TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS OF WARM HUMID & MODERATE CLIMATE
SUBMITTED BY ADITYA ADITY A PANDE (16) DINESH NIMBALKAR (20) BISHAL GOSWAMI (2) GOURI SHANKAR AGARW AGARWAL AL (18) BISWA JYOT JYOTII LAHON (17) SAPNA BHURA (7)
Indian subcontinent comprises of various climatic backdrops. Average temperature temperature ranges from 27˚ to 35˚C. The various climatic zones in India are--Hot and Dry Warm and Humid Composite Moderate Cold and Sunny Cold and Cloudy Based on the various climatic zones the architecture of a place varies. The Traditional Architecture scenario of India has also evolved a lot due to the climatic factor. factor. The Traditional Traditional buildings in the country has a lot to say in its form, ventilation and other things. From the various climatic clim atic regions we are going to have a detailed study of the Traditional Buildings of the warm-humid and moderate climate .
WARM-HUMID and moderate
Prominent features of this type of climate are the hot, sticky conditions and continual presence of dampness. Temp. ranges from 21 to 32 ˚C in these regions. The average annual rainfall is 350mm. Humidity is high during all seasons. The average humidity is 70%. Vegetation is influenced by moisture in air with moderate heat and high rainfall. Wind are constant in direction but generally low with variable speed.
HUMIDITY DIAGRAM
VEGETATION
Because the air temperature is continually very near to skin temp. heat loss by convection or conduction is negligible. As there is high humidity so the air in the atmosphere is in a saturated state. The saturated air envelope can be can be removed by air movement. As there is cooling effect at night the wall and roof surface temperature tend to even out and settle at the same level as air temperature. Radiant heat gain from the sun and sky must be prevented.
TERRACOTTA ROOFING
GUNA TILE ROOFING
The
building will have to be opened upto breezed and orientated to catch whatever air movement there is . there
should be Open elongated plan shapes with single row of rooms to allow crossventilation. it
should be Accessible from open verandahs or galleries ,which also provide shading door and window openings are ,or should be, as large as possible , allowing a free passage of air. Groups
of buildings also tend to be spread out .
If
several rows of buildings follow, the air movement through buildings in the downwind row will be substantially reduced by the first row. Plant
cover of the ground tends to create a steeper wind gradient than an open surface. It
restricts the movement of air near the ground , and it is often necessary to elevate the building on stilts.
The
shading devices should provide a greater coverage .
Shading
of all vertical surfaces, of both openings and solid walls will be beneficial.
Preferably
the building height should be kept down.
Very
often the roof will extend far beyond the line of walls, with broad overhanging eaves, providing the necessary shading to both openings and wall s urfaces Orientation
of the buildings should be along the longer axes in east-west direction according to the point of view of solar heat gain . With
low rise buildings, where the walls would not get much radiation , orientation for wind is more advisable .
Shading
Trees
and free passage for air movement are the two basic requirements.
and planting can be relied on for shading, as plans carry full foliage all year
round . Pergolas
and light framing to be covered by climbing plants can be provided quite cheaply and they can be very effective .
Open
spaces left under buildings elevated on stilts can also be put to use as shaded outdoor spaces.
It
is difficult to provide privacy as well as allowing for the passage of air , but various systems of paling fences and screen walls have been devised which do not permit direct view but allow the breeze to penetrate.
Most
of these consist of louvered timber boards or some overlapping arrangements of boards or planks .
Density
of development in warm –humid regions is always less for three reasons :
1-to allow free movement of air through buildings and through spaces between buildings.
2-to provide privacy by distance ,as walls and screens cannot be use for this purpose ( they would prohibit air movement ) .
3-many activities are carried on out-of-doors .
It
is advisable to construct buildings of low thermal capacity materials , using lightweight construction. By
opening up the building to air movements , thus to outside conditions, the influence of structure upon indoor conditions in lessened considerably . The
roof is practically the only element which has a very great significant .
It
cannot improve the conditions, i.e. it will not produce temperatures cooler than the outdoor air. If
well designed, it can prevent the indoor temperature increasing above the outdoor air temperature, and keep the ceiling temperature around the same level as other surfaces. This
will be achieved by a reflective upper surface, a double roof construction with roof space ventilated, a ceiling with its upper surface highly reflective, and having a good resistive insulation. A
pitched roof will most often be used covered by corrugated iron, asbestos cement or bright aluminium due to high rainfall. For
solid vertical walls insulation is not necessary if they are shaded.
The
air flow should not pass over hot surfaces before reaching the building.
A
,designer should provide large openings, but at the same time give protection from driving rain, insects, smells and noise, without radically reducing air movement.
Ceiling
mounted or other electric fans may be used when there is little or no breeze, but these will normally only provide an air movement ( thus assist evaporative cooling ), not induce the exchange of air.
Without
the exchange of air, both the temperature and the humidity of room air will increase above the outdoor values, due to the heat and moisture output of human bodies and of various human activities (e.g. washing and cooking). Thus
in this climate there is a need for both a frequent change of air (ventilation) and for a sensible air movement across the body surface.
Ventilation
will also be necessary to the space between the roof and ceiling, and adequate openings must be provided for this purpose.
Two
basic types of traditional shelters are found in warm-humid climates .
Where
timber is scarce, single storey, earth-walled houses are typical, with the roof framed in timber , bamboo or palm frond and covered with thatch. Broad
overhanging eaves shade the walls.
In
regions more favoured with timber or where earth is unsuitable for building; the traditional shelter is often elevated on stilts and is constructed from local timber or a bamboo frame with open-weave matting, timber or split bamboo walls, floors, doors and shutters . Thatch
or built up layers of leaves cover a bamboo or timber roof-frame , which usually has broad overhanging eaves. The
broad eaves shade the walls and openings, provide protection from driving rain and sky glare and permit the openings to be kept open most of the time.
The
thatched roof is an excellent thermal insulator, although it may not be quite waterproof resulting in breeding ground for insects, and the entirely wood and vegetable matter structure gives food and easy passage to termites. Both
types of shelter perform reasonably well in their traditional rural context but not in densely built up areas .
It
is more favorable than the former.
Temperatures
are slightly lower, but there is a steady wind of constant direction.
The
orientation and construction of the building to catch the maximum amount of air movement will be even more imperative than in the warm-humid climate
Most
of these islands lie in the tropical cyclone belt.
Construction
and structure must be designed to withstand strong winds.
This residence-cum-office building in the moderate climate of Bangalore uses solar energy to optimize comfort and heat water.
Project Details: Building / Project name : Residence for Mary Mathew Site address
: 2 Temple Trees Row, Viveknagar Post, Bangalore – 560 047
Building type
: Residence-cum-office
Climate
: Moderate
Architects
: Nisha Mathew and Soumitro Ghosh
Natural
lighting is extensively used in the north-east and north-west by hollowing out courtyards, which become permanent sources of light and ventilation. Roof
insulation was provided by using a roof system of precast hollow terracotta curved panels with nominal GI reinforcement. A
nominal layer of concrete of only 2-inch thick at the crown of panel was poured into place. The
hollow terracotta layer works as heat-resisting layer.
A thick
‘wall’ on the southern / south -western side, which comprised largely masonry surface within which were located the services such as toilets, pantry, kitchen work space, and servant’s room. The
depth of the south-west wall was used to shield the heat and provide pockets for openings located in this ‘wall’ to pull in south -west breeze.
An innovative school design with low embodied energy and maximized use of natural ventilation and day lighting.
Name
of the project : Nisha’s Play School
Address
: Nisha’s Play School, Torda, Savador Do Mundo, Bardez, Goa
Climate
: Warm and Humid
Design
team
Structural
: Gerand Da Cunha, Annabel Mascarenhas, Lisa Thomas, Nirmala D’Mello
consultant : Madhav Kamat and Associates
The
building design and form evolved out of demand to maximize day lighting and induce natural ventilation. Use
of locally available materials, waste materials, and materials with low embodied energy.
Structure and building material : Load-bearing structure with vertical and horizontal RCC bands for earthquake protection. Foundation / Retaining walls
: Random rubble laterite masonry in cement mortar.
Superstructure
: Exposed 9-inch brickwork to maximize space and random rubble masonry where space was not a constraint.
Roofing / Intermediate floors
: RCC with various fillers – bottles, thermocole packaging, etc.
Doors and windows
: Mostly recycled old doors and windows, steel grills, brick jalis.
Flooring
: Red oxide with inlay in black in classrooms / circulation space, China mosaic in doll houses and open area.
Dado’s / toilet floors Shelving
: China mosaic waste with inlay of waste mirrors. : Polished Cadappa embedded in brick wall.
A collective solar kitchen demonstrating use of demonstrates that a
La
Cuisine Solaire demonstrates that a solar concentrator can produce enough steam to cook for 1000 people a day. Architects
: Suhasini Ayer Guigan and Anita Gaur
Consultant
for the bowl : Chamanlal Gupta, Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Contractor
/ Builder
: Local labour trained and managed by the architect.
Composite
foundation comprising three layers.
All
pillars and walls are of compressed earth blocks stabilized with five per cent cement. The
roof over the main kitchen area is a 10 m long-span Ferro cement channel prefabricated on site. The
dining hall has a doubly-curved shell roof where the prefabricated Ferro cement shells are used as lost shuttering. The
store rooms and auxiliary areas have the normal Ferro cement channels.
Solar
chimneys have been incorporated in the kitchen and dining hall to enhance natural ventilation. Openings
are cast in situ RCC using prefabricated Ferro cement elements as lost shuttering thus saving on finishing plaster. Thermal
insulation is in broken fired bricks mixed with lime treated with a fermented solution of jaggery and local nuts.
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Mean Monthly Temp. (°C)
Mod erate
25-30
Mean Monthly R.H. (%)
<75
Mean Monthly Precipitatio n
<5
No. of clear days in a month
<20
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This is a climate which is generally comfortable; neither too hot, nor too cold.
The houses generally remain shaded and insulated from direct sun.
Little breezes are developed during stuffy and warm conditions. Woolens are required during chilly winters for shorter duration.
In this climate, the ideal comfortable house is built of heavy walls with high ceiling rooms, with windows that you can shut and open, surrounded by a shade giving verandah.
High ceilings reduce the effect of heat that would radiate down from the roof which would get hot under the sun.
This will also allow the warm air to rise and escape through ventilators, high up in the walls.
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