UPD CMC Thesis and Dissertation Format 2016 V1

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION Univers Universit ity y of the Philipp Philipp ines Diliman Diliman

FORMAT GUIDEBOOK FOR THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY APRIL 2016 Version 1

This This document d ocument is desig de signed ned as a guide guide for preparin prepa ring g and a nd presenting pre senting theses and dissertatio dissertatio ns at the the Uni University versit y of the Phil Philipp ines Col Co llege of Mass Com Co mmunicat unicatio ion. n. This This guide guidebo book ok uses inputs inputs from the the style style manuals of the UP School Sc hool of Libra Library ry and Informat Information ion Science Sc ience and the Ohio Ohio Univers Universiit y. It was origin originaa lly developed de veloped in 2008 200 8 by the Thesis Format Fo rmat Comm Co mmiittee organized organized by Dean Elena Elena Pernia. The comm co mmittee ittee was chaired by Dr. Fernan Fernando do D. Paragas Paragas with with Prof. Prof. Yvonn Yvonnee T. Chua, Chua, Ms. Luz Luzvim viminda inda J. Matu Matulac, Dr. Perli Pe rlita ta G. Manalili, and Dr. Arminda Arminda V. Santi Sa ntiago ago as membe members. rs. It was subsequently subseq uently revised by b y Dr. Fernando D. Paragas Pa ragas on April 2016 20 16 foll following ow ing new gui guide delines lines for public public access to theses and dissertations.

Gui Guidebook 2016, page 2

This This document d ocument is desig de signed ned as a guide guide for preparin prepa ring g and a nd presenting pre senting theses and dissertatio dissertatio ns at the the Uni University versit y of the Phil Philipp ines Col Co llege of Mass Com Co mmunicat unicatio ion. n. This This guide guidebo book ok uses inputs inputs from the the style style manuals of the UP School Sc hool of Libra Library ry and Informat Information ion Science Sc ience and the Ohio Ohio Univers Universiit y. It was origin originaa lly developed de veloped in 2008 200 8 by the Thesis Format Fo rmat Comm Co mmiittee organized organized by Dean Elena Elena Pernia. The comm co mmittee ittee was chaired by Dr. Fernan Fernando do D. Paragas Paragas with with Prof. Prof. Yvonn Yvonnee T. Chua, Chua, Ms. Luz Luzvim viminda inda J. Matu Matulac, Dr. Perli Pe rlita ta G. Manalili, and Dr. Arminda Arminda V. Santi Sa ntiago ago as membe members. rs. It was subsequently subseq uently revised by b y Dr. Fernando D. Paragas Pa ragas on April 2016 20 16 foll following ow ing new gui guide delines lines for public public access to theses and dissertations.


CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEBOOK I. General Guidelines A. Formatti Fo rmatting ng of Text B. Formatting Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Ill Illustrati ustrat io ns, and Tables and Matrices Matrices C. Submission Procedures II. Formatting Guidelines A. Sample Cover B. Sample Spine C. Sampl Sa mplee Title Title Page Pa ge for B.A. Theses D. Sample Sample Titl Titlee Page for for M.A. M. A. Theses Theses and Dissertat Dissertatiio ns E. Sample University Permission Page F. Sample Approval Sheet Page for B.A. Theses G. Sample Approval Sheet Page for M.A. Theses and Dissertations H. Sample Biographical Page I. Sample Acknowledgment Page J. Sample Dedication Page K. Abstract Page Samples L. Sample Table of Contents M. Sample Lists N. Sample Page Layout O. Sample First Page of a Chapter P. Subheads Q. Sample Tables R. Sample Chart S. Sample Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations) T. Sample Matrix III. Supplementary Materials A. Basic Outl O utlin inee of Chapters Chap ters and Sections Se ctions B. Basic Writing Guidelines C. Memorandum Memorandum No. FRN 15- 038 IV. Online Resources Please consul co nsultt the foll following ow ing websites webs ites for for citation citation and reference styles: styles: - APA Style Guide: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/ - MLA Style Guide: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/11/


I. GENERAL GENERAL GUIDELINES GUIDELINES A. Formatting of Text Use the the ffoll ollow owii ng for the entire entire document: do cument: 1. Citation and references: Use APA APA (Am (Ameri erica can n Psychologica Psychologicall Associatio Associatio n) 6th Edition Edition or MLA (Mode (Mo dern rn Language Language Associ Assoc iation) atio n) for in-text n-te xt citation citation and the listing of references. reference s. Do not mi mix ci c itation styles. styles. 2. Font: Times Times New Ne w Roman 12 1 2 poi po ints or o r Arial Arial 11 poi po ints normal no rmal,, for the entire entire docum doc ument, ent, except for footnotes (see below). No N o other font font may be used, used, even for for the preli preliminary minary section. section. 3. Paper: White, 8.5” x 11”, 80gsm. 80gsm. No special paper may be used in any part of the docum doc ument, ent, except for photo paper for for pictures, pictures, graphics, graphics, and other other ill illustrat ustr atiio ns. 4. Margin: 1.5” 1. 5” for the left margin, margin, 1.0” 1. 0” for the top, right, right, and bottom botto m margins margins 5. Justification. Use ragged ragged right right margin because bec ause this this is more readab read able le than forc forced ed justi justify fy margi argin. 6. Spacing: Double spaci spac ing for the entire docum doc ument. ent. N o additi ad ditiona onall spac s pacin ing g between be tween paragraph paragraphs. s. Add an extra extra double double space between sections sections.. 7. Page numbers: Place page numbe numbers rs in the header, heade r, on the top right right corner. cor ner. Follow Follow these formatting formatting guide guideli lines nes for specif spe cific ic pages pa ges in the document. document. Examples are in Sections III and IV. a. For Fo r all pages pa ges preced prec edin ing g the first first chapte c hapter, r, use lowe lowerca rcase se Roman numera numeralls (i, ii, ii, iii…). iii…). However, However , page numbe numbers rs shall fi first appe ap pear ar on the Table of Contents. Co ntents. Although Although the Ti Title, tle, Approval Sheet, S heet, Biographica Biographicall Data, Acknowledg Acknowledgm me nt, Dedication, Dedication, and Abstract pages p ages are counted in the the pagination, pagination, their their page num numbe bers rs are not shown. b. For the the body, b ody, use Hindu-Arab Hindu-Arabiic num numerals (1, 2, 3…). Numbering should begin with with the first first page pa ge of the fi first chapter, chap ter, but the page num number be r should not appe ap pear ar on the fi first page. p age. Si S imil mila r ly, the first first page of each eac h succeed succe edin ing g chapter chap ter should should have ha ve no page page number. umber. c. Page num numbers stand alone, with no speci spec ial formatting. ormatting. Do not not use use dashes d ashes (-2-) (-2- ) or the word “Page age” (Ex.: Page 2) to identify page num numbers. be rs. 8. Footnotes shoul should d be used instead instead of endnotes to promote readabil reada bility. ity. Place sequentia sequentia lly num numbered bere d footnotes at the bottom of the the appropriate app ropriate page. pa ge. Footnotes must must be b e singl singlee-spa spaced ced,, using using Times Times New Ne w Roman 11 1 1 poin po ints ts or o r Arial 10 poin po ints. ts. Footnotes Foo tnotes must must be separated from from the main main body bod y by a short line. line.

B. Formatti Formatting ng of Charts, Pi P ictures and Ill Illustrations, ustratio ns, and Tables Tables and a nd Matrices 1. Charts, pictures and ill illustratio ustrat ions, ns, and tables tables and a nd matrices atrices should should appear app ear on the same same page or on the fol folllowing page after after they they are menti entioned oned in the text. text. Put an extr extraa double double space spac e before and and af a fter these items. tems. Photo paper p aper may may be used used for charts, pi p ictures, and illustrations.


2. Images must fit and be centered within margins. If a table, figure, or picture does not fit in a portrait page layout, change to a landscape layout. Put this landscaped page immediately after the page that cites the table, figure, or picture. The landscaped page must have a 1.5” margin at the top, and 1.0” margin on all others. Landscaped pages must be oriented away from the binding. 3. No text should appear to the left or to the right of the charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices. 4. Label charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices chronologically using Hindu-Arabic numerals. 5. Put titles at the top of the charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices. Ensure that these titles match those in the Table of Contents and in the document. Titles must be flush left, rather than centered, on the page. 6. Place captions at the bottom of the pictures and illustrations. Captions must be singlespaced. Separate captions from the text with an extra double space.

C. Submission Procedures The deadline for submission of loose leaf theses and dissertations is at least one workweek before the last day for the submission of grades for graduating students to provide sufficient time for content and format checking, corrections and binding. For example, if the deadline for submission of grades is June 7, these s and diss ertations must be approved for binding by the advise r before May 31. Undergraduate and master’s theses must be hardbound using maroon leatherette with gold lettering. Doctoral dissertations must be hardbound using black leatherette with gold lettering. The filenames for the digital files (either the document version or the digital version of the production work) should be as follows: “Last Name, First Name Middle Name; the month and year of graduation; and the title of the thesis/dissertation (Ex.: De la Cruz, Juana Santos 04-07 A Case Study of the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication) The CD/DVD must be submitted in a thin transparent plastic case without any special cover or label. Simply write the title and the name/s of the author/s on the disc itself using an alcohol-based CD/DVD marker. The ink of ordinary pentel pens penetrates the disc and destroys the files. Consult the CMC Library for an example.

Guidebook 2016, page 5

To be considered for graduation, an undergraduate student should submit the following to his/her Department Secretary: 1. For Broadcast Communication - Three hardbound copies — one each for the library, the department, and the student - Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format — one each for the library, the department, the adviser, and the student - Four CD/DVD copies of any production work — one each for the library, the department, the adviser, and the student 2. For Communication Research - Three hardbound copies and three CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format — one each for the library, the adviser, and the student. - One additional CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the department 3. For Film - Four hardbound copies — one each for the library, the Institute, the adviser, and the student - Four DVD copies of the production work — one for the library, the Institute, the adviser, and the student. These DVD copies may use a designed cover. - One CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the library - One mini-DVD copy for the Institute 4. For Journalism - Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format — one each for the library, the department, the adviser, and the student - One hardbound copy for the library According to the 2006 UP CMC Rules for MA and PhD Students, an “applicant for graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least five (5) bound copies and at least one digital copy of the approved master’s thesis as a prerequisite for graduation.” Moreover, PhD students who are applying for graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least one pre-print (or pre-publication) paper on the approved doctoral dissertation, where applicable, as another prerequisite for graduation.


II. FORMATTING GUIDELINES External features A. Cover B. Spine

Preliminary Section C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K.

Title page University Permission page Approval Sheet page Biographical page Acknowledgment page Dedication page Abstract page Table of Contents List of Tables

Body L. M. N. O. P. Q. R.

Page layout First page of a chapter Subheads Tables Chart Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations) Matrix


A. SAMPLE COVER

The title should appear 2.5” from the top edge of the cover.

AN ACADEMIC LIFE: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION The full title must appear centered within the cover, with the creative title (if any) on the first line. Use all caps for the title.

Alphabetically list multiple authors according to their surnames.

Your FULL name must appear about 5.5” from the top edge of the cover. Use all caps. In case of multiple authors, v ertically center your names around 5.5” from the top edge of the cover.

JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ All theses and dissertations must be hardbound. They must use gold l ettering and Times New Roman, 14 points, on the cover. Theses must be covered in deep maroon leatherette and dissertations in black leatherette. Bound copies must measure 8.5” by 11”. All text i n the cover must be single-spaced.

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

Only one of the f ollowing may appear on the cover: October for First Semester, April for Second Semester, and May for Summer graduation. Use all caps. The month and the year of graduation must appear about 2” above the bottom edge of t he cover.

APRIL 2008

The name of the College and the University must appear about 3.5” above the bottom edge of the cover. Please note the correct spelling of UP Diliman.


B. SAMPLE SPINE The spine must use gold lettering and Times New Roman, 14 points. All caps must be used.

The first 3” must contain the name/s of the author using this format: Surname, First name initials Middle name initials. For streamlined look , remove periods after initials. (Use DE LA CRUZ, JS. Do not use DE LA CRUZ J.S.) Name/s must be horizontally and vertically centered within this space. D E L A C R U Z , JS

East Asian names may omit the comma. A N A C P

A IL

E

D H M IP IC P IN L E IF C

:

There is a single 6 point gold line at the top and bottom areas of the spine, as well as between the main items in it. S

E O

A L A

C E S

The middl e 6” must contain the full title, which must be horizontally and v ertically centered within this space.

L G E E S T O U F D M Y A S

O C

T

S F H O E M M R

E A

IC

N

IV

N

U U

IO Y

S T IT N O F T H E

A P U IL C

R P M 0

2 C 8

0

The bottom 2” of the spine must contain the initials UP CMC as well as the month and the year of graduation.


SOME NOTES ON THE FRONT SECTION OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

The required first three pages of theses and dissertations are as follows: 1. Title page 2. University Permission page 3. Approval page (this is the page where faculty members sign) The first two pages are based on Memorandum No. FRN 15-038 issued by UP Diliman Vice Chancellor for Research and Development Fidel R. Nemenzo, DSc to clarify and revise guidelines for public access to Theses and Dissertations. As the Memorandum indicates, theses and dissertations will be classified into one of only four categories: - I: has patentable or registrable invention or registration - P: author wishes to publish the work personally - C: confidentia l information of a third party is embedded - F: a regular work, i.e., it has no patentable invention or creation, the author does not wish for personal publication, there is no confidential information. Most theses and dissertations perhaps fall into the F category. If theses and dissertations are classified in any of the other categories, please consult the Memorandum which is included the third chapter of this guidebook.


Top margin: 1” C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE FOR B.A. THESES

Two double spaces from the top margin for the 1”x1” U P logo. The full UP name should be typed on the third double space, followed by the degree and program name.

Pleas e follow the system of capitalization as indicated in this example.

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Bachelor of Arts in Broadcast Communication Two double spaces from the top margin. Your name should be in the third double space. List multiple authors alphabetically, separated y single spaces

Left margin: 1.5”

JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ A ter our name/s t JUAN REYES DE LOS SANTOS

e our thesis

A Case Study of the College of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines

Thesis Adviser: [State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] College of Mass Communication

Make sure you indicate the correct degree and program: BACHELOR OF ARTS IN - BROADCAST COMMUNICATION - COMMUNICATION RESEARCH - JOURNALISM - FILM

University of the Philippines

Two double spaces above the dat e of submission, indicate your adviser: e.g., Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

Date of Submission 31 May 2016

Thesis Classification: F This thesis is available to the public.

Bottom margin: 1”

Two double spaces above the Thesis Classification line, indicate the actual date of submission of the bound copy. Type these three lines, separated by double spaces, from the bottom of the page.


Top margin: 1” C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE FOR M.A. THESES & PhD DISSERTATIONS

Two double spaces from the top margin for the 1”x1” UP logo. The full UP name should be typed on the third double space, followed by the degree and program name.

Pleas e follow the system of capitalization as indicated in this example.

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Master of Arts in CommunicationTwo double spaces from the top margin. Your name should be in the third double space. Left margin: 1.5”

After your name/s, type your t itle in italics. JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ A Case Study of the College of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines

Thesis/Dissertation Adviser: [State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Make sure you indicate the correct degree and program: MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION (COMMUNICATION RESEARCH)

College of Mass Communication University of the P hilippines

Thesis/Dissertation Reader: [State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines

MASTER OF ARTS IN MEDIA STUDIES - (BROADCAST) - (FILM) MASTER OF ARTS IN JOURNALISM DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN - COMMUNICATION - MEDIA STUDIES

Two 1.5 spaces above the date of submission, indicate your adviser and reader: .e.g., Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

Date of Submission 31 May 2016

Thesis Classification: F

Two 1.5 spaces above the Thesis Classification line, indicate the actual date of submission of the bound copy. Type these three lines, separated by 1.5 spaces, from the bottom of the page.

This thesis is available to the public.

Bottom margin: 1”


Top margin: 1” D. SAMPLE UNIVERSITY PERMISSION PAGE

Two double spaces from the top margin for the 1”x1” UP logo. The full UP name should be typed on the third double space.

UNIVERSITY PERMISSION PAGE I hereby grant the University of the Philippines a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license to reproduce, publish and publicly distribute copies of this thesis or dissertation in whatever form subject to the provisions of applicable laws, the provisions of the UP IPR policy and any contractual obligation, as well as more specific permission marking the Title Page. Specifically I grant the following rights to the University: a) To upload a copy of the work in the thesis database of the college/school/inst itute/department and in any other databases available on the public internet; b) To publish the work in the college/school/institute/dep artment journal, both in print and electronic or digital format and online; and

c) To give open access to the above-mentioned work, thus allowing “fair use” of the work in accordance with the provision of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293), especially for teaching, scholarly, and research purposes.

JUANA S. DE LA CRUZ

JUAN REYES DE LOS SANTOS College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines


E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR B.A. THESES

Top margin: 1” Four single spaces from the top margin. The title begins on the fifth single space.

AN ACADEMIC LIFE: Nine single spaces from the title. A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF The THE wordPHILIPPINES “b y” must be typed on COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION the tenth single space. Remove a space for every additional line in the case of a long title.

CHOOSE ONE: Department of Broadcast Communication Department of Communication Research Department of Journalism Film Institute

by

Seven single spaces between the line of the JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ first author’s name and (Author 2) the line “has been (Author 3) approved for.” (Author 4)

Right margin: 1”

Department of Graduate Studies

Four has been approved forsingle spaces from the preceding line. Type the name of the adviser on the f ifth the [State your Department/Institute] single of space. sure you have the correct and the University of the Philipp ines College MassMake Communication by name and degree of your adviser.

Ex: Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]

Four single spaces between the adviser’s name and the dean’s name. Type the name of the dean on the sixth single space.

[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree] Dean, College of Mass Communication

Left margin: 1.5”


E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR M.A. THESES & Ph.D. DISSERTATIONS

AN ACADEMIC LIFE: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION Eight single spaces from the title. The word “b y” must be typed on the ninth single space. Remove a space for every additional line in the case of a long title.

CHOOSE ONE: Department of Broadcast Communication

by JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ

Department of Communication Research

Four single spaces between author’s name and the line “has been approved for.”

Department of Journalism

Right margin: 1”

has been approved for the [State your Department/Institute] Film Institute and the University of the Philipp ines College of Mass Communication by Four single spaces from the preceding line. Department of Graduate Type the name of the adviser on the f ifth Studies single space. Make sure you have the correct name and degree of your adviser. [State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Adviser Four single spaces [State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Reader/Critic Example for faculty entries: Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Member Four single spaces

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Member

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Member Four single spaces

Left margin: 1.5”

[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree] Dean, College of Mass Communication Guidebook 2016, page 15 Bottom margin: 1”

F. SAMPLE BIOGRAPHICAL DATA SHEET

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA PERSONAL DATA Name

Juana S. De la Cruz

Permanent Address

Line 1 Line 2

Telephone Number

(+63-Area Code) First Three Digits-Last Four Digits

Date & Place of Birth

Day Month Year, Manila

EDUCATION Secondary Level

Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province Limit to one page per author. No pictures and special paper. Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province

of School Primary Level

Example for educational level: Valedictorian, Philippine School for the Arts, Los Baños, Laguna

of School

ORGANIZATIONS

Position, Organization

For work experience, cite the three most recent/comprehensive jobs you have had in college.

Position, Organization

WORK EXPERIENCE

Position, Office, Months working Position, Office, Months working Position, Office, Months working

ACHIEVEMENTS

Achievement 1 Achievement 2

For achievements, cite the three most prestigious. Combine similar achievements in one line. Example: College scholar: 1st and 2nd semes ter, AY20142015, 2nd semes ter, AY 2015-2016.


G. SAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGM ENT PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following thesis, while an individual work, benefited from the insights and direction of several people. First, my Thesis Adviser, Dr. Bituin N. Masinag, exemplifies the high quality scholarship to which I aspire. In addition, Mr. Pasencioso N. Masigasig provided timely and instructive comments and evaluation at every stage of the thesis process, allowing me to complete this project on schedule. Next, I wish to thank the complete Thesis Committee. Each individua l provided insights that guided and challenged my thinking, substantially improving the finished product. In addition to the technical and instrumental assistance above, I received equally important assistance from family and friends. My colleague, Lito N. Glito, provided ongoing support throughout the thesis process, as well as technical assistance critical for completing the project in a timely manner. Finally, I wish to thank the respondents of my study (who remain anonymous for confidentiality purposes). Their comments and insights created an informative and interesting project with opportunities for future work.

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document. The e xample in this page is culled from http://www.gradschool.uky.edu/ThesisExample11.pdf. Limit your acknowledgments to one page only, focusing on those who directly helped you in conducting your study. Consolidate your acknowledgments if you are part of a group. Double-space and justify your text. Note that there is no “e” after the letter “g” in acknowledgment.


H. SAMPLE DEDICATION PAGE

DEDICATION To my parents Victorio and Milagros de la Cruz For instilling in me From an early age The desire to obtain a UP degree

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document. Limit your dedication/s to one page. Consolidate your dedications in one page if you are part of a group. Double-space and horizontally and vertically center your text.


I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES

ABSTRACT

Include the proper citati on of your work.

De la Cruz, J.S. (2007). Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janeiro, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Philipp ines College of Mass Communication.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power. As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics operated in the constitutio nal monarchy of Brazil.

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework, a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component, include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research. The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.



ABSTRACT


Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement , 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power. As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics operated in the constitutio nal monarchy of Brazil.

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework, a short description of your methodology, and a brief discuss ion of your most pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component, include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research. The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.



ABSTRACT


Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement , 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississipp i Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historica lly important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints' movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Indeed, some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change. Typically these groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississipp i movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastr uctures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.


J. SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS Use this as a checklist for the needed pages/sections in your thesis:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The first page number appears on the page of the Table of Contents. Locate it 0.5” from the top and align it with the right margin. Us e Times New Roman 12 points.

Title Page

Insert a two-column table, with the right column width pegged at 0.5”

vii

Page i

Approval Sheet

ii

Biographical Data

iii

Acknowledgments

iv

Dedication

v

Abstract

vi

Table of Contents

vii

List of Tables

x

List of Matrices

xi

List of Figures

xii

I.

INTRODUCTION

1

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives

The subheads indicated here are only for formatting pur poses. They are not the required minimum contents for each chapter.

C. Significance of the Study

Note that only the first-level su bhead is included in the Table of Contents.

A. Background of the Study

D. Scope and Limitations

1 5 7 10


K. SAMPLE LISTS The following examples serve as a guide for the look of your lists of tables, matrices, and figures (which includes charts, illustrations, pictures, and other graphics). In your actual document, begin a new page for each list. Make sure that the titles in these lists are the same as those in the body of your document. Also, number all your tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic numerals without decimal places (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and not 1.0., 1.1., 1.2.) . Details for the titling of tables and other collaterals are in Section IV. In creating thes e lists , insert a three-column table and label each column accordingly. The first column has a width of 0.75” while the third column has a width of 0.5”. Single-space titles, but put a double space between titles.

LIST OF TABLES Number 1

Title Profile of Respondents

Page 1

2

1

3

5

4

7

5

10

LIST OF FIGURES Number

Title

Page

1 2 3 4 5


The page number appears on the second page of each chapter. Locate it 0.5” from the top and ali gn it with the voluptate right velitmargin. esse Use quam nihil Times New Roman, 12

Top margin: 1”

L. SAMPLE PAGE LAY-OUT

Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea

2

points.

molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est

laborum.1

Use superscripted Hindu-Arabic numerals for footnotes. Use footnotes rather than endnotes.

Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni

Left margin: dolores eos qui ratione voluptate m sequi nesciunt. 1.5”

Right margin: 1”

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page, separated from the main text by a line. Footnotes are numbered consecutively using Hindu-Arabic numerals. The text uses the same font and font size as the main body. The footnote t ext is single-spaced and the justification is ragged right. I ts first line is indented by 0.5”. Make sure that the footnote and its referent are on the same page.

1

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Guidebook 2016, page 24 Bottom margin: 1”

M. SAMPLE FIRST PAGE OF A CHAPTER The chapter must be labeled with the appropriate Roman numeral and title, in all caps.

There is no page number on the first page of each chapter.

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptate m. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? be indented, ragged right justify, At vero eos et accusamusParagraphs et iusto odiomust dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis and double-spaced. There are no extra spaces paragraphs. But there is an extra double praesentium voluptatum delenitibetween atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi space between sections. sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt READ the supplementary materials for details about citation, using either APArerum or MLA. mollitia animi, id est laborum etin-text dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem facilisDo estnot et mix citation styles. expedita distinctio.

Do not use any footer. The bottom part of the page must be devoted to footnotes, if any.


N. SUBHEADS

I. INTRODUCTION

The chapter must be labeled with the appropriate Roman numeral and title, in all caps.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. The first-level subhead must be centered and labeled with the appropriate letter in caps.

A. The First Subhead

This is the only subhead that appears in the Table of Contents (TOC). It mus t be the same as the one in the TOC.

Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptate m quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.

The second-level subhead must be centered, italicized, and labeled with the appropriate

1. The Second Subhead

Hindu-Arabic numeral.

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptate m. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? a. The Third Subhead

There mus t only be three levels of subheads to prom ote readability. The flush-left third-level subhead is labeled with a lowercase letter.

Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?


O. SAMPLE TABLES

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Extra doubl e space before a table.

Table 2. Profile of Respondents (N=365) Gender Male Female

Number tables consecutively usin g Hindu-Arabic numerals. Separate Table Numbers from the Table Title Titles must be concise and italicized. Ensure that titles are the entered the same way in the TOC. “N” indicates total sample size.

Frequency

Percentage 44.4 55.6

Age 21 to 34 35 to 57 Notes:

50.3 49.7

Instructions: 1. Consolidate similar data in one table with spanner heads, as shown in the example. Column heads and spanner heads (e.g. Gender) must be centered within the cell, while row entries must be flush left. 2. Single-space the table. Include an extra double space before and after the table. 3. Figures must be aligned right, then centered in the cell. Distinguish percentage figures from frequencies through a single decimal place. 4. Do not compute percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100. Use either raw frequencies or proportions. 5. Include notes on the last merged row of the table. Examples of notes include sources, multiple response items, among others. 6. Place a table immed iately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. Remember that since tables are visual aids, they must be located after they are cited. In other words, the discussion must precede the table.


Table 3. Change in Job by Gender and Age Gender

Sample Change in job

First employment Underemployed The same Better Chi-square

(N=320) 27.2 13.4 56.9 2.5

Male

Female

(n=142) (n=178) 19.7 33.1 7.7 18.0 68.3 47.8 4.2 1.1 2  (3, N = 320) = 30.30, p < .01

Age 21 to 34 35 to 57 years old years old (n=161) (n=159) 26.7 27.7 12.4 14.5 59.0 54.7 1.9 3.1 2  (3, N = 320) = 1.06, p = .79

Instructions: 1. For cross-tabulations, put independent variables on the columns and dependent variables on the rows. 2. Indicate the sub-sample sizes with a small letter n. 3. For bi-variate and multi- variate tables with Chi-square tests of significance, remember to include the following statistics : - 2 (1, N = 320) = 1.00, p = .32  2 (Degree of freedom, N = Sample size), Computed Chi-square value, p = Significance score 4. For t-tests and ANOVA, create a table that shows mean scores and standard deviation. Include the following statistics: - t (318 = 3.99, p < .01)  t (Degree of freedom = Computed T-test value, p = Significance score) - F (3,316 = 5.76, p < .01)  F (Degree of freedom, Sample size = ANOVA value, p = Significance score) 5. If SPSS shows p = .00 change the notation to p < .01


P. SAMPLE CHART

Chart 1. Annual Deployment of Overseas Filipino Workers, 1984-2002 1,000 800

Total

‘ i (

600

r e b m 400 u N

Land-based

200 Sea-based 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

2003 2004

Year Source. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. (2005). Overseas Employment Statistics [Data in Microsoft Excel files]. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from .

Instructions: 1. Consecutively number charts using Hindu-Arabic numerals. 2. Streamline charts, removing extra lines, zeroes, etc. 3. Do not use color in distinguishing the categories in the charts. Instead, use patterns or a palette of black, white, and distinct shades of gray. 4. Single-space the text in the chart. Include an extra double space before and after the chart. 5. Include notes at the bottom of the chart. Examples of notes include sources and multiple response items. For sources, follow APA guidelines, as shown in the example above. 6. Place a chart immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As with other visual aids, charts must be located after they are cited. In other words, the discussion must precede the chart.


Q. SAMPLE GRAPHIC

Figure 1. Images from the 2005 Philippine Fiesta in America

Clockwise, from top left: Last year’s beauty pageant winners; a boot h selling Philippine cable TV services, food items sold turo-turo (point-point) style; a booth with a traditional hut; and a parade of colors.

Instructions: 1. Consecutively number figures using Hindu-Arabic numerals. Include all pictures, illustrations, and graphics under figures. 2. Consolidate similar images in a collage as shown above. Crop pictures to save space. 3. Single-space the caption. Include an extra double space before and after the chart. 4. Include notes after the caption. Examples of notes are sources, in which case, follow APA guidelines. 5. Place a figure immediate ly after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As with other visual aids, figures must be located after they are cited. In other words, the discussion must precede the figure.


R. SAMPLE MATRIX

Matrix 1. Sample Episode Codes for Sex and the City Item

Episode 7. The Chicken Dance

Alcohol

They drink at the footsteps of the apartment next to Miranda’s while chatting. They even walk with “open containers.” Samantha looks drunk at the wedding reception.

Nutrition

Meals are served during the love triangle date, the going-away party for Jeremy, during their regular meal at Café, café and also during the wedding.

Episode 9. The Man, the Myth, and the Viagra Carrie drinks wine at the dinner with Big. Miranda drinks at the Comic bar then when she meets Steve. Cocktails at Denial. Brunch with alcohol. Samantha is at a bar drinking wine when she meets the old guy. Brunch al fresco at Vermouth. Mountains of vegetables. Miranda eats rice pudding.

Instructions: 1. Include only summary matrices in the body of the document. Place extended matrices — suc h as those that include verbatim interview transcripts — in the appendices. Since these extended matrices organize transcripts, raw transcripts must no longer be included in the thesis. 2. Vertically and horizontally center column heads. 3. Matrices must be formatted the same way as the other organizing tools. Notice the title format and the single-spaced text, for instance. Also, include an extra double space before and after the matrix. 4. Consecutively number matrices using Hindu-Arabic numerals. 5. Place a matrix on the same page, or on the next page immediately after the page, where it is cited.


III. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections The following are suggested chapters and sections that may be used for theses and dissertations. Title Page Approval Sheet Page Biographical Data Page Abstract Table of Contents Lists of Tables, Matrices, Figures (if any) I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

Introduction Review of Related Literature Study Framework Methodology/Research Design Results and Discussion Summary and Conclusion Implications and Recommendations Bibliography Appendices B. Basic Writing Guidelines

I.

INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides an overview of the entire work. A. Background of the Study. This section must contain the following: 1. An introduction of the communication or media concern that the work seeks to discuss using historical and baseline data (e.g., timelines, statistical trends, population data, media facts and figures), and qualitative insights (e.g., quotations, anecdotes, reviews); 2. An introduction and explanation of the chosen cases (e.g., a media organization, the population of young adults, a specific geographical area) that are going to be used to study the communication or media concern. [For example, the introduction first introduces corruption in media outlets by explaining envelopmental and checkbook journalism. It then explains why beat reporters are the best people to study for this type of corruption in media.] B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives. This section must not only be a listing of the problem and objectives. Instead, it must link the problem to the arguments presented in the background of the study (ideally, in a 100- word paragraph). The research problem itself must be a clearly articulated research question or a series of questions. C. Significance of the Study. This must state why the study is being done. It must draw arguments from the background of the study, the related literature, the study Guidebook 2016, page 32

framework to explain 1) how the study can illuminate a specific communication or media concern and 2) why the chosen cases can best address this concern. It must provide a preview of the implications and recommendations. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. This chapter must provide a substantive review of the findings, methods, and theories from previous studies as published in academic and scholarly-re viewed documents such as journals, research anthologies, theses, and dissertations. Some helpful tips in writing the review: ! Begin the literature with a description of the concepts that are being explored in the chapter. Do not say, “This chapter reviews related literature.” ! The literature that is being reviewed must be organized according to substantive concepts/themes that adhere to the objectives of the study. Thus, refrain from organizing the literature into “local studies” and “foreign studies” unless the research objective of the study is to compare territorial perspectives. Also, never organize the related literature review according to document type (e.g., journals, books, theses, dissertations). ! The literature must not be an enumeration of previous studies. In other words, it must not appear as an extended annotated bibliography. (An example would be to have a series of paragraphs that begin with “A thesis by…,” “Another thesis by…,” and “Yet another thesis by…”.) ! The literature links your study to previous research. Thus, a review must cogently compare and contrast what has been argued in literature on the communication or media concern that is at the heart of the current work; afterwards, explain how these arguments relate to your own research. Group together similar findings, then contrast these with dissenting results. Provide a critique of the literature being reviewed. ! Textbook definitions and the etymologies of concepts must appear in the introduction, not in this chapter. ! In citing related literature, use the past tense (e.g., Cicero (1945) said/argued/ wrote; According to Cicero (1945), pleasure was…). However, in relating related literature to your own research, use the present tense. Please use the appropriate APA or MLA in-text citation format. ! Conclude this chapter with a synthesis of research gaps — what is known and what is unknown, what has been done and what has not been done, what theoretical approaches have been used and which have not been used as regards your research question. This facilitates the connection of your study to previous knowledge and helps you articulate the significance of your research. III. STUDY FRAMEWORK. This chapter presents the theoretical — sociological, critical, humanistic — foundations of your research. Further, it explains how previous scholarly arguments inform your research. Finally, it serves as a blueprint as to how the variables/concepts in your study relate to one another. There are generally two ways of presenting the study framework. One approach that is perhaps useful for qualitative research is a conceptual framework that combines the theoretical concepts and conceptual constructs that are used in the research. Another Guidebook 2016, page 33

approach that is perhaps useful for quantitative research is the three-level operationalization process, which is discussed below. The use of models is encouraged since this helps visualize the relationships among variables and measure or concepts and indicators. A. Theoretical Level. This section explains why a chosen theory best informs the research. It discusses the theory’s author/s and historical roots as well as the original context for which it was developed. It explains each concept in the theory and the inter-relations among these concepts. Moreover, the section includes a literature-based critique of the theory. Thus, the discussion of the theoretical level must not solely depend on a textbook compendium of theories (such as Littlejohn’s), but on a thorough research of the theory’s evolution itself and a comprehensive analysis of its concepts and arguments using various scholarly sources. Should the research involve several theories, each individual theory must be discussed as described in the preceding paragraph. Then, a discussion of how the theories integrate — which concepts are either included or excluded, for instance — must be included. Remember that theoretical framework must be parsimonious. Thus, avoid unnecessar ily complicated models and arguments that cover a bigger ground than what the research does. B. Conceptual Level. This applies the theory or the integrative theory into the thesis/dissertatio n. It explains the soundness of how a concept as originally defined by its author translates into the current effort. C. Operational Level . This section explains the specific measures for the measures or indicators that are being used in the study to explore particular variables and concepts. This section must match the components of the research instrument. D. Operational Definition of Terms. This section includes terms that are used differently from their dictionary definitions. E. Statement of Hypotheses. Quantitative studies that involve statistical analysis must include this section. Each hypothesis (labeled as H1, H2a, H2b…) must be introduced by an explanatory paragraph. IV. METHODOLOGY. This chapter describes and explains the logic behind the gathering and analysis of research data. In the proposal stage, this chapter is written in the future tense. Thus, during thesis writing stage, make sure that this chapter’s text is changed into past tense. A. Research Design and Methods. This section explains the choices in the conduct of the research. Did the study use a qualitative, a quantitative, or a triangulate approach? Did it use a one-shot, cross-sectional, or longitudinal approach? Which specific methods were used? Why? B. Concepts and Indicators/Variables and Measures. This links the framework and the methodology. Thus, this section discusses how specific variables or concepts were operationalized into particular measures or indicators.


C. Research Instruments. This section describes the questionnaires that were used to gather data. Rather than simply regurgitat ing the elements of the instruments, this section must explain the logic behind the design of these questionnaires. D. Units of Analysis and Sampling . This section explains how specific units (e.g., households or groups, newspapers or news articles) were chosen for the study. Also, it explains how these units were selected using probability or non probability sampling. E. Data Gathering/Generation and Construction. This section describes in detail the protocols that were followed during data gathering, especially in the implementation of the sampling scheme, and the rationale behind these protocols. It can also include a timetable or a budget report. This section also explains any changes between the proposed and the implemented data gathering procedure. F. Data Analysis. This section explains how and why the data were organized, analyzed, and interpreted accordingly. G. Scope and Limitations. This section must explain the parameters of the study. An important caveat is that a concern that is not within the scope of the study must not be considered as a limitatio n. For instance, do not say that a qualitative study is limited by its inability to provide representativeness and generalizabi lity because, in the first place, a qualitative study is not designed to do so. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION*. This chapter presents the findings of the study. To ensure that the research does address what it originally sought to do, this chapter must be organized according to the specific objectives. In the case of studies that use triangulation, this chapter must not be organized according to methods to promote consistency across theses and dissertations and ease of access to their findings. Thus, a section in the Results and Discussion chapter must draw from both quantitative and qualitative data to address the objectives. Findings can only be organized by method if the study is primarily methodological in nature. Thus, an answer to a specific objective must draw from both quantitative and qualitative data. This transmutation table below must be used for quantitative data. Never use percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100. Instead, use proportions or ratios. Percentage 20 25 33.3 50 51 60 66.7 70 75 80 90 95-99 100

Proportion/Fractions 1/5 1/4 1/3 1/2 3/5 2/3 !

4/5

Ratios 1 out of 5 1 out of 4 1 out of 3 1 out of 2 Majority 6 out of 10 2 out of 3 Exactly 7 out of 10 3 out of 4 4 out of 5 9 out of 10 Most All

2 out of 10 2 out of 8 More than 3 out of 10 5 out of 10 A big majority About 7 out of 10 6 out of 8 8 out of 10 Almost all


Some helpful items to remember in writing the results and discussion: ! Discussion must precede any visual aid such as tables, charts, pictures or matrices. ! All direct quotes must be italicized and attributed to specific informants (use pseudonyms if needed). Quotes that are longer than three manuscript lines must be indented by 0.5”. Non-English quotes from interviewees and FGD participants must be followed by an English translation in brackets. ! When discussing data, use the past tense because there were gathered weeks before the write-up is composed. However, use the present tense when making inferences across findings. ! The findings of the study must be linked to the earlier chapters. To compose a sound and solid thesis or dissertation, compare and contrast the findings with what has been earlier found in literature or argued in theory. Thus, cite previous studies and theories in making your arguments. VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. This chapter must include the following: A. Summary. This answers the general objective by discussing the findings across specific objectives. In doing this, cite previous studies and theories to support various arguments. B. Conclusion. This succinctly answers the research question. VII.

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Any research must ultimately answer the question “So what?” This chapter directly answers this question on at least three levels (see below). There are other possible implications and recommendations. A. Theoretical Issues. This section explains 1) the theoretical value of the findings and 2) the soundness of the original study framework. It must chart future research directions on the same topic but from or with a different theoretical perspective. It may also offer a new theory — this is particularly important for a dissertation. B. Methodological Issues. This section explains the soundness of the methodology as it was implemented. It discusses the implications of the methods, the units of analysis, sampling scheme, research instruments, and data gathering procedures on the resultant findings. It must chart future directions for studies on the same topic but which use a different methodology. C. Practical Issues. This section discusses the practical implications and applications of the findings. Examples include recommendations on improving media literacy and communication practice.


C. Memorandum No. FRN 15-038




UPD CMC Thesis and Dissertation Format 2016 V1

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