Chemistry Presentation On Crude Oil and Ammonia
Objectives Objective s To To Be B e discuss discussed: ed: Objective 3:
Crude Oil
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explain the method used in the separation of the components of crude oil;
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discuss the uses of the components of crude oil as fuels and as raw materials for the petrochemical industry
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assess the impact of the petroleum industry on the environment.
Objective 4:
Ammonia
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outline the steps in the manufacture of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process;
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discuss the uses of ammonia;
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assess the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Crude Oil Separatin the Components Of Crude Oil
Steps in Separatin Crude Oil !. Heat the crude oil blend at "## deree celsius. $. %he vapor enters the bottom of a lon column as hih as &# metres '. %he vapor rises in the column and as it rises throuh the trays in the column, it cools. ". (hen a substance in the vapor reaches a heiht in the column where the temperature of the tray is lower to that of the substance)s boilin point, it will condense to form a li*uid.
+. (hen the as reaches a tray it passes up throuh it into a bubble cap, this is a cover over the hole that pushes the as down so that it has to bubble up throuh the li*uid that has already condensed onto that tray. &. As the vapour condenses and vapouries many times on the trays alon the column, the composition of the vapour becomes richer in the more volatile component. -. %he more volatile components rise to the top of the column while less volatile ones tend to condense on the trays at various levels alon the column. . And so the crude oil is separated into different fractions, each boilin within a particular temperature rane.
Crude Oil /ses of the Components of Crude Oil
0a1or 2ractions of Crude Oil and %heir /ses Residue 3oilin %emperature rane4 5'+# derees celsius %his is about "#6+#7 of crude oil and can be further distilled unde rlow pressure to yield4 fuel oil 6 used as fuel for ships and power stations. lubricatin oil and waxes 6 used for motor oil rease and other lubricants. bitumen 6 used for road surfacin and roofin material.
Gas Oil 3oilin temperature rane4 $-+6'+# deree celsius %his is about !+6$#7 of crude oil and is used as fuel in diesel enines and industrial furnaces.
Kerosene 3oilin temperature rane4 !-+6'$+ deree celsius %his is about !#6!+7 of crude oil and can be used as 1et fuel and for domestic heatin. 8erosene can also be bro9en down to ma9e more asoline.
Kerosene continued… As a derivative of petroleum, 9erosene has many of he same chemical properties. %he chemical industry can use 9erosene as a petroleum solvent or industry6rade chemical lubricant. :t is also found in some pesticides and is helpful in removin head lice.
Gasoline and Naphtha 3oilin temperature rane4 "#6$## deree celsius %hese are about !+6'# 7 of crude oil. asoline is distilled off and used as motor fuel for internal combustion enines. %he other part,
Refnery Gas 3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius %his is about !6$ 7 of crude oil and is mainly a mixture of al9anes containin about " carbon atoms in a molecule. :t is usually a as at room temperature. >efinery as can be used as a aseous fuel or it can be li*uified under pressure to produce li*uified petroleum as ?@P. :t can also be used as feedstoc9 for ma9in petrochemicals.
Petroleum 3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius %he industry that uses petroluem to produce other chemicals is referred to as the petrochemical industry. Petroleum is used in many industries such as4 ariculture plastics tyres pharmaceuticals dyes, deterents and fabrics and many others.
rac!in" and Re#ormin" o# rude Oil $ractions (hen crude oil is separated into its various fractions throuh farctional distillation, there is usually a reater demand for specific components which cannot be simply obtained throuh fractional distillation alone. %herefore, the lare hydrocarbon chains have to be bro9en down into smaller and more valuable and useful hydrocarbon chains. %his can be achieved throuh combustion, Crac9in and >eformin techni*ues.
Combustion Crude Oil isnBt necessarily pure, and when combusted may result in the evolution of pollutants such as, SO $ , Oxides of nitroen, CO, and 3%D compounds. However, this method can be used to brea9 down lare hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones to achieve the substance re*uired. %his is further explained in this module under ob1ective E.&
Catalytic Cracking %his involves the use of a catalyst at lower temperatures to brea9 the bonds of the hydrocarbon molecules. %he reaction is usually catalysed by a powdered mixture of alumina and silica at approximately +## deree celsius. %he C6C bond, underoes heterolytic fission which results in a mechanism involvin carbocations. %his tends to produce a lare amount of branched chain al9anes which are useful in asoline.
Catalytic Crac9in is used to crac9 the distilled fractions such as, diesel oil and 9erosene into smaller molecules. %he crac9ed compounds are important to produce more valuable fuel as well as chemical feedstoc9 for the petrochemical industry.
%hese al9enes are suitable startin materials to ma9e4 ★Plastics ★
Feterents
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Cosmetics
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Solvents
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Paints
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many other petrochemicals.
Reforming %his is a process which converts straiht chain hydrocarbons into aromatic and more hihly branched hydrocarbons. %his process converts low value naphtha fractions into hih rade asoline components. Hiher rade asoline contains a hiher proportion of branched al9anes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Products of reformin are also used as startin materials for the petrochemical industry.
% i d & o u >eformin is the effect of numerous reactions such as isomeriation, al9ylation and catalytic reformin.
K no ' (
Crude Oil :mpact of the Petroleum industry on the nvironment
%he Petroleum :ndustry %he petroleum industry is considered a ma1or source of environmental pollution. Pollution is achieved durin4 ➔xtraction ➔%ransportation ➔>efinin
of the crude oil as mentioned before
➔>efined
products also affect the environment
➔Extraction
%his involves the emissions of pollutants from the first seismic survey until the field is shut down. (ell drillin dischares oil into the surroundin soil and water. %his can damae fraile ecosystems by destroyin habitats and 9illin oranisms.
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Transortation
Oil is usually transported throuh pipelines and in lare ocean tan9ers. %here is always the possibility for lea9s and spills which are detrimental to the environment.
:n the events of these happenin4 ❖
:nhalinG inestion of oil can poison oranisms.
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Prevents seabirds from flyin because of their feathers stic9in toether
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Oil stic9s to animal fur which cause them to lose insulation and freee to death.
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:t affects the tourism industry by ruinin corals reefs and nearby beaches
➔T!e
Refining of Crude Oil
:n the refinin process haardous and toxic pollutants such as CO, SO $, nitroen oxides and 3%D ?"enene Toluene Ethylbenene and #ylene products are emitted in the atmosphere. xposure of these chemicals affects the atmosphere differently. $O% and &itrogen Oxides
CO %his is toxic. :t readily combines with heamolobin to reduce its ability to transport oxyen in the body.
%hese contribute to the formation of acid rain which leads to4 :.
rosion of stonewor9 and buildins
::. Festruction of trees
"TE# Comounds %hese are possible carcinoens which may cause reproduction and developmental problems or aravate respiratory conditions
made e r a t a h t Produc ts leum #rom pe tro hard to e r a * s ic t )Plas the y+re e c in s # o dispose ble, a d a r " e d y no t readil
-mmonia
CH"? H$O? CO? H$O?
<$? 'H$?
$# atm
##IC
CO? 'H$?
CO$? H$?
$
Haber Process
Compressed as mixture $##6"## atm
Hydroen from steam reformin
>eaction chamber +##IC, 2e, Al$O' catalyst
/nreacted <$ and H$ recycled
Ammonia Condenser
/ses Of Ammonia -"ricultural .ses: / As a source of Nitrogen, that is essential for plant growth / Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer solutions which
consist of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea and aqua ammonia. It is also used by the fertilizer industry to produce ammonium and nitrate salts. / Ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in livestock feeds for
ruminating animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. / Ammonia can also be used as a pre-harvest cotton defoliant, an anti-
fungal agent on certain fruits and as preservative for the storage of
Ammonia /ses Continued... hemical .ses: / Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid certain alkalies such as
soda ash dyes pharmaceuticals such as sulfa drugs, vitamins and cosmetics synthetic te!tile fibers such as nylon, rayon and acrylics and for the manufacture of certain plastics such as phenolics and polyurethanes. / "eak ammonia solutions are also widely used as commercial and household
cleaners and detergents
/ses Of Ammonia in other industries4 #he petroleum industry utilizes ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and for the protection of equipments from corrosion. Ammonia is used in the mining industry for e!traction of metals such as copper, nickel and molybdenum from their ores. Ammonia is used in several areas of water and wastewater treatment $such as p% control& in solution form to regenerate weak anion e!change resins, in con'unction with chlorine to produce potable water and as an o!ygen scavenger in boiler water treatment. #he decomposition of ammonia serves as a source of hydrogen for some fuel
:mpact of the Ammonia :ndustry On the nviroment 0a1ority of the ammonia emitted into the environment does not come from the haber process itself, but from the various industries which uses ammonia. A lare amount of ammonia emitted is enerated from the fertilier and ariculture industry. Ammonia is used in these industries to increase food production. %his results in a lare amount of ammonia and nitroenous compounds endin up in the enviroment. xposure to ammonia can cause severe irritation at low concentrations and can be fatal at hih concentrations.
Ammonium and nitrate fertiliers are water soluble and are easily washed out farm lands into the waterways. xcess fertliers in rivers and streams can cause eutro!ication which leads the death of fish and other a*uatic animals which rely on oxyen for respiration.
How does utrophication cause thisJ T!e en!anced lant gro't!( caused by t!e excess nutrients in t!e 'ater( revents lig!t from reac!ing lants lo'er in t!e 'ater) T!e lants die and bacteria use u t!e dissolved oxygen in t!e 'ater for decomosition) T!is results in t!e fis!*s deat!)
2ertiliers can pollute drin9in water since roundwater and surface water are used as sources of domestic water supply. %oo much nitrates in drin9in water is poisonous to infants. %he nitrates are converted to nitrites in infants which combine with heamolobin more readily than oxyen. %his starves the body of oxyen and results in a bluish s9in discolouration. %his condition is called met!aemoglobinaemia or +blue baby, syndrome.
0N% O$ %23.332ON R01232ON T24055555
Crude Oil >evision Kuestions !. (hat is the basic property bein exploited in fractional distillationJ %he physical property of boilin point. :t use the diferences in volatility to separate miscible li*uids.
waxes, fuel oil, lubricants, etc.
2ractional Fistillation
>esidue
%he brea9in of lon hydrocarbon chains to form smaller, more useful molecules.
%he process which converts straiht chained hyrdocarbons into aromatic and more hihly branched hydrocarbons
!. Suitable startin materials for ma9in plastics $. Suitable startin materials for mai9n deterents '. also for ma9in paints
Ammonia >evision Kuestions
%he presence of water bodies, settlements, cultivated crops nearby.
(or9ers should wear oles to protect eyes; (ear loves and full body suits to prevent direct exposure durin any ammonia lea9s; (ear respirators to prevent inhalation of ammonia.
