiu'e, boots, &c. Swift. courage brutal manners. 4. A person deceived were made of shrubs or small branches of BRUTALTTV, n. Inhumanity by an empty project. savagetrees tied together, and such are yet used Prior. ness churhslmess insensibility to pity But the materials for coarse purposes. or shame. Locke. BUB'BLE, V. i. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when boiling or agitated. Shak. Dryden. most used are bristles set in wood. Paint- BRU'TALIZE, v. t. To make brutal, churl2. To run with a ers use a small brush to lay colors on their as a ish or inhuman. gurgling noise ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Silver smiths use a wirelarge pieces. brush for scrubbing silver, copper or brass, and there is a method in order to gilding of staining leather by rubbing the color on the skin with a brush. Encyc. Branches of trees lopped ofi"; brush;

'I.

a sense common in the U. Stales. The small trees and shrubs of a wood or a thicket of small trees. Encyc. skirmish a slight encounter also, an a shock, or rude treatment, from assault as we say a scouring, a rub. collision In electricity, the luminous apjiearance of|

All cruel punisluuents brutalize the heart.

Z. Swift

BRU'TALIZE,

;

To become

i.

beastly.

brutal, in-

Addison.

Cruelly; inhumanly in a coarse, churlish, or brutal iiiaiiher. Arbuthnot

wood; 3.

v.

human, or coarse and

BRU'TALLY,

BRUTE,

arft'.

;

bubbling stream.

BUB'BLE,

V.

t.

To

pose on.

Pope. cheat; to deceive or imAddison.

BUB'BLER, n. One who cheats. BUB'BY, n. [from the same root ble

and

BU'BO,

A woman's

bubo.] n.

Digby.

as bubbreast.

Arbuthnot. [Gr. \iovSuv, L. bubo, a swelling.]

from L. brutus. A tumor or abscess with inflammation, which and Sp. bnito. rises in certain glandular ]iarts of the body, This word may be the Ch. ii^l\^^2 foreigi as in the groin, or armpit. Encyc. Coxe. strange, as the ancients expressed wild- BU'BONOCELE, n. [Gr. ^m8<^v, the groin, ness and savageness bj' verbs wliich .J. and xrfliirj, a tumor.] nily to depart or be distant.] electric matter issuing in diverging rays Hernia inguinalis, or inguinal rupture a 1. Senseless unconscious as the brute from a point. tumor in the groin, formed by a prolapsus Encyc. cartli. 6. A tail ; as the brush of a fox. Bcnlley. of the intestines or omenliini or lioth, BRUSH, V. t. To sweep or rub with a brush 2. Irrational ferine as a brute beast. through the processes of the peritoneum South and rings of the abdominal muscles. as, to brush a hat. To strike as with a brush to strike lightly, 3. Bestial in common with beasts as brute Encye. violence. Milton. by passing over the surface, without inju BU'BUKLE, n. A red pimple. [.Vot «.9f(/.] t.

A

;

a.

senseless,

;

[Fr. brut, irrational ;

It.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

•_J.

arm

;

;

Pope. off,

to

brush off dast

remove by brushing, ;

also, to

carry

as to

away by

ai

act like that of brushing, or by passing over liglitly, as by wind. Benthy. 5. To move as a brush ; to pass over with a light contact.

BRUSH,

V.

i.

To move nimbly

uncivilized;

Dryden

in haste

;

to

A

n.

insensible;

A

brute )>hilosopher.

paint with a brush hence, to brush is oflen used for cleansing in general.

With

Rough;

Dry den. BRUTE,

To xip

as a Shak. Pope. BUBUL'CA, !i. flat fresh-water fish, of a beast any animal destitute circular form and a silver^' color. of reason, and of course the word com Did. of . Vat. Hist. prehends all animals except man, but is BUCANEE'R, } [Fr. boucaner, to broil applied mostly to the larger beasts. BU€ANIE'R, I "-fish or flesh, to hunt 2. brutal person a savage in heart or oxen for their skins.] manners; a low bred, unfeeling man. Primarily, a bucancer is said lo be one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the BRU'TE, V. t. for bruit, to report. [.Yot The name was manner of the Indians. used.] adv. In a rude manner. first given to the French settlers in Haiti BRU'TELY, or Hispaniola, whose business was to luini Milton BRU'TENESS, n. Brutahty. Obs. Spenser. wild cattle and swine. It was afterwards

in d.

;

4.

;

;

or impression as, to brush the passing to brush the briny flood.

ry,

3.

;

A

;

;

B U C

used to convey water by hand for extin

glish and French, who combined to make depredations on the Spaniards in America. Encyc. BUCA'O, n. A species of owl. in tlie I'lii" ippine isles, of a beautiful phunage, an
BUCCAL,

o.

[L.

the cheek

bucca,

BUD

B U C En-

applied to the piratical adventurers,

;

The skin of a buck. A« an adjective, made of leather prepared from the skin of a buck. Ash.

BUCKSKIN,

fires.

guishing

BUCK'ING,

ppr. Soaking in lye, in the pro cess of bleaching; washing. BUCK'ING, n. The act or process of soaking cloth in lye for bleaching also, the Ive or liquor a washing. Encyc. Jlxh BlfCK'IN(i-STOOL, n. A washing block. BUCK'LE, n. [Fr. bouclc, a bnckle, a ring, a knocker; boucler, to curl, to ring, to VV. buckle Ir. bucia ; Arm. boud. In Sp. bucle is hair curled. In W. barn, bacettu ;

BUCK'STALL,

71. [buck and or net to take deer.

and bnglu

signify, to bend, hook or grapSax. bvgan, to bow.]

ple.

moulliful.] The aiT of breaking into large pieces. n. Fossil riijiains or petrifactions of the shells called buccinum.

BUCCINITE,

Jameson.

BITCENT' AUR, n. The state barge of Venice. BUCEPH'ALIIS, n. An animal of the ga-

2.

of the size of a hind. The horididl or hidian raBU'CEROS, ven a genus of birds, common in the East

3.

An instrnnu^nt made of some kind of metal, for fastening together certain parts of dress, as the straps of shoes, kneebands &c., or other stra|)s and band.s, as in harness. The forms are various, but it cotisists of a ring or rim with a chape and tongue.

A

curl, or a state of being curled or crisped, as liair. Spectator. In coals of arms, a token of the surety

A

toil

Encyc.

bears a black berry, which, when green, is used to dye yellow, and when ripe, The green. The bark also dyes yellow. sea huck-thom is a genus of plants, called

;

1.

stall.]

n. A [buck and thorn.] genus of plants, called Rhamnus, of many species. The common purging buck-thorn grows to the height of 12 or 14 feet, and

BUCKTHORN,

;

hoc] Portaininp to the cheek. The buccal glands are the small glands of tlie mouth, under the cheek, whicli secrete saliva. Hooper. BUCCELLA'TION,n. [L. buccdla, buecea, a

n.

Fam. of Plants. Enci/c. Hippopbae. n. [D. boek-weit ; Ger. buchweitzen.] A plant and a species of grain ; called also brank. It belongs to the genus polygonum, or knot-grass. It is cultivated as food for beasts, and the flour is much used in America for breakfast cakes.

BUCKWHEAT,

a. [Gr. jjovxoxo;, a herdsman pastoral; L. buculus, an ox; pertaining to cattle, pastoral; Encr/c W. and Corn, bugail or hygel ; Ir. buachail, Indies. iBUCK'LE, V. t. To fasten with a buckle, a shepherd. See Bovine.] or buckles. Pastoral relating to country affairs and to BUell'OLZlTE, n. newly discovered mineral, whose colors are white and black,! 2. To prepare for action a metaphor, taken a shepherd's hfe arul occupation. from on armor. buikling Ckaveland.\ Spenser. Johnson. appearing in spots. BUCK, n. [G. bnuche, beunhe; S]i. bu<^n(ta.]\ 3. To join in battle. Hayward. BUCOL'I€, n. A pastoral poem, representLye in whicli clothes are soaked in the 4. To confine or limit. ing rural affairs, and the life, manners of A hueklps in liis the in sum of Shak span operation bleaching licpior age. and occupation of shepherds as the bttwhich clothes are washed. IbUCKLE, v. i. To bend to bow as, to colics of Theocritus and Virgil. Johnson. Enci/c. buckle under life. Skak. Dryden. Encyc. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed To buckle to apjdy with to, to bend to; U'arton. 2. writer of pastorals. iu lye. ShaJi. Locke. vigor to engage w ith zeal. BUCK, V. I. [G. beuchen ; Dan. iog-cr ; Sw. To buckle in, to close in to embrace or BUD, n. [D. hot ; Fr. boulon ; It. bollone, a hud or button ; Ir. abaidh, a l)ud Sp. baton ; byka ; Arm. bvgad ; Norm, btier. Thi seize the body, as in a scuffle a popular Arm. bouton, literally a push Sp. botar, to verb is retained in the h.iinbuo, for imbtico use in America. or imbugo, to steep, tinge, imbue.] push or thrust, to vow Gr. ifurw; ^vu, to To buckle with, to encounter with embrace To soak or steel) in lye, a process in bleach plant or beget, contracted from ^Tu Ch. to join in close combat. Dnjden. ing to wash or steep in lye or suds. BUC'K'LER, n. [W. bwccled; Fr. houelier allied to pout, U3J Ar. (I^A J nabata Ir. buicleir.] Encyc. SJiak. BUCK, n. [Sax. hue, hucca ; D. bok Ger. Sw A kind of shield, or piece of defensive armor, Fr. bonder. See class Bd, No. 34.] bock ; Sp. boque ; W. bivr ; It. becco. This It was composed anciently used in war. A the shoot of a plant a small protugem; Italian word signifies a bill or beak, the of wood, or wickers woven together, covberance on the stem or branches of a mouth, the helm of a ship, the pipe of' ered with skin or leather, fortified with plant, containing the rudiments of future a still and a hxtck. see it is the' plates of brass or other metal, and worn leaves or a flower. It is called by botasame word as beak, from thrusting on the left arm. On the middle was an nists the hyhirnacle, the winter lotlge or Dan. huk, whence bukker, to ram or umbo, boss or prominence, very useful in receptacle of the leaves or flowers of thrust piles. Ir. hoc or poc ; Corn, byk ; causing stones and darts to glance ofl'. and is an plants, epitome of a flower, or Fr. bouc ; Arm. bouch ; Kalmuc, bugn, a The buckler often was foiu- feet long, and of a shoot, which is to be unfolded the covered the whole body. Encyc\ Qu. Eth. n(t>Tlbahak, the male stag. succeeding summer. It is covered with BUCK'LER, v. t. To support to defi^nd. scales, which are intended to defend the of sheep or goats.] Shak. The male of the fallow deer, of the goat, [M>t jwfd.] inclosed rudiments from cold and other n. Christ's thorn. the sheep, the rabbit and hare. It is apexternal injuries. Johnson. plied only to the smaller quadrupeds. Buds are of three kinds that containing the BUCK, V. i. To copidate as bucks and does. BUCK'MAST, n. [buck, that is, beach, and flower; that containing the leaves; and Mortimer. mast.] that containing both flower and leaves. The mast or fruit of the beach tree. Milne. Marty n. BUCK'-BASKET, n. [buck and basket.] A Johnso7i. basket in which clothes are carried to the BUD, V. i. To put forth or produce buds or It. buchen.

zelle tribe,

n.

faith

;

A

BUCOL'IC,

;

fiouxoXixof,

bucolicus,

and service of the bearer.

[

;

;

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

:

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

We

;

;

BUCKLER-THORN,

;

wash.

Sliak

BUCK'BEAN, bean,

which

BUCK'ED, BUCK'ET, huiccad 1.

The

;

This

n.

is

properly

bog-

see.

pp.

Soaked

n. [Sax.

in Ive.

biic

;

Fr.

J}sh

baquet

;

Ir.

Sw.t»f; Dan. bak.] which water is drawn out

vessel in

of a well

;

it

is

nearly in the form of

BUCK'RAM,

A

rame; qu. from

[Fr. hougran ; It. bucare, to make holes.] 2.

coarse linen cloth, .stiffened with glue, the used in garments to keep them form intended, and for wrappers to cover Enci/c. cloths, and other merchandiie.

m

BUCK'RAM, a. Stiff; precise. BUCK'RAMS, n. The same as

pail.

A vessel or pail used at sea to draw waup at the side of a ship, for washing the decks, &c. .Mar. Dirt. 3. vessel made of leather, nenrly in the form of a pail, but narrower and deeper, 2.

ter

"

A

n. A {buck and horn.] plant, a species of Plantago, or plantain, called crcropus. The wirted buck.ihorn is a species of Coch-

BUCKS'HORN,

learia, or

scurvy grass.

Fam. of Plants.

4.

xiv. 9.

To put forth shoots ; to into a flower or shoot.

grow

as a bud

Dryden. begin to grow, or to issue from a the manner of a bud, as a horn. stock Dryden. To be in bloom, or growing like a young Shak. plant.

X To

Fulke.

wild garhe. Johnson.

Job

gems.

m

To inoculate a plant to insert !'. /. the bud of a plant under the hark of another tree, for the purpose of raising, upon any stock, a species of fruit different from that of the stock.

BUD,

;

BUD'DED,

/)/'•

buds

in

;

n.

The doctrines

Bud

of the

Asia.

(Ihists in

ppr. Putting forth buds

IJUD'DING,

iuoc-

;

idatirig.

BUD'DLE,

In mining, a large

n.

frame of boards, used

in

washing

square

V.

Among

i.

stir

V.

t.

Encyc.

miners, to

wash

Bailey.

Ash.

ore.

BUDliE,

ore.

tin

Ash.

BUD'DLE,

and Norm, bouger,

[Fr.

to

or wag.]

To move

In America, icag is mucli used as equivalent to budge ; but tlie use of both words is vulgar. Shak. BUD6E, n. The dressed skin or fur of lambs. Bailey. BUDGE, a. Brisk jocund. Bailey. Johnson. 2. Surly; sfitt"; formal. Ohs. to stir

oft";

;

to

than the

inocula-

ted.

BUD'DIIISM,

wag.

a

company

A

BUD6E-BARREL,

of|

n.

A

only one head on the other end, a piece of leather is nailed, whii-li is drawn toa purse. gether upon strings used for carrying powder, with a

mortar. /!.

Sternness

;

bufete.]

cupboard, or set of shelves, for plates, It glass, china and other like furniture. was formerly and is still in some parts of the country, an apartment erected on one side of a room but in more fashionable houses, it has been laid aside, and a side board substituted, which is now considered as the buff'et. But as far as my knowledge extends, the name has become, in a

nounced

BUFF'ET, to

A

One who moves

»i.

his place.

BUDG'ET,

n.

den ; Norm, of bag.']

[Fr. bnvgeite boxige

;

;

or stirs from

fist

2.

;

3. respecting the tiuances of the Britisli nation. To open the budget, to lay before a legisla live body the papers of the Ejiecutive Price. Government.

it

;

is

and buffetted

a. Consisting of fur. \.Yot used. A little bud ». [from bud.] springing from a parent bud. We have a criterion to distiiiguisli one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets wliich are its ofi'sprin^.

IPet.

iv. 11.

pro-

[contracted

fi-om

buffalo,

to

beaten.

1

BUG,

but formed

to

for

v.

have no wings. The is a troublesome Encyc. n. \yV.hug, a hob-

sjiecies

house-bug, or bed-bug,

and disgusting

BUG,

insect.

BUG' BEAR,

or

goblin or scarecrow Inigadu, to terrif"y lluss. buka, a sprite or gobUn. In Pers. o -

^\_j

is

A

;

fear.]

frightful object

have been a plant of slow growth duration, and fitted to endure the

a walking specter any that is considered as Locke. Pope. To alarm or fiighten with

;

;

thing imaginary

;

frightfiil.

BUGBEAR, idle

!'.

t.

phantoms.

ArchVp. King.

A

n. species of India, of a beaver color.

BUgEE',

Massinger. [Fr.]

To

i.

The

buff'alo.

puzzle

;

to

be at a

loss.

Swift. is

Some

ning.

;|

gowns.

This

infest

;

or

buffskin.]

In vast mulhouses and

bar, bygan, small.]

which

mex, of which several hundred species are described. Bugs belong to the order of hemipters. They are furnished with a rostrum or beak, with antennae longer than the thorax, and the wings are folded together crosswise. The back is flat, the throat margined, and the feet are formed for run-

Johnson. ppr. Striking with the hand

A

n.

W.

[Qii.

In zoology, this word is applied to plants. the insects arranged under the genus d-

a boxer.

;

IVirt. buffetings of the ruilest storm. n. sort of coarse stuff'; as, buf-

BUFF'IN,

n.

titude of insects,

20.

One who buff"ets

;

seems

Toad-

common language, the name of a

biix-j

Cor.

a toad.]

stone, or fossil-teeth of the anarrhicas or sea-wolf", formerly much esteemed for its imaginary virtues and worn in rings. It was named from an opinion that it was found in the head of a toad. Encyc.

;

;

Consistingof low vulgar

a.

Little used.] n. [L. iu/o,

I

BU'FONITE,

Math,

liim.

contending against. ji. A sinking with the hand Contention attack opposition.

ftn

of a

Resembling a buf-

a.

Sherwood.

tricks.

contend against Otway)

;

BUFF'LE, Darwin BUFF'LE,

n.

ii.

n.

BUFF'ETING,

BUD'LET,

;

foon.

BUFF'ETING,

HUDG'Y,

BUFF,

;

the billows. i. To exercise or play at

BUFF'ETER,

He

Buff"oonery.

jests or gestures. n. The practices

BUFFOON'LY,

;

BUFF'ETED,;»;>. Struck

2.

low

ill

n.

Guthrie's Quint. Dryden. a. Like a buft"oon con-

BUFFOON-LIKE,

Shak.'

boxing

first syllable.

sisting

Sp. Port, hifir,

inff.

;

and practices

BUFFOON'ISIVI,

;

To beat in contention

Shak as, to buffet Arm. bougeBUFF'ET, V.

A bag a little sack, with its contents. Hence, a stock or store as a budget of inventions. UEstrange.

ridiculous. Glanville.

arts

;

BUFFOON'ISH,

W. buffe, a blow See Buffoon and Puff.]\ a box on the ear or

in his face

They spit

perhaps from the root

The papers

probably the same word as baffle

BU'GELUGEY,

n.

A

monkey found

in

Did. ofJVat. Hist. large species of liz-

Diet. of.Mat. Hist. ard, four feet long. n. [Fr. bougre ; Sp. bujarron ; D. boggeren, verb.]

BUGGER,

Buffskin; a sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oi It is used for making banlike shammy. doliers, belts, pouches, gloves and other The skins of oxen, elks and articles. in like manner, are dressed other animals,

BUFF'LE-HEAD, «. [baffle and head.] One One guilty of the crime against nature. A who has a large head. o term of reproach. vile wretch BUFF'LE-HE.\DED, a. Having a large BUG'GERY, n. The unnatural and detestable crime of carnal intercourse of man or head, like a buff'alo dull stupid foolish. BUFF'ON, n. The Nuinidian crane, an woman with a beast or of hmnan beings

also called

BUFFOON',

A military

Encyc.

buff's.

coat

made of buff-skin

The

;

;

Parr.

The

drive, to push, to strike.

t.

;

fie

buf-

1.

L. bubalus,] Bubalus, a species of the bovine genus,

;

originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the Eastern Continent. It is larger and less docile

BUG'GINESS,

;

in inflanunatory

To strike. [See Buffet.] BUFF, BUFP'ALO, n. [It. and Sp. bufalo Fr. V.

Sodomy.

Encyc. n. [from buggy.] The state of being infected \\nth bugs. a. BUGGY, [from bug.] Abounding vrith or puff with anger, to snort Port. id. Johnson. buss. The.se verbs indicate the origin of buft'oon- BU'GLE, [W. bugail, a shepI The root of buffet, puff] signifies to BU'GLE-HORN, ^ "" herd. See Bucolic. ery. ;

;

drawn

unnaturally with each other.

Diet. ofA'at. Hist. It. buffo : Sp.

n.

It. beffare and buffare, to triffe, joke, play the fool ; Sp. befar, to mock or ridicule ; bufar, to blow,

or simi-

color of buff" a light yellow. viscid substance formed on the

diseases.

;

[Fr. bouffon; hufon, a buff'oon, comical

A yellow

surface of blood

;

;

African fowl.

Shak

lar leather. 4.

the

Milton. To strike with the hand or to beat.

i'.

;

3.

thump.

a slap.

t. gun or BUFF'ET, fist to box Encyc

severity. [JVot

The

71.

BUFFOON'ING,

among

e.xcept

whom

blow, to puff; Norm,

blow with the ;

To make

t.

low jests; ridiculous pranks; Johnson. vidgar tricks and postures. Dryden has placed the accent improperly on of a buff'oon

xxvi.

BUDG'ER,

a.

bofat. n. [It. buffetto

pafau',ir)

face

It is

tised.]

I.

Sp.

;

V.

BUFFOON'ERY,

Pennant.

It. 'buffetto

;

BUFFOON',

buffoon.

;

BUDgENESS,

1.

n. [Fr. buffet

great measiu-e, obsolete, the conuuon people, by

;

like

and is fond of marshy

;

clothed in long gowns lined will lamb's fur, who acconqiany the Lord Dlay or of London at his inauguration. Bailey. small barrel with

ox,

Catesby.

BUFF'ET,

men

Jlsh.

common

places and rivers. The name is also applied to wild oxen in general, and particularly to the Bison of North America. [See Cuvier. Bison.] Cyc. BUFF'EL, n. Bufl'el's head duck, anas hu-i cephala, a bird with a short blue bill, and a head whose apparent size is greatly increased by the fulness of its feathers, found in winter in the rivers of Carolina.

;

BUDGE-BACHELORS,

BUG

B U F

B U F Put forth

shepherd's horn, or from the same root as the Fr. beugler, to bellow, from its A hunting horn. sound.] Shak. Spenser. A military instrument of music.

The

Puff.]

A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures and postures, jokes and other vulgar pleasant ries. A droll a mimic. Johnson. Encyc. He that uses indecent raillery. Garth ;

2.

See

2.

BU'GLE,

71.

A shining

bead of black glass.

B U L

B U L A

ge[L. bugula, or bugillo.] nus of plants, Ajuga, of several si)ecies.

BU'GLE,

n.

Encyc.

A sort of

an ox.] Philips. plant, the lycopus a as valued remedy for haemopvirginicus, tysis, or spitting of hlood.

BU'GLE,

n.

[L. bucutus,

wild ox.

JJU'GLE-WEED,

n. [L. buglo.isus

BU'tiLOSS,

A

A

n.

Gr.

;

/3»y>.uff(jo5.

of )3oi)5, an ox, and yj.uj(jTO, tongue.] geuus of ])lantb, called alkauet ; in botany, anchusa.

The small wild bugloss, is the Aspenigo. The viper's bugloss, is the Echium. BUG' WORT, n. A plant, the Ciniioifuga MuhUnberg.

n. A suhspecies of sUex or quartz, occurring in aiiiorplious masses, partly compact, but containing many irregular cavities. It is used for mill-stones. Cieaveldnd. This word is often written burr-stone.

BUIIR'STONE,

BUILD,

V.

)

BILD,

bild

I.

pret. built

;

pronounced

I

pp. built,

;

Tlie

bill.

regular

pret. ami pp. buitded, is sometimes useil. [sjax. byldaii, to coiitirm ; byld, bylde, bijidu,

constancy, firmness; biiilh, a model, an Sw. bitda ; D. a/beclden, verbeeldimage en ; Gcr. bitden, dhbitden ; Dan. bilder, afbilder, to shape, form, design, ilehneatc, ; represent, counterfeit Sw. and Gcr. ;

Md

;

1.

D. Intld, image, statue, figure, rejiresentaThe primary sense is to set, fix or tioii. make, and tlie true orthography is bild.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice or fabric of almost any kind, as a house, barn, shop, ship or vessel, a wall, or other structure of art; to unite materials into a regular structure for use or

convenience. 2.

To

raise

To

;

frame or shape

to

;

bol, |)rotul)erance.]

protuberant.

cement and knit together to and preserve. Acts xx. Sam. ii. 35. ;

establish 1 ii. 33.

to build

;

Eph.

As an

;

Ood.

Framed and

xi.

n.

The common [Gr.

round root

;

(So^eoj

;

n.

[Gr.

;

(3«?.ijuca,

|3s,

great,

and

Encyc. Coxe. n. [W. bieig, bulk balciaw, to swell, be ])ioud Ir. bide, great, strong Russ. D. bulken, to buUkayu, to boil, to bubble low or bellow Dan. bulk, a bunch on the back Sax. bulgian, to low.] of material whole substance ; Magnitude dimensions; sizeof athjng as an ox or a ship of great bulk. ;

;

;

;

shape

raised ;

;

con-

general

fig-

the main mass gross; the majority the bulk or body as the bulk of a debt Addison. of a nation. Swift. Shak. Main fabric. The wliole content of a ship's hold for the

The

as a

ure of a structure; as the built of a ship. Drydtn. Mar. Did. Species of building. Temple. )!.

adjective, iirotuberant.

hunger.] voracious a])petite ; a disease in which the patient has a perpetual and insatiable ap petite for food, and often faints, if not inIt is attended with various sympdulged. toms; sometimes with heart burn; sometimes with vomiting or convulsions.

;

1.

;

;

3. 4.

;

;

stowage of goods.

Apart of a building jutting

out.

Encyc. Shak.

To

break bulk, in seamen's language, is to Mar. Diet. begin to unload. flounder. Laden in bulk, having the cargo loose in the Chambers. hold, or not inclosed in boxes, bales or L. bulbus, a bulb or casks.

Fr. bulbe

;

It.

bulho

;

Sp.

Empire. Leaden Bulls were sent by the Emperors of Constantinople to patriarchs and princes and by the grandees of the Empire, of France, Sicily, &,c., and by patriarchs

.

bil-

;

Heb.

structed.

Form

;

;

is

constructeil lor use or convenience, house, a church, a shop, &c.

BULB,

;

[See Bilge.]

Swelhng out

BULK'-HEAD,

Ji.

[bulk

and

A

is head, containing some decree, order or decision. It is u.*ed chiefly in matters of justice or of grace. If the former, the lead or seal is hung by a hempen cord; if the latter, by a silken thread. The lead or bull is impres.sed on one side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul ; on the other with the name of the Pope and the year of his pontificate. The writing is in the old, round Gothic letter; and the instrument has about it a cross with some text of scripture, or religious motto. Lunier. Encyc. The Golden BuU, so called fromitsgolden seal, is an edict or imperial constitution, made by the Emperor Charles V., containing the fundamental law of the German

and bishops.

"Kijioi,

to

;

A

bill.

ppr. or a.

and briefs of the J'upe, and in process of time, applied to the edict itself. Spelman.] letter, edict or rescript of the Pope, pubUshed or transmitted to the churches over

which he

Moxon. bilge as a ship.

BULK,

one an archi-

ppr. bild'ing. Framing and restin;; on. n. bild'ing. fabric or edifice

n. hilt.

To

BU'LIMY,

A

BUILD'ING, BUILO'ING,

BUL,

1.

gi'ig-

mason, &c.

creator. builder and maker

Wiose

2.

(jroniinent

Dryden

Addison. is

tect, a slii])-wright, a

BUILT,

;

Marston. orthograjihy of

bale,

ant. 2.

BULti'ING,

settle or

32.

One who builds

bild'cr.

?!.

BUILT, /)fi.

;

Psalms.

71. [h. bolta, a bubble, a blister, a seal or stamp, the Pope's bull Fr. bulk ; L. bulla, a boss, and an ornament worn on a child's neck. This name was given to the seal which was ap])endod to the edicts

Dekker. bilge.

bwlg, bulk

compassed me.

BULL,

male calf

different

bulls have

Taurus, one 'of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

Sax. bulgian, to bellow, from sicelling out.' The bilge or protuberant part of a cask ; protuberance. BUL(5E, V. i. To swell out to be protuber

depend on as a founon the opinions of

others.

whose occupation

;

A j'oung A

n.

Pope. 3. To construct, rest or dation ; as, to build

erecting

Many 3.

;

[W.

;

;

Kirwan

BULCiE,

Large

size.

;

;

BULCHIN,

'

Locke. a.

:

stems.

tions. Ji.

boards, to form Encyc. Mar. Diet. Greatness inbidk, size or

of great dimensions; Dryden. BULL, 11. [G. bull; W. bwla Russ. vol. from his sex, or from Qu. Sw. l«;liOwing Dan. boter.] bola, or biila 1. The male of the Bos, or bovine genus of quadrupeds, of which cow is the female. 2. In a scriptural sense, an enemy, powerful, fierce and \iolent. of great

Eaton. BULB'OUS, n. Containing bulbs or a bulb: growing from bulbs; round or roundish. Marlyn. Miln 2. Containing a knob, or protuberant part swelling out presenting rounded eleva

To exercise the art, or V. i. bild. practice the business of building. To build, to plant, whatever you intend.

A

BULK'Y,

Johnson.

bulbijerous

made with

n.

stature.

[I believe, not

used.]

BULB' ED, a. Round headed. BULBIF'F,ROUS, a. Producing bulbs;

BUILD,

3.

BULK' i.\' ESS,

Evelyn.

[Little used.] o. Bulbous.

BULB.VCEOUS,

as

a ship

se[iarate a|)artinents.

body, a|)plied to many objects. But it is appropriately a bud formed under ground, upon or near tlie roots uf certain herbaceous plants, which are hence called bulbous planls, ;is the tulip, onion and lily. The bulb under ground is what the bud is ujion tlie .stem or branches, a liybi made or winter receptacle of a future plant, containing the |>lant in embrv' covered uitli a bark or rind, generally consistiiig of scales placed over each other, to defend tlie tender ludiments of the plant frcim cold and other external injuries, A bulb is sc;i!y in tlie lily, solid in the tulip, coated in the onion, and jointed in the tuberous moschatel. Milne. Marty n. BULB, V. i. To bulb out is to project or be

Spectator

raise

BUILD'ER,

tition in

bul,

in liotaiiy,

into a

up a head

as, to build

any thing oi>a support or fouu dation as, to build our hopes on air. In scripture, to increase and strengthen to

W.

;

Around

;

4.

B U L

an onion, or bidbous root

;

by art

particular tbrm dress in a cone. '3.

bulbo,

head.]

A

par-

JVaxen bulls were in frequent use with the Greek Emperors, who thus sealed letters to their relations. 2.

Encyc. blunder or contradiction. Pope. a prefix, signifies a bull, or large, or having a large head.

A

BULL,

n. [bxdl mdbait.] The of baiting or excituig bulls with Addison.

BULL'-BAITING, jiractice

dogs.

BULL'-BEEF,

n. [Indl

and

beef.]

of a bull; coarse beef

ByLL'-BEGG.\R, Something

n.

terrible,

BULL'-C^ALF, calf; a stupid

n.

[bull

f(,'Ilo%v.

The

flesh

Shak. [hull

and

or frightful.

and calf]

fceg-^ar.]

Ayliffe.

A maleShak.

and dog.] A species of dog of a particular form and of remarkable courage so named probably from being employed in baiting bulls, or from the size of the head. BULL'S-EYE, n. [butt and eye.] Among seamen, a piece of wood in the form of a ring, answering the purpose of a thimble. Mar. Did. 2. Aldebaran, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Taurus. Ash. 3. A small obscure cloud, ruddy in the middle, portending a great storm. Encyc.

BULL'-DOG,

?i.

;

[bull

BUM

B U L BULL' -FACED,

Having a large

a.

face.

2.

Dryden.

BULL'-FEAST,

n.

BilLL'-FIGlIT,

n.

[See Bull-fight.] [lnLlls.m\ fight.']

bat with a bull; an aimisemeiit

3.

A com-

among

the

Spaniards and Portuguese. A horseman, called a toreador or picador attacks a bull in a circus or inclosed arena, in presence of multitudes of spectators, irritating him with a spear, till the bull rushes upon tlie liorseman, and perhaps dismounts the After the bidl has been tormented rider. a long time, the horseman leaves him, and

An

ofiicial

B U N

report of a physician respeet-ii

ing the king's health. little note given by a banking

A

com

Blackstone.

pany. 4.

It is

sometnnes used

announcement

lic

for a notice, or pub-

a bibliographical

as

;

bulletin.

BUM'BARD, BUM'BAST, 1.

n. [Fr. billon, base coin.] Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. The precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bais, ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plateEncyc. some persons on foot attack him anil ByLL'ISH, a. Partaking of the nature of a darts mto liis neck and at a bull or blunder. Milton. signal plunge writer of papal bulls. given by the president, the barbarous sport BULL'IST, n. Harmar. is eniled by the dagger of a matador. ;

with sureties for a faithful discharge a{ his trust. [A vulgar word.]

BULL'ION,

•2.

n.

[See Bombard.]

71. [A diflTerent orthography of bombast, which see.] A cloth made by sewing one stuff upon

another; patchwork. Linen stuffed with cotton

Grew. ;

stuffing

;

wadShak.

ding.

BUM'BLE BEE, n. [L. hombus, a buzzing.] A large bee, sometimes called humble

so named from its sound. »i. small boat, for carrying provisions to a ship at a distance from shore. Mar. Did. BUM'KIN, n. [See Bumpkin.] A short boom BUL'LITE, n. A petrified shell, or the fo.ssil projecting from each bow of a ship, to exremains of shells, of the genus Bulla. tend the clue of the foresail to windward. Jameson. 2. A small out-rigger over the stern of a boat, Mar. Diet. BULLF'TION, n. [L bullio, to boil. See to extend the mi/.eu. n. [W. ptvnip, a round mass ; pwmpBUMP, Boil.] iaw, to thumj); allied to L. bombus, and The act or state of boiUng. Superseded by Eng. pomp, from swelling, thrusting out.] ebullition. Bacon. BULL'OCK. n. [Sax. bidluca : G. bullochs.] 1. A swelling or protuberance. Dryden. An ox, or castrated bull. In America, it 2. A thump a heavy blow. BUMP, V. i. To make a loud, heavy or holis applied to a tiill grown ox. low noise, as the bittern. It is also writBULL'Y, n. [Sw. bbla, to bellow buller, a ten boom. [W. hw?np.] Dan. bullcn, swelled, puffed up Dryden. tumult or more directly from Sax. bulgian, to BUMP, I', t. To strike as with or against any tiling large or solid, as to bump the head bellow.] against a wall to thump. \. noisy, blustering, overbearing fellow, more BUMP'ER, n. A cnj) or glass filled to the distinguished for insolence and empty mebrim, or till the liquor runs over. naces, than for courage, and disposed to Dn/den. Addison. provoke quarrels. ByLL'Y, 1). t. To insult and overbear with BUMP'KIN, n. [bump, large, swelling, and kin. Sax. ryu, kind, genus.] noise and blustering menaces. King. An awkward or rustic a coun clown, hea\-y ByLL'Y, V. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome. trv lout. Locke. Johnson.

bee

;

A

BUM'BOAT,

A

Encyc. n. [hill and finch.] A bird of the Sparrow kind, whose breast, cheeks and throat are of a crimson color the

BULL'-FINCn,

;

rubiciUa.

BULL-FLY,

Diet. ofJVat. Hist. n. An insect.

or

BULL'-BEE,

Philips. n. [bull and/rog-.] The rana ocellata, a large species of frog, foiuid in North America, of a dusky brown color,

BULL'-FROG.

mixed with a yellowish green, and spotted with black. These frogs live in stagnant water, and utter a loud ci'oaking sound, from which they probably received their name. BULL'-HEAD, n. [hdl and Jiead.] A genus of fishes, the Cottus, with a head broader than the body, whence the name. This fish is called l)y some the Miller's thumb.

3.

Encyc. Johnson.

A stupid fellow; a lubber. A small black water vermin.

2.

and

n.

;

and rush.] A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water, and without knots, says John.son, but Dryden calls it, the knotty bulrush. It is not a technical word.

BUL'RUSII,

John.ion.

BULTEL,

Johnson. BlJLL'ACE, n. The bidly-Uec, or Cliry sophyllum, a plant of two species, natives of the West Indies. Fam. of Plants. Encyc. 3. The wild plum, a species of Prunus.

ing cloth

BULL'-WEED, n. Knap weed. BULL'-WORT, n. Bishopsweed.

Fam. of

BULLAN'TIe,

a.

[from

;

;

;

Philips trout.] A large [bull species of trout, called also sea-trout, thicker than the common sort, and weighing about three pounds. Its back has a bluish green gloss, and there are several black Diet, ofj^/at. Hist. spots on the sides.

BULL'-TROUT,

;

;

Plants.

Designating

hull.]

[bole,

or

Ger.

1.

A

;

bollwerk

Dan.

;

bolvcerk

;

from D.

plump and a ball, Sw. bula, \V. bal, a protuberance, and work a projecting or outwork. Fr. boulevard; Sp, and Port. bol,

3.

;

1.

resisting cannon shot, and formed with bastions, curtains, &c. Encyc. Fry. fortification ; also, any means of decollection of Papistical 2. fense as, a navy is the bulwark of a nabulls. South. BUL'LATE, a. [L. biillatus.] Having eleva- tion. 3. That which secures against an enemy or tions, like blisters ; as a bidlate leaf external annoyance ; a screen or shelter Martyn. n.

A

A

;

n. [Fr. hoxdd, dim. of bouk, a See Ball.] of iron or lead, called also shot, used guns for killing man or beast. Balls for cannon are made of iron ; mus ket-balls are made of lead.

BULL'ET,

means of protection and

safety. Salvation will God appoint for walls and bulIs. xxvi.

ball.

A

ball

to load

BULL'ETIN,

n.

[Fr.

hidldin,

a ballot, a

packet, a certificate; Sp. Weho, a ticket or warrant holeta, a ticket, a billet ; Port. ;

boUin

;

It.

bulleUa, bnlleUino

;

properly, a

roll.]

A Fnnch I.

An

ofHcial report from commander or superior.

BUL'WARK, part

;

V.

to secure

t.

by

To

with a ram-

fortify a fortification

Addison.

tect.

;

officer to his

[W. pumg

;

Dan. hunke, bynke, ;

;

;

Isaiah.

A cluster a number of the same kind growing together; as a bunch of grapes. Dryden, A number of things tied together as a bunch of keys; a bunch of rods. Locke. ;

;

A

rance

to

;

BUNCH,

!'.

be protuberant or round. t.

To form

or

tie

Burlaw

BUM, n. The buttocks the part on wliicl we sit. Johnson. Marston BUM, V. i. To make a noise. BUMBA'ILIFF, n. [A corruption of fcounrf

BUNCH -BACKED,

a.

[bunch

Having a bunch on the back

BUNCH'INESS,

n.

The

bunchy, or growing

in

and make arrests and executions, and bound

to

and

back.]

crooked. Shak.

quality of being bunches.

«.

Growing

in

bunches; hke a

Grew. G. n. [Sax. l»/ndel ; D. bondd bund,bundel; Sw. bmdel and bunt. This word is formed from the root of bind, band,

bunch

;

having

tufts.

BUN'DLE,

;

bond.] 1.

2.

to .serve writs,

;

Johnson.

BUNCH'Y,

;

civil officer, apjtointeil

If'oodward. in a bunch or

bimches.

to pro-

In England, an under-bailift"; a subordinate

an

n.

a heap or heaped measure.] A protuberance a hunch a knob or Imnp as the bunch on a camel's back.

warks.

baUiff.]

word denoting

Clownish. [AWuserf.]

collection of things; a knot; as a bunch 4. balunrte ; It. baluardo.] of hair ; a bunch of trees. Spenser. In fortification, a bastion, or a rampart ; a rnoimd of earth round a place, caj)able of BUNCH, V. i. To swell out in a protube-

Apostolic bulls.

B JLL'ARY,

n.

Richardson.

BUNCH,

bolter or bolt[See Bolt.] also, bran. [J\/'ot used.] n. [Sw. bolvarck D. hohcerlc : 2.

n. ;

BUMP'KINLY,

boll,

BUL'WARK,

Encyc.

certain ornamental capital letters, used in It is used also as a noun.

71.

A number of things put together. A roll; anything bound or rolled

convenient form for conveyance bundle of lace a bundle of hay.

;

into

a

as a

;

Spectator.

BUR

BUG To

V.

t.

B U

end culk-buoys, empty casks, employed to buoy up the cable, in rocky anchorage. Buoys are used also as marks, to point

or bind in a bunille or roll often followed by up; iis, to hmulle Locke. Su-ijl. up clothes.

BfJN'DLE,

tie

;

;

out the situation of rocks, shoals, or channel. \V. biong, a buiif{ hole.] 1. The stopple of the orifiee in the bilfte of a To stream the buoy, is to let it iail by the Mortimer. cask. ship's side into the water, before letting Mar. Diet. H. The hole or orifice in the bilfje oi'u cask. go the anchor. liUNG, V. t. To stop tlje orifice in the bilge BUOY'ROPE, ri. f buoy and rope.^ The rope which fji.stens a biiov to an anchor. of a cask with a bunf; to close iij). The t. and V. To afloat in a n. fluid; to BUOY, hole] BUNG'-IIOLE, keep [hun^ bear up, or keep from sinking in a fluid, The hole or orifice in tlie bij-^'cof a cask. H'oodward. BUNG'LE, V. i. bung'gl. To perform in a as in water or air with up. to keep from us, to binigte "2. To snp|>ort, or sustain clu)nsv, awkward maimer in niakinf; shoes. Ori/iltn. sinking into ruin or despondency. BUING'LE, V. t. To inake or mend chnnsily King Charles. witli to manage awkwardly to botch To fix buoys, ns a direction to mariners.

UlINO,»i. [Fv.bondon

;

G.spund

;

5.

;

6.

D.spotids;

7.

;

A clul). [.\'ut in use.] BURD'EN, V. burd'n. To t.

a heavy load 2.

3.

'^^.

Dryddi. BUNG'LE, n. A botch inaccuracy {cross blunder; clumsy performance. Ray. BUNGLER, n. A ckimsy awkward workman one who performs witliout skill. ;

BUOY,

;

BUNG'LINGLY, adv.

BUNK,

;

float

a meal tuh

Sw.

to rise by specific

;

lightness. Pope. quality of floating on the surface of water, or in the atmosphere

specific lightness. a. Floating; light; that wil lia\ing the quality of rising or Thomson. floating in a fluid.

not sink

'

body.

Unusual.] n.

;

Dryden. of cantharides,

[Dan. hi/nke, of a nauseous scent, and biting severely. miuUi-buHck, a milk pan.] Diet, of Mil. Hist case or cabin of boards for a bed; a ivord BITR, ) Sa.\. used in some imrts of America. bur, signifies a chamber or u BOUR, } or BUN, ?i. ^Scot. bun, bunn ; L-. BOK, ) cottage. bunna ; Gr. Sovroi, a bill, and a cake (dBUR, 71. [Sax. burre, burdock W. bar, a fered to deities. It signifies a mass or head or bunch Ir. a bunch or ;

BUNN

;

iorr, bushy knob; Fr. tourrce, bush.] A rough iirickly covering of the seeds of certain plants, as of the chesnut, and bur;

A

collection.]

small cake, or a kind of sweet bread. Gay. at the Cape fiirrct, but twice as large. When imrsued, it emits an intolerable stench. Diet, of .Vat. Hist. HUNT, n. The mitldle part, cavity, or belly of a sail. Mar. Diet. i. To swell V. BUNT, out; as, the sail bunts. In popular language, to push with the 'i.

BUN'SING,?!. An animal found

of Good JIopc, resendiling the

horns; to

butt.

[See Point.] cant word for a woman picks uj) rags in the streets hence, a low vulgar woman. Johnson. ING, 7!. A bird of the genus End)e-

BUNT'ICR,

n.

A

who

;

BUNT

The name

applied to dill'erent species, as the English bunting and the rice bimting. or BUN'TINE, n. [Gcr. bunt, D. bont. streaked, or of diflerent colors.] V thin woolen stiifl", of which the colors or Hags and signals of ships are made. ri/a.

is

BUNTING

Mar.

BUNT'LINES,

n.

Ropes fastened

Diet.

to crin-

gles on the bottoms of square sails, to draw to their yards. Mar. Diet. BUOY, n. [Fr. bouce, a buoy ; D. boei, a buoy, a lodge or but, a fetter, or shackle, a handcuff ; bonjen, to fetter, to buoy; Ger. boy ; Dan. Imy : Russ. bui ; Sp. boi/a, a buoy ; probably from the root of Sax.

them up

byan, to dwell, ihat is, to set, be fixed, or l)an. boe, boende-] stationary close empty cask, or a block of wood or cork, fastened by a rojie to an anchor, and floating on the water, to show where the anchor is situated. Buoys are of various kinds, as can-buoys, in the form of a cone nun-buoys, which are large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each ;

A

:

1.

on

oppress with any thing grievous

;

as,

;

:

weight

;

in-

oppresseil.

One who

n.

loads; an op-

pressor.

BURD'ENOUS, borne 2.

:

Grievous

a.

;

heavy to bo

oppressive.

Cumbersome

;

Sidney. Milton.

useless.

BURD'ENSOME, a. Heavy

grievous to be causing uneasiness or fatigue oppressi\e. Dn/dtn.

borne

;

:

;

BURD'ENSOMENESS, Ijeing burdensome iveness.

sustaining another

A species

To

ciimhi led

;

BUI'RES'TES,

to lay

:

with weight.

to burdin a nation with taxes. To stncharg*' as, to Iturden the memorj'.

BURD'ENER,

BUOY'ANT,

awkw.irdBenlk>i.

n.

To

hrijdcn. 2. Bearing up, as a flind

Clumsily

ly.

A

i.

BUOY'ANCY,n. The

;

Pea chain. BUNG'LING, ppr. Performing awkwardly. BUNG'LING, a. Clumsy; awkwardly done.

V.

load

to incundjcr

;

BURD'ENED, pp. Loaded with

;

;

;

up.

Spenser.

Hence,

;

;

;

8.

;

;

li

In commoft language, tliat which is ollen repeated a sul)ject on which one dwells. A fixed c(uantity of certain commodities J as a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. The contents of a shij) the quantity or number of tims, a vessel will carry as a ship of a hundred tuns burdtn.

BURDOCK,

n. [bur

n.

heaviness

;

and

dock.]

plants, called .iretium.

some weeds. The lesser burdock

The

They

quality of ;

A

oppress-

genus of

are trouble-

a species of xanthiiim, BU'REAU, [Fr. bureau, an oflice, a table, a court, a chest of drawers Sp. bureo, a court of justice Ann. burell ; Fr. Tlie primary sense is a cloth bure, a ch)tli. is

6uro.

71.

;

;

1.

covering a table, like exeheiiuer. Lunier.] chest of drawers, lor keeping papers or clothes.

A

An embassador's or .secretary's office. 2. A broad ring of iron behind the place for In Spanish, this wordiureo is a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the the band on a spear, used in tilting. king's household. Encyc. nUR'BOT, n. [from L. barbatus, so named BURG, 71. [This is the same word as borough, the only difference behig in the pronuncifrom its beard.] A fish of the genus Gadiis, shaped like an ation of the final letter.] A borough originally a fiirtified town, but eel, but shorter, with a flat head, and on now a city or town, which sends members the nose it has two small beards, and anto ))arliament, whether incorporated or other on the chin. It is disgusting in a\)not. [See Borough.] pearance, but delicate fiiod. It is called BURG'AtiE, 71. [fi-oin burg.] In English also eel-pout. Encyc. tenure in burgage, or burgage tenure, law, n. sort of BURD'ELAIS, grape. is tenure in socage, applied to cities or Johnson. ns, or where houses, or lands which BURD'EN, n. burd'n ; written also burthen. toM were formerly the site of houses, in an an[Sax. byrden, byrthen : Sw. borda Dan cient borough, are held of some lord in Ir. or beirt Gr, G. liirde heart ; ; byrde ; common socage bj' a certain established Fr. fardeau ; Arm. fard ; from fopros rent ; a remnant of Saxon liberty. Blackstone. bear ; L. fero, or porto ; Pers. BURG'AMOT, n. species of pear. [See burdan, to carry. See Bear.] Bergamot.] That which is borne or carried a load. 2. A kind of perfume. [See Bergamot.] dock.

2.

;

A

;

;

A

Hence, That which

is

borne with labor or difliis grievous, wearisonie

culty ; that which or oppressive.

Milton Shuk. A birth. The verse re [Fr. bourdon, a drone.] return of the ))eated in a song, or the theme at the end of i^ach verse the chorus so called from the application of this word to the drone or base, and the pipe or string which plays it, in an instrument. A chord which is to be divided, to perform the inters als of music, when open and undivided, is also called the burden. ;

;

BURG'ANET, BURG'ONET, A

? [Fr. bourguignote, from S burg, in the sense of covering or guarding.] Idnd of helmet, the Spanish nnirrion. Spender. Shak.

BURgEOIS', boorzlnvd,

n. [Fr. bourgeois,

from bourg, burg.]

BURGEOIS', BOURtiEOIS;

I

I

"

.

•

•

"'"'•'"'^

,

A

pronounced

A

burgess. species of

type, or print-

ing letter, smaller than long primer, and larger than brevier. [See Bmirgeoji.] BURGER-MASTER, n. An aquatic fowl which builds its nest on clifls near the water. Did. ofj^at. Hist. Encyc,

BURGEON.

BUR 1.

BUR

BUR

from bourg, BUR' GRAVE, n. [burg and G. graf, D noisy, to swell as sound. Qu. W. broliaw. See Burlesque.] graaf, an earl.] burg.] An inhabitant of a borough, or walletl In some European countries, an hereditary Great iu size bulky tumid falsely great ; town or one who possesses a tenement boisterous. governor of a town or castle. Dryden. Cowley. This word is obsolete or therein a citizen or freeman of a bor- BUR'GUNDY, n. A kind of wine, so called nearly so iu tiom Burgimdy in France. Shensto7ie. Blackstone. America; but hurly-burly is common in ough. A representative of a borough in parHa- Burgundy pitch is turpentine boiled down to vulgar use, for noise, coiifusion, uproar. a firmer consistence. ment. 76. BURN, V. t. pret. and pp. burned or burnt. A magistrate of certain towns. [Sax. bernan, bcernan or byman, to burn Encyc. BURH, is the same as burg, burgh, with the It is Sa.\on, and signifies a city Before the revokition, the representatives aspirate. 6n/)!c, a burning, fire, ardor; Sw. brinna, a castle, a house, or tower. Hence in in the popular branch of the legislatiu'e of hrhnna ; G. brennen ; D. branden ; Dan. composition it signifies defense, protection brander, from brand ; L. pruna, and perVirginia, were called burgesses, as the as cwenburh, (cjucen-burh) a woman ready House of Burgesses. It is now called the The priha\is, furnus,fornax, a furnace. to assist House of Delegates. Cuthburh, eminent for assist mary sense is, to rage, to act with violent


J!.

[Fr. bourgeois,

;

;

;

;

;

3.

3.

;

4.

;

;

BURG'ESS-SHIP, of a burgess.

BURGH,

n.

The

n.

South

burg.

A

ances.

state or quality

different see.

orthography

n. [burgh and bote.] In old Imvs, a contribution towards the building or repairing of castles, or walls, for the defense of a citv or town. Encyc.

n.

[burgh and break.] A for a breach of

imposed on a burgh,

the peace.

of a

English. inhabitant

[from burg.] An burgh or borough, who enjoys

BURGH'ER,

n.

2.

3.

BURIAL-PLACE, ji.

A

n.

ber'rier.

A

n.

n.

The

state or privi

;

Port, boril

;

mines,

who

lor the

an

;

workmen,

called also bailiff and

bar-master.

Encyc.

BURGH'MOTE, [burgh and mote, meeting.] The court of a burgh or borough. n.

2.

It.

To

V.

f.

To

[See Burly.]

Johnson. dress cloth as

Johnson

in the fire

to

;

bake or harden

by heat as, to burn bricks or a brickkiln. To scorch to affect by heat as, to burn the clothes or the legs by the fire to burn meat or bread in cookery. To injure by fire to affect the flesh by ;

(i.

;

;

heat.

To dry up or dissipate with up ; as, to burn up tears. Dn/den. To dry excessively to cause to wither by heat as, the sun bums the grass or plants. 9. To heat or inflame to affect with excessive stimulus as, ardent spirits burn the stomach. 10. To affect with heat in cookery, so as to give the food a disagreeable taste. Hence ;

pick knots and loose threads off from

cloth.

Jlsh

BUR'LACE,

A

To harden :

6m- 5.

an instrument for engraving.

fidlers do.

[burgh and master. officer in the tin also, directs and lays out tlie meers

A burgomaster

;

;

;

the word.

Shak

[Fr. burin

;

;

graver

BURL,

lege of a burgher.

3.

4.

liuc]

New-York.

BURGH'-M'ASTER, n.

j2.

;

One who

ceased person.

BU'RIN,

with fire to reduce to ashby the action of heat or fire ; frequentwith up ; as, to bwn up wood. To expel the volatile parts and reduce tij charcoal by fire; as, to burn wood into coal. Hence, in popular language, to hum a kiln of wood, is to char the wood. To cleanse of soot by burning to inflame an extensive use of as, to burn a chimney ;

place api>ropriated a grave-yard. buries a de-

of the dead

to the burial

BURIER,

To consume

es

ly

;

thei

privileges of the borough of wliich he is a| freeman. In Jlmerica, it is applied to anyj native citizen, especially in the state of

BURGHER-SHIP,

excitement.] 1.

;

;

BURGH'-BOTE,

fine

Camden

n.

;

of burg, borough, which

BURGH'-BRECH,

Gihso7i's

ber'rial. [See Bury.] The act of burying a deceased person sepulture interment the act of depositing a dead in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or body in the water. The act of placing any thing imder earth or water as, to bury seed in the earth. The church service for funerals. Johnson

BURIAL,

;

[A contraction ofburdelais.]

n.

sort of grape.

Johnson. dresser of cloth. U. burlesco, fron [Fr. BURLESQUE,^

BURL'ER, n. A

"

BURLESK',

:

^nrUire, to ridicule

S

;

bur

;

;

;

Port, anil Sp. burlar, la, mockery, raillery Encyc. to jest or scoft'; burlesco, a wag, a jester. the phrase burnt to. [burgh or burg, a house, and The termination esque answers to Eng. 11. To calcine with heat or fire; to expel laer, a thief; whence Fr. larron.] One guilty of nocturnal house breaking one ish.] the volatile matter from substances, so who breaks and enters a mansion house, Jocular tending to excite laughter by ludi- that they are easily pulverized as, to bum crous images, or by a contrast between the with intent to connnit a felony. Coke. oyster shells, or lime-stone. the manner of and as to a. it, 12. To affect with excess of heat as, the fesubject treating BURGLA'RIOUS, Pertaining btn-gwhen a trifling subject is treated with ver burns a patient. lary constituting the crime of burglary. To come down a chimney is held a burglari13. To subject to the action of fire ; to heat gravity. ous entry. Wackstone. BURLESQUE, ? Ludicrous representaor dry as, to 6urn colors. Encyc. a contrast be- To bum tion BURGLA'RIOUSLY, adv. With an intent BURLESK', I up, to consume entirely by fire. to commit burglary; in the marnier of a tween the subject and the maimer of To burn out, to burn till the fuel is all conBlackstone. burglar. sumed. treating it, which tends to excite laughter BURG'LARY, n. The act or crime of noc- or ridicule. BURN, V. i. To be on fire to flame as, turnal house breaking, witli an intent to 2. Exodxis. the mount burned with fire. composition in which a trifling subject commit a felony. To constitute this or low incident is treated with great grav- 2. To shine to sparkle. crime, the act must be connnitted in the ity, as a subject of great dignity or imporO prince wherefore burn your eyes ? tance or a composition in which the night, or when there is not day-light Rowe. contrast between the subject and the manenough to discern a man's face. It must 3. To be inflamed with passion or desire as, be in a mansion house, or in an adjoining ner of considering it renders it ludicrous to burn with anger or love. Thomson. or ridiculous as in Virgil Travestie, the building which is a part or parcel of the \. To act with destructive violence, as fire. mansion. There must be an actual breakLutrin of Boileau, Butler's Hudibras and Sliali tliy wrath burn like fire ? but an opening made Trumbull's McFingal. ing and an entry Psalm Ixxxis. the as out a of To turn into } ridicule offimder, taking by by pane BURLESQUE, "• '•, or to make ludicrous 5. To be in commotion to rage with deglass, or lifting a window, raising a latch, BURLESK', \ structive violence. picking a lock, or removing any fastening, by representation as by treating a low or amounts to a breaking and a jiutting in The groan still deepens and the combat bums. trifling subject with srreat gravity. of the hand, after such breaking, is an en- BURLESQ'UER, I Pope. One who burlesques, "' The act must also be done with an BURLESK'ER, or turns to ridicule. To be heated to be in a glow as, the face (j. try. intent to commit felony. Blackstone. BURLET'TA, n. [Italian. See Burlesque, hums. 7. To be affected with a sensation of heat, BURG'OM'ASTER, n. [burg and master.] Burly.] A bmgh-master a magistrate or one em- V comic opera a mtisical entertaimnent. ])ain or acidity; as, the heart 6w)-?!s. plojed in tlie government of a city. The Bl'R'LINESS, n. [Sec Burly.] Bulk blus- 8. To feel excess of heat as, the flesh hums ter. burgomasters are tlie chief magistrates of Johnson. by a fire; a patient 6i/n!,'! with a fever. the great towns, iu Holland, Flanders and L'Y, a. [The sense probably is sicelUd. To burn out, to bmii till the fuel is exhauBtGermanv. Hence it accords witli Russ. burlyu, to be cd and the fire ceases. ;

BURG'LAR, n. Arm.

;

;

;

;

;

"

;

;

;

A

;

;

!

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

(,

;

;

;

BUR

;

BUR A

n.

liui-t

[Little used.]

BURN'-€OW

BURST

or

BUR

BUR ed also

or injury of tiic flesli caused by the action of (ire. 3. The operation of burning or baking, as in brickniaking; as, they liave a good burn. BIJRN'ABLli, a. That may be burnt.

BURN,

-€0\V,

A

»i.

The offerings of the

burnt-sacrifice.

Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a or some species of calfj a goat, or sheep

in

vegetable substance, as bread and ears of wljeat or barley. liroivn. n. The lobe or lap of the ear.

BURR,

2.

Diet.

ge-

insects, witli

several species

flaming

scorching calcining charring ;

hardening by fire raging as fire glow-

;

;

fire; ;

;

;

ing.

BURN'ING,

Coml)Ustion the act of expelling volatile matter and reducing to ashes, or to a calx ; a fire inflammation the heat or raging of passion. In surgery, n.

n.

BUR'REL,

actual cautery

;

1.

Asort of pear, called also the its smooth, delicious,

;

cauterization.

plant, the

soft

iiul|>.

BURREL-FLy,

n.

The

;

[Fr.

The

|)eculiar force

of

this

word

ill

from confinement

liberation

from a

Philips. ox-fly, gad-bee, or

pri.son

;

tlie

;

heart bursts

as, to burst ith grief.

w

Milton.

Johnson. 2. n.

an

expressing a sudden rupture, witli violence, iyr expansion, or both. Hence it is generally used to signify the sudden rupture of a thing by internal force, and a

Sparganium.

breeze.

BURREL-SHOT,

called

is

noting a shoot.] To ffy or break open with force, or with sudden violence to suffer a violent disru])tion.

Muhlenberg. n.

the name used but in England

little

is,

red butter pear, from

;

;

A

BUR'-REED,

is

college, or a hall in a university. Enci/c. t: i. prcl. and pp. burst. The old participle bursten is nearly obsolete. [Sax. byrstan, bvrstan ; 1). barsten ; G. bersten ; Dan. bri.^ter ; Sw. brista, to burst. The word bristle seems to belong to burst, de-

.

Consuming

ppr.

This

cities in Eurojie,

BURST,

;

BURNING,

many

exchange. The new liurse in Paris is one of the most elegant buildings in the city. In France, a fund or foundation for the maintenance of poor scholars in their studies. In the middle ages, it signified a

;

;

of exchange.

and America, such building

;

tihform teclers, of 2. The round knob of a horn next a deer's head. Encyc. very obnoxious to cattle. Did. of Mil. Hist. ;). The sweetbread. or bilge-pump. A pump, having BURNED, BURNT, pp. Consumed with Burr-pump, a staff' of (), 7 or ti fiiet long with a bar of fire scorched or dried witli fire or iicat wood to which the leather is nailed, whicli baked or hardened in the fire. serves instead of a box. Tliis staff" is BURN'ER, n. A person who burns or sets worked by men w ho pull it up and down, fire to any thing. with a rope fastened to the middle
nus of

bills

bourreler, to tor-

To

break away to spring from tnirst from the arms. ;

;

as, to

Pope.

ment, an