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QZNXN ZAEIAMNFNE @G_GYH ZNDN MAGTFA_KNL ZLNET
Ndhtxn Kqftndh, _aedrn ]nfxqdhtxg, Qylqdhe Mfgeh, Nrhac Bn‘cnr Bqrqyne Ta`eh` Chyh`n, Cn`qltny Ta`eh`, Qehsaryhtny Mndbnf Kndn
Noytrn` Magtfarknl karqzn`ne ynlnf yntq yqkoar aearmh taronrq`ne xnem ynemnt kaebnebh`ne%
Zaemmqenne zneny oqkh yaonmnh yqkoar taenmn lhytrh` kakhlh`h onexn` `aqetqemne dh ya`tgr a`gegkh dne lhem`qemne ohln dhonedhem`ne yqkoar dnxn nlnk lnheexn% Enkqe dakh`hne, dh dnlnk lnznemne yalnlq ndn zarknynlnfne ta`ehy, yazarth thkoqlexn `grgyh zndn kntarhnl magtfarknl zlnet xnem dnznt kaexaono`ne kaeqrqeexn `hearbn dnrh yhytak magtfarknl zlnet %
Kn`n dnrh htq, oaronmnh qznxn zaeiamnfne `grgyh zarlq dhln`q`ne dakh kaebnmn `hearbn dnrh yhytak magtfarknl zlnet
H% NZN HTQ MAGTFA_KNL7 Magtfarknl ntnq xnem bqmn dh`aenl aearmh zneny oqkh ndnlnf aearmh zneny xnem
taryhkzne dnlnk ontqne dh on}nf zarkq`nne oqkh dne clqhdn xnem tar`nedqem dh dnlnkexn% Zneny oqkh dnlnk oaetq` qnz nhr ndnlnf yqkoar aearmh taronrq`ne xnem dnznt dhmqen`ne kaemmarn``ne zakonem`ht lhytrh`% Mny zneny oqkh dhzarglaf daemne inrn zaemaogrne zndn dnarnf xnem kakzqexnh zgtaeyh magtfarknl % Qnz xnem `alqnr dhknecnnt`ne qetq` kakneny`ne `atal qnz & oghlar ( dne zndn n`fhrexn dnznt kaemmarn``ne tqrohe xnem tarynkoqem `a maearntgr% Yaonmnh ynlnf yntq yqkoar aearmh taronrq`ne, aearmh zneny oqkh dnznt kaebndh nltarenthc taronh` qetq` kaemntnyh `rhyhy aearmh% Zaemmqenne zneny oqkh yaonmnh yqkoar taenmn lhytrh` kakhlh`h onexn` `aqetqemne dh ya`tgr a`gegkh dne lhem`qemne ohln dhonedhem`ne yqkoar dnxn nlnk lnheexn yazarth ontq onrn, khexn` oqkh, nhr dne yaonmnhexn% Yhcnt zneny oqkh yaonmnh yqkoar aearmh taronrq`ne kaebnkhe `afnednlne gzarnyhgenl zakonem`ht `nraen clqhdn zneny oqkh yaonmnh yqkoar taenmn xnem dhmqen`ne yaonmnh zaemmarn`exn n`ne yalnlq taryadhn dne thdn` n`ne kaemnlnkh zaeqrqene bqklnf% Zndn ya`tgr lhem`qemne, oardhrhexn zakonem`ht lhytrh` zneny oqkh thdn` n`ne kakzaemnrqfh `ataryadhnne nhr tnenf dh ya`htnr nran taryaoqt `nraen yhyn oqnemne nhr dhyqeth``ne `a oqkh daemne `adnlnkne xnem bnqf dnrh zarkq`nne nhr tnenf% Lhkonf xnem dhfnyhl`ne bqmn fnexn oarqzn nhr yafhemmn thdn` kaemgtgrh qdnrn dne karqyn` ntkgychr% Yalnhe htq aearmh zneny oqkh znlhem
rnknf lhem`qemne% Akhyh `nroge dhg`yhdn &IG ?( xnem dhfnyhl`ne zakonem`ht lhytrh` ontqonrn kaeinznh 86: `m'K]f% Ndnzqe qetq` ZLTZ, akhyh `nrogeexn fnexn ya`htnr >=1 `m'K]f% Kneqyhn thdn` kqem`he tarqy kaearqy kaemmqen`ne khexn` oqkh, mny nlnk ntnqzqe ontqonrn yaonmnh yqkoar aearmh% Dh ynkzhem zakn`nhneexn tarontny khexn` oqkh, mny nlnk dne ontqonrn bqmn kaexqkonem`ne akhyh mny oqnem xnem themmh, xnem yakn`he lnkn n`ne yakn`he kaemneink `ayahkonemne nlnk% Aearmh zneny oqkh kqlnh dh`akonem`ne yaonmnh zakonem`ht taenmn lhytrh` yabn` tnfqe >8:4 dh Htnlhn% Yadnem`ne zaknecnntne aearmh zneny oqkh yainrn lnemyqem & dhrait qya( talnf dhbnlne`ne dh Hylnedhn tnfqe >89:% Yabn` ynnt htq aearmh zneny oqkh zqe kqlnh kaemqednem `atartnrh`ne yabqklnf eamnrn qetq` kaemakonem`neexn%
HH% DHKNEN@NF YQKOA_ MAGTFA_KNL7
Yqkoar aearmh zneny oqkh xnem zgtaeyhnl dne oarehlnh a`gegkhy fnexn oarndn dh lg`nyh tartaetq daemne `gedhyh maglgmh xnem `fny% Zaemnkntne xnem kqdnf ndnlnf daemne kaeinrh `aoarndnne knehcaytnyh zneny oqkh% Bh`n dh yqntq lg`nyh dhtakq`ne cqknrgla dne kntn nhr zneny, kn`n yqdnf znyth dhon}nfexn ndn yqkoar zneny oqkh xnem kakoqnt takzarntqr nhr tnenf kaehem`nt dne kakoqntexn `alqnr `a zarkq`nne tnenf yaonmnh kntn nhr zneny% Dnrh yqdqt znednem maglgmh, yqkoar aearmh zneny oqkh oarnynl dnrh knmkn xnem oarndn dh dnlnk oqkh% Hn oarzarne yazarth `gkzgr xnem kaexnln% Knmkn taryaoqt kaemfnetnr`ne zneny yainrn `gedq`thc zndn ontqne dhya`htnrexn% Zneny taryaoqt bqmn kaemn`hont`ne nlhrne `gesa`yh clqhdn fxdrgtfarknl dh dnlnk zgrhzgrh ontqne% @akqdhne clqhdn fxdrgtfarknl heh n`ne oarmarn` `a ntny enkqe thdn` ynkznh `a zarkq`nne `nraen tartnfne glaf lnzhyne ontqne xnem oaryhcnt hkzarkanoal % Lg`nyh takznt tarn`qkqlnyhexn clqhdn fxdrgtfarknl dhyaoqt rayarsghr, ntnq laohf tazntexn rayarsghr zneny oqkh% Daemne ndnexn lnzhyne hkzarkanoal taryaoqt, kn`n fxdrgtfarknl xnem tardnznt zndn rayarsghr zneny oqkh tarzhynf daemne mrgqed}ntar xnem oarndn laohf dnem`nl% Oardnynr`ne htq yakqn kn`n yainrn qkqk yhytak zneny oqkh tardhrh ntny thmn alakae2 &>( ontqne rayarsghr, &?( clqhdn rayarsghr, xnem oarzarne kaemfnetnr`ne zneny `a zarkq`nne tnenf, &9( ontqne zneny & fant rgi` ( ntnq knmkn yaonmnh yqkoar zneny &Mgcc ned Intfx, ?:::(%
@gedhyh maglgmh yqkoaryqkoar aearmh zneny oqkh xnem talnf dhtakq`ne dh dqehn ynnt heh nknt oarnmnk% Enkqe kaeqrqt Knrheh &?::>(, yainrn mnrhy oaynr ohyn dh`algkzg`ne `adnlnk dqn kgdal maglgmh dnarnf zneny oqkh, xnhtq2
yhytak knmknth` sgl`neh` n`thc
yhytak yalnhe knmknth` sgl`neh` n`thc :
Dnarnf zneny oqkh oartakzarntqr themmh &laohf dnrh >6: I( xnem ohyn dhknecnnt`ne qetq` zakonem`ht lhytrh`, yaonmhne oaynr tardnznt zndn yhytak knmknth` sgl`neh` n`thc% Yakaetnrn, zaknecnntne aearmh zneny oqkh qetq` zaknecnntnelnemyqem & dhrait qya( ohyn dhzarglaf dnrh `adqn yhytak taryaoqt%
Mnkonr >% Zatn yaonrne dnarnf sgl`neh` n`thc dh Hedgeayhn dne gen tqkoq`ne lakzaem oaeqn Aqrnyhn dne HedgNqytrnlhn &Fgifytahe ned Yqdnrkne, ?::6( Yhytak knmknth` sgl`neh` n`thc xnem oartakzarntqr themmh qkqkexn tardnznt dh ya`htnr zartakqne netnrn lakzaem ynkqdrn dne lakzaem oaeqn% Zgyhyh Hedgeayhn taznt oarndn dh ontny netnrn lakzaem Aqrnyhn dne HedgNqytrnlhn% Glaf `nraen htq, kaeqrqt intntne Sglinehinl Yqrsax gc Hedgeayhn &SYH( xnem dhrhlhy tnfqe >886, dh Hedgeayhn tardnznt ?41
dnarnf zrgyza` zneny oqkh% Ndnzqe yxnrntyxnrnt kaebndh yqkoar aearmh zneny oqkh ndnlnf oarh`qt 2 n% Ndnexn ontqne zneny oqkh oarqzn knmkn% o% Ndnexn zaryadhnne nhr tnenf yaiq`qzexn xnem yhr`qlnyhexn da`nt daemne yqkoar knmkn, nmnr dnznt taroaetq` qnz nhr zneny% i% Ndnexn ontqne oarzgrh &zgragqy( xnem kaexhkzne yqkoar qnz dne nhr zneny &rayarsghr rgi`(%
d% Ndnexn ontqne `arny xnem kaenfne fhlnemexn qnz dne nhr zneny &inz+rgi`( %
a% Ndnexn mabnlnmabnln ta`tgeh`, dhknen dnznt taroaetq` ra`nfnera`nfne dh`qlht oqkh, xnem kakoarh`ne bnlne `azndn qnz dne nhr zneny oarmarn` `a zarkq`nne oqkh% :
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c% Znenyexn fnrqy kaeinznh khehkqk ya`htnr >6: ’ ?1: I%
HHH%THZA+THZA YHYTAK MAGTFA_KNL
Dhlhfnt dnrh yhytakexn, aearmh magtfarknl kakhlh`h ? thza2 >% ]ntar+gr lh~qhd dgkhentad magtfarknl yhytaky
Zndn yhytak heh inhrne nhr `gethexq, ta`neneexn kaemgergl cnyn clqhdn% Oaoarnzn qnz kqem`he ndn, qkqkexn yaonmnh oqoola xnem oarlnhene% Yhyta, magtfarknl heh oarndn :
zndn raetnem takzarntqr >?1 ’ ??1 I, xnem karqzn`ne dhytrhoqyh znlhem onexn` dh dqehn% Yhytak heh tarmnetqem `azndn takzarntqr dne `gedhyh t a`nene, `nraenexn yhytak heh dnznt kaemfnyhl`ne nhr zneny, inkzqrne nhr dne qnz, qnz onynf dne dnlnk oaoarnzn `nyqy bqmn kaemfnyhl`ne qnz `arhem% Ndnzqe inhrne zneny xnem oarnynl dnrh dnlnk oqkh kakzqexnh `gkzgyhyh rntnrntn yaoaynr 6:! nhr zneny dne ?:! qnz% ?% Snzgqr+dgkhentad magtfarknl yhytaky &drx ytank(
Zndn yhytak heh clqhdn nhr dne qnz egrknlexn kaebndh ig+avhyt dh rayarsghr, daemne qnzexn xnem `gethexq, dne ta`nene yaonmnh zaemgetrgl cnyn% Ohnynexn yhytak heh kaemfnyhl`ne qnz xnem `arhem ynkznh daemne yqzarfantad % Y`aknth` zg}ar zlnet magtfarknl daemne thza }ntar dgkhentad rayarsghr dnznt dhlhfnt zndn mnkonr dhon}nf2
Mnkonr ?% Y`aknth` Zakonem`ht Lhytrh` Taenmn Zneny Oqkh &ZLTZ( thza ]ntar Dgkhentad _ayarsghr
Yainrn qkqk tnfnzne xnem tarbndh zndn zrgyay zaemglnfne aearmh magtfarknl kaein`qz fnl fnl oarh`qt2 n% Zneny dnrh knmkn kaeakoqy lnzhyne ontqne on}nf tnenf dne kakneny`ne nhr tnenf% Nhr tnenf taryaoqt `akqdhne kaebndh qnz zneny oarta`nene themmh% Qnz dhlazny`ne kalnlqh yqkqr zaemaogrne `a rayarsghr% Inhrne knyhf oaroaetq` dqn cnyn% o% Inhrne dqn cnyn heh dhzhynf`ne kaebndh qnz nhr dne nhr zneny & orhea( kalnlqh nlnt zakhynf &ixilgea yaznrntgr ( zndn ta`nene xnem tar`getrgl% i% Nhr zneny xnem talnf tarzhynf `akqdhne dhyqeth`ne `akonlh `a dnlnk oqkh dne qnz znenyexn dh`hrhk `an lnt zakhynf `adqn & ixilgea yirqooar ( xnem oarcqemyh qetq` kakhynf`ne dne bqmn kakhynf`ne `gedaeynt xnem tarbndh n`hont ta`nene dnlnk zhzn% d% Qnz zneny dhon}n `a zg}ar zlnet qetq` `akqdhne dhmqen`ne yaonmnh taenmn tqrohe zakonem`ht lhytrh`% Dhknen =:!exn oarnynl dnrh zrgyay asnzgrnyh% a% Yatalnf kakqtnr tqrohe, qnz xnem oarnynl dnrh zneny oqkh n`ne tar`gedaeynyh dh `gedaeyar n`hont oarinkzqr yainrn lnemyqem daemne nhr zaedhemhe xnem oarnynl dnrh kaenrn zaedhemhe% c% Yhyn `gedaeynt xnem fnkzar 9:! heh `akqdhne dh`hrhk `a hebaithge igedaeynta yxytak% Nhr xnem thdn` tarasnzgrnyh lnlq dhheba`yh`ne `akonlh `a dnlnk oqkh%
m% @akqdhne yh`lqy aearmh heh n`ne `akonlh oarqlnem%
HS% CN@TG_+CN@TG_ ZAEXAONO NDNEXN @G_GYH Orhea dh magtfarknl kaemnedqem `geyaetrnyh mnrnk xnem tarlnrqt themmh tarqtnkn hge
`lgrhdn dne hge yqlcnt, xnem karqzn`ne hge nmrayhc% Bqklnf hgehge taryaoqt ralnthc dhonedhem`ne tarfndnz `nrogent dne oh`nrogent% Yainrn qkqk `gkzgyhyh `hkhn orhea kaemnedqem qeyqrqeyqr yaonmnh oarh`qt2 Entrhqk &En(, @nlhqk &@(, Knmeayhqk &Km(, @nlyhqk &In(, @lgr &Il(, Yqlcnt &YG?(, Yhlh`nt &YhG?(, dne nynk Oh`nrogent &FIG 9(% Oardnynr`ne qeyqr `hkhn tartaetq, nhr dnznt kaehkoql`ne tarbndhexn yinlhem, `grgyh ntnq `adqnexn% Cn`tgr `gkzgyhyh `hkhn orhea xnem kakzaemnrqfh yhcnt `grgyh, netnrn lnhe ndnlnf ynlhehtny dne `geyaetrnyh g`yhmae xnem tarlnrqt &DG(% Ynlhehtny kakzaemnrqfh `gedq`thshtny lhytrh` dnrh orhea% Oaronmnh baehy nmae `grgyhc dne zrgyay xnem tarbndh zndn orhea magtfarknl2
n% Fhdrgmae Yqlchdn &F?Y( Fxdrgmae yqlchda karqzn`ne radq`tgr, oarniqe, dne nynk `grgyhc xnem oarnynl dnrh yqkqr fxdrgtfarknl la}nt zakoaetq`ne nynk yainrn nlnkh% Zndn onbn dne oayh tqnem egdqlnr, ran`yh daemne F ?Y xnem tarbndh ndnlnf yaonmnh oarh`qt2 Ca + F?Y CaY + F? Zakoaetq`ne dazgyht CaY xnem fhtnk, kaenedn`ne ndnexn yarnemne clqhdn% o% G`yhmae &G?('@nroge dhg`yhdn &IG?( @grgyh zndn lgmnk n`thc yazarth oayh dne onbn tarmnetqem dnrh `geyaetrnyh g`yhmae xnem tarlnrqt &dhyyglsad gvxmae — DG(, kaemfnyhl`ne zarkq`nne xnem tar`grgyh2 9Ca + F?G + >,1 G ? Ca?G9%9F?G i% Nkkgehn &EF9( Mny EF9 dhfnyhl`ne dnrh da`gkzgyhyh `hkhn yaexn}n xnem kaemnedqem ehtrgmae yazarth `argmae% Nkkgehn dne mnrnk nkkgehqk kaem`grgyh zndqne takonmn, `qehemne, dne zarqemmq zndn zhzn yqkqr%
S% ZAEIAMNFNE
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KAEMMQEN@NE YHYTAK ZAKHYNFNE QNZ
Zndn oaoarnzn thza Zakonem`ht Lhytrh` Taenmn Zneny Oqkh &ZLTZ(, tarqtnkn zndn zlnet xnem kakhl`h `nrn`tarhyth` qnz onynf, zrgyay zakhynfne qnz dne nhr kakhl`h zarnene
xnem ynemnt zaethem% Fnl heh dh`nraen`ne zndn qkqkexn qnz onynf xnem tardhytrhoqyh dnrh yqkqryqkqr zneny oqkh ohnynexn kaemnedqm ntnt zaemgtgr &oalarnem # yhlh`n( xnem dnznt kaehkoql`ne `grgyh kntarhnl zndn magtfarknl zlnet yafhemmn dnznt kaehkoql`ne `arqmhne% Zrgyay zakhynfne qnz oartqbqne kakhynf`ne qnz dne nhr qetq` kaemfnyhl`ne qnz oaryhf dne `arhem xnem oaony dnrh yaexn}n zaemgtgr xnem ohnynexn lnrqt dnlnk nhr% Yatalnf kalnlqh zrgyay zakhynfne% Crn`yh qnz `arhem xnem dhfnyhl`ne dnrh yaznrntgr taryaoqt `akqdhne dhzn`nh zndn zarfhtqemne dnxn tqrohe% Glaf `nraen htq, yhytak `gesaryh aearmh heh dhenkn`ne Yh`lqy Qnz Fnyhl Zakhynfne% Yh`lqy heh onexn` dhmqen`ne zndn rayarsghr zneny oqkh dgkhenyh xnem tardgkhenyh nhr% Yainrn qkqk zrgyay zakhynfne netnrn cnya qnz dne cnya inhr zndn magtfarknl zlnet yaonmnh oarh`qt2
Dnznt dhlhfnt,oardnynr`ne hlqytrnyh dhntny zndn yhytak ZLTZ kaemmqen`ne yhytak yaznrnyh qnz inhr, gqzqt dnrh yaznrntgr , xnhtq nhr dhheba`yh`ne `akonlh `adnlnk yqkqr magtfarknl , yadnem`ne rayhdq zaemgtgr xnem dhfnyhl`ne, yazarth yhlh`n, oalarnem, dll
dhzhynf`ne taryaedhrh% _aheba`yh dhln`q`ne qetq` kaemqrnemh zaeiaknrne lhem`qemne, kaemqrnemh mrgqed yqoyhdaeia, kaebnmn ta`nene, yartn raifnrma }ntar onmh rayarsghr%
Zndn yaznrntgr xnem dhmqen`ne dh ZLTZ, zrheyhz zakhynfne tarbndh daemne kaknecnnt`ne zrheyhz mrnshtnyh dhknen cnya inhr xnem kakhl`h knyn xnem themmh bntqf `a onmhne on}nf tne`h yaznrntgr % Qnz onynf xnem `alqnr dnrh zarqt oqkh zndn kqlnexn oarqzn nhr zneny oarta`nene themmh xnem zndn ynnt kaebalnem zarkq`nne oqkh tarzhynf kaebndh `hrn `hrn daemne crn`yh ?: ! qnz dne 6: ! nhr% Zaemqnzne inhrne yainrn clnyf karqzn`ne zrgyay xnem hyaetfnlzhi ntnq yarhem dhyaoqt bqmn yaonmnh zrgyay clnyf ndhnonth`% Bh`n dh dnlnk cnya lh~qhdexn fnexn kaemndqem yntq `gkzgeae, khynl fnexn nhr kqreh kn`n zaynknne `ayathkonemne knyn xnem dnznt dhda`nth ndnlnf2
Yadnem`ne zndn qkqkexn zndn zlnet zneny oqkh, zndn cnya lh~qhd tardnznt oaoarnzn yaexn}n lnhe oq`ne nhr, khynlexn yhlh`n dne oalarnem% Zarynknne `aythkonemne knyn qetq` zrgyay heh fnexn ohyn dhyalaynh`ne daemne zrgyay htarnyh
@qnlhtny qnz dh oaronmnh yqkoar zneny oqkh dh dqehn ohnyexn oaroadnoadn, oamhtq zqln xnem tarbndh zndn yaexn}n zaemgtgr xnem tarlnrqtexn% Dhon}nf heh karqzn`ne day`rhzyh trantkaet zakhynfne dne zakqrehne qnz dnrh yaexn}n zaemgtgr, xn`eh yhlh`n zndn ZLTZ
Inlhcgrehn, dhknen zndn ZLTZ heh yhlh`n xnem dhfnyhl`ne yaonmnh rayhdq bqmn dhknecnnt`ne yaonmnh zrgdq` zartnkonemne
Yadnem`ne zndn igetgf magtfarknl zlnet lnheexn dhknen `nedqemne qnz onynfexn kaemnedqem oalarnem, yazarth xnem tarbndh zndn ZLTZ Eaybnsallhr, Aylnedhn, trantkaet
zakhynfne yqlcqr xnem dhln`q`ne ndnlnf daemne kaknecnnt`ne katgda fxorhd CaIL% Zndn katgda CaIl heh tardnznt dqn zrgyay `hkhn xnem tarlhont xn`eh noygrzyh dne ala`trglhyhy% Yainrn `geyaz, zrgyay ra`nyh zrgyay ndnlnf yoo2
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kaemmqen`ne baehy zhzn neth `grgyh, xnem ohnynexn oaronfne zglxzrgzxlaea ntnq zglxatfxlaea% Zarnlntne `fqyqy xnem fnrqy ynemnt dhzarthkonem`ne dnlnk daynhe kntarhnlexn
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