^ahdokcs • E`@iy (>664). _iur Zio`a< Hk Oksoda Zoaw. @bhptar ? (pp. 863 ‐801) • Tburehk & Sam`b (>666). Nidyeokd & Zio`a. Zim.>, @bhptar : (pp.01: ‐0::) • Ehmda, Hmmak & \ammar (>66?). Sbht Avary Pokcar Kaads ti Gkiw Hniut tba Nidy . @bhptar 8 & > (pp. 8 ‐4:)
Zio`a Hkhtiey 868 Inla`tovas< 8. Nroajmy ravoaw tba wbima nidy hs hk okstrueakt >. Iutmoka oepirthkt jh`tirs `ik`arkokc nidy hmockeakt 0. Odaktojy tba stru`turhm amaeakts ij tba mhrykx hkd vi`hm trh`t7 axtrokso` & oktrokso`.
Iut`ieas< Tbos eiduma saags ti privoda h nroaj ivarvoaw ij tba vi`hm okstrueakt7 nitb bimosto`hmmy (hs h wbima-nidy okstrueakt) hkd tipo`hmmy (mhrykx hkd vi`hm trh`t). Ht tba akd ij tba sassoik, tba studakt tah`bar sbiumd na hnma ti mhnam gay `iepikakts ij tba vi`hm hpphrhtus hkd kieokhta tbaor juk`toikhm `bhrh`tarosto`s.
8.
Tba ‒NOC‟ Vo`tura
Najira zikokc ok ik tba hpphrhtus tbht `rahtas tba siukd (tba mhrykx), ot os oepirthkt ti thga h miig ht tba ‒noc‟ po`tura. Ot os hmm tii ahsy ti jircat tbht tba okstrueakt os tba wbima parsik. Sbak wa saa h cuothr wa dik‟t sokcma iut tba strokc hs tba sima `iepikakt tbht pridu`as tba siukd. H cuothr os tba sue -
tithm ij ots phrts. _as, ot os tba strokc tbht vonrhtas hkd hcothtas tba hor, tbus pridu`okc siukd-whva phttarks. Nut tba strokc os `iepmatamy usamass wotbiut tba ‒nidy‟ ij tba cuothr. Pi ot os wotb iur vio`a. Tba
vi`hm jimds is`ommhta ti jire siukd, nut tba rasumtokc siukd os hjja`tad ny tba okstrueakt tbht ak`hsas ot.
Gokhastbasoh Tba jorst stap tiwhrds eikotirokc tba vio`a hs h wbima (o.a. tba nidy) os ti davamip gokhastbato` hwhrakass. EhryLahk Hmmak (>66?) dajokas gokhastbasoh hs ”tba par`aptoik
ij yiur nidy ok eitoik< biw ot eivas, wbara ot eivas, hkd tba quhmoty ij tbht eivaeakt― (p. 1). 1). Ppa`ojo`hmmy, wbak wa sokc, tba nidy eivas nitb ik hk axtrokso`
mavam (hre casturas, bahd eivaeakts at`.) hkd ik hk oktrokso` mavam (aephtbato` vonrhtoiks, eus`umhr eivaeakts at`.).
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Pi biw dias ika davamip gokhastbato` hwhrakass9 Hmmak privodas us wotb h most ij bampjum odahs dasockad ti iroakthta iur hwhrakass ti dojjarakt nidy phrts hkd eitoiks (pp. 4 ‐1)< 1)< h. Ptudy< ukmoga itbar okstrueakts su`b hs tba pohki ir voimok wbo`b hra axtarkhm ti iur iwk nidoas, ehky ij tba iparhtoikhm `bhrh`tarosto`s ij tba vio`a hra oktarkhm. Tbos soepma jh`t eahks tbht wa kaad ti aksura tbht iur eakthm po`tura ij wbht os thgokc pmh`a os h khtieo`hmmy h``urhta. Ot os tbarajira oepirthkt ti study hkhtieo`hm eidams hkd ommustrhtoiks ti aksura wbht yiu oehcoka os thgokc pmh`a os hkhtieo`hmmy trua. P`itt E`@iy (>68>) wrotas, Hs sokcars hkd tah`bars, wa jh`a twi parakkohm prinmaes ramhtad ti pbysoimicy< 8) eist ij tba vi`hm ea`bhkose os kit vosonma ukdar kirehm `or`uesthk`as7 >) gokhastbato` jaadnh`g wa ra`aova wboma sokcokc ijtak os okh``urhta. Gkiwmadca ij tba pbysoimico` `ikka`toiks ok tba vio`a, nacokkokc wotb tba rasporhtiry systae hkd eivokc ik ti pbikhtoik, rasikhk`a, hkd hrto`umhtoik, bamps heamoirhta tbasa dojjo`umtoas. (p. 1>?)
n. Qsa tba Eorrir< Sa hra ‒iutwhrd‟ miigokc ` rahturas7 tbht os wa hra `iksthktmy miigokc hwhy jrie iursamvas. Tba usa ij h eorrir os axtraeamy bampjum ok insarvokc iur nidoas ok eitoik. Hmmak hsgs tba quastoik, ”Biw dias wbht O saa dojjar jrie wbht O axpa`t ti saa9― (p. 1). 1). Insarvokc yiursamj
ok h eorrir `hk na quota ommueokhtokc7 ravahmokc tbisa h`toiks wa wara itbarwosa ukhwhra ij. `. Drhw tba hrah ti na ehppad< _iu dik‟t bhva ti na Dh Zok`o ti put pak ti phpar hkd sgat`b tba dojjarakt nidy phrts. Drhwokc hkhtiey `hk na bampjum wbak hssi`ohtokc soza hkd pripirtoik. d. Hsg spa`ojo` quastoiks< Na okquosotova! Pieatoeas tba soepma quastoiks `hk na ravahmokc ok tba mavam ij dathom tbht tbay axpisa. Jir axhepma, yiu eocbt moga ti `iksodar wbht hra tba ehok eus`mas aepmiyad wbak swhmmiwokc. Tbos akquory ok turk eocbt mahd yiu ti hsg, ”Hra tbasa tba shea eus`mas usad wbak miwarokc hkd mojtokc tba mhrykx9― Jurtbareira, wbht dias tbos tamm us
hniut biw tba mhrykx h`ts wbak ot os hwhy jrie ots piokt ij eodmoka rast9 Hkd si tba quastoiks gaap rimmokc…
a. Eiva< Ik`a yiu bhva sthrtad ti jire hk h``urhta eakthm po`tura wotb h baocbtakad saksa ij pbyso`hm hwhrakass ot‟s toea ti eiva. Eivokc tba okstrueakt (yiur nidy) raquoras tba
eikotirokc ij eumtopma saksiry okputs hmm ht ik`a. Kiw tbht y iu hra eivokc, sthrt sokcokc ‐ wbht hra yiu axparoak`okc9 Hra yiu hnma ti ehkhca hmm ij yiur nidy‟s saksiry sockhms ht ik`a9 j.
^amhta< Di yiu kito`a hky ramhtoiksbops natwaak dojjarakt nidy phrts hkd tbaor okdovoduhm
h`tovotoas9 Jir axhepma, oj yiur ka`g tomts nh`g, wbht di yiu insarva ok yiur vio`a, yiur nh`g hkd avak yiur jaat9
”H bocbmy davamipad gokhastbato` hwhrakass saaes ti na tba bhmmehrg ij hk hdvhk`ad
parjirear, si tbht ba os hnma ti `ik`aktrhta ik ehky tbokcs itbar tbhk vi`hm ta`bkoqua. (Kosnat, >686, p. 86?)―
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Nidy Hmockeakt Hs wa na`iea eira hwhra ij tba wbima okstrueakt wa ehy sthrt ti kito`a tba ka`assoty jir stru`turhm hmockeakt7 o.a. tba buehk nidy wirgs nast hs h siukd ehgokc okstrueakt wbak tba sgamathm stru`tura hkd tba eus`umhr s`hjjimdokc bhs h`boavad h sthta ij nhmhk`a hkd hmockeakt (Pbawamm, >66?7 Tburehk at hm., >666). >666). Qkjirtukhtamy, tba buehk nidy dias kit bhva h khturhm pripaksoty jir ciid pisturhm hmockeakt. Earonatb Nuk`b Dhyea (>66?) kitas, ”Piea typo`hm prinmaes tah`bars womm saa hkd bhva ti `irra`t hra oepripar pisotoik ij tba bahd, riukdad sbiumdars, h `rhepad `bast, hkd ax`assovamy hr`bad miwar nh`g (mirdisos) hkd mi`gad gkaas― (p. 1?). 1?). Pi wbht dias ciid nidy hmockeakt miig moga9 Tba jorst tbokc ti `iksodar wbak saagokc ciid nidy hmockeakt os tba stru`turhm ehgaup ij tba buehk sgamatik. Tba jimmiwokc oehca (Jocura 8) sbiws tba buehk sgamatik hkd ots sox piokts ij nhmhk`a<
8. H-I Liokt (Htmhs-I``oput)
>. Pbiumdars
0. Tbirh`o` & Muenar Oktarpmhy
4. Bop Liokts
1. Gkaa Liokts
:. Hkgma Liokts
Jocura 8< Buehk Pgamatik & Viokts ij Nhmhk`a
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Hmmak (>66?) sthtas tbht, ”h``urhtamy ehppokc tba sox pmh`as ij nhmhk`a covas sokcars hk axtraeamy piwarjum sat ij sokcokc tiims― (p. >1). Mat‟s dajoka tbasa : piokts ij nhmhk`a<
8. H-I Liokt< Tba sgumm (i``oput) os `aktrhmmy nhmhk`ad ik tba tip `arvo`hm vartanrh (htmhs). Tba H-I liokt privodas jaadnh`g hs ti tba pisotoik hkd eivaeakt ij tba bahd ok ramhtoiksbop ti tba rast ij tba nidy sotuhtad namiw ot. >. Pbiumdars< Hphrt jrie biusokc tba sbiumdar si`gat ok wbo`b tba hre htth`bas ti tba tbirhx, tba sbiumdars hmsi `iktronuta ti tba stru`tura hkd s`hjjimdokc ij tba ron`hca (voh tba jrheawirg ij eus`mas tbht htth`b ti tba @mhvo`ma hkd P`hpumh). Hmmak bocbmocbts, ”Ti nhmhk`a yiur hre stru`tura, tba rast ij yiur nidy eust hmrahdy na ok nhmhk`a ― (p. 46). 46). 0. Tbirh`o` hkd Muenar Oktarpmhy< Tba mhrcast ehss ij tba buehk nidy os jiukd ok tba tbirhx. Oj tba tbirhx os kit suothnmy nhmhk`ad ivar tba miwar piokts ij nhmhk`a (Bops, Gkaas, Hkgmas) tba k ukdua eus`umhr taksoik ehy na dostronutad hniva tba tbirhx. Tbos ok turk jires hk ukdasorhnma ‒biusokc ij tba mhrykx‟ 7 o.a. tba mhrykx womm na ak`hsad ok eus`umhr
taksoik tbht os mogamy ti rastro`t ots ajjo`oakt hkd susthokhnma ehkiauvrokcs. 4. Bop Liokts< Nahutojummy dasockad, tba bop liokts avakmy dostronuta tba waocbt ij yiur nidy tbriucb yiur macs hkd okti tba jmiir. Ot os oepirthkt ti gaap yiur bop liokts hmockad7 aksurokc tbht tba pamvos dias kit ‒tu`g ukdar‟ (hmmiwokc tba pisotoik ij tba spoka ti `immhpsa okti tba
pamvo` cordma7 Jocura >). >). Aquhmmy, tba pamvos sbiumd kit na hmmiwad ti tbrust jirwhrd (`husokc tba spoka ti `urva tbriucb tba muenar pirtoik ij tba nh`g). 1. Gkaa Liokts< Ot bhs naak kitad wotb tba itbar piokts ij hmockeakt tbht h mh`g ij nhmhk`a ok ika pmh`a womm mogamy rasumt ok piir nhmhk`a hkd
Jocura >< Vamvo` Cordma (Bops)
hmockeakt ok itbars. Pi tii wotb tba gkaa liokts. Oj tba gkaa eivas okti h mi`gad pisotoik, tba rast ij tba nidy (phrto`umhrmy tba tbirhx) womm ijtak `iepakshta wotb eus`umhr taksoik tbht os kit `ikdu`ova ti ciid sokcokc. :. Hkgma Liokts< Jraa hkd hcoma eivaeakt ij tba aktora nidy os dapakdakt ik nhmhk`ad hkd raspiksova hkgma liokts. Nhmhk`ad hkd raspiksova hkgma liokts hra dapakdakt ik tba ramhtoikhm hmockeakt ij avarytbokc hniva tbae hs Hmmak axpmhoks< a xpmhoks< Tba hkgma liokts womm stojjak oj tba tbirhx os kit nhmhk`ad ok ramhtoik ti tba muenar spoka, hkd jmuod jraa eivaeakt womm kit na kit na hvhomhnma ti yiu. Tbara os hmsi h dora`t ramhtoiksbop natwaak nhmhk`a ht yiu‟ra H -I liokt hkd nhmhk`a ht yiur hkgma liokts. Tbarajira, jorst nhmhk`a ht yiur H-I liokt, tbak nhmhk`a y iur tbirhx ok ramhtoik ti yiur muenar spoka. Kaxt, nhmhk`a ht yiur bop hkd gkaa liokts, hkd tbak yiu womm na rahdy ti nhmhk`a ht yiur hkgma liokts. Tbus, ok irdar ti dostronuta waocbt ajjo`oaktmy hkd ahsomy ti tba jmiir, tba hkgma liokts raquora uppar nidy nhmhk`a hs das`ronad. (p. 02)
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>. Tba Mhrykx & Purriukdokc Hkhtiey Najira zikokc ok ik tba mhrykx hkd survayokc ots surriukdokc hkhtiey, ot os oepirthkt jir ea ti kita bara tbht O he sgoppokc tba hkhtiey ij nrahtbokc ok tbos eiduma ok prajarak`a jir bocbmocbtokc Nrahtb Ehkhcaeakt hs h sthkd-hmika eiduma.
8
H sa`ikd dos`mhoear eust hmsi na hppmoad najira
`iktokuokc. Mhrykcahm hkhtiey os bocbmy `iepmax hkd iur bukcar jir gkiwmadca hniut tbos ok`radonma okstrueakt os axtrh`tokc kaw ukdarsthkdokc avary dhy voh rasahr`b `ikdu`tad h`riss tba cmina. H``irdokcmy, tbht wbo`b jimmiws os moeotad ny twi jh`tirs< (o) tba nrahdtb ij tba sunla`t ehttar eust na >
rastro`tad ti tba s`ipa ij tbos eiduma7 o.a. h nroaj ravoaw. (oo) Hmm okjirehtoik suppmoad namiw os `urrakt (hkd hppriprohtamy rajarak`ad) hs ij tba toea ij wrotokc7 nut os sunla`t ti eira bocbmy rajokad ukdarsthkdokcs hs tbay `iea ti mocbt voh kaw rasahr`b. Tbos eocbt ci wotbiut shyokc, nut O jokd ot ka`asshry ti raeokd ey rahdars ij tbos jh`t covak tba ax`otokc ph`a ht wbo`b iur pursuot ij kaw gkiwmadca os eivokc. Sotb tbasa twi civarkokc jh`tirs ok pmh`a, mat‟s pri`aad…
Tba Puparstru`tura Tba ehlir jrheawirg ij tba mhrykx `iksosts ij ika nika (byiod) hkd h kuenar ij `hrtomhcas (Jocura 0). 0). Tba suparstru`tura
ij
tba
mhrykx
os
suspakdad ukdarkahtb tba byiod nika hkd ”na`husa tba byiod bhs ki liokt
`ikka`tokc ot ti tba sgamatik, ot akliys h sunsthktohm
jraadie
ij
eivaeakt―
(E`@iy, >664, p. 880). 880). Tba byiod nika hmsi privodas tba hk`bir piokt jir ehky ij tba axtrokso` eus`mas wbo`b ok turk
Jocura 0< Mhrykx @hrtomhcas - Phcotthm Pa`toik
hra oepirthkt jir swhmmiwokc. Ehky stru`turas oepirthkt ok sokcokc sbhra `ieeik piokts ij irocok hkd htth`beakt7 oepripar pisturas hkd taksoiks tbarajira hra ahsomy trhksjarrad jrie ika mi`htoik ti hkitbar. Tbos os phrto`umhrmy trua ij lhw hkd tikcua taksoiks, wbo`b hra phssad dora`tmy hmikc ti tba mhrykx jrie tba byiod. (p. 884)
8
Jir siea, tbos eocbt nrahg wotb tba khturhm jmiw ij okquory, biwavar O namoava tbht Nrahtb Ehkhcaeakt hkd tba h``iephkyokc ravoaw ij hssi`ohtad hkhtiey raquoras ok-daptb okvastochtoik hkd nrahg-diwk7 covak tbht nrahtb os jukdheakthm ti hmm siukd ‐ eiraivar, nrahtb juams tba vio`a hkd hdvhk`as avary itbar vi`hm h`tovoty tbht eocbt na kieokhtad. > Tbisa wosbokc ti gkiw eira hniut tba hkhtiey ij tba mhrykx hra dora`tad ti rahd tba ax`ammakt wirgs wrottak ny Tburehk & Sam`b (Nidyeokd & Zio`a), E`@iy (_iur Zio`a< Hk Oksoda Zoaw), Puknarc (Tba P`oak`a ij tba Pokcokc Zio`a), hkd ehky itbars.
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Tbara hra jova `hrtomhcas tbht jire tba suparstru`tura ij tba mhrykx< 8. Tbyriod @hrtomhca< Ijtak rajarrad ti hs tba ‒Hdhe‟s Hppma‟ tba tbyriod `hrtomhca os ijtak saak ti pritruda jrie tba ka`g ik eist eak. Tba wird tbyriod bhs naak thgak jrie tba Craag wird wbo`b motarhmmy eahks ‒sboamd -moga‟7 na`husa tba tbyriod `hrtomhca, tba mhrcast poa`a ij stru` tura ok
tba mhrykx os moga h sboamd prita`tokc tba okkar wirgokcs ij tba ea`bhkose. >. @ro`iod @hrtomhca< Pbhpad moga h sockat rokc (mhrca pirtoik ht tba nh`g, sehmmar nhkd ht tba jrikt) tba `ro`iod `hrtomhca sots dora`tmy namiw tba tbyriod `hrtomhca . ”Tba `r o`iod os htth`bad ti tba 0 okjaroir birks ij tba tbyriod `hrtomhca tbriucb sykivohm liokts , wbo`b hmmiw tba `hrtomhcas ti nitb
884). Tba `ro`iod `hrtomhca os nitb tba tip ij povit hkd smoda ok pisotoik ramhtova ti ah`b itbar― (p. 884). tba trh`bahm stae (wokdpopa) hkd tba nhsa ij tba mhrykx. 0. Hrytakiod @hrtomhca< Potuhtad ht tba rahr ij tba ea`bhkose, tba twi (majt hkd rocbt) hrytakiod `hrtomhcas strhddma tba `ro`iod `hrtomhca moga h rodar eiukts h birsa. ”Pykivohm liokts `ikka`t tba hrytakiods ti tba `ro`iod, pareottokc tbae ti rithta ik ots surjh`a hkd ti smoda ticatbar hkd 881). hphrt― (p. 881). 4. Apocmittos< Hrcuhnmy tba eist oepirthkt poa`a ij eivokc stru`tura wotbok tba mhrykx, tba apocmittos ”jires tba jrikt whmm ij tba sph`a hniva tba vi`hm jimds, wotb tba hryapocmitto` jimds
rukkokc nh`g jrie tba apocmittos ti tba hrytakiod `hrt omhcas― (Pbawamm, >66?, p. 8:0). 8:0). Tba apocmittos os `ru`ohm ti tba survovhm ij tba buehk naokc na`husa ot dora`ts jiid hkd jmuod okti tba iasipbhcus hkd hwhy jrie tba mhrykx ny `misokc ijj tba horwhy7 tbus pravaktokc `bi`gokc hkd/ir driwkokc. 1. Trh`bahm Ptae< Tba trh`bahm stae os ehda-up ij ok`iepmata `hrtomhcokius rokcs. Tbasa rokcs hra `ikka`tad ny h jmaxonma eaenrhka wbo`b ok turk hmmiws jir tba miwarokc hkd mojtokc ij tba mhrykx.
Axtrokso` Eus`mas Potuhtad dora`tmy nakahtb tba lhw hkd eiutb, tba mhrykx sots jrikt hkd `aktra ok tba ka`g (Jocura 4). 4). Moanarehk hkd @bhpehk (8??2) das`rona tba pisotoik ij tba mhrykx sthtokc, ”Hkhtieo`hmmy, tba mhrykx os kit htth`bad ti tba spokhm `imuek, nut os suspakdad natwaak tba sgumm hkd tba starkue tbriucb h `iepmo`htad katwirg ij eus`mas― (p. >). >). Tba axtrokso` eus`umhtura kit ikmy suspakds tba mhrykx ok pmh`a, nut hmsi dora`tmy okjmuak`as tba h`tovoty ij tba mhrykx hkd ok diokc si `hk oeph`t pbikhtoik nitb pisotovamy hkd kachtovamy. P`itt E`@iy (>664), (>664), Jocura 4< Visotoik ij Mhrykx
ok bos niig, _iur Zio`a< Hk Oksoda Zoaw , criups tba axtrokso`
0
H sykivohm liokt os dojjarakt ti h `hrtomhcokius liokt ir h jonrius liokt na`husa ij tba axostak`a ij sehmm `usboiks (jommad wotb munro`htokc sykivohm jmuod) tbht sot natwaak tba hrto`umhtokc stru`turas.
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eus`umhtura okti tbraa criups h``irdokc ti tbaor `imma`tova rimas (pp. 8>1 ‐8>?)< 8>?)< o. @ikstro`tir Eus`mas< wrhppokc hriukd tba aktora vi`hm trh`t, `ikstro`tir eus`mas hssost ok
swhmmiwokc. Hddotoikhmmy, tba `ikstro`tirs ( suparoir, eoddma, okjaroir ) okjmuak`a pot`b-`iktrim. oo. Mhrykcahm Amavhtirs< Tbasa eus`mas sarva ti rhosa hkd miwar tba mhrykx. h. Tbyribyiod Eus`ma< sotuhtad natwaak tba byiod nika hkd tbyriod `hrtomhca, tba tbyribiod eus`ma sarvas ti mojt tba mhrykx hkd phrtohmmy `misa tba chp natwaak tba twi stru`turhm piokts. ”Ax`assWovaU
taksoik ok tbos eus`ma os WhU `ieeik jh`tir ok tba vi`hm phtbimicy gkiwk hs eus`umhr taksoik dyspbikoh, dyspbikoh, wbo`b `hk mahd ti h `briko` nrahtby siukd rasumtokc jrie ok`iepmata cmitthm `misura―
(p. 8>3). 8>3). n. Hktaroir & Vistaroir Dochstro`< Duhm purpisa eus`mas, tba phorad dochstro` nitb rhosa tba mhrykx
hkd miwar tba lhw. E`@iy kitas tbht ”ukjirtukhtamy, tbos eus`ma os vary hdapt ht parjireokc tbasa twi juk`toiks soeumthkaiusmy…tba luxthpisotoik ij h tocbt, ivar axtakdad lhw wotb h mojtad mhrykx os jraquaktmy saak ok yiukcar sokcars― (p. 8>3) `.
Ptymibyiod< Hssi`ohtad eistmy wotb swhmmiwokc, tbos eus`ma pumms tba tbyriod (voh tba byiod) nitb
up hkd nh`g. d. Eymibyiods< Jireokc tba eus`umhr jmiir ij tba eiutb tbasa eus`mas rhosa tba byiod nika ir
miwar tba ehkdonma. a.
Cakoibyiod< Axtakdokc jrie tba piokt ij tba `bok nh`g ti tba byiod nika, tba cakoibyiod eus`ma
aotbar daprassas tba ehkdonma ir rhosas tba mhrykx voh h mojtokc ij tba byiod nika. j.
Byicmissus< Tbos piwarjum eus`ma h`ts ti hssost swhmmiwokc ny daprassokc tba nh`g ij tba tikcua.
c. Cakoicmissus<
Gkiwk hs tba ‒tikcua-sto`gar-iutar‟ eus`ma (p. 8>2), 8>2), tba cakoicmissus os tba
mhrcast tikcua eus`ma.
ooo.
Mhrykcahm Daprassirs< Hmsi gkiwk hs tba okjrh byiod eus`mas, tbos criup ij eus`mas ”eistmy axart
h miwarokc okjmuak`a ik tba mhrykx hkd byiod nika. Sbak tbay hra ukka`asshromy akchcad durokc spahgokc ir sokcokc, tbay `hk `iktronuta ti h `ieeik oktarjarak`a wotb tba oktarkhm mhrykcahm eus`mas…aspa`ohmmy wbak sokcokc si-`hmmad miw pot`bas― (Tburehk, Sam`b, Tbaoear, Jaot, &
Crajsbaoe, >666, p. 0:4). 0:4). Tbara hra tbraa mhrykcahm daprassirs< h. Ptarkitbyriod< @ikka`tad natwaak tba oksoda surjh`a ij tba starkue hkd tba miwar adca ij tba tbyriod `hrtomhca. H sokcars ”umtoehta cihm sbiumd na tba ramahsa ij taksoik jrie tbasa eus`mas
8>2). tbht wiumd amavhta tba mhrykx― (E`@iy, >664, p. 8>2). n. Ptarkibyiod< Hk ivar-h`tova starkibyiod eus`ma ehy drhc tba mhrykx diwkwhrds hs ot radu`as tba
dosthk`a natwaak tba starkue hkd tba byiod. `.
iei). ”Vrasak`a ij Ieibyiod< Tbasa mhrca eus`mas irocokhta jrie tba sbiumdar nmhdas (s`hpumh ‐ iei).
tbasa eus`mas covas jurtbar axpmhkhtoik hs ti wby ax`ass taksoik ok tba sbiumdars `hk kachtovamy oeph`t tba sokcokc vio`a― (p. 8>?). 8>?).
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Tba jhmsa daprassirs hra kirehmmy usad ok swhmmiwokc, ahtokc, hkd itbar kik-vi`hm thsgs hkd `hk okvimva okhppriprohta taksoiks kit `ikdu`ova ti ciid vio`okc. Ij phrto`umhr `ik`ark hra tba usa ij tikcua riit hkd lhw eus`mas. Tba ikmy trua daprassas ij tba mhrykx hra tba starkitbyriod, tba starkibyiod, hkd ieibyiod eus`mas. Ok sokcokc tba eist oepirthkt ij tbasa os tba starkitbyriod. (@bhpehk & Eirros, >66:h, p. 34)
Jocura 1< Vistaroir voaw ij Mhrykx
Oktrokso` Eus`mas Tba axtarkhm eus`mas ij tba mhrykx hra covak ti tba pisotoikokc ij tba mhrykx wotbok tba ka`g, hkd hmtbiucb tbay bhva hk okdora`t nahrokc ik tba pridu`toik ij siukd, ot os tba oktrokso` eus`mas ij tba mhrykx wbo`b hra dora`tmy raspiksonma jir pbikhtoik. Tbara hra savak oktrokso` eus`mas wbo`b `ienoka ti jire vi`hm siukds< 8. Tbyrihrytakiod (TH)< Hmsi gkiwk hs tba TH eus`ma, tba tbyrihrytakiod os tba mhrcast oktrokso` eus`ma. Hs ots khea succasts, ot ruks natwaak tba tbyriod hkd hrytakiod `hrtomhcas7 tbus, tbara hra twi tbyrihytakiods (majt hkd rocbt). Tbos eus`ma jires tba nidy ij tba vi`hm jimd hkd os raspiksonma jir tba sbirtakokc hkd tbo`gakokc ij tba vi`hm jimds. >. @ro`itbyriod (@T)< Sirgokc ok tahe wotb `ro`ihrytakiod eus`mas tba @ro`itbyriod (@H) sarvas ti amikchta (makctbak) tba
vi`hm jimds. Ot dias tbos ny wirgokc nitb wotb hkd hchokst tba tbyrihrytakiod eus`mas. Tbos os `hmmad hk hcikosto`-hkthcikosto` hcikosto`-hkthcikosto` ramhtoiksbop.
4
0. Mhtarhm @ro`ihrytakiod (M@H)< Vroehromy akchcad jir tba hddu`toik (`misura) ij tba vi`hm jimds, tba mhtarhm `ro`ihrytakiods ”rithta tba hrytakiods, nrokcokc tba vi`hm pri`ass as ticatbar ti `misa
882). tba hktaroir pirtoik ij tba cmittos― (E`@iy, >664, p. 882). 4. Oktarhrytakiod ‐trhksvarsa & inmoqua (OH)< Sotbiut tba oktarhrytakiod eus`ma tba h`toik ij tba
mhtarhm `ro`ihrytakiod hmika wiumd pridu`a hk ok`iepmata `misura ij tba vi`hm jimds. 1. Vistaroir @ro`ihrytakiod (V@H)< Tba mhtarhm `ro`ihrytakiod, wotb tba bamp ij tba oktarhrytakiods,
drhws tba vi`hm jimds ticatbar (hddu`toik). Ij `iursa tbos eust na hppriprohtamy `iuktarad wotb eus`umhtura dasockad ti ratrh`t tba hddu`toik. Tba pistaroir `ro`ihrytakiods di lust tbht! ”Ik
4
H soeomhr ramhtoiksbop os insarvad natwaak tba n o`ap hkd tba tro`ap. Eus`mas `hk ikmy `iktrh`t. Tbay kaad hkitbar eus`ma ti pumm tbae iut ij tbht `iktrh`toik. Sbak yiu mojt yiur hre tba no`ap `iktrh`ts pummokc tba phssova tro`ap iut ij ots `iktrh`toik7 wbo`b bhd tba hre axtakdad. Tbos hcikosto`-hkthcikosto` ramhtoiksbop os raquorad jir tba sbirtakokc (TH) hkd makctbakokc (@H & @T) ij tba vi`hm jimds.
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`iktrh`toik, tba hrytakiods hra rithtad ok h dora`toik ippisota ij tba h`toik okdu`ad ny tba mhtarhm `ro`ihrytakiod eus`mas, tbarany ipakokc tba cmittos― (p. 882). 882). :. Hryapocmitto`< Qsad proehromy jir tba jimdokc ij tba apocmittos ti prita`t tba horwhy durokc
swhmmiwokc, tba hryapocmitto` eus`ma os hmsi usad ok tba pridu`toik ij tba `iktaepirhry rasikhk`a quhmoty rajarrad ti hs ‒twhkc‟.
3. Tbyriapocmitto`< Sirgokc ok tahe wotb tba hryapocmitto` eus`ma tba tbyriapocmitto` os proehromy aepmiyad jir tba juk`toik ij swhmmiwokc.
Tba Zi`hm Jimds Tba jokhm stip ik iur wbormwokd tiur ij tba mhrykx ravoaws tba sa`toik wbo`b h`tuhmmy ehgas tba siukd< tba vi`hm jimds. ”Nitb vi`hm jimds bhva h `hrtomhcokius pirtoik (pistaroir twi-jojtbs ij tba makctb) hkd h eaenrhkius pirtoik. Tba vi`hm pri`assas ij tba twi hrytakiod `hrtomhcas hra ‒wadcad‟ okti tba pistaroir
twi-jojtbs ij tba twi jimds ehgokc tbae sieawbht rocod― (Tburehk, Sam`b, at hm., >666, p. 0:>). 0:>). Hmsi gkiwk hs ‒vi`hm `irds‟ tba vi`hm jimds hra ” hpprixoehtamy 0
ee mikc ok tba kaw nirk okjhkt hkd criw ti hniut ? ti 80 ee hkd 81 ti >6 ee ok hdum t jaehma hkd ehmas raspa`tovamy― (Pukdnarc, 8?23, p. :). :). @brostokh Pbawamm (>66?), (>66?), ok bar taxt Zio`a Sirg< Hrt hkd P`oak`a
Jocura :< Mhrykx ‐ Phcotthm Pa`toik
ok @bhkcokc Zio`as dospmhys Ehtboasik‟s thnma ij tba ”vi`hm
jimds hkd biw tbay eiva― (p. 8:2). 8:2). Tba thnma os rapridu`ad namiw< Tba Jova Bostimico`hm Mhyars
Tba Twi Juk`toikhm Mhyars
(saa Jocura 3, p. >)
Apotbamoue (tba iutar mhyar)7 `ivarad ny eu`ius eaenrhka
Tba @ivar
Puparjo`ohm mhyar ij mheokh priproh< camhtokius (^aokga‟s sph`a). Ptrikc vonrhtoiks ok pbikhtoik.
Oktareadohta mhyar ij mheokh priproh< amhsto` jonras.
Tbos trhvams ivar tba vi`hm jimd nidy ok ‒eu`ishm whvas‟. Tbasa nacok ik tba ukdar surjh`a ij tba jimd, hkd trhvam up hkd ivar tba tip ij tba nidy ij tba jimd, si ots eivaeakt os ok h varto`hm doeaksoik.
Daap mhyar ij mheokh priproh< ` immhcakius jonras
Tba Nidy Zi`hmos eus`ma< tba eoddma phrt ij tba tbyrihrytakiod eus`ma. Ot `iktrims tba sbhpa hkd tika ij tba vi`hm jimd.
Tbos ‒niuk`as‟ okwhrds hkd iutwhrds ok h smocbtmy ammopto`hm phtb.
Thnma 8< Ehtboasik's Zi`hm Jimd Mhyars
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Zi`hm Jimd Eivaeakt Tba `iepmaxoty ij vi`hm jimd eivaeakt os wbht saphrhtas ot jrie itbar ‒ehk -ehda‟ okstrueakts.
Tba
ehkkar
ok
wbo`b
tba
siukd
(iksat< hsporhta/soeumthkaius hsporhta/soeumthkaius/cmitthm), /cmitthm),
`ieeak`as
tba
vonrhtiry
khtura (tbo`g/tbok jimd, mikc/sbirt, mikc pbhsa/sbirt pbhsa at`.) hkd tba ramahsa (ijjsat) ij siukd hmm `iktronuta ti ukoqua siukds ‐ kit ti eaktoik wbht bhppaks ti tba siukd ik`a ot trhvams tbriucb tba vi`hm trh`t voh tba rasikhtirs hkd hrto`umhtirs. E`@iy (>664) das`ronas vi`hm jimd is`ommhtoik hs aocbt Jocura 3< Zi`hm Jimd Bostimicy
staps h`riss h sokcma `y`ma ij vonrhtoik (p. 888)< 888)< o.
Tba vi`hm jimds hra caktmy `misad ny eus`umhr jir`as wotbok tba mhrykx7
oo.
Hor prassura ok`rahsas nakahtb tba `misad jimds7
ooo.
Ok`rahsokc hor prassura nacoks ti ipak tba cmittos. Na`husa ij tba hnomoty ij tba `ivar ti eiva okdapakdaktmy ij tba nidy, tbos ipakokc nacoks ik tba ukdarsoda ij tba cmittos7 ov.
Tba cmittos `iktokuas ti ipak jrie tba
nittie ti tip, uktom hor nacoks ti as`hpa7 v.
Hs tba hor nacoks ti jmiw tbriucb tba
cmittos, ots vami`oty ok`rahsas hkd ots prassura da`rahsas tbriucb tba Narkiummo Ajja`t7 vo.
1
^adu`ad prassura ok tba jmiwokc hor os ki
mikcar sujjo`oakt ti bimd tba cmittos ipak7 voo.
Hs siik hs tba cmittos os jummy `misad, tba
pri`ass nacoks hchok, rapahtokc hs ehky toeas par sa`ikd hs tba jraquak`y ij tba pot`b naokc spigak ir sukc.
Jocura 2< Zi`hm Jimd I s`ommhtoik
1
Jir eira okjirehtoik ik tba ‒Narkiummo Ajja`t‟ tba oktarastad rahdar os ak`iurhcad ti ravoaw E`@iy‟s ax`ammakt axpmhkhtoik ok bos taxt, _iur Zio`a< Hk Oksoda Zoaw (E`@iy, >664, p. 886). 886).
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_iur trua vi`hm jimds hra kaurhmmy `ikka`tad ti yiu no`aps. _iur jhmsa vi`hm jimds hra kaurhmmy `ikka`tad ti yiur tro`aps eus`mas…Tba karva phtbwhys mokgad ti tro`aps hkd
no`aps cat tba stiry hniut yiur dahtb-crop ik tba eoga sthkd hkd phss tbht `ikstro`tokc taksoik diwk tba moka ti yiur trua hkd jhmsa vi`hm jimds…yiu tbokg yiur crhnnokc tbht eoga ok irdar ti hdd phssoik p hssoik hkd piwar ti yiur vio`a, hkd hmm ot rahmmy dias os ti rastro`t tba rhkca ij yiur siukd ny jir`okc yiur vi`hm jimds ti `ikstro`t. (Somsik, >668, p. 1?)
0. Tba Zi`hm Trh`t< ^asikhtirs & Hrto`umhtirs Ik`a tba siukd (bhvokc naak okotohtad ny tba is`ommhtoik ij tba vi`hm jimds) aktars tba vi`hm trh`t ot os sbhpad hkd ehkopumhtad ny tba rasikhtirs hkd hrto`umhtirs. Phmmy-Hkka @bhmears (>66?) das`ronas tba davamipeakthm phtbwhy ij tba vio`a wamm wbak sba wrotas< Tba Zio`a os ijtak das`ronad hs bhvokc savarhm `iepikakts. Tba H`tuhtir os tba nrahtb, tba piwar siur`a hkd akarcy ij tba vio`a. Tba Zonrhtir os tba phor ij vi`hm jimds wbo`b os tba vhmva-moga stru`tura ij eus`ma hkd tossua. Tba ^asikhtir os tba vi`hm trh`t, h `ienokhtoik ij tba mhrykx, tba pbhrykx hkd tba irhm `hvoty hepmojyokc tba siukd. Hkd jokhmmy tba Hrto`umhtirs hra proehromy tba tikcua ti kcua hkd mops wbo`b sbhpa tba siukd okti eahkokcjum ukots. (pp. 2-?)
Jrikthm Pokus Khshm @hvoty
Bhrd Vhmhta
Ppbakiodhm Pokus
Irhm @hvoty
Khsipbhrykx Pijt Vhmhta
Taatb
Qvumh Mops Iripbhrykx Tikcua Apocmittos Mhrykcipbhrykx
Ehkdonma Jocura ?< Phcotthm Pa`toik sbiwokc ^asikhtirs & Hrto`umhtirs
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Tba ^asikhtirs Commyhkka Ghyas (>664) ok bar niig Pokcokc hkd tba H`tir kitas, ”Sbht vio`a trhokars hkd sokcars `hmm rasikhk`a os h jire ij siukd jomtarokc. Ah`b phrt ij tba vi`hm trh`t (tba tuna ij tba mhrykx, tba kisa, tba eiutb hkd tba pbhrykx) bhs ots iwk rasikhtokc jraquak`y― (p. 886). 886). Poepmy, tba rasikhtirs okjmuak`a tba siukd hs ot trhvams tbriucb tba vi`hm trh`t, hkd tba rasumt ij tbasa okjmuak`as os `hmmad ‒rasikhk`a‟. Mat‟s nroajmy survay ah`b ij tba rasikhtirs hmikc tba vi`hm trh`t (sbiwk ok Jocura ?, p. >7 hniva)<
Tba Mhrykx< Kit ikmy os siukd pridu`ad wotbok tba mhrykx, ot hmsi oeeadohtamy okjmuak`as tba
toenra ij tbht siukd. Jir axhepma, twhkc os hddad ti tba siukd ”ok tba `immhr ij tba mhrykx ir tba hryapocmitto` hrah― (@bhpehk & Eirros, >66:n, p. 20). 20) .
Tba Vbhrykx< Tba bocbast mavam ij okjmuak`a ik tba siukd (hkd ots rasikhk`a) os axartad voh tba
pbhrykx na`husa ij ots bocb dacraa ij ehmmahnomoty. Ijtak rajarrad ti hs ‒tba tbriht‟, tba pbhrykx `hk na spmot okti tbraa sa`toiks< ‐ tba miwar akd ij tba pbhrykx. h) Mhrykcipbhrykx ‐ ‐ tba eoddma ij tba pbhrykx7 hmsi tba aktrhk`a okti tba irhm `hvoty. n) Iripbhrykx ‐
`) Khsipbhrykx ‐ ‐ tba tip ij tba pbhrykcahm sph`a hkd tba aktrhk`a okti tba khshm `hvoty.
Tba Irhm @hvoty< Biusokc eist ij tba hrto`umhtirs, ”tba eiutb os hkitbar rasikhtokc `bhenar, hs ot os usad ti sbhpa tba vi`hm tika aehkhtokc jrie tba pbhrykx okti viwams hkd `iksikhkts― (p.
21). 21).
Tba Khshm @hvotoas< Mojtokc hkd miwarokc tba vamue hmmiws sokcars ti dora`t tba siukd hwhy jrie
ir okti tba khshm `hvoty. Ot os oepirthkt ti kita tbht tba sokusas hra kit rasikhtirs! Lhko`a @bhpehk & ^ik Eirros (>66:n) axpmhok, Poeomhrmy ti tba `bast hkd khshm `hvotoas tba sokusas hra tba sakshtoik trhps, kit rasikhtokc `bhenars. Pokcars `hk usa tbasa sakshtoiks ti eikotir tba quhmoty ij tbaor sokcokc nut tbay eust raeaenar tbht tbasa sakshtoiks hra kit tba `husa ij tbaor vi`hm quhmoty. (p. 22)
Ika `iumd hmsi shy tbht h rasikhtir rasikhtas ht `arthok jraquak`oas, ir tbht ot pissassas rasikhk`as (jirehkts ok tba `hsa ij tba vi`hm trh`t) ht `arthok jraquak`oas. Tbus, tba hnomoty ij tba vi`hm trh`t ti trhkseot siukd os crahtast ht tba jirehkt jraquak`oas. Eist rasikhtirs pissass h kuenar ij rasikhk`a jraquak`oas. Ok tba vi`hm trh`t tba jiur ir jova miwast jirehkts hra tba eist ramavhkt ikas. Tba twi miwast jirehkts datareoka eist ij tba viwam `imiur7 hmm ij tbae hra ij craht sockojo`hk`a ti vio`a toenra. (Pukdnarc, 8?23, p. 8>)
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Tba Hrto`umhtirs Tba rasikhkt quhmoty ij tba siukd os axtraeamy oepirthkt ‐ ot os wbht ehgas tba siukd dasorhnma ti mostak ti. Biwavar, rasikhk`a wotbiut hrto`umhtoik os ok`ieprabaksonma. Ot os hrto`umhtoik tbht hmmiws us ti sbhpa tba rasikhk`a okti ukdarsthkdhnma phttarks jir spaa`b hkd mhkcuhca. Libhk Pukdnarc (8?23) dajokas hrto`umhtoik hs tba ” khea jir tba ehkiauvras ehda ok irdar ti hdlust tba sbhpa ij tba vi`hm
trh`t durokc pbikhtoik. Tbos os h`boavad ny eahks ij tba hrto`umhtirs< tba mops, tba tikcua, tba lhw, tba ?8). vamue, hkd tba mhrykx― (p. ?8). Mat‟s nroajmy survay ah`b ij tba hrto`umhtirs hmikc tba vi`hm trh`t (sbiwk ok Jocura ?, p. >7 hniva)<
Zamue< Hs whs bocbmocbtad ahrmoar, tba vamue datareokas wbatbar h siukd womm na khshmosad ir
kit.
Tikcua< H ehlir `iktronutir ti tba jirehtoik ij viwams hkd `iksikhkts, tba tikcua os sbhpas
hkd `ikka`ts wotb itbar hrto`umhtirs ti jire spaa`b phttarks.
Taatb< hmsi gkiwk hs tba hmvaimus, tba taatb bamps sbhpa `iksikhkts su`b hs /t hkd /s.
Ehkdonma< Tba ehkdonma (lhw) os h sa`ikdhry hrto`umhtir hkd os proehromy usad jir ehsto`htoik
(`bawokc). Ot hmsi pmhys h rima ok tba jirehtoik ij rasikhk`a na`husa ot os usad ti davamip sph`a ok tba irhm `hvoty.
Bhrd hkd Pijt Vhmhta< Nitb tba bhrd hkd sijt phmhtas privoda h `ikth`t surjh`a jir tba tikcua ti
akchca wotb7 tbus pridu`okc ehky ij tba `iksikhkts.
Mops< Tba mops hra tba akd ij tba vi`hm trh`t. Tba mops `hk amikchta tba makctb ij tba vi`hm trh`t ny
pritrudokc jirwhrd (hwhy jrie tba taatb) hkd hssost ok tba sbhpokc ij `iksikhkt hkd viwam .
Zi`hm Jimds< Hmtbiucb tba vi`hm trh`t os kit sbiwk ik Jocura ?, ot os oepirthkt ti kita ots
`iktronutoik ti hrto`umhtoik voh ‒vio`ad hkd ukvio`ad‟ siukds. Jokhmmy, Eirros hkd @bhpehk (>66:) raeokd us tbht, Tba hrto`umhtiry systae `arthokmy dias `bhkca rasikhk`a hkd os, ij `iursa, raspiksonma jir hrto`umhtokc viwams hkd `iksikhkts nut<
Davohtoiks ok hrto`umhtiry pisturas `hk okjmuak`a vi`hm tika. Okajjo`oakt usa ij tba spaa`b pbysoimicy `hk hjja`t vio`a quhmoty hkd vi`hm tika. Tba hrto`umhtiry systae `hk h`t hs h eikotir ti wbht os i``urrokc ht tba mavam ij tba mhrykx hkd avak namiw ht tba mavam ij tba nrahtb suppirt systae. (pp. ?3 ‐?2). ?2).
Sbi os Dr Dhkoam G. ^inoksik9
Dhkoam os h jraamhk`a hrtost hkd adu`htir. Ok >688 Dhkoam `iepmatad bos Di`tir ij Euso`hm Hrts dacraa ht tba Xuaaksmhkd @iksarvhtiroue Crojjotb Qkovarsoty. Ba bhs sarvad hs Khtoikhm Zo`a Vrasodakt (>66? ‐88) hkd Khtoikhm Pa`rathry jir tba Hustrhmohk Khtoikhm Hssi`ohtoik ij Tah`bars ij Pokcokc (>66: ‐88). Dhkoam os tba prok`ophm Pokcokc Zio`a Ppa`ohmost jir Dlhrts (www.dlhrts.`ie.hu www.dlhrts.`ie.hu)) hkd prasakts wirgsbips ti sokcars h`riss Hustrhmoh hkd hnrihd. Ivar tba phst twi da`hdas, wboma ehokthokokc bos iwk parjirehk`a `hraar, Dhkoam bhs okstru`tad tbiushkds ij vio`as. Tbos vhst axparoak`a akhnmas Dhkoam ti ajjirtmassmy wirg wotb vio`as ij hmm sgomm mavams< nacokkars ti prijassoikhms.
Vhca 80 Zio`a Hkhtiey 868 © >680 Dr Dhkoam G. ^inoksik
Zio`a< Hrt & P`oak`a (Dlhrts‟ Ehkuhms)
^ajarak`as Hmmak, E. (>66?). Nidy ehppokc, gokastbasoh, hkd okm`usova hwhrakass. Ok E. Ehmda, E. Hmmak & G.-H. \ammar (Ads.), Sbht avary sokcar kaads ti gkiw hniut tba nidy (pp. 8 ‐?). Phk Doaci, @H< Vmurhm Vunmosbokc Ok`. @bhmears, P.-H. (>66?, Lumy). Nrahtbokc jir sokcokc. Zio`aprokt, 01, 2 ‐8>. @bhpehk, L. M. (>66:). Pokcokc hkd tah`bokc sokcokc< H bimosto` hpprih`b ti `mhsso`hm vio`a . Phk Doaci, @H< Vmurhm Vunmosbokc Ok`. @bhpehk, L. M., & Eirros, ^. (>66:h). Vbikhtoik hkd tba spahgokc vio`a. Ok L. M. @bhpehk (Ad.), Pokcokc hkd tah`bokc sokcokc< H bimosto` hpprih`b ti `mhsso`hm vio`a (pp. 1? ‐26). Phk Doaci, @H< Vmurhm
Vunmosbokc Ok`. @bhpehk, L. M., & Eirros, ^. (>66:n). ^asikhk`a. Ok L. M. @bhpehk (Ad.), Pokcokc hkd tah`bokc sokcokc< H bimosto` hpprih`b ti `mhsso`hm vio`a (pp. 28 ‐?:). Phk Doaci, @H< Vmurhm Vunmosbokc Ok`.
Dhyea, E. N. (>66?). Dykheo`s ij tba sokcokc vio`a (1tb ad.). Hustroh< PprokcarSoakKaw_irg. Ghyas, C. (>664). Pokcokc hkd tba h`tir (>kd ad.). Kaw _irg, K_< ^iutmadca. Moanarehk, L., & @bhpehk, L. (8??2). Vistura hkd vio`a< Phjacuhrdokc `bomdrak's jutura sokcokc. Ehstarsokcar, 06, > ‐0.
E`@iy, P. (>664). _iur vio`a< Hk oksoda voaw (> ad.). Vrok`atik, KL< Oksoda Zoaw Vrass. E`@iy, P. (>68>). Piea tbiucbts ik sokcokc hkd s`oak`a. Liurkhm ij Pokcokc, :2(1), 1>3 ‐106. Eirros, ^., & @bhpehk, L. M. (>66:). Hrto`umhtoik. Ok L. M. @bhpehk (Ad.), Pokcokc hkd tah`bokc sokcokc< H bimosto` hpprih`b ti `mhsso`hm vio`a (pp. ?3 ‐8>2). Phk Doaci, @H< Vmurhm Vunmosbokc Ok`.
Kosnat, H. (>686). _iu whkt ea ti tbokg hniut wbht9!< H dos`ussoik hniut eitir sgomms hkd tba rima ij httaktoikhm ji`us ok studoi vio`a tah`bokc. Ok P. D. Bhrrosik (Ad.), Varspa`tovas ik tah`bokc sokcokc< Hustrhmohk vi`hm padhcicuas sokc tbaor stiroas (pp. 868 ‐8>8). Nrosnhka, XMD< Hustrhmohk
H`hdaeo` Vrass. Pbawamm, @. (>66?). Zio`a wirg< Hrt hkd s`oak`a ok `bhkcokc vio`as . Sast Pussax, Qkotad Gokcdie< SomayNmh`gwamm. Pukdnarc, L. (8?23). Tba s`oak`a ij tba sokcokc vio`a . Daghmd, OM< Kirtbark Ommokios Qkovarsoty Vrass. Tburehk, M., Vryir, H., Tbaoear, H., Crajsbaoe, A., Jaot, V., & Sam`b, C. (>666). Tba eist jukdheakthm vio`a sgomm. Ok M. Tburehk & C. Sam`b (Ads.), Nidyeokd hkd vio`a< Jiukdhtoiks ij vio`a adu`htoik (Zim. >, pp. 0>: ‐002). Pt. Libk's Qkovarsoty, EO< Tba Zio`a@hra Katwirg.
Vhca 84 Zio`a Hkhtiey 868 © >680 Dr Dhkoam G. ^inoksik
Zio`a< Hrt & P`oak`a (Dlhrts‟ Ehkuhms)
Tburehk, M., Sam`b, C., Tbaoear, H., Jaot, V., & Crajsbaoe, A. (>666). Sbht yiur mhrykx os ehda ij. Ok M. Tburehk & C. Sam`b (Ads.), Nidyeokd hkd vio`a< Jiukdhtoiks ij vio`a adu`htoik (Zim. >, pp. 01: ‐0::). Pt. Libk's Qkovarsoty, EO< Tba Zio`a@hra Katwirg. Somsik, V. (>668). Tba sokcokc vio`a< hk iwkars ehkuhm (>kd ad.). Ptrhwnarry Bomms KPS, Hustrhmoh< @urrak`y Vrass.
Vhca 81 Zio`a Hkhtiey 868 © >680 Dr Dhkoam G. ^inoksik
