Unit 3 Estimation

ESTIMATION

UNIT-3/ ESTIMATION Types & purpose, Approximate estimate of buildings – Bill of quality, factors to be considered, principles of measurement and billing, contingencies, measurement of basic materials like brick, wood, concrete and unit of measurement for various items of work – abstract of an estimate. Before understanding the construction of any project, it is essential to know it’s probable cost which is

worked out by estimating.

ESTIMATION - Definition An estimate is a computation or calculation c alculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The factors which have complicated the process of estimating are as follows: 1. Advancement in technology 2. Bye-laws of the local body 3. Changes in the living standard of people 4. Demand for improved services & furnishing required 5. Help from financial institution 6. Labour & market conditions of building materials. 7. Multi-storied building in towns & cities & wide range of building materials.

ESTIMATE & ESTIMATING In any construction activity the two basic t hings are involved. 1. Quantity Aspect 2. Quality Aspect The quantity aspect is governed by the study and analysis of drawings, prepared with respect to t he design of the project, which leads to the quantum of work which helps to findout the qualities of various materials required and the total labour force required. The quality aspect is governed through specification of materials and wor kmanship. An estimate is a forecast of its probable cost. The process of preparing an e stimate is known as estimating and includes: 1. Taking out quantities and 2. Abstracting

ACTUAL COST 1

AR 6901 SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATION ***Prepared by Ar.SHEEBA.J@MSAJAA

ESTIMATION

It is known at the completion of the work. The actual cost should not differ much from t he estimated cost worked out at the beginning.

PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING 1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the proposed work. For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain administrative approval, allotment of funds and tec hnical sanction. 2. To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to programme their timely procurement. To procure controlled materials, if any, like cement, steel, etc, quantities of such materials are worked out from the estimate of the work and attached with the application for verification. 3. To calculate the number of different cate gories of workers that are to be employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion. 4. To assess the requirements of Tools, Plants and equipment required to c omplete the wok according to the programme. 5. To fix up the completion period from the volume of wor ks involved in the estimate. 6. To draw up a construction schedule and programme and also to arrange the funds required according to the programming. 7. To justify the investment from benefit cost r atio. 8. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment. 9. An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES There are eight different types of stimate: I.

Detailed estimate

II.

Approximate estimate

III.

Quantity estimate

IV.

Revised estimate

V.

Supplementary estimate

VI.

Revised estimate & Supplementary estimate due to reduction of cost

VII.

Complete estimate

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ESTIMATION

VIII.

Annual maintenance and repair estimate.

There are two ways by which the estimate can be taken a.

Separate invvidual wall method

b. Centre line method I. DETAILED ESTIMATE

A detailed estimate provides schedule of all the possible items and an amount which is very near to the final amount of the structure and the above is prepared for the following two purpose. a.

Execution process

b. Obtaining technical sanction The whole project is subdivided into various stages, the stages broken up into various items of work having same specifications and rates. The detailed estimate comprises the cost as follows: 1. Total cost of various items of work 2. Allowance of the contingencies to accommodate unforeseen e xpenditure on missed items, variation in quality and or rate in different items. 3. Establishment charges for supervision. 4. Estimated amount for the service charges like w ater supply, drainage, sanitary arrangement and electrical installation. 5. Miscellaneous expense, prime cost, provisional sum, etc. The detailed estimate is comprised of: 1) General report 2) Specifications 3) Detailed drawings showing plans, elevation, sections, key plan, drainage layout, electrical drawings, structural drawings, etc. 4) Design data and calculations and 5) Basic rates adopted in rate analysis, etc. To prepare detailed estimate, the U nit-quantity method is adopted.

3


ESTIMATION

Standard Measurement form ITEM NO.

DESCRIPTION

NO.

LENGTH

BREADTH

OF WORK

HEIGHT OR

QUANTITY

TOTAL

DEPTH

Second part of detailed estimate includes abstract of Estimated cost. This estimated cost is increased by 5% for any unforeseen expenditure which is called Contingencies. Other additional expenses like water charges, contractor profit, insurance charges, purchase of tools and equipments for big projects, etc are also calculated and added for arriving at final estimated cost.

ABSTRACT OF AN ESTIMATE ITEM

DESCRIPTION

QUANTITY

UNIT RATE

UNIT OF RATE

AMOUNT

The main functions of an abstract of an est imate: 1. The total estimated cost of the project is known. 2. The various items of the work are known. 3. Creates a part of the tender document. 4. It is the basis of which percentage tenders are called after excluding the amounts of contingencies. 5. The bills of work done are also prepared on the basis of abstract of estimate. 6. Comparative cost of different items of works can also be known. 7. The nomenclature of item provides concise description of the nature of the work, name of the materials & quantities, workmanship, period of curing, consideration of land & lift, scaffolding, shuttering, dewatering operation including all transport, tools and plants. 8. Generally items of estimate is arranged to the progress of construction work .

Sequence of items may be: 1. Earth work. 2. Brickwork or RCC work in foundation & plinth. 3. Damp-proof course. 4. Brickwork in superstructure. 5. RCC work in superstructure including centering & steel reinforcement.

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ESTIMATION

6. Woodwork for doors, windows & ventilators. 7. Structural steel works & grill work. 8. Paving & floor finish 9. Plastering (internal, external & ceiling) 10. Terracing (weathering course and water proofing – flat tiles) 11. Painting & colour washing (Doors, windows, ventilators, grills and cemented surfaces) 12. Water supply and sanitation 13. Electrification 14. Miscellaneous (Overhead tank, sump, elevation finishes, platform, septic tank, compound wall gate, etc)

Important factors for detailed estimate: 1. Availability of local labour 2. Availability of materials 3. Location of site 4. Transportation of materials 5. Quantity of materials II. APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE

Normal to take approximate estimate in the beginning The reasons for this are: 1. Preliminary studies 2. Investment 3. Financial aspect 4. Tax schedule 5. Insurance Approximate estimate preparation consists of multiplying the numbers of items or units in the proposed structure by the known cost of a similar item or unit in a similar existing st ructure.

5


ESTIMATION

It involves the following two operations: 1. Fix up the unit and count the number of such units in the proposed work. 2. Fix up the unit cost by studying the actual cost of similar existing structure constructed in near past.

The approximate cost of a building can be found by the use of any one of following six methods: a.

Unit area or Service Unit Method

b. Plinth Area or Square Metre Method c.

Cubic rate or Cubic Metre Method

d. Typical-bay Method e. Approximate Quantities Method f.

Empirical Equations for materials and manpower.

A. UNIT RATE/ SERVICE-UNIT METHOD: Indicates most important unit in a structure School building - Classroom Hospial

- Bed

Watertank

- Litre

Apartment

- Tenemant

Stadium

- Seat

Prison

- Cell

Office building/Hotel - Room

Approximate cost of structure = No. of service units in structure X Cost of corresponding service unit in a similar existing structure B. PLINTH AREA / SQUARE METRE METHOD: In this method the area of each floor in the proposed building is worked out in square metres.

Approximate cost of proposed building = Total area of all floors X Cost per Square Metre of a similar existing building 6


ESTIMATION

Following factors affect the Approximate cost: 1. Shape of Building: Cost of square building is less than the rectangular building. Eg: 10mx10m=100sq.m, 20mx5m=100sq.m Hence, the perimeter of a square building is less and hence the cost is less. 2. Spacing of columns: The spacing of columns affects the floor system and is considerably changed and this afects the cost of structural members. 3. Change of Price level 4. Ceiling Height 5. Type of construction 6. Large openings 7. Location of the building 8. Nature of soil 9. Numbers of floors 10. Use of buildings 11. Situation of buildings

C. CUBIC RATE/ CUBIC METRE METHOD: In this method the cost per cubic metre is used as a base for finding out the approximate cost o f the proposed building.

Approximate cost of proposed building = Total Cubical c ontents of proposed building X Cost per cubic metre of a similar existing structure The floor area is taken and multiplied by the floor height to get the cubical contents.

D.TYPICAL BAY METHOD: It is useful in case of buildings which have several similar bays. A bay is a space from centre to centre of two successive columns. A typical interior bay is selected and its total cost is worked out.

Approximate cost of building = Number of bays in t he proposed building X cost of one bay.

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ESTIMATION

E. APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES METHOD: In this method, the wall foundations are measured in linear measurements i.e., in running metres. The approximate quantities of items such as excavation, foundation, concrete, brickwork upto plinth level and damp proof course are computed per running length and with the help of rates of these items. Similarly, the super structure is measured in r unning measurements and a suitable price per running metre is built-up including brickwork inside and outside, finishing, wood work, etc.

F. EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR MATERIALS AND MANPOWER: Following are the equations in which 'A' re presents the plinth area of building Sq.m. 1. Brick (% Nos)

:

2.26A+66.8

2. Brick Bats (Cu.m)

:

0.113A-0.83

3. Cement (Tonne)

:

0.153A+0.57

4. Lime (quintal)

:

0.145A-0.35

5. Steel (Kg)

:

21.3A-314

6. Sand (Cu.m)

:

0.47A-7

7. Blue metal - 40mm (Cu.m) :

0.145A+1.5

8. Grit - 20mm (Cu.m)

0.176A-0.21

:

9. Timber frames & shutters (Cu.m) : 0.019A+0.23 10. Glass (Sq.m)

:

0.064A+0.73

11. Primer (Lt)

:

0.068A

12. Paint (Lt)

:

0.108A+0.27

13. Mason in Nos.

:

1.335A+28

14. Carpenter in Nos.

:

1.184A-9

15. Blacksmith in Nos.

:

0.269A-4

16. Mazdoor in Nos.

:

4.769A+32

17. Painter in Nos

:

0.089A

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ESTIMATION

III. QUANTITY ESTIMATE

It is a complete estimate showing quantities of all the items, required to c omplete the project. The quantity of each individual item is worked out from the drawing and it is then multiplied with the rate per unit for that item to find out the cost. In this type of estimate only bills of quantities are prepared for all necessary items and when they are priced, gives the complete estimate of the project. IV. REVISED ESTIMATE

It is a detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of items o f original estimate. It is necessary due to the following reasons. 1. Sanctioned estimate likely to exceed more than 5%. 2. Expenditure of works exceed more than 10%. 3. Material deviations. 4. Sanctioned estimate is found more than the actual r equirements. V. SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE

Some changes or additional works due to mate rial deviation or a structural nature from the originally approved design maybe thought necessary when the work is in progress, for all such items a detailed estimate is prepared. It is to be attached with a detailed report describing the reasons for new additional work. VI. REVISED ESTIMATE AND SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATES DUE TO REDUCTION OF COST

When a certain section of a project costing not less than 5% of the total sanctioned cost of the project is abandoned or deviation results in savings the estimate is revised. VII. COMPLETE ESTIMATE

A complete estimate is prepared after adding an estimated cost of all items of the project to the main detailed estimate. It includes the cost of the land, cost of legal expenses required between the owner and the contractors, engineering fees, architect’s fees, cost of supervision or works and a detailed estimate with contingencies. VIII. ANNUAL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR ESTIMATE

It is required to maintain the completed project for its proper function and estimate is prepared for the same in the form of a detailed estimate. This includes items of renewal, replacement, repairs, etc.

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ESTIMATION

BILL OF QUANTITY (BoQ) & FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED The bill of quantities (sometimes referred to as 'BoQ') is a document prepared by the cost consultant (often a quantity surveyor) that provides project specific measured quantities of the items of work identified by the drawings and specifications in the tender documentation. The quantities may be measured in number, length, area, vo lume, weight or time. Preparing a bill of quantities requires that the design is complete and a specification has been prepared. The bill of quantities is issued to tenderers for them to prepare a price for carrying out the works. The bill of quantities assists tenderers in the calculation of construction costs for their tender, and, as it means all tendering contractors will be pricing the same quantities (rather than taking-off quantities from the drawings and specifications themselves), it also provides a fair and ac curate system for tendering. The contractor tenders against the bill of quantities, stating their price for each item. This price d bill of quantities constitutes the tenderer's offer. As the offer is built up of prescribed items, it is possible to compare both the overall price and individual items directly with other tenderers' offers, allowing a detailed assessment of which aspects of a tender may offer good or poor value. This information can assist with tender negotiations. The priced bill of quantities will also: 

Assist with the agreement of the contract sum with the successful tenderer.



Provide a schedule of rates assisting with the valuation of variations.



Provide a basis for the valuation of interim payments.



Provide a basis for the preparation of the final account.

Standards for bills of quantities It is very important that bills of quantities are prepared according to a standard, widely recognized methodology. This helps avoid any ambiguities or misunderstandings and so helps avoid disputes arising through different interpretations of what has been priced.

Preparing bills of quantities Bills of quantities can be prepared elementally or in works packages, by a process of 'taking off' which involves identifying elements of construction works that can be measured and priced. See Taking off for more information. Bills of quantities are most useful to the contractor when they are prepared in work sections that reflect likely sub-contract packages. This makes it easier for the contractor to obtain prices from subcontractors and is more likely to result in an accurate and competitive price.

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ESTIMATION

The bill of quantities should identify the different kinds of work required, but should not specify them as this can lead to confusion between information in the bill of quantities and information in the specification itself. Disputes can occur where there is discrepancy between the bill of quantities and the r est of the tender documents (for example where an item is included in the drawings and specification but not in the bill of quantities), or where there has bee n an arithmetical error. Generally the priced bill of quantities will take precedent, and the client will be responsible for their own errors o r omissions, which may be classified as relevant events (or compensation events) giving rise to claims for an extension of time and loss and expense. However if an ambiguity or er ror is noticed by the contractor during t he tender process, it is best practice for them to tell the client, even if there may be some commercial advantage to them not doing so. Increasingly, software packages are available to assist in t he preparation of preparation of bills of quantities, and building information modelling systems can be used to produce bills of quantities from information already contained within the model. Bills of quantities are normally only prepared on larger proj ects. On smaller projects, or for alteration work the contractor can be expected to measure their own quantities from drawings and schedules of work. Schedules of work are 'without quantities' instructional lists that allow the contractor to identify significant work and materials that will be needed to complete the works and to calculate t he quantities that will be required.

Approximate bill of quantities An approximate bill of quantities (or notional bill of quantities) can be used on projects where it is not possible to prepare a firm bill of quantities at t he time of tendering, for ex ample if the design is relatively complete, but exact quantities are not yet known. However this will tend to result in more variations during construction and so less price certainty when the investment decision is made. Some contracts allows for re-measurement o f approximate quantities (for example, this is common on cut and fill on roadworks). Here, quantities are simply revised and payments made accordingly without the need to instruct a variation. If an approximate quantity turns out not to have been a realistic estimate of the quantity actually required, this may constitute a relevant event giving rise to claims for an e xtension of time and loss and expense. Approximate bills of quantities can also be used during the design process as a tool for controlling design. They are then sometimes included in the tender documents as a guide with a caveat stating that responsibility for measuring quantities lies with the contractor, and drawings and specifications take priority over any description in the approximate bills (see Approximate quantities cost plan).

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ESTIMATION

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT ESTIMATING 1. Before starting any estimate of building, road and bridge, it should be seen that the plans are fully dimensioned, inner and outer dimensions should be checked before starting the e stimate to avoid complications later on. 2. The estimate should be drawn sub-head-wise, to avoid omission of any item. 3. The nomenclature of every item should be acco rding to the sanctioned schedule of rates to avoid claims of the contractors later on. 4. All items should be calculated in units, according to which the payment is to be made (chapter on, units) 5. A detailed report according to the sub-heads should be attached. This should be selfexplanatory giving complete information. 6. Detailed drawings should be attached with every detailed estimate, with north line on the plan. 7. Detailed specifications of every item should be attached so that the work should be carried o ut accordingly & the specifications should be according to the latest edition of t he P.W.D. specifications. 8. In order to make the estimate a comprehensive one, provision of electric & water supply should be made. 9. In the end of estimate, an abstract of cost giving cost of eve ry sub-head and total cost should be attached. A provision of contingencies & petty establishment @ 5% should be added in the end of abstract of cost. 10. The rate per sq. meter should be worked out & it should be give n in the end of abstract of t he building estimate. This helps in future reference. 11. In case of Road estimate, rate per Km. should also be worked out. 12. The road estimate should mention the special features of t he alignment so followed & also whether the soling is of bricks or o f stone, should be mentioned in the report of est imate. 13. In case of bridges & culverts, rate per meter (width) to be worked out. 14. Current applicable premium above C.S.R. should be added before finding out the unit rate i.e., plinth or per km rate.

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ESTIMATION

RULES FOR MEASUREMENT Measurement of works occupies a very im portant place in the planning and execution of any work or project, from the time of the first estimate are made until the completion and settlement of payments. The methods followed for the measurement are not uniform and the practices or prevalent differ considerably in between the states. Even in the same state different departments follow different methods. For convenience a uniform method should be followed throughout the country. The uniform methods of measurement to be followed which is applicable to the preparation of the estimates and bill of quantities and to the side measurement of completed works have been described below.

General Rules: 

Measurement shall be item wise for the finished items of work and the description of each items shall be held to include materials, transport, labor, fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, over hands and other incidental charges for finishing the work to the required shape, size, design and specifications.



In booking dimensions the order shall be in the sequence of length, breadth and height or depth or thickness.



All works shall be measured not subject to following tolerances unless otherwise stated. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 meter i.e. 1cm (1/ 211).  Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m (0.1 soft).  Cubic contents shall be worked up to the nearest 0.01 cum(0.1cuft) 

•

Same type of work under different condition and nature shall be measured separately under separate items.

•

The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials proportions and work-man ships and accurately represent the work to be executed. Work which by its nature cannot be accurately taken off or which requires site measurements shall be described as provisional.

•

In case of structural concrete, brick work or stone masonry, the work under the following categories shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described. 

From first floor level Paper



From plinth level to first floor level.



From first level to second floor level and so on.

•

The parapet shall be measured with the cor responding items of the story next below.

•

Principle of units: The units of different works depend on their nature , size and shape. In general the units of different item of work are based on the following principle.

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ESTIMATION



Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume. The measurement of length, breadth, and height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume cubic contents (cum).



Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in separate units or in area. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area (sq.m).



Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit and linear measurement shall be taken (running meter).



Piece work, job work etc. taken in number

ELEMENTS OF ESTIMATING 1. F.P.S System : Foot Pound System 2. The Metric System : For civil engineering works the units which are commonly used are: Metre(m) for length, Square metre(sq.m) for area, Cubic metre(cu.m) for volume, Kilogram for Mass, Litre for Capacity. The unit of time is not used in e stimating.

THE UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS S.NO

ITEMS OF WORK

UNIT OF PAYMENT IN

SI UNITS

SI UNITS

Cu.m

Per 100 Cu.m

All P.C.C and R.C.C works

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

Jalli work, damp proof course (D.P.C)

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Masonry, Rubble masonry, etc

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

Wall facing or lining slab in roof, etc

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

1.

Earthwork

2.

Concrete:

3.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT IN

Stone Work:

4.

Brick work: In foundation, super structure, reinforced brick work, etc.

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ESTIMATION

Honeycomb work, half brick

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

R.C.C Roof slab

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

Tiled roof, insulation layer, Tar

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Skirting

Metre

Per Run metre

Painting letter and figure

Nos.

Per No.

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

No.

Per No.

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Quintal

Per quintal

work,etc.

5.

Roofing:

felting, Corrugated iron roof, Asbestos cement sheet roof, Centering and shuttering, form work, etc.

6.

Plastering, Pointing and Finishing: Plastering, pointing, dado, white washing, distempering, painting, varnishing, etc.

7.

Woodwork: Doors & window frames, rafters, beams, roof trusses, etc. Doors & window shutters, wood work in partitions, plywood, etc. All furniture fittings like hinges, Towerbolt, aldrops, hooks, ganz, handles, etc

8.

Steel work: Rolling shutter, steel doors/window iron grill, collapsible gate, etc. Steel reinforcement bars, iron work in truss, bending of steel reinforcement, gusset plate, rivets, bolts, etc.

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ESTIMATION

9.

Flooring: All kinds of flooring like cement,

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

Metre

Per Run metre

mosaic, marble, ceramic tiles, granite, wood, etc.

10.

Miscellaneous Items: Railing, pipe, rain water, sanitary water pipe, ornamental cornices

11.

Materials:

a.

Supply of Bricks

1000 Nos

Per 1000 Nos

b.

Supply of Cement

50Kg. Bag

Per Bag or Per Tonne

c.

Supply of Sand

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

d.

Supply of Blue metal of different

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

sizes e.

Supply of Timber

Cu.m

Per Cu.m

f.

Supply of Steel

Quintal or Tonne

Per quintal or Tonne

g.

A.C.Sheets

Sq.m

Per Sq.m

h.

G.I.Sheets

Quintal

Per quintal

i.

Electric wire

Metre

Per metre or coil

j.

Switches, plugs, etc

Nos.

Nos.

k.

Water closet, was basin, Urinal, etc

Nos.

Nos.

l.

Pipes – PVC, GI

Metre

Per metre

m.

Stiff Paint

Kg.

Kg.

n.

Ready mixed paint, varnish,etc

Litre

Per Litre

To prepare an estimate for a work the following data are necessary: Drawings: 16


ESTIMATION

The detailed drawings of plan, elevation and section, drawn to a scale are necessary to take the details of measurements of various items of work.

Specifications: The specifications gives the nature, quality and class of materials, their proportion, method of execution and workmanship and the class of labor required. The cost of the work varies with its specifications. The cement mortar with 1:3 is more costly than cement mortar with 1:6.

Rates: The rates for various items of work, the rates of various materials to be used in construction, the wages of different categories of labor should be available for preparing an estimate. The location of the work and its distance of source of mater ials and cost of transport should be known. These rates may be obtained from the Standard Schedule of Rates prepared by the engineering departments.

Details of measurements and calculation of quantities : An abstract of estimated cost to prepare an accurate estimate, a detailed estimate of quantities of various items of work and an abstract e stimate of the quantities and their unit rates are required.

METHODS OF ESTIMATING There are two steps in estimating the cost of a building or a structure. 1. Taking out quantities and calculation of quantities in detailed estimate. 2. Determining the cost from the abstract estimate

LONG WALL AND SHORT WALL METHOD: This method is also called as separate or individual wall method. This is simple and it gives accurate values. The following procedure is adopted. 1. The dimensions of long wall and short wall should be taken separately. 2. Irrespective of its lengths, the wall which is taken first is long wall and the wall which is taken next is the short wall. 3. The center line of the wall of the building is considered for determining the c enter to center line length of long walls and short walls. 4. The center to center to center length of long walls or short walls is obtained by adding half the width of the wall to the internal length of either long wall or short w all. 5. Centre to center length of long wall = internal length of long wall + ½ width of the wa ll.

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ESTIMATION

6. Centre to center length of short wall = internal length of short wall + ½ width of the wall. 7. To determine the lengths of different quantities such as earthwork, c.c. bed in foundation, R.R. Masonry etc., length of long wall = ce nter 166 Construction Technology to center length of long wall + width, the width is the respective width of the item in consideration. 8. Similarly length of the short wall = center to center length of the short wall – width, where the width is the respective width of the item such as earthwork, c.c. bed etc.

CENTRE LINE METHOD: In the center line method, the sum of all the center line lengths of long walls and short walls are added to get the total center line length. At the junctions of two walls, the length is present in both of the walls. Hence half of the length of that width is to be subtracted from t he total center line length. Length = Total center line length – ½ width x number of junctions. ***Refer to problems***

QUESTION BANK PART-A (2 marks) 1. Briefly explain the various factors to be c onsidered during preparation of a detailed estimate. 2. "To finalize the rate of an item, the analysis of rates is must". Justify the statement. 3. What are the requirements for preparing estimation. 4. Write the significance of approximate estimation. 5. Brief the method of calculation of materials for brickwork for walls. 6. State the purpose of detailed estimate. 7. What are contingency charges? 8. What do you understand by optimization of resources? 9. Outline any two methods of Quantity Estimation. 10. Write a short account on necessity of estimation. 11. State the significance of principles of measurement and billing. 12. Give the details of estimation for lime concrete . Assume necessary data.

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ESTIMATION

PART-B (16 marks) 1. Elaborate in detail the types of estimate of buildings and requirements for preparing estimation. 2. Describe the principles of measurement and billing contingencies. State t he measurement of brick work. 3. Explain in detail the method of deriving detailed quantity of estimate for Cement Plastering and iron works. 4. Chart out the general guidelines for preparing detailed estimate by using longwall and short wall method.(Assume necessary data) 5. Chartout in detail the method of estimation for a framed RCC building. 6. Explain in detail the difference between center line method and long wall and short wall method for estimation. 7. Make a detailed estimation for painting and flooring. 8. Write short notes on: (i) Bill of quantity (ii) Contingencies (iii) Requirements for preparing an estimate. 9. Discuss in detail the various types of estimate. 10. Discuss the various factors responsible for determining the rate of an item of work.

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Unit 3 Estimation

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