6
Qu alit Qual ity y Ma Mana nagm gmen entt in the Automotive Industry P r oc e s s A u d i t
Pa r t 3
Product Development Process / Serial Production Service Development Process / Providing the Service
3 t r a P 6 e m u l o V A D V
2 nd complet completely ely revised edition, June 2010
Process Audit
Product Devel Product Developmen opmentt Proces Process s / Seria Seriall Produc Production tion Service Development Development Process / Prov Providing iding the Servic Service e
2nd completely revised edition, June 2010
Verband der Automobilindustrie e.V. (VDA)
ISSN 094394 09439412 12 Printed 08/2010 Copyright 2010 by Verband der Automo Automobilin bilindustrie dustrie e.V. (VDA) Quality Management Center (QMC) Behrenstraße Behrens traße 35 10117 Berli Berlin n Germany Overall produc Overall production tion : Henrich Druck + Medien GmbH Schwanheimer Straße 110 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany Printed on chlori chlorinefree nefree bleached paper
Preface
Greater demands in the whole chain of customer and supplier processes present the quality management of companies with new and ever more complex tasks. Higher expectations of products require robust processes which must be secure throughout the entire manufacturing and supply chain. The time between the concept of a new product and its manufacture is becoming ever shorter and this means that work processes in all the various areas of the company need to operate in parallel to an ever greater degree. This in turn places greater demands on the organisations involved, their work processes and their personnel. Organisational processes must therefore be continually monitored and improved so that they are secure and, if deviations occur, to use appropriate control loops to introduce corrective measures. An important instrument in the monitoring of processes is the process audit. This is an integral part of the VDA strategy : "Quality standard for the German automotive industry (VDA 6)" as can be seen from the following illustration. QUALITY STANDARD OF THE GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (VDA 6)
VDA 6
VDA 6 QMsystem audit VDA 6 QMsystem audit Part 1 Products Part 2 Services
Quality audit
VDA 6 Process audit Part 3 Serial production / Services
VDA 6 Part 7
VDA 6 QMsystem audit Part 4 Production equipment Process audit Production equipment
Fundamentals VDA 6 Product audit (material and nonmaterial) Part 5
There is agreement between automobile manufacturers and suppliers on the execution of audits in accordance with this publication.
3
We thank the organisations involved and their employees for their contributions to the preparation of this publication. The following firms have cooperated in drawing up the publication :
Audi AG, Ingolstadt Continental AG, Ingolstadt Daimler AG, Stuttgart Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Stuttgart Harman Becker Automotive Systems GmbH, Karlsbad KnorrBremse Systeme für Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH, Münich Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart Rollax GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Salzuflen Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg ZF Sachs AG, Schweinfurt
Our thanks go also to all who have given us suggestions in the preparation and improvement of this publication.
Berlin, May 2010
VERBAND DER AUTOMOBILINDUSTRIE E.V. (VDA)
4
Contents
Page
Preface
3
1
Introduction
7
2 2.1 2.2 2.3
Guidance on the use of a process audit Area of application for a process audit Limits of a process audit – potential analysis Identifying process risks (risk analysis)
8 8 9 9
3 3.1 3.2
Requirements regarding auditors Auditor qualifications Code of behaviour for auditors
11 11 12
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
The audit process Audit programme Audit contract Preparation Execution Assessment Presentation of results Final evaluation and closure
13 14 16 19 24 27 29 32
5
Potential analysis ( Process element P1) Objective and purpose of the potential analysis Preconditions Preparation Operational sequence of a potential analysis
35 35 35 35 36
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2
Assessment Assessing the potential analysis Assessing a process audit for material products Assessing the individual questions Assessing subelements in the process analysis of production and generic baselines 6.2.3 Overall assessment 6.2.4 Assessing product groups and process stages 6.3 Assessing service processes 6.3.1 Individual assessment of questions & process elements
37 37 39 39 40 41 42 43 43
5
6.3.2 Overall assessment of the audit result 6.3.3 Classification 7
6
Usi sing ng th the e que uest stio ionn nnai aire re (process elements P2 to P7)
44 45
47
8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8. 4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
Questionnaire Questionnaire overview Project management (P2) Planning the product & process development (P3) Carr Ca rry ying ou outt th the e pr prod oduc uctt & pr pro oce cess ss de dev vel elop opme ment nt (P (P4) 4) Supplier management (P5) Serial production (P6) Custo Cu stome merr sup suppo port rt,, cus custom tomer er sa sati tisfa sfacti ction on,, ser servi vice ce (P (P7) 7) Services (PD)
49 49 54 60 66 75 82 112 119
9 9.1 9.2 9.3
Assessment forms & overviews (examples) Process audit for material products Process audit for services Potential analysis
144 144 150 151
10 10.1 10.2 10.3
Best Practice / Lessons Learned Exampl ple e of info form rma ati tio on pro rov vide ded d by th the e su sup pplier Assessment guidelines Data stores
161 161 170 172
11
Technical terms
175
12
Downloads
176
1
Introduction
The established Audit Standard VDA 6.3 1998 has been completely revised. The objective was to reorganize the process audit, making it more precise and adapting it to changing requirements in the automotive industry. Processes must be analysed in such a way that risks and weaknesses are detected in the work processes and in their interfaces. Part A of th Part the e 19 1998 98 is issu sue e ha has s be been en fu full lly y re revi vise sed d an and d ex expa pand nded ed to in incl clud ude e further process elements such as potential analysis and project management. The contents of Part B of the 1998 issue have been made more precise and expanded with the aim of achieving maximum repeat recognition. The rules for determining classification levels have been extended, questions with pa part rtiicu cula larr pr pro odu duct ct and pr proc oces ess s ri risk sks s ar are e ide dent ntiifi fied ed by (* (*)) an and d th the e classification levels have been reduced to A, B and C. In additi tion on to th the e ques esti tio ons set out in th thiis VDA 6.3 pub ubllica cati tion on,, it is recom rec omme mende nded d tha thatt da datab tabas ases es be es esta tabl blis ishe hed d in or order der to pr prov ovid ide e ad adeq equa uate te support for relev relevant ant product and proce processspeci ssspecific fic requir requirements ements.. Other assessment methods (such as software assessments using Automotive SPICE) are useful, depending on the product and can be used as supplementary supplem entary system systems. s. Expl Explicit icit questi questions ons regardi regarding ng envi environmenta ronmentall protecti protection on and an d he heal alth th & sa safe fety ty at wor ork k ar are e no nott co cov ver ered ed,, as th thes ese e ha hav ve th thei eirr ow own n monitoring systems, including standards covering requirements. A further objective in drawing up this new issue was to take account of exis ex istin ting g VD VDA A pu publ blic icati ations ons,, in pa part rtic icul ular ar "M "Matu aturi rity ty le leve vell ass assur uran ance ce fo forr new parts" and "Robust production process (RPP)“.
7
2
Guid Gu idan ance ce on th the e us use e of a pr proc oces ess s au audi ditt
2.1
Area Are a of of appl applica icatio tion n for for a proc process ess aud audit it
Process audits can be used internally as well as externally throughout the entire product life cycle. The list of questions is constructed in such a way that it can be used for small and mediumsized companies as well as for large concerns. As can be seen from Fig. 1, the way of looking at the product life cycle in the supply chain varies according to different phases. Issue contract Cutomer
Preselect suppliers; Potential analysis
Def. and Draft, Product & process development
SOP
Quotation process (contract review)
Def. and Draft, Product & process development
Receive contract
Supplier
Fig. 1:
Implementation Product / process development
Preselect suppliers; Potential analysis
Serial production
Customer service After Sales
SOP
Issue contract
Receive contract Organisation
Implementation Product / process development
Serial production
Customer service (AfterSales)
Issue SOP contract
Phases of the product life cycle in the supply chain
Fig. 2 show Fig. shows s how individu individual al ques questio tions ns rega regardi rding ng pro proces cess s el eleme ements nts can be alig al igne ned d wi with th th the e pr prod oduc uctt li life fe cy cycl cle, e, in inde depe pende ndent nt of th the e pos posit itio ion n wi with thin in th the e sup su pply ch cha ain. This illustra rattion may var ary y, depending on the sp spe eci ciffic organisation. Receive contract Quotation process (contract review)
Def. and Draft, Product & process development
Issue contract Preselect suppliers; Potential analysis
SOP
Implementation Product / proc Product process ess development
Serial production
Customer service (After Sales)
P1 Allocation of questions
P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7
P1: Potential analysis (new)
P5: Supplier management
P2: Project management (new)
P6: Process anal ysis / production
P3:: Pl P3 Plan anni ning ng th the e pr prod oduc uctt & pr proc oces ess s de deve velo lopm pmen entt
P7:: Cu P7 Cust stom omer er su supp ppor ort, t, cu cust stom omer er sa sati tisf sfac acti tion on,, se serv rvic ice e
P4: Carrying out product product & process development development
Fig. 2: 8
Allocation of process elements to th the e product life cycle
2.2
Limits of a process audit potential analysis
As will be seen from Fig. 2, an analysis of potential (P1) can be carried out before a project is launched. In this, a process audit of reduced scope can be used to assess potential suppliers who are suitable as serial production suppliers. Because these are merely potential suppliers, the audit must be based on other processes / products which should be comparable with the product to be supplied. The analysis of potential can likewise be accepted by all parties, where the products and technologies are comparable (see Section 5).
2.3
Identifying process risks (risk analysis)
In a process audit, the effect of the individual processes on the product is decisive and the assessment must therefore be made from the standpoint of the product risks involved. For this reason, the potential risks within the process must be determined as early as the preparations for the audit (see also Section 4.3), so that they may be assessed adequately in the process audit itself. One method of determining the product risk is the "turtle" model : see Fig. 3.
What material facilities are used to carry out the process ?
What functions / areas / persons support the process ?
Material resources
Process support
Equipment; facilities
Training, knowledge, ability, authority
What goes into the process ?
I
PS1
O
Input
Interface
Process Process stage stage PS2
Output
I
PS3
O
Interface
How does the process operate ?
Work content Control of execution : instructions, procedures, methods
Fig. 3:
What is the intended result of the process ?
How effectively is the process carried out ?
Level of effectiveness Performance indicators
"Turtle" model
9
Firstly an explanation is given of what "input" is converted into an "output" by the process. This is expanded by considering the following questions :
how does the process operate ? (work content) what functions/areas/personnel support the process ? (process support) what means are employed to carry out the process " (material resources) how effectively is the process executed (level of effectiveness)
In a second stage the potential risks arising from these questions are determined. These potential risks must then be evaluated in the audit, to ensure that they are assured to a reasonable degree.
10
3
Requirements regarding auditors
3.1
Auditor qualifications
The quality of the results of an audit is influenced critically by the qualifications of the auditors. The qualification criteria for auditors are as follows : Internal process auditor Carrying out internal process audits with no interfaces to outside suppliers or customers : Technical requirements Basic knowledge of quality management (familiarity with current regulations and standards) and knowledge of the specific product/ processes. Certification of successful participation in a VDA 6.3 training course. Career experience At least 3 years' industrial experience, preferably in manufacturing companies in the automobile industry, including at least one year in quality and/or process management. Process auditor in the supply chain Carrying out internal and external process audits with interfaces to outside suppliers or customers. Technical requirements Wellgrounded knowledge of quality and process management, as well as knowledge of the specific product/ processes. Certification of an auditor qualification (e.g., based on EOQ systems). Certification of successful participation in a VDA 6.3 training course.
Career experience At least 5 years' industrial experience, preferably in manufacturing companies in the automotive industry, including at least 2 years in quality and/or process management.
11
3.2 3. 2
12
Code Co de of be beha havi viou our r for for au audi dito tors rs
Process audit Process auditors ors must exerci exercise se their profe professiona ssionall capabi capabiliti lities es and their judgement, taking account of the law and maintaining the principles of honesty honest y and plain dealing. Process auditors must continue Process continue to devel develop op their technical technical expertise expertise and maintain their knowledge of the latest developments. Process Proce ss au audi dito tors rs mu must st be beha have ve at al alll ti time mes s in su such ch a ma mann nner er th that at the stand sta ndin ing g an and d rep reput utat atio ion n of th the e or orga gani nisa sati tion on (t (the he com compa pany ny)) are no nott placed in jeopar jeopardy. dy. Process auditors auditors must not accept contracts contracts which represent represent a confli conflict ct of interests in regard to their contractual duties. P Pro roce cess ss au audi dito tors rs un unde dert rtak ake e to mai aint ntai ain n st stri rict ct se secr crec ecy y re rega gard rdin ing g confi con fide dent ntia iall in info form rmat atio ion n (f (for or ex exam ampl ple, e, kno know who how) w) wh which ich th they ey hav have e gain ga ined ed in th the e co cour urse se of th thei eirr pr pro ofes essi sion onal al ac acti tiv viti ties es.. Th Thiis du duty ty of confidentiality does not apply where the law requires information to be divulged. Process auditors Process auditors must not use in a dish dishone onest st man manner ner the inf inform ormati ation on they have gained in the course of their activities, neither to their own advantage nor to the advantage of third parties.
4
The audit process
This sect This section ion des descri cribes bes the pro procedu cedure re for carr carryin ying g out in intern ternal al and ext externa ernall audits, as well as the analysis of potential suppliers. Processoriented auditing Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment
Presentation of result results s
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Internal audit External audit (suppliers) Potential analysis (suppliers)
Fig. 4:
Audit process
Details covering the execution of a potential analysis are set out in Section 5.
13
4.1 4. 1
Aud udit it pr prog ogra ram mme Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment
Presentation of result results s
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Generate the audit programme from the audit requirements Input ! Audit requirements ! Timeframe ! Auditor pool ! Current audit programme ! Experience from previous years
Rolling adjustments to the audit programme as new requirements emerge Process stage Generate the audit programme from the audit requirements
Output
! Audit programme
Objective Audits are planned in accordance with their priority and the company's inhouse requirements. Qualified auditors are used to achieve the objective. Responsibility The person responsible for the audit programme draws up an audit programme for a defined period. Description The number of audits is determined and prioritized by the person responsible for the audi au ditt pr prog ogra ramm mme. e. Fr From om th this is,, th this is pe pers rson on wo work rks s wi with th th the e au audi ditt cl clie ient nt (a (and nd,, wh wher ere e appropriate, the operation to be audited) to set out the following details regarding the audit :
! ! ! !
The main main emphas emphasis is of the audit audit The calend calendar ar week week of the the audit audit The number number of days days required required for for the audit audit Details Detail s of the auditors, auditors, in particular particular the process process experts
In addit addition ion to techn technical ical qualifications qualifications and the necessary necessary neutra neutrality, lity, the choic choice e of audit auditors ors should also take account of a knowledge of language and intercultural aspects. A process expert should be provided to assess processspecific questions beyond the competence of the process auditor. This process expert need not necessarily be a VDA proc pr oces ess s au audi dito tor. r. Th Ther erea eaft fter er th the e au audi ditt pr prog ogra ramm mme e is ap appr prov oved ed by th the e re rele leva vant nt management. 14
Method / documentation Audit programme Input
!
Eventsbased need for an audit
Process stage
Output
Rolling adjustments to the audit programme as new requirements emerge
Current audit programme Updated resource planning
Objective The audit programme is always current as a result of continuous adjustment. Responsibility The person responsible for the audit programme continually adjusts the audit programme and plans resources accordingly. Description Current quality problems in production and / or at the supplier's premises, new product launches or changed priorities can create new audit requirements at any time. During the whole course of validity of the audit programme, the person responsible for the audit programme must ensure that these additional audits are included in the programme. The existing resources must be adapted to meet the new requirements. To achieve this, the person responsible for the audit programme updates the existing programme and resource planning before agreeing them with the organisations to be audited and the body placing the contract for the audit. Management must be involved in updating the audit programme. Method / documentation Updated audit programme
15
4.2
Audit contract Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment Presentation of results
Final evaluation and closure
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Clarify initial situation with the client
Input Reason for audit Audit programme
Draw up the audit contract
Process stage Clarify initial situation with the client
Output
Audit contract
Objective To implement the requirements set out by the body placing the contract in the form of a precisely detailed audit contract. Examples of audit contracts :
determine / assess / approve the current status analyse / estimate risks qualify / encourage / improve check the effectiveness of actions from a prior audit escalation
Responsibility Person responsible for the audit programme (audit leader) with the support of the client.
16
Description The auditor must know the reason for drawing up the audit contract. Reasons for an audit can be : Reason for an audit d e n n a l P
New supplier New technology New location (transfer of production) Requirements (client; standards; legislation) Changes to management, core and support processes Changes caused by outside processes To secure a product launch and process approval Organisational changes (change of company name, ownership, ..) Continuous monitoring of production and organisation Target criteria not achieved Customer complaints / rejects Production breakdown Escalation stages (e.g., red or yellow from VDA publication "Maturity level assurance for new parts") Periodic monitoring as part of current audit programme Continuous improvement process
Audit variant
s d t n e e s v a b E
X X
l s a i i t s n l y e a t o n P a
l a n r e t n I
l a n r e t x E
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
s s t i e d c u o a r P
. . l g . a ) l e c n a ( i o i i c t i n i s e d h v c p u e e S a t r
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Method / documentation
17
Input initial initial sit situat uation ion rea reason son for aud audit it
Process stage Draw up the audit contract
Output Au Audit dit con contra tract ct
Objective Draw up an audit contract with all the information required for a structured execution of the audit Responsibility The audit client, with support from the person responsible for the audit programme Description The following factors must be taken into account in an audit contract : Reas ason on fo forr th the e au audi ditt ! Re ! Audit Audit ob obje ject ctiv ive e Audi ditt var aria iant nt ! Au ! Audit location Audit it tea team m (pr (provi ovisio sional nal)) ! Aud ! Ex Exte tent nt of th the e au audi ditt
!
Client
! ! ! !
Audit date Date of the contr contract act Comments Essenti Ess ential al doc docume uments nts
!
History
Method / documentation Audit contract form f orm
18
see pr see prev evio ious us ta tabl ble e Asse As sess ssme ment nt;; pr proc oces ess s re rele leas ase; e; st stat atus us ex exam amin inat atio ion; n; et etc. c. Inte In tern rnal al/e /ex xte tern rna al aud udit it,, po pote tent ntia iall ana naly lys sis is,, spe pec cia iall au aud dit Internal, external Audito Aud itor, r, pro proces cess s ex exper pert(s t(s)) Proc Pr oces esse ses, s, pr prod oduc ucts ts,, ma manu nufac factu turi ring ng lo loca cati tion ons, s, interfaces, outside processes Person responsible for the audit programme, management, person responsible for the product Desired date; audit period; shifts Background information Test/in Tes t/insp spect ection ion reg regula ulatio tions; ns; con contra tracts cts;; imp import ortant ant agreements, cost stipulations, etc. Complaints; rejects; delivery perfo forrmance; project status
4.3 4. 3
Aud udit it pr prep epar arat atio ions ns
Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment Presentation of results
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Specify the audit team
Gather information
Input
Limit the Processes and set points of emphasis for the audit
Process stage
Audit Audit con contra tract ct Pro Proces cess s doc docume uments nts
Specify the audit team
Draw up checklists and audit plan and agree these with the organisation
Output Au Audi ditt te team am
Objective Select a suitable audit team with appropriate qualifications Responsibility The audit lead leader er spec specifies ifies the final audit team and organ organises ises the audit.
Description The Th e au audi ditt te team am is ap appo poin inte ted d on th the e ba basi sis s of th the e au audi ditt co cont ntra ract ct,, an any y ot othe herr re rele leva vant nt information inform ation and by the planning in the audit programme. programme. In ad addi ditio tion n to th the e pe pers rson onal al ap aptit titud ude e of th the e au audi ditor tors s an and d an any y te tech chni nica call ex expe pert rts s (s (see ee Section 3.2 : "Code of behaviour for auditors") the qualifications for the audit must be take ta ken n in into to ac acco coun unt, t, pa part rtic icul ular arly ly te tech chni nica call kn know owle ledg dge. e. A pr proc oces ess s ex expe pert rt sh shou ould ld be provided to assess processspecific questions beyond the competence of the process auditor. This process expert need not necessarily be a VDA process auditor. Method / documentation Code of behaviour; audit contract
19
Input
Process stage
Audit Audit con contra tract ct Aud udit it te team am Inf Inform ormati ation on
Gather information
Output
! Documents ! Assembled information
Objective The team of auditors obtain all the information required to plan the audit Responsibility Audit team with the support of the client and the organisation to t o be audited Description The information collected for the audit must be capable of displaying the process, as well as the interplay and interfaces between processes. The following documents can be taken into account :
organi orga nisa sati tion on ch char arts ts proc pr oces ess s flo flow w pl plan ans s production produc tion contr control ol plans (inter (internal nal audit) FMEA FM EAs s (i (int nter erna nall au audi dit) t) Stan St anda dard rds s spec sp ecif ific icat atio ions ns custom cus tomer erspe speci cific fic req requir uiremen ements ts target tar get req requir uireme ements nts (pp (ppm, m, for exa exampl mple) e) proces pro cess s des descri criptio ptions ns qual qu alit ity y co cont ntro roll ch char arts ts audi au ditt re resu sult lts s action act ion pla plan n from from the pre previo vious us aud audit it results resul ts of supp supplier lier quali quality ty asses assessments sments (qua (quality lity perfor performance mance)) compl co mplai aint nts s / re reje ject cts s layouts proj pr ojec ectt pl plan ans s etc…
Method / documentation
20
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!"#$! &'! ()*+& ,(-* .($&+/)0($01 +- &'! /(2! #" !3&!$-(0 ()*+&24 +& 5)2& 6! !-2)$!* &'(&7 *)$+-8 &'! ()*+&7 &'! ()*+&#$2 '(9! (//!22 &# (00 $!0!9(-& +-"#$5(&+#-: ;'! .($&+/+.(&+#- #" ")$&'!$ .!$2#--!0 5)2& 6! (8$!!*: <-1 $!2&$+/&+#-2 5)2& 6! /0($+"+!* (2 ( .$+#$+&1:
22
Input
Process stage
Audit contract Process limits Process stages Audit points of emphasis
Draw up checklists and audit plan and agree these with the organisation
Output Audit plan Checklists
Objective The specific checklists are specified on the basis of the agreed audit contract. Responsibility Audit team Description From the information obtained and the company's own database, the audit team extends and completes the minimum requirements covering assessments set out in the VDA 6.3 audit question listings. If any item cannot logically be assigned to an existing question, further questions can be added. However, this means that the results will no longer necessarily be comparable. In such cases the assessment matrix will need to be adapted. In agreement with the organisation being audited, the audit team sets out the audit plan, which will contain the following as a minimum :
the participants the names of the auditors the audited organisation/functional unit the duration of the audit the time required for documenting each audit operation must be taken into account (for example, 10 minutes for documentation for every hour of the audit) audit locations process operations/product groups
Breaks in production (lunchbreaks, etc.) must be taken into account when drawing up the audit plan, as well as the use of foreign languages, intercultural aspects, changes in shifts and transfer times. Changes on site are possible.
Method / documentation Audit plan, checklists
23
4.4
Execution
Audit
Audit contract
Preparation
Execution
Assessment Presentation of results
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Opening discussion to communicate the audit objectives and timing plan Input Audited organisation (on site) Audit plan Audit team Specific checklists
Carry out audit to the plan, using the checklists
Process stage Opening discussion to communicate the audit objectives and timing plan
Initiate immediate action if the audit detects crucial problems Output
Current timing plan Contact personnel
Objective Important features of the audit operation are specified in the opening discussion. Responsibility Audit leader Description The opening discussion takes place with the management of the organisation to be audited. The objectives of the audit are presented, together with the extent of the audit and the audit criteria. The audit plan is confirmed and the audit leader explains briefly the planned audit activities. The timing plan is checked, any necessary corrections are made and the date for the closing discussion is agreed. The units/processes to be audited can be presented by those responsible. The auditors introduce themselves and explain their roles in the audit. The contact personnel between the audit team and the organisation to be audited are specified. The sequence of drawing up reports is presented, with the assessment procedure to be used. Reference is made to the confidentiality of the information and results obtained. The organisation to be audited confirms the availability of the necessary facilities (rooms, printer, etc.) for the audit team. The question of any personal protection is clarified. Method / documentation
24
Input
Checklists Timing plan Contact personnel Documents
Process stage Carry out audit to the plan, using the checklists
Output
Audit evidences Audit records
Objective Verifiable determination of the quality situation, taking account of the audit plan and the situation on site Responsibility Auditor team Description The auditor analyses whether the audited area implements in practice the stipulations laid down by the organisation, customer requirements and the requirements set out in standards and in law. The investigation is carried out by asking questions based on the chronological sequence of activities within the process, using the question listing and any checklists which have been specifically drawn up. The auditor is required to ask open questions (see "sequence pyramid" in Section 7.1). Based on concrete cases and evidence the auditor must investigate the suitability and effectiveness of the processes. As a general rule, the discussion moves from general questions to concrete, detailed questioning. The auditor carries out random checks on the implementation of instructions and requirements relating to the products and processes, by examining appropriate documents and records. Findings relevant to the results are noted. The employees onsite must be brought into the audit by questioning and their responses verified by inspection of the QM documentation. Any audit deviations must be communicated directly on the spot with the relevant personnel. The audit team should meet at specific intervals as required, in order to exchange information, assess the progress of the audit and (if necessary) to reallocate the distribution of tasks within the team. The audit plan must be verified regularly by the audit team regarding its timing and modified if necessary in agreement with the organisation being audited. Breaking off the audit An audit can be broken off at the discretion of the audit team, for example for the following grounds :
! ! !
refusal to provide necessary information during the audit clear infringements of the law refusal to allow access to areas relevant to the audit, despite previous agreement deficient preparations for the audit by the organisation presentation of clearly untrue information
Breaking off an audit must be justified by stating the reasons. Audit findings up to the point when the audit is broken off must be documented The organisation being audited will decide on the execution of a new audit. 25
Method / documentation Section 8 : Questionnaire Databases; checklists
Input Audit evidences Records Deviation report
Process stage Initiate immediate action if the audit detects crucial problems
Output
Corrective actions which have been introduced
Objective To prevent the further spread of serious failures (customer complaints, brokendown vehicles, loss of function, safetycritical components, critical characteristics, etc.) Responsibility The audit leader is responsible for demanding immediate action if significant deficiencies arise Description Facts which identify a serious risk must be pointed out to the organisation without delay, so that it can specify appropriate immediate action. If serious failures occur, the organisation being audited must define immediate actions. Implementation of the actions must be confirmed and started before the audit is completed. Method / documentation Audit report
26
4.5
Assessment
Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment
Presentation Of results
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Assess in accordance with assessment plan
Input Findings Assessment plan Individual questions in the checklists
Process stage Assess in accordance with assessment plan
Decide on followup audit
Output Findings Quantitative assessment
Objective The quantitative assessment reveals the quality capability status of the process under consideration. The comparability of the audit results is secured and changes in regard to previous audits are noted in the sense of a continuous improvement process Responsibility Audit leader, audit team Description Based on the findings of the audit the audit team evaluates the individual questions as described in the assessment procedure in Section 6. The basis of the assessment is whether or not the relevant requirements are achieved and the risks involved. If a question is not answered, a reason for this must be stated. The assessments of the individual questions lead to the overall audit assessment.
Method / documents Assessment matrix – Section 9 Assessment guidelines – Section 10
27
Input
Process stage
Audit assessment Classification Deviation report
Decide on followup audit
Output Decide on the need for a followup audit
Objective The decision on a followup audit is taken on the basis of the findings. Responsibility Audit leader Description The organisation must specify in what circumstances a repeat audit is necessary. Rules for a repeat audit can be :
not reaching a defined level of achievement risks associated with a critical process not achieving required results (zero points) for one or more questions marked (*) red traffic light (analysis of potential)
This repeat audit must be carried out within a specified timeframe. Within this time frame the audited organisation must introduce actions to eliminate the deviations effectively. It is not sufficient for the repeat audit to check only that the deviations detected in the previous audit have been eliminated effectively
Method / documentation Audit report
28
4.6
Presentation of results Audit Audit
contract
Preparation
Execution
Assessment
Presentation of results
Final evaluation and closure
programnme
Hold a closing discussion
Input Findings Audit evidences Notes on documents which have been examined
Draw up the audit report
Process stage
Hold a closing discussion
Release the audit report
Output Draw up report with emphasis on the audit contract Results / findings regarding quality capability Decide on followup audit if necessary
Objective In the closing discussion a report, on the completed audit is presented to the body which has been audited and its representatives, with the emphasis on :
advising the results and findings of the audit clarification of areas which were unclear specifying the next stages, such as dates for clearing the findings, or arranging a repeat audit if necessary motivating the personnel to carry out the proposed actions
Responsibility Audit leader, auditor team Description The following are required in preparation for the closing discussion :
invitations to the participants as set out in the audit plan sufficient space for all participants / availability of presentation facilities presentation of results
The contents of the closing discussion are :
presentation of the audit results presentation by the organisation of the status of immediate actions which have been taken specification of further procedure specification of the distribution of the audit report agreement on forwarding the data within the company and/or to third parties closing comments by the management of the unit which has been audited. 29
Method /documentation
Input Notes on observations (positive / negative) Notes on documents whichhave been examined Personnel involved in the audit
Process stage
Output
Audit report
Draw up the audit report
Objective The audit report is a precise, summarized and clear record of the audit Responsibility Audit leader, auditor team Description The audit report is drawn up jointly within the auditor team. It consists of :
a cover sheet the audit findings with regard to the documents which have been inspected explanations regarding the assessment schematic the audit timing plan / agenda process descriptions, if appropriate
The cover sheet contains the following :
!
!
the audit procedure fundamental internal and external requirements details of the unit and processes which have been audited, including products and customer requirements which have been checked the audit result a summary of the findings ! must be included : main deviation areas and need for handling ! can: be included : positive findings and potential for improvement Timing for the action plan
The audit report must not contain any findings other than those explained in the closing discussion. Method / documentation Audit report form
30
Input
Audit report
Process stage Release the audit report
Output
Released audit report
Objective The purpose of signing the audit report is : Internal The report becomes released and valid following its signature by the audit leader. Supplier audits The report becomes released and valid following its signature by the audit leader. It must also be signed by the supplier before it is circulated. Note : Signing the report confirms that the documentation is correct.
Responsibility Audit leader Description Method / documentation Audit report form
31
4.7
Final evaluation and closure
Audit Audit contract
Preparation Execution
Assessment
Presentation of results
Final evaluation and closure
programme
Audited organisation specifies corrective actions, inc. completion dates and responsibilities
Input Released audit report
Audit leader checks actions for plausibility and clarifies any inconsistencies
Process stage Audited organisation specifies corrective actions, inc. completion dates and responsibilities
Check on effectiveness and closure
Output
Action plan with causes, timings and responsibilities
Objective Causes, actions, responsibilities and completion dates are allocated to the findings to a reasonable degree. Responsibility The audited organisational unit Description The action plan must be drawn up within a timeframe agreed with the auditor. It contains all the activities involved, stating responsibilities and completion dates, to eliminate the deficiencies in the process on a permanent basis.
Method / documentation Form / improvement program / action plan
32
Input Action plan with causes, timings and responsibilities
Process stage Audit leader checks actions for plausibility and clarifies any inconsistencies
Output
Action plan (checked)
Objective To arrive at a plausible action plan. Responsibility Auditor Description The auditor checks the action plan for plausibility and to decide, in his estimation, the actions are appropriate for eliminating the deficiencies (a check on documents). Here the focus should be on the permanence of the actions taken, so that repeat failures are prevented. Approval by the auditor of the plausibility of the actions does not release the organisation from its responsibility for the effectiveness of the actions which have been taken. If there is any lack of clarity or disagreement, the auditor will call for improvements to the plan. If no response is received the auditor can launch an appropriate escalation procedure. NOTE : In particular in the case of supplier audits (2 nd party supplier audits) the usual escalation procedures should be applied if action plans are not provided, or are withheld or are not plausible. However, these escalation procedures should have been agreed with the supplier as part of the contract before the audit takes place.
Method / documentation Action plan
33
Input
Process stage
Checked action plan
Check on effectiveness and closure
Output Corrective actions Contract for followon audit Improved process Defectfree product
Objective To close the control loop covering the implementation of actions, by carrying out a check on effectiveness Responsibility The organisational unit which has been audited is responsible for carrying out the actions. The person responsible for the process is responsible for carrying out the check on effectiveness. Description The audited organisation is responsible for implementing the actions and the person responsible for the process must monitor the implementation. Checking the effectiveness of the agreed actions is carried out primarily by the person responsible for the process. Confirmation of the effectiveness of the actions which have been taken is documented by a note in the action plan, with the date, by the person responsible for the process, who informs the auditor and the monitoring organisation unit of the result of the effectiveness check. Possible followon actions if the effectiveness of the actions is not confirmed are :
escalation procedure problem analysis followon audit
Method / documentation Among others, the following methods can be used for verification :
!
34
random sample checks product audit process audit capability studies on machinery and process intermediate status / extent of completion examination of the derived indicators before and after implementing the actions (ppm statistics; achievement of the objective; reject patterns)
5
Potential analysis (P1)
5.1
Objective & purpose of the potential analysis
A potential analysis is carried out in order to assess a new, not previously known potential supplier, new locations and technologies and, where appropriate, the new organisation's development and process potential, as preparation for a decision on whether to place a contract. The potential analysis examines the parts specifically stated and the specified processes involved in the particular sourcing process. The assessment judges the experience of the potential supplier in the manufacture of similar products and his potential in the creation of products and processes. An analysis of the supply market should be carried out beforehand, to reduce the number of potential suppliers to be investigated. The result of a potential analysis can result in any one of the following :
a provisional release for the project a release with a timelimit, covering a product group a release for a restricted quantity of products / smallscale production
A potential analysis with a positive outcome is not necessarily linked to a decision to place a contract with the company. A negative outcome eliminates the possibility of a contract.
5.2
Preconditions
Because the supplier has no experience of the customer's specific requirements at this stage, an assessment of a similar process (if appropriate, a competitor's product) can be carried out to produce a forecast covering quality capability. In the enquiry and quotation stages there is no contract between the customer and the potential supplier and the following aspects must therefore be agreed as a minimum :
5.3
confidentiality agreement on access forwarding of results to third parties Preparation
Sourcing information in preparation for the analysis of potential is of particular importance. A valuable means of obtaining information is to ask for the supplier to provide a selfassessment, in addition to one's own researches.
35
The contents of a supplier's selfassessment (SSA) can include : general supplier data (location; legal composition; size), general information on the current range of products from the proposed supply location, quality capability classifications by third parties and / or results of inhouse audits, internal value creation, subsuppliers, toolmakers, joint venture developments, partners / knowhow, cooperation / core expertise, development / engineering department(s), project management, product development methods, design systems / innovation, laboratory facilities / test facilities, prototype and trial model building, patents etc.. An example of a supplier's information study is provided as an appendix.
5.4
Operational sequence of a potential analysis
The following diagram shows the sequence of an analysis of potential (P1). The questions to be examined in the P1 analysis are selected questions from the process elements P2 to P7. For an overview of the questions, see Section 8. A separate evaluation is required for the analysis of potential because the objective here is less to arrive at a classification in percentage terms and more to decide on "suitable" or "not suitable".
Issue contract
P1 Potential analysis Clarify the initial Request & assess situation and the supplier's restrict the information contract study (SIS)
Unknown supplier Unknown location Unknown technology
Feedback to the supplier (obtain more information)
Compile a modular questionnaire
Client's own questions from his databases (for product and process requirements) and requirements specifications
Specify the audit team
Establish a team with experts, for example from the following sectors :
Onsite visit
Prognosis/ recommend assessment ation/ based on a veto similar process or product (for other customers)
• Process
• Quality • Dev'pment • Issue a report (inc. findings • Purchasing and deviations) • Logistics • Presentation of results
• "Traffic lights" display
36
Risk assess ment
Clarify resources required for qualification Clarify the availability of inhouse resources (customer)
• e.g., inclusion in a supplier development program
End of auditor's responsibility
6
Assessment
6.1
Assessing the potential analysis
Each question is assessed in terms of responsible compliance with the requirement under review and the risk involved. As a basis, an audit should be carried out on a similar product, made with a similar process, in similar quantities. If a question is not answered (shown as "n.b."), a reason for this must be stated. No more than 3 questions can be shown as "n.b.". It must be noted that, in such cases, the comparability of results and the mutual acceptance of audit results by other parties may no longer apply. Each question in the potential analysis is assessed in terms of responsible compliance with the requirements under review and the risk involved. The assessment is marked, using the traffic light system of "red", "yellow" or "green". Assessment of individual questions The requirement in the question is not achieved The requirement in the question is achieved only to a certain extent (insofar as no product risk exists). The requirement in the question is achieved
Where questions are classified as "red" or "yellow" the reasons must be stated. Adding the assessments for each question results in an overall classification, which again uses the traffic light system : Classification Barred supplier Conditionally approved Fully approved supplier
Red :
Assessment by questionnaire Yellow Red More than 14
One question
max. 14
None
max. 7
None
The (potential) supplier is barred It is not possible to award (nominate the company for) the contract, product or product group in question 37
Yellow :
Conditionally approved supplier An award (nomination) can be made but is governed by defined conditions : The conditions to minimize the risk may be :
restriction to a defined quantity (smallscale production) restriction to a defined product restriction to partquantities of the overall enquiry the (potential) supplier receives a trial order on probation the (potential) supplier is included in a supplier development programme special treatment by supplier development teams with careful monitoring of the progress of the project.
Note : Conditions must be specified by the relevant quality and sourcing departments.
Green :
Fully approved (potential) supplier It is possible for the customer to award (nominate the company for) the contract, product or product group in question, without any restrictions. A validation of quality capability in terms of approving a manufacturing location can be carried out only by a process audit in the development process or production process, based on customerrelated requirements and processes and/or the customer's own products.
38
6.2
Assessing a process audit for material products
6.2.1 Assessing the individual questions Each question is assessed in terms of responsible compliance with the requirement under review and the risk involved. The assessment of each question can result in the award of 0, 4, 6, 8 or 10 points, with the number of points awarded being based on proven compliance with the specified requirements. Points 10
Assessment of compliance with the requirements Full compliance with requirements
8
Requirements mainly* satisfied; minor deviations
6
Requirements partially satisfied; significant deviations
4
Requirements inadequately satisfied; major deviations
0
Requirements not satisfied
(*) The term "mainly" means that all relevant requirements have been shown as achieved in more than ca. ¾ of all relevant cases and there are no special risks.
If a question is not assessed (shown as "n.b.") , a reason for this must be stated. At least 2/3 of the questions must be assessed. Bearing in mind the desirability of the comparability of results and the mutual acceptance of audit results by other parties, the entire list of questions should be covered in full. If complaints from previous audits are repeated, individual questions may be marked down when awarding points. Questions involving special product and process risks (* questions) In the process elements, questions involving special risks in terms of product and process are identified by an asterisk (*). In such cases, deviations from requirements must be classified more severely. There is the danger that the process is not sufficiently secure, or that the product may fail. The degree of achievement EE of a process element is calculated as : EE [%] =
Total number of points awarded for the relevant questions Total possible number of points for the relevant questions
[%]
39
6.2.2 Assessing subelements in the process analysis of production and generic baselines The auditor analyses and assesses the process element P6 : "Process analysis of production" in accordance with the following subelements : EU1 Process input EU2 Work content / process sequence EU3 Process support EU4 Material resources EU5 Level of effectiveness EU6 Process results / output EU7 Transport / parts handling (not separate questions; generated from identified questions in EU1EU6) In addition to the process analysis, an assessment is also made of the general requirements for a process, without which the function and effectiveness of the process in question is not guaranteed. Processes must also fulfil the following framework conditions (see also VDA publication 12 : "Process orientation") : 1)
There must be a person responsible for the process in question (process responsibility PR)
2)
Processes must be targetoriented (TO), while taking account of the customer's requirements
3)
Important information (e.g., quality, problems, etc…) are communicated (CO) promptly and comprehensively to the appropriate people
4)
Risks in the processes are identified accordingly and taken into account (RI)
No separate questions are defined for the generic baselines. In the process elements P2 to P7 questions are identified, from which the assessment of the generic baselines are derived (see also Section 8.1).
40
6.2.3 Overall assessment Processes for material products Project management (P2)
EPM
Planning the product and process development (P3)
EPP
Carrying out the product and process development (P4)
EPR
Supplier management (P5)
ELM
Process analysis / production (P6)
EPG
Customer support / customer satisfaction / service (P7)
EK
The level of achievement ED before SOP (part A from the 1st edition) is calculated as follows : ED [%] =
EPM + EPP + EPR 3
[%]
The level of achievement EP at and after SOP (part B from the first edition) is calculated as follows : EP [%] =
ELM + EPG + EK 3
[%]
The overall level of achievement EG for the process audit is calculated as follows :
EG [%] =
EPM + EPP + EPR + ELM + EPG + EK [%] 6
Overall level of achievement : Classification
Overall level of achievement EG [%]
Description of the classification
A
EG ≥ 90
Qualitycapable
B
80 ≤ EG < 90
Conditionally qualitycapable
C
EG < 80
Not qualitycapable
41
Rules covering downgrades
The following rules covering downgrades must be used and be recorded in the audit report. Reasons for downgrading from "A" to "B" despite an achievement level of EG ≥ 90%
at least one of the process elements P2 to P7 or process stages E1 to En has been assessed as less than 80% the level of achievement of the subelements of P6, such as process input, work content, process support, material resources, level of effectiveness, process output, transport/parts handling, is less than 80%
at least one (*) question has been awarded 4 points
at least one question from the process audit has been awarded 0 points
assessments from the generic baseline, such as process responsibility, target orientation, communication and riskorientation are less than 70%
Reasons for downgrading to "C" despite an achievement level of E G ≥ 90%
at least one of the process elements P2 to P7 or process stages E1 to En has been assessed as less than 70% the level of achievement of the subelements of P6, such as process input, work content, process support, material resources, level of effectiveness, process output, transport/parts handling, is less than 70% at least one (*) question has been awarded 0 points
Calculations in the assessment matrix are rounded off mathematically and used in the intermediate stages. The individual and overall levels of achievement are determined from the whole numbers.
6.2.4 Assessing product groups and process stages
If required, the overall assessment of quality capability can be broken down into product groups and process stages. This procedure is used by the automotive manufacturers principally for classifying the quality capability of suppliers. In this way suppliers are given delivery approval/release restricted to product groups. Each product group involved is defined by one or more essential process operations.
42
Product group
Possible process stages Stamping; drawing; forming
Pressed & stamped parts Plastic injection mouldings Control devices
Galvanic plating
Plastic moulding
Fitting Soldering components
Painting Painting
Assembly
Functional check
Note : Additional process requirements should be generated in appropriate inhouse databases in order to assess process operations (see an example in the appendix)
In the assessment matrix (see appendix) the relevant process stages are allocated to the product group under consideration. The degree to which the product group fulfils the requirements of the production process analysis (process element P6) is derived from the arithmetic mean of the levels of achievement of the individual process stages which have been assessed (E1 to En ) : EProcess stage 1 + EProcess stage 2 + … + EProcess stage n Total number of process stages assessed
EPG [%]
[%]
Where EPG = the degree to which the product group fulfils requirements The overall degree of achievement by each product group EPN for the serial production process (part B from the first edition) is obtained from the arithmetic mean of the degrees of fulfilment E LM, EPG and EK (process elements P5, P6 and P7). 6.3
Assessing service processes
6.3.1 Individual assessment of questions & process elements Each question is assessed in terms of the relevant requirements and their consistent achievement in the service process. For each question the assessment can award 0, 4, 6, 8 or 10 points, with the degree of achievement providing the scale for the points awarded. Points 10
Assessment of achievement of individual requirements Full compliance with requirements
8
Requirements mainly* satisfied; minor deviations
6
Requirements partially satisfied; significant deviations
4
Requirements inadequately satisfied; major deviations
0
Requirements not satisfied
(*) The term "mainly" means more than ca. ¾ of all requirements have been shown as achieved and there are no special risks.
43
The degree of achievement EE for a process element is calculated as : EE [%]
Total of all points awarded for the relevant questions Total number of possible points for the relevant questions
[%]
6.3.2 Overall assessment of the audit result
The following elements are assessed individually : Service processes
EG
Planning (D1)
EDE
Outside services (D2)
EZ
Service process (D3)
EPG
Customer satisfaction / customer support (D4)
EK
Because of the different process stages associated with the service groups in the service process element, a summary of the process stages (mean value EPG ) must be obtained for the relevant service group before the overall degree of fulfilment EP is calculated. This is also essential in order to ensure an equal weighting for all the elements. Here, different levels of achievement can be calculated for the individual service groups because of the selected process stages within the service process element. The mean value of all process stages EPG for each product group is calculated as :
EPG [%] =
E1 + E2 +.......En ———————————————— Number of process stages assessed
[%]
The overall level of achievement E G for the process audit is calculated as : EG [%] =
44
EDE + EZ + EPG + EK —————————————————— Number of process elements assessed
[%]
To complete this process assessment, the subelements relating to the system in the service process element can also be shown and assessed separately. For services these are : EU1 [ %] EU2 [ %] EU3 [ %] EU4 [ %]
Personnel / qualification Provision of the service Communication / identification / information / data flow Elimination of errors / continuous improvement
By assessments covering several process stages the interfaces to the QM system are determined and deficiencies are highlighted. They are also of importance in the overall assessment (see "downgrading criteria"). 6.3.3 Classification Overall level of achievement : Classification
Level of achievement EG [%]
Description of the classification
A
EG ≥ 90
Qualitycapable
B
80 ≤ EG < 90
Conditionally qualitycapable
C
EG < 80
Not qualitycapable
Rules covering downgrades : Reasons for downgrading from "A" to "B" despite an achievement level of EG ≥ 90%
One or more of the process elements D1 to D4 or process stages has been assessed as less than 80%. The level of achievement of the subelements (provision of the service; communication; identification; data flow; failure analysis, corrections; continuous improvement process) is < 80%. At least one question from the process audit is assessed as 0 points.
Reasons for downgrading to "C" despite an achievement level of E G ≥ 80%
One or more of the process elements D1 to D4 or process stages has been assessed as less than < 70%. The level of achievement of the subelements (provision of the service; communication; identification; data flow; failure analysis, corrections; continuous improvement process) is < 70%.
45
The rules for downgrading are to be used by the audit team and any downgrading must be recorded in the audit report. Calculations in the assessment matrix are rounded off mathematically and used in the intermediate stages. The overall and individual levels of achievement are determined from the whole numbers.
46
7
Using the questionnaire (process elements P2 to P7)
The questionnaire provided forms the basis for the auditor. The auditor selects the relevant process elements for the audit, depending on the phase in the product lifecycle (see Fig. 2 in Section 2.1). Taking account of the identified product/process risks, additional specific requirements may be associated with the questions. The questions must be applied both to processes for material products and for auxiliary materials. Structure of the questionnaire The process element questions are structured as follows :
questions asked minimum requirements / relevant for assessment possible examples of requirements and proof of compliance, depending on the product risk reference information
The possible examples provide useful information on aspects which can be of particular significance, depending on the product/process. The relevant points must be selected on a product/processspecific basis, expanded if necessary, analysed and evaluated. Here, the examples shown illustrate possible demonstrations of compliance which should be provided to a reasonable degree, depending on the product risk. An assessment is carried out, however, only with regard to minimum requirements, where assessment is relevant. For the auditor the audit consists of two mutually independent activities : 1.
The questions for the assessment are set out as closed questions which the auditor alone must answer, based on his findings.
2.
In order to obtain the answer regarding each requirement/question the auditor must ask open questions on the subject under review, based on the risks identified in the preparations for the audit.
47
Auditor alone
Assessment questions
Closed questions answered?
Assessed by auditor alone
yes / no Auditor in dialog 1 n o i t s e u q n e p O
On site
Fig. 6:
2 n o i t s e u q n e p O
3 n o i t s e u q n e p O
4 n o i t s e u q n e p O
Audit questions On site Open questions
Audit pyramid
The process elements P3 and P4 are combined in terms of product and process to make the system easier for small and mediumsized companies to use. If required, however, these two process elements can also be split so that product development and process development can be assessed separately. If process element P6 "Production" requires a breakdown into process stages, each process stage must be stated and must be assessed separately. In addition to the questions set out in this present VDA 6.3 document, it is worth creating databases in order to provide adequate coverage of the relevant product and processspecific risks. The experience stored in such databases provides processspecific support when considering the contents which require assessment. Based on the risk analysis described in Section 2.3, risks which are identified must be examined against the existing questionnaire and incorporated into the existing questions. If any item cannot logically be assigned to an existing question, further questions can be added. However, this means that the results will no longer necessarily be comparable. In such cases the assessment matrix will need to be adapted. A note must also be made on the cover sheet of the audit report, pointing out this fact.
48
* I * * R e n i l e O s C a b c O i r T e n e R G P t r g o t s n p r i s a l n p d n a r & a T h l * a * s i t i n s y e l t a o P n a
e r i a n n o i t s e u Q
w e i v r e v o e r i a n n o i t s e u Q
1 . 8 8
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
* 2 . 2
* 3 . 4 . 5 . 2 2 2
x x
x
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g n i n n a l p n e . h w s r t e n i l p u p o u c s c a f o o t t n n i u n o e c k c a a t s s i e h k t a a t p o l s a l c a i t g i r n c i n e n h a t l p r a . e l u s c c e r i c t u r r o a u s p o s e n R I e r
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" l t s & e r v a t c l e p u y w d t t i " o s e i r A r l u n P t a i s " E a r c t o f e n : M M 4 F " r s p . e s e l . s c l e r l m o s o n t e r i m v e v a l a n a o c A r p r t u A p s p t e e D o s r D s u u n d P c s i V V a n ) i s h s t s r t t i w n w i n / e o e s e d v s m i e m n e c ) r e n e ( r a s r t e r i o i t u s n u s e t s s q i a q e m n e l o e g p e ( t n l i e r o t r n s e o s t m r l e m c g s t l o i s e e e n h j i l s n e t g s m i m i r l e h p o r m a a s w o c u p i t e o t m ? n t s t u s a s ' s ' s ' s d r ' r l a u r r r i e g r e p c g v n n n t e e e e i c i m t i c d a m m m m o l t i d r u o o o o i o c f n p t s e c a d t t t t s j s s s s e e g o e l u o r p r u u u u h i M r p C C C C t M c P S e Q e h t s e e h l t g h i a . t e n c s h w t a t o d i t t h n i d n n f c s a r c e e i o t e e m d d e a g r e e t e h h g i n r d n t s a u u u a s T o e . l h r u s n q c c C c u e e n c s m s . i a e r i y d t e n c l l b i y l e i e f l a r s i u k y c f i o n e a t t r a r e h e t p e e r e t o v . t i c e l s s r a n a i m e n a s s d l a r e h ' p d t l o d e t l e e p n s d n t s a t i u o a c n m j u c o t s i c c i t a t i s d i e j r n e c o e a n s l i y m u h f r a u l t c m l e m r t o p p e r l a s m y r . t e t h y o b n h e u e c t s t g c d m u e t s m j e n e t e o m o r t o c o o o e r i a t c r r e s e t a i t r a f i s p m u u u c a n n b c s d i a n d a i r l e d t e e t t e a n n s p o h k r l i a a r n t t e p a a d t c e t t e h n n h e a t d j n t c s a c i l l . e e e u o i s j w j e p s r p f g I i o o t e c p t d o r h r i c c g e e e p s p n e e e h 3 p h j n j . e i r e t a t s l o o 2 h l r h h a r n p g P T A p c A i a T p
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t t a c h e t j o r d p n a e t h t u o n d i e d i e r r n a i f c e d e r . . t a d s c e s e e n e v j e o o i t i i r t h v c p s i e t e l i c a h s t m a i f d e e d o h e t t r r t n i n a a a u p t l q p e e u l r l b o a y t d t t s e i a r u i u t r h m r t a n a m c k c f a l e s o p i h l c e w M e o v Q i e v t l n e e r a e h l T A p h t
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s e t s g s n m n ? a n e r h o o s n i f c l t m o t e f i p g s d o a i t r a e r v a s o r s s c o t n u s i q c n n a e e e e p p n a d r r a a l m p e e e m e g r g s s g g s s g o n e g n n n n i c a a a e t a s o c i m r h h h s h e j T P C C C A C o r p t d d y r c e e e n n u h e s s a e t ' m r d A k o o g i y r t h . t t r h a s s r r b e u , o t o h f i m u p l d y ( e d o d t i c e t w t e w . n e z i t t n a h r s i n i n d s r d e d u u y e o d t e e r j i i l s c r e s e l a a e s a m p w p d n e c e r c t o e s u e e h o g m g e e e s r u t t q r a o s . b s a a p c c t t n c g j t e s d i c e j e s n d d u a d n o s P O i e a e o t n s d m n r e n a i g e i a r s e S m n e f r o p t r e e a e d w e a i e c h m d r p . g o b r e n o n e c t a e n r a i h f n i d t t j s t o e f o e h e d P u b m h r n n g c i p o i o e g n t m O m g d e c t e n t e s r i o s i r S s i n s n e n h k e s u r g u e d e i e e t c c h u a a r u c e g n l d e t o f n h m i e v n a p e e h i r f n e l e h c t t a m o a e o t t a b h n g t h i v t s y d y n r e b c e a w t n e i l s i e a f o h n t . l t m t y t u e o e i a n t s i e r h d u l b g n i i m w e s g c t e . v s n o t m e n s i e l i a o v e a r d i a h d i a h t g h i e m t e e s e c ) e i . n t h g e t i m g e a h f c s t g a n a e s h m r t n a i h r i m s e r g t n o g e e c c o a n u n . e a t t . o e n r r f o d r s o s n s r e r f h a q i r e a e s m i c a n a u d p l u t . e o t n s r g s c h a s s f s e g m e o r l p n s n i c r I e c a e e e n e e c e e a s o p r . p i d e t b i g i g i e m a g h t u y m n l l f m g i f r t a p l s u t n i i h n n o n a p i e c u i t c e 4 s c a h i a . a e n p e e c v d a s t h t l u u i m e n h u h p 2 h p a o h u l h i i e r P C s M d C c A C w W m S c T d a T q T d
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" l t s e r & v a e p t l c y w u i t 3 d " t s r e i l t A t u n r o r a i s a E P a r c t o p " f M e n M 1 2 4 4 4 F " e r s p s e l . l . l . l . l . s l . c e r l m o o o o o s o n e a t r m i v v v v v e v a l n a o c A r p r t u A A A A A p s p t e e D D D D D o s r D u u n d s P c s i V V V V V V a
n i d e v l o v n i y n a p m s s o e e c g t s t i i l n s n s i ' a r r h n e i b m e o c o m s f i t e n t f m p g o s o i o r a p e d t r s s s c n s u o t s u n e a e q c n c l a d m r e r e r e e p s e d e e e m i s h f g s g t i g g s e n c n n n i c n a e a a e i s o m r h p h h s d i P C S C C A n T a , n n o i o t i t a u d s e i b i i n r l t p a r s m i i g r e s d o ( ' o h c t r . s e d e e s e r h g h t n m t o n a a a t . n t s . a p s d i e h n u e h n g t t e c d e c i i n o n n h e i t a e t w m i f a h m l * e h t e w l e g n d a c u c g c n ? a i g , e n s i n o n m n i r a e l d o e n a l o a d d d s m i e n r t t s s d n a n e y e a r a h e a s i p s g i l g n n p n g r d l e a a p i n f o l l o h e r i l b s g r u e i t c r s v s t s o s n r o o e n t r n o f o e e c c e n o c h h r m o n o e t t p e l t p e c o s g i i b i a n y r l t r i e a f o u l r n s , d l s u q a a n c e h o e n a g d e i f h i r v e t c p s i c t n e r t t i ' o s e e e a i r h r t t a m r e t s n a s r e p s A e s i 5 . 2 P
58
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? e c n a i l p n n o s m e p o k e g c n n a r i u t r a a d o r l s o s e g f t r p s n n t e g n a w o M p c y s e n i l e e u e i t i r a s Q n n m a d d c l m e v n i o e e , o t f r e h r y r l u a i t i s p c i t ) l g t u / p e l e y n s i e n q i r r i t u y e M p o g e t m r s j o a d n v n t Q t l i s ' s ' s l e a ' o s u k l r r g r e o ( u n o e c p e e i n d c d h l c e d c e t m d a a n i r m h c m e o o o t e t t a t i c n e c j r o r s s s t g r t a a e d o r u u e u i n l c h n P C C r C C i P t a d e t . M t n l l c Q e l a e s n e j m a ' o r h . r r e g e e t d l t n p p i r m x g s e r l n l i e i e o s o m a t i v t r n s n i s d i o a n s c u n t a e i v e c l c a p o o , n h o l i t n r e a a e p M m a h s s i t n m h I l t d Q p h r s e d n n . e t ? t t i a t c i t n n n h t e e w i c j a s t o g i g c t t r e o e h j t p a r n u a a t c o u i o h d d . t r p n b i e m o l i p e a s g e t s r h a n t r d h p . r i v u f e t g n i e m e l l w o h t h d a a t i a s o n n c t t i r . f y f n n t c r d i n a n . d o a e n o e n o a r e o r e f t t n t o e c i t l c n i a n r v o i o m a u l n n a e f l r p p d t t e e u i a e i n g p e l o d o a d v l e M u a r c a i c l c i e c b p t n i t i c f i n Q n c n s c a h m i r a c a M c a o n d o w i e r n t e t s i s e a a Q b t o i v r t r e r e r a d a p a k n d a t t c k o n n o i s s d s a i a s t a f s a s c t e e i e t r u v / r r n i n s k s i e m n n n e u l a t c s f a a a n c e d h e t n n l e l l e o t n r p e e o d p n p i h t t n c a s s s l I r e o a r e m t s 6 . 2 P
p i c a e M e c e r M c M i l m f t r u p a Q o Q i i Q i e u l M s c v d u l i g p e e t e q o e n e Q a h a h p e c h r h l m A a T e r p T p T t I T s R i
" l t s e r v a e p l y w t i 3 t s r e i l t u n r t a i s a a r c t o f e n p M 4 “ e r s p s e l . l . c e r l m o o n e a t r i m v v a l r n o t p r a u A A p s p t e e D D s s u u n d c s i V V a s t g n n e f i e r k o m k s a i s d s r a n * o e m n h t e s o a n e e i s t h ? i t t p i s f s a a y l n o l e a d d l h a o n e a t d a e e v c / c s g l s e r n i t e i o s n e e i n i a a t c r d n f r e n e o n e e n s e i f h o l t o f f n o t d i r i t i t e s e s p n e m c i r c a e r d d f e c o n i o a a i d s e p o n g t r , t n s i t u t s n n e d o s c a m r i d e p e a i l e s t i u a m o l m e e r n c c p c o m e g e r e c l i a o d p s o n c E R i p T C m i . ) . y s t d i b n e h d s t e h r & n e i e i s s m t e i i h e l s a l t p n r e t i d t g b p u t a a i s n n i t l u o i n n s a h s c b t a o e i , s i s c . s m s w m & s e a e i e s k d t n o o c n i s e n p d g t o n o r b e s i s l i o ( r i i t e o m r ) p a n r n n i a c e n h e r s d n v l i o k i c o e p e u n t a i e t a t t d g d q a l a r n i s e a r e l r d i o o b e c f a f t r i s m c e f i c l i e d o e c ( s e t s j l e l m e d l o o e n i a f i t p t t d o a r r o s p s i n s e m e u e t e c r c . e u h n v h s o o t c a n n d i u o i m l i t e r i f . s . f n i n i b l a h o i t o d e t e t f c h i a a e t n e t t a h e t t n s p l , e s c b s a t e s s a f n l e s t e a e e o e i e m c f c u v n n a r e g m o s e s u a t g a a e r o r t e r s c h n a h p r e o u n e r e t n n e n s a u o r e b h o o f a e d k o t i s c m c i v h c i e a i t y n t s h c i t t r l r s a u l c a l e a s o e i w I a p e i r i t t p i t m i i f t a s c f p r r c u a c s e c o e o e s l e r j e e k h r p a 7 . e a e t e p s d c 2 h o h u h p n s r n t P T p A t I T a T a f I a e
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t n e y b l t ) u , . m , s s n s . i . t p c y S t r o , i I r s t i j o s e o / l J l t e s f , t s i n t , i e s v r r t r s s s e k n s r l n T v n e e e r e e c e e t I l t e t e e e o s s a n i t J m n i , f c a t p s i m i t d i d ( d I m l e r n o s l v i l p a t m a o e a r p t s a t e e s f d o c n b s o s t r i i i i n a a h l r c t s o v c h c u v k i n i m i i s s e n r e f p u u e a o c o s c e e n s n , c e f v m w o i r t q ( c s d t r r r m t i n e m h r o e n p w e e ) i s s e o n o s e e d e c o p t s f o p i c l ) d p r e d u r l n r e r e s t t i e s s i t s e q s v t r a a r m a i n n e n p p a p n i n t t s s e u m n m e e a m e o l o r , ; c s o e u r e t i o c t o q e c r e i c s a d m s n e i p f s o o t s e q r s t e r a n f t r e c r a e m n p n o / u i f c a m n x o r i c e r i l n t f s n l p u p r u g r a e n g o i a o c a i e n n c g n g l n t o o ) s e r m i a u / c ; q i n ) t e e s a e s i p o r t o r e u s h o n ? / p e t g t d t e s 3 c l e m i i s m s c c m r a y i e a i e h q i s c t i i r t t e r g p u b e d n c i u o l h t t n i s l i l t , g m r r n P i u i m . o s l n s o i d e p r i r n u d t a c ( d i i n p h g m n u i t f e i d u h r s o d a c g c n c p o f p t b t s g r s u e w d q o o . t i i r m m s p o o e p u e u M u o o n i o c u f e u e u e e r r i n r c A s I n D s w ( s w p T P O t p o q d r e R C L P Q Q D L T ( o e e e P r d d P i m h a g l e p t e n g h i s s o t t b r t l i n s ) i e n n e g n e t r e n i s l r r i r e n e u u a s v n i p a f e y i e l s m m d i s p a l f p m e u o i c p e d P t e r h r e n l s t o k s t i i s p p s s i u u o e e a e y b l s : l a r s d m v q b . : i u e a m b t t t e e r e o e 3 s d t g n r v o d o s d f e e e c e c P e o t h l a s a c e f o t ( o d s s d u n t , r e v i c r t a r f e t s h s e i e s l e e g e r l p n c m n c b e a k i e c o e a e n h i e o u e d l c d c t / r & m o d e o c e n . p t , " h t p e r n t l c o i m t p s t d a h n d p a c u c e e . e d f e c e i e s c r t s i v ) u s u u s s t h e s d a t e n u y t r m e g d n a i c d s b e q o o r d e a s e o o e g h a t i d e l r f e c r e l o s o p t m s c e t r i n s r o c p r t s e r n e n a r n d u e r n t p o " o r b e h e n s p e e i r r e e c a m s h m u e b t m c h e e P a d t m s o t g e t . d b e q f t . h a / l g n s u o y f e u t o m t r e e r n p e a i r t c s n s e s e t t d m n o n a o s u m u i o e g i M e d n m t t s r n r s t c c g m n a n n e i o u c e u a s Q m c t , i / a t c s b e e t g c u s a e n m d e h l i v m o i r a . t s t d n e s s n u a o o r e r o n e e t r n e n i i o c u t t t c r r s n r t r e i r e a e a n s q e i p e t a f t e l a l e o e o l u i i m p c r a c t n , i h p m v h t u r i e P e q e n c l e t q a t s p r t e n e r h e a e e i n y s g s e r d m r D i r t m i r a i t n p i s u o ( s n ' h n r e a c u . r r a q e a e b e e r c m r i a e c e q d e e m r l e r m e a d u A u . g y o e e e r m r r h e r r r a f t e i q n o m p i a m m o o i e i r i m o u e r t o / c s u r c i 1 e t y h o s t r w s e u q m e e . q e d n o s l i 3 l n h u n n e t f u u d 3 p o o p . r h n c C n M P A k T c a E h t f I i a S h e r f T s
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, , t s , n s e s r e , t g r e & s o c m t l n m f s l o e , e t o ; a a e l j p ) , i . s f i s e t d u . o A t t s ) p f e n o t u , h e s s t r c e y e g ) n h n f . n t a , E . s n t e p e q c r i n t o o g s M . o a h t e t e l o t r a i . t e t m t o r t n p s F , d a t e s m d c p o p t s e o t n , m e r r y , t t t e ; g t a u o g l s y o v p t i n l i e g d g s n n l a t t i o r i n e E e e n o i n k i e m a s n c l , s t v s e s s n b i l v c n r r r e ( O o l d u d o m n e i a a p o e e o i n c i i n l m g a i t i v p t r D t s n i a i e d i h n o n l e t r u h e t i s p r r g o s l s o c , i e n c e e f t c n n r a n r u p o s r e i n ( i i r u i D t , s s h e c a h t p n a t a p o l s d / q m c m v d o l F s g t t / t s u u n o p i e u f n a r m m i t r e u u b e f e i t q l a c p n s t v t Q n e n r i t ) d t p s d a p y n g ( o s d a n s e e o m l ( o e r r s o u n t s e n l t u o n , e s l ) i r d l d t s s i a p e e e r s r n n s d c n t y p a y r s s a e s t u s o p t i c o i t t f p a i a i e e m i y i c d s l w g e p l i m m t m o c t g r l r c i l l a e c i t o t i m s r t u e u i s t p a s u e o o p p t s o i p h r i i e a u a e d t i t t m n l t c u j g d s d l i c i t e g i v f t m e t o n ? s s e r m t t o o e t a g o a o c o a M n p e r r r r r a o r r o r o a t u u r e a a a a t e r n o u a o e e f c p s m r p ( I m p f p p d L f p p t n c c p s s d s l m s Q e m . s p . d e e o c d r l p s p t e o o t t o e . n t e u n l n e a g a , v a e , s a a h d t r e s s l t t d e n p v t s e s v r n n n e c s h t e o l d w e s n e l a a a s u . n f l e u o d d g f a s e t n e p p t s r s t o n o t o r s t t n i s e o s d e i n s t r m o n e r e c n n t e b p i e i e h t a n i s t t o l r e h c e n d a i e e i r T t t f r l e d l p s t i a l o m a . e m o e c h r m u s h n i t s m i p a t m p p g u s l p s s c o o n m n o r d ' r n r l n c w e l i a o M d a c f o e s o o g e i e n d h n Q e r m u d t e n l t v t v p n d s d o c a p o e r e e a o w i n o i , t e u i t c p d s v n r t i d d l h i t a t h o s a d f g t c i d i e d i p t o n a l l u n l g a a e e . e h u c n r f e n a c a e i t t ) h s m r h . o r d e a p o t p e t h t e e e h t e e o s y t p o l r r r s l n n s t r s t t d , h d e t h s i i a a y b t t a i a i e i g l r p , c n l u s d i r a n e u p r n a t s w r a i h e d e e n u t e i h c o a o s m i f y s t n n e t n l s i e c l h u e r a s m s s a r v a r n a t p r e , w n . l n r a s d d p l o r a k , p l r t p t i , s f f e e w e t u e g l c e a i s l o y e o p i e r s l u t A y e s t o s f j d t i e h c i i n i f n d i f f t g i e e g t v t n n t e a E d s o g r I i o d v t f n t l i o n n m a . h e i a M l d n r o i i c t n p e i s a e p a s a n p a t d a p , e b c t F o l e i m a e l i , d n o n t o n n . t e s n i p h e t g r e l y s h s t t c p s e e i t f s c e n a r i e l e u c l o t u s i . a t e i s t v e e s a r w m o i i u a g s d n n l t s s m b p h e e d m i i p o d a c e i e o p l n s n e ) t d / t c o r o i o o i l n c n h g a A l i l i a r n g r t l a l p o s f e t a l o G p l n m o t n t e e e p e p t l a i i b e r p e r n e v e l a l p n n v h p l r l e d d s R , & c l m a n r i a ( g o a n e e u t t i n e c e u n n i A v d n l t e a p t d r i i s i t t t o t n a i i s a i i l e c r e t c n e e a t m r n c d c r i u l y d i i r e p u e u s c d e c h r c e e t v 3 a t j e j n i l p h . a r n e e t e n p t t c o o o e h r d l w M c s e t u r x x o 3 t o o h e h r n s i n n i n I n f T M t T p i a Q i ( P E E p P A f c m
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t e r t o y n h t e n ) t u e s n n f n i o r i e o . o e h m b t d c f c t c i p i e c e e a r e s d r a u a e h v o j r n l e c t i , s m q o u a o k i n i n e , e r v a h s s u t l p o c s i n t T i ( e s m n b k e a e . t c l s i e s u h i . c m o a t h s l t t e e k e i o c n o c c v . n n n g c c a a r e t a e r f c a s i i l p r t t n u y l a p t p e , o e u u o s l e o r s o e t s o d e t m o t b t r b i t h n i e n t t o t o i d l s t e r t e a i a s l p d r e u i i g b e o y c s n i b e r e i n f n b r a n e m f o i s i i b r k e f a a a n f r . a y c t c s d l r m r , i o t d t e e s o a e p g c e t h e e h p u e n t r c s n s T d b e g e m e e a m a i a t r . e t n v d m e h s i s s n h i d r m t y i c o t x s r o n o u h c p e t i n y u p i t t t a v n e s o m u s s a a r m o e e t s q s a s d o e c r l . d e f n l e e d , e a e o a b , ) u t ! c t a . i c i r q b d d p i s f s n o e s a e v d s o . r u e l r e l r o e . n o s i i ( e e q h d a e p t e i u s m n e t a n t r p r i s v u e r q a f e p o h a r t r a e s o e t m g c s e t e u o e r l h y d t n r e f y l m t u b i b i e e i r e c l n t t t a v d t g t t i s b s r i u e a e s n s b t r d c n t e l s i o i n t t a d i u l u a t s o a o p l a n n i n a p e p i i t n m d i m c r a r u b a t a l a a a c i e o e m a l u i v p f s t c l n f r e r t r u d i u r a i n a e n c g e e d d s e e e l a e o d t v h h n n n u h a l h r d h e f T t a A a m T c p T R p a T d o
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* ? s e s a h p s u o i r a v e h t r o f e l b a l i a v a s e s a e l e r d n a e c , n s e t r e d i a h t e v p e l n t l h o y a r r h t d . a o i d s f w e s s d e a e n e e c b i f c c n , e e u a t d n d d c e e r e o r o j o . b h r s t p c t c p e s e a e r b n e n u o m h t a t i , s , t s s s u s r e c o l t f i i m m r n t e d m e t y t e s e i i m l i n u ' m / e s r b i e r s a t t i t i m s i u u h . e o n s t e q s g u n r e s m r f o l a a u s s c s e o b p t r e d g o e e h t c n n p h s i e t s n n e a m r d a o d s i i i t s n g e d v l t u a i n e e b n t n r a e s / m e t a v a s e m s l B e s p r p o s s o l a t c a a l u c s e l 5 e e j g . l v e o e 4 e b u e r u P R s d R p R
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4 ? 2 . l . l n o o o v v i t A A a r D D e V V p o ) l o t : n a n o i g n a t s o i r i n n r a c i t e t y s t e o h e s t c h a r u r f t x p a a t f p a t s c s o s e c e s i n e i / s i u i p r n l n s d i e t s c a e h f s s l a g t n i f a n n r s i e b n p r e o i a c a a i c y r y t r r w d t e g o s l s e t l o i v r s e r d e r e s l r r n p e e a a e l e r u y i m t z e i ( i l r ) b s g o t ( n t c o a i i a e l e p t s r & e i p s r a y e d k n b a r u m f a p p i n p u a a r o c p o n s u ( u s e e t l i l c c h s s o i r a t u e s w g p k o ) g e r r ( r n p g h n p g i g o y m i t m s g t i i o g m , g n i n s i n g u a n s s i y t y i n f w h a c w n s i c c c e t e e i i i m i e e l k u u u u l c c d k r r r a m n i d i d d c d m o e o o e a r i h l a r u t e e e e n r p e r W w s q r w p r r i r f s m e g • • • • • • a n s e u . e o ) i r u l b e e n i c e t r h c h t i n t o c d n i a w c l n o r a m e t r d h d e t n o t e o f e . r n e c r s e e r g y u e p m s t i l a t a e n y a e d r l e p u b e q t g o ( v m t n i i l i , s s e d e e u m i d n c s m t r a n s s g o d a e n n f c i e m o i r o d t e s r t r f o c u n g r p a l c e a e d s i n e p n e m b , i a c d e t y r s n e e t r r s e c a v o g u i p l t u a m e d e i n t s d o r o e t r r c s m p i g n e r e v f d a o f n t m o o t o i c t e e t n a o e n t v e t a r e g m v n r e e e H a s 3 . 5 P
t l e v m e i o e l e r h g r p t p p p a u m n m T s i I i
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” l s e t v r e a p l y w t e i r n u t a r o f M 2 4 “ e l . l . l . c o o o n v v v a r u A A A s D D D s * V V V a ? s e c i v r e s d n a s t c u d o r p d e c r u o s t u o e h t r o f e l b a l i a v a s e s a e l e r / s l a v o r p p a y r a s s e c e n e h t e r A 4 . 5 P
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l s a a s i t r c t t n o e a e e d p d A t l p n e n c a d l D s t y b r i o r e a e t y V u r t c o f a i p s b h f l i & l s e a t s ( t ) r i – b k c y s s o t , i a e s " i n s n f w l U c d l s l o s e i o d i e e l i b e t r t e n a E f c i r h a o i r ) f c a a a l … i p h t h e h o n , l d u s t a m i a s e t s i n c s l r n g l i l e o w c v a C s t i o a i " e a f t e n t f t r e i s A n t r m r n s n / t r o i s c d i E e a i c , l n l i s , o e r r s s & R m n f o e s a i i p e n t a e e c t i a i / s l a s t n c l v l s a c o r r r t m S s i e a p p u 2 t e o e e a r o e D d F t t a p r q . s i m p a e m l s i c s p P o v h o h a f M I s e u i n p a f i s c A P v E c c s m o ( A R s t c u d o r p d . e n o c r i t u c o u s d t o u r o p l l l a a i r r e o f s n d i e d u s e s s i u e e b r t a s y u e h m t e e s r o a f e e l e r b / l s a e v i c o v r r p e p s a d n n A a
e r l g a e u n i l a p d i h v p i c u d e s i n v e e i . s r h n i t h e t e l ) l p d l h p e a e r u e f p r o s g y m b a i t o u c e l f s s a i u o e w q d h t r e e e o h t d i t t h v r o g o e s i n r m s r p o e o l t e t s n i n b u u ( o e c s m r e o e y f h l e t r t u i l i d e m o b i h t o r m s t f n , f o . s t o p s u n e s t n m e s e m r e e a l c e c l n n g u o e f p e a h d n i t s m a o v a n h I c E m
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* ? d e r u s n e s e c i v r e s d n a s t c u d o r p d e c r u o s t u o e h t f o y t i l a u q e h t s I 5 . 5 P
s o l s / e & t a , s n i s t i s a s i r o s s d r s t l i t i y t t n n t e e e r e r r r s r c o t h i o o a s a d l o o e t a a t t a t i d f t p n a g f s p p o e e e a a c n ; m o l e c i e r n t t n r a y u e r r s t g m u r o o n o x / f b g p s i e e i n l s e i t b e w D n a s . e e k m a r d r a 8 c l o c o c e k n s i f s n c a e l m i e l r t , m r s n p e g i a p i / d n a o s s a u f o s i n t e a h ( r g i s r ) y t t s , t t c i r n v c o a i c o i i n i s l n r q ) r o r s o f r i s s e t i d e e 5 a r e t e r t p m l e / n t e e a t t n a n r p d 2 p p s f s f p m s x g o b e s u i a t 0 d s r t a u h q t n o p s t n o , s e e e i o n c c s m m 7 a i o c o f n e n u s e i g , i e y i 1 h e c f i e i i & k t t h j o e m o s e t s e s n t t r / n c i f l e r n s s g a l i t m s e u c s m e i r n t i i l e a e C s c n a e i n i g a r e v a e a u n h E i d e b a c b n e i f m i u l r / a h o e o c I f g c n e u a u t e k l b m q c q p q s d r c p r r e t / d u w e a g t a p e O n a r i M e e g v o a e e a o r p d n s r e p l o e S r C R T m Q m R A i E p p A i D s A p f ( t I a G m w d d t e e e a b k u t c l , s e a s u h v t c e l u m e d s e b n e c t a r n s d e e . v d d u e i i m g t e a v t r g g E n e o e . e i l l n n p e f m p b o w e o l u t t d s s n p m a u e d i i f m v l a o s e n e e e t l e b e c u h b t t n s s e a e n u v r I m . m a r e ) h o h g s f t n e s r i n e d t s m o p n i i l t d a r m c s e a n l a l r a a i g e p s v h r p o r t e e u p t i t t i s n a l n ( i i b d t o h t i t a e r o p n p a d c e a i i e d f c f i i e r l e d a a v h t n u o r T a i q p
h t i w , s e e . d / c d a t s i e m s v t r a e e u e t s l b d t n d a v n e s u a a d m s s e d n s s o a t s o d n e . e g t c t e s o l d n m r e e e p u s e c f r m r o e u u g r o c a g e s o i n h c i d l t t f i d u t , g o u c n e n i a v e o p h i h h t d s , e c e t f i s h r t o r r a r y a a g s t i p i n a l c t l a e n d r l u r a e q a a v g w s l e k e e s r a h t c e r , r r e i e n o h y l t i c t o i e p n r f p t o l a a u c s e m u s r e p g o o s n T e r F h t i
t n , i u o t o n d d t i e a r l a d v o e t e n l a e s s b r ' e t e f r s i b s i e , t u o d m s n o u m n t n a s m s o r u n i t o t c e n i a d e e t n r a i h t o t m s m , p i k t o a s t u r t n s q e o u o i e w c n o t , d i n d e d t e e e , t i g r a a s m r i n e a r c m o i c o u s a t i s d d e r a s t a a e n n d e o s m k n v c c g d a e n e n r r i p h a e t . c ) o h n n t g g ( i n . i o n l n o s t a l y d i i t t c e o n a n e m o t y a o i c e p l t i i i r f g s i d l m n e r p e e i a i d r r n , r o o u u t r c q q s o p u s r e e e n p n i R r T a a e a
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, t r i e d e n m r , i t e a e t n , g y s n ) a s a i t y r s o s i l s a t u m i k e r u ) a n n a b o t a c q t i a e t o d u i i w ; f d e s i t g i s t o t s t c , a n s a t e r s n e a o i n r u g e r s t s d i r s u n t i i a t o i ( t a d f t i a n d a d g n t s s / i e s n a o s u e n t e i , l m a s o n i s t t n d l e c o n a n e a d i s o c f t e t i i r n c g a e o c r t i / i i t n i i n l f t n n f s c c g ( i i h n a e s t e e n e a r s k e o t u i r c a n v a r a c o t e i O m r e p q i x u e a t a l l o r o s e e F r r d n s M p Q a I P S B C C P c I i F t o o n t n y l n a i c e r d y e e u c h c e a t s t ? l p a d y h e l e t r e b o t t o t a s s s i r u s e u b p t m o a t r s t p r s s p e e u n s m a i a a s d t e t e n l r o e c u o c r d t r o s s i e r d p s o h d o t . d o g h e . i p o d t n u i g n w t m d n e g a e e a h x r t n l s c i n i a o a a m u t m i d r q o r e r o d s s c t o a e n c n d i c e a c m c a " e t a r g n g a c t n i A i m e n s e m e a p 6 v r d s . o u e o 5 c e r n t s b S " p P I
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e e r g a m e t s y s n o i t a r t s i n i m d a . s k c e r t o o s t s n e i y h t l l n a i u t s c e r a u s g e i f i t i k t c n o a t u s q l a e i r h e t t h a t i M w
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? d e n i f e d s e i t i l i b i s n o p s e r e r a d n a s k s a t s u o i r a v e h t r o f d e i f i l a u q l e n n o s r e p e r A 7 . 5 P
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t c l , u s a d i d n s n , e o c o l o s ) i r o t h e p i u t i t t p f c d d e … c s o u o u m , a s / s e n a d m ( s t e o f o v i D n i n s t g r o o s 8 m t n a o p i d ( r c a i t e d s t c o s g e e d t s i a a m l r f r l h a r i e e n i c t l s e u d o g a i e i f r w o a a i i p q t c a u c u n s r g m ) i e l e q k i c f n c & u o / t h g q e t p e f n g d s s s s e … c f t n s r e i n a e r , i / r i e n l z e n d i t s m n t e l r o a g s i t i & l a n i c t c m i y a t c n a g t s t u o c a a d i i e p i l s k e r n r i s d t i m e e a e n c s t a r s u o a u a a o o a r p h p t a s t P u c S c o S P A s Q c C F M
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) e s a e l e e n s s s t e r e r s n a s a n l i e o a s e e o l p l i m i t e e s t t ) e i l e c g p h c r c h t e s a a / n h s / n p r t l i u o t t i r i a t r l s a d a o m n d v t a p w v r w t e a n o a v ; l e o p t s s i s a r d o e s e p e s r n r t e r e l r r o n A A t r p o a r o i s f p s e p s o p i a a l o t i E i t a ) E p a ( u p e c a e r a l e e p t r a t / r M e e l M e e s P n a t r n r r t F F o a r e A e d r n e t l s r n d e e s t r i t o i t f e o i e m v s c f e c t m m c a t P c s t f u i i ( c P i l e o e u s u r o d s S r c e t o c r j n e p p c d n d t e s F o p D s l e p o o o o a r u r a r r r p e P r i p i r e m p S P T M s A P P T P r M I C ( r P
* ? n o i t c u d o r p l a i r e s o t n s t o s i a n e n e e e t d c n e c o i w h r i e e h u t o m t e s u r d o e d b i p n s s n s s a e t h e r t p i o m l l r o n r l m c e o t i n l e l n o u d d e p a h a s a r o s n s f e e e f , e t e d r b ' r i r e t t t v t w / i a u d n f e g c e r t o e e e l b c l s r w a t u n d b v e u l s a i d e c e m d u d e i e t s o i v u l o c u o t t m t y r l s e b n s o p s i r r t o d a i r t i o a n o i e a e p l s P r p r u i s t h d m c s . o o r r b . p p a f g e a p v i d a e e e a u . c i p n p e s u r e d s l v e e t k h m e i r o l l s d p i h t h m n l c t e a t e i h t t i a e t a n f r s o i r t t o i o r u t r s c c t o r u r i i p t d s o o a n o A n w f p t t e t n o e n o s n o u n p e i c f u i n f t . o d t r . b e o s s s o r y d l u e n r c p m i e n g u l s t r o e t t a n a i o s n e o h e e g i a m a e i d i v t p m t l c h u i r d i m s r i c d n s n d s t n t i n e m e e t . c i n r e i l a p d s r f d a i a u r b m u i i r n u s p r u r e n e n s u e s d n s ' s a e h q r o s l o l e s e f a s q v s o o r l t e m l c a r e r p n s e s n e e l e r i e e e o n o v o l r a b n o c r a c p t s c d c e c t p m h u e t . h e n / t a i l t e r t o a c n t i n o a u m o s s l b d n t s n d a t o c r f r s u e i g s c o e p p e i s r s r o t e n e e r c o t u e e d n t e e j i r s u b e e o d n a e g v h d n o f c h o r b r c s t s t h p r a t e r o n r l o n m t i e o r n s e h r e p s m e u r i t a c p d u a m p d s n a a p e o p c i i o r v e i f r h h d f r f r t e s d e n u a t e n h u ) s o t d n c i r h i e s h r e e a e e s h r i f d d m n a h u s P l o e f s n i i t s t u t e n o p i e a t i n o t s d . t a r c n A t a r r f i s p t f q s d t c , o l r o w a s e o e r l e o p s d u o o a n t e a i s n p d i t P o e f t m v o n t w f d r H e P s e d e c e l o s o i e u ( p / r s r . e c e l n e t s t e n s s l n c n c a r s d r c i e h o / s m s m s i l d F t e t n o m p t a p n s a n u e c e s o u e p p l t l o v i r s t e e c A r P a d c l i m e c a p d i o m 1 r r u i n r r . a P o p s m t i t a p d o o o o E i i 1 o s r e o e u r t r e r u d l o h t e d p n t i r f . v d r d n s c p c p p p M t b q o i 6 s e i i r h n p o u e c h n o a n e r c a M P A d A w f T a a C c R a T a r A p a A r p f A F
n e i t e h l l l a b a m o r l i r o a f f v d d a e e r r d e r i e v a f o s s r e n p i a t r t l n i i e c n e a e b f e b s t n a h e s a . h t s m e n r n o u n a i o l s i t p a a t g e c n u i t o i s m d t e d o r c v n p u n d i . a l a o s n i y r t c o . r i i l e i t i s t s s p e b c i e r h i i e t s r t i o e t f o a t p s n y t c e f a i n t i l f r , a i m o a t u q b a h s e c e t i e t c l t n s n t e o c n i , i s e a c p j l i d c s e o f i e f v p o u e o r E s T s R p
l " s n l , / e t s r " v o n a o n s i t i e o l a i e p s c r t i t e n t s y l u t a c t s w i c u u d d : a i r e u e f c f o d n w t n r s m i u n b o e A t t a p d d n o o s E a r o r o l p o e e r t f a M e d h p i o R f M " c n d s n t i i d u o w F " m e . i o e i e l s . f , d i e i t d t o s l c o t r g g h d m t o a s i s o v c n i n t r c v n s u h r u a d o e a r p k k r A d m e d c g n o d r A e l l o p o u D o i e a c a t r n t r o t m t t u r y r D s s a V s p e e t y S s M S P T P V l p a h S s t t a t e s e r o h o l t e d t r b p e d s h e o s u a t d t l e l t i d r d n s i r a n n a e a a o e w ( v r r e l a i i t w v t d r u a m e t a a e s i t o d q n t t d e e f e s r n e e s i a i l n e m n g i r g o e e u i i a r t ) l m t i i s i t b g t p o m q i o r o e p r n a o l e t e a i o r i e r n i r e t t n r s t t i e t t s e w u t p a k s a p g i n s i s s b l s c q o t n u ' r a u r n m a r o u i t m o e ) o f a a s q e t u l n s r i a t e t s o n J n p y t t m g l d s i s d o f q e m n s / t s o o i n n v i o y e e i t o l N a K i i t m s d m a l e t t l e t s a i e A c s u u m i i t s n e e B s g O u u u c a r d c t m k n o i e n m m u n n e i r i i y a s t u s c d c i a l c f i i f n N r a f l o n d o h n u s f e e t o o o i i c e e n u A t r r w i n R ( r S P h a D M S f K S C O Q a I t M p l o f f o s e e b t d r e z t t a e . r e h i e ) t n d i s s h d a g f r t d r O r n e F o d o f h u i o I m d c m e t e a t F i n n t ) h h . a , t a a t e a t n . e . b m e r , d i n t r u m e t e l e o n ? n n t b i m u s t d o p f c t o a e d ) a c t u a a i t n n y e l i n c e i ) g c o o t e i s i r a t a e h t n t p v u i i t s e d g n m o i a d a m a a t t u w t o u e J i u o n t o d i t l r s e n c , b c q p e e a i , t h n t t N n l n / k e r t u r h t s A k b g , q d s o a i g a u B a l a i l l p i , t e r w , m N a a a l e i l t ; l e n e u i s e v o A o t t s i a h i b a b d r i t t t n K r n e t t ( a s e n e i e a r t t s e o a n n n d u r s o u t r u a , e o l ( c e q s y m s m s e . ( m t l i m p s l y o l r b r e g a u m n t r s a d t i e n t a c i r n u c o i o z e a a s c t n i p s l a q o / o s t s p m d s t a c a e d u e o d t t h m c t e m s c t c e h r e t c / l a n d a k n e b e h i g s p a e i r t a t g ( r r P n i t r k g . o b s t w l e a e r c a e e w u / r s p o n p / c h e h u . e t u d t h d e t l i a s m t h w f m n t a t t h p o s i e e r o t h i r n o s t i . o o v n t n c t l p d i t e s n A t w e a c a e a r , e c o u r v e u n o v h d g r l t e i q u l e s o r n e g s e 2 i n g p r s e e e d i . r i r s e n r c b t k a e 1 s d . i e v e c e r e s o o e r h a r o h r 6 h r a h t a o h P T p p t s T O t t p T h p
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84
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o t y l e t a i r p d ; / s n t o s t r a r n ) t ; p d n n e a o p n n p p f o e l i a i o a o d i e … t m c i a t , e s t a i r d s n c a e r t . . s n n i r ) c u e o e s s e a o e t u f c l o c i , i i a a k / p d n t a t t q p ) e l e e c s m s ; o i a n e s l t l c r s v f c o e i c l r e l y t e e o o i e o i t r i s l r t f t s d s a r i a f e t i d l a a i t t a s e c r g t e r n e a c n y g c n i e y e o h i e o l h l o e f i o e n a t a i i s l t d p f ( i r a n d k e t u t r c h r n a c f t y t s s y b o i a q n a n s o ( i a m t r n t a ( e h l f i / i a a i o t o n l s s a l c i l s t e i d r i e s i o t e b l t t l c s a e f a c a b c s c i a , d m t i f b i a r a o i u d s r e m o l e u e u t e l a t c d u s a c l c d d n u o t s g c o o o e e c a c l e e o A i u e a r r r d a b e r o e p p r D a r p P p I m l y S P V a r T D e v C r t r t a s l r . a e e d v b f d m e e o v t a s o b r o r r s e t t e p n e e s b s e g e u i s n s t u t p d n m h i t u n c s u b i a i v a n / s e r e u m o i a e t w e a t h n r e c a h s d h o c a r b t d h t m s r u d t u c a e e r t a g i s s g d r o t t p . f m d o r t s o i n u t i d e r n e u c a r r b o a d n f n e s r p e e r e o e p n m a l f / s e v t i e r l a m r t , d s u / p c y o l i a s o s e u p s a r e p r c a d i s l y l e e e i a . f b u r n m t u r c h s e a t n n y s o y n l q t c a t a y o o s i . t g i t i l e n e e a s d u t i e e a l i i t l b l r i n i o b u s a b a m c t b e e t b s t m t m y d r e r a u c , a i i a i e s s l c r c u d n l f e d i e c ? u e b i m s t o o o i e r n e m c o b f e t h l c d c t i t s p e c s s m d r t n l a a u l c f u a t u c t r a n e e i a u s n r d , a d o l e x e d o c e i d f u u , o n r i t b s e e b o i a r c e i e m d k r d r n t r a a p e d t t y s s t . p , . i n r a l n s h e y s r d i l e u t e p o d a s s r c o h a i g o t e t t n h h . r n e i m i s c t t t c s f o n m o r a / e s e a i n s g t a o c l e ( u s t o d n u t r e n a e i u a o s k d e n f t n e c e i c i m l o o t e r a p g t e s a j h i s h r c e b e e m e t o t o c c s r . d u a t w p r . . n s a t n o g r i f b t t t t i p i e f e s c c t e e l n u e n n n i d e n e e c i h n b f o f s r e e i h i u u u o e m h r y m t i r t o e o s u n m e t c o u r f T t i m n c i a o . . d i r c m i e c s p o t n t c s i s l f r n e e e i c u e n c c c p o t e o y b r h n l n e s a e t r s t e i a u q a i o s m e g e d t A t i b i u i i a l r n 4 . 1 . 6 P
t a s r t e d l . i o e o q e e n h r d a i e b ) r t e o b e t t e z a t t c e i e b r a l s n t d a a n d m i n a i n e c l a m i r c m s n i e e s r f n e r i s l r a g i o n u a e t o h e s t o n c n a a r p t i t r c e s o c o e w a e a t p r s e e e g a u l c n e d s k m r r h a e c u k p k e h q e e e h n u a t o T T e a S t a L C e d R r i T a C t I f r b D a C t r
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" l t s n e r o " v i t e a p l s c t s t y u w s e i d : e r u c o u s b o r t n r o r p d p a f o o R ? d h M " n 2 1 . o " e e t d i s e . c l . l . l t l e o i n o o o t d m c v a v v v u n r r a m d A e d A A D o A u e m n t D D V r D s s a s p u t V V V a y c S s o d , n s d r o s i t a t w t d e n t r e f s n c e d d n c a s s e o r g m t n i o ) f e ) u e r e a n . v a i s o s e n . e s r v d n m f d o p t l . p s e o c a e c o … o k g o h , s l s n r m e o u o i r k e u c o v c t , o e n v t o e s e o r i n s c n i n d t s ( p a c c h c t l l / o n r o t i n p o t ( i t p a r o s o o e s n a c p t o e i d o d e , i r t i h t n f o i o u p i o s l s i e t t t t m e g t f t e s y h c i c o y t c d u g a t a c s s f g n n c A v a f e n i u d t t s l i r n b d f n d e e o n a ) e u E r i o u o g f r o o a o e i o j t t a h y t e n r f u r d d i b l p o g M e e ) n , u e h c r m s t s a t a c n i r m t m g s u n l u t s c a e l F c u o c a n , t ) e t r e u s v ) d t c i a c i r s m d t g d n e n a e n i t s … s n u l e e s t s o ; e s n i a , s e n v , f m n l i h o ' ; t o e u o d e t h h i n p r g d a a o e e c y u h r d t e o r t t / l l n s n , p t e f t e i o e i n d m r h e s t i t s l s e e p p h e e e s g e c r e a l a f e e l i n o p t o a t r s t t o c c e m g m g m g e e n p g i b i c r o i o m o m n l c s a i i s a a r i u t l g r g u n i o n p i l n n s p t k n u t d w d p i u d t n d f e i r e i n n a c o w a h r a u h i s o t a a m d r v r a i a d r a o n a o o v c q r a u w i i c a r r h g t i e u o o p p o h e r i r h o e r n e n t r d r o F t T a w D p U d U V h C h P h e h T c C q a e C o f ( c a d s ( ( a c a c p a r t ( e d s w f o e s r u o c e h t n i s s e c o r p r o t c u d o r p e h t o t s e g n a h c e r A 5 . 1 . 6 P
86
h s . g e d u i t e o t l r i i n h t b i t s e s n m e e o l u p p q s m e r e r i e e d b g n t n a s a u h d e m c b l i e a r i c t i s s a n e l e i d e y e r h t l r e a g m l e n o a r f c h e e b c g t e n s h t a h u g c m . i n t a n d e l a o l f i l o t o a t r u g s t s n n e r e r e o s c g m e s e e o r l c p p b t o s m r e i h o u p T t m A
. d e h c e c i u h t d e h w o h r l t b i p a m w e e t e c s d b . y s a e t r s s s e t a u g l e y e m n l l l b a f u a e r ) t P h e i d A c . b u n P s s e t a P s s a c d ( e c u f n e F o m o e u v P r n p q o s r P d l i o e p n e t s p w a v a t s e a e t l s , n c e n d a u g e e e d n m c e o r e l r o r y a p p g a r h p c m d a s o f i e e s t e n e i b c h o h t e t n t f e s n o i o s d u f t b a . e e t i m I . s h u r r t t n u s r o e e e f q s e e h e l g m r m g r o r o s u u s t n t a s i c o i r h n h u h o h o C c T D t T c
k s i r ( d d n t a e d n e e t m n l e e p m m u i c e o d r , a s . d e e n s g i . a y n ) a h l c a n h c … , y a d l n p e t a l p b e a p u t i s s c l o r e u o s t h m t s n a o n s i e e c y g n l n h t i l o a e t a h u c r c q f f o u e o e d s s b o e t , r p i l c d , p f e e i s p f s a e s s y l s e e i a s h h s n T T a a
e d h t e . k f c o e r e e l h t m h e o c v f t e o s e l b n l e u t i v c g s s l e u e e h t m . d n g t o t i s d t s c e n t e d e r e e n d r p o t m e p m c c i e r l e e e h i r r s u p h q m t , o c d e r i s e n e h a s d ' r n m t d e a i t d e r l n t l u m d a a c o e t s t a s a a d e f u l e , s c e t u u a n e r h s a h s t i t i m s s d l e h t a i i g e r i t n w a u r c e u t e h s d a c c n n e e m o a h e g r p b n d t m t r e s i e o r u m h f o o i n f m c s o e t n n i C b I i f
g . y n l i v i g n h i c d r r a o d c n c a a d y e r t a n t n e e m m u u c c o o d d d l n a a i c d e e p k s c o a t r t t c e e b j b t u s s u s m c s i t t s n i r e e m t c e r a r i a u h q C e r
t a t n e s e r p e r a s t n e m u c o d d i l a v / t n e r r u c y l n o t a h . t s d n e o r i u t a s t n s e k r s o i t I w
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) e c n e u q e s s s e c o r p ( ? d e l l o r t n o c s e s s e c o r p n o i t c u d o r p l l a e r A 2 . 6 P
e c n , a o y n t y s l i t o n t t t e i i n i p l r a e c l p t i l e u b e e k e a o c p m s a h u s u t h r y i q s d n t / p a s o p t i e s o w / o u a i n a n s k k e r i s d i t r c r t u m o q n p e c i e o e e t l e m r e / e e r h d a c r a e w e i a b h l s t c m a o c g i r s n t a c a a n h d n t y v d n o i e s l a f o s i r s r e s n t r b a a c o t y m t y i y n s c t o d s t s i / i i d n d m i e e i l l e i t l i t o l t r i a p a e c p n n d a m n i n u e t t c d u o u v o s a a t a c s e o e u u t e r o u t s t t n e S s S d M S a Q s Q l P I m m s Q a
) t u p t u s o e t c u n p e n r i e ( f s e e r n t d o n o N a d e s , ) . s a n / l s . . . / y g e l n d e t o s o n t i n b e l i n i r i l i a o n h r , i l t i o n b d , , o h c i t s u c n a t t e k t s o c e c n s d t a e o n o n i c s n i u s e / a p e n p a t c p a c r o s n i i e t t v o s l s i o s a h s e r e e m ( e r e s a t t i d p c t n , n s t p n i n n c u c , i s d ( i f d s g s e i c m a e s e p a l s , h n n b e n n o v u u i c s s n m s m p s c a i r p d i c o t o o e d i o u i s e d o l r e a l t r t a s o r i n s e c t t o t n e d o s o c n p / a c d a l r m m o l , i h o c o s i r e t i o s n t r u n g t p a p n n , e e t i u s s n p t e d k t r g t o ( m , i n c c m r i c c t p o o a s i n s g m i s d s s e s n i ) t i d c c e e r o t t n a t r t e s p i r d i n d s s , n n s u h r r a n i i r i t s x n o c n p u a a ) n r i n m a o g n t r / e a c o i r n e e g e i i o i o t e g e l o t e e c i t i o s n s g / c s n i e n p t s a g y s i t c r l t t e i t i a n i n t r r c e c l m n d s s s s a n n c c e o i m e l e r s i c k r i c a d n u e e r i e a b e a b r n e a t r h r p t u k c r n i u f i i l o r u r i q g e n r c i d c p t a i r r o c e p t e a i e c t s u e / t m s h a u e f o a a r p s o h e v t o a x r o r m s q p s u u n c h q e c o r h e o e e r n o e e t e P P t D a n I C R c a p c e f R r C c M c O i W P r d d . n l . e e d a o s t h r t t h e t a t t n r n n . e n r n i e o i e e o o l n , n r i e i e h d d t c b d m / h d e c m c a e . t i . e m i l n u n t f o i u n u a c i t o a o a a s w ) h c m t a n ) c d i s t t o d … u d s d e s n o c v s s o o a r h d e c n p d e i s , t u i i r n e e i c t s p d l n b t a e t e e s c c e u s a t u c i c b l o w h b e c o e e e i s r y r t r r o t t t h s t e c s c h e e b r t p s p t t s o s e l s ( t e h u s n t ( t p i o t u c u t s n s i i n n a i e n s i d i m ( p p a u g t m / v e r m n s i n s s n a n m w e d n ) g c d a m i m l a s e n e e i o i * e d s i n n h r d e / o e c i s d r s t d t i k c n c t r i a s a e f t c i a t i e k t a s ? m o c s y s t u i u e c p r e e g i a f l e t p m n i r r c p c c n a c c h q d u s h e e e s r e s l o u e a e l s o s c i t l c t r d d e . l e h r C d i r f i n p c x p i n c n n t o p m a l . n c / , s o a e s s t o n s n s a r r r u o c n h p r i t k a a d a e s o o i c e n s e r i o t d i n n t d a l / e d t c t o e g p i s o t h s a p r e n m r a s t n e g t r a n c r l o e f i i c s l n s h t b s s n o p i i o r e o t c . f t s . ; c e k t o n n e r r a a c s r g o r c n n c c o e o t u n m s e d d a s l i t o / v i e a / t u o n t t / e b c c s d n w i n i o e e p c r e t / i u , e s s t t o t a t s d l s t a a e e o o t l a c f t e a i a a o e f c s c r r n t n n h r e c i n r e e i n s t p i i e u e i d / s c p e c f n t e e c t p s g h i p i n n c l i l b s a t g m u d n o i y n e n r s r a l i m n i a a n t e l b o i t n i e h a i t d n c n m i c t e s t f i c n e k i r u s o a d r t t r s d l t a f m i u e d i l r c u , / , u e s c t e n i i n r u a p n n e s m m e u e a c a g c d v s e q m h e a c i b m p i n s i q e e i o l o t n r o c s a r l r c r e t t t a e r s g r t l a p i p o n a s s n l b l n d a r A h f t c k l s r y ' s , s ( o i o p u e i p t p e a ) n u r p i / r i r r a t n l t m d o k t c g s e g z m e m a a s m o a r n i s l i o u n o n o e e c s y n i t r w r u c e s i r i o m p 1 a r f t p , w a c g c m . b k d e q t i e i r k i o i l l r c c a 2 u c e o n a a o a l e e c n q t m r n . e e n o i 6 h l a e h u r u o h h e o e a u o o r h s u t c q P q T c T r N r D n w C p T c M P T p h
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“ l s e t v r e a ” l p s s y t t w s i r e u e c u n b o t r a r o p o R M n “ f “ . i o e l . l c o t o n v c v a u r A u A d o r D s D V s V a p s m e l b o r s p n t i o n t c e r r u r u t c s n n i o e n c o n i t a a n e t m r i n o a f n M I
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n s t o n i t x n a e n i l c r o t p u i a m d : t e y p m r l t o i l r s i r u u r p d c , s s f u o s n n a r c d h o i e s e i o e f o e t t n d t t m o s e s s i i a a e i l s s c i d c e s t s i s c r m t k f f i a u e i i a m c e l l s e d c d e e c a a l o o n t u n u h e o r r r s a t y C P Q Q O R p P S s
? d e g g o l a t a d g n i t t e s e r a d n a d e v o r p p a / d e k c e h c s n o i t a r e p o n o i t c u d o r p e r A 2 . 2 . 6 P
” l t s e r v a " l e s p t s y w s e t i u c r e u n b o t o r a r p o f 6 9 R M " n 2 1 1 . o " e i l . l . l . l t l . c o o o o c o n v v v v u v a r u A A A A d A o r D s D D D D s V V V V p V a
s r d n e i e n t a h l e k g t a r , a m e s n t o s e i s r d a v h , a f e r s r . r t i i d e i e n i b s l e g e a d u v a . n c / p w s q s u s s e s t a o e t e o o a s i ( e s l n g e r e s t r i n r n k l e e i n a o e i e l c / p t i l o c t g l y a i t g i o m e t e t n l t u t i t e e s n i r r e c n l d c a t i e i s a p e e ) c s a u a a t u h s d e r r o b c n m o h s l h i r d f h , u , a c d s o a a l f c s c r e e a p o f c l q s l t o i t p e o e c a r p l m r t l r e n n o a p r a p o d v e a p e o f v p o n r n a o o b a t r n e l c e l f n o o e p s t t d p n d p a c l w ; i o t d m o i a g i e e o s t , e n e f e l s l e t e s a e t g r l e n s g d s c i r g e g f a n a e s i s p m a i g c e u a n r n o a n t i n p b h i t c e e i c k t i e a u d t e a u c d p a f l e i n k t m x i r c n s c p v m c a p f o r e i s e h h o e h h p a e o i l r r o d h n o e i a R C S p p R C d C F d U S i S c F d L M t w P c i e f / l o n t l i d t o e e b n a A i e e t . d s i y m a d t v d . s l y r r h n t . n i i e c l n r d i t o u u i e t , t o e a l d o r l e r e n a f o a f h e a r t o i a r i n u i t i t r t e u v o t p o m c d u u h o c t p s e t a i a l c n d s f i , i t a o c c e s t u q c g t v e a a i t e l i e u s e l s c d u e i f s d s e a i e r u b p n e , c k l r e e t u d g i e c d t s n o e s r r u b a e n a s e o n d i h b o r l e m e a t t o r t n t i r i r s e t d t a , . e o o e . a l t b c c s p e d c T s c p u r r p d i p e m n e e s f g g . t e i u r b u a r . u n l m u e n b n o e n p e l i r e r n s n d m u h t t e t t o r t a s e i a i s s ( a e t a f n h t d i u o p t o s i n i m r s n o s t w o b n u c e n h r n e f e r s a n e k e o t d p e e , r o m p b k c a p t c e r m e i o c s d c r n c c n e s g o p o e a o m , o v a h u t a f n r s a e o s s ) a s l e t u a c e u e d c s h i p e e i a u k t d c , r s a c p i t r b r r a c l r t u h a s u e h o u p h u c n l p t o b u o e e e a l o n s q o e i r s n i d i r r r q e c o a o ( g a R p e p d e c c s p s . , o t n a o v w i u t e o s i t e s a s s n v r i e s e r t e a s d " f c d e a s i a r r e a , a e e m a e a a p e r c s r r o i n b a n o e e R e n l p y e r o e u r a r e p l e l m . e t i u a p t t c n r s m o r e e i r e i e e t o e f r b n p s n e t p d a s q l e s i t r d r r a d a i / r s t e o t r m e o t o e c e e r n c t e e T u k r e r c t a / n f t r d t a a e c u s n b d l i F s k s s r f r e a m u a a e . i , s h d e g d e a l t e v a . u t e h u u a s e r h a b o r d d n h q t e b o e l e c o n i n t e o g t T o p o e s p r h t m r a i c m s c s s a n e r i o . e u r e p t c e n y 2 e p t r y l p t n t n p r s u n t s / o r c s d h o a d l r . , g a l e n ) a i e t e t o o d o e p e e c e e i o a n e t f n y a a t s w c l i a i t i a p m u d c d i d s l n i f d r t p s r e o h r r c e v r f c l l e o o i n r t a t t e s p e s e s m d v o c o u a a p t r i a r e t l e a m e m t e n i a d s a r p a h i o o d e t S n i e p c t o e s h a f / r e r d e l s . d p d r e o d r T g c p h o g d t s n r r o b n u s o d s e t t t o l f e a . n e p e s a s a u n f a c p s p i i a e s o r e a e t n / a i e r d i r d t s d r s c r s m s a a t n e k a e t e h f e r m s e o t n e l p e e e i m t c t e , e e o n e e r i s a i r r l l c a e n b s c e a r o s n o s o a n m i c ( a e u h l n e s , e e d c h h i a d c t s o t n o e i r r u l ) b h a e i e / r c e p . l p q t o c . o u s k d s l a n n o b l e . n t c c p i a u r m y n i l t s c . o o n p p e e . i a . i e a t a a a i r t l r r a r a p l i o c e v u n n b e e , t a l o d p e r a k / e e l i l r a r e h l n c p s y t e e i t e v o d o , i t g n e d e t r p p p a d i t v o b c o o a m r i w l l u n e a u p a p r t o a t a r n e r e i v n e b i n o b t s w i t l i s o n a s g o b c t c i t g h p c f o b o r m a a r n g e c p r e e f r l n p u d c a d o e t i t p p e s a n e i n o s s a t a e r u e s d i p i a e i t d t t r s t e r / h t t t r e o d p t p k t r n t i r r c e t s u l t t i p t r l p o p i s o o u e i t r i u u e p s a e a r h a o l o o l e e t s f l A e p h n e n w N " i r w h t m o r f I t t p p s m C A a s d e r m b f I a a S s a i
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" d l s e n e t i r f v i o a i " c t t e p l s c e o g n t s y u n e p w n i e 7 s e t i s e d : i o c f e r r u r c n t o n i r u u b a o r s t o t t n r a y s a d n o i p c b p t a r s e d p d * o o P s i a o n f 9 R d v o t f t u d h l M y " n ? e h t e 5 6 1 " o s a u s d i v s e o l . e e l . l . l . l . i s e r f h c d i p a e m d n a t t o n k o y a n e o o o o m c e d t e a n h a o v i e e m i e a v l t v v v v s r u r r r m m i r w a m u u h i i g Y m e a a t e o i d A u d , b u l l c u A A A A C r " e i i a D D D D o S h a s m k e A q a r s n t i g C P D k a a c S p W h a r s s a e x V e p t y F F S M r a V a i a 5 D s i a P i o V V V t M c " 8 I d P S S P S s i l i c t t i i c a n f g f t r m d a n o i i s a y e t l n s t t n l r i d l s m a e u o e c i m s t g o l o m i s t c a b t p s v r o s c i n e r e a n c o t , t r i e l e u a i m . f n t r i c e p e i u r n l a ) t ) d h i g s a p c u u ( e c f f e s e r . t d / s n s t u y m t c o f s e n o s m a s c e l x e o r r a p ( i r l e i m r i e n g o h n a e o l n i t l s f r i n u o t a s o o s n a r p h i f s p c a i p r c t r r t & e e o t q t a r e o v e e u i h n e e c e d n e v a o o l v o u e r r c o e t t m a p p h y / o c h t t p t d o s e / t m s s o o o t i a t e , r n m l c s n n r n u e i e s p e e r e p n i t r r s y a d p e m h c f a ) r e e b / n t o e s r s c f i t f f i o f m n o e a n d k n m y m n m o m c . . a n m o c r o r o r t o w e t e a s g m l w n o i e y o e l u . , n l s t i a d g e d r i r t r t t e t e l i s i n c o i l w n c Y i a e e a e d n i p u c u b u c u l a o s t e / i i e p s r d a , . t s e s u l r g n s n n e e b / m p m y n d a e s i l a r s a m a k u a a p a s p p i i p l n n f d a k n i a a q g u e p i c . s s e e a r r h e o l s p t a a e e e o i e n a n i t s n e e h i o p l a o a I t v a t F P I M M I R R R M P W a r ( s c m t f s a E c i p C p s e o d t t d b l . m n s s n u e l e s s u l c a m ' a v t e b i e v t ) m s t l t / n s i r a s s c e 7 n e n y e e e i e i l i r u i 6 a t e t t , i i m h t i l e d d 1 m m i c i b t n e f l o o i u t c d c o u t b r r t e i t a s = n s n a a o s p . h r u u d f ' > s a g p c u t t i d y a q t c n r c s a . d e t ) m n e i K h e o e t c a t l a f f c k i p e r n i d n t m n t i o a p c b o o o e r t c o e f e i t a P C r f n n n i t c m u t / y i s ( n e . i n n p e t i d s m a u l u d l e e k a k i y v g p e i o c m t q d p o k g i r u a b r c i l e e s m l t e n o s i i u p r a r i r i e h e r C r m b q k e e p e i n f a b a w i p s a t g h e r f o d a t n c t e o e n p h i c c t s r d n , t i y c e a s f i o u y l c i f i t d s h n h l o t i a i e t d c a r t i t o s t i c o c s x w a r n a u s u i f c i c r m o u m u e e e g s r f m n ( i s o a e p y d f p s e s r i e p o e e o e l y t t t r s s t e p n e t c p e i a s r a h i c n e l o p t m h c o i , o h c n p s a t c r i e ' r N r b y c n h r c r o o t p t c a a d a i o a o n . f o t l e r o % r d i f 3 h p i p e n a b m 3 t c 0 s e i s m l e b m e w t r s , , o t a c a e 1 t t 0 t c c s c s o h t u t s s s p t n n 1 n n d t u n e e , e e s t a a t i c s c g = d u i o . t c d m r u a e d i t > i o e e m l n e r i m f i e r c h f m s i p k c s f e t e i o k r r i t c l p r e e r y s n t o i a i e n i o c t p u g r r r g f a r r i e e n u y e w e l t p c o C q . i t h i t w u i n . n p b c o F s s s s q b i e t e n e o q c r l s o s a n h r i e r m . i c f f r r o o r d i t e a t p a s r u n i p f , t a d s t e l e n s i e u d c h a h t o s m e s s C i s ' t u c c t a v e n r s e e n s n t d e r e a r r n i e a d b e a o n e e s m s i n i s t i p o h e t c c e i c o o i t m e i s s h l r a a m 3 f s h r a t s c i l a e b n e e r . u o t i p e e s i r n c c r v a u u r h l c t t c e i 2 a . m e e h a o a t n l p h s e o o q g a r 6 t s o r r e e h n a u p m T f t s T m P p F p b e r r c I c C i o P I c h
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" t l s n t n e e n v r o a i " l a m l t f s e p c o i p p , t s y w u u t y 5 s e t d : n r e q o u c i i t i o r r t u n e s b o r t r u a a t o p d r i a r d c P p o o f d R e d h a e M " n s s 1 6 u e t p i e o " s e e d s l . l . a l . i i l . c t s r t o o o c v c o n d / e a s r m v v u u v a d e a m p t c A A d A d A r n u s d e a o r s a r D D o D o a t n t r c D r s s a P V w p t y S S V V P V a S s ) A , … n o E k , i t s M m c F l t y C k c e i s s s a l e p r , t c a k h s i s n i o n t s d e a t p c i t s u l a u c l i q C t r t y f u p a o ( ; o a i e r l t s l s y i y e t p t P o s c b t r u o r , i i n t / t l l i a s e b p i d f b n o A n d o o o s m a a t a i s s t r t E c r t t c p i p n ) c f e s r M n o a a u c n e k s e o d e e h c n s F i o e o e p n o c f i t t r m s s t t f s e Y l o s c c t o y s s c f s i n l a o u u i f s a u o e / p k r o d t u d d l e C t c e a s s e d o o o * o r o r u s P n r o r o e n P s r r o ? P P Q a S c P p P p T R I ( n o i t c u d o r p n i d e l l o r t n o c s c i t s i r e t c a r a h c t n a c i f i n g i s e r A 4 . 2 . 6 P
n i e r n a e e e h s k t r d a i v e e t t f t o s c e r o i e s r i m t r c n i a t o o r n i s c i t a o r c m d p a t n e s e l r a c s a o r e s a r . c d t e a r n e o c o n h r n c a m c p a e t i n l e d a v p h o t s n l i u p t a l c m g c s o f e o n i e c c r f i t h t t c e n e t s n i f y d o r o n f c n e t n a f a b c o o s d d e a r i t d e . v e c a c . i s e n o n h u ) f n i n i a r c d C e i o l a p p p t o t t d P i c r a n i m a e u p S v a e d e ( r b a e m o o y h t d c r t l l s s p n a t e i f r n o u o t i c m t a N m n d i t l i a e a l n s . t c i m o e d i r s f i r v n c u i f t t o e e o d n n t i n c g e s e e t i c o r y o h d S i s C t R a p
d e e n b p . a t y r y s t . ( e r a u t s e m l i c m o n b t s t e t a i s p s m r u u n a t e c c e c e o m e s c a h r i s r t d l a e h a u c h t q i i c c o r t w e e r p n d p i c s i f d a e c n i o c r t a f i e e g t p d n s g a c i e e l j r l s e r b e o r r t o a u m n f d s t o o d n s c s c i e a i u t f ) e c s r i i g r , a c n e i e t s s p v t c n e s i h e s e c a s r r r a e a a h m e c s f c i r o o f u r d o q p r o n o e e n c i . t s r o e d i g r a a t n e c i c t y r u v v r u i d e i l e d a d h h s o c r u n t r b n P Q a I a o
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l a n g ) o n i s t i r a d e n i s r d r i o ) n a o t x a g e a i r n i r g c t r o i f a o s e ; d t m w n l e r e u s c s l o i o r a n n f d b o n t a e ( i o i t t o n t t n a a i t e n e s c a l i c i a e f i m m m i p f l t i l e u u t a r l f c i a o u f h u Q n p o p e m D d S Q ( I i . f ) o i e d x h . s t r t e y m s o n a n r r r r n f o e a i o f t m i i s t s s d a s d e n e e c n d r v a i i a f c i r e r e o l l i u t e p a t l n d o a c u e n n e e n c i ? q i r i n e f o i e n h t a t a h l r o l a c a s u ) p t r e v d u l n q t e ( g e a a d n n t n p h o r e n n i d d y n p e i o u n e t m s t a o a h y r c t n n r l t e a o e c , t l e p a s n a m v p f e u l n h t o y m o t c a o e o e r e t i d n s i r r l n l d e e e n o e u h s e n m e h p n r t , t a r n y k s o a s n e s f o l o t e o s t i e x r p e e . m t i r n g e t e m b k u t p e t c n c n a p a i i l t a e a e s s n r u ( d m h o p n e t m l p g s e r s a n l r e g s e p f m . i n o i i n e v t o s d t h t i e s r n e e i n a c s n y l n o a i e s t I i i o f g a e t l i l p e m a , a e l p t y c n c r a i 3 n l u f . n m e a i s e o e l o e 3 e p h l l q . h e s t a e 6 b m n n u u h h t A e I o q R t P W
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d n a n o i t c e p s n i , t s e t e h t h t i w y l e v e d n i r s t s e a a t s c e s e n e r y e c a g t i c e f d a e e s b i f n n v i o t e r d r t c e d h a m e h s v e n i T e p a u d t a r a r d e f t . y s t o d d n h m s u r t g e i n o e n r l s n r e o n e s e h t r o o r e y e h i p a o t a u e t r T p e c t n i m f i i t p r s c d ) e e m a h . m t m o e e s e n i r n * e u t m e o a t d s h r u r e r u s e o ? s d n f t n o n e e u c f . s o u q e o o m ) s c e i e r m i n c n e e e m s d i t d s f o o r e r a a n a a m e i p m e e t l s c e s o e e e r e u i c r h e e n r b y i t a b l i u r p c a s h o c . m p d f r m h e i t l a g u l ) t s d a s n f s e e t p n . i o e e f e T s a s f m n n . h a t . i o i n t o h c t e e a l n e n t d o n n l u m t e m n p n m y y a i g d r f e n a e d e o e l r e n l r u m o p c a n n t i n o i m m n p f t i y u h i o p t i a w m t a a s r e f e a l o d e t l o p e r u r e r a r e h n o e r u p g n t d b r r o i i r q u r e t i a t s n o m n d i u t u e u i i i i o m l e c m l s h n l o t e . e r s l i n s t d c o q i a f n s a a h t n n c a t r d e e a a a i o u t c s i e a s t e v e m e s r o t r c o k a e d i p s n e w y e n c a e e i o f m t f r s n h n i y t m a n c r m r m c c s i o h y c i c d t t e t e t i o a f a e t e e i n s c t g n A e l n d e i o c t l ( d o . h n m a o i p m s o i a e n s t i s e n l c o e e r c b t i t t t l s e i r n r y l u m a o u d o u r d a n n o o n a n . i o a s p e l q e n p d n e c e n n u e i e e i e c c h i r y o p t b a m m r c c f o u o o d s r i e r o s i s n r r a i m l t o r v t p a i u u t e o t h e e p t a i p h i p f o a t e . n i p a n i e n t s c p p d p l a c t e e e n m x d m a s s u u o t s e u i c t m y t n c d n a i q r q t o p h f u c h q e e e i i t s i i a t E i a s t n e t o e l ( s r i t n e f t n n i e e i r . n o i c t u t s o s n n o m C m n i i i n s n b t d y s i i i s m a n m e 2 . 4 . 6 P
100
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o t y l l a c i m o n o g r e d e t p a d a s i t u o y a l e t . c u a o l p d e k r i r o r w a c e e h t b , o n t o k o a o e i t i i t d g d r i k r e a d o d o i w n w r m a r e o a a n h C e r c d I t
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? y l t c e r r o c d e r o t s s e i t d i l e i e s n i f r c u i t a e a f n n n d i e n n t i d u i o d o i ; t n e e d . c s g r e ) e e a a s d p i c n s a e n s v a e l e i n e m i c e t i r n / d d v ( a e t n n d l r s i o a e a u t e n t c d o v q e e i ; t l d r d e p e c o n s t g e r a n s e n i p t i / u s a e n t q n h s b i e e t / c e t r m t s s d e p d u t e n c i n a n m u a s a q t d d u n e n e n a t . t a t e , e s r s m a e n t n l e n e s i o i p l a t o u e m n m r n t a p e q t i ; r e m r e e e r , y u c e q u A l s t t e c n 4 . 4 . 6 P
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, ) s e , e s c e , . r e n / u ) m . l i s a i s i m s s t g t a e t e f e m s , n ? i ( r g s s e e w n s c f r s o r g r c a d t e i e n e a r m l o t m t c t e n w s e n i s o u s t a e f t a s i a o a r u a g o r r r g p e s d q c s c h p s s h g r c e p n g e e t t r p l m e t a y e e o , u t u n i t e s r c o r o r g i a s r c f o o l d e s h e a f m t s t n i r l a e o u n m k n s h r a c j s r e c b a & ( i e r a n t e t a i m e h a s s a r a n ; a s e ) t ( e a e r h c . r g c i y f f d t o i r . c p t l o b t . e s a i e r a p s a w e t e / n t v s e h a f a n n r v e c p , o n n d i e t e c t n e y g n d t o m e y i c w t i r t c t i m l a l a l g a a & s r t o m e s / n a i i e e t c d c a l o l o i s e s c g e u g o e A a b r f u t r m e r r e p a t n u t n m s d e i r i y i n s E i i a l u u a c c e a t a a s o n g r o l l g m n t n i a t C e i l u r c i i r r o r r e o r u a u o a g y e a M h r a r r c P a a a a r l r i o t O C C D s P P P F F P S Q C R S P C F W p p p p s t a h t f d y d d o y o e . n s d e b n l s t e e a s e t c e r w a c a n n t n d w e b a t n e a o n u e i a o u a e d d c h t c e d a r s . n a r v t o l o . e n d k T s h a o c d a o n o r t l m a o ) o e e y s i r h . u l r l m l a t t e w p r s s a e c o t a a l s c C i t u r n c d ( e i v t a u t e m p a l c b s c u r P e s i s a u s r s e o e m e s e g t r s s d a t a s s i e a b l r S r g p n n a o a r s n e ( n b a e t h e i n r s m e i o p c h s c i s . o i e o s b r d i m l a t v s n i t l c t l e p r t i u s o t i d d e n r d c r o e o d c , b s s s d t e g e a n l m e r a t o t a o e e o o e u s v s e n i n c n e s c p r r r k d e s a i g a a i a s t p g m e p c s a a a n c s o e s e i c t m c a r e h t t e o e m e t u d e g e s h d c h l b n e c i n a h t f r d c p o s g e l o t y m u c o o o a c n a a r r t a t e S b s t e s e a y i t l r h p o a c b a d e p f s l s e ) m t . o t m a s f o p i u a r i r s s e r a e e d o n c o d m r d l r s u e r n p a e e w o e p i r n e e l o p a o e e s a u d h Q a a o c s r t / r e s n h h t c s e t A s t q m n t . n r n e s d i t o h E t a n n a f e e t t e a e s a e d d t e v e o i s i r t l t c d r s s r t e n o f ) i M a v n u m o o b l c e F i u a d o n q e e n o t n h i s n c u r s t e a s n h e e s r a l r g i a a f a t c p s p f f n n g e p e w s e w s e o r c a f e a a s o p i p s a n o v m h u c , t d t m / n d a s c o e h a e f o e e E v o e d n r c o . l l i d o d c i r n c e r s h e e c p o l n i s h a p n ) b l o t n t i r f e e e k s m e a r g & a c a i t s i T a l y d l i i r P d b . n e g s e o c c t o w b y a n r i . e p l c d i o ( d n a l n p a o o d a s l e l e r o e m e s t s a s e a a m p b p n t h g r c a t v e e c u u a c i r n u t a n r t a o a s n i n h P q r i i u t f a t n e a q a c c g e o a c r . e e l i k o r d h d l o a i t d n t r d u d t e s r m e e o d e c m e f c e t s r t a m s r b a r e t n . h e s o a e a y a r d e t . e o l n l f t n a g t d t o m i A i t r r w r r e e i l t s i n u e v u a i e n n t n o o n a d c e e i u ( r n s a s r r a e r q e a t e i n a o s s o f n r n e e u d o o e i 2 e m n s t r i t e e a o c t u n r r m r ; . q o e e g i e c c e u u i u p o e i 5 s a h n n h d l m t g t l l i a n . l h s t d r e p c t v t e e y c a o a r 6 u e a g o r o i o n a s n e o f f o t a m w m I m E a p N e h s F d F c t T a i s P F d d l
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s n n , o n o i i t t o s i l c c t u e u r v a c d : t s l e i f o n i r s i t p d y k o t c n e d h o d e t e t f i s , s e a l i s a g g d m n r l i n i r i r a a e k ? d m e u t r t e s a a t n t s e t t a s i l V M M n S y s / e
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s n d e o i e g i p t l i n l i p k l i m l ) i p c c o f s u o r a c c r e i f / g s t t e n a i n g s t v i s r s e e n l a d i o t g o t m k i c b c , n o l p u a s a k a g i c l s r o p c i m n s s a d n e a t c e d c p a i e r g o i a v ) d a i n & p n f r r . r a i r a a o t p t c e e k p c d l s m i n n c t t g a e i e e s o f t m o a r h ( n a o , i p r n n o a t i f g s o r p s s t o e n s n s t s r f s n p s o t e d e i o n e o u i t m e e i n o i i n e u n r c t t c t i g n m a t a s i i t c i o l o c n t o t e o u m r i s s c n e t a i r e t i n r l r h a r n i e t a t s t s v u t e b o o e t o n l n i s u o f u s y f v u r o l s n n r Q n C i n b I l e S E i a e P P C ( M t m c a d e r , t r e e k a r t a m o c i d n o f r h a u n e c w t s l p l a n m i c i o e n p t x a e i m r i e h e k a a e l t r p c g l p t o m m p e a b m i . a e l ) a p r a m w l i r d c o i i / s e d e i n s t a d n e u s f h a e v e i o g q i t e a v t a c n h e r l t a n t r r a i e l o b a r e l t e a b s e s a s p a d r s t o t i i t p t ( t f b e n u r n r o o e r a d . e . e s s o u e l ) t b y d n u s p e s m g o c s a b m n i s e r n n e o t t e o i t s a c s e h i s i e t r s m t t u t i n i s g n t e n n u e s o e o v r e s a i n t e d e e e c u o m c e d n t s m g o m r s m u t t r o n a u e a r p n t l r s p t p e d s a s e s c b r o n d t t t i n p u s u i m n s s m n i e i o u m s u a o m o g a e d i r e r g c g f . t a s h a m m n s v g r / n a d e i d i g d e T s i k s n r s t d a . e c e r l i e a n s e e t t r t r a . c r c a w h c o a d t a ) t s m t p n i p e s u a e t g t m r t n f a n e d g t c u i n n o e i i o i e t o r g f o o o h c d l o l n r g i i r i n p i p i / i n g f c s g s t a s r p k e e d l n i n r t e r a i d n & e o d b c b p o ( u e n i t n d r a t s v o t t u s s o o a l A p s r g u i s s t p s o 3 . 6 . 6 P
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c u . e / u e o i o d g h n e e s i e m g n i n u m n m n i m c o f i g p , g l ( i n i o s k t p u e a n f m s e c i t l t r p o e c o a e e n r l u r c s i a t l e s p i a f a a u h r h l n P p C s h t T p S c t i S m P i
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e d g n a r a d o s n t e a s t r i r n s f e o c n / r , s i f m s e ) n t . o t s i . x u o i i . t n p i g r s c r t e a n t o n e a , a t i y c o a d i t m p v c c f i i i l i i t , i m f a t e i h i r I i p n s b n i c r u c r a u D g e h e s c i o r o E i a t s q ( l e p c d i t s t r s t s n e t a a ' s n e r s , r n ' e d n v r e g n n r e e a e m s e r o o n i o s m m i c m e s f t i t m i e m v d f r e u s r t r i l a c o i o i i t o e t u c c e o s u h u t s n c g s q o c q g o u i o u r r r u m C S c e r P D i t e r C e r A e r p e t h s e s e t f T u n r i h l t i . a e r n p t s b m t o o r d n t f e i a t r e u o s a p u c o e b t y u c t n i e m . t m s d c o d u e t , o a n h t t e s t m m a n n r o o p t u n u u i t s i n s c e n c q d i t a o o r r t i e m e n a n d t d o d . o h u / e i a d u d t c i p k e r d o m e a e o o v n n l c t t e p d a n h t u h t s d d n a i e c t d e c n r e m o f . b n o d o b e i d o e t a u a d t i r y e s s d n a e o n g i t r e c o l o p l s i n i g u n u i r l i f t i o p b t e a a d b e m i a s t a d f i s n t u e c h f s e t s i l e t l o i f e n a c c l i r t t d u t a n a b e u i n n n e i e e r a m g l m e v e , T e d e t i s . n e e r s d l m r i a o i r g c i e d o i e r p a e s s u n i b d p t t a e a q i h t n o s e h t l e e e i v e t s s a r u d r r h n e e u s p m e g a s c n r a e p h f r o ' t m s a n s i r r d a o a e o r s a y i t u y u e g t h l o s e f e l b t a T c t m n i g d o i n l s c e i l r l e n . i y e r t n b l e o d l e u , a a s i b e y s r i a s u m v r e r n c m a p c a r e u l t o c e e e e l x e c c o t e t n s a e e p a o v i r e e h e r n R n S t d i h T g b T d
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* ? s s e c o r p d e n c i a v ) r y e r s e , v i n , l o e k e i t c s d c n i r n a e t f o d s f i c ( i t o v u t a s e d c s l e d o u r p n r d e a p o r m s n m a t p o o x n , t s e e g n m i e m u l e c b e d t r n s , i i t y s r s u e p o o q e s p P e r d M p Q u g s n r i e d r m a o g t e s r u d C : e t i : n f s a i t 7 v P e a s l t e n r s e / t t n m n e e l e m e e r m i s s s s u e e q c s e o s r r a s P r / ' e s t m n o e t m s u e r i c u e q h t e r e r m A u m i . n 1 i 7 M P
x . 6 1 2 4 . s l . l . l . l o o o o v v v v A A A A D D D D V V V V P t O e g e v n n C n i i e e e / i , d i s h h s m m t d t t t r v c i e s s n e o a d n e v h t r n t a t u i t " e o e p o p n o ) g r i t w a d D t e . o y , . m p s i t r " . n c t i s a g g i p s l o t i e , i r t c m s n t c k i n n e t i l s ( i u e b e i n i e f o l c e n i i ) r a v k p e p s t r c c e e q p i s s u g r p p l c e o s a t k e d g t h a e n s m i n u p c s a e x c t i s c v n h e i p r r t o e i o h i e s i e t n , s l s i e f n / c t s s s f o i t , t t e s t e t d h t , e c p o e r b s s c a d s d t e c y y m e e n i u c e o p e g r d r c i r n m u e a c a s c t i e t t r , s a e t f a s f a n n e u c i i e e a l u l t r e h l n e t i r d d m e d e o s g l a y e e e p i c i i y t m p t r e g , f d r a u b u e t c i l a f i v r l o u c u r a s r t o u a s n e i a p c g l d n d l t a t o q q t a g c d r o o p m u r i m r s a r o e i o u u o o p e e t u p e c r u e l r u n i r u h p o r v n U R f n S a S a Q c C p F E f A p A c S p p z I ( S m p I f h t o i n i w e e d k c e a e n c d T n e u . a d l i c r d v r e n e i o e . c e m o c d t s s t u i o s a l d h n c u t u c i n y e i , a l r h m e t e t u a t t l a o u y s i y c b r g i t n i r d s p o a e M r y r p s Q p r , u p a s e a c t h f n m I n e t e t . e f s h o t m s y n w e r s n e s i o c i u t t m n t q e a e i s e r c i i i r m f u r l e l s i t r q t a s c e e f e r a c s o s r a t s e ' a r h n r h t e c u e f t o i m l o c p t t o n c p s a c a u n u u i i e s o c f k e c e n g a c h i T h t a t s
g , n d i r e e u v h d r T e , e s . l h e s i a t r b t f r o o a r o f e d p e s s b n d m o r s a e t d n n t e e r e r t o a u i n p n t t i i , s e e r d f m d s f o e o a e g y l n n p g i l p m n a l d h p i i c u e c e s b y r d c e n e t e d r i a h t s u d s n s r m n o t o f c n a n a i s o e e r t i c b a n t n t v e c u t a s m d p u g . n d e i o m r i r e e p c s d r u l u i l c q a a e u c r e n q r i r e a i ' e h p , e r s t s n s r s f i o e r o t e e g n c t m r f i l y c o d u a u t u p d o s d l o s u n c p u r e n C a i s p r
g n i d r a g e r s t n . e n o m i t e r i a c u i i q f t e r n e ' d s i r e d m n o a t s g n u i c n o e i h h t s t u e c e , m g n t i s i x u f , m y t g i l n i i b k a c t a i u P s
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s c e d i f i i t l i c l t n e e u l n l f / p s l a f u s f s e u o f r v e q o l e e t r e l g n l n d a d o i t m l a i d o o v s a o t n l t t m o h s a o r e e o t s c c y r i ( p r t o i f r g n u i o e t l c t t s i o n i o f o n t s e b f i e f t h a t e a p w c t i e s b r g t l y , ) e o u w d n l l i a a t n i l p p n e c l d e d e f r o o h t p s f r c n s n u n f c e t u n m s o r p n a n m o s i o o g c c s l p i i i f a o t t e e / a y r i t n g f l g i h s c t a i o c l y i l n l s a a r p i u u e a u w p p k u t y d p o n n p p e m d t r r s s o c g o o l a a u f a a a f p r u r u l o P s p D p S f m m S o o C p e r
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d s t n s h , t e u i n n i d m d r g o o w a t n o n ) i n e c e i r g n a f s y s a n s h n u h r i s e t c t d c i s s b r n t i a o o r s e ( s i c t i n k e a o f n h t l c m c e o m o s i t u c p b i a c h t g i n l r ) i t c d u p u l a e o t m r s s a f i e c r ) p p c w e f a o t c d t c o k u s r o r e n t a u s s t n m g h t u m t n r a c s s t o e n p r f l d m o o n o t e o o p l e a i u g o r e o p t c i n p i a t p s o p e i c i n r c t d n m s r f l d a s u m o p b l u n l u i e r e e e e m e t o t q e s t n s a p r t r d h e m e o e e s a o o c o i e f r c a t a v r t r r o s n n h n s g m t e r i g h t o h i o t p o t s p t i n t ( s r n m t p n a i i , f c r w p a n t a l s e f . t s e i s p g g o e h a . e o t u u w l v g o o d t a n n s l h c p i o . n n m c b o t i c e e f t , n r o e ) r f e c n ) o n g n c t f f c i o n g i o r r / ( e e i ( o u t a n r e o r g t e e p d t d t d e o o s r s t m s a n a t o m e a l e c o e e s & / y i e n s e r v l t m e o l s m s m r p t i l i i c w u r m o r i e o r s s e l o l e e w i t i i r s l e l p e a p t e u e p e s o p o d l v v c a i o u n s a a f t r s s p v c i p o i q e u c e r e n p n o u d d c r n e a r r o n t o g u n r C Q u R f m A A p l I ( I i h t K a K p h t I r t s c A a c E s s e . d g n n a t o a s s i e i t t v h i a s r e n e s e t r i e o h a a d e i t . t n i l n r n a r g t e a n u c m n e i n g r r e a m e n o r x u e v o i o s e m s t t ' s s n c o l e r r m o a t e e t p u e p m s f n c r m e f o . t o u o i o i c t c t t s h t a s e n a d r e ? t e n h h u h e i g n t d o c t l a i m c m e b n w t o n r c e h e r o u c h o t t u i n s l t i u a e t s n n h u s e i w a h a e c s n t e e e s e e t r m e s s c h t p a t e g m a e r e e e r h c o m r a a h h o r u r t g t p o a i p c o i a w / g e f p t s s l o n t l u a u n a a p s i d c s h i u o l p t s u e m e r r a i d e e d a n t s g e r o r v r e t a h m e p t g r e i o a s n h o u p t s h s w o p T l l e i v i e s n t t . a u u e r n l . s n t o r e r f o a c c i f a o a p i u e n t r i s b d o e n e t s i m I l t a y t b u e m r c e t s a m s o e u t o c i r u l p d o i m s t u 2 r s . m e u o o d p c o 7 t a v s o r n e P I a C i C c p a A s
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´ s s r s e e m c o o r t p s u d c " e g s z n t l . i i n o d d i r v a n l a a d A h p D n a r m V t f o o c S " , s s e y , s , l l c o e s t s t r p r g n n o p t o e r o u a i y t e i o t o t u i f r l s r , s c s m s o p o n a s p e i p e d f g h o l , m u i n y i n t i t . u a e s i i t t u t i l a n q g i i i d a . , a l c l e c s c r n n e e y a n a a g a p l o o f ( i o i c b t g t p o n t s s c c i a e t n i r s r n u a s e g m c o a e / e a d e g i l l t c n n e v a i f p o r s n c i o o s i i c s r n n u t d c n c u s y p n o a d r a a o e i c h o e c s s i d r t t a i k n i n e ) s o c c r p o r f s l v t n c i y x e i y t o p r a e e t l l t p u e t c g t o i n e i s f b i n a p c g i a d a c p o m n e i l u t n a n e r s s i l c d u e m u e n t t n r p s a e n r s t e e g o t a o o p o s o o e k h p l a r f r C s P s p o U C b t a C a t R w S
* ? d e r u s n e s t r a p f o y l p p u s e h t s I 3 . 7 P
s n n e o c l e i y e t v o i a i l t c n r g p h a t a d s e . p e e s s i e e r e u o s c e b h d e s t c n h t u s h n l d c t e t u s e e c n a g n m c t n a n r i a h i i e e o w t h r n p t s s d m t y o e l u k n a i e d t ' e c a s e t r m e r t a r a n n e o t e n i o e i f e m d l o l r d y p p a i t i i e t t t i a a o t u s p r u u m b t u t n h o m m c p c s g i r e i g e e , e h r f o h r s k s h c t s t i e i e t h m n f g e i h h o n b t s w o e o t n i t e t h t d s I n l e n a s u y . c u T e a m l a . t d n e a c d r c e n l x e i w n l s a p e e e . k u i a a n h t , n a q h s i t c d e t e e t e n c s p e e s t k e r a u y s a b ' s e a t l s b m r d n r t p . m r t e e n e s o s o c i s i v o u f e n s t e t u i r e l r n a a e m i i l p e p m r m o e e r p d n s u b s t s c s a p n n e i o k d e n u e v s c u t s s o i o u r a e d a i o c t u s n e h t e p e c t o d i t c e r e c c h a h t u h n l e e c u s d e i c a t n c n s e o i h e t p o o n h r h h t i r g r o x o P o b e w T w C e T p t
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´ s s s r e e c m o o r t s A A p u E E d " e c M g M z s n t F F l . i i d n t s o r d i c s v a n l a u e d a p d c A n h o a r m t r o r D o o P P V S c f " d n ) d s e l a s h a e d , t t n t t n i n o , n r c u s o r h y e t d e f s a o r e e t u f e e t s o c r r x m t d a m c e c u a l e p l s d f o " e a i i / r s e i l s n u f a a a g t r , o q r b e s e a s n e a s e n i n f n a a e d r r s , i v s n e n o a o e a l c l s n n ( t o t b t o ) v o l i s i s n l l s n i i o o s s e i t t a i i a a i s i o s a t e e t c a t ( f a v t n y i t a v c f s t s i e r l r m e i d s a i a o f y l e l i f e t m e i d d l i n a c t t i r m v e n c n s o i t n x b e b f a c a s e e o u e n b e f a n ) n f l a i , e d g p r / r s o o m n r a e i e d o O l s " e s t m p i e i t n T t e a f v e s c e f e e d s c n c v n l l e k u v o m l r y e o E a s c d o r o o p i u l o w e n r l r w l t R e o r s v e i a p s e r A a v t s e m e h o p l s o o s a a n r n e n h a u f A i n i n p P c I m e U R s R C P i F c K l ( e r a , d s e t y s d n t e i l n n ? o a i m a r s t u t e y e o e l q c m c r b e i e a d s b k u t t u i s v m e t d s i n s i s q t o v t o u r r r i a e u c t n f l g r e c e m p p m n f s e f i s y f t n r m t o ) m s . n i s i o r e l e i o e o y o r i x l n c c a d t c i t e p i o a f u n e i u t c g p t a a q n v o q n n i u c i m e e r e s e e n w r m d o v d p i e f i o o e e o m t t s l r f t l r o h c e c a n n t a f l i o r e f o s u s r e s p i r g r c d s r % e n m s o t e y o u e i l n r o c s 0 n t n i m i o t s a n 0 n e d o n i N a t e 1 v e d , i n a i s . t . n t . o d v i i o u d a a c e c t g i . e t d p e e l c y . s e d c n a f c n t ( a f r o e i a r h n r ) e s i e i s i a o n r e n e f c t t s o i A t o o h l a i n v i a r i t o o h c i t t E t t p e r i a a a e f M l e t r c c t c e h h i c n w m i t e e t o F i a f n i r . o e w e d e d d r , h t r d . c c , d c e b e g o t s e e e n d f e y t t I c n t i a r . p p r v t
4 . 7 P
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i a s o ( e s s g s e l e n u i c e a a d g u o n i n s e c t n m n q s m n o e i t u t d s u c e e g t s r i d e i a e l p i y d e n m i c u h o e u l c v r r e m e a a t r j d q c t m i l n f o o e e n n n I r i o T r c D p a I c
s e r u l i a f d l e i F " l . " s o i v s y A l D a n V a s g t r n i g a ) s o y s n p e t l i d n s e s a o n e d m e r v i y i n i l t a t n a g t a a r a c n P a r i c s a t n f e i o g ) ? f s o i s h a f k n t t t c c e c i t r n r r e s e t d e d a u n s h a o i f p t o a c b m o i u h g e l c p l t l i e n d a c d d u e e i d c r v s n i n e e i c h r i t l t e i n y a g q ( f t r i i c e o g s n r c d i s n a e y t a e w n v e g s r f n a r r a , a l i c p s n n e a e e t l i p d r v o P s s e s o s p , v e k i r c t i o a t n f g u n i r e n d r s i e i s s i y n l o i o s u h t l s b p t y m r k a d g c a s c , e i a i e i / a c f e k l r r . r a r c F t c u t p e d g s l s e T e l . D u i e g a e h i e a h e p i e 8 Q a M C N T b c s ( d f f v i t c e " f e l l e n F e i s e b r m t t T d d h d o n i r e d f f N e n d n s a . e t " k s o a n o n d k y e p s o c a n e s c s . d h e d t s b d s s i r p a l y i a n r e t e r r s e e h t n g t l s d a r o d l i i c p e a t i c s y n e n m t r l i e a o o e e t e e t u f e l f a f a n m c l t b r m r c a p s b e r m p t n e i a n s t t o e t e o u i y e p a h n s h s s t n n s b u e t t c u t t a r m r f e q o n r o o t g o a o s d e c s g s o o f . t m m r c d n r i h p s m r t o o . t s s i g u t e s t e e e r u e u i r a e s b i n h r s v s f e d P o m s t o c d e g r e e k y n o e s h . p s r t e d r c n t e t r t e t i s c . h s r e a h t r l p t e s a o u a u g i h t c u e d i n r e r t a e v r h s m i s p o a r w c a p u t i r t r m c e t u e c h n n o e c t q a d h i s s e c i a s e n e h r i e e h d f e u e r t b w h k l v g r s p , i a a f n s h t u e e c c b l i y T n e o n l . a u c c o s b d d e e a p a e s r r i t s ) o a e h n t g e h h p e t u e i n e i n h f s h t n l t e s n e t c a b i i c e r T a e D T n a w d d u i a o t a f v g . e C r i n s n 8 m l . . o s e s g e m o a h s m e ( r p c r e t d s b i s n i v s e r g v e e r e u e l m r i i i a F r u n n b o m e l e u t l c f m b i c i i i c e T e m f c s s y y s q n s t o a f e l o s t y t o b o l N r f s e t g e s n r a e r n k u p s e n r f a s o c u i e u d e n u d p n d c l a c ) i l u r l t h e i e m m s d i c t e e p d u a a f a y , a i r a c r h a n c o n l r n i f f e s a s i e o a c n c i u n e u s f r u o e r f i e i h e s o h o e o c t e i n g n t t h e s d p t d i h a t f e r a a i n t t e g h e n s h e c h t e a r t s c i n t e p t n d g r i d i i i s i c l e n r t o m e s n p n f c b n r s e g w t i w . i I o e s n n u e a u d f l s o o d i d s t o o h d i r m m e e l n i i s p i o c o t k t t v h r e i p e t r t e c m r e e l y l r l s / c i t n a o 5 t e r e e i m o n f t d r a . e p s e t d r s o r o e e r r g n 7 h u e h i g s o v n n n ( o c d M o f o a a m n f C T c I a a a C i P T i
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, n s i t i l , d s d t a o i e u e n a g c a r e a , a e p . u s s g g u : / . P , a n . f e a c l s n ( g o s t . n e i e a n : t t o s ( o n g t e i g r g r t e d i o s w s o n o d a m a a e l g h p i k e r e c t p i i s s l i s a e u ) o a e k i e f s r p i g s s f r u c n l w i y q h s i a u u l f a m o c I e e / r s m e a n q t o t n g r h / n h , a e / c k p n r g e n r s s e c d g i e t s a f / n g e ) t c e o a d w m c g i i o t r t e i r s m s e d h u o o t c s r e l e c m a s s i t d a y e d l i u l r t t s c u o d e s i t w o s o o g l i l n d t n c e i m c o f u r t o a s t a e e C P S L F e o s t a o u a r r s f n h d t D f i P u c S P A s Q 8 e K t v E
? d e n i f e d s e i t i l i b i s n o p s e r e , r s . a e s a t d i i l e r n i a b i a s s k k n s a s o t p a t s e v s e r i t u e c o h e i r t p a t s v u e o r r e g i h e t i n h t r t t o e n f s i d , l e d e i e n f i d l i n a v o s r u o r q p e p l e e f n b o y n t t i o s r s u o r m h e t p n u o a e i r t p d A i r n 6 . 7 P
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, e k c s n i r e t d f i c o v u s e d e d o l r p n a p m s n a t o x n e e g n i e m l d e b r n i i s u e s q p o e e s P r d e c i v r e : s t e n a d i v e s l t u e r O / t n e m s s e s s a / s t n e m e r i u q e r m u m i n i M n e i s e a s h U p 2 D
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y , t i y l i b b d e a c e r p t n a a a l a r c r u t s g t y t y u i i s n e l l r s o / a a a u ) u m s s y q e g q l t t i d n f u f l o s o s a t e i l u s e t s t b e t e u q r e n n c s n : t e n e e a e m e i d v r i c l r t m u m a t t . e p r s s y i n s t l o s a s m r n i m e n l o e i a p p e , . e f r v i o r s b x p p s g r t e . u u s s r a e u e e c t i S s A ( A p C P a r u o S f
d e s u s r e i l p p u s d e s a e l e r / d e v o y r t e i p b l a p t a y u s l q u n f y l e o n m t d i o o t s t s a n h t e u e n t r o m a d e . s e e m d s r h s t n e u t s n s s e e u a n s o d s i s c a e d c v e t n e o a a c a b r m o e , t p o t l s o r i n e d e u t f s i f m i d d n e s c e e k t r I n e s e a . u i i p r a t l s e e g e p r p e m a e b u ? r o s c t a t s s s r n e u s s r u i e i e r s i e l r m a e l c p e e p e p p c a c h i o t u x r r p u y s E n e p s . a t e e b l i / m e r r b c r e i e c o a o f d v t r r c f i t i a a v e u e e h r B m s s p w e t s s s i n h i a t g r o A f 1 . 2 D
? d e e t n a r a u g s i s e c i v r e s e d i s t u o e h t f o y t i l a u q d e e r g a e h t t a h t d e r u s n e t i s I 2 . 2 D
s s t a n e e r a ) m s e t s s e o e i r c r t e e i a t l s u r u c l l k t d : a i i i g n a n e s c c c q n e f i s e s f a e e r o u k c u i c t h , n / q i . c r n c g g e v e e l r n . e h s a b e e i a d s c m e k ( r t y s m n d f c s r a e s e e s o n n n o e e o a t d e h t m i x n h t s n s c o i t s m g t s e t e e e / a n e n n u a t r e i i l i u m c t e r m s w o d a a f d u i g s u o t e e e n e l q r c o a e c e l e o a r e t e e A r o s f u g d p t g r s l n S e e a A A I s Q A p A h v T e t f a o h t y e t i b o l i t s b s , a u s i t m e c u s i , t v n r e h e e s t m e g s n i s d d e i s s t r s u a a o g f e e o t r e e a l u d l b a a a v m p e a e o b . c t , r n e s e a c c i c i r d v r t r e o n e o n i m t s i t a e c d n d i i e f a t i t s c s a i r f s i e u a o n n l g e i e c h S g a t
) y t i l s i r f b e o i a l p t e p p a a r s u t c o l s s s s a p f y o t t t , e e s i m / l d n h e t m e a e e t l m c n o m u d b n r a e o q i o a r v d p r / g o m p s r n e o e f g r e p f c u i g n c o i p v a e f t n b t r o n n d s a n s e t n i a n : n e f e n s l m a d u a y i o m / m r l s c b s m o e s e e A g t v p e f , v r s e e Q r r n o t a o u c l o r o r i e n p p i p c p n p d s h t a e t e m i i c m u ? y d m t i a D w m R i A I A i l s r v x a i e E e u l , q p e p n d i i e u l v t a s u d t o e a r u h h g i d q t e e r e i s n h o r d w e c e T a t i l e r . n u p r a d i e ( o p d s i f t d u n t i l n e s a u c . d e i a s s e r e p e f r d m a o r s t a o f s c i r I e t s e r . b s e d c e e s n n p i r t n o s a a e a s u m a m m n e r i e d t n m e o o s d h t c f r d i t e u e e s e b m n d m p i e t o o m s d f r e u r q a u f t n d n a r r r s i e g m l o g s s e i n e v p r n n i o p i i t o p l d u n t o i d i i a n t b e s i o t i n c t / f a k e a a p c g c e a e i n n f m h i l t o c h i e t s l f i t e c i a o a h e l u p m t c T b a q i l i f u i s l a e r u a q s e r A a 3 . 2 D
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s r e i l p p s u c i s r t e e t e h b n m t t : e h s e l e t u l m i b s w m p e v a r t m o s d t a r u n e e i n x p s a e r o e i m e m e r g p o s m v a g f , o r n , u s i d o p e w d e u i e m f c n i i i o r t l c t l e i v r f e s o d i n e o p o s s e n C S C e h o T c d i s t u o . d s n e a i v s t e c e s j b s e o c s o r r d p a e w o v t o r d e p t m e i g r o a t t s e n b o t i s t c u a m / s s t n t n e e ? m m d e e t e v o e r n r g e p m a I t m e e l g r p m a i t d e r n A a 4 . 2 D
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, . a g . t a e d ( y s t n e o f r s A i t a o c i . a s ) t Q l : f , s y s u t i e g s d e i v d i r d l i r r e t e r a u b t s a d l c k n d c a a c e h t n n n p i i a r e v a a h a t e c s a f h c e r w t s i s r o c s p e , c t U f e n E t e n n i o a e o n r c a i o , l a i t i s c n c a e t l t s i l l r a t e e f i u l u p l s e s d i s m n a e i a i m g i r e o g h v i e e l E s S T R C l s e R s e c i v r r e o s l l w a e n r g o n f t i t u n o e d m e l e i r r p a m c i e e s e b r o s t f s e s u b e c o m r e r i p e l r p / u s d p e e u c c s i a o r r y v p b e e d s s d e a e i e d i i f l v d e r o r o A p m
d s n e a c ) n t s t u r u p e e t p t f e o i n u e N ( o r
e g a t s s s e c o r p h c a e r o f d s e s s s e e c s s o r a p e e b c t i s v r u e m S s n o i t s e u q g n i w o l l o f e h t l l A
, e k c s n i r e t f d i c o v u s e d e d o l r p n a p m s n a t o x n e e g n i e m l d e b r n i i s u e s q p o e P e r d
n o i t a c i f i l a u : Q t / n l a e v e n l n e r o / s r t e n P e m s s e s s a / s t n e m e r i u q e r m u m i n i M
n e i s e a s h U p 3 D
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s r t f e o d n g a n e e a c a b i s f o n t r i t a e a s s n t s c e o l u f g n e m s n i e e a r a s m , c m ( v g c m o i y n ) r e f o m t g i h l i r e n a t x p n l r i i f n i e n i i o r r f ; r o o w k ) g w t t i n s i d o k g t o i h l s s a r n n t l r o e t t t : i p x t i s d a o o r n u f n e m i n p a e p s a n e t s e e r r a f c t o s s t o m g a r u h a i c d / e w t o i e t n t a u s e a d t i n i m n t n e l h l c e n i e p i y t u n n e s o u v c e r t e m k e i o i d o r t i r r q o o c r t l n g c s i i n i o a m i c y m i t t a e o l n t s a . e s s t f g b t s e r i : e c r a t i p e i o r i ) h s s n i n a c d e i s d e e v f i t o r d i s c e e e a s m o a n l l p s n i u r g u c c r i n r s n c h c e p r f k a t o s l o f o r a a s a e o n t e b u q f o p e o r o r u a p i r a h c s u u o e a t c m r n t m s e a C i S P P q T t c o r F A D J Q ( s ( I e p x r e R s e P p
h t i w l e n n o s r e p r o f g d i n e t i t n r w e n m i e l d p e s s n e i m f c i e r d d o n e p a b e c d t i s v e i u r f e i m s c e t y e p i r h t s o n y h t i t i u d r o a e v h d l t n u ? a o v a n e s i d i e s c i n v t l e a r i i e b y s e i o e s s l i n t p e i o m l i h t p e b i f s s o e r o n y R f o t l p i s a u e r q e r e A h t 1 . 1 . 3 D
127
? d e t n e e b m t : e s r l o s p u f n m d e m o i i y t e c t t i d r n n y s c u n o e a n t t r n i l a h o i i s t m t e b t d u l n e n i c s i e a p i s u n i r i f o n t i / m a n o t i s c s i m o t c n e d ; p e i i u c y s r e p t i e n t g t l i r p s i a l n s i s t b n i n i t b i m a i n n s l a / e r k e n w i t t r o s e o s m o d a v y p e p p s d A S O W T i u e i a q R l e n o i t c u d o r p d n a s e i t i l i c a f r o f y t i r o h t u a d n a s e i t i l i b i s n o p s e r e r A 2 . 1 . 3 D
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d n a s k s a t d e , t . e t d g h s . e o t l f n l e t n e l h e f o a o ( t ) g a i a v o f s n t t s a y e o s r t c e a g l o e e i o o f t e t e c t i n d e h s t r y m t n n d t e s p c a o e a i c o t l o r e e n n i , n ) s a r f s i t s d a e : u p u m u i l y l p t & l q o t n s u o a o e e n p r e n a e i r s a q l d e n t e i r y e h p u a o g h s f t u m r l n y g q u u t i t o r y n r s t t m / e m a e e q s i g t r l i r i a a t t u e i e l c e d i t n a o d i n f g c i b f n n s f c i i u c h m d i v b e s o i n n q o n r n n t f a a e i o s n o a r n o a i a e d i p l e e i e t n m a r n a r a p / i s u s m e n n e g u i o n r c g n i n v s n s e s o a o o n / r o e f n q h i o t l i i n c o v g u d i t t y i i c a t a s a s t t e l t e e a o c r o e i w e r c i c e l i l a r a n s c / s i c a p t e s u e d i h i h o e c n f e c w e r f u u l i s i t l y d r l v i d s t c o s o s h o t r k c d k o t i i t i i s r r o l n o y u a c n n t r t o a s a r g v r s o o e f r e n u e e e e n r o h l f n o a u c e e p L I q s L ( p I w P c w P l I o E c K s F a h h m w T e t n n n o i i a s t s i d v e e s e l o l v e n p o r e v t v e i a n h t c n i e l i f n f e i t u n g e s p n n t i o i s s n d r i s a e e r n a p t c l l t t o r a a u p ? r h t o o g d e d f e c e n i i r d i r v o e w r r t a d i o c e i n s o v h s d o r , n . e y m p a l h t y e s s d r a n l e l r b e i c n u a t s o d l r n g e e u u p l r g m a v l e e p d c s e o r e i v s c v i k y c n n n r t i e e o e s i l i v h i e i e t d t c n a v h c s c E t a i n i o f i l s r a e u p q e r e r A a 3 . 1 . 3 D
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d e e r h t : l v l e o f f o d n o v s n n t e e r o i n e s m k e s r d r n o i e o s s p o m i t n w e i e g r o e e n s a c h t t h a o t r p g e e n e e r t b n n t a n i i o m a t a w t y t e r l r o s m r i u l u l t e u c o t l p o c p q f e e e a e m e p D r C D i h s T a
d n a d e r u s n e / d e n i m r e l s t e n e n a d l e s b n p o s t s y r e s e c c u p n o r m g e p e n g i n / t c d i i r n s v r a o e e g c c i s e d v r r h s n e c k a s a s e i d e r R e h n o . i t f d r ? d m r o e e f e d r r t t e i u s e r n u n d . e u q e p c e e u r d b m e l e t n r s e n i a s w y n u t n d u a r q i c o e m d e s n y e r a r i t i b l p e m a e p r c t n c e t e a s n e h e p u o i v T d a c m s r t e a p n r e e t l h t a s i s I 4 . 1 . 3 D
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d s n e a c ) n t s t u r u p e e t p t f e o i n u e N ( o r
, e k c s e n i g r e t a d t f i c s o v u s s e d s e d o l e r c p n a p o r m s n a t o p x n h e e g c n i e m a l d e e b r n i i r s u e o f s q p o e e d e c P r d i e s s v s s r e e e c s s s o r a e : p e h t t e b g n a c t i n v s i v e l r u d i e m v e r S s o / r t n o P n i t e s m e s u s q e g s n s i a w / o l l s t o f n e e h t m l e l r i A u q e r m u m i n i M n e i s e a s h U p 3 D
2 . 3 D . o N
s e k t g n m r e a i i e n r c n o r o f o a w d h o f i e p o t d n t t h a n t c a r f e n e e i o a m c h a a u n c s h r t a w t s s d i o e t t f e d s n o f s d o e m r i o l n a n s i t t s r e r e e f e e e i e l / n k a n c s e r i n i p r c t n l m n s ( n o d e o e i m e n o t a i e a e r o t t h r p i i i s w h ? o t t i s c e t r s m s e u n u v s s d u r r d e i n h v c i r o e e q n r a o i t p e a f o f e e r t f e l i v s s a r s n o n d d a d e w n x p e n s e o b i n w e e y s n g i n t e / t o a e e t i m c n n g h s h i a i t e c l t ) i a a i n a l a r n n n h w m : e l n a e i i r c d r o b t e e a l t l p f o a k s l o x s c p i a a h f r l p e o c n e n h l t t l e e i r t s e s c a k e r e e m c t n f o c e m c a e n n t a g i p e n m v a i o l p x l o i e f h o h e v h o u v p a r A l e C p U e C w T p L e b r C C f A o O t w m h e e o r T t s i
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a i c " r i f e i d i c e l d t m l r s a e c e i o p r r r i f r f o o i a s h s f d e e t h u n d o l o e m c t " a . i o t o r t u t a y i a s s o t r i d i b u v e w o t e t e e e g i a i n r d b n d l c t t f e e i e i s r e r r u o r r c r w a n a o n m o c l n t a d i i t a n e e r c d p a s e e e a u b d l u c e d t s n e s c e e o r u . g i s a s r t y . m t a / i n s i e e n l e i l b s l a e e b . b o k e d e s n a c t r v h t s c t s e a i / o e r e e a c v u s r a r c h d p c e i a e m b p o o e a f r e p r s e , v e p s e r t e r s s o e b / i r t e r o a e i s s a e r c s l e e p s l y e e e u s p n e o c i c r s e r l e a o i n s c p v v e e e o e e n r r h r h m e e c o h i A s s T t T p T e v
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e l m g / l p g n a i m o n i r i o f s n c r n g r f s u e i r g a e c t e : p l o n s ) i i m , e s e r l s s a ( " r t h a p m e s t s e n A r i E , y n m a r a n a a m s o a a g t o l p p M t c x o e i n s i r F r h s s a e ( s s e p t m n u l c u n r t o o c c s i o c p t o o u g ' e t i n s m t f i d n s s c e n m , c g y a o i r l o l e d ) o a n m i c r n e t e l a g p b l e a c a o m n i e i n i v s o a t w v a n n e r f a k i o o m t s r t s o t k c r i r p r e r h t ? c l l s s a p d f o e t e t t e t " s e o e u u i r s r f u x f o m a I n h n e I n o c Q s r I t I C R T e e o n C h t
e v i t c e f f e d n a . n s o s i t e a t c r n o e p m e e h t l p g n m i i r r u o d f d d n e a k e c r e o h f e c b s s n e o i l i t p c p a a s e i v h i t T c e r r o c e r A
? d e e t n a r a u g s s e e c l b o r l a n s p i i t d n e a v t e e h t a c m e e e l o b t e r t s i u y l l s e q u a b e c m t r i t y f t i r s i u l o c e p m a u p p n q s u o c s i i g d t i a f n s c i n i y a n e l a p p s s e g p i r e t a i l i o h s e t t c t a a e n f e e e i r t p n m t a o a i e r r r r i p p a p u u o r q p a g o e e t r p h y a t r e t e d i l h d n a T a r o u q e h t e r A
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n o t a i a / t t a n c a d o s e d ) i s t t k / p f i o s m d c e c n e e y o i n u p h s r h r c / o f a s t i g t , r i n t c e a r n . e a e o n n m u i r g d f u . d e i o t o c k l s a u c , t s c l e n m . a c ( e w c i a p c u a h v g r t . f t n n i g t t e i e n u u c n c e o n ( f f d n m s i q g k s e e / n e o t n a r t m y n a c y n y i s m o a i t n e t g i e c i i e g l r g : n t m l o r l n i i i i a u u n n t b s b m i e l h ) k k i s s p i r g c c u a k i g n c a c o i i l e a p u g n n e a e i t f m e e i w f i e a h h e u a q o n l o M c e L o l E S B b C M c R Q o M f n i d e ? c e u c d d i v e o r t r r o n e t s i i n e e o b h t f m t s o s u s s m s e c s e n o e r m e i v p t t s e y c e c s f i / f v r s e e e s m h s t e i n r h o t a t i f h n o c e o s m m . s l o s e o t s n t r r e n e e v o d c i r o r t C o p c
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d n a e c a l p k : r o e w d u e l c h n t i t a n a y c l s e t v n i s e n m e e r h i e u r p q e m R o c t : u t o x e t t e n s o s c s s i e h c t o n i r p " s e t n c i e v r m e e r s i e u q h t e r r " o f m s ? r e t t n l l e e f u h t m n e i f r i d o u e n o q t i t e n a r t e n a n m l e p a l v p x e E l m e r i y e e h t h t e r e r A a
, ) s s e d i c d o s n n h s t a a e e e t c a t g m u q n o d a i n , e r r y p / n i c k t f t i n / c f s l o i i n i r e e t s n b o e h i n t c i m g t a c o e e s , i p c p i p ( t m s s u e a a c q p c s a r n i t i t e s f e r n / n o s i i p a n / o p g e r o g e e i n m t t i n c e s s s k e c c i n c r i e e c i a e k e r c v e u a p e d r g c i a o e t r h q v h s h e n c E S s P C r c i e t e h h t t e e l a c u n g e e u r l f d n n i a h l c i o r h t w n o s r c o o t c t a d f e e r s a u s e r t n a e h c m i e h r i w u q d n e r a . s s s s s s e e e c c c o r o r o r P p p
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s s e c o r p e . h e t n e d i s a m d r e u d e l v e e r m o i z a o v r s t n o n s i o u e h i c s t u t c e o a e r h t h t n u r o t o f o c t o t n n n a o o o h i t i t i t a a t n e r m m r r e v u o f o e s f r n n n P I I E
? n o i t a c i f i t n e d i e s l a f d n a s p u x i a x t a i m t t a m a n o s d d i f t s n m i d t o c u t e a n n d d g a e o o s y a s v h t r e t n s : r d t c p e i s e t e u v c r d e i m t e u o h c e h t c p c r i s e s r s e p h e f r o f a e s e w f f e c r r l g y h c o l t a n e n i r t i a s t a n r o n e n n t w d n e o e o i e i s a n e l b t s t l c s m z i i c A s o r f f u f e a . e s o c r u e s h t u c n n i s t o h m s a i i u u s t t r n t , t f s a s a f a a i e e t t r o l h e i c s e t n s n r u t f u e i h s o ) t n i t n m t s d i u t n a u t e s r e g n a t l o r e e d n r l c n i o i r u a d n i n . i f t c a i c i t e i o c a t h a y a g e s t e n a s t c e n c a i l g h i a i n s e ( t e e l n y i t v l e a d n t b t r i i d e b f m a k n r o a r e r e a n b a d f o e u c r l s c t a r i a t e n r s a a i s h l n e i a e u c p e r s u v c C C S T O e m a s d h t h t i c t s p n f n h i I i u a o I w v r e s e h t e r A
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? d e r u s n e d n a d e l l o r t n o c r e m o t s u c i n e d h t n o a t y l d r n a e a l s c s s e e v c i r o r r p a e n o c i t . i a s v r m e e r e s f o s e i n s e r h t t d a n h d i t a h t t c i d e e w r r u r n s o o n c i t e e a e h b t m r t h i o s t f u w n m l i l f t u o I f w o l f e h t s I 6 . 3 . 3 D
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d s n e a c ) t n s t u e u e p r t e p t f o i n u e ? N ( o r m r h e s o c , f u u d f e s e l y o b s , a l s l a d t e k o p e n d c s s v e n h i t n i e r a e m d l e t e t / d g f i c e s m e v a r t s b o v u t l e n o s r e s s e d n d e e p e o a v d r s n e c s t l m n l i m u m t e n p a p e i a e c e m s n t n g s w y o a c t o u a a r m a n l o t x d n o n i p e e e g a f l n l i u a i : h n a h v l m n i e i m r g b c o e d n d m t s a o u l f M i o a r b i e n a f r i n o y o o Q t e p s i e r a h r e a e : C T i r m s u d h p l c p t v a q o s d o i e s u f p e s U a A s d s P r d i u e d s s o s s u s e e n n , r c s i s t t e : s l m o t r a n t s u i t s e p e o n a e p e e b c a r t v l c d t y i s n l e t a n i v l u u e a e r s t a r e m s / c b u a a S s r t q , n o d n r s l d r o n i n t e e a e v s a s g m r d l e e n s o y : e l r u i s i t s r f t i e q e s e n l c a s g n s e b e e c t i n i a a p s n i t l s i k t i a s c a / m w i s v n e i l s o m l g s n a e r ( l E t e t o o a s n e t f e s c e c w d i y b t e t y d t s m h r e e s t e s b e i f e e t l r g u l r a i v o i t l g m s g A u s e n a l o g n o q l o d i t e o s e l ) n i t n s a a r s i t c l w r a g n y t u i f m u l i n o p a i c t s l u t o s d i m r n n e o a l e m r f o l e u d o i e t e C r P h P I n i s h e T M t / k r o n i e w s e a e s h r U p A 3 D
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10
Best Practice / Lessons Learned
10.1 Example of information provided by the supplier
Information provided by the supplier
Customer
Date: Contact person Name Phone Email Fax General supplier information Supplier code Commodity/product of interest for customer Technology of interest for customer DUNS (Dun & Bradstreet) Code Company name Legal form Year of foundation
Address of headquarters Street City State Country Post code Phone Fax 161
Access to supplier portal for customer Name Phone Email Supplier Contact Name Phone Email Fax Languages spoken
Electronic data information (EDI) facilities Location System in use Communication standard Name of contact person Phone Email Products Main product groups
Current maximum capacity for each product
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tooling Percentage of inhouse tooling design
%
Percentage of inhouse tooling manufacturing
%
Tooling suppliers
%
162
Customers (by volume)
All your customers (list names only) 4 biggest customers Industry (passenger cars, commercial vehicles, ...) Unit volume per year Sales per year Percent of total sales
%
%
%
%
Percent of sales exported
%
%
%
%
Production capacity utilization
%
%
%
%
Main Suppliers (by purchase volume)
Supplier name
Product group
Product
Location/ country of origin
Distance to your plant
Annual quantity (€/$)
% of total purchasing volume (€/$)
163
Product quality
Commodity/product of interest Internal ppm Internal scrap rate First time capability (no rework) External ppm Ontime delivery For electric/electronic: Which statistical methods for early detection of failures (e.g. Part Average Analysis PAA) do you apply?
Location
Name of location Total number of employees shopfloor/office Management R&D Engineering (Product) Engineering (Process)
164
Overall
Production Service Sales Purchasing Quality Toolshop and Maintenance Others Total facility area size Manufacturing Laboratory Engineering Administration Others possible expansion
Manufacturing facilities (only for processes used for commodity/product of interest)
Type of machinery
Producer
Year of construction
Utilization
% % % % % %
165
Manufacturing work pattern Shift model Working hours per shift Working days per week Union affiliation Working days per year Extra time possible
Competitors Company name
Market Share
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
% % % % % %
Quality Management Description
QM certificates
ISO TS 16949
Environmental management certified
ISO 14001
Registration / certification body
Inhouse laboratory certification Software development: ISO 15504 (SPICE) level?
166
Expiry date
Software development: CMM/CMMI level? List the laboratories used for validating commodity/product of interest: List supplier activities during customer ramp up
Ownership
Parent company
Main owners
Participations
Joint Ventures
Cooperations / Alliances
List the parties from which you have received licenses for product and/or processes.
List the parties you have given licences to for product and/or processes.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
167
Research & Development
For commodity/product
Overall
Current customers during product creation phase Products in focus of R&D activities
Brief description of prototype facilities Brief description of testing facilities CAD data processing
Business development (please attach your latest annual report)
For each year listed (last four years) Total turnover Production utilization
%
%
%
%
Market share
%
%
%
%
Number of employees Export percentage Volume of purchased materials Expenditure on tooling/equipment
168
Expenditure on research and development
Expenditure on wages/salaries
Explain your current logistics methods – (local / export) Delivery modes (JIT, Just in Sequence, Logistics centre, etc.)
Percentage of use for main customers
Percentage of use regarding parts supplied
% % % % %
% % % % %
IT processing Production "#$%&'%(#()%*$+&, interruptions
Contingency plan exists ?
yes no
Transport interruptions
yes no
yes no
Qualified personnel
yes no
-.%#/% #$$#01
an uptodate organisation chart
a list of your suppliers (names, product, evaluation status)
a complete list of all your manufacturing facilities
a complete list of external developers/engineers
169
10.2 Assessment guidelines Points 10
8
Product risks
Product is free from complaints and meets technical requirements
Complaints regarding the product (no effect on function, use or further processing operations). Improvements required.
Process risks
Technical requirements / specifications covering product and process are met Minor problems in the production process Process weaknesses are present but are detected & eliminated immediately
QM system relevance
6
4
170
Complaints regarding the product (no effect on function but defect leads to problems in use and/or further processing operations) Process capability (significant characteristics) is not achieved Defects are reworked in followon processes Defects are detected by monitoring, non conforming items must be securely removed from production operations, separate rework required Complaints regarding the product (defect affects function, leads to restrictions in use and has a significant negative effect on further processing) Agreed process capability (special characteristics) is not achieved Defects lead to serious process difficulties Defects are not guaranteed to be detected, sorted or
Products cannot be made in a secure process; however, significant characteristics are within specification Significant characteristics are not monitored systematically Sorting action required Rework required Risk of damage to parts Process problems in overall flow of materials Inspection & measurement equipment not suitable for detecting the defect Employees have not been adequately informed Products cannot be made in a secure process; significant characteristics are in part outside tolerance Characteristics are not monitored systematically Sorting action required Rework required Risk of damage to parts Mixedup parts/ incorrect assembly leads to process problems Inspection &
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
-(34+0$*3& :#(#9%$%(/= *&/:%0$*3& (%<+*(%9%&$/ &3$ /%$ 3+$ *& (%,+.#$*3&/ C9:(3'%9%&$ :(3,(#9/ &3$ *&$(34+0%4 A??%0$*'%&%// 3? *9:(3'%>9%&$ :(3,(#9/ &3$ 4%93&/$(#$%4 E%'%(% 4%'*#$*3&/ ?(39 039:#&8>5*4% #&4 *&$%(&#. $#(,%$/ C%<+#$% 039:.*#&0% 5*$1 (%<+*(%9%&$/ ?3( 0(*$*0#. 01#(#0$%(*/$*0/
reworked in followon processes
0
High scrap levels and/or extensive separate rework required
Complaints regarding the product (function no longer guaranteed; use of the product is significantly restricted, further processing by the customer is not possible) Defects not detected, sorted or reworked in followon processes Rejects and field returns are to be expected Use of the product may represent a danger to the user
Rules
measurement equipment for detecting deviating characteristics are not suitable Employees are neither adequately trained no have they been informed of the defect pattern Machines, facilities and/or jigs & fixtures are unsuitable, incomplete or missing altogether Customerrelevant characteristics cannot be achieved as a secure process Checks, inspection and measurement facilities to monitor customer relevant characteristics are not present Damage to customer relevant characteristics caused by parts handling Mixedup parts inhouse or when shipped restrict further processing by the customer
-%(/3&&%. $(#*&*&, ?3( ,(3+:/ */ &3$ 0#((*%4 3+$ C%<+#$% 039:.*#&0% 5*$1 (%<+*(%9%&$/ .%#4/ $3 ?+&0$*3&#. ?#*.+(%/ ?3( $1% 0+/$39%(
If there are deviations and the assessment score is 0 or 4, immediate actions must be specified and implemented. The auditor m ust assure him/herself of the effectiveness of the actions which are implemented If an assessment score is 0 the entire process chain must be checked. Suspect parts must not be shipped The scenarios in the above fields are merely framework examples. These examples are not always entirely applicable and may also be extended if required.
171
10.3 Data stores
Knowhow & Co. Ltd.
Version 1.2
Technology questions for process audits Criteria 1.
Suppliers / incoming materials Who
Granulate
What
How
Flow characteristics
Flow coil / melt flow index (MFI)
Melt temperature
Hot stage microscope
Density
Precision scales / density scales
Ash content
Muffle oven
Note In the case of coloured granulate batches, masterbatches are sometimes premixed. Granulates must be stored so that they remain dry (no moisture absorption). This must be taken into account in the case of external stores.
2. Production process and process security Granulate predrying : essential and can be achieved with a circulating air dryer or highperformance dryer. Recycled material (regrind) not permitted. Conditioning : required only for PA components and can be achieved with a heated water container and a monitored timeperiod. Injection moulding : controlled and monitored parameters (temperature; pressure; cycletime; retention times to be constant as far as possible). Known temperature distribution in the tool. Spare parts – e.g., replacement/tempering equipment. Following a tool change or runup to production it is important to check firstoff parts to ensure heatup times are complied with and also to carry out fill studies, where appropriate, to assess the quality of the parts produced.
3. Checks on finished parts What
Comments
Surface quality
Visual check by operator
Dimensional stability
3D measurement machine; profile projector; standard measurement devices
Density
Scales
Moisture content
Direct moisture measurement or Moisture has an influence on shrinkage heater plate test
Reaction to heat / cold
Climate oven
Compare results before and after
Swelling in media
Storage in the test medium
The media have an influence on shrinkage
Issue : 1.2 Date : dd.mm.yyyy
172
How
Page : x of y By : (name)
Ensure adequate lighting
Release :
Data store for Knowhow & Co. Ltd. for product group covering pressed & stamped parts 1. Process operation : Stamping; drawing; bending 1.1 Requirements for incoming material Storage conditions are defined and maintained reasonably – e.g., requirements regarding protection against corrosion. Component*
Characteristic* / proof
Method*
Test bar / sheet
Tensile strength; expansion before breaking
Pulltest machine
Sheet, wire, plate, coil
Dimensional stability; weight
Standard measurement equipment
Individual parts; bulk items
Weight; quantity
Standard measurement equipment; scales
Surfaces
Damage; splits; dents
Visual check
Material; composition
Material / melt analysis
Material test certificate
Surface coating / plating
Coating thickness
Coating thickness measurement device
Surfaces
Corrosion test
* These are examples only and not a complete list.
1.2 Equipment and processes Technology : machines with automatic controls; mechanical and hydraulic presses Stamping : crank presses; rapidrun presses Bending : CNCcontrolled automatic wirebending machines Tools : hardened surfaces 1.3 Process parameters Parameter*
Measurement devices* / proof
Comments
Stroke; feed; press force
Optical display; digital; control
Interlocks in place
Tests / checks on the product : Characteristic* Variable characteristics
Checking equipment / proof*
Surfaces
Standard measuring equipment, 3D coordinate measurement machine, gauges, coating thickness measurement device Visual check
Strength test
Pulltest machine
Comments*
Cp/Cpk
Longterm development with graph showing measurement point results
x
Evaluation of main points
x
Measurement and destructive checks with proof
x
* These are examples only and not a complete list.
Author :
Checked :
Released :
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