Two comparators of a quad OPAMP IC is used to form a window comparator for sensing low / high input voltage while their 'OR' logic wired output drives a relay to cut-off the load beyond a specified...Full description
Two comparators of a quad OPAMP IC is used to form a window comparator for sensing low / high input voltage while their 'OR' logic wired output drives a relay to cut-off the load beyond a specified...
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Descrição: Designing Analog Circuit Series vol 1 - Designing Amplifier Circuits
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VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Aim: (a) To verify input-output waveforms of voltage series feedback
amplifier. (b) To obtain its Mid band gain and bandwidth. Requirements: PC with Multisim software.
Circuit diagram: VCC
R3 33kohm
12V
R2 1.5kohm
XSC1
G
Q1 BC107BP
C2
C1
10uF V1 10mV 7.07mV_rms 1000Hz 0Deg
T A
R4 6.8kohm
10uF R1 470ohm
B
Theory: In voltage series feedback amplifier, sampling is voltage and series mixing
indicates voltage mixing. As both input and output are voltage signals and is said to be voltage amplifier with gain Avf. Band width is defined as the range frequencies over which gain is greater than or equal to 0.707 times the maximum maximum gain or up to 3 dB down from the maximum gain. Bandwidth (BW) = f h - f l.l. where f h = Upper cutoff frequency and f l = Lower cutoff frequency. Cutoff frequency is the frequency at which wh ich the gain is 0.707 times the maximum gain or 3dB down from the maximum gain. In all feedback amplifiers we use negative feedback, so gain is reduced and bandwidth is increased. Avf = Av/[1+Avβ] and BWf.= BW [1+ Avβ]
Where Avf = Gain with feedback Av= Gain with out feedback
β=feedback gain BWf = Bandwidth with feedback and BW = Bandwidth without without feedback feedback Output resistance will decrease due to shunt connection at output and input resistance will increase due to series series connection at input. So R 0f =R 0/[1+Av β] 0f =R
and
R if =Ri[1+Av β]. if =Ri[1+A
Where R 0f 0f = Output resistance with feedback R 0 = Output resistance resistance without without feedback. R if if = Input resistance with feedback R i = Input resistance resistance without without feedback One can observe 00 phase shift as output is taken at the emitter.
Procedure:
1. Connect the compone components nts as per the the circuit circuit diagram. diagram. 2. Observe Observe the input and output output wavefor waveforms ms in Channels Channels A and B of Cathode Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) simultaneously. 3. Draw the the waveform waveformss with their amplitudes amplitudes and and time time periods. periods. 4. Observe Observe the phase difference difference between between input and output. output. 5. Perform Perform AC analysi analysiss and obtain obtain frequency frequency respons responsee plot with with maximum maximum gain, gain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and bandwidth. 6. Perform Perform post proces processs and obtain obtain frequency frequency respons responsee plot with with maximum maximum gain gain in decibles, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and bandwidth. 7. Compare Compare result resultss of steps steps 5 and 6. .
Observations:
1. Input-Output waveforms :
Input amplitude = Output amplitude = Time period = Phase shift = 2. AC analysis:
Maximum gain = Lower cutoff frequency = Upper cutoff frequency = Bandwidth = 3. Post process:
Maximum gain in decibles = Lower cutoff frequency = Upper cutoff frequency = Bandwidth = Conclusion: Result:
