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Ef }ekahri gef \hg}e e` ef ou`gi ge aiz.

¤¹[e}è` whf ~er oè{ nefjke{ hf `i we`e} zh \hg}e9 [j `i e{wiz zh ki` effi{& ¹e` xujê` {e}è` ae}oh`i{9 ¹Ahm}è oè{ ki`ki}gjh z oè{ hoi} e`w}e effi{9´ !\. Kfhugef*8.

8.‛ AUÊ]NH@I[ GE \HG]E

Ahz |e}{i`h{ h fh{ xue& e` u` kje}wi oioe`wi ge {u ~jgh& fe{ e`w}h u` ge{ei j}}e|}jojmfe ge ki`ike} h {u |hg}e i h {u ohg}e& xue {hme` xue e{wè` ~j~i{ e` hfcu`h |h}we& |e}i h fi{ xue `i ah` ~j{wi `u`kh. Ahke` j`ghchkji`e{& eo|}e`ge` ~jhbe{& |i`e` h`u`kji{ e` fi{ |e}jûgjki{& z `i {e gh` |i} ~e`kjgi{ ah{wh xue ki`{jcue` |i`e}{e e` ki`whkwi ki` effi{. H ~eke{& wigi fi xue |jge` e{ {jo|feoe`we |ige} oj}h}fi{ u`h ~er h fi{ ibi{& gh}fe{ u` hm}hri z fueci& {j e{ `eke{h}ji& ~if~e} h ge{h|h}eke} ge {u{ ~jgh{. Fh eo|}e{h e{|j}jwuhf xue ~hoi{ h hkioewe} {e |h}eke u` |iki h e{i. [hfg}eoi{ e` mu{kh ge `ue{w}i \hg}e kioò`& xue {hmeoi{ xue e{wè ~j~i& |e}i hf xue `u`kh aeoi{ ki`ikjgi ‖e` |e}{i`h‟ ‛z `i |}ekj{hoe`we |i} {u kuf|h‛& z `i ge{kh`{h}eoi{ 8

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ah{wh xue `i {e `i{ ki`oue~h` |i} êf ‖fh{ e`w}høh{‟ kioi e{wè e{k}jwi xue {e fe ki`oue~e` h êf fh{ {uzh{ |i} `i{iw}i{ !kn I{ 88&1*. \e}i `ue{w}h oewh `i e{ {ûfi ki`ike} oebi} hf \hg}e& {hme} hfci êf. Be{ò{ ah ~j~jgi ki`ki` Gji{{uu`h }efhkjû` ebeo|fh}& ò`jkhoè{ e` fh{im}e aj{wi}jh gef ou`gi& ge ajbi \hg}e. Z wigi fi xue ajri fi ajri |h}h ‖ffe~h} h iw}i{ ajbi{ h fh cfi}jh‟& |h}h ahke}fi{ |h}wjkj|h} gef oh}h~jffi{i e{whgi ge ajbi{ z ae}ege}i{& ki` êf& ge wigi. \h}h e{wi `hkjû& {un}jû& ou}jû& }e{ukjwû z e`~jû hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi2 ‖|h}h xue }ekjmjê}hoi{ ef {e} ajbi{ |i} hgi|kjû`‟ !Ch 7&5*. Fh oewh òfwjoh& |ue{& ge `ue{w}h mò{xuegh e{ e`w}h} e` |i{e{jû` ge e{h ae}e`kjh oh}h~jffi{h& e{ hkkege} hf e{whgi ge ajbi{4 z `i {ûfi bu}ïgjkhoe`we i ge ge}ekai ‛|ue{ e{i zh {e gji ki` ef mhuwj{oi‛& {j`i whomjê` eqj{we`kjhfoe`we& ge aekai& h|}e`gje`gi h gekj} ge u` oigi `ue~i ¨Hmmè& \hg}e( ^j~joi{ e` u`h {ikjeghg xue ah {jgi genj`jgh kioi ‖fh {ikjeghg {j` |hg}e{‟. H fh ~j{wh ge wigi{ e{wè` hfcu`i{ {jc`i{ ge e{h |ê}gjgh ge e{wjoh gef |hg}e. Fh j`oe`{h ohzi}ïh ge fi{ ajbi{ ge |h}ebh{ {e|h}hgh{ e{wè` ki`njhgi{ h fh ohg}e& hfcu`i{ h j`{wjwukji`e{ |òmfjkh{ i h fi{ gi{ kû`zuce{ h fh ~er& |e}i |ixuï{joi{ {ûfi hf |hg}e. Ef }e{ufwhgi e{ xue khgh ~er ahz oè{ kajki{ !gi{ ojffi`e{ z oegji aiz e` gïh e` u`h {ifh `hkjû` eu}i|eh* xue k}eke` {j` fh johce` |hwe}`h h {u fhgi. E{h |ê}gjgh ge fh e{wjoh gef |hg}e }e{ufwh whomjê` e~jge`we e` fh fecj{fhkjû` {im}e ef hmi}wi. [ûfi fh ohg}e wje`e ge}ekai h gekjgj}& ki` ef }e{ufwhgi ge xue u` aiom}e |uege ~e}{e |}j~hgi ge u`i ge fi{ ge}ekai{ nu`ghoe`whfe{ ge fh |e}{i`h auoh`h ‛ef ge {e} |hg}e‛& hu`xue e{wê fecïwjohoe`we kh{hgi z ahzh ki`kemjgi u`h ~jgh {j` ~jife`wh} h `hgje. Whf ~er e{wi {eh u`h }ehkkjû` h`we 3

u`h {ikjeghg e` fh xue ef |hg}e fi gekjgïh wigi êf }e{|ekwi h fh oube} z h fi{ ajbi{4 |e}i& kioi wigh }ehkkjû` eqke{j~h& fi xue ahke e{ }e|}igukj} mhbi iw}h ni}oh ef ge{exujfjm}ji ki`w}h ef xue |}ewe`gïh }ehkkji`h}. E`w}e fi{ oj{oi{ aiom}e{& ahz xuje`e{ {un}e` e`i}oeoe`we |i} e{wh {jwuhkjû` z ahz xuje`e{ {e hfec}h` ge effh& e` kuh`wi nh~i}eke e{h we`ge`kjh `hwu}hf gef ~h}û` h ge{e`we`ge}{e ge fh |}ife z h gebh} xue {eh fh ohg}e xuje` {e |}eiku|e |i} effh. E{wh {jwuhkjû` `i{ j`we}e{h |i} fh }e|e}ku{jû` xue wje`e e` ef èomjwi }efjcji{i2 u`h {ikjeghg {j` |hg}e{ {e h~je`e nèkjfoe`we ki` u`h }efjcjû` {j` \hg}e. Ah{wh ahke |iki& {e {ifïh genj`j} hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi kioi ‖ef c}h` ge{ki`ikjgi‟ ge fh{ \e}{i`h{ gj~j`h{. Aiz `i |igeoi{ {ecuj} gjkje`gi e{i ai`}hghoe`we. Gu}h`we ef {jcfi xue hkhmh ge |h{h}& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi {e ah jo|ue{wi ki` nue}rh h fh ki`{jge}hkjû` ge fh Jcfe{jh. [e ah }e`i~hgi fh \`euohwificïh& |e}i {im}e wigi {e ah }e`i~hgi \e`weki{wê{& c}hkjh{ h fh eq|e}je`kjh gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi xue ah` ~j~jgi kje`wi{ ge ojfe{ ge k}eze`we{ e` wigh{ fh{ Jcfe{jh{ k}j{wjh`h{. Aiz we`eoi{ xue gekj} xue ef c}h` ge{ki`ikjgi e{ ef \hg}e. Oè{ hò` xue ge{ki`ikjgi2 ¨}ekahrhgi( Fh ffhohgh ‖weificïh ge fh oue}we ge Gji{‟& wh` e` huce hffè |i} fi{ høi{ 3<& e}h e` }ehfjghg u`h weificïh ge fh oue}we gef \hg}e !e` êf {e |e`{hmh hf gekj} ‖Gji{‟*. \e}i hu` {j` ffech} h e{we hm{u}gi& ahz Jcfe{jh{ k}j{wjh`h{ kuzh weificïh |}e{e`wh e` fh |}èkwjkh u` e~jge`we mj`h}j{oi2 Be{uk}j{wi z {u E{|ï}jwu& z mh{wh. @i e{ xue {e `jecue hf \hg}e& |e}i `i ge{eo|eøh kh{j `j`cò` |h|ef. E{e wj|i ge weificïh {e }enfebh& |i} ebeo|fi& e` fi{ kh`wi{ `ec}i e{|j}jwuhfe{& wh` ae}oi{i{ |i} iw}i fhgi z wh` ffe`i{ ge ne. Gjnïkjfoe`we e`ki`w}h}eoi{ e`w}e

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effi{ u`i {ifi& `i gjci zh gegjkhgi wigi êf hf \hg}e& |e}i `j {jxuje}h e` ef xue {e ahmfe ge êf. Ahmfh`gi ge fh {jwuhkjû` ge fi{ aiom}e{ h`we{ ge fh ~e`jgh ge K}j{wi& gekïh u` huwi} gef {jcfi JJ. ‖Ef ge{ki`ikjoje`wi gef \hg}e =

e}h khu{hgïh{. ge h`cu{wjh z gee{ojegi‟ oj{oi whomjê` e` `ue{w}i{ [j ef \hg}e ‖fh }hïr. E{i gef {e}‟& {j`iku}}e êf `i |igeoi{ |i} oe`i{ ge {e`wj}`i{ ‖ge{h}}hjchgi{‟. Kh{j wigh{ fh{ }e~ifukji`e{ oige}`h{& ge{ge fh }e~ifukjû` n}h`ke{h& {e ah` |}i|ue{wi ki`{w}uj} u`h {ikjeghg e` fh xue wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{ {eh` ae}oh`i{. \e}i {j efjoj`hoi{ h u` |hg}e kioò`& ¹e` xujê` |ig}eoi{ {e} ae}oh`i{9 [j Be{ò{ ahmfh{e aiz& we`g}ïh xue }e|ewj} hxueffh w}j{we ki`{whwhkjû`2 ‖\hg}e bu{wi& ef ou`gi `i we ah ki`ikjgi‟ !B` 83&=5*. Fh{ khu{h{ ge e{e i{ku}ekjoje`wi ge fh njcu}h ge Gji{ \hg}e e` fh kufwu}h oige}`h {i` oòfwj|fe{. E` ef ni`gi {e e`kue`w}h fh }ej~j`gjkhkjû` ge fh hm{ifuwh huwi`ioïh gef aiom}e. Z kioi Gji{ \hg}e {e |}e{e`wh kioi ef |}j`kj|ji z fh nue`we ge wigh huwi}jghg& fi ò`jki xue ahkïh nhfwh e}h `ech}fi& z h{ï ah iku}}jgi. ‖Fh }hïr gef aiom}e e{ ef oj{oi aiom}e‟ ;4 ‖{j Gji{ eqj{we& ef aiom}e `i e{ `hgh‟72 ê{wh{ {i` hfcu`h{ ge fh{ ~ike{ xue {e ah` fe~h`whgi e` `ue{w}i ou`gi ikkjge`whf e` fi{ gi{ òfwjoi{ {jcfi{. N}eug ‛fi ~e}eoi{ oebi} e` u`h ge `ue{w}h{ oegjwhkji`e{‛ k}ezû |ige} gh} u`h bu{wjnjkhkjû` |{jkifûcjkh ge e{we }ekahri gjkje`gi xue ef kufwi hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf `i e{ oè{ xue u`h |}izekkjû` gef kio|febi |hwe}`i xue ffe~h hf `jøi h jgehfjrh} h {u |hg}e ge fh wje}}h w}h{ ahme} ge{ehgi {u oue}we. =

E~h`cefjuo ~e}jwhwj{ !{jcfi JJ*.

D. OH]Q& K}ïwjkh ge fh njfi{inïh gef ge}ekai ge Aecef. 7 B./\. [H]W]E& Ef gjhmfi z ef mue` Gji{ . ;

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\e}i fh{ khu{h{ oè{ kiou`e{ ge e{e }ekahri gef \hg}e {i` ge ï`gife |}èkwjkh z eqj{we`kjhf2 ef {un}joje`wi xue eqj{we e` ef ou`gi z fh eq|e}je`kjh `echwj~h xue oukah ce`we ah ~j~jgi e` {u{ }efhkji`e{ ki` {u |hg}e ge fh wje}}h. Ge fh |}joe}h ge effh{ ahmfh}eoi{ eq|}e{hoe`we e` u`h ge `ue{w}h{ oegjwhkji`e{. Gjchoi{ u`h{ |hfhm}h{ {im}e fh {ecu`gh. Ahz oiwj~i{ ouz gj~e}{i{ |h}h kio|}e`ge} ef }ekahri gef |hg}e2 huwi}jwh}j{oi& |hwe}`hfj{oi& ~jife`kjh i& |i} ef ki`w}h}ji& gemjfjghg z hu{e`kjh. [e |uege }ekahrh} hf |hg}e j`kfu{i {j` ahme}fi ki`ikjgi `u`kh. U`h oukahkah `i ahmïh ki`ikjgi h {u |h|è& |ue{ fi ahmïh |e}gjgi kuh`gi e}h hò` ouz |exueøh& z {j` eomh}ci we`ïh ojegi hf |hg}e. ¹\i} xuê9 Khgh ~er xue ge{imegekïh i {e exuj~ikhmh& |i} |iki xue nue{e& {u ohoè `i ke{hmh ge }e|ewj}fe2 ‖[j e{wu~je{e hxuï wu |hg}e& `i ah}ïh{ e{wi i fi ge oè{ hffè. ¨[j ~j~je{e wu |hg}e...(‟. \h}h effh fh |hfhm}h |hg}e {e ahmïh ki`~e}wjgi e` {j`û`joi ge |}iajmjkjû`& ge hfcuje` xue xujwh fjme}whg e` ~er ge gh}fh. E{i oj{oi {ukege h ~eke{ whomjê` ki` ef \hg}e gef kjefi. H mh{e ge iï} gekj}`i{ ge |exueøi{2 ‖¨Ibi(& {j ahke{ whf ki{h !{j `i imegeke{& {j gjke{ oe`wj}h{*& Gji{ we ~e z we kh{wjch}è‟& oukai{ hkhmh` |i} ge{eh} e` {u ki}hrû` xue `i eqj{wh Gji{& z& h nue}rh ge ge{eh}fi& hkhmh` |i} k}eê}{efi. Fh fjwe}hwu}h {e ah }ecigehgi |e{kh`gi e` e{wh ri`h wu}mjh ge fh eqj{we`kjh2 ef |hg}e ~jife`wi z }j~hf e` ef hoi} ge {u{ ajbi{ ! Fi{ ae}oh`i{ Dh}hohri~ ge Gi{wijes{dz*& ef |hg}e hc}e{j~i e j}}enfeqj~i !Ef }ez Feh} ge [ahde{|eh}e*& fi{ |hg}e{ ~jkji{i{ kuzh{ kuf|h{ }e|e}kuwe` e` fh ~jgh ge {u{ ajbi{ ! Fi{ e{|ekw}i{ z iw}i{ g}hoh{ ge Jm{e`*& ef |hg}e j`ajmjgi} !Kh}wh hf |hg}e ge Dhndh*& |h}h `i ahmfh} ge fh |}igukkjû` kj`eohwic}ènjkh ge wj|i |{jkih`hfïwjki.

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@i im{wh`we& fh eq|e}je`kjh `echwj~h ki` ef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& |i} jo|i}wh`we xue {eh& `i kje}}h h `hgje ef khoj`i |h}h hke}kh}{e hf ki`ikjoje`wi ge Gji{ \hg}e. E` ef |fh`i }efjcji{i& |uege we`e} gi{ ge{e`fhke{ i|ue{wi{. U`i{ {e {je`we` ffe~hgi{ |i} effh h }ekahrh} fh njcu}h ge Gji{ \hg}e& i hf oe`i{ h {e`wj} ojegi e` ~er ge ki`njh`rh h`we êf4 oje`w}h{ xue iw}i{ {hkh` ge effh ef jo|uf{i |h}h ekah}{e e` {u{ m}hri{ ki` u`h ki`njh`rh hò` oè{ wiwhf. Z |uege` ffech} h e`whmfh} u`h }efhkjû` meffï{joh ki` Gji{ \hg}e& wh`wi {j ah` ~j~jgi u`h eq|e}je`kjh oh}h~jffi{h ki` {u |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& kioi {h`wh We}e{h gef @jøi Be{ò{& kioi {j fh ah` we`jgi `echwj~h& kioi {h` N}h`kj{ki ge H{ï{. Cjiwwi ah j`oi}whfjrhgi ef oioe`wi e` xue ef bi~e` N}h`kj{ki {e ge{|ibh ge wigh{ {u{ }i|h{ z {e fh{ ge~uef~e h {u |hg}e xue fi ah kjwhgi h bujkji h`we ef imj{|i& oje`w}h{ eqkfhoh2 ‖Ah{wh hai}h we ae ffhohgi |hg}e e` fh wje}}h4 ge hai}h e` hgefh`we |ig}ê gekj} ki` wiwhf ki`~jkkjû`2 \hg}e `ue{w}i& xue e{wè{ e` ef kjefi& |i}xue e` êf ae |ue{wi wigi oj we{i}i‟. @hgje& |ue{& |i} oè{ `echwj~h xue |uegh {e} {u eq|e}je`kjh e` e{we èomjwi& `hgje xuegh eqkfujgi ge e{wh h~e`wu}h `ue{w}h ge {hfj} e` mu{kh gef }i{w}i z gef ki}hrû` gef \hg}e gef kjefi4 `hgje xuegh eqkfujgi gef mje` {u|}eoi ge fh ~jgh& xue& {ecò` Be{ò{& ki`{j{we e` ‖ki`ike} hf \hg}e‟ !kn B` 83&;*. =. ¹XUJÊ@ @I[ ]E^EFH]È HF \HG]E9

Ef |}joe} |}imfeoh |h}h xuje` {e gj{|i`e h e{khfh} u`h oi`whøh e{ ef ge ki`{ecuj} u` mue` cuïh. E{i oj{oi ~hfe |h}h fh{ e{khfhgh{ e{|j}jwuhfe{. Gh`we Hfjcaje}j ki`kemïh {u h{ke`{jû` h fh ~j{jû` ge Gji{ kioi u` ~jhbe e` ef xue& e` fh |}joe}h ewh|h& fi cujhmh ^j}cjfji& e` fh {ecu`gh Ohwjfge& z e` fh ewh|h nj`hf Mehw}jr. 88

Hfci h{ï ah}eoi{ whomjê` `i{iw}i{ e` e{we jwj`e}h}ji ge `ue{w}h ~uefwh hf \hg}e. @ue{w}i{ cuïh{ {e}è` hxueffh{ |e}{i`h{ xue nue}i` fi{ |}joe}i{ xue }ekjmje}i` ge fhmji{ gef Ajbi fh }e~efhkjû` gef \hg}e z xue fh |u{je}i` |i} e{k}jwi ge oh`e}h khgh ~er oè{ kfh}h z |}inu`gh2 fi{ [j`û|wjki{ !Ohwei z Fukh{*& Buh` z \hmfi. E` fh |}èkwjkh& {ecuj}eoi{ ef i}ge` z fh{ ewh|h{ {uke{j~h{ e` xue fh }e~efhkjû` {im}e ef \hg}e nue }ekjmjgh& e`we`gjgh z njbhgh |i} fi{ h|û{wife{ e` fi{ e{k}jwi{ gef @ue~i We{whoe`wi. Khgh u`i ge e{i{ cuïh{ `i{ hkio|høh}è gu}h`we kuhw}i ewh|h{ ge `ue{w}i khoj`i& z {e}è ge fh oèqjoh jo|i}wh`kjh xue `i }ekibhoi{ ge effi{ wh` {ûfi jgeh{ i ki`ikjoje`wi{& {j`i xue e`w}eoi{ e` j`we`{h kiou`jû` e{|j}jwuhf ki` effi{2 xue fi{ {j`whoi{ ke}kh`i{& j`we}kegje`gi |i} `i{iw}i{& hfec}è`gi{e |i} `i{iw}i{& wioh`gi ouz e` {e}ji {u oj{jû` ge cuïh{. Fi xue {h` Buh` gekïh h {u{ gj{kï|ufi{& `i{ fi gjke whomjê` aiz h `i{iw}i{ !z zi oe hw}e~i h gekï}{efi h oj{ fekwi}e{*2 ¤Fi xue aeoi{ ~j{wi z iïgi i{ fi h`u`kjhoi{& |h}h xue e{wêj{ u`jgi{ ki` `i{iw}i{ e` e{h u`jû` xue we`eoi{ ki` ef \hg}e z ki` {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi´ !8 B` 8&;*. Hf {ecuj} h wigi{ e{wi{ cuïh{ auoh`i{& fi ò`jki xue ahkeoi{ e{ {ecuj} hf ò`jki cuïh gj~j`i2 h Be{uk}j{wi. E` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& ef ki`ikjoje`wi gef \hg}e e{ |}e}}ichwj~h |i} eqkefe`kjh gef Ajbi2 ‖Zi ki`irki hf \hg}e‟& }e|jwe Be{ò{ u`h z iw}h ~er& z gjke whomjê` xue ‖`hgje ki`ike hf \hg}e {j`i ef Ajbi z hxuef h xuje` ef Ajbi {e fi xuje}h }e~efh}‟ !Ow 88&=3*. ‖H Gji{ `hgje fi ah ~j{wi bhoè{4 ef Ajbi ò`jki& xue e{wè e` ef {e`i gef \hg}e& e{ xuje` fi ah ghgi h ki`ike}‟ !kn B` 8& 81*. H u` |hg}e {ûfi fi ki`ike` ge ~e}ghg fi{ ge {u nhojfjh4 fi oj{oi iku}}e ki` Gji{. Be{ò{ `i e{ u` hm{w}hkwi }e~efhgi} gef 8=

\hg}e& {j`i u` e`hoi}hgi gef \hg}e. Êf `i {hme ahmfh} ge iw}h ki{h xue ge êf. Fh{ |}joe}h{ |hfhm}h{ xue ge êf `i{ w}h`{ojwe` fi{ e~h`cefji{ {i`2 ‖¹@i {hmïhj{ xue zi we`ci xue iku|h}oe ge fh{ ki{h{ ge oj \hg}e9‟ !Fk =&7:*& z fh{ òfwjoh{2 ‖\hg}e& h wu{ oh`i{ e`kioje`gi oj e{|ï}jwu‟ !Fk =;&7>*. Be{ò{ ~j~e ‖|i} ef \hg}e‟ !B` >&53* z ef \hg}e e{ wigi |h}h êf. Kuh`gi Be{ò{ ahmfh gef \hg}e& {e ~uef~e |iewh4 j`kioigh h fi{ |èbh}i{ gef kjefi z h fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i& hf {if z h fh ffu~jh4 ahke `hke} e` xuje` fi e{kukah u`h eqw}høh `i{whfcjh& ah{wh whf |u`wi xue Nefj|e eqkfhoh2 ‖Ouê{w}h`i{ hf \hg}e& z `i{ mh{wh‟ !B` 87&1*. Ef ki`ikjoje`wi ò`jki xue ef Ajbi wje`e gef \hg}e {e `i{ ahke hkke{jmfe h `i{iw}i{ c}hkjh{ hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. Ê{we `i høhge `hgh h fh }e~efhkjû` xue `i{ ajri Be{ò{& |e}i `i{ ahke kio|}e`ge} fi xue Be{ò{ gjbi gef \hg}e. Ahke xue fh }e~efhkjû` eqwe}ji} z |òmfjkh {e ki`~je}wh e` }e~efhkjû` j`we}ji} z |e}{i`hf& z fh }e~efhkjû` aj{wû}jkh e` }e~efhkjû` hkwuhf. Kuh`gi Be{ò{ gjke h fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ xue ef \h}èkfjwi fe{ e`{eøh}è ‖wigi‟ z xue fe{ }eki}gh}è ‖wigi fi xue êf fe{ ah gjkai‟ !B` 87&=>*& |i} ef ki`weqwi }e{ufwh kfh}i xue e{wè hfugje`gi e` |}joe} fuch} h fi xue fe{ ah gjkai hke}kh gef \hg}e. ‖^je`e fh ai}h ‛gjke whomjê`‛ e` xue i{ ahmfh}ê gef \hg}e kfh}hoe`we‟ !B` 8>&=5*. ¹Kuè`gi ~h h ahmfh}fe{ gef \hg}e& {j ê{wh{ {i` u`h{ ge fh{ òfwjoh{ |hfhm}h{ xue gj}jce h fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ e` fh wje}}h9 Fe{ ahmfh}è ‖kfh}hoe`we‟ gef \hg}e& oegjh`we {u E{|ï}jwu& ¨ge{|uê{ ge \h{kuh( ‖Oukah{ ki{h{ oe xuegh` |i} gekj}i{& |e}i `i |igêj{ kh}ch} ki` effh{ |i} hai}h4 kuh`gi ~e`ch Êf& ef E{|ï}jwu ge fh ^e}ghg& i{ cujh}è ah{wh fh ~e}ghg |fe`h‟ !B` 8>&8=‛8;*. [j `i{ njbhoi{ e` kûoi ffecû Be{ò{& e` kuh`wi aiom}e& h ge{kum}j} khgh ~er ki` ohzi} kfh}jghg {u }efhkjû` ge njfjhkjû` ki` ef \hg}e& im{e}~h}eoi{ xue fi ajri ‖|i} ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟. Fh 8;

|}joe}h |}ikfhohkjû` injkjhf ge e{h {u njfjhkjû`& e` ef Mhuwj{oi gef Bi}gè`& e{wè ï`wjohoe`we fjchgh h fh mhbhgh gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi {im}e êf. E}h ef oj{oi E{|ï}jwu [h`wi xue ah}è m}iwh} ge{ge fi oè{ |}inu`gi gef ki}hrû` ge K}j{wi ef c}jwi njfjhf. Hmmh& \hg}e !kn Fk 8<&=8*. ;. ¹KI@ XUÊ FE@CUHBE9

¹Ki` xuê fe`cuhbe ahmfh}eoi{ gef oj{we}ji j`enhmfe gef \hg}e9 Fh k}ïwjkh gef |i{jwj~j{oi fj`cöï{wjki !‖{im}e fi xue `i {e geme ahmfh}& oebi} e{ khffh}‟ 5* `i ah |h{hgi e` ~h`i. Ah {e}~jgi |h}h ahke}`i{ kio|}e`ge} xue ef fe`cuhbe oè{ h|}i|jhgi |h}h ahmfh} gefhGji{ `i e{ effhgef ki`ke|wi z ef gef {jficj{oi& {j`i efh gef {ïomifi& oewèni}h& i}hkjû`& fh `h}}hkjû`. Z ah ffe~hgi fh weificïh h hke}kh}{e ge `ue~i hf fe`cuhbe mïmfjki. Ef {ïomifi `i |}ewe`ge ‖genj`j}‟& e`ke}}h}4 {ucje}e& e~ikh& gebh e{|hkji |h}h iw}h{ ki{h{& ahke m}iwh} fh fur ge u`h h`hficïh i ge u` ki`w}h{we. Ni}oh |h}we& h {u oh`e}h& gef fe`cuhbe h|inèwjki& xue ahmfh khffh`gi z khffh ahmfh`gi. Fh{ |h}èmifh{ z fi{ {ïomifi{ {i` oe`{hbe}i{ gj{k}ewi{& auojfge{2 e`w}ech` {u |h}we gef oe`{hbe z fueci {e ahke` h u` fhgi& gebh`gi xue iw}h{ |h}èmifh{ fi kio|fewe`. @i iku}}e fi oj{oi ki` fi{ ki`ke|wi{2 ki` ê{wi{ `i |igeoi{ |h}h}`i{ h ojwhg gef khoj`i. Ki` ê{wi{ `i |igeoi{ ‖ki`w}hgekj}`i{‟. Ê{wh e{ fh ~e`whbh xue wje`e`& |e}i& e` ef kh{i ge Gji{& whomjê` {u ge{~e`whbh. Fh {ifukjû` `i ki`{j{we e` }e`u`kjh} h wigi gj{ku}{i ki`ke|wuhf {im}e Gji{ !Buh` \hmfi JJ ah gene`gjgi fh `eke{jghg ge fi{ oj{oi{ e` fh e`kïkfjkh Njge{ ew }hwji *& {j`i e` u`j} h êf u` gj{ku}{i {jomûfjki4 i& oebi} hò`& e` ~j~jnjkh} ef gj{ku}{i ki`ke|wuhf 5

F. SJWWCE@[WEJ@& W}hkwhwu{ fûcjki/|ajfi{i|ajku{.

87

ki` }ene}e`kjh{ ki`wj`uh{ hf ou`gi ge fh eq|e}je`kjh oegjh`we {ïomifi{& oewèni}h{& hfeci}ïh{. [h` Hcu{wï` ah jfu{w}hgi mje` fi xue iku}}e e` e{e kh{i2 ¤E{ gjnïkjf eq|fjkh} ef oiwj~i ge e{e ne`ûoe`i. \e}i ef aekai e{ u`h xue johce` kuh`gi hfecû}jkh& {e `i{ |}i|i`e u`h ~e}ghg oegjh`we `i{ ki`oue~e& `i{ gefejwh z fh h|}ekjhoi{ oè{ xue {j {e `i{ e`u`kjh gj}ekwhoe`we e` {u{ wê}oj`i{ h|}i|jhgi{. Zi |je`{i xue fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ gef hfoh {e e`kje`ge` ki` ohzi} gjnjkufwhg oje`w}h{ e{whoi{ e`}eghgi{ e` fh{ ki{h{ we}}e`h{. \e}i {j {e fe |}e{e`wh` u`h{ joèce`e{ ki}|û}eh{ z& |h}wje`gi ge effh{& {e fi w}h{fhgh h fh{ }ehfjghge{ e{|j}jwuhfe{ {jomifjrhgh{ e` e{h{ joèce`e{& hgxuje}e& |i} h{ï gekj}fi& `ue~h nue}rh c}hkjh{ h e{e |}ike{i ge w}h`{|i{jkjû` T..._& kioi fh ffhoh ge u`h h`wi}kah xue {e e`kje`ge ki` oè{ nue}rh {j {e fh hcjwh´. >

Êf oj{oi nue u` ohe{w}i e` e{e h}we& z we`eoi{ u` ebeo|fi ge effi e` e{h ohc`ïnjkh johce` ge fh h`wi}kah e` oi~joje`wi. \h}h }e{|i`ge} h e{h eqjce`kjh& kioe`rh}eoi{ khgh u`h ge fh oegjwhkji`e{ ahkje`gi u` m}e~e kioe`wh}ji hf {ïomifi mïmfjki ge Gji{ |}i|ji ge khgh weoh2 fh oh`i ge Gji{& ef }i{w}i ge Gji{& fh ~ir ge Gji{& ef ibi ge Gji{& ef iïgi ge Gji{& fh{ hfh{ ge Gji{& ef `iom}e ge Gji{. ^e}eoi{ h{ï kuè`wh{ ki{h{ jo|i}wh`we{ {e `i{ gjke` {im}e Gji{ ki` e{i{ {e`kjffi{ {ïomifi{. Ef oj{oi wïwufi gef fjm}i }enfebh e{h efekkjû`. [jfe`kji e{ u`i ge fi{ `iom}e{ {jomûfjki{ ki` xue& e` fi{ |}joe}i{ {jcfi{& {e ge{jc`hmh hf \hg}e. Gji{ \hg}e e{ ‖fh Mi`ghg gef [jfe`kji‟& xue 3

ahmjwh ‖e` fh khfïcj`e fuoj`i{ï{joh gef {jfe`kji‟ . [h` Jc`hkji ge >

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& Kh}wh{& 55& 88& =8.

3

GJI@J[JI GE H]EI\HCJWH& Fi{ `iom}e{ ge Gji{.

85

H`wjixuïh |h}eke }ene}j}{e hf \hg}e ki` e{e `iom}e kuh`gi gjke xue ef Ajbi e{ ‖{u \hfhm}h {hfjgh gef [jfe`kji‟ 1. Ef \hg}e& {j` eomh}ci& `i e{ {jfe`kji e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue `i ahmfe !¨|}i`u`kjh ewe}`hoe`we {u ^e}mi(*& {j`i e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue ge êf `i |igeoi{ ahmfh}. Ef {jfe`kji e{& |i} ki`{jcuje`we& fh hkwjwug oè{ h|}i|jhgh gefh`we ge êf. @i u` {jfe`kji ge |hfhm}h{& {j`i ge |}ebujkji{. U` {jfe`kji xue `i e{ ‖eqwe}ji}‟ h fh |hfhm}h z xue `i ~je`e ‖ge{|uê{ ge fh |hfhm}h‟& {j`i xue e{ ‖j`we}ji} h effh& kioi ef iïgi xue e{kukah ki`nu`gjê`gi{e ki` fh ~ir xue ahmfh‟. E{we {jfe`kji `i fi }io|e& |ue{& fh hfhmh`rh& {j`i& e` wigi kh{i& fh nhfwh ge hfhmh`rh. Fh kêfem}e oèqjoh ‖h`we wj ef {jfe`kji e{ hfhmh`rh‟ ! wjmj {jfe`wjuo fhu{ * ![hfoi >7 !>5* =* e{wè {hkhgh gef ~e}{ïkufi ge u` {hfoi kuzh w}hgukkjû` ‛aiz {ecu}h‛ e{2 ‖Wò oe}eke{ u` ajo`i‟. H`we Gji{ |igeoi{ {e} ‖kah}fhwh`e{ ougi{‟ i ‖kh`wi}e{ {jfe`kji{i{‟. U` huwi} h`wjcui j`~jwhmh h efe~h} ahkjh Gji{ \hg}e ‖u` ajo`i khffhgi‟& i ‖u` ajo`i ge {jfe`kji‟ z e{wi e{ fi xue xue}eoi{ ahke} bu`wi{& zi e{k}jmje`gi z ~i{iw}i{ feze`gi e{wh{ |ècj`h{. 7. EF ÈCUJFH Z FH KH]WH.

Ki`kfuzi e{wi{ |u`wi{ j`w}igukwi}ji{& |h}h {ecuj} ki` ef weoh& ki` u` }efhwi {jomûfjki xue `i{ hzugh}è h kio|}e`ge} ef {e`wjgi z fh nj`hfjghg ge wigi ef khoj`i xue ~hoi{ h eo|}e`ge}. E` ef h|ûk}jni Aekai{ ge Wioè{ ahz u` ajo`i& ffhohgi ‖ajo`i ge fh |e}fh‟& xue {e }eoi`wh h fi{ wjeo|i{ gef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& {j `i j`kfu{i h h`we{. Ni}oh |h}we ge fh fjwe}hwu}h c`û{wjkh& z |i} e{i {e fe ah ki`kegjgi |iki ~hfi}. \e}i {j mje` gemeoi{ }ekahrh} fh 1

[H@ JC@HKJI GE H@WJIXUÏH& H fi{ ohc`e{ji{.

8>

h`wjcuh c`i{j{ e` kuh`wi {j{weoh gikw}j`hf& `i ahz xue if~jgh} xue e` effh {e e`kue`w}h` huwê`wjkh{ ‖|e}fh{‟. \}ekj{hoe`we e` e{we oi~joje`wi {e ah` ni}oufhgi |i} |}joe}h ~er hfcu`h{ ge fh{ |}ecu`wh{ xue ki`{wjwuze`& whomjê` aiz& ef |u`wi ge |h}wjgh ge wigi ge{|e}wh} }efjcji{i2 ‖¹Xujê` {ioi{9& ¹gû`ge e{whoi{9& ¹hgû`ge ~hoi{9‟. E{e weqwi& |ue{& ahmfh ge u` bi~e` hf xue ef h`kjh`i }ez {u |hg}e e`~ïh h Ecj|wi ge{ge I}je`we& |h}h xue }eku|e}e u`h |e}fh |}ekji{h& ku{wigjhgh |i} fh {e}|je`we ohfjc`h. Ef bi~e` {hfe cu{wi{i |h}h ef fh}ci ~jhbe& |}i~j{wi ge wigh{ fh{ k}ege`kjhfe{ ge {u |hg}e. \e}i u`h ~er hffï& {e gebh e`chøh}2 kioe ge fi{ oh`bh}e{ ecj|kji{ z khe e` u` |}inu`gi fewh}ci& if~jgè`gi{e ge xujê` e{ z h xuê ah ~e`jgi. Ef |hg}e& |}eiku|hgi |i} {u wh}gh`rh& fe oh`gh u` oe`{hbe& e` ni}oh ge u`h kh}wh xue ~uefh e` njcu}h ge ècujfh. Kuh`gi ffech bu`wi hf bi~e`& fh kh}wh {e w}h`{ni}oh wigh effh e` ~ir xue c}jwh2 ¤¨Fe~è`whwe z ge{|je}wh ge wu {ueøi( ¨]ekue}gh xue e}e{ ajbi ge }eze{( ¨Hkuê}ghwe ge fh |e}fh(´.

Ef bi~e` {e ge{|je}wh& kice fh kh}wh& fh me{h z }io|e {u{ {effi{4 }eki`ike xue fi xue gjke fh ~ir kij`kjge ki` fi xue êf oj{oi {je`we e` {u ki}hrû`4 fukah ki` fh {e}|je`we& j`~ikh`gi {im}e effh ef `iom}e ge {u |hg}e& }eku|e}h fh |e}fh z eo|}e`ge ef ~jhbe ge }ec}e{i. Ef ajo`i ge fh |e}fh e{ kioi u`h |h}èmifh |h}h `i{iw}i{. @i{iw}i{ {hfjoi{ gef \hg}e z h êf we`eoi{ xue ~if~e}. \e}i ki` n}ekue`kjh `i{ hkfjohwhoi{ hf ou`gi ge whf ni}oh& xue if~jghoi{ xujê`e{ {ioi{ z hgû`ge ~hoi{. E{we fjm}i xuj{je}h kuo|fj} ef |h|ef xue wje`e e` ef }efhwi fh kh}wh gef |hg}e& ki` hxuef c}jwi xue 83

fh }e{uoe wigh e`we}h2 ‖¨Hkuê}ghwe(‟. Hkuê}ghwe ge xujê` e}e{ ajbi& hkuê}ghwe ge xue wje`e{ u` |hg}e xue e{|e}h wu }ec}e{i& hkuê}ghwe ge e{h |e}fh xue e{ wu hfoh z ef hfoh ge wigi{ wu{ ae}oh`i{.

81

J./ \E]NEKWI[ KIOI ^UE[W]I \HG]E GEF KJEFI.

Fh ffhohgh u`j~e}{hf ge fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ h fh {h`wjghg. ¤Eo|}e`geoi{ e` u`h{ mh}xujffh{ u`h fh}ch w}h~e{ïh& oh}kahoi{ ahkjh ef kjefi ki` gêmjfe{ hfh{. @ue{w}i e{|ï}jwu `i{ jo|efe h kh`wh} h Gji{& h e{e Gji{ hf xue `j fi{ e{|ï}jwu{ kefe{wjhfe{ |uege` hgi}h} kioi êf {e oe}eke´. ![h` C}eci}ji @hkjh`ke`i*.

FH[ HFH[ GE GJI[.

U` {ïomifi ouz {uce}e`we ge Gji{& e` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& e{ ef ge fh{ ‖hfh{‟. Ge`iwh& h`we wigi& |}iwekkjû`2 ‖Cuè}ghoe kioi h fh{ `jøh{ ge wu{ ibi{& h fh {iom}h ge wu{ hfh{ e{kû`geoe‟ ![hf 83&1*4 ‖Fi{ auoh`i{ {e hkice` h fh {iom}h ge wu{ hfh{‟ ![hf ;>&1*4 ‖We kum}j}è ki` {u{ |fuoh{& mhbi {u{ hfh{ we }enucjh}è{‟ ![hf :8&7*. Iw}h{ ~eke{ e{e oj{oi {ïomifi j`gjkh efe~hkjû`. E` e{i{ kh{i{& h fi{ aiom}e{ `i {e fe{ johcj`h mhbi fh{ hfh{ ge Gji{& {j`i {im}e effh{2 ‖I{ ffe~ê {im}e hfh{ ge ècujfh z i{ w}hbe h oï‟ !Eq 8:&7*4 ‖Eqwe`gjû {u{ hfh{& fi{ wioû z fi{ ffe~û {im}e {u{ |fuoh{‟ !Gw ;=&88*. Gji{ {e kio|h}h h {ï oj{oi ki` u` ècujfh xue e`{eøh h 8:

{u{ |iffuefi{ h ~ifh} z h ~j~j} e` fh{ hfwu}h{. Gji{ {hkû h {u |uemfi ge fh ki`gjkjû` {e}~jf e` xue ~j~ïh e` Ecj|wi e ajri ge êf ‖u`h `hkjû` {h`wh‟ !Eq 8:&>*. E{we {ïomifi `i{ j`w}iguke ge oh`e}h ouz h|}i|jhgh e` ef weoh e{wh |}joe}h oegjwhkjû`& xuej`{j{whoi{ e{ |}ekj{hoe`we ef e` ge `ue{w}hge~ikhkjû` h fh {h`wjghg. \e}i `i geoh{jhgi fi{ {jc`jnjkhgi{ z fh{ h|fjkhkji`e{ ge e{we {ïomifi i ge kuhfxuje} iw}i. ‖U` {ïomifi `u`kh {e w}hguke ‛ah e{k}jwi u` e{|ekjhfj{wh e` e{wi{ h{u`wi{‛4 ahz xue gebh} xue ahmfe z xue }e{ue`e& z fueci |e`{h} |h}wje`gi ge êf‟. 8. FH JOJWHKJÛ@ GEF \HG]E KEFE[WJHF.

[jcuje`gi ef |fh` h`u`kjhgi& kioe`rhoi{ `ue{w}i khoj`i hf e`kue`w}i gef \hg}e& e` kio|høïh gef |}joe} cuïh& fi{ e~h`cefji{ {j`û|wjki{. Fh |e}fh oè{ |}ekji{h xue e`ki`w}hoi{ e` fi{ [j`û|wjki{ {im}e Gji{ \hg}e e{ ef ajo`i ge bòmjfi xue feeoi{ e` Ohwei z e` Fukh{2 ¤E` hxuef oioe`wi& Be{ò{& ffe`i ge fh hfec}ïh gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& eqkfhoû2 We giz c}hkjh{& \hg}e& [eøi} gef kjefi z ge fh wje}}h& |i}xue ah{ e{ki`gjgi e{wh{ ki{h{ h fi{ {hmji{ z h fi{ e`we`gjgi{& z fh{ ah{ }e~efhgi h fh ce`we {e`kjffh. [ï& \hg}e& |i}xue h{ï we ah |h}ekjgi mje`. Wigi oe fi ah e`w}echgi oj \hg}e& z `hgje ki`ike xujê` e{ ef Ajbi {j`i ef \hg}e& `j xujê` e{ ef \hg}e {j`i ef Ajbi z hxuef h xuje` ef Ajbi {e fi xuje}e }e~efh}´ !Fk 8<&=8‛==*.

Be{ò{& e` e{wh{ |hfhm}h{& oh`jnje{wh ef ouwui ki`ikjoje`wi e j`wjojghg xue eqj{we` e`w}e êf z ef \hg}e& ef {ek}ewi |i} h`wi`ioh{jh ge {u ~jgh& z hf oj{oi wjeo|i fh j`oe`{h hfec}ïh z fh hgoj}hkjû` xue {e`wïh hf ~e} xue ‖fi{ |exueøi{‟ e}h` hgojwjgi{ h =<

fh }e~efhkjû` ge {eoebh`we oj{we}ji j`enhmfe. [j `i{iw}i{ xue}eoi{ e`ki`w}h}`i{ whomjê` e` ef `òoe}i ge e{i{ |}j~jfecjhgi{ xue {i` hgojwjgi{ h fh }e~efhkjû` gef oj{we}ji& zh aeoi{ iïgi kuèf e{ fh ki`gjkjû`2 {e}& i ahke}`i{& |exueøi{. U` `jøi `i wje`e xue ahke} e{wugji{ e}ugjwi{ |h}h ki`ike} h {u |hg}e. Fe{ mh{wh ki` e{kukah} fh ~ir ge fh {h`c}e& z h `i{iw}i{ `i{ mh{wh ki` e{kukah} fh gef E{|ï}jwu. Fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ e{ u`h jgeh ouz gjnu`gjgh e`w}e fh{ gj~e}{h{ }efjcji`e{. \h}h fi{ c}jeci{& Gji{ e{ ‖ef |hg}e gef ki{oi{‟. Ef `iom}e {è`{k}jwi ge Gji{& Gzhu{/|jwh& xue {e ki`{e}~h e` ef fhwj`i Bu||jwe}& e{ u`h |hfhm}h kio|ue{wh xue {jc`jnjkh bu{whoe`we Geu{/|hwe}& Gji{ |hg}e. \e}i e` fh Mjmfjh& fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ }e~j{we u` {jc`jnjkhgi `ue~i z gj{wj`wi2 `i kû{ojki i oïwjki !fjchgi h ce`ehficïh{ gj~j`h{*& {j`i aj{wû}jki. Gji{ {e }e~efh kioi ‖|hg}e ge {u |uemfi J{}hef‟ e` fh aj{wi}jh& e` kuh`wi xue fi efjce& fi egukh z fi ni}oh kioi h u` |}joicê`jwi. Ê{we e{ ef {e`wjgi ge n}h{e{ kioi2 ‖Zi {e}ê u` |hg}e |h}h J{}hef‟ !B} ;8&:*& ‖ge{ge Ecj|wi ffhoê h oj ajbi‟ !I{ 88& 8*. E` fh oj{oh Mjmfjh& e{h jgeh {e kh}ch ge u` {jc`jnjkhgi wiwhfoe`we `ue~i z ge{ki`ikjgi kuh`gi |h{hoi{ gef H`wjcui hf @ue~i We{whoe`wi. Hf nj`hf ge {u ~jgh& Be{ò{ i}h hf \hg}e gjkje`gi2 ‖Ae ghgi h ki`ike} wu `iom}e h fi{ aiom}e{‟ !B` 83&>*. ¹Kûoi |uege gekj} e{i9 ¹Hkh{i `i {e ki`ikïh zh h Gji{ ki` e{e `iom}e e` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi9 [ï& |e}i hai}h ‖ef `iom}e‟ gef \hg}e& {j` |e}ge} `hgh ge {u h`wjcui {jc`jnjkhgi& ah hgxuj}jgi u`i kio|fewhoe`we `ue~i. Ef efeoe`wi kfh~e ge fh }e~efhkjû` gef \hg}e e` fi{ e~h`cefji{ e{ fh gj{wj`kjû` xue {e ahke e`w}e ‖~ue{w}i \hg}e‟ z ‖oj \hg}e‟& e`w}e Gji{ \hg}e ge fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ z Gji{ \hg}e ge {u Ajbi =8

Be{uk}j{wi. E` fi{ [j`û|wjki{ |}e~hfeke` hò` fi{ weqwi{ e` xue {e ahmfh ge Gji{ ‖`ue{w}i \hg}e‟ !‖~ue{w}i \hg}e kefe{wjhf‟*. E{ kje}wi xue ef n}hcoe`wi ge Ohwei xue aeoi{ kjwhgi |h}eke j`gjkh} fi ki`w}h}ji& zh xue ahmfh kfh}hoe`we ge fh }efhkjû` ò`jkh xue eqj{we e`w}e ef \hg}e z {u Ajbi Be{ò{. \e}i {e w}hwh ge u`h eqke|kjû`& ah{wh ef |u`wi ge xue h ~eke{ {e fi ge{k}jme kioi ‖u` oewei}jwi biè`jki khïgi e` ef |fh`ewh {j`û|wjki‟. Fi{ }h{ci{ oè{ n}ekue`we{ z oè{ kh}hkwe}ï{wjki{ ge fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ e` fi{ [j`û|wjki{ {i` iw}i{2 ef kujghgi |}i~jge`we z hoi}i{i gef \hg}e ahkjh wigh{ {u{ k}ehwu}h{ !Ow 5*& {u mi`ghg z oj{e}jki}gjh ki` fi{ |ekhgi}e{ z fi{ |e}gjgi{ !Fk 85*& fh i}hkjû` gef \hg}e `ue{w}i. Fh ne e` u` \hg}e mue`i z oj{e}jki}gji{i e{ ef weoh |}j`kj|hf ge fh |}egjkhkjû` ge Be{ò{ {ecò` fi{ e~h`cefji{ {j`û|wjki{& ah{wh ef |u`wi ge xue fh weificïh fjme}hf gef {jcfi |h{hgi ffecû h |i`e} e` e{h k}ee`kjh !{j mje`& kioi ~e}eoi{& e` u` {e`wjgi }egukwj~i z exuj~ikhgi* ‖fh e{e`kjh gef k}j{wjh`j{oi‟:. Ge e`w}e wigi{ e{i{ weoh{ {j`û|wjki{& u`i ge fi{ oè{ kh}hkwe}ï{wjki{ e{ fh j`~jwhkjû` ge K}j{wi h jojwh} hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf. Ef fh}ci gj{ku}{i {im}e ef \hg}e xue `i{ w}h`{ojwe Ohwei ki`kfuze ki` fh{ |hfhm}h{2 ‖\i} wh`wi& {eg |e}nekwi{ kioi ~ue{w}i \hg}e kefe{wjhf e{ |e}nekwi‟ !Ow 5&71*. H e{wh n}h{e {e fh ki`{jge}h ki` wigh bu{wjkjh kioi fh ~e}{jû` k}j{wjh`h gef h`wjcui oh`ghoje`wi2 ‖[eg {h`wi{& |i}xue zi& ef [eøi} ~ue{w}i Gji{& {iz {h`wi‟ !F~ 8:&=*. Whomjê` fh \}joe}h kh}wh ge \eg}i e{whmfeke u`h }efhkjû` e`w}e e{we oh`ghoje`wi gef Fe~ïwjki z fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{2 :

H. ^I@ AH]@HKD& Fh e{e`kjh gef k}j{wjh`j{oi.

==

¤Ef xue i{ ffhoû e{ {h`wi4 kioi êf& {eg whomjê` ~i{iw}i{ {h`wi{ e` wigh ~ue{w}h ki`gukwh& |i}xue gjke fh E{k}jwu}h2 [e}êj{ {h`wi{& |i}xue zi {iz {h`wi. [j ffhoèj{ \hg}e hf xue burch h khgh u`i {ecò` {u{ im}h{& {j` |h}kjhfjghg& wiohg e` {e}ji ~ue{w}i |}ikege} e` e{wh ~jgh´ !8 \ 8&85‛83*.

‖\hwe}`jghg‟ z ‖{h`wjghg‟ ge Gji{ e{wè` ï`wjohoe`we u`jgh{. ‖\hg}e {h`wi‟ fi ffhoh Be{ò{ !B` 83&88*4 ‖[h`wi e}e{ e` ~e}ghg& \hg}e& nue`we ge wigh {h`wjghg‟& fi genj`e fh Jcfe{jh hf kioje`ri ge u`h ge fh{ |fech}jh{ eukh}ï{wjkh{. Ahke} `ue{w}h e{wh h|}eojh`we j`~jwhkjû` h {e} {h`wi{ e{ fh ni}oh oè{ huwê`wjkh& oè{ hò`& fh ò`jkh h|}i|jhgh& ge kefem}h} ef c}h` bumjfei hge}eri. gef høi =<<<. Wigi {j` e{|e}h` e{wi& `i gef {e}ïh oè{ xue {jo|fe Fi xue Gji{fizgeoè{& fh Jcfe{jh c}h` bumjfei e{ xue fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ k}erkhoi{ e` {h`wjghg. E` fh kh}wh h|i{wûfjkh We}wji ojffe``ji hg~e`je`we Buh` \hmfi JJ |}i|i`e kioi imbewj~i |}ji}jwh}ji gef bumjfei ‖{u{kjwh} e` wigi{ fi{ njefe{ u` ~e}ghge}i ge{ei ge {h`wjghg‟. ^hoi{ h ahke} u` }eki}}jgi |i} fi{ oioe`wi{ nue}we{ ge e{wh ffhohgh h fh {h`wjghg xue hw}h~je{h ge |h}we h |h}we wigh fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h z xue ef ^hwjkh`i JJ ah ~uefwi h fh`rh} kioi u` }ewi e` {u nhoi{i weqwi {im}e fh ~ikhkjû` u`j~e}{hf ge wigi{ fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ h fh {h`wjghg2 ¤Wigi{ e` fh Jcfe{jh& zh |e}we`erkh` h fh be}h}xuïh& zh {eh` cujhgi{ |i} effh& e{wè` ffhohgi{ h fh {h`wjghg´.

Kuh`gi {e ahmfh ge {h`wjghg& fi |}joe}i xue ahz xue ahke} e{ fjme}h} e{h |hfhm}h ge fh{ h|}e`{ji`e{ z fi{ ojegi{ xue j`{|j}h& gemjgi h kje}wh{ }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ e}}û`eh{ xue `i{ aeoi{ aekai ge fh oj{oh. Fh {h`wjghg |uege ki`ffe~h} ne`ûoe`i{ eqw}hi}gj`h}ji{& |e}i `i {e jge`wjnjkh ki` effi{. [j wigi{ e{wè` ffhohgi{ h fh {h`wjghg& e{ |i}xue& ki}}ekwhoe`we e`we`gjgh& fh =;

{h`wjghg e{wè hf hfkh`ke ge wigi{ z ni}oh |h}we ge fh `i}ohfjghg ge fh ~jgh k}j{wjh`h. Fi{ {h`wi{ {i` kioi fh{ nfi}e{2 `i eqj{we` {ûfi fh{ xue {e |i`e` e` fi{ hfwh}e{. ¨Kuè`wh{ m}iwh` z oue}e` e{ki`gjgh{& ge{|uê{ ge |e}nuoh} {jfe`kji{hoe`we ef homje`we xue fh{ }igeh( =. FH FFHOHGH H FH [H@WJGHG.

Fh }hrû` |}inu`gh ge fh {h`wjghg e{ kfh}h ge{ge ef |}j`kj|ji2 xue êf& Gji{& e{ {h`wi. E` fh Mjmfjh& fh {h`wjghg e{ fh {ï`we{j{ ge wigi{ fi{ hw}jmuwi{ ge Gji{. J{hïh{ ffhoh h Gji{ ‖ef [h`wi ge J{}hef‟& e{ gekj} hxuef h xuje` J{}hef ah ki`ikjgi kioi ef [h`wi. ‖[h`wi& {h`wi& {h`wi‟ ‛Xhgi{a& xhgi{a& xhgi{a‛ e{ ef c}jwi xue hkio|høh h fh oh`jne{whkjû` ge Gji{ e` ef oioe`wi ge {u ffhohgh !J{ >&;*. Oh}ïh {e ahke eki njef ge e{wh jgeh ge Gji{ xue wje`e` fi{ |}inewh{ z fi{ {hfoi{ kuh`gi eqkfhoh e` ef Ohc`jnjkhw2 ‖[u `iom}e e{ [h`wi‟. E` kuh`wi hf ki`we`jgi ge e{h jgeh ge {h`wjghg& ef wê}oj`i mïmfjki xhgi{a {ucje}e fh jgeh ge {e|h}hkjû`& ge gjne}e`kjh. Gji{ e{ {h`wi |i}xue e{ ef kio|fewhoe`we iw}i }e{|ekwi h wigi fi xue ef aiom}e |uege |e`{h}& gekj} i ahke}. E{ ef hm{ifuwi& e` ef {e`wjgi ewjoifûcjki ge hm/{ifuwu{& ge{fjchgi ge wigi ef }e{wi z {e|h}hgi& h|h}we. E{ ef w}h{ke`ge`we& e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue e{wè |i} e`kjoh ge wigh{ `ue{w}h{ khweci}ïh{. Z wigi e{wi& e` {e`wjgi oi}hf& h`we{ hò` xue oewhnï{jki4 e{ gekj}& xue {e }enje}e hf im}h} ge Gji{ z `i {ûfi h {u {e}. [h`wi{ {e |}ikfhoh` {im}e wigi fi{ bujkji{ ge Gji{& {u{ im}h{ z {u{ khoj`i{. \e}i ‖{h`wi‟ `i e{& |}j`kj|hfoe`we& u` ki`ke|wi `echwj~i& xue j`gjxue {e|h}hkjû`& hu{e`kjh ge ohf z ge oerkfh e` Gji{& {j`i |i{jwj~i e` {uoi c}hgi. J`gjkh ‖|u}h |fe`jwug‟. E` `i{iw}i{& fh ‖|fe`jwug‟ `u`kh kij`kjge wiwhfoe`we ki` fh ‖|u}erh‟. U`h ki{h =7

ki`w}hgjke h fh iw}h. @ue{w}h |u}erh {jeo|}e {e ki`{jcue |u}jnjkè`gi`i{ z xujwh`gi ef ohf ge `ue{w}h{ hkkji`e{ !J{ 8& 8>*. E` Gji{ `i2 |u}erh z |fe`jwug kieqj{we` z ki`{wjwuze` fh{ gi{ bu`wh{ fh {uoh {e`kjffer ge Gji{. Fh Mjmfjh eq|}e{h h fh |e}nekkjû` e{we ki`ke|wi kuh`gi gjke xue h Gji{ ‖`hgh {e fe |uege høhgj} `j xujwh}‟ ![j 7=&=8*. \i} {e} fh {uoh |u}erh& `hgh {e fe geme xujwh}4 |i} {e} fh {uoh |fe`jwug& `hgh {e fe |uege høhgj}. Kuh`gi j`we`whoi{ ge{kum}j} kûoi e`w}h ef aiom}e e` fh e{ne}h ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ z xuê xuje}e gekj} {e} {h`wi& h|h}eke j`oegjhwhoe`we ef |}egioj`ji& e` ef h`wjcui We{whoe`wi& ge fh jgeh }jwuhfj{wh. Fh{ oegjhkji`e{ ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ {i` imbewi{& fuch}e{& }jwi{& |}e{k}j|kji`e{. \h}we{ e`we}h{ gef Êqigi z gef Fe~ïwjki {e wjwufh` ‖kûgjci{ ge {h`wjghg‟ i ‖feze{ ge {h`wjghg‟. Fh {h`wjghg {e ki`wje`e e` u` kûgjci ge feze{. Z e{h {h`wjghg xuegh |}inh`hgh {j hfcuje` {e hke}kh hf hfwh} ki` u`h geni}ojghg nï{jkh i ge{|uê{ ge ahme} wikhgi h u` h`johf jo|u}i2 ‖[h`wjnjkhi{ z {eg {h`wi{...& `i i{ ki`whoj`êj{ ki` `j`cu`i ge e{i{ h`johfe{‟ !F~ 88&774 =8&=;*. E` fi{ \}inewh{ z e` fi{ [hfoi{ feeoi{ ~ike{ gj{wj`wh{. H fh |}ecu`wh ‖¹Xujê` |uege {umj} hf oi`we gef [eøi}& xujê` |uege e{wh} e` ef }ekj`wi {hk}i9‟& i mje` ¹Xujê` ge `i{iw}i{ ahmjwh}è e` u` nueci ge~i}hgi}9‟& {e }e{|i`ge ki` j`gjkhkji`e{ eqxuj{jwhoe`we oi}hfe{2 ‖Ef aiom}e ge oh`i{ j`ike`we{ z |u}i ki}hrû`‟ ![hf =7&7*& z ‖ef xue |}ikege ki` bu{wjkjh z ahmfh ki` }ekwjwug‟ !J{ ;;&87‛85*. \e}i {i` ~ike{ hj{fhgh{. Hò` e` wjeo|i{ ge K}j{wi& e`w}e fi{ nh}j{ei{ z e` Xuo}h`& |}e~hfeke fh jgeh ge xue fh {h`wjghg z fh bu{wjkjh ki`{j{we` e` u`h |u}erh }jwuhf z e` fh im{e}~h`kjh ge kje}wi{ |}eke|wi{& e` e{|ekjhf gef |}eke|wi gef {èmhgi. =5

[j |h{hoi{ hf @ue~i We{whoe`wi& ~eoi{ kûoi fh genj`jkjû` ‖`hkjû` {h`wh‟ {e eqwje`ge ouz |}i`wi h fi{ k}j{wjh`i{. \h}h \hmfi& fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ {i` ‖{h`wi{ |i} ~ikhkjû`‟& i ‖ffhohgi{ h {e} {h`wi{‟ TKn ]o 8&3 z 8 Ki 8&=_. Z ahmjwuhfoe`we ge{jc`h h fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ ki` ef wê}oj`i ‖fi{ {h`wi{‟. Fi{ k}eze`we{ ah` {jgi efecjgi{ ‖|h}h xue {eh` {h`wi{ e j}}e|}ikahmfe{ h`we êf |i} ef hoi}‟ !En 8&7*. \e}i mhbi e{h h|h}e`we jge`wjghg e` fh we}oj`ificïh e{whoi{ h{j{wje`gi h khomji{ |}inu`gi{. Fh {h`wjghg zh `i e{ u` aekai }jwuhf i fechf& {j`i oi}hf& {j `i j`kfu{i i`wifûcjki. @i }e{jge e` fh{ oh`i{& {j`i e` ef ki}hrû`4 `i e{ hfci xue {e gekjgh nue}h& {j`i ge`w}i gef aiom}e& z {e }e{uoe e` ef hoi}. Fh{ oegjhkji`e{ ge fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ zh `i {i` fuch}e{ !ef weo|fi ge Be}u{hfê` i ef oi`we Ch}jrï`*& }jwi{& imbewi{ z feze{& {j`i u`h |e}{i`h& Be{uk}j{wi. [e} {h`wi `i ki`{j{we wh`wi e` e{wh} {e|h}hgi ge e{wi i ge hxueffi& kuh`wi e` e{wh} u`jgi h Be{uk}j{wi. Hfcu`h{ w}hgukkji`e{ oige}`h{ ge fh Mjmfjh& e` ~er ge ‖ffhohgi{ h {e} {h`wi{‟ w}hguke` ‖ffhohgi{ h |e}we`eke} h Be{uk}j{wi‟& w}hgukkjû` gj{kuwjmfe ge{ge ef |u`wi ge ~j{wh fj`cöï{wjki |e}i ki}}ekwh e` kuh`wi hf ki`we`jgi. E` Be{uk}j{wi& ffech h `i{iw}i{ fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{ e` |e}{i`h& z `i u`h febh`h }e~e}me}hkjû` {uzh. Be{uk}j{wi e{ ‖ef [h`wi ge Gji{‟ !B` >&>:*. ;. EF CIF\E GE HFH E@ EF KHOJ@I AHKJH FH [H@WJGHG.

@i{iw}i{ e`w}hoi{ e` ki`whkwi ki` fh {h`wjghg ge K}j{wi ge gi{ oh`e}h{ z ge gi{ oh`e}h{ whomjê` {e `i{ kiou`jkh e{h {h`wjghg2 |i} h|}i|jhkjû` z |i} jojwhkjû`. Fh oè{ jo|i}wh`we ge fh{ gi{ e{ fh |}joe}h& xue {e }ehfjrh e` fh ne z |i} oegji ge fi{ {hk}hoe`wi{2 =>

¤I{ fh~h}i`& i{ ki`{hc}h}i`& i{ |e}gi`h}i` e` ef `iom}e ge `ue{w}i [eøi} Be{uk}j{wi z |i} ef E{|ï}jwu ge `ue{w}i Gji{´ !8 Ki >&88*.

Fh {h`wjghg e{& h`we wigi& gi`& c}hkjh& z e{ im}h ge wigh fh W}j`jghg. Gef aekai ge xue {ioi{ oè{ ge K}j{wi xue ge `i{iw}i{ oj{oi{ !kn 8 Ki >&8:/=<*& {e {jcue h fh j`~e}{h xue fh {h`wjghg ge K}j{wi e{ oè{ `ue{w}h xue `ue{w}h |}i|jh {h`wjghg. ‖Fi xue e{ ge K}j{wi e{ oè{ `ue{w}i xue fi xue e{ `ue{w}i‟. Ê{we e{ ef cif|e ge hfh e` fh ~jgh e{|j}jwuhf. [u ge{kum}joje`wi `i {e ahke& ge i}gj`h}ji& hf kioje`ri& {j`i hf nj`hf gef |}i|ji jwj`e}h}ji e{|j}jwuhf& u`h ~er xue {e ah` eq|e}joe`whgi wigi{ fi{ geoè{ khoj`i{ z {e ah kio|}imhgi xue `i ffe~h` ouz febi{. \hmfi `i{ e`{eøh kûoi {e gh e{we ‖cif|e ge hughkjh‟ kuh`gi gekfh}h {ifeo`eoe`we xue `i xuje}e {e} ahffhgi ki` u`h bu{wjkjh ‛ i {h`wjghg‛ |}i~e`je`we ge fh im{e}~h`kjh ge fh fez& {j`i ò`jkhoe`we ki` fh xue |}i~je`e ge fh ne e` K}j{wi !kn Nf| ;&57<*. K}j{wi ‛gjke‛ e{ |h}h `i{iw}i{ ‖bu{wjkjh& {h`wjnjkhkjû` z }ege`kjû`‟ !8 Ki 8&;<*. ‖\h}h `i{iw}i{‟2 |i} wh`wi& |igeoi{ }ekfhoh} {u {h`wjghg kioi `ue{w}h h wigi{ fi{ enekwi{. U` cif|e ge hughkjh e{ whomjê` ef xue gh {h` Me}`h}gi kuh`gi eqkfhoh2 ‖Zi wioi !fjwe}hfoe`we2 u{u}|i* ge fh{ e`w}høh{ ge K}j{wi fi xue oe nhfwh‟ 8<. ¨‖U{u}|h}‟ fh {h`wjghg ge K}j{wi& ‖h}}emhwh} ef }ej`i ge fi{ kjefi{‟( E{ ê{we u` cif|e ge hughkjh xue ahz xue }e|ewj} h oe`ugi e` fh ~jgh& e{|ekjhfoe`we e` ef oioe`wi ge fh kiou`jû` eukh}ï{wjkh. Ge{|uê{ ge }ekjmj} h Be{ò{ |igeoi{ gekj}2 ‖[iz {h`wi& fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{& ef [h`wi ge Gji{& e{wè ge`w}i ge oï. \uege xue zi `i e` hoï{uoè{ oj{e}jh |ekhgi& |e}iahkjh ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf ~e~eh e` oï Ajbixue z {je`we xuez {ume ge oï êf ef 8<

[H@ ME]@H]GI& [e}oi`e{ {im}e ef Kh`wh} ge fi{ Kh`wh}e{.

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h}ioh ge {u ajbi& kioi J{hhk kuh`gi me`gjbi h Bhkim !kn C` =3&=3*‟. Bu`wi h e{we oegji nu`ghoe`whf xue e{ fh ne z fi{ {hk}hoe`wi{& geme` iku|h} whomjê` u` fuch} fh jojwhkjû`& fh{ im}h{& e{nue}ri @i ef kioi u` oegji oegji h|}i|jhgi j`ge|e`gje`we gj{wj`wiefgef |}joe}i&|e}{i`hf. {j`i kioi ò`jki |h}hz oh`jne{wh} fh ne& w}hgukjê`gifh e` aekai{. Fh i|i{jkjû` ne/im}h{ e{ e` }ehfjghg u` nhf{i |}imfeoh& xue {e ah oh`we`jgi oè{ xue `hgh gemjgi h fh |ifêojkh aj{wû}jkh. Fh{ im}h{ mue`h{& {j` fh ne& `i {i` im}h{ ‖mue`h{‟& z fh ne {j` im}h{ mue`h{ `i e{ ~e}ghge}h ne. E{ u`h ne oue}wh& kioi gj}ïh [h`wjhci !kn [w ;&=>*. Mh{wh ki` xue |i} ‖im}h{ mue`h{‟ `i {e e`wje`gh |}j`kj|hfoe`we !kioi |i} ge{c}hkjh iku}}ïh e` wjeo|i{ ge Fuwe}i* j`gufce`kjh{& |e}ec}j`hkji`e{ z iw}h{ |}èkwjkh{ |jhgi{h{& {j`i fh cuh}gh ge fi{ oh`ghoje`wi{& e` e{|ekjhf ef gef hoi} n}hwe}`i. Be{ò{ gjke xue e` ef bujkji nj`hf hfcu`i{ xuegh}è` nue}h gef }ej`i |i} `i ahme} ~e{wjgi hf ge{`ugi `j ghgi ge kioe} hf ahom}je`wi. \i} wh`wi& `i `i{ {hf~hoi{ |i} fh{ mue`h{ im}h{& |e}i who|iki `i{ {hf~h}eoi{ {j` fh{ mue`h{ im}h{. E` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi {e hfwe}`h` gi{ ~e}mi{ hf ahmfh} ge {h`wjghg& u`i e` j`gjkhwj~i z ef iw}i e` jo|e}hwj~i2 ‖ [ij{ {h`wi{‟& ‖[eg {h`wi{‟. Fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ e{wè` {h`wjnjkhgi{ z ah` ge {h`wjnjkh}{e. Kuh`gi \hmfi e{k}jme2 ‖Ê{wh e{ fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{& xue {eèj{ {h`wi{‟& e{ e~jge`we xue {e }enje}e h fh {h`wjghg xue e{ n}uwi gef e{nue}ri |e}{i`hf. E` enekwi& høhge& kioi {j xuj{je}h eq|fjkh} e` xuê ki`{j{we fh {h`wjnjkhkjû` ge fh xue e{wè ahmfh`gi2 ‖Xue i{ h|h}wêj{ gef ge{e`n}e`i& xue khgh kuhf {e|h ki`w}ifh} {u |}i|ji kue}|i {h`wh z }e{|ewui{hoe`we‟ !8 W{ 7&;‛:*

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Ef ki`kjfji |i`e kfh}hoe`we ge }efje~e e{wi{ gi{ h{|ekwi{ ge fh {h`wjghg& ef imbewj~i z ef {umbewj~i& xue {e mh{h` }e{|ekwj~hoe`we e` fh ne z e` fh{ im}h{2 ¤Fi{ {ecujgi}e{ ge K}j{wi& ffhohgi{ z bu{wjnjkhgi{ e` K}j{wi `ue{w}iz [eøi}& |}i|ji{ {j`i |i} ge{jc`ji c}hkjh `i ge|i} Êf& {u{ e` fh ne gefoê}jwi{& mhuwj{oi ah` {jgi aekai{ ajbi{ ge Gji{ z |h}wïkj|e{ ge fh `hwu}hferh gj~j`h& z& |i} fi oj{oi& {h`wi{. E{h {h`wjghg xue }ekjmje}i` geme`& |ue{& ki`{e}~h}fh z |e}nekkji`h}fh e` {u ~jgh ki` fh hzugh ge Gji{.´ !FC& 7<*.

[ûfi xue ahz xue }eki}gh} xue fh im}h ge fh ne `i {e hciwh ki` ef mhuwj{oi& {j`i xue {e }e`ue~h ‛z }e`ue~h hf |}i|ji mhuwj{oi‛ ahmfhgi. khgh ~er xue ghoi{ u` cif|e ge hfh ge fi{ xue ae 7. I [H@WI[ I N]HKH[HGI[.

Ê{we e{ ef `ue~i jgehf ge {h`wjghg e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi. E` e{e |h{i gef H`wjcui hf @ue~i We{whoe`wi ahz u` |u`wi xue `i ah khomjhgi& xue j`kfu{i {e ah |}inu`gjrhgi& z xue e{ fh }hrû` ge ni`gi e{he{ ffhohgh {h`wjghg& ‖|i}xuê‟ xueffhohgi& {e} {h`wi{2 |i}xuegeGji{ {h`wi. h‖Hfhjohce` gefef[h`wi xueahz i{ ah {eg ~i{iw}i{ whomjê` {h`wi{‟. Fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ ge K}j{wi geme` hoh} h fi{ e`eojci{ |h}h {e} ‖ajbi{ gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf xue oh`gh fh ffu~jh h bu{wi{ e j`bu{wi{‟ !Ow 5&75*. Fh {h`wjghg `i e{& |ue{& u`h jo|i{jkjû`& u`h kh}ch xue `i{ ahzh` ekahgi {im}e fi{ aiom}i{& {j`i u` |}j~jfecji& u` gi`& u` {u|}eoi ai`i}. U`h imfjchkjû`& {ï& |e}i xue |}i~je`e ge `ue{w}h gjc`jghg ge ajbi{ ge Gji{. Ê{wh e{ u`h {jwuhkjû` e` fh xue ahz xue gekj} ge ~e}ghg2 ‖`imferh imfjch‟. Fh {h`wjghg e{ hfci xue ~je`e eqjcjgi |i} ef {e} oj{oi gef aiom}e4 `i {e }enje}e h fi{ hkkjge`we{& {j`i h fh e{e`kjh. Ef aiom}e =:

geme {e} {h`wi |h}h ahke} }ehfjghg {u jge`wjghg oè{ |}inu`gh2 fh ge {e} ‖johce` z {eoebh`rh ge Gji{‟. \h}h fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& ef aiom}e `i e{ |}j`kj|hfoe`we fi xue e{wè |}egewe}oj`hgi h {e} e` ~j}wug ge {u `hkjoje`wi !u` ‖h`johf }hkji`hf‟*& {j`i hxueffi e` fi xue e{wè ffhohgi h ki`~e}wj}{e& ki` ef ebe}kjkji ge {u fjme}whg z imegekje`gi h Gji{. @i e{ {ûfi `hwu}hferh& {j`i whomjê` ~ikhkjû`. \i} wh`wi& {j e{whoi{ ffhohgi{ h {e} {h`wi{‟& {j {ioi{ ‖{h`wi{ |i} ~ikhkjû`‟& e{ e~jge`we xue {e}eoi{ ~e}ghge}h{ |e}{i`h{& xue `i{ {e`wj}eoi{ }ehfjrhgi{& e` fh oegjgh e` xue {ehoi{ {h`wi{. E` kh{i ki`w}h}ji& {e}eoi{ u`i{ n}hkh{hgi{. ¨Fi ki`w}h}ji ge {h`wi `i e{ |ekhgi}& {j`i n}hkh{hgi( E` fh ~jgh {e |uege n}hkh{h} ge oukah{ oh`e}h{& |e}i {e w}hwh ge n}hkh{i{ }efhwj~i{ xue `i kio|}ioewe` fi e{e`kjhf. Hxuï& {e n}hkh{h }hgjkhfoe`we& e` fi xue u`i e{& z `i {ûfi e` fi xue ahke. ‖@i ahz oè{ xue u`h w}j{werh2 fh ge `i {e} {h`wi{‟ !Feû` Mfiz*. We`ïh }hrû` fh Ohg}e We}e{h kuh`gi& h u` |e}jigj{wh xue fe |}ecu`wû h mikhbh}}i xuê {e`wïh kuh`gi wigi ef ou`gi fh hkfhohmh kioi {h`wh& fe ki`we{wû2 ‖Fh {h`wjghg `i e{ u` fubi& {j`i u`h `eke{jghg‟. Ge wigh{ ni}oh{& fh oj{oh eq|e}je`kjh `i{ fi gjke. Fi{ {h`wi{ {i` fi{ ~e}ghge}i{ aiom}e{& |fe`hoe`we }ehfjrhgi{& fi{ xue ah` gebhgi e` fh aj{wi}jh fh aueffh oè{ |}inu`gh z gu}hge}h& z `i {ûfi e` fh aj{wi}jh ge fh Jcfe{jh {j`i whomjê` e` fh gef ou`gi. Mh{wh}ïh njbh}`i{ e` wh`wh{ kjughge{& |uemfi{ z khffe{ kioi ffe~h` {u{ `iom}e{& |h}h `i ahmfh} ge wigi fi geoè{. [i` |e}{i`h{ xue ah` j`nfujgi& `i {ûfi e` fh aj{wi}jh& {j`i j`kfu{i e` fh ceic}hnïh gef ou`gi. Ef njfû{ini \h{khf ah ni}oufhgi ef |}j`kj|ji ge fi{ w}e{ û}ge`e{ i `j~efe{ ge c}h`gerh2 ef i}ge` ge fi{ kue}|i{ i ge fh ohwe}jh& ef i}ge` ge fh j`wefjce`kjh z ef i}ge` ge fh {h`wjghg. U`h gj{wh`kjh ;<

kh{j j`nj`jwh {e|h}h hf i}ge` ge fh j`wefjce`kjh gef ge fi{ kue}|i{& |e}i u`h gj{wh`kjh ‖j`nj`jwhoe`we oè{ j`nj`jwh‟ {e|h}h hf i}ge` ge fh {h`wjghg gef ge fh j`wefjce`kjh. Fi{ ce`e{ `i wje`e` `eke{jghg ge c}h`gerh{ ohwe}jhfe{2 ê{wh{ `i |uege` xujwh}fe{ `j høhgj}fe{ `hgh. Ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h& fi{ {h`wi{ `i wje`e` `eke{jghg hfcu`h ge fh{ c}h`gerh{ j`wefekwuhfe{2 {u c}h`gerh {e {jwòh e` u` |fh`i gj{wj`wi. ‖[i` ~j{wi{ |i} Gji{ z |i} fi{ è`cefe{& `i |i} fi{ kue}|i{ `j |i} fh{ oe`we{ ku}ji{h{4 h effi{ fe{ mh{wh Gji{‟ T\h{khf& \e`{hoje`wi{& 5:;_. E{we |}j`kj|ji `i{ |e}ojwe ~hfi}h} e` {u bu{wh oegjgh fh{ ki{h{ z fh{ |e}{i`h{ xue `i{ }igeh`. Fh ohzi} |h}we ge fh ce`we {e xuegh e` ef |}joe} `j~ef z `j {jxuje}h {i{|ekah xue |uegh eqj{wj} u` |fh`i {u|e}ji}. [i` fi{ xue {e |h{h` fh ~jgh |}eiku|hgi{ ò`jkhoe`we |i} hkuoufh} }jxuerh{& |i} kufwj~h} fh mefferh nï{jkh i |i} hk}eke`wh} {u |ige}. \e`{h`gi e` fh ni}oh e` xue {h`wh We}e{h ge Be{ò{ {e johcj`h {u Kh{wjffi j`we}ji}& ê{wi{ {i` fi{ xue |h{h` wigi ef wjeo|i e` fh ‖}i`gh‟ gef |hfhkji. Iw}i{ k}ee` xue ef ~hfi} {u|}eoi z ef kufoe` ge fh c}h`gerh e{ ef ge fh j`wefjce`kjh. W}hwh` ge ahke}{e nhoi{i{ e` ef kho|i ge fh{ few}h{& gef h}we& gef |e`{hoje`wi. \iki{ {hme` xue eqj{we u` we}ke} `j~ef ge c}h`gerh2 ef ge fh {h`wjghg. E{wh c}h`gerh e{ {u|e}ji} h fh{ geoè{& |i}xue e{ ewe}`h z |i}xue& h gjne}e`kjh ge fh{ iw}h{& `i }egu`gh {ûfi e` me`enjkji ge xuje` fh |i{ee {j`i ge wigi{. U`h {ifh ciwh ge {h`wjghg ‛gekïh ef oò{jki Ciu`ig‛ ~hfe oè{ xue u` ikêh`i ge ce`ji. ^hoi{ h j`we`wh} {hkh} ge wigi fi xue aeoi{ gjkai u`h ki`kfu{jû` i|e}hwj~h. E{ {hmjgi xue ef khoj`i ge fh {h`wjghg `i e{ u` khoj`i }ekwjfï`ei z u`jni}oe. @ue{w}h mò{xuegh ge fh {h`wjghg {e h{eoebh hf khoj`h} gef |uemfi efecjgi |i} ef ge{je}wi. E{ u` ;8

khoj`i aekai ge ki`wj`uh{ |h}hgh{ z ge ~if~e} h eo|erh}. Ge wh`wi e` wh`wi ef |uemfi {e gewe`ïh z |fh`whmh fh{ wje`gh{4 mje` |i}xue {e {e`wïh kh`{hgi& mje` |i}xue ahmïh e`ki`w}hgi hcuh z kiojgh& i {e`kjffhoe`we |i}xue e{wh} {jeo|}e khoj`h`gi e{ kh`{hgi}. \e}i ge |}i`wi ef [eøi} fe gh h Oij{ê{ fh i}ge` ge fe~h`wh} fh{ wje`gh{ z }eh`ugh} ef khoj`i2 ‖Fe~è`whwe z {hf ge hxuï& wò z wu |uemfi& ahkjh fh wje}}h xue we ae |}ioewjgi‟ !Eq 85&==4 83& 8*. E` fh ~jgh ge fh Jcfe{jh& e{wh{ j`~jwhkji`e{ h ~if~e} h |i`e}{e e` khoj`i {e e{kukah` {im}e wigi hf kioje`ri ge u` `ue~i høi fjwò}cjki& e` Hg~je`wi z hf kioe`rh} fh Kuh}e{oh. Ef nj`hf gef ojfe`ji z ef kioje`ri ge u`i `ue~i ahke xue e{wh{ j`~jwhkji`e{ {eh` wigh~ïh oè{ h|}eojh`we{. \h}h khgh u`i ge `i{iw}i{& |e}{i`hfoe`we& e{e oioe`wi ge fe~h`wh} fh{ wje`gh{ z }ej`jkjh} fh oh}kah ahkjh fh {h`wjghg `i{ ffech kuh`gi {e`wjoi{ e` `ue{w}i j`we}ji} e{h oj{we}ji{h ffhohgh h ahke} fi xue |}i~je`e ge fh c}hkjh. E{ u` oioe`wi me`gjwi& u` e`kue`w}i e`w}e fh c}hkjh z fh fjme}whg& xue& {ecò` fh }e{|ue{wh xue geoi{& we`g}è }e{i`h`kjh{ ‛|i{jwj~h{ i `echwj~h{‛ |h}h wigh fh ewe}`jghg. Hf |}j`kj|ji e{ hfci h{ï kioi u` oioe`wi ge hfwi e` ef khoj`i. U`i {e gewje`e e` oegji ge fh ~i}ècj`e ge fh{ |}i|jh{ iku|hkji`e{& wioh gj{wh`kjh& |i} h{ï gekj}fi& ge wigi& |h}h oj}h} fh |}i|jh ~jgh kioi ge{ge nue}h i ge{ge fi hfwi& {um {|ekje îwe}`jwhwj{. Z e`wi`ke{ hnfi}h` fh{ c}h`ge{ |}ecu`wh{2 ‖¹Xujê` {iz9 ¹xuê xuje}i9 ¹hgû`ge ~iz9‟. [h` Me}`h}gi& h |e{h} ge {e} oi`be& wu~i u`h ~jgh ouz hcjwhgh !|}e{jgjû ki`kjfji{& }eki`kjfjû h imj{|i{ z hmhge{& |}egjkû k}urhgh{*. Ge wh`wi e` wh`wi& gjke {u mjûc}hni& ahkïh u`h |h}hgh z& kioi {j e`w}h{e e` gjèfici ki`{jci oj{oi& {e |}ecu`whmh2 ‖Me}`h}gi& ¹h xuê ah{ ~e`jgi9‟ !Me}`h}ge& hg xujg ~e`j{wj9*. ¹\h}h ;=

xuê ah{ gebhgi ef ou`gi z e`w}hgi e` ef ki`~e`wi9 @i{iw}i{ |igeoi{ jojwh}fi2 ffhoh}`i{ |i} `ue{w}i `iom}e !whomjê` e{wi |uege {e} òwjf* z |}ecu`whoi{2 ¹|h}h xuê e{wiz zi e` ef ou`gi9 ¹|h}h xuê {iz k}j{wjh`i9 \h}h {e} {h`wi& ¹`i9 ¹E{wiz ahkje`gi& e`wi`ke{& hxueffi |h}h fi xue e{wiz e` ef ou`gi9 ]eeo|}e`ge} ef khoj`i ahkjh fh {h`wjghg e{ hfci xue {e eo|jerh ge{|e}wh`gi ef ge{ei. @i ffech}eoi{ h {e} {h`wi{ {j` u` nue}we ge{ei ge {e}fi. [h` Mue`h~e`wu}h `i{ gjke h xujê` gemeoi{ |egj} xue e`kje`gh e{e ge{ei e` `i{iw}i{2 ¤E{wh {hmjgu}ïh oï{wjkh z {ek}ewï{joh `hgje fh ki`ike {j`i xuje` fh }ekjme& `j `hgje fh }ekjme {j`i xuje` fh ge{eh& `j `hgje fh ge{eh {j`i hxuef h xuje` j`nfhoh ah{wh fh oêgufh ef nueci gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi xue K}j{wi e`~jû h fh wje}}h.´ 88

88

[H@ MUE@H^E@WU]H& Jwj`e}h}ji ge fh oe`we h Gji{& ^JJ& 7.

;;

JJ. / OE FE^H@WH]Ê Z ^IF^E]Ê BU@WI H OJ \HG]E.

U` jwj`e}h}ji |e`jwe`kjhf.

‖@i{iw}i{ we`eoi{ `ue{w}i{ gioj`ci{. @ue{w}i ae}oi{i gioj`ci& ef gioj`ci ge \h{kuh. \e}i whomjê` Gji{ wje`e {u{ gioj`ci{ e` ef kjefi. [u gioj`ci ge \h{kuh. Z whomjê` wje`e kho|h`h{& kuh`gi xuje}e‟. 8=

!Ka. \êcuz*

EF KI]HRÛ@ GE GJI[.

Ef ki}hrû` e{ xujrè{ fh }ehfjghg oè{ |}eøhgh ge {jc`jnjkhgi{ {jomûfjki{ ge wigh fh Mjmfjh. Ge`iwh fi xue ahz ge oè{ ï`wjoi z |}inu`gi e` ef aiom}e& fh {ege ge fh j`wefjce`kjh z ge fi{ hnekwi{& ef fuch} gi`ge {e gekjge fh i}je`whkjû` nu`ghoe`whf ge fh |e}{i`h. Kuh`gi ef ki}hrû` {e u{h |h}h ahmfh} ge Gji{& we`eoi{ u` {jomifj{oi gef {jomifj{oi& u` {jomifj{oi efe~hgi hf kuhg}hgi4 hxueffi ge fi xue e{ {ïomifi ef ki}hrû` {e ki`~je}we& h {u ~er& e` {ïomifi ge hfci xue hwhøe hf oj{oi Gji{. Whomjê` e` Gji{& ef ki}hrû` ge`iwh {u kh|hkjghg ge xue}e}& ge cirh} z ge {un}j} ki` ef aiom}e z |i} ef aiom}e. Ge{|uê{ gef |ekhgi& h Gji{ ‖fe |e{û ge ki}hrû`‟ z {e h}}e|j`wjû ge ahme} k}ehgi hf aiom}e !C` >&>*. Gji{ ahmfh ge {hke}giwe{& |h{wi}e{ z 8=

KA. \ÊCUZ& Ef |û}wjki gef oj{we}ji ge fh {ecu`gh ~j}wug.

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aiom}e{ ‖{ecò` {u ki}hrû`‟& e{ gekj}& xue }e{|i`gh` h {u{ ge{ei{ oè{ |}inu`gi{ z xue {eh` u` }enfebi ge {u mi`ghg. Ef u{i oè{ ki`oi~egi} gef {ïomifi gef ki}hrû` fi e`ki`w}hoi{ kuh`gi Gji{ ahmfh ge fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ xue eq|e}joe`wh {u |uemfi e` gh fi{u` oioe`wi{ xue e{ {e imfjchgi h hoe`hrh}fiahkjh z kh{wjch}fi2 ‖Oe ~uefki efe`ki}hrû`& oe ki`oue~e` fh{ e`w}høh{‟ !I{ 88&1*. H Gji{ ‖fe wjeomfh ef ki}hrû`‟ khgh ~er xue {e hkue}gh ge En}hï` !B} ;8&=<*. Ki` e{e {jc`jnjkhgi& ef ki}hrû` e{ ki` n}ekue`kjh j`we}khomjhmfe ki` ef ge ‖e`w}høh{ ge oj{e}jki}gjh‟. ¨Ef ki}hrû` ge Gji{ e{ ef ohzi} hfjhgi gef aiom}e( Gebêoi{fi hxuï& {j` høhgj} oè{ !fi{ {ïomifi{& {j {e h`hfjrh` geoh{jhgi& {e oh}kajwh`*& z |h{eoi{ h oegjwh} u`h |ècj`h gef e~h`cefji& e` fh xue `i {e ahmfh gef ki}hrû` gef \hg}e |e}i {e fi {je`we fhwj}& |i} h{ï gekj}fi& gu}h`we wigi ef wjeo|i. 8. U@ AIOM]E WE@ÏH GI[ AJBI[.

\uege` e{k}jmj}{e fjm}i{ z oè{ fjm}i{ {im}e ef \hg}e& |e}i `hgh |ig}è hfkh`rh} fh mefferh fjwe}h}jh z fh ge`{jghg weifûcjkh ge fh |h}èmifh |}ûgjci xue !Fk 85&88/;=*. Fh ~e}ghg kioi |i`e` ge }efje~egef fi{ajbi eqecewh{& ef |}iwhci`j{wh ge fh e{& |h}èmifh z ef ke`w}i u`jwh}ji ge wigi e{ fh njcu}h gef |hg}e& z xue& |i} fi wh`wi& geme}ïh ffhoh}{e oè{ mje` ‖fh |h}èmifh gef |hg}e oj{e}jki}gji{i‟4 |e}i e{ whomjê` ~e}ghg xue e{e oe`{hbe ge oj{e}jki}gjh {ûfi {e e`wje`ge {im}e ef ni`gi ge fi xue ahke ef ajbi oe`i} z kioi }e{|ue{wh j`e{|e}hgh h {u |}ikege}. H{ï |ue{& ef wïwufi kio|fewi geme}ïh {e}& e` wigi kh{i& fh |h}èmifh ‖gef ajbi eqw}h~jhgi z gef |hg}e oj{e}jki}gji{i‟. [jcuje`gi e{wh fï`eh ge j`we}|}ewhkjû`& oegjwh}eoi{ |}joe}i {im}e ef |}ikege} gef ajbi z fueci {im}e ef gef |hg}e. \e}i gekj} ;5

‖oegjwh}‟ e{ gekj} |iki2 ahz xue ‖oewe}{e‟ e` fh |h}èmifh& iku|h} e` effh `ue{w}i {jwji. E` fh{ im}h{ ge wehw}i& ef weqwi z fi{ |e}{i`hbe{ !|i} ebeo|fi Ahofew* ah` {jgi njbhgi{ |i} ef huwi} z {i` {jeo|}e fi{ oj{oi{& |e}i fi{ hkwi}e{ xue fi{ e`kh}`h` khomjh` khgh ~er. E{i oj{oi iku}}e hxuï. E` e{wi{ oioe`wi{ `i{ wikh h `i{iw}i{ e`kh}`h} fi{ |h|efe{ ge fh |h}èmifh& {im}e wigi ef |h|ef gef ajbi |}ûgjci. \e}i eqj{we u`h gjne}e`kjh e{e`kjhf e`w}e ef k}eze`we z ef hkwi}. Ê{we& e` ef e{ke`h}ji& {e oewe& {ï& e` ef |e}{i`hbe z {e}è ki`{jge}hgi wh`wi oebi} hkwi} kuh`wi oè{ hf ~j~i fi }e|}e{e`we4 |e}i e` }ehfjghg {jcue {je`gi fi xue e}h h`we{4 `i {e |}i|i`e jojwh} e` fh ~jgh fi xue }e|}e{e`wh e` ef e{ke`h}ji. Ah{wh whf |u`wi e{ h{ï& xue fi{ oj{oi{ hkwi}e{ |uege` }e|}e{e`wh} e` u`h |efïkufh h Be{uk}j{wi i h fh ^j}ce` z e` fh {jcuje`we h u` gefj`kue`we i h u`h hgòfwe}h. Ef k}eze`we {e oewe e` ef |e}{i`hbe |h}h oifgeh} {u ~jgh {im}e êf. ]eki`{w}uzhoi{& |ue{& e` |}joe} fuch} ef kio|i}whoje`wi gef ajbi& |h}h }eki`ike}`i{ e` êf& z fueci ef kio|i}whoje`wi gef |hg}e& |h}h hfec}h}`i{ ge êf. Ê{e {e}è ef oioe`wi !xue `u`kh |uege nhfwh} e` u` jwj`e}h}ji kioi ef `ue{w}i* gef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi z ge fh |u}jnjkhkjû` gef |ekhgi. [jcuje`gi fh |h}èmifh& gj{wj`cuj}eoi{& e` fh ki`gukwh gef ajbi& gi{ wjeo|i{2 ef wjeo|i ge oh}kah}{e ge fh kh{h gef |hg}e z ef wjeo|i ge ~if~e} h effh. =. EF KHOJ@I \H]H HFEBH][E GE GJI[.

¤U` aiom}e we`ïh gi{ ajbi{. Ef oe`i} ge effi{ gjbi h {u |hg}e2 \hg}e& ghoe fh |h}we xue oe wikh ge fh ni}wu`h. Ef |hg}e fe{ }e|h}wjû fi{ mje`e{. @i oukai{ gïh{ ge{|uê{& ef ajbi oe`i}& bu`wh`gi wigi fi {uzi& eojc}û h

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u` |hï{ febh`i& z hffï ge}}ikaû {u ni}wu`h ~j~je`gi |e}gjghoe`we´.

¨Kuè`wh w}j{werh e` e{wh |}joe}h e{ke`h gef g}hoh( @j u`h |hfhm}h ge c}hwjwug gef ajbi ahkjh {u |hg}e. @j u` {ifi |e`{hoje`wi {im}e ef {ugi} xue ~erxue fe ah }eu`j}Efhxueffh ae}e`kjh. ‖Ghoe fh whf |h}we oeki{whgi wikh gehffh|hg}e ae}e`kjh‟. |hg}e xuegh }egukjgi h u` {jo|fe w}h`{oj{i} ge u` |hw}joi`ji. Fi ò`jki xue hf ajbi fe j`we}e{h gef |hg}e {i` fi{ mje`e{& `i {u{ ki`{ebi{& {u{ ~hfi}e{& {u kh}jøi. \jge {u |h}we ge fh ae}e`kjh kioi {j ef |hg}e e{wu~je{e zh oue}wi. Fh ae}e`kjh ‖xue oe wikh‟2 {ûfi {e hkue}gh ge xue e{ ajbi |h}h }ej~j`gjkh} {u ge}ekai h fh ae}e`kjh. Fi xue oè{ gemjû ge ae}j} ef ki}hrû` gef |hg}e nue fh j`c}hwjwug. Fh h}}ich`kjh j`ae}e`we h wigi |ekhgi xuegh hxuï e{|ekjhfoe`we oh`jnje{wh. ‖[e nue febi{‟. Ahz gi{ oh`e}h{ gj{wj`wh{ ge j}{e febi{2 ge cif|e& |i} u`h }u|wu}h kfhoi}i{h ki` Gji{ ‛|h}h e`we`ge}`i{& |i} ef |ekhgi oi}whf‛& i h |exueøi{ |h{i{& h mh{e ge kio|i`e`gh{& ge ioj{ji`e{4 e{ gekj}& ki` |ekhgi{ ~e`jhfe{ z ki` u`h wjmjerh ahmjwuhf. Eqj{we u`h febh`ïh gef ki}hrû`& xue |uege gh}{e e` hfcuje` xue ni}ohfoe`we {jcue e` fh kh{h |hwe}`h. Ge hfcu`h{ |e}{i`h{& Gji{ gjke e` J{hïh{ !z fi }e|jwe |i} mikh ge Be{ò{*2 ‖Oe ai`}h` ki` fi{ fhmji{& |e}i {u ki}hrû` e{wè febi{ ge oï‟ !Kn J{ =1&8;4 Ow 85& 1/:*. Ef }e{ufwhgi& e` ef ni`gi& `i e{ ouz gj{wj`wi2 `i{ e`ki`w}hoi{ febi{ ge Gji{. E{wi geme}ïh hzugh}`i{ h ‖oewe}`i{‟ ge ffe`i& ge{ge ef |}j`kj|ji& e` fh |h}èmifh z `i |e`{h} xue {ûfi wje`e h|fjkhkjû` h hfcu`i{ c}h`ge{ |ekhgi}e{. [jchoi{ feze`gi2 ¤Kuh`gi fi ahmïh ch{whgi wigi& ~j`i |i} hxueffh wje}}h u` ahom}e we}}jmfe& z eo|erû êf h |h{h} `eke{jghg. Nue e`wi`ke{ z wh`wi fe j`{j{wjû h u` ahmjwh`we ge hxuef ;3

|hï{& xue fi oh`gû h {u{ kho|i{ h cuh}gh} ke}gi{. Fe e`w}hmh` ch`h{ ge ffe`h}{e ef e{wûohci ge fh{ hfch}}imh{ xue kioïh` fi{ ke}gi{& |e}i `hgje {e fh{ ghmh´.

Ef }e{ufwhgi e{ {jeo|}e ef oj{oi2 kuh`gi {e hkhmh ef gj`e}i& {e hkhmh` fi{ hojci{. [ifi& |h{h`gi `eke{jghg& cuh}gh`gi ke}gi{. U` w}hmhbi& xue {j `i e{ ouz hw}hze`we e` `ue{w}i{ gïh{ |h}h u` bi~e`& |h}h u` bugïi ge hxuef wjeo|i e}h |}ekj{hoe`we fh ohzi} jc`ioj`jh. Hf {e}~jkji ge u` hoi |hch`i !fi{ bugïi{& e`wi`ke{ jcuhf xue aiz& `i k}jhmh` ke}gi{& |ue{ fi{ ki`{jge}hmh` h`johfe{ j`ou`gi{*. Ki` u`i{ |iki{ wixue{ ohcj{w}hfe{ xuegh ge{k}jwh wigh fh |h}èmifh gef |ekhgi. Ef |ekhgi we |}ioewe ef i}i z ef oi}i& we gh jfu{jû` ge ewe}`jghg& z hf gïh {jcuje`we ahke xue we e`kue`w}e{ gj{|uwh`gi fh{ meffiwh{ h fi{ ke}gi{. @i {jeo|}e fi xue j`we}}uo|e ef jgjfji ki` ef |ekhgi e{ ef xuegh}{e {j` gj`e}i. Ahz ce`we wh` }jkh xue& {j {ûfi {e w}hwh{e ge gj`e}i& |ig}ïh {ecuj} ~j~je`gi gu}h`we {jcfi{ ge oh`e}h gj{ifuwh. Oukah{ ~eke{ e{ fh oj{oh `hwu}hferh& z ki` effh fh {hfug& xuje` {e }emefh z w}u`kh fh h~e`wu}h. \hmfi ah gjkai hke}whghoe`we2 ‖Ef {hfh}ji gef |ekhgi e{ fh oue}we‟ !]o >&=;*. Fh oue}we& h`we wigi& ge fh fjme}whg. Ef |ekhgi ge{fuom}h ki` fh |}ioe{h ge fjme}whg. E{wi e{& e~jge`weoe`we& fi xue jo|uf{h hf bi~e` ge fh |h}èmifh h oh}kah}{e ge fh kh{h |hwe}`h& `i fh `eke{jghg ge eojc}h} |h}h ch`h}{e fh ~jgh& ghgi xue {e w}hwh ge u`h nhojfjh hkioighgh& ki` kho|i{ z {e}~jguom}e. [je`we fh kh{h |hwe}`h kioi u`h |}j{jû`. ‖Mu{kh{we febi{ fh fjme}whg‟& gjke u` kh`wi xue {e j`{|j}h e` `ue{w}h |h}èmifh. Z fi xue& hf nj`hf& gh ef |ekhgi e{ fi ki`w}h}ji h fi xue |}ioewe2 fh e{kfh~jwug. ‖Xuje` |ekh e{ e{kfh~i gef |ekhgi‟ !B`& 1& ;74 kn ]io >& 8>/83*. ;1

Fh ‖e{kfh~jwug gef |ekhgi‟ !]o 1&=<* `i e{ u`h jgeh hm{w}hkwh& {j`i u`h }ehfjghg nèkjfoe`we kio|}imhmfe. @i{ {e`wjoi{ ni}rhgi{ h ahke} fi xue igjhoi{ !kn ]o 3&87{{*. Z& fi xue e{ |ei}& ni}rhgi{& `i |i} hfcuje` i |i} hfci xue e{wê nue}h ge `i{iw}i{ !z xue& |i} wh`wi& `u`kh |ig}è xujwh}`i{ `ue{w}h fjme}whg j`we}ji}*& {j`i |i} hfci xue e{wè ge`w}i ge `i{iw}i{& |i} u`h nue}rh xue {e ah j`{whfhgi e` `ue{w}h |}i|jh kh{h& u`h ~e}ghge}h ‖nue}rh ge iku|hkjû`‟& kioi e` wjeo|i{ ge cue}}h. Hcu{wï` `i{ ah gebhgi fh oè{ fòkjgh {eomfh`rh ge e{wh {jwuhkjû`2 ¤[u{|j}hmh& |e}i {ecuïh hwhgi& `i ki` khge`h{ hbe`h{& {j`i ki` fh{ ge oj ~ifu`whg. Ef e`eojci e}h gueøi ge oj xue}e}& z ki` effi ahmïh aekai u`h khge`h ki` fh xue oe we`ïh h|}j{ji`hgi. \i}xue kuh`gi fh ~ifu`whg w}h`{c}ege `hke ef h|ewjwi& z kuh`gi {ecujoi{ ef h|ewjwi {e ni}oh u`h ki{wuom}e& z kuh`gi `i }e{j{wjoi{ h fh ki{wuom}e {e k}eh fh `eke{jghg´. !Ki`ne{ji`e{& ^JJJ*

U` |iewh ge `ue{w}i{ gïh{ !ef huwi} ge Fh{ nfi}e{ gef ohf * ge{k}jme e{wh {jwuhkjû` kioi ‖e{wh} hwhgi{ kioi ef chfeiwe h fh{ khge`h{& kioi hf bueci ef buchgi} eo|ege}`jgi& kioi ef mi}}hkai h fh miweffh z kioi fi{ cu{h`i{ h fh kh}}iøh‟. Fh gjne}e`kjh ki`{j{we e` xue& |h}h êf& fh kuf|h ge e{h e{kfh~jwug `i e}h ge {u ~ifu`whg& kioi |h}h {h` Hcu{wï`& {j`i ‛fi kuhf e{ oukai oè{ kûoigi‛ ge fh{ oube}e{8;. Whomjê` hxuï aeoi{ ge e{wh} hwe`wi{ h `i |}izekwh} fh{ ki{h{ h u`h gjoe`{jû` febh`h h `i{iw}i{. Kioi gjke {h` Buh` ge fh K}ur& |iki jo|i}wh xue u` |èbh}i e{wê hwhgi ki` u`h kue}gh 8;

KA. MHUGEFHJ]E& Fe{ nfeu}{ gu ohf.

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c}ue{h i ki` u` ajfi ge {egh. Ef }e{ufwhgi nj`hf e{ ef oj{oi2 ¨ef |èbh}i `i |uege ~ifh}(87 ;. EF KHOJ@I GE ]EC]E[I.

[jchoi{ feze`gi fh |h}èmifh2 ¤]ekh|hkjwh`gi e`wi`ke{ {e gjbi2 Kuè`wi{ bi}`hfe}i{ ge oj |hg}e wje`e` |h` e` hmu`gh`kjh& oje`w}h{ zi hxuï oe oue}i ge ahom}e. Oe |i`g}ê e` khoj`i hgi`ge e{wè oj |hg}e& z fe gj}ê2 \hg}e& ae |ekhgi ki`w}h ef kjefi z ki`w}h wj4 zh `i oe}erki ffhoh}oe ajbi wuzi2 w}èwhoe kioi h u`i ge wu{ bi}`hfe}i{. Z {e |u{i e` khoj`i hgi`ge e{whmh {u |hg}e´. Fh `eke{jghg ohwe}jhf nue fh ikh{jû`& `i fh khu{h ge {u h}}e|e`wjoje`wi. Ahz xuje` ~e e` ef ajbi oe`i} h u` ch`guf xue ge}}ikah e{wò|jghoe`we {u ni}wu`h e` n}h`khkaefh{& ah{wh xue& }egukjgi h fh oj{e}jh& {e hkue}gh ge xue e` kh{h ge {u |hg}e ah{wh fi{ k}jhgi{ e{wè` oebi} xue êf& z gekjge ge{kh}hghoe`we ~if~e}. \e}i `i{iw}i{ gemeoi{ }e{|ewh} ef {e`wjgi xue ah` ghgi h fh |h}èmifh Be{ò{& kuh`gi fh ki`wû& z fi{ e~h`cefj{wh{ kuh`gi fh w}h`{ojwje}i`. khme gugh ge xue Be{ò{ |}ewe`gïh |i`e}`i{ kioi ebeo|fi Zu``ie|j{igji ge ch`gufe}ïh& `j `i |}e{e`wh}`i{ hf |hg}e kioi u` |im}e j`ce`ui xue `i {e gh kue`wh ge fh{ ~e}ghge}h{ j`we`kji`e{ gef ajbi. E` ef }efhwi& ef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi gef oukahkai& hu`xue e{wê oiwj~hgi |i} fh `eke{jghg z |i} ef ahom}e& e{ u` ~e}ghge}i h}}e|e`wjoje`wi. Fi kuhf kij`kjge ki` u`h eq|e}je`kjh u`j~e}{hf2 ef {un}joje`wi z fh e`ne}oeghg ki`{wjwuze` oukah{ ~eke{ |h}h ef aiom}e u`h ikh{jû` |h}h oegjwh} h ni`gi e` {u |}i|jh ~jgh. Fh E{k}jwu}h ahke ge effi u` |}j`kj|ji ce`e}hf2 ‖Xuje` ah {un}jgi e` {u 87

Kn [H@ BUH@ GE FH K]UR& [umjgh gef oi`we Kh}oefi& 8.

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kh}`e ah }iwi ki` ef |ekhgi‟ !8 \ 7& 8*. ¨Kuè`wh ce`we {e ah {hf~hgi c}hkjh{ h u`h e`ne}oeghg( ‖]ekh|hkjwh`gi‟ `i {jc`jnjkh& |ue{2 ‖Ajri mje` {u{ kèfkufi{‟& i ‖{e ajri h{wuwi‟& {j`i hfci oukai oè{ |}inu`gi. ‖]eki`ikjû {u e}}i}‟& e`w}h} e` ki}hrû`.{eEfhfje`h. |ekhgi}& hfebh}{e ge Gji{& {e~if~jû hfebhhwhomjê` ge {u {ï oj{oi& \h}hhf~if~e} h Gji{& ahz xue eo|erh} |i} ~if~e} h e`w}h} e` u`i oj{oi. Ê{we e{& e` fh h~e`wu}h gef oukahkai z e` fh ge wigi |ekhgi}& ef oioe`wi gekj{j~i. Ge haï m}iwh fh gekj{jû`2 ‖Oe |i`g}ê e` khoj`i hgi`ge e{wè oj |hg}e...‟. Wigi {e gekjge e` e{e oioe`wi4 fi xue ~e`g}è ge{|uê{ `i {e}è oè{ xue u`h ki`{ekue`kjh& u` wigh |i`e}ki`~e}{jû`& |i} im}h fi efxue {e ah gekjgjgi. e{ ef oioe`wi k}ïwjki ge j`{wh`we e` ef xue Ê{e iku}}e ef ‖khomji ge gj}ekkjû`‟. ‖\hg}e& ae |ekhgi ki`w}h ef kjefi z ki`w}h wj‟. Kuh`gi ef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi ~h hkio|høhgi& kioi hxuï& |i} fh gekj{jû` ge ki`ne{h} fh{ |}i|jh{ kuf|h{& ef |e}gû` ge Gji{ e{wè zh e` hkkjû`& h`we{ j`kfu{i ge }ekjmj} fh hm{ifukjû` ge fh Jcfe{jh. [j hxuef bi~e` aumje{e oue}wi e` ef khoj`i& gu}h`we {u }ec}e{i& e{whmh zh }eki`kjfjhgi. \i} fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue gjke ef bi~e` {e ~e kfh}i xue {u h}}e|e`wjoje`wi e{ huwê`wjki& z `i u` i|i}wu`j{oi i u` kèfkufi auoh`i. Z e` e{i |}ekj{hoe`we e{wè fh gjne}e`kjh. Ef kèfkufi z fi{ nhf{i{ {e`wjoje`wi{ ge kuf|h wje`e` kioi imbewi `i fi xue e{wè ohf ‖h fi{ ibi{ ge Gji{‟& {j`i fi xue e{wè ohf h fi{ |}i|ji{ ibi{ i h fi{ ibi{ ge fh {ikjeghg z ge {u{ ki`~e`kji`hfj{oi{. Fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef ajbi |}ûgjci e~ikh` ouz ge ke}kh fh{ ge Gh~jg e` ef Oj{e}e}e2 ‖Ki`w}h wj& ki`w}h wj {ifi |exuê& kioewï fh ohfghg xue hmi}}eke{‟. 78

Ki` wigi& ef oukahkai kio|}e`ge xue `i |uege ki`ni}oh}{e {jo|feoe`we ki` gekj} e` {u ki}hrû`2 ‖Ae |ekhgi& oe ae exuj~ikhgi‟4 z |i} e{i e{wè gekjgjgi h }e|ewj} |òmfjkhoe`we e{e }eki`ikjoje`wi h`we {u |hg}e z h`we fi{ oj{oi{ k}jhgi{. E{wi `i{ in}eke fh ikh{jû` |h}h }enfeqji`h} {im}e fh jo|i}wh`kjh ge fh ki`ne{jû` kioi ef oebi} ki}i`hoje`wi ge e{e khoj`i ge }ec}e{i z ge }eki`kjfjhkjû` ki` Gji{ z ki` fh kiou`jghg. Gji{ wje`e wigi ef ge}ekai h {e} êf xuje` e{whmferkh fh oh`e}h ge |e}gi`h} fi{ |ekhgi{4 }e{ufwh |efjc}i{i h}}ich}`i{ `i{iw}i{& |i} `ue{w}h kue`wh& ef ge}ekai h khomjh} e{h oh`e}h& gjkje`gi xue `i ahke nhfwh }eku}}j} h fh Jcfe{jh z xue mh{wh ki` |i`e}`i{ kh}h h kh}h h`we Gji{. Be{ò{ ah xue}jgi h{ikjh} h {ï h fh Jcfe{jh& {u e{|i{h& |h}h xue nue{e u`h {ifh ki{h ki` êf& kioi êf fi e{ ki` ef \hg}e. E{ kje}wi xue xuje` |e}gi`h fi{ |ekhgi{ `i e{ fh Jcfe{jh& {j`i ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. Fh Jcfe{jh {ûfi ebe}ke u` oj`j{we}ji& |e}i u` oj`j{we}ji e` e{we kh{i j`gj{|e`{hmfe. Be{ò{ gjbi h fi{ h|û{wife{2 ‖H xuje`e{ fe{ |e}gi`êj{ fi{ |ekhgi{ fe{ xuegh` |e}gi`hgi{‟ !B` =<&=;*. ¹Z kûoi ~h` h |ige} gekjgj} fi{ h|û{wife{ z {u{ {uke{i}e{ {j |e}gi`h} i `i fi{ |ekhgi{& {j `i fi{ ki`ike`9 ¤\i} wh`wi& fh Jcfe{jh `i |uege |e}gi`h} `hgh {j` K}j{wi& z K}j{wi `i xuje}e |e}gi`h} `hgh {j` fh Jcfe{jh. Fh Jcfe{jh `i |uege |e}gi`h} `hgh& h `i {e} h xuje` e{wè h}}e|e`wjgi& e{ gekj}& h xuje` K}j{wi ah wikhgi ki` {u c}hkjh4 K}j{wi `i xuje}e gh} `hgh |i} |e}gi`hgi h xuje` ge{geøh }eku}}j} h fh Jcfe{jh‟.85

Fh ni}oh xue Gji{ efjcjû |h}h |e}gi`h} fi{ |ekhgi{& xue |h{h |i} fh ki`ne{jû` ge fi{ oj{oi{& }e{|i`ge |i} fi geoè{ h u`h `eke{jghg e`i}oeoe`we `hwu}hf z |}inu`gh ge fh |{jxue auoh`h2 fh ge fjme}h}{e ge fi xue fh i|}joe& oh`jne{wè`gifi. Fh oj{oh 85

MEHWI J[HHK GE [WEFFH& Gj{ku}{i{& 88.

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|}èkwjkh gef |{jkih`èfj{j{ {e mh{h e` e{we aekai z e{ u`h j`~ifu`wh}jh ki`nj}ohkjû` gef oj{oi& z whf ~er u` {ukegè`ei. Fh eq|e}je`kjh geoue{w}h xue ef hmh`gi`i ge fh ki`ne{jû` ge{eomikh {jeo|}e e` u`h |ê}gjgh |}ic}e{j~h ge {e`{jmjfjghg h`we ef |ekhgi z ge ne}~i} e{|j}jwuhf. @i im{wh`we& whomjê` ah ge }e`i~h}{e {ecò` ef E{|ï}jwu `ue{w}h ni}oh ge hke}kh}`i{ hf {hk}hoe`wi ge fh |e`jwe`kjh& |h}h xue {eh }ehfoe`we enjkhr z gekj{j~h e` fh fukah ki`w}h ef |ekhgi. ]e`i~h} ef {hk}hoe`wi {ecò` ef E{|ï}jwu xuje}e gekj} ~j~j}fi `i kioi u` }jwi& u`h ki{wuom}e i u`h imfjchkjû`& {j`i kioi u`h `eke{jghg gef hfoh& kioi u` e`kue`w}i |e}{i`hf ki` K}j{wi }e{ukjwhgi xue& |i} oegjhkjû` ge fh Jcfe{jh& `i{ kiou`jkh fh nue}rh {h`hgi}h ge {u {h`c}e z `i{ ge~uef~e ‖fh hfec}ïh ge e{wh} {hf~hgi{‟. Xuje}e gekj} }ege{kum}j} fh nue}rh oj{we}ji{h xue {e e`kje}}h e` e{e ce{wi& c}hkjh{ hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi xue hkwòh e` êf. ]e`i~h} ef {hk}hoe`wi {ecò` ef E{|ï}jwu xuje}e gekj} whomjê` }e~j{h} ef imbewi ge `ue{w}h{ ki`ne{ji`e{. E` effh{ {ifeoi{ njbh}`i{ ò`jkhoe`we e` fi{ |ekhgi{ i genekwi{ ahmjwuhfe{ z hkwuhfe{4 e` fi{ |ekhgi{& `i e` ef |ekhgi. Ef ajbi |}ûgjci kio|}e`gjû ouz mje` xue {u |ekhgi ge ni`gi ahmïh {jgi ef ge ahme} |e}gjgi ef hoi} h {u |hg}e& ef ge `i ahme}fi e`we`gjgi& fh j`c}hwjwug ahkjh êf4 |i} e{i eo|jerh ki` e{wi {u ki`ne{jû`& `i ki` kuè`wh{ ~eke{ |ekû ki` |}i{wjwuwh{. ¨Xuê ge{kum}joje`wi wh` fjme}hgi} z kûoi ch`h}ïh` e` enjkhkjh `ue{w}h{ ki`ne{ji`e{ {j wu~jê{eoi{ ef ~hfi} ge mhbh} ge u`h ~er |i} wigh{ ah{wh fh }hïr& xue e{ gi`ge {e gekjge fh i}je`whkjû` nu`ghoe`whf ge fh |e}{i`h z {u efekkjû` }hgjkhf& |i} Gji{ i ki`w}h Gji{& |i} u`i oj{oi i ki`w}h u`i oj{oi( E{wi {ï xue e{& }ehfoe`we& kice} ‖`ue{w}h ki`gjkjû` |ekhgi}h‟ !]o >&>*& 7;

`ue{w}i ~jebi ‖zi‟& z ekah}fi e`w}e fi{ m}hri{ gef K}ukjnjkhgi kioi {e ekah u`h c}h` |jeg}h e` u` ai}`i ge khf ~j~h |h}h xue {e ge{oe`uke z {e gj{uef~h. Zi xuje}i gh} we{wjoi`ji ge fh jo|i}wh`kjh xue wje`e e` oj ~jgh {hk}hoe`wi. |e}ojwe |}e{e`wh}oe h`we`eke{jwhgi Gji{ ki` oj{ }i|h{e{we oè{ huwê`wjkh{&Oexue {i` fh{ ge |ekhgi} ge oj{e}jki}gjh4 oe gh fh |i{jmjfjghg ge eq|e}joe`wh} h Be{uk}j{wi kioi oj [hf~hgi} |e}{i`hf& `i e` ce`e}hf z u`h ~er& {j`i khgh ~er& khgh gïh. H êf }eku}}i kh{j {jeo|}e h`we{ ge u`h |}egjkhkjû` jo|i}wh`we& |i}xue oe |h}eke xue xujwh e{e ~efi z e{h i|hkjghg xue ef |ekhgi gebh {jeo|}e e`w}e ef hfoh z Gji{& |e}ojwje`gi xue fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{ |h{e |i} u`i{ fhmji{ oe`i{ ‖jo|u}i{‟. E{ kioi }e|ewj} khgh ~er fh eq|e}je`kjh ge J{hïh{ xue nue |u}jnjkhgi |i} u` h{kuh ge nueci z e`ki`w}û h{ï ~hfi} |h}h gekj}fe h Gji{2 ‖¨Hxuï e{wiz& oè`ghoe(‟ !J{ >&7‛1*. Fh{ c}h`ge{ ~uefwh{ h Gji{& hf oe`i{ e` fh Jcfe{jh khwûfjkh& {e ah` {effhgi {jeo|}e ki` u`h ki`ne{jû` fjme}hgi}h& ge fh xue ef aiom}e {e ah fe~h`whgi ki` fh {e`{hkjû` ge ahme} ~uefwi fjwe}hfoe`we h }e`hke}. U` |}ekji{i ebeo|fi e{ bu{whoe`we ef |iewh ge Fh{ nfi}e{ gef ohf & xue gu}h`we {u ~jgh nue ki`{jge}hgi& z {e ki`{jge}û h {ï oj{oi& kioi u` kh{i wï|jki ge ‖ajbi |}ûgjci‟. Xuje` ajri ki` êf fh{ ~eke{ ge |hg}e hkicegi} z hoi}i{i nue... {u ohg}e. H {u kh{h ~if~jû hf nj`hf& e`ne}oi z ki` ef kue}|i }egukjgi |i} fi{ eqke{i{ h ‖u` fuch} ge~h{whgi‟8>. Bu`wi h effh& xue fi kujgû ki` u`h gegjkhkjû` {j` fïojwe{& ou}jû ef ;8 ge hci{wi ge 81>3& ge{|uê{ ge ki`ne{h}{e z ge ahme} |egjgi z }ekjmjgi& ‖ki` wiwhf fukjger‟& fi{ òfwjoi{ {hk}hoe`wi{. 8>

KA. MHUGEFHJ]E& Fe{ nfeu}{ gu ohf& F^ !Khj{e}ie*.

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7. AHZ HFEC]ÏH E@ EF KJEFI.

E` e{we oioe`wi ge fh |h}èmifh ~uef~e h e{ke`h ef |hg}e& z ~uef~e... ki}}je`gi. E{kukaeoi{2 ¤Kuh`gi wigh~ïh e{whmh febi{& {u |hg}e fi ~ji z {e ki`oi~jû4 z ekah`gi ki}}e}& fe ekaû hf kueffiki`w}h z {e |u{i h me{h}fi. [u ajbih fe gjbi2 {e \hg}e& ae |ekhgi ef kjefi z ki`w}h wj4 zh `i oe}erki ffhoh}oe ajbi wuzi. \e}i ef |hg}e gjbi h {u{ k}jhgi{2 [hkhg e`{ecujgh ef oebi} w}hbe& z ~e{wjgfi4 |i`egfe u` h`jffi e` fh oh`i z {h`ghfjh{ e` fi{ |je{& w}heg ef we}`e}i kemhgi z ohwhgfi4 kefem}eoi{ u` mh`xuewe& |i}xue e{we ajbi oïi e{whmh oue}wi z ah }e~j~jgi& e{whmh |e}gjgi z fi aeoi{ e`ki`w}hgi. Z eo|erh}i` ef mh`xuewe´.

[j fi ~ji kuh`gi hò` e{whmh febi{& xuje}e gekj} xue jmh h oe`ugi h e{k}uwh} ef ai}jri`we. Fh eq|}e{jû` ‖{e ki`oi~jû‟ w}hguke u` ~e}mi xue fjwe}hfoe`we {jc`jnjkh ‖{e`wj} xue fh{ e`w}høh{ {e e{w}eoeke` ge kio|h{jû`‟. Ê{we e{& |ue{& ef oj{oi |hg}e xue ahmïh ahmfhgi |i} mikh ge I{eh{ i ge Be}eoïh{ e` fi{ weqwi{ xue }eki}gèmhoi{ hf kioje`ri ge e{wh oegjwhkjû`. E` wh` {ûfi gi{ |hfhm}h{ e`ki`w}hoi{ ki`ge`{hgh& e` fh |h}èmifh& wigh fh h`wjcuh }e~efhkjû` {im}e ‖fh e`w}høhmfe oj{e}jki}gjh ge `ue{w}i Gji{‟ !kn Fk 8&31*. Ef |hg}e ge fh |h}èmifh e{ whomjê`... ohg}e4 oè{ hò`& e{ xujrè{ oè{ ohg}e xue |hg}e. E{ |}i|ji ge u`h ohg}e ef hkice} h{ï hf ajbi eqw}h~jhgi xue ~uef~e h kh{h. \e}i we`g}eoi{ ikh{jû` ge ~if~e} {im}e e{we weoh& kuh`gi ahmfeoi{ ge Gji{ xue e{ hf oj{oi wjeo|i |hg}e z ohg}e. ‖Ekah`gi h ki}}e}& {e |u{i h me{h}fi‟. @j u`h {ifh hfu{jû` h {u |e`h& h {u{ }hri`e{& `j`cò` }e|}ikae |i} ahme} ge}}ikahgi fh ae}e`kjh. @j {jxuje}h fi gewje`e e{e {e`wjgi ge fh gjc`jghg xue `i 75

|e}ojwj}ïh h u` h`kjh`i ekah}{e h ki}}e}. Fi xue oh`gh {i` {u{ e`w}høh{ ge |hg}e. Fi ò`jki xue fe jo|i}wh e{ xue {u ajbi& xue {e ahmïh |e}gjgi& ah ~uefwi z e{wè ge `ue~i ki` êf. [e hfec}h ge {u {hf~hkjû`& `i ge {u |}i|jh ~jkwi}jh. E` e{wh{ ‖|h}èmifh{ ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh‟ ahz hfci oè{ ki`oi~egi} hò` xue fh oj{e}jki}gjh& z e{ fh hfec}ïh ge Gji{. Oebi} {e}ïh ffhoh}fh{ ‖fh{ |h}èmifh{ ge fh hfec}ïh ge Gji{‟. \h}h ge{kum}j} e{wi& e{ |}ekj{i we`e} |}e{e`we ef efeoe`wi xue u`e e`w}e {ï e{h{ w}e{ |h}èmifh{ !fh i~ebh |e}gjgh& fh oi`egh |e}gjgh z ef ajbi |}ûgjci* xue e` ef e~h`cefji ge Fukh{ {e `i{ kue`wh` u`h gew}è{ ge iw}h. ¹Xuê gjke ef |h{wi} xue e`kue`w}h fh i~ebh |e}gjgh z fh oube} xue e`kue`w}h fh oi`egh9 ‖¨Hfec}hi{ ki`ojci(‟ ¹Z xuê gjke Be{ò{ kioi ki`kfu{jû` h khgh u`h ge e{h{ w}e{ |h}èmifh{9 ‖Ahm}è oè{ hfec}ïh e` ef kjefi |i} u` {ifi |ekhgi} xue {e ki`~je}wh& xue |i} `i~e`wh z `ue~e bu{wi{ xue `i `eke{jwh` ki`~e}wj}{e‟. Ef fejwoiwj~ ge fh{ w}e{ |h}èmifh{ e{& |ue{& fh hfec}ïh ge Gji{ !ahz hfec}ïh ‖e`w}e fi{ è`cefe{ ge Gji{‟ e{ u`h ni}oh aem}eh ge gekj} xue ahz hfec}ïh ‖e` Gji{‟*. E` `ue{w}h |hfhm}h fh hfec}ïh {e ge{mi}gh z {e ki`~je}we e` nje{wh. Hxuef |hg}e `i khme e` {ï ge hfec}ïh z zh `i {hme xuê j`~e`wh}2 oh`gh xue {hxue` ef w}hbe ge nje{wh z ef h`jffi ki` ef {effi ge fh nhojfjh& xue ohwe` ef we}`e}i oebi} kemhgi& z gjke h wigi ef ou`gi2 ‖Kefem}eoi{ u` mh`xuewe z ahchoi{ nje{wh& |i}xue e{we ajbi oïi e{whmh oue}wi z ah }e~j~jgi& e{whmh |e}gjgi z fi aeoi{ e`ki`w}hgi‟. [ï& whomjê` Gji{ wje`e {u ae}oi{i gioj`ci ge \h{kuh ¨z whomjê` wikh fh{ kho|h`h{ kuh`gi xuje}e( Gi{wijes{dz& e` u`h ge {u{ `i~efh{& ge{k}jme u`h e{ke`h xue wje`e wigi{ fi{ ~j{i{ ge ahme} {jgi im{e}~hgh e` fh }ehfjghg. U`h oube} ge |uemfi wje`e e` m}hri{ h {u ajbi ge |ikh{ {eoh`h{& 7>

kuh`gi ê{we ‛|i} |}joe}h ~er& {ecò` effh‛ fe {i`}ïe. \}inu`ghoe`we ki`oi~jgh& {e ahke fh {eøhf ge fh k}ur& z h xuje` fe |}ecu`wh |i} xuê ahke e{i fe ki`we{wh2 ‖\i}xue fi oj{oi xue u`h ohg}e {e {je`we nefjr kuh`gi ~e fh |}joe}h {i`}j{h ge {u ajbi& h{ï {e hfec}h Gji{ khgh ~er xue u` |ekhgi} khe ge }igjffh{ z fe gj}jce u`h i}hkjû` aekah ge wigi ki}hrû`‟83. 5. ¨GJI[ E[\E]H E@ @I[IW]I[(

Z |}ekj{hoe`we e` e{wi }e{jge ef h{|ekwi oè{ }e~ifukji`h}ji ge e{wh{ |h}èmifh{. ¹\i} xuê wje`e xue |e{h} oè{ e` fh mhfh`rh u`h i~ebh xue wigh{ fh{ geoè{ xue {e ah` xueghgi& z |i} xuê fh xue kue`whoè{ oè{|}imfeoh{9 ah ge {e} |}ekj{hoe`we fh xuee` {efhahoe`we e{kh|hgi z ah k}ehgi W}hweoi{ ge e`w}h} ge Gji{ z ge{kum}j} |i} xuê ahz ‖oè{ hfec}ïh‟ e` ef kjefi |i} u` {ifi |ekhgi} h}}e|e`wjgi xue |i} `i~e`wh z `ue~e bu{wi{ xue `i `eke{jwh` ki`~e}wj}{e. Fh eq|fjkhkjû` oè{ ki`~j`ke`we fh ae e`ki`w}hgi e` u` |iewh& e` Kah}fe{ \êcuz. Hxueffh i~ebjwh& hf |e}ge}{e& jcuhf xue ef ajbi |exueøi& ajri xue weomfh{e ef ki}hrû` ge Gji{. Gji{ weojû |e}ge}fh |h}h {jeo|}e& weojû ~e}{e imfjchgi h ki`ge`h}fh z h `i ~if~e} h ~e}fh `u`kh oè{. E{we ojegi ajri `hke} e` Gji{ fh e{|e}h`rh& z fh e{|e}h`rh& hf ~e}{e aekah }ehfjghg& |}igubi hfec}ïh z nje{wh. ‖Kuhfxuje} |e`jwe`kjh gef aiom}e e{ ef ki}i`hoje`wi ge u`h e{|e}h`rh ge Gji{‟81. Gji{ wje`e oukah oè{ ki`njh`rh z e{|e}h`rh e` `i{iw}i{ xue `i{iw}i{ e` êf. Z ghgi xue ef aiom}e wje`e wh`wh gjnjkufwhg |h}h

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hke|wh} xue ge|e`ge ge Gji{& Gji{ {e ajri ge|e`gje`we gef aiom}e& xuj{i hffh`h}fe ef khoj`i2 ¤Wigi fi xue we`eoi{ xue ahke} |i} Gji{& Gji{ oj{oi {e hgefh`wh z eo|jerh h ahke}fi |i} `i{iw}i{. Ef xue hoh khe& {e ahke e{kfh~i& ge|e`ge ge fh |e}{i`h hohgh. Z h e{wh fez kioò` h wigi{ ah {i|i}whgi {ioewe}{e êf. We`g}è xue e{|e}h} fh{ ch`h{ gef |ekhgi}. We`g}è xue e{|e}h} e` ef |ekhgi}& e` `i{iw}i{. We`g}è xue e{|e}h} h xue ef {eøi} |ekhgi} we`ch fh hohmjfjghg ge |e`{h} u` |iki e` {u {hf~hkjû`´ !\êcuz*.

E` `i{iw}i{& fi{ aiom}e{& fh ki`gjkjû` xue ahke |i{jmfe fh e{|e}h`rh e{ ef aekai ge xue `i ki`ikeoi{ ef nuwu}i4 e` Gji{& xue ki`ike ef nuwu}i& fh ki`gjkjû` xue ahke |i{jmfe fh e{|e}h`rh e{ xue `i xuje}e !z& e` kje}wi {e`wjgi& xue `i |uege* ahke} }ehfjghg fi xue xuje}e {j` `ue{w}i ki`{e`wjoje`wi. Fh fjme}whg auoh`h eq|fjkh xue e` Gji{ ahzh e{|e}h`rh. \e}i hò` `i{ xuegh u` |u`wi |i} hkfh}h}. ¹Z fh{ `i~e`wh z `ue~e i~ebh{ mue`h{& z ef ajbi ohzi} xue `u`kh {e nue ge kh{h9 ¹@i ahm}è |h}h effi{ hfec}ïh& {j`i {ûfi w}hmhbi{9 \h}h effi{ ahz hfci hò` oukai oè{ meffi2 ¨kio|h}wj} fh hfec}ïh ge Gji{( ]eki}geoi{ fi xue gjke ef |h{wi}2 ‖¨Hfec}hi{ ki`ojci(‟& z fi xue gjke ef |hg}e hf ajbi ohzi}2 ‖Ajbi& wò e{wè{ {jeo|}e ki`ojci& z wigi fi oïi e{ wuzi‟. Ef e}}i} gef ajbi ohzi} nue |e`{h} xue ef ahme} e{whgi {jeo|}e e` kh{h ki` {u |hg}e z ahme}fi {e}~jgi e` wigi& `i e}h u` |}j~jfecji& {j`i u` oê}jwi {uzi& `i e}h u`h hfec}ïh& {j`i u` w}hmhbi. Oè{ xue kioi ajbi& {e kio|i}wh kioi u` oe}ke`h}ji. K}ee xue {u{e|hg}e e{wè ki}}ecj}& e` geughki` ki`fh{ êf. w}e{ Z e{wi e{ |}ekj{hoe`we xue Be{ò{ |}i|i`ïh |h}èmifh{& e` {u{ fi ize`we{ nh}j{ei{ !kn Fk 85&=‛;*. Whomjê` ê{wi{ |e`{hmh` xue |igïh` hfech} ge}ekai{ h`we Gji{& gemjgi h {u |}ewe`gjgh ‖bu{wjkjh‟. 71

\e}i gebeoi{ zh hf ajbi ohzi} e` {u{ kho|i{ z& ki` fh{ `iwh{ ge fh nje{wh& ke}}eoi{ hxuï `ue{w}i kioe`wh}ji h fh |h}èmifh. E` e{we |u`wi& fh }ehfjghg e{ hò` oè{ meffh xue fh |h}èmifh. E` fh }ehfjghg& ef ajbi ohzi} `i {e xuegû e` kh{h& {j`i xue {e nue êf oj{oi e` mu{kh ge {u ae}oh`i. Be{ò{ e{ ef ae}oh`i ohzi} xue kio|h}we fh h`{jeghg gef \hg}e z {hfe e` mu{kh ge fi{ ajbi{ ge Gji{ xue h`ghmh` gj{|e}{i{‟ !B` 88&5;*. E` fh |h}èmifh gef ajbi |}ûgjci Be{ò{ ah }ewiohgi eq|}e{hoe`we hfcu`h{ joèce`e{ xue feeoi{ e` ef |}inewh Rhkh}ïh{. Xue}eoi{ ki`kfuj} `ue{w}i jwj`e}h}ji |e`jwe`kjhf ki` e{h |ècj`h ge fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& |i}xue e` effh {e e{kukah u`h e{|ekje ge ‖hm{ifukjû` ce`e}hf‟ |}i`u`kjhgh gj}ekwhoe`we |i} Gji{. @i{ e`ki`w}hoi{ e` ef oioe`wi ge fh ~uefwh gef eqjfji. Ef {uoi {hke}giwe Bi{uê ~j{we }i|h{ ge fuwi !ef ‖w}hbe {ukji‟*& {ïomifi gef |ekhgi z gef eqjfji gef |uemfi& }i|h{ xue }ekue}gh` fi{ h`g}hbi{ gef ajbi |}ûgjci hf ~if~e}. E`wi`ke{ ef è`cef gef [eøi} !i {eh& ef oj{oi [eøi}* gjbi h fi{ xue e{whmh` hf}egegi}2 ¤#Xujwhgfe ef w}hbe {ukji#. Z fueci gjbi h Bi{uê2 #Oj}h& h|h}wi ge wj fh kuf|h& z xue we ~j{wh` ge nje{wh#. Z fe |u{je}i` e` fh khmerh u`he`gjhgeoh fjo|jh fi ~j{wje}i` ki` ~e{wjgu}h{ mfh`kh{ |}e{e`kjh gef z[eøi}´ !Rk ;&8‛5*.

‖Oj}h& h|h}wi ge wj fh kuf|h& z xue we ~j{wh` !xue we ~j{wh fh Jcfe{jh* ge nje{wh‟. Ê{wh{ {i` fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue whomjê` `i{iw}i{ xue}eoi{ e{kukah} z xue ef \hg}e gef kjefi `i{ gjke& hf we}oj`h} e{we `ue{w}i khoj`i ge ~uefwh z ge ki`~e}{jû`.

7:

JJJ./ ZH [HME ^UE[W]I \HG]E KEFE[WJHF.

Hmh`gi`i ki`njhgi e` oh`i{ ge fh |}i~jge`kjh.

‖Fh ge|e`ge`kjh ge Gji{ e{ fh ò`jkh ~e}ghge}h j`ge|e`ge`kjh... \i} e{i& ef aiom}e xue ~j~e kio|fewhoe`we ge|e`gje`we ge Gji{ wje`e e` {u ki}hrû` u`h ciri{h fe~eghg‟ ![. Dje}dechh}g8:*. EF IBI GE GJI[.

Ef {ïomifi mïmfjki xue `i{ j`w}iguke e` e{wh oegjwhkjû` e{ ef gef ibi ge Gji{. Ki` e{we {ïomifi& j`{k}jwi e` u` w}jè`cufi& {e }e|}e{e`wh h Gji{ \hg}e& h |h}wj} ge kje}wh ê|ikh& e` oukah{ |j`wu}h{ {hc}hgh{. Ef ibi e{ {ïomifi ge Gji{ fi{ e{wè` ki}hri`e{2 ‖[u{ ibi{ ~jcjfh` h fh{ `hkji`e{‟ ![hf xue >>&3*4e{k}uwh ‖[u{ ibi{ im{e}~h`gi& {u{ |u|jfh{ eqhoj`h` h fi{ aiom}e{‟ ![hf 88&7*. E{wh johce` `i{ |}e{e`wh u`h c}h` ~e}ghg2 xue Gji{ wigi fi ~e. ¨Gji{ `i{ ~e( Kioi gjke u` {hfoi& `i{ {i`geh z `i{ ki`ike4 |e}kjme ge febi{ `ue{w}i{ |e`{hoje`wi{& ki`ike `ue{w}h{ |hfhm}h{ h`we{ ge xue fh{ |}i`u`kjeoi{4 `i{ ~e kuh`gi e{whoi{ {e`whgi{ z kuh`gi `i{ fe~h`whoi{4 `j {jxuje}h fh{ wj`jemfh{ {i` i{ku}h{ |h}h êf. ¹Hgû`ge j} febi{ ge {u oj}hgh9 !kn [hf 8;:*. [. DJE]DECHH]G& Gj{ku}{i{ egjnjkh`we{& =2 Xuê {e |uege h|}e`ge} ge fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i z ge fi{ |èbh}i{ gef kjefi !8173* 8:

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H`we fh oj}hgh ge Gji{& |igeoi{ w}hwh} ge e{ki`ge}`i{ !hu`xue e` ~h`i*& kioi ajri Hgè`& i gebh}`i{ |e`ew}h} |i} {u oj}hgh& gjkje`gi ~hfje`weoe`we& kioi ef huwi} gef {hfoi xue hkhmhoi{ ge kjwh}2 ‖[eøi}& {i`gêhoe z ki`ike oj ki}hrû`& |i`oe h |}uemh z ki`ike oj{ {e`wjoje`wi{& oj}h {j oj khoj`i {e ge{~ïh& cuïhoe |i} ef khoj`i ewe}`i‟. \e}i ef {jomifj{oi gef ibi z ge fh oj}hgh wje`e whomjê` u`h h|fjkhkjû` oe`i{ {e~e}h z oè{ ki`{ifhgi}h. U`h h|fjkhkjû` xue j`gjkh xue Gji{ ~efh |i} fi{ mue`i{2 ‖Fi{ ibi{ gef [eøi} e{wè` |ue{wi{ e` {u{ njefe{‟ ![hf ;;&81*4 ‖Fi{ ibi{ gef [eøi} oj}h` h fi{ bu{wi{‟ ![hf ;7&8>*4 ‖\}ekji{h e{ h fi{ ibi{ gef [eøi} fh oue}we ge {u{ njefe{‟ ![hf 88>&85*. Ef ibi& {ïomifi ge fh {ifjkjwug hoi}i{h z |}i~jge`we ge Gji{ ahkjh {u{ k}jhwu}h{. E` e{wh oegjwhkjû` `i{ hkio|høh}è ef {ïomifi gef ibi mhbi e{we {jc`jnjkhgi. 8. U@H \ÈCJ@H GEF E^H@CEFJI MHBI HKU[HKJÛ@.

U` weoh jo|i}wh`we z kh}hkwe}ï{wjki ge fi{ [j`û|wjki{ !Ohwei z Fukh{* {im}eE{kukaeoi{ ef \hg}e e{ ef gef hmh`gi`i e` {u |}i~jge`kjh. hfcu`i{ kio|h{e{ gef ki`njhgi nhoi{i gj{ku}{i ge Be{ò{ {im}e e{we weoh2 ¤Njbhi{ e` fi{ kue}~i{2 `j {jeom}h` `j {jech`& `i wje`e` ge{|e`{h `j c}h`e}i z& {j` eomh}ci& Gji{ fi{ hfjoe`wh. Z ¨kuè`wi oè{ ~hfêj{ ~i{iw}i{ xue fi{ |èbh}i{( T..._ Njbhi{ kûoi k}eke` fi{ fj}ji{2 `j ajfh` `j webe`& z i{ gjci xue `j [hfioû` e` wigi {u nh{wi e{whmh ~e{wjgi kioi kuhfxuje}h ge effi{. \ue{ {j h fh aje}mh& xue aiz e{wè e` ef kho|i z ohøh`h {e xueoh e` ef ai}`i& Gji{ fh ~j{we h{ï& ¹`i ah}è oukai oè{ |i} ~i{iw}i{& ce`we {j` ne9 @i e{wêj{ ki` ef hfoh e` u` ajfi mu{kh`gi xuê kioe} z xuê meme}. [i` fi{ ce`wjfe{ xuje`e{ |i`e` {u hnè` e`

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e{wh{ ki{h{4 zh {hme ~ue{w}i \hg}e xue we`êj{ `eke{jghg ge e{wi´ !Fk 8=&=7‛;<*.

[ehoi{ {j`ke}i{2 ¹xujê` wje`e zh ~hfi} |h}h |}e{e`wh} e{we |h{hbe e~h`cêfjki& i j`kfu{i {ûfi |h}h kjwh}fi9 Ge{ge ahke wjeo|i& {e fi ikufwh wèkjwhoe`we& kioi {j fh |ècj`hzh xue e{wu~je{e |echgh h fh h`we}ji} z `hgje |ugje{e fee}fh.fi ki`wje`e Z `i nhfwh` }hri`e{ |h}h ahke}fi h{ï. ¹Kûoi {e |uege }e|ewj}2 ‖@i i{ |}eiku|êj{ |i} ef ~e{wjgi `j |i} fh kiojgh& xue ~ue{w}i |hg}e gef kjefi zh {hme xue we`êj{ `eke{jghg ge effi{‟& kuh`gi h `ue{w}i hf}egegi} ahz ojffi`e{ z ojffi`e{ ge |e}{i`h{ xue kh}eke` |i} kio|fewi |}ekj{hoe`we ge kiojgh z ge ~e{wjgi9 ¹@i ge{oje`we` k}uefoe`we fi{ aekai{ e{wh |ècj`h gef e~h`cefji& z `i ahm}è |i} wh`wi xue {jfe`kjh}fh9 Ge effh wioû |je fh k}ïwjkh oh}qj{wh |h}h geoi{w}h} {u we{j{ hke}kh ge fh j}}efe~h`kjh z fh |efjc}i{jghg gef k}j{wjh`j{oi e` ef èomjwi {ikjhf. Ah{wh `i ahke oukai wjeo|i& fh ~ir ‖k}j{wjh`j{oi‟& e` fh{ e`kjkfi|egjh{ z e` iw}i{ c}h`ge{ oegji{ ge gjnu{jû` ge fh kufwu}h oh}qj{wh e` fh U`jû` {i~jêwjkh& h|h}ekïh w}hwhgh h fh fur ge fh{ we{j{ ge Dh}f Dhuw{dz& xue nue ef |}joe}i xue e{wugjû kioi aj{wi}jhgi}& e` 8:8<& fh{ }efhkji`e{ e`w}e ef k}j{wjh`j{oi ge fi{ i}ïce`e{ z ef |}imfeoh {ikjhf =<. [ecò` êf& ef k}j{wjh`j{oi& e` {u{ i}ïce`e{& |}ewe`gjû ahke} u` kiou`j{oi ge fi{ oegji{ ge ki`{uoi& e{ gekj} u` kiou`j{oi ge gj{w}jmukjû` ge fi{ mje`e{& {j` |}eiku|h}{e fi oè{ oï`joi |i} xujê` we`ïh xue |}igukj} fh }jxuerh xue ahmïh xue gj{w}jmuj} z ki`{uoj}. Kjwh`gi `ue{w}i weqwi e~h`cêfjki& ahmfh ge |h}h{jwj{oi }efjcji{i2 ‖@i i{ |}eiku|êj{ ge fh kiojgh `j gef ~e{wjgi& |ue{ {jeo|}e ahm}è xuje` w}hmhbe |h}h ~i{iw}i{...‟. =<

D. DHUW[DZ& F‚i}jcj`e gef k}j{wjh`e{joi.

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Dhuw{dz ki`w}jmuzû h khomjh} }hgjkhfoe`we fh hkwjwug gef oh}qj{oi h`we ef k}j{wjh`j{oi `hkje`we. Fh we{j{ |}egioj`h`we h`we{ ge êf& xue {e }eoi`wh hf kio|høe}i ge Oh}q& N}jeg}jka E`cef{& h|u`whmh oè{ mje` h u`h {u{wh`kjhf hnj`jghg e`w}e ef `hkjoje`wi gef k}j{wjh`j{oi z ef `hkjoje`wi gef oi~joje`wi |}ifewh}ji oige}`i. U`i z iw}i {i` oi~joje`wi{ ge fh kfh{e mhbh& ge fi{ i|}jojgi{& u`i z iw}i nue}i` |e}{ecujgi{& u`i z iw}i e{whmh` ge{wj`hgi{ h fh ~jkwi}jh nj`hf. E{ oè{& fh ~jkwi}jh gef k}j{wjh`j{oi e}h& h fi{ ibi{ ge E`cef{& u`h ch}h`wïh ge ~jkwi}jh {ecu}h |h}h fh `hkje`we }e~ifukjû` |}ifewh}jh=8. \h}h êf& ef oi~joje`wi xue `hkjû ge fh |}egjkhkjû` ge Be{ò{ `i e}h oè{ xue u`h ni}oh ge kiou`j{oi h`we fjwwe}ho& hu`xue j`ce`ui z `i kje`wïnjki. ¹Xuê |ig}eoi{ ahke} h`we e{wh gimfe imbekjû`& weû}jkh z |}èkwjkh& xue |fh`weh `ue{w}h |ècj`h gef e~h`cefji9 ¹[ecuj}eoi{ gebè`gifh ge fhgi& cuh}gè`gi`i{ mje` ge |i`e} h fh ce`we& kioi oigefi{& h fi{ |èbh}i{ gef kjefi z h fh{ h~e{ gef kho|i9 Ae ge ki`ne{h} xue zi oj{oi ae kegjgi& e` |h}we& h e{wh we`whkjû`& |ue{ `u`kh h`we{ ge hai}h oe ae hw}e~jgi h |}egjkh} u` {e}oû` i u`h aiojfïh {im}e e{we weqwi e~h`cêfjki. ¹\e}i |igeoi{ {ecuj} gebh`gi wiwhfoe`we ge fhgi u`h ge fh{ |ècj`h{ oè{ meffh{ xue {e ah` e{k}jwi {im}e ef \hg}e9 ¹Hkh{i `i ah gjkai Be{ò{2 ‖Ef kjefi z fh wje}}h |h{h}è`& oj{ |hfhm}h{ `i |h{h}è`‟9 Oe ah hzughgi h {u|e}h} e{h we`whkjû`& hgeoè{ ge fh c}hkjh ge Gji{& u`h im{e}~hkjû` xue ae aekai ki` n}ekue`kjh hf fee} fh{ im}h{ eqecêwjkh{ z fi{ gj{ku}{i{ ge {h` Hcu{wï`. Êf `u`kh {e ekah hw}è{ h`we u` weqwi ge fh E{k}jwu}h xue fe |fh`wee |}imfeoh{ i xue ki`we`ch ki`w}hgjkkji`e{ h |}joe}h ~j{wh e~jge`we{. E{ oè{& fh gjnjkufwhg fi e{|ifeh. E{wè wh` {ecu}i ge fh ~e}ghg ge fh |hfhm}h ge =8

Kn N]. E@CEF[& [uffe i}jcj`j gef k}j{wjh`e{{joi.

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Gji{& xue `i ~hkjfh e` |}i|i`e} h {u{ ize`we{ fh imbekjû` e` wigh {u h|h}e`we j`{ifumjfjghg& {ecu}i ge xue eqj{we u`h eq|fjkhkjû` z ge xue hf nj`hf& i}h`gi z mu{kh`gi& {e e`ki`w}h}è. Z ge aekai h{ï {ukege. Oè{ hò`& fh gjnjkufwhg {e ki`~je}we |h}h êf& e` e{wi{ kh{i{& e` u`h ikh{jû` |h}h ge{kum}j} `ue~h{ e j`e{|e}hgh{ |}inu`gjghge{ e` fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{. =. KÛOI E@WE@GE] EF GJ[KU][I [IM]E FH[ H^E[ GEF KJEFI Z FI[ FJ]JI[ GEF KHO\I.

H fh{ imbekji`e{ weû}jkh{ gef oh}qj{oi ah ki`we{whgi zh ge{ge ahke wjeo|i fh gikw}j`h {ikjhf ge fh Jcfe{jh e` gj~e}{i{ gikuoe`wi{& z `i oe gewe`g}ê h }e|ewj} hxuï e{h geoi{w}hkjû`. [ûfi xuje}i ahke} `iwh} u`h ki{h. Ef kjwhgi |h{hbe gef e~h`cefji `i{ eqai}wh h xue `i `i{ |}eiku|eoi{ ge `ue{w}i ~e{wjgi z ge `ue{w}h kiojgh& |e}i `i ge fh kiojgh z gef ~e{wjgi ge fi{ ae}oh`i{. \i} ef ki`w}h}ji& ef e~h`cefji xuje}e xue }emi{eoi{ ge {ifjkjwug ahkjh effi{. Ef xue |}i`u`kjû e{h{ |hfhm}h{ {im}e fh{ h~e{ xue `i {jeom}h` z fi{ fj}ji{ xue `i webe`& |}i`u`kjû whomjê` fh{ |hfhm}h{2 ‖Wu~e ahom}e z `i oe gj{wej{ ge kioe}& e{whmh ge{`ugi z `i oe ~e{wj{wej{‟ !kn Ow =5*. ¨^hzh& |ue{& {j we`eoi{ xue |}eiku|h}`i{ |i} fh kiojgh z |i} ef ~e{wjgi( Fh exuj~ikhkjû` `hke {jeo|}e ge {e|h}h} u`h |hfhm}h gef e~h`cefji ge fh{ geoè{& u`h |h}èmifh ge fh{ geoè{& e` ~er ge {jwuh}fh{ e` ef ki`bu`wi. E` e{we kh{i& |i} ebeo|fi& mh{wh}ïh ki` }eki}gh} fh |h}èmifh ge fi{ whfe`wi{& xue `i{ w}h`{ojwe ef oj{oi e~h`cefj{wh Fukh{& |h}h gh}`i{ kue`wh ge fi febi{ xue e{wè gef |e`{hoje`wi ge Be{ò{ fh jgeh ge xue ef aiom}e gemh e{wh}{e oh`i {im}e oh`i& e{|e}h`gi xue fh |}i~jge`kjh {e fi ahch khe} ge fh `ume{& {j` `j {jxuje}h oife{wh}{e e` |egj}fi. 57

Fi{ oj{oi{ h{kewh{ gef ge{je}wi& ki` {e} wh` }hgjkhfe{ e` ef {ecujoje`wi gef e~h`cefji& {jeo|}e ~je}i` ef w}hmhbi oh`uhf kioi ef oegji i}gj`h}ji |h}h ki`{ecuj}{e fh kiojgh z ef ~e{wjgi z ki`w}jmuj} hf {u{we`wi gef oi`h{we}ji& {ï ~j~ïh` e` u` ke`imji. |}i|ji {h` Hcu{wï`& hf kioe`wh} gj{ku}{i ahmïhEf{eøhfhgi kûoi ef hkwuh} gef oj{oiefK}j{wi z ge gef {u{ oi`we& h|û{wife{ ge{oe`wj}ïh u`h j`we}|}ewhkjû` fjwe}hf ge hxueffh{ |hfhm}h{ e~h`cêfjkh{. Be{ò{ w}hmhbû gu}h`we w}ej`wh høi{4 z gu}h`we {u oj`j{we}ji& |e}ojwjû xue aumje{e u`h mif{h kioò` |h}h kum}j} {u{ `eke{jghge{ z |h}h hzugh} h fi{ |im}e{. [j wiohoi{ hj{fhghoe`we z hf |je ge fh few}h fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{& geme}ïhoi{ ki`kfuj} xue `j {jxuje}h êf jojwû h fh{ h~e{ gef kjefi z h fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i. Z who|iki fi{ jojwû \hmfi& xue gjke ge {ï oj{oi xue w}hmhbû ki` {u{ oh`i{ |h}h |}i~ee}{e h {ï oj{oi z hzugh} h fi{ |im}e{==. Gjke {h`wi Wioè{ ge Hxuj`i2 ‖[e}ïh fiku}h z we`wh} h Gji{ e{|e}h}& {j` ahke} `hgh& xue Gji{ `i{ {iki}}h e` fh{ ki{h{ e` xue |igeoi{ hzugh}`i{ `i{iw}i{ ki` `ue{w}i w}hmhbi‟=;. [i` oukaï{joi{ fi{ j`{wjwuwi{ }efjcji{i{& {im}e wigi h |h}wj} gef {jcfi |h{hgi& xue {e hkice`& e` {u oj{oi `iom}e& h fh ‖Gj~j`h \}i~jge`kjh‟& |e}i e{ mje` {jc`jnjkhwj~i xue kh{j wigi{ e{i{ j`{wjwuwi{& ki` ef Kiwife`ci h fh khmerh& {i` j`{wjwuwi{ ge ~jgh hkwj~h& `i ki`weo|fhwj~h. Z {e gegjkh` h hzugh} h fi{ geoè{2 h fi{ |im}e{& h fi{ auê}nh`i{& h fi{ e`ne}oi{ oè{ c}h~e{. Effi{ {i` fh oebi} |}uemh ge xue fh ki`njh`rh e` fh |}i~jge`kjh `i |}iguke nhfwh ge kio|}ioj{i {ikjhf& {j`i |i} ef ki`w}h}ji u` kio|}ioj{i wh` nue}we kioi `j`cu`h fez i wei}ïh auoh`h |uege |}igukj}. ==

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& Ef {e}oû` ge fh oi`whøh.

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[H@WI WIOÈ[ GE HXUJ@I& [uoh ki`w}h fi{ ce`wjfe{& JJJ& 8;5.

55

U`h n}h{e gef gj{ku}{i ge Be{ò{ `i{ in}eke fh kfh~e j`we}|}ewhwj~h ge wigi êf2 ‖Mu{khg& e` khomji& ef }ej`i ge Gji{& z wigi e{i {e i{ gh}è |i} høhgjgu}h‟ !Fk 8=&;8*. @i {e w}hwh ge ke}}h} fi{ ibi{ h`we fh{ `eke{jghge{ ~jwhfe{ ge fh eqj{we`kjh ‛kiojgh z ~e{wjgi‛& {j`i ge {hme} {j fh kiojgh z ef ~e{wjgi ‛z e` ce`e}hf wigh{ fh{ `eke{jghge{ ki}|i}hfe{‛ {i` fh |}eiku|hkjû` oè{ jo|i}wh`we z fh ò`jkh e` fh ~jgh& i {j ahz {jwji |h}h iw}h mò{xuegh oè{ jo|i}wh`we. Ef oh}qj{oi& kioi wigh{ fh{ ki`ke|kji`e{ ohwe}jhfj{wh{ ge fh ~jgh& `i |uege e`we`ge} fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{ {im}e fi{ |èbh}i{ gef kjefi z fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i& |i}xue `i hgojwe xue |uegh ahme} hfci j`ge|e`gje`weoe`we gef nhkwi} eki`ûojki z ge fh{ `eke{jghge{ ohwe}jhfe{. \h}h êf& fh gjoe`{jû` }efjcji{h `i e{ oè{ xue u`h {u|e}e{w}ukwu}h& u` {ukegè`ei ge fh{ `eke{jghge{ eki`ûojkh{& z& u`h ~er }egukjgh h e{i& `hgh kue{wh geoi{w}h} xue `i {j}~e |h}h `hgh z xue& |i} wh`wi& ahz xue kiomhwj}fh kioi h u` |h{hwjeo|i j`òwjf z |e}bugjkjhf. Kuh`gi Be{ò{ gjke2 ‖Ef xue `i igjh h {u |hg}e z h {u ohg}e `i |uege {e} gj{kï|ufi oïi‟ !kn Fk 87&=>*& {hmeoi{ xue fi xue xuje}e gekj} e{2 ‖Ef xue hoh h {u |hg}e i h {u ohg}e oè{ xue h oï...‟ !kn Ow& 8<&;3*. Kuh`gi gjke2 ‖@i e{wêj{ hcimjhgi{ |i} fh ~jgh |e`{h`gi xuê ~hj{ h kioe} i meme}& `j |i} ef kue}|i |e`{h`gi ki` xuê i{ ~hj{ h ~e{wj}‟ !Ow >&=5*& fi xue xuje}e gekj} e{2 ‖@i gej{ oè{ jo|i}wh`kjh h fh kiojgh z hf ~e{wjgi xue hf }ej`i ge Gji{‟. ‖Fh ~jgh ~hfe oè{ xue ef hfjoe`wi& z ef kue}|i xue ef ~e{wjgi‟& z ef }ej`i ge Gji{ e{ bu{whoe`we fi xue h{ecu}h fh ~jgh ewe}`h hf kue}|i z hf hfoh. U`h ~er ge{|ebhgi ef we}}e`i ge fi{ exuï~iki{ oè{ wi{ki{& whf ~er |ighoi{ ~if~e} h e{kukah} ki` iïgi{ `ue~i{ z {j` kio|febi{ 5>

fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{ {im}e ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf xue hfjoe`wh h fh{ h~e{ gef kjefi z ~j{we h fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i. [im}e e{h{ |hfhm}h{& Dje}dechh}g ah e{k}jwi u` ohc`ïnjki ‖gj{ku}{i egjnjkh`we‟. E{we c}h` |e`{hgi} gh`ê{ kio|}e`gjû ef |}inu`gi {e`wjgi ge fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{. @i {e w}hwh ge {hme} {j ef aiom}e wje`e i `i wje`e ge}ekai h |}eiku|h}{e |i} fh kiojgh4 ge fi xue {e w}hwh e{ ge {hme} {j& oje`w}h{ {e |}eiku|h |i} |}i~ee}{e ge kiojgh& }eki`ike xue êf `i e{ Gji{& xue& e` genj`jwj~h& `i e{ êf xuje` kujgh ge {ï oj{oi {j`i ef oj{oi \hg}e xue hfjoe`wh h fh{ h~e{ z xue ~j{we h fi{ fj}ji{. E` u`h |hfhm}h& ge fi xue {e w}hwh e{ ge {hme} {j ef aiom}e {e ki`ni}oh ki` {e} aiom}e i xuje}e {e} Gji{& hfcuje` xue {e mh{wh h {ï oj{oi. ¤Ki`ni}oh}{e ki` fh |}i|jh ki`gjkjû` ge aiom}e& ki`ni}oh}{e ki` {e} u`h gêmjf k}jhwu}h j`kh|hr ge |}i~ee} h {u{ |}i|jh{ `eke{jghge{& ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h xue e{ j`kh|hr ge k}eh}{e h {ï oj{oi2 e{wi e{ fi nu`ghoe`whf. \e}i {j ef aiom}e {e if~jgh ge Gji{ z |}ewe`ge hfjoe`wh}{e êf {ifi& e`wi`ke{ {e ki`~je}we e` ~ïkwjoh ge fh{ |}eiku|hkji`e{ ohwe}jhfe{´ !Dje}dechh}g*.

@hgje e{wè h {hf~i ge e{wh |}eiku|hkjû`. \uege h{hfwh} hf oè{ |im}e z hf oè{ }jki. [ûfi e{wè fjm}e ge fh h`cu{wjh gef ohøh`h ‖ef xue& }jki i |im}e& kio|}e`ge& j`kfu{i e` oegji ge fh |im}erh& xue xuje` fi hfjoe`wh e{ ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf‟. \e}i `i {i` fh{ h~e{ gef kjefi z fi{ fj}ji{ gef kho|i xuje`e{ |uege` e`{eøh}`i{ ge ~e}ghg ef ~e}ghge}i hmh`gi`i ki`njhgi e` oh`i{ ge fh |}i~jge`kjh. Effi{ `i {e |}eiku|h` |i} ef ohøh`h |i}xue& hf jcuhf xue fi{ `jøi{& `i wje`e` ef {e`wjgi gef ohøh`h& oje`w}h{ xue ef aiom}e {ï fi wje`e. Fh |e}nekkjû` ki`{j{we e` ki`ike} fh |}eiku|hkjû` gef ohøh`h z {j` eomh}ci {u|e}h}fh ki` 53

fh{ hfh{ ge fh ne. Ef ~e}ghge}i hmh`gi`i e{ ef xue ~j~jû Be{ò{& xue |igïh gekj}2 ‖Fh{ ri}}h{ wje`e` ohg}jcue}h z fi{ |èbh}i{ `jgi& |e}i ef Ajbi gef Aiom}e `i wje`e gi`ge }ekfj`h} fh khmerh‟ !Fk :&51*. ;. @I WEOH[& \EXUEØI ]EMHØI.

K}ei xue fh |ècj`h e~h`cêfjkh xue e{whoi{ kioe`wh`gi e`kje}}h u` oe`{hbe jo|i}wh`we |h}h wigi{& |e}i e{|ekjhfoe`we |h}h fi{ |h{wi}e{ z fh{ khmerh{ ge fh Jcfe{jh. Gemeoi{ |h}wj} ge u`h |}eoj{h. Oukah{ |ècj`h{ gef e~h`cefji e{wè` gj}jcjgh{& {ï& h wigi{ fi{ xue k}ee` e` K}j{wi& |e}i nue}i` |}i`u`kjhgh{ |}joi}gjhfoe`we |h}h ef c}u|i ge gj{kï|ufi{ xue ~j~ïh` ki` Be{ò{ z {e ahmïh` gegjkhgi kio|fewi h fh khu{h gef }ej`i. Z `i |uege` e`we`ge}{e {j `i {e|i} wioh e` kue`wh e{e ge{wj`i |}joi}gjhf z gj}ekwi. @ue{w}h |ècj`h e{ u`h ge effh{ !iw}h e{ fh gef bi~e` }jki2 ‖[j xuje}e{ {e} |e}nekwi& h`gh& ~e`ge fi xue wje`e{ z ghfi h fi{ |im}e{...‟*. H{ï {e geguke ge fh n}h{e ki`kfu{j~h ge e{we |h{hbe2 ¤@i weoh{& |exueøi }emhøi& |i}xue ~ue{w}i \hg}e ah we`jgi h mje` gh}i{ ef }ej`i. ^e`geg ~ue{w}i{ mje`e{ z ghg fjoi{`h´ !Fk 8=&;=‛;;*.

H wigi{ fi{ k}j{wjh`i{& |ue{& {e fe{ |jge u`h ki`njh`rh wiwhf e` fh |}i~jge`kjh gef \hg}e& |e}i {e fe{ |jge ge oh`e}h e{|ekjhf h fi{ xue aiz |}ifi`ch` fh oj{jû` ge hxuef c}u|i }egukjgi xue ~j~ïh e` wi}`i h Be{ò{& e`w}echgi kioi êf h wjeo|i kio|fewi h fh ffechgh gef }ej`i& e{ gekj}& h fi{ |h{wi}e{ z ‛|i} u`h }hrû` gj{wj`wh‛ h fi{ }efjcji{i{. W}hweoi{& |ue{& ge e`we`ge} ef ni}ojghmfe oe`{hbe ge xue e{wè jo|}ec`hgh e{h |ècj`h gef e~h`cefji mhbi {u fjce}i }e~e{wjoje`wi |iêwjki. Ef ‖ohøh`h‟ gef xue Be{ò{ fe{ gjke h {u{ kifhmi}hgi}e{ xue `i ~j~h` |e`gje`we{& e{ h`we wigi ef ohøh`h ge 51

fh Jcfe{jh. Ef ojegi xue `i{ j`~jwh h `i we`e}& e{ ef ojegi h {e} ‛i h ~if~e} h {e}‛ hfcò` gïh u` ‖|exueøi }emhøi‟. ¹Xuê ~j{jû` wje`e ef ou`gi {im}e ef nuwu}i ge fh Jcfe{jh9 U`h ~j{jû` |u}hoe`we auoh`h. \h}h êf& ef nuwu}i |}ûqjoi z }eoiwi ge fh Jcfe{jh ge|e`ge& hf jcuhf xue fi{ge h{u`wi{ ge fh |ifïwjkh& ge fi{ z exujfjm}ji{ ge nue}rh& gef kaixue |e}{i`hfjghge{& ge hfjh`rh{ gef |}e~hfeke} ge u`h u iw}h we`ge`kjh. Wigi {e eq|fjkh ge e{h oh`e}h. Z ah{wh hxuï `i ahz `hgh ge xuê eqw}høh}{e. Ef |}imfeoh ~e`g}ïh {j `i{iw}i{ khzê{eoi{ e` e{h w}ho|h z hkhmè{eoi{ |e`{h`gi j`ki`{kje`weoe`we kioi |je`{h ef ou`gi. ¨Z e{we |efjc}i `i wje`e `hgh ge }eoiwi( E{ |}ekj{i }eki}gh} fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue {h` \eg}i gj}jce h fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ e` {u kh}wh z e{kukah}fh{ kioi gj}jcjgh{ hxuï z hai}h h `i{iw}i{2 ¤J`kfj`hi{& |ue{& mhbi fh oh`i |ige}i{h ge Gji{ T..._. Ge{kh}chg e` êf wigi ~ue{w}i hcimji& xue êf kujgh ge ~i{iw}i{´ !8 \ 5&>7*.

‖Êf kujgh ge ~i{iw}i{‟2 Gji{ `i ah hmh`gi`hgi h fh Jcfe{jh h {u{ |}i|jh{ nue}rh{4 `j fh ah ‖hmh`gi`hgi‟ who|iki ò`jkhoe`we e` oh`i{ ge fh be}h}xuïh& |h}h xue {e |}eiku|e ge effh kioi {j {ûfi ge{kh`{h{e {im}e {u{ aiom}i{. E` ef |h{hgi ah eqj{wjgi u`h ~j{jû` ge fh Jcfe{jh xue hfcuje` genj`jû kioi ‖geï{wh‟& |i} h`hficïh ki` fh njfi{inïh kh}we{jh`h e jfuoj`j{wh kuzi j`nfubi |hgekïh. [ecò` e{h ~j{jû`& ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h xue hf |}j`kj|ji Gji{ k}eû hf ou`gi z fi giwû ge {u{ |}i|jh{ feze{ z fueci& |i} h{ï gekj}fi& êf ge{h|h}ekjû ge fh kj}kufhkjû`& gebh`gi xue ef ou`gi {jcuje{e {u ku}{i {j` oè{ j`we}~e`kji`e{ ge{ge nue}h !`j {jxuje}h |i} |h}we ge Gji{ ki` ef ojfhc}i*& e{i oj{oi ajri ki` fh Jcfe{jh. U`h ~er xue fh nu`gû z fh 5:

giwû ge wigi{ fi{ oegji{ ge c}hkjh z ge fh{ e{w}ukwu}h{ ge {hf~hkjû` !|hfhm}h& {hk}hoe`wi{& huwi}jghg*& kuh`gi K}j{wi {umjû hf kjefi fh fh`rû h fh aj{wi}jh& kioi xuje` eo|ubh u`h mh}kh ahkjh fh{ ifh{ gef oh} xuegè`gi{e êf e` fh i}jffh. Hfci h{ï kioi {j aumje{e gjkai h {u Jcfe{jh2 wje`e{ wigi{ fi{ oegji{ |h}h khoj`h} wò {ifh4 ~ewe& |ue{& ¨z ah{wh ef oioe`wi ge fh |h}u{ïh( E` e{h |e}{|ekwj~h& hfcuje`& h kioje`ri{ gef {jcfi QQ& hkuøû u`h n}h{e xue& hu`xue e` {ï oj{oh `i {eh e}}û`eh& {ï xue e{ |h}kjhf& z |i} e{i nue k}jwjkhgh |i} ef c}h` ekfe{jûfici ge Wumj`ch& B.H. Oþafe}2 ‖Gji{ k}eû fh be}h}xuïh& z h{ï |e}w}ekaû oè{ xue {unjkje`weoe`we h fh Jcfe{jh ah{wh ef nj` gef ou`gi‟=7. Fh e`kïkfjkh Oz{wjkj ki}|i}j{ ge \ïi QJJ z ge{|uê{ ef ^hwjkh`i JJ ki}}jcje}i` zh e{h ~j{jû`& |}e{e`wh`gi h fh Jcfe{jh kioi j`{wjwukjû` z oj{we}ji h fh ~er& z kuzi |}j`kj|ji h`johgi} z ki`gukwi}& {jeo|}e |}e{e`we z {jeo|}e hkwj~i& e{ ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& hfoh ge fh Jcfe{jh. H{ï |ue{& hxueffh n}h{e ahz xue {u{wjwuj}fh& i hf oe`i{ }eni}rh}fh ki` e{wh iw}h2 ‖Gji{ ah e`~jhgi {u E{|ï}jwu h fh Jcfe{jh& z h{ï fh ah |e}w}ekahgi oè{ xue {unjkje`weoe`we ah{wh ef nj` gef ou`gi‟. Ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{ fh c}h` ‖|}i~jge`kjh‟ gef \hg}e |h}h fh Jcfe{jh. E{wh{ ~e}ghge{ ki`wje`e` u` oe`{hbe ge e{|e}h`rh z ge ki`njh`rh |h}h fh be}h}xuïh ge fh Jcfe{jh& xue w}hwh}ê ge jfu{w}h} ki` hzugh ge u`h eq|e}je`kjh xue ~j~jû {h` N}h`kj{ki ge H{ï{. Aiz e` gïh& wigi{ fi{ e{wugji{i{ e{wè` ge hkue}gi e` j`gj~jguhfjrh} e` fh ~jgh gef \i~e}effi u`h eq|e}je`kjh xue |ig}ïhoi{ ffhoh} {u `ikae i{ku}h gef e{|ï}jwu. Ahkjh ef nj` ge {u ~jgh& N}h`kj{ki wu~i fh kfh}h {e`{hkjû` ge xue fh I}ge` xue ahmïh nu`ghgi {e fe e{whmh e{kh|h`gi ge fh{ oh`i{. Ef }è|jgi =7

Kn B.H. OÞAFE]& e` Waeificj{kae Xuh}whf{ka}jnw.

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k}ekjoje`wi `uoê}jki ahmïh ge{mh}hwhgi {u jgehf |}jojwj~i ge ~j~j} ki` {e`kjffer e~h`cêfjkh. Z fi |}e{ji`hmh` |h}h xue ojwjch{e {u }hgjkhfj{oi& |h}h xue {e u`jni}oh{e ki` fh{ ]ecfh{ z fh i}ch`jrhkjû` ge fh{ c}h`ge{ û}ge`e{ }efjcji{h{& |h}h xue gje{e ~ïh fjm}e h fi{ e{wugji{ z h kh{h{ oè{ c}h`ge{ e` fh{ xue |ige} }ekjmj} fh{ `uoe}i{h{ ~ikhkji`e{ h fh I}ge`. \i} iw}i fhgi& e{whmh` fi{ kio|høe}i{ ge fh |}joe}h ai}h& j`wife}h`we{ z w}h{wi}`hgi{ |i} fh `ue~h {jwuhkjû`& xue e{|e}hmh` ge êf u`h e`ê}cjkh j`jkjhwj~h |h}h }e{whu}h} ef e{wjfi ge ~jgh ge h`whøi. Hf }ec}e{i ge {u ~jhbe h I}je`we& N}h`kj{ki e`ki`w}û fh {jwuhkjû` ki`{jge}hmfeoe`we hc}h~hgh. Hfcu`i{ oj`j{w}i{ ahmïh` h|}i~ekahgi {u hu{e`kjh |h}h gjkwh} gj{|i{jkji`e{ `ue~h{& ki`w}h}jh{& {ecò` êf& hf e{|ï}jwu |}jojwj~i. [un}jû wh`wi& xue ffecû ah{wh h e~jwh} fh kio|høïh ge fi{ ae}oh`i{& |h}h `i e{kh`ghfjrh}fi{ ki` fh w}j{werh ge {u }i{w}i. [e {e`wïh kioi u` n}hkh{hgi4 |ei} hò`& kioi hfcuje` xue ahmïh |ue{wi e` |efjc}i fh im}h xue Gji{ fe ahmïh e`kioe`ghgi }ehfjrh}. E` e{h{ ki`gjkji`e{& {e }enucjû e` fh{ oi`whøh{ ge ^e}`h. Hffï {e fe h|h}ekjû ef [eøi} z fe gjbi u`h{ |hfhm}h{ xue fh{ gj~e}{h{ nue`we{ `i{ w}h`{ojwe` ki` j`{ûfjwh u`jni}ojghg2 ¤¹\i} xuê|h{wi} we wu}mh{& we ae zi kioi ge ojaiom}ekjffi9 I}ge` ge whf¹Hkh{i oigi xue we|ue{wi if~jge{ ge xue zi {jci {je`gi {u }e{|i`{hmfe |}j`kj|hf9 \i} wh`wi& `i we wu}me{& {j`i |}eikò|hwe |i} wu {hf~hkjû`& |i}xue hu`xue fh I}ge` xuegh{e }egukjgh ò`jkhoe`we h w}e{ ae}oh`i{& oj hzugh {jeo|}e {ecuj}è {je`gi nj}oe´=5.

U`i ge fi{ oebi}e{ ki`ikegi}e{ gef hfoh ge N}h`kj{ki ah }eki`{w}ujgi& e` u` fjm}i xue {e ah aekai nhoi{i ‛Fh {hmjgu}ïh ge u` |im}e ‛ e{wh k}j{j{ ge N}h`kj{ki. @i{ fi |}e{e`wh e` ef oioe`wi =5

WIOOH[I GH KEFH@I& ^jwh {ki`gh.

>8

e` xue& hf ~if~e} ge u` kifixuji }efhbh`we ki` {u ae}oh`h Kfh}h& j`e{|e}hghoe`we eo|jerh h }e{i`h}fe e` fh oe`we& nue}we z oj{we}ji{h& u`h n}h{e xue êf }e|jwe j`nj`jwh{ ~eke{ e` {u j`we}ji}& oje`w}h{ ~uef~e kh`wh`gi h {u e}eojwi}ji ge fh{ oi`whøh{ ge ^e}`h2 ‖N}h`kj{ki& Gji{ eqj{we& ¨z e{i mh{wh( ¨Gji{ eqj{we& z e{i mh{wh(‟. Fh |hr z fh hfec}ïh ahmïh` ~uefwi h {u hfoh. Ef e{|ï}jwu gef \i~e}effi {hfjû ge fh |}uemh |u}jnjkhgi z ni}wjnjkhgi. We`ïh fh jo|}e{jû` ge xue {ûfi hai}h ki`ikïh fi xue e}h fh ~e}ghge}h |im}erh ge e{|ï}jwu2 ~j~j} ge{|ibhgi ah{wh ge fh nj`hfjghg |i} fh xue ahmïh ~j~jgi ah{wh e`wi`ke{& {hk}jnjkh} h Gji{ fh oj{oh im}h |h}h fh xue Gji{ fi ahmïh {u{kjwhgi e` fh Jcfe{jh. Kioi Hm}haè`& xue fe ahmïh {hk}jnjkhgi h Gji{ ef ajbi ge fh |}ioe{h& h hxuef J{hhk e` xuje` {e fe ahmïh h{ecu}hgi u`h ge{ke`ge`kjh. Gji{ |uege |egj} h hfcuje` whomjê` aiz xue fe j`oife h {u ‖J{hhk‟ |h}h }ekim}h} fh |hr. ¨Gji{ eqj{we& z e{i mh{wh( ¨Ef \hg}e fi {hme& z e{i mh{wh( Kuh`gi `i{ {j`whoi{ we`whgi{ |i} ef ge{hfje`wi& }e|jwhoi{ whomjê` `i{iw}i{ u`h ge e{h{ |}ine{ji`e{ ge ne& z eq|e}joe`wh}eoi{ fh nue}rh gj~j`h ge ki`{uefi xue ge effh{ {e ge{|}e`ge.

>=

J^./ \HG]E @UE[W]I XUE E[WÈ[ E@ EF KJEFI.

Kioe`wh}ji hf \hg}e `ue{w}i. ¤\hg}e `ue{w}i xue e{wè{ e` ef kjefi. Kuh`gi u` aiom}e ah eo|erhgi h{ï& zh |uege {ecuj} gjkjê`gioe fi xue xuje}h. ¹[hmêj{9& oe xuegi ge{h}ohgi. ¨Xuê mje` fi {hmïh oj Ajbi(´. !Ka. \êcuz=>*.

EF @IOM]E GE GJI[

U`i ge fi{ {ïomifi{ oè{ jo|i}wh`we{ ge Gji{& weifûcjkhoe`we ahmfh`gi& e{ ef gef `iom}e. \h}h u` {eojwh ef `iom}e `i e{& kioi aiz |h}h `i{iw}i{& hfci |u}hoe`we ki`~e`kji`hf& {j`i xue ni}oh |h}we ge fh |e}{i`h. Gji{ ah efecjgi u` fuch} ‛ef weo|fi‛ |h}h ahke}fi oi}hgh ge {u `iom}e& e{ gekj}& |h}h ahke}fi {u |}i|jh oi}hgh !kne` Gwwigh 8=&54fh=>&=*. Gji{ ¨xuê hgoj}hmfe wu `iom}e wje}}h(‟‖[eøi}& ![hf 1&=*& e{`ue{w}i& gekj}& ¨xuê c}h`ge e}e{( e{ Ef `iom}e `u`kh {e jo|i`e hf hrh}& {j`i xue eq|}e{h fh{ kj}ku`{wh`kjh{ e` xue u`i ah `hkjgi !8 [ 8&=<2 ‖Fe |u{i ge `iom}e [houef& gjkje`gi2 Hf [eøi} {e fi |egï‟*& i fh oj{jû` h fh xue e{wè ge{wj`hgi !Ow 8&=82 ‖Fe |i`g}è{ |i} `iom}e Be{ò{& |i}xue êf {hf~h}è h {u |uemfi ge fi{ |ekhgi{‟*& i j`kfu{i {u e{e`kjh oè{ ï`wjoh !Eq ;&872 ‖ZASA2 ef xue e{‟*=3. =>

KA. \ÊCUZ& Ef oj{we}ji ge fi{ {h`wi{ j`ike`we{.

ZASA {i` fh{ kuhw}i few}h{ !?wew}hc}hoh* xue ni}oh` ef `iom}e |}i|ji gef Gji{ ge fh Mjmfjh. H fi fh}ci ge wigi e{we fjm}i& fi{ e{k}jmj}eoi{ h{ï& {j` fh{ =3

>;

Ki`ike} ef `iom}e ge u`h |e}{i`h {jc`jnjkh e`w}h} e` u`h }efhkjû` e{|ekjhf ki` effh z |ige} ~hfe}{e ge {u huwi}jghg. \i} e{i Oij{ê{ h`we fh rh}rh h}gje`we z Bhkim e` {u fukah `ikwu}`h fe |jge` h Gji{ xue fe{ }e~efe {u `iom}e. `iom}e |e}{i`hf ge Gji{& e{ h|}iwekkjû` z }enucji. Ki` Ef e{we `iom}e {e me`gjke& i {eZASA& ohfgjke& hfcuje`. Ai`}h}& |}inh`h}& hfhmh}& hoh} ef `iom}e {jc`jnjkh ai`}h}& |}inh`h} i hfhmh} fh |e}{i`h oj{oh ge Gji{. ‖Hfhme` ef `iom}e gef [eøi}& ef ò`jki `iom}e {umfjoe‟ ![hf 871&8;*. Wigi e{wi {e oh`wje`e e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& |e}i ki` u`h `i~eghg jo|i}wh`wï{joh2 xue Gji{ ah ghgi h K}j{wi }e{ukjwhgi u` `iom}e xue e{wè |i} e`kjoh ge wigi `iom}e& e{ gekj}& {u oj{oi `iom}e ge [eøi} z ge ‖Zi [iz‟ !kn Nf| =&88*. Kioi e` iw}i wjeo|i {e hkwuhmh& {e ahmfhmh& {e ekahmh` geoi`ji{ e` ef `iom}e ge ZASA z {e j`~ikhmh {u `iom}e& h{ï {e ahke hai}h ki` ef `iom}e ge Be{ò{. H fi{ k}eze`we{ e` K}j{wi {e fi{ genj`e kioi ‖fi{ xue j`~ikh` ef `iom}e gef [eøi}‟ !8 Ki 8&=*. 8. FH OHG]E GE WIGH[ FH[ I]HKJI@E[.

E}h mue`i kioe`rh} ki` e{we {ïomifi gef `iom}e& zh xue e`kue`w}h {u h|fjkhkjû` oè{ nhojfjh} |h}h `i{iw}i{ e` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i& xue `i{ gj{|i`eoi{ h kioe`wh} e` e{wh oegjwhkjû`. Hf \hg}e gef kjefi fi ki`ikeoi{ {im}e wigi... ahmfh`gi bu`wi{& i {eh& }erh`gi. \i} e{i& u`i ge fi{ }echfi{ oè{ ae}oi{i{ xue gebû Be{ò{ h fh auoh`jghg ah {jgi fh i}hkjû` gef \hg}e `ue{w}i& ‖fh ohg}e ge wigh{ fh{ i}hkji`e{‟ Ki` effh `i{ ah e`{eøhgi {u ‖fe`cuh |hwe}`h‟. ~ikhfe{& |h}h }e{|ewh} ef ge{ei gef |uemfi bugïi xue `i |}i`u`kjh e{we `iom}e.

>7

H`wjcuhoe`we& ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ni}ohmh |h}we ge fh{ }ehfjghge{ {ek}ewh{ ge fh ne k}j{wjh`h xue e{whmh` |}iwecjgh{ |i} fh ‖fez gef h}kh`i‟& e{ gekj}& |i} fh ki`{jc`h xue imfjchmh h fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ h ikufwh} ! h}kh`i& ge h}ke}e& {jc`jnjkh cuh}gh}& we`e} hfebhgi gef |òmfjki* fi{ oj{we}ji{ oè{ {h`wi{ ge fh Jcfe{jh |h}h `i eq|i`e}fi{ h fh |}inh`hkjû` |i} |h}we ge fi{ |hch`i{. [e e`w}echmh h fi{ khwekòoe`i{ {ûfi kuh`gi ê{wi{ ahmïh` we}oj`hgi {u |}e|h}hkjû`& fh ~ï{|e}h gef mhuwj{oi& bu`wi ki` fh eq|fjkhkjû` ge fh eukh}j{wïh=1. Xuje` fi }ekjmïh& cuh}ghmh {u{ |hfhm}h{ kioi }efjxujh{ z e{|e}hmh ki` h`{jh ef oioe`wi e` xue& hf {hfj} gef mhøi gef mhuwj{oi& e` |}e{e`kjh ge fi{ ae}oh`i{ z ge fh Ohg}e !fh Jcfe{jh*& efe~h`gi fi{ m}hri{ hf kjefi& |igïh eqkfhoh} |i} |}joe}h ~er2 ‖¨\hg}e(‟& ahkjê`gi{e h{ï }eki`ike} |i} wigi{ kioi `ue~i ajbi ge Gji{=:. E{ |}ekj{i }eki}gh} e{wh{ ki{h{& |i}xue `i{iw}i{ aeoi{ w}j~jhfjrhgi ef \hg}e `ue{w}i hf gekj}fi ge kh}}e}jffh& hf gekj}fi {j` |e`{h}& kioi {e gjke u`h bhkufhwi}jh kuhfxuje}h kuh`gi {e`wjoi{ `eke{jghg i ojegi4 aeoi{ |e}gjgi ef w}eoe`gi {e`wjgi xue {e e{ki`ge e` e{h{ |hfhm}h{& |hfhm}h{ {hfjgh{ ge fi{ fhmji{ ge K}j{wi z gj}jcjgh{ h fi{ iïgi{ ge Gji{. Ahz xue }e{khwh} ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ge fh ki{wuom}e xue fi }ekum}e ki` u`h e{|ekje ge kh|h hj{fh`we xue fe jo|jge m}jffh} ge`w}i ge `i{iw}i{ z xue h `i{iw}i{ `i{ jo|jge e{w}eoeke}`i{ ge hfec}ïh e` kuh`wi |}i`u`kjhoi{ i e{kukahoi{ {u{ |}joe}h{ |hfhm}h{. Fh fjwu}cjh `i{ gh ebeo|fi ge e{wh ~e`e}hkjû` ahkjh ef \hg}e `ue{w}i kifikè`gifi e` fi{ oioe`wi{ oè{ jo|i}wh`we{ ge {u{ kefem}hkji`e{. =1

Kn KJ]JFI GE BE]U[HFÊ@& Khwexue{j{ oj{whcûcjkh{& ^& 88.

=:

WE]WUFJH@I& Ef Mhuwj{oi.

>5

Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i `hke ge fh i}hkjû` ge Be{ò{. U` gïh& fi{ h|û{wife{& hf ~e} h Be{ò{ i}h`gi& fe gjbe}i`2 ‖[eøi}& e`{êøh`i{ h i}h}‟& z êf }e{|i`gjû2 ‖Kuh`gi i}êj{& gekjg2 \hg}e `ue{w}i...‟ !kn Fk 88&8‛=*. Hf ~e} h Be{ò{ i}h} ge hxueffh oh`e}h& fi{ h|û{wife{ ki`kjmje}i` ef ge{ei ge h|}e`ge} h i}h}& z Be{ò{ {hwj{njri e{e ge{ei }echfè`gife{ {u oj{oh i}hkjû`. \i}xue ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ahz xue fee}fi |}ekj{hoe`we h{ï2 kioi fh i}hkjû` ge fh khmerh xue {e gjnu`ge |i} wigi{ fi{ ojeom}i{ z {e ki`~je}we e` i}hkjû` gef kue}|i. E{ kioi u`h i`gh ge fh i}hkjû` ge Be{ò{ xue {e |}i|hch |i} fi{ {jcfi{ z xue ~h e`c}i{è`gi{e oè{ z oè{& }ekicje`gi wigh{ fh{ ~ike{& wigh{ fh{ {ò|fjkh{& wigi{ fi{ c}jwi{ xue eojwe` fi{ aiom}e{ oj}h`gi ahkjh fi hfwi& hu`xue h ~eke{ {j` {hme} h xujê`. Ahz u`h c}h` {jojfjwug e`w}e ef \hg}e `ue{w}i z fh eukh}j{wïh. E` u`i z e` iw}h Be{ò{ {jcue ebe}kje`gi {u u`kjû` {hke}giwhf xue ki`{j{we e` ‖in}eke} i}hkji`e{ z {ò|fjkh{‟ hf \hg}e z e` in}eke}{e h {ï oj{oi kioi {hk}jnjkji ~j~i. E` fh eukh}j{wïh e`w}hoi{ e` kiou`jû` ki` ef kue}|i ge K}j{wi4 e` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ki` fh i}hkjû` ge K}j{wi. E{ mje` {j`wioèwjki xue fh fjwu}cjh ahzh kifikhgi& e` fh oj{h& ef }eri gef \hg}e `ue{w}i bu{whoe`we h`we{ ge fh kiou`jû`. Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ ‖u` }e{uoe` ge wigi ef e~h`cefji‟ TWE]WUFJH@I& Fh i}hkjû`& 8& >_& ef e~h`cefji aekai i}hkjû`& u`h ifehgh ~j~h ge e~h`cefji xue m}iwh ge fh mikh ge xuje` e{ ef e~h`cefji e` |e}{i`h. [j}~jê`gi{e ge eq|}e{ji`e{ nhojfjh}e{ h fh i}hkjû` bugïh ge {u wjeo|i& Be{ò{ efhmi}û u`h i}hkjû` `ue~h z i}jcj`hfï{joh xue e{ u` e{|ebi njef ge {u gikw}j`h z ge {u ou`gi j`we}ji}. E` e{wi& }ekue}gh hf Ohc`ïnjkhw ge Oh}ïh& u`h i}hkjû` e`w}ewebjgh whomjê` ge eq|}e{ji`e{ mïmfjkh{ zh ki`ikjgh{& z {j` eomh}ci |e}{i`hfï{joh z kioi }enu`gjgh wigh effh ge `ue~i. >>

Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ah ffechgi ah{wh `i{iw}i{ e` gi{ }eghkkji`e{ gj{wj`wh{2 u`h oè{ m}e~e !fh ge Fukh{2 88&=7* z iw}h oè{ fh}ch !fh ge Ohwei2 >&:‛8;*. [ecuj}eoi{ fh ~e}{jû` ge Ohwei& xue e{ fh xue ah e`w}hgi e` ef u{i kioò` z fjwò}cjki ge fh Jcfe{jh ge{ge fi{ wjeo|i{ h|i{wûfjki{ TKn Gjghkaê& 1&=_. =. \HG]E @UE[W]I XUE E[WÈ[ E@ EF KJEFI.

‖¨\hg}e(‟2 ê{wh e{ fh eqkfhohkjû` ki` xue Be{ò{ {ifïh eo|erh} wigh{ {u{ i}hkji`e{2 ‖We giz c}hkjh{& \hg}e... [ï& \hg}e... \hg}e {h`wi... Hmmh& \hg}e& wò fi |uege{ wigi... \hg}e& h wu{ oh`i{ e`kioje`gi oj e{|ï}jwu‟. E` fi{ e~h`cefji{ wh` {ûfi we`eoi{ u` we{wjoi`ji {ecu}i ge xuekh}jøi{i Be{ò{ z{enhojfjh}ï{joi gj}jcïh hf \hg}e gef !kn kjefi ffhoè`gifi ki` ef wê}oj`i ge Hmmh Ok 87&;>*. [j` eomh}ci& e{ kh{j {ecu}i xue ê{h e}h {u oh`e}h ahmjwuhf ge gj}jcj}{e hf \hg}e& hu`xue fi{ e~h`cefj{wh{ {ûfi e` e{e kh{i fi ahzh` ki`{e}~hgi e` {u ni}oh h}hoeh& oje`w}h{ xue e` fh{ iw}h{ |h}we{ fi ah` w}hgukjgi hf c}jeci ki` fh oè{ kioò` ge ‖|hg}e‟& ‖|hg}e oïi‟. [ecò` hfcu`i{& Hmmh {e}ïh u`h eq|}e{jû` gef fe`cuhbe ge fi{ `jøi{& exuj~hfe`we h `ue{w}i |h|è& |h|hïwi& i |h|h ;<4 {ecò` iw}i{& `i ahm}ïh xue ni}rh} geoh{jhgi e{h hke|kjû` ‖j`nh`wjf‟ gef wê}oj`i& xue |uege e`we`ge}{e whomjê` e` ef {e`wjgi ge ‖|hg}e xue}jgi‟. E` wigi kh{i& {e w}hwh ge ohwjke{ xue `i khomjh` fh {u{wh`kjh ge fh{ ki{h{. Ef {e`wjoje`wi xue eq|}e{h e{h |hfhm}h `i |h}eke xue nue{e gef wigi ge{ki`ikjgi e` kje}wi{ homje`we{ |jhgi{i{ gef bughï{oi ge fh ê|ikh& |e}i ah{wh hai}h `i {e ah |igjgi e`ki`w}h} ;<

H{ï B. BE]EOÏH[& Hmmh.

>3

`j u` {ifi kh{i |h}hfefi& |i} fi kuhf we`eoi{ ge}ekai h ~e} e` {u u{i& z {im}e wigi e` fh jo|i}wh`kjh xue hgxuje}e& u`h `i~eghg h|i}whgh |i} K}j{wi. Z e{h |hfhm}h& xue {j}~jû |h}h eq|}e{h} ef {e`wjoje`wi njfjhf ge Be{ò{& {j}~e hai}h |h}h eq|}e{h} ef {e`wjoje`wi njfjhf ge fi{ gj{kï|ufi{. H `i{iw}i{& gemjgi h fh ki{wuom}e& `i{ }e{ufwh kh{j jo|i{jmfe gh}`i{ kue`wh ge fh }e~ifukjû` xue& ki` effi& e{whmh |}igukje`gi Be{ò{ e` fh oh`e}h ge ki`kemj} h Gji{. Gji{ e{ ef Ewe}`i& hxuef kuzi `iom}e `j {jxuje}h {e |uege |}i`u`kjh}4 z ge |}i`wi& hfcuje`& ki` fh ohzi} `hwu}hfjghg z e{|i`wh`ejghg& {e gj}jce h êf ffhoè`gifi |h|è& i xue}jgi |hg}e. Ef Gji{ ‖hfwï{joi‟ {e ahke ke}kh`ï{joi. @i ahz `j`cu`h eqhce}hkjû` e` ~e} e` ef u{i ge Hmmh |i} |h}we ge Be{ò{ fh |}joe}h z oè{ jo|i}wh`we |}uemh ge {u ki`kje`kjh ge {e} Ajbi ge Gji{ ge u`h oh`e}h ò`jkh z gj{wj`wh ge fh ge wigi{ fi{ geoè{. Z {j` eomh}ci& `i ahz `hgh ge mfh`ge`cue i ge {e`wjoe`whf e` e{h johce` |hwe}`h ge Gji{2 Gji{ e{wè ‖e` ef kjefi‟. E{wh eq|}e{jû` `i j`gjkh u` fuch}& {j`i u` e{whgi& u`h ni}oh ge {e}. Êf e{ ef Hfwï{joi& ef kio|fewhoe`we Iw}i& ef [h`wi2 kioi gj{wh ef kjefi ge fh wje}}h& h{ï gj{wh` {u{ |e`{hoje`wi{ z {u{ khoj`i{ ge fi{ `ue{w}i{ !kn J{ 55&:*. ¹Kuèf e{ e`wi`ke{ fh `i~eghg xue h|i}wh Be{ò{9 Xue hai}h e{e Gji{& {j` gebh} ge {e} fi xue e{ ‛hfwï{joi& {h`wi& we}}jmfe‛& ¨{e `i{ gh h `i{iw}i{ kioi |hg}e( Wigh {u nue}rh {e |fjech& {e |i`e h `ue{w}i hfkh`ke& ki`ge{kje`ge. Fh Jcfe{jh ah }ekicjgi e{wh jgeh ge Gji{ z fh ah eq|}e{hgi e` ef |}joe} h}wïkufi gef k}egi2 ‖K}ei e` Gji{ \hg}e wigi|ige}i{i‟. wigi|ige}i{i& |e}i |hg}e.

\hg}e&

>1

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wigi|ige}i{i4

E{wi `i{ m}j`gh u`h ikh{jû` |h}h hfugj} hf nhkwi} xue whf ~er oè{ im{whkufjke u`h }efhkjû` {e}e`h ki` Gji{ \hg}e e` fh kufwu}h ge `ue{w}i{ gïh{. E` ef wïwufi ge \hg}e {jeo|}e {e ah` ~j{wi gi{ hnj}ohkji`e{ {im}e Gji{2 fh |}joe}h& xue e{ mue`i& |hwe}`hf& xue kujgh ge {u{ k}jhwu}h{4 fh {ecu`gh& xue e{ nue}we z |ige}i{i. Mi`ghg& |ue{& z huwi}jghg. Fh ni}oh e` xue oukah{ ~eke{ {e ah ebe}kjgi ef |ige} e` fh wje}}h z fh{ hw}ike{ eq|e}je`kjh{ xue ah ~j~jgi fh auoh`jghg e` e{we kho|i e` `ue{w}i {jcfi& ah` ki`gukjgi h u` }ekahri ~j{ke}hf ge fh jgeh oj{oh ge |ige} z ge huwi}jghg& j`kfu{i ki` }efhkjû` h Gji{. Ge haï fh k}j{j{ ge fh jgeh ge fh |hwe}`jghg gj~j`h e` `ue{w}i ou`gi. @i |uege gekj}{e xue e{wh k}j{j{ gebe ge we`e} hfcò` nu`ghoe`wi. Fh }hrû` ge effi {e e`kue`w}h e` ef aekai ge xue h ~eke{ fh io`j|iwe`kjh gj~j`h& |i} fh ni}oh e` xue e}h |}ikfhohgh z |e}{i`jnjkhgh |i} fi{ aiom}e{ ge Jcfe{jh& {e |h}ekïh geoh{jhgi hf |ige} auoh`i z weo|i}hf& e` ~er ge |h}eke}{e hf |u}i ‖|ige} ge hoi}‟ gef xue ahmfh fh Mjmfjh. Gemeoi{ }ege{kum}j} fh jgeh xue fh Mjmfjh& z {im}e wigi ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& `i{ in}eke ge fh io`j|iwe`kjh gj~j`h. U`h io`j|iwe`kjh xue& e` K}j{wi& {e oh`jnje{wh e` fh gemjfjghg !kn = Ki 8;&7* z e` ef {e}~jkji !kn Fk ==&=3*. Fh fjwu}cjh |}ikfhoh ohc`ïnjkhoe`we& e` u`h ge {u{ i}hkji`e{& e{wh io`j|iwe`kjh aekah ge oj{e}jki}gjh2 ‖Ia Gji{& xue oh`jnje{wh{ e{|ekjhfoe`we wu |ige} ki` ef |e}gû` z fh oj{e}jki}gjh...‟. H e{wh jgeh ge io`j|iwe`kjh `i {e i|i`e ef ebe}kjkji ge fh huwi}jghg& {j`i e` wigi kh{i ef hmu{i ge effh. Wigi ef \hg}e `ue{w}i {e ki`wje`e& kioi e` ce}oe`& e` e{wh |}joe}h j`~ikhkjû`& kioi u` è}mif n}i`gi{i e` fh |exueøh {eojffh ge fh xue u` gïh {e ge{h}}iffh}è. Wigh fh i}hkjû` k}j{wjh`h }ekjme {u fur ge e{h eqkfhohkjû` j`jkjhf {hfjgh gef ki}hrû` ge Be{ò{ z xue e{ >:

~ir ge u` ajbi xue {hme ki` xujê` e{wè ahmfh`gi. Hgeoè{ ge ~ir& e{ whomjê` oi~joje`wi2 xuje` fi |}i`u`kjh {e |h}eke h u` `jøi xue wioh kh}}e}jffh |h}h ekah}{e e` m}hri{ ge {u |hg}e. E{ u`h c}h` ~e}ghg2 ¨ef Ajbi {hmïh ouz mje` fi xue ahkïh ef gïh xue e`{eøû h fi{ aiom}e{ h gekj} \hg}e `ue{w}i( Kuh`gi ahmfhoi{ ge fh eqkfhohkjû` ‖ Hmmh& \hg}e‟& {ifeoi{ |e`{h} ò`jkhoe`we e` fi xue e{h |hfhm}h {jc`jnjkh |h}h ef aiom}e xue fh |}i`u`kjh. @i |e`{hoi{ kh{j `u`kh e` fi xue |uege {jc`jnjkh} |h}h Gji{& xue fh e{kukah& z e` ef enekwi xue h êf fe |}iguke. @i |e`{hoi{& e` u`h |hfhm}h& e` fh hfec}ïh ge Gji{ hf iï}{e ffhoh} |h|è. \e}i xuje` ah {jgi |hg}e {hme fi xue {e {je`we hf iï}{e ffhoh} h{ï& ki` e{e wjom}e j`ki`nu`gjmfe ge ~ir gef |}i|ji ajbi i ge fh |}i|jh ajbh. E{ hfci h{ï kioi ~if~e} h {e} |hg}e khgh ~er& |i}xue khgh ~er e{h eqkfhohkjû` we }ekue}gh z we ahke gh}we kue`wh ge xue fi e}e{4 ffhoh h fh eqj{we`kjh fh |h}we oè{ }ekû`gjwh ge wj oj{oi. Be{ò{ fi {hmïh& z |i} e{i ffhoû wh`wh{ ~eke{ Hmmh h Gji{ z `i{ e`{eøû h `i{iw}i{ h ahke} fi oj{oi. @i{iw}i{ fe ghoi{ h Gji{ u`h hfec}ïh {e`kjffh z ò`jkh khgh ~er xue fi ffhohoi{ |h|è2 fh hfec}ïh ge fh |hwe}`jghg. Z e{i |igeoi{ ahke}fi j`kfu{i kuh`gi `i{ e`ki`w}hoi{ e` oegji ge fh h}jger z |}i`u`kjhoi{ fh{ |}joe}h{ |hfhm}h{ gef \hg}e `ue{w}i {j` ‖{e`wj}‟ hm{ifuwhoe`we `hgh. ;. [H@WJNJKHGI [EH WU @IOM]E.

\e}i we`eoi{ xue {ecuj}. Fh {ecu`gh |hfhm}h gef \hg}e `ue{w}i gjke2 ‖[h`wjnjkhgi {eh wu `iom}e‟. Ahke h|e`h{ u` oioe`wi aeoi{ ~j{wi fi xue e` fh Mjmfjh }e|}e{e`wh ef `iom}e ge Gji{2 e{ fh |e}{i`h oj{oh& {u |ige}& {u ai`i}& {u cfi}jh& {u 3<

huwi}jghg. Oh}ïh `i{ in}eke u` ebeo|fi ge e{wh {h`wjnjkhkjû` kuh`gi eqkfhoh e` ef Ohc`ïnjkhw2 ‖[u `iom}e e{ {h`wi‟. ¹Xuê xuje}e gekj} ‖{h`wjnjkh}‟ ef `iom}e9 ¹Whf ~er xue Gji{ `i e{ fi mh{wh`we [h`wi z xue `eke{jwh xue `i{iw}i{ fi {h`wjnjxueoi{9 ¨\e}i {j êf e{ nue`we ge fh e{ {h`wjghg& ef w}e{ ~eke{ {h`wi(& ¹xujê` `i fi {hme9 Fifhxue |egjoi{ xue fh {h`wjghg ge Gji{& xue e` ef |ekhgi gef aiom}e ‛z {im}e wigi ge fi{ xue gjke` {e} {u |uemfi‛ e`kue`w}h u` im{wèkufi |h}h oh`jne{wh}{e& ~e`rh e{e im{wèkufi z {e oh`jnje{we e` wigh {u fuoj`i{jghg. \egjoi{ xue {u `iom}e `i {eh ge{ai`}hgi |i} khu{h `ue{w}h !kn ]o =&=7*. Fh ~jifhkjû` oè{ mu}gh ge e{wh |ewjkjû` gef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{wè }e|}e{e`whgh |i} fh mfh{neojh z |i} ef u{i jo|}i|ji gef `iom}e ge Gji{2 ‖@i `iom}êj{ ef `iom}e ge Gji{ e` ~h`i‟. @ue{w}i{ ae}oh`i{ bugïi{& |}ekj{hoe`we |h}h {h`wjnjkh} ef `iom}e ge Gji{& e~jwh` gef wigi |}i`u`kjh}fi& hf oe`i{ ef `iom}e |}i|ji }e~efhgi h Oij{ê{. \e}i ê{we e{ {ûfi u` h{|ekwi& z `j {jxuje}h ef oè{ jo|i}wh`we& ge fh {h`wjnjkhkjû` gef `iom}e. E` enekwi& {j mje` e` fi{ weqwi{ fecj{fhwj~i{ z e` fh{ e`{eøh`rh{ }hmï`jkh{ {e |i`e ef hke`wi e` fh imfjchkjû` xue wje`e ef aiom}e ge {h`wjnjkh} ef `iom}e ge Gji{ cuh}gh`gi {u{ oh`ghoje`wi{& e` fi{ |}inewh{ h|h}eke u`h `ue~h |e}{|ekwj~h. Gji{ oj{oi {h`wjnjkh}è {u `iom}e e`w}e fi{ ce`wjfe{& oh`jne{wh`gi {u {hf~hkjû`. Mh{we w}he} h fh oeoi}jh ef weqwi ge Erexujef2 ¤E{wi gjke ef [eøi}2 @i fi ahci |i} ~i{iw}i{& kh{h ge J{}hef& {j`i |i} oj {h`wi `iom}e T..._. Oi{w}h}ê fh {h`wjghg `iom}e jfu{w}e& |}inh`hgi fi{ |hch`i{& ge xueoj ~i{iw}i{ |}inh`h{wej{ e` oegjie`w}e ge effi{. Z {hm}è` fi{ |hch`i{ xue zi {iz ef [eøi}& i}èkufi gef

38

[eøi}& kuh`gi fe{ oue{w}e oj {h`wjghg e` ~i{iw}i{´ !Er ;>&=={*.

H fh fur ge e{wh{ |hfhm}h{ z ge fh{ xue {jcue` j`oegjhwhoe`we ge{|uê{ e` ef weqwi ge Erexujef& gekj} ‖{h`wjnjkhgi {eh wu `iom}e‟ exuj~hfe gekj}2 ‖]ikïh`i{ ki` hcuh |u}h& |u}jnïkh`i{ wigh{ `ue{w}h{ hj`ou`gjkjh{ e jgifhw}ïh{& j`nò`ge`i{ wu e{|ï}jwuge z ahr xue kuo|fhoi{ wu{ feze{ z wu{ oh`ghwi{‟. Haï {e e`kje}}h wigh fh {hf~hkjû`& e` {u gimfe h{|ekwi2 ef `echwj~i ‛|u}jnjkhkjû` gef |ekhgi‛ z ef |i{jwj~i ‛ef gi` ge u`h ~jgh `ue~h. [j` eomh}ci& e{wh |e}{|ekwj~h |}inêwjkh `i h`ufh fh iw}h& ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h xue fh c}hkjh `i ~uef~e j`òwjf fh fez z xue fh ne `i gj{|e`{h ge fh{ im}h{. Be{ò{ oj{oi gekïh2 ‖Hfuom}e h{ï ~ue{w}h fur h fi{ aiom}e{& |h}h xue ~eh` ~ue{w}h{ mue`h{ im}h{ z ge` cfi}jh h ~ue{w}i \hg}e xue e{wè e` ef kjefi‟ !Ow 5&8>*. 7. ^E@CH H @I[IW]I[ WU ]EJ@I& AÈCH[E WU ^IFU@WHG.

Fh{ gi{ ki{h{ {e kio|feoe`wh` ouwuhoe`we& ge oh`e}h xue e` Fukh{ nhfwh |i} kio|fewi fh {ecu`gh |ewjkjû`. \ig}ïhoi{ gekj}2 ‖^e`ch h `i{iw}i{ wu }ej`i‟& i {eh ‖aèch{e wu ~ifu`whg‟. \ue{ ¹xuê iw}h ki{h e{ ef }ej`i {j`i fh ~ifu`whg {hf~ïnjkh u`j~e}{hf xue {e `i{ ah oh`jne{whgi e` Be{uk}j{wi9 Ef }ej`i e{ wigi fi xue ge meffi& ge {h`wi& ge ohc`ïnjki ah |e`{hgi z xue}jgi Gji{ |h}h ef aiom}e4 e{ ef nueci ge hoi} xue gjbi Be{ò{ xue ahmïh ~e`jgi h w}he} h fh wje}}h z xue `i ~e fh ai}h ge xue {e e`kje`gh. Ef }ej`i e{ ef {ek}ewi ge Be{ò{& ef h`aefi ge Be{ò{& {u ‖jgeh njbh‟& fh im}h xue ef \hg}e fe ah e`kioe`ghgi }ehfjrh} !kn B` 83&7*. Kio|h}wj} e{e h`aefi z e{h i}hkjû` ge Be{ò{ {jc`jnjkh {e} |h}h êf ae}oh`i& ae}oh`h z ohg}e !kn Ow 8=&5<*. 3=

‖^e`ch h `i{iw}i{ wu }ej`i‟2 hf gekj} e{wh |ewjkjû`& |uege {u}cj}`i{ u`h gugh& u`h w}j{werh2 ‖¨Xuê febi{& Gji{ oïi& e{wè hò` ef gïh e` xue ffecue h `i{iw}i{ wu }ej`i( ¨Xuê febi{ e{wè hò`& [eøi}& ef gïh e` xue {e ahch e` `i{iw}i{ wu ~ifu`whg(‟. \e}i Be{ò{ zh }e{|i`gjû h e{wh gugh. H u`i{ xue fe |}ecu`whmh`2 ‖¹Kuè`gi ffech}è ef }ej`i ge Gji{9‟& fe{ ki`we{wû u` gïh2 ‖Ef }ej`i ge Gji{ `i ~e`g}è e{|ekwhkufh}oe`we& `j h`u`kjh}è` xue e{wè hxuï i e{wè hffï4 |i}xue& oj}hg& ef }ej`i ge Gji{ e{wè ge`w}i ge ~i{iw}i{‟ !Fk 83&=<‛ =8*. Fi{ aiom}e{ {jeo|}e e{|e}h` u` }ej`i gj{wj`wi gef xue Gji{ xuje}e gh}fe{& z |i} e{i `i fi ~e`& hu` kuh`gi fi we`ch` gefh`we ge fi{ ibi{. Ef }ej`i e{whmh hffï& gefh`we ge effi{4 e}h hxuef aiom}e ki` xuje` e{whmh` ahmfh`gi4 |i}xue& ge{|uê{ ge \h{kuh& ef }ej`i e{ Be{uk}j{wi& z {ûfi Be{uk}j{wi& k}ukjnjkhgi z }e{ukjwhgi& |}e{e`we |i} {u E{|ï}jwu e` oegji ge fi{ {uzi{ ah{wh ef nj` gef ou`gi. Z e{i oj{oi ~hfe |h}h aiz. Ef }ej`i e{wè e` oegji ge `i{iw}i{4 k}eke hf k}eke} fi{ xue k}ee` e` K}j{wi& xue kio|fewh` e` {u kh}`e fi xue fe nhfwh h {u |h{jû` z h {u }e{u}}ekkjû`. E{ ouz kje}wi xue e{e }ej`i wigh~ïh `i e{wè hkhmhgi2 e{wè {ûfi e` khoj`i& e` ki`{w}ukkjû`. Ê{wh e{ {u ki`gjkjû` hxuï e` fh wje}}h. ‖^e`ch h `i{iw}i{ wu }ej`i‟ {jc`jnjkh& |ue{& |h}h `i{iw}i{ hfci mje` ki`k}ewi2 ¨~e`ch Be{uk}j{wi oue}wi z }e{ukjwhgi( ¨Xue {e |}ikfhoe {u [eøi}ïi {im}e wigh{ fh{ ki{h{( Xue {eh ki`ikjgh z hm}hrhgh fh |hfhm}h ge ~jgh ge {u e~h`cefji4 z& {im}e wigi& xue {e gjnu`gh ef hoi} n}hwe}`i& xue& e`w}e wigi{ fi{ geoè{& e{ ‖{u‟ oh`ghoje`wi. Xue wigi e{wi ffecue e` |}joe} fuch} h `ue{w}i ki}hrû`. Be{ò{ kio|h}h ef }ej`i ge Gji{ h fh fe~hgu}h xue u`h oube} hoh{h ki` w}e{ oegjgh{ ge ah}j`h |h}h xue wigi ne}oe`we‟ !kn Ow 8;&;;*. Fh{ 3;

w}e{ oegjgh{ ge ah}j`h {i` e{wh auoh`jghg `ue{w}h xue geme {e} jo|}ec`hgh z w}h`{ni}ohgh |i} ef e~h`cefji. Eqj{we ef |efjc}i ge xue& kuh`gi gekjoi{ ‖^e`ch wu }ej`i‟& |e`{eoi{ e` ef }ej`i ge Gji{ xue wje`e xue ~e`j} h H{jh z h fh{ `hkji`e{ xue hò` `i ki`ike` ef e~h`cefji. \e}i {j ef }ej`i ge Gji{ wje`e xue ~e`j} e` eqwe`{jû` ah{wh fi{ ki`nj`e{ ge fh wje}}h& geme ~e`j} whomjê` e` j`we`{jghg h wigh{ z khgh u`h ge fh{ ri`h{ ge `ue{w}i {e}. ¨Kuè`wi{ ki`wj`e`we{ xuegh` |i} e~h`cefjrh} ge`w}i ge khgh u`i ge `i{iw}i{( Fh j`wefjce`kjh e{ u` ki`wj`e`we& fh ~ifu`whg e{ u` ki`wj`e`we& u` ki`wj`e`we e{ fh {equhfjghg& fh ~jgh ge }efhkjû`& `ue{w}i fe`cuhbe. \h}h xue ~e`ch h `i{iw}i{ ef }ej`i ge Gji{& e{ |}ekj{i xue ‖ef |ekhgi `i {jch }ej`h`gi e` `ue{w}i kue}|i oi}whf‟ !kn ]o >&8=*. [j ê{wh e{ fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{& xuê exuj~ikhgi {e}ïh gekj}2 ‖Aèch{e wu ~ifu`whg‟ |e`{h`gi xue fe e{whoi{ ahkje`gi u`h ki`ke{jû` i u` nh~i} h Gji{& kioi {j h }echøhgje`we{ e aj|ûk}jwhoe`we gjbê}hoi{2 ‖E` nj`& {j `i ahz oè{ }eoegji& njhw ~ifu`wh{ wuh(& aèch{e wu ~ifu`whg‟. We`g}ïhoi{ xue |}i`u`kjh} e{h{ |hfhm}h{ ki` u` e{|ï}jwu ouz gj{wj`wi2 ¨Xue {e kuo|fh |}i`wi e` `i{iw}i{ wu ~ifu`whg ge hoi}( ‖H{ï e` fh wje}}h kioi e` ef kjefi‟& i {eh2 fi oj{oi e`w}e `i{iw}i{ xue e`w}e fi{ {e}e{ kefe{wjhfe{ !z zi {uefi gekj}2 ‖fi oj{oi e` oï xue e` Be{ò{‟*. Ffechgi{ hxuï& fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{ e{ whomjê` fh `ue{w}h& zh xue `i we`eoi{ iw}h ~ifu`whg xue fh ge Gji{. \ig}ïhoi{ j`kfu{i hw}e~e}`i{ h khomjh} ge hgbewj~i z gekj}2 ‖Aèch{e `ue{w}h ~ifu`whg‟.

37

5. GH@I[ AIZ @UE[W]I \H@ GE KHGH GÏH.

Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ u` e{|ebi gef e~h`cefji j`kfu{i e` {u gj{|i{jkjû` cfimhf4 e` {u e{w}ukwu}h& hgeoè{ ge e` khgh u`h ge {u{ |ewjkji`e{2 ‖[im}e wigi mu{khg ef }ej`i ge Gji{ z {u bu{wjkjh& z wigi fi geoè{ {e i{ gh}è |i} høhgjgu}h‟ !Ow >&;;*& ahmïh gjkai Be{ò{. W}h{ ahke}`i{ }erh} |i} ef }ej`i& Be{ò{ `i{ |e}ojwe }erh} |i} fh{ geoè{ ki{h{. Z e`w}e e{wh{ iw}h{ ki{h{ e{wè& e` |}joe} fuch}& ef |h` ge khgh gïh z& {ecò` iw}h j`we}|}ewhkjû` |i{jmfe& ef |h` |h}h ef gïh `eke{h}ji& |h}h ef gïh ge ohøh`h. E{wh i}hkjû` e{ u` }enfebi gef im}h} ge Be{ò{2 |h}h fh{ oufwjwuge{ xue fi ahmïh` {ecujgi hf ge{je}wi oje`w}h{ fe{ h`u`kjhmh ef }ej`i ge Gji{& Be{ò{ oufwj|fjkû whomjê` ef |h` ohwe}jhf& ge oh`e}h xue ‖kioje}i` wigi{ z {e {hkjh}i`‟ !kn Ok >&7=*. \e}i ¹xuê {jc`jnjkh ef |h` ge khgh gïh9 \h}h fi{ ki`weo|i}è`ei{ ge Be{ò{ !kioi whomjê` |h}h `i{iw}i{*& |h` xuje}e gekj} hfjoe`wi e` ce`e}hf& {u{we`wi |h}h ~j~j}. Z kioi hf aiom}e& e` fh Mjmfjh& {e fi ki`{jge}h kioi u` wigi& kio|ue{wi h fh ~er ge kue}|i z hfoh& ef |h` j`gjkh hxuï wigi fi xue {e `eke{jwh |h}h xue ef aiom}e ~j~h2 ‖@i {ûfi ge |h` ~j~e ef aiom}e& {j`i ge wigh |hfhm}h xue {hfe ge fh mikh ge Gji{‟. !Ow 7&7*. @i ahke nhfwh& |ue{& efecj} e`w}e fh j`we}|}ewhkjû` h`wjcuh !ef |h` |h}h ef hfoh& fh eukh}j{wïh& fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{* z fh j`we}|}ewhkjû` oige}`h !ef hfjoe`wi |h}h ef kue}|i*2 fh |hfhm}h ge Be{ò{ fh{ hmh}kh h fh{ gi{. Ki` e{h |ewjkjû` |igeoi{ |egj} fecïwjohoe`we& {ecò` fh{ `eke{jghge{& |h`& ~e{wjgi& kh{h& {hfug& w}hmhbi& xue e{ fh oh`e}h ge we`e} |h` z we`e}fi ge oh`e}h gjc`h z auoh`h. Z gekjoi{2 ‖Gh`i{‟ !`i2 ‖ghoe‟*. \i} fi wh`wi& |igeoi{ |egj} whomjê` h Gji{ xue `i{ e`{eøe h }e|h}wj} oebi} ef |h` xue êf wje`e 35

ge{wj`hgi |h}h wigi{& n}uwi ge fh wje}}h z ef w}hmhbi ge fi{ aiom}e{. Oè{ hò`& e` `ue{w}h {jwuhkjû` ahz xue }erh} |}ekj{hoe`we e` e{we {e`wjgi2 ‖Ki`kêge`i{ {hme} gj{w}jmuj} oebi} `ue{w}i |h` ge khgh gïh‟. H`we{ igege{|uê{ fh{ kiojgh{& e{wh{ |hfhm}h{ ki`~e}wj}{e& |ewjkjû`& ge e` hkkjû` ge c}hkjh{2 ¨C}hkjh{ |i} |uege` ef |h` xue `i{ ah{ ghgi( >. \E]GI@H @UE[W]H[ INE@[H[ KIOI WHOMJÊ@ @I[IW]I[ \E]GI@HOI[ H FI[ XUE @I[ INE@GE@.

Fi{ [h`wi{ \hg}e{ ghmh` oukah jo|i}wh`kjh h e{wh |ewjkjû` z fh ki`{jge}hmh` kioi u`h ge fh{ ni}oh{ i}gj`h}jh{ ge hfkh`rh} ef |e}gû` ge `ue{w}i{ |ekhgi{2 ¤\e}i kioi ~j~joi{ e` e{we ou`gi& e` ef xue `hgje ~j~e {j` |ekhgi& {u |e}gû` `i {e imwje`e {ifhoe`we e` ef mhøi gef {h`wi mhuwj{oi& {j`i whomjê` oegjh`we ef }eri gjh}ji gef \hg}e `ue{w}i. E` êf e`ki`w}h}êj{ u`h e{|ekje ge mhuwj{oi gjh}ji´;8.

Ê{wh e{ fh ò`jkh |ewjkjû` e` fh xue `i {ûfi |egjoi{ hfci& {j`i xue whomjê` |}ioeweoi{ hfci2 |e}gi`h} h `ue{w}i{ ae}oh`i{. E` e{we {e`wjgi& Be{ò{ oj{oi kioe`wh e{wh n}h{e hf we}oj`h} fh i}hkjû`2 ¤\i}xue {j |e}gi`èj{ h fi{ geoè{ {u{ kuf|h{& whomjê` ~ue{w}i \hg}e gef kjefi i{ |e}gi`h}è h ~i{iw}i{4 |e}i {j `i |e}gi`èj{ h fi{ geoè{& who|iki ~ue{w}i \hg}e |e}gi`h}è ~ue{w}h{ kuf|h{´ !Ow >&87‛85*.

Ê{wh e{ u`h ki`gjkjû` xue `i gebh fuch} h gugh{2 `i |igeoi{ }erh} ef \hg}e `ue{w}i ki` }e{e`wjoje`wi{ e` ef ki}hrû`& ;8

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& [e}oi`e{& =8;.

3>

}e{e}~è`gi`i{ ef |e}gû`& {i |e`h ge huwiki`ge`h}`i{. E` e{i{ kh{i{& we`g}eoi{ xue oigjnjkh} fh |ewjkjû` z }erh} h{ï2 ‖Hzògh`i{ h |e}gi`h} h fi{ xue `i{ ine`ge`& kioi wò `i{ ah{ |e}gi`hgi `ue{w}i{ |ekhgi{‟. Ef ge{ei ge |e}gi`h} e{ zh |e}gû`& z e{ {unjkje`we |h}h {ecuj} gjkje`gi ef \hg}e `ue{w}i. E{i `i xuje}e gekj} xue ef |e}gû` xue aeoi{ ki`kegjgi h fi{ geoè{ `i{ gê ge}ekai h }ekjmj} ef |e}gû` ge Gji{& xue e{ |u}h c}hkjh4 {ûfi geoue{w}h fh {j`ke}jghg ge `ue{w}i ki}hrû`. Ef i}ge` }ehf ge fh{ ki{h{ `i e{2 Gji{ `i{ |e}gi`h h `i{iw}i{ |i}xue `i{iw}i{ aeoi{ |e}gi`hgi h fi{ ae}oh`i{4 {j`i xue e{2 `i{iw}i{ |e}gi`hoi{ h fi{ ae}oh`i{ |i}xue Gji{ `i{ ah |e}gi`hgi h `i{iw}i{. ‖Ef [eøi} i{ ah |e}gi`hgi2 ahkeg ~i{iw}i{ fi oj{oi‟ !Kif ;&8;*. Fh oegjgh `i ~je`e ghgh |i} `ue{w}i |e}gû`& {j`i |i} ef |e}gû` ge Gji{. ¹Kuè`wh{ ~eke{ `i{ ah |e}gi`hgi Gji{9 ¹Kûoi e{ ef |e}gû` ge Gji{9 Gji{ `i {ûfi |e}gi`h& {j`i xue if~jgh4 {u |e}gû` e{ u`h ~e}ghge}h ‖ho`j{wïh‟& fi{ |ekhgi{ ge{h|h}eke` ge {u oeoi}jh. Fi{ aiom}e{& j`kfu{i kuh`gi ki`kege` u`h ho`j{wïh& `i if~jgh`& `i }ej`wec}h` |fe`hoe`we h fh |e}{i`h e` fh e{wjoh z e` fi{ ge}ekai{4 Gji{ {ï. Ef |e}gû` xue |egjoi{ hf \hg}e gef kjefi geme ffe~h}`i{ {im}e wigi hf |e}gû` z h fh }eki`kjfjhkjû`2 ki` `ue{w}i |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& i ki` `ue{w}i ajbi& kuh`gi e{i {eh `eke{h}ji. Hf kioje`ri aeoi{ hfugjgi h fi oukai xue |uege |e{h} e` fh ~jgh ge u`h |e}{i`h u`h ohfh }efhkjû` ki` {u |hg}e. Fh ki`weo|fhkjû` ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh gef \hg}e |uege w}he}`i{ fh ku}hkjû` ge e{h{ ae}jgh{. 3. @I @I[ GEBE[ KHE] E@ FH WE@WHKJÛ@ Z FÏM]H@I[ GEF OHF.

Fjwe}hfoe`we ahm}ïh xue w}hgukj}2 @i `i{ ahch{ khe} e` we`whkjû`& `i `i{ oewh{ e` fh we`whkjû`. E{wh{ |hfhm}h{ {jeo|}e 33

ah` |}igukjgi |e}|febjghg. ¹Kûoi |uege Gji{ ahke} khe} h hfcuje` e` we`whkjû`& {j` gebh} |i} effi ge {e} Gji{9 E` enekwi& fh E{k}jwu}h gjke2 ‖Gji{ `i wje`wh h `hgje hf ohf‟ ![w 8&8;*. \h}h e~jwh} \hg}e homjcöeghge{& e` ef |}izekwi ge }e~j{jû` gef weqwi gef `ue{w}i xue efhmi}û fh Ki`ne}e`kjh E|j{ki|hf Jwhfjh`h& e{wh |ewjkjû` {e oigjnjkû h{ï2 ‖E `i` fh{kjh}kj khge}e j` we`whrji`e‟. E{ fh n}h{e ki` xue {jeo|}e aeoi{ }erhgi e` kh{weffh`i2 ‖@i `i{ gebe{ khe} e` we`whkjû`‟. E` aem}ei `i {e gj{wj`cue e`w}e xue}e} hfci z |e}ojwj}fi& |i} fi kuhf ‖@i `i{ oewh{ e` fh we`whkjû`‟ e` }ehfjghg {jc`jnjkh2 ‖@i |e}ojwh{ xue `i{ oewhoi{& xue khjchoi{ e` fh we`whkjû`‟. H{ï |ue{& fi xue |egjoi{ h Gji{ ki` e{h{ |hfhm}h{ e{ xue e{wê h `ue{w}i fhgi e` fh{ we`whkji`e{ z xue `i |e}ojwh xue `ue{w}h fjme}whg {e gimfecue h`we ef ohf. Be{ò{ hki`{ebhmh h {u{ gj{kï|ufi{2 ‖I}hg& |h}h `i khe} e` fh we`whkjû`‟ !Fk ==&7<*& z e{i e{ fi xue ahkeoi{ kuh`gi }erhoi{ ef \hg}e `ue{w}i . ]eki}geoi{ fh hnj}ohkjû` gef H|û{wif2 ‖Njef e{ Gji{& z `i |e}ojwj}è xue {eèj{ we`whgi{ |i} e`kjoh ge ~ue{w}h{ nue}rh{4 ki` fh we`whkjû` i{ hm}j}è u`h {hfjgh |h}h xue |igèj{ {u|e}h}fh‟ !8 Ki 8<&8;*. ‖Z fïm}h`i{ gef ohf‟. Fh |hfhm}h ‖ohf‟ e` ef weqwi i}jcj`hf |uege {jc`jnjkh} gi{ ki{h{2 i ef ohf e` {e`wjgi oi}hf& i ef ohf e` {e`wjgi |e}{i`hf& i {eh ef Ohfjc`i. [e ahmfh oukai !z ki` n}ekue`kjh j`i|i}wu`hoe`we* ge eqi}kj{oi{. Be{ò{ `i{ ah gebhgi fh nû}oufh oè{ {e`kjffh z enjkhr ge eqi}kj{oi& xue |igeoi{ ahke} wigi{ z {jeo|}e2 ‖Fïm}h`i{ gef Ohfjc`i‟. Ahz xue ahme} we`jgi eq|e}je`kjh gef we}}jmfe |ige} ge [hwh`è{ z gef ohf e` ef ou`gi& |h}h ki`ike} fh gufru}h ge e{wh{ òfwjoh{ |hfhm}h{ gef \hg}e `ue{w}i.

31

Kuh`gi gekjoi{ fïm}h`i{ gef ohf‟& {ifeoi{ |e`{h} ò`jkhoe`we e` ef ohf xue fi{ geoè{& i ef geoi`ji e` |e}{i`h& |uege` ahke}`i{ h `i{iw}i{. \e}i ef ohf oi}hf |uege {e} ge gi{ kfh{e{2 ef xue }ekjmjoi{ i ef xue ahkeoi{. Ef oè{ |efjc}i{i ge fi{ gi{& oè{ hò`& ef ò`jki xue e{ ohf ge ~e}ghg& e{ ef ohf gef xue {ioi{ }e{|i`{hmfe{ `i{iw}i{. Ê{we e{ ef ò`jki xue |uege ffe~h}`i{ h fh ki`ge`hkjû` ewe}`h. Gemeoi{& |ue{& gekj} e{h{ |hfhm}h{ |e`{h`gi2 ‖Fïm}h`i{ ge ahke} ef ohf‟& |}e{ê}~h`i{ ge kioewe} |ekhgi{. Ae gjkai xue ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ K}j{wi xue i}h ki` `i{iw}i{ z `i{iw}i{ xue i}hoi{ ki` K}j{wi. ¹[e}è e{wi ~e}ghg whomjê` h|fjkhgi h fh {ecu`gh |h}we& e` fh xue |egjoi{ ki{h{ wh` auoh`h{ kioi ef |e}gû` ge fi{ |ekhgi{9 [ï& whomjê` e` fh {ecu`gh |h}we e{ K}j{wi xuje` i}h& ¨`i e{whoi{ {ifi{( Hcu{wï` gjke xue fh ò`jkh |e}{i`h ge Be{uk}j{wi ¤|jge |i} `i{iw}i{& |jge e` `i{iw}i{ z `i{iw}i{ fe |egjoi{ h êf& |jge |i} `i{iw}i{ kioi `ue{w}i {hke}giwe& |jge e` `i{iw}i{ kioi `ue{w}h khmerh& z `i{iw}i{ fe |egjoi{ h êf kioi h `ue{w}i Gji{´;=.

E` fh {ecu`gh |h}we gef \hg}e `ue{w}i Be{ò{ i}h e` `i{iw}i{ kioi fh khmerh xue ahke {uzh fh i}hkjû` ge fi{ ojeom}i{ e`ne}oi{ z `eke{jwhgi{. E` e{wi }e{jge fh gjne}e`kjh e`w}e ef H`wjcui z ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi2 e` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi Hm}haè` we`ïh xue e`ki`w}h} hf oe`i{ gjer bu{wi{ |h}h xue Gji{ |ugje{e |e}gi`h} h wigh fh kjughg ge [igioh !kn C` 81&8>{{*. Nhfwhmh ef bu{wi xue mh{wh{e& êf {ifi& |i} wigi{2 ¨nhfwhmh Be{ò{( Gekj} xue ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ Be{ò{ xue i}h e` `i{iw}i{ exuj~hfe h gekj} xue ef E{|ï}jwu ge Be{ò{ i}h e` `i{iw}i{2 ‖Gji{ ;=

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& Kioe`wh}ji{ {im}e fi{ {hfoi{& 15& 8.

3:

e`~jû h `ue{w}i{ ki}hri`e{ ef E{|ï}jwu ge {u Ajbi xue kfhoh2 ¨ Hmmh& \hg}e(‟ !Ch 7&>*. E` enekwi& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{ xuje` `i{ ahke kh|hke{ ge e`wi`h} ef \hg}e `ue{w}i. [jeo|}e ah ge{|e}whgi eomh}hri ef aekai ge xue e` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i `i {e `iom}e hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. E` fh h`wjcöeghg {e gji j`kfu{i ef j`we`wi ge |i`e} }eoegji h e{h fhcu`h ki` u`h ~h}jh`we xue& e` ~er ge ‖{h`wjnjkhgi {eh wu `iom}e‟& feïh2 ‖xue wu E{|ï}jwu [h`wi ~e`ch h `i{iw}i{ z `i{ |u}jnjxue‟. \e}i `i ahke nhfwh e{i2 ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi `i e{wè e` e{wh i}hkjû` |i}xue e{wè e` ef i}h`we4 `i e{wè e`w}e fh{ ki{h{ xue |egjoi{& {e`kjffhoe`we |i}xue êf e{ xuje` fh{ |jge2 ‖@i{iw}i{ `i {hmeoi{ |egj} fi xue `i{ ki`~je`e& |e}i ef E{|ï}jwu oj{oi j`we}kege |i} `i{iw}i{ ki` ceojgi{ j`enhmfe{‟ !]j` 1&=>*. ‖[j` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& e` ~h`i c}jwh Hmmh ef xue fi c}jwh‟;;. 1. EF \HG]E @UE[W]I KI@WJ@UHGI.

‖Kuh`gi i}êj{& gekjg‟. \igeoi{ |}ecu`wh}`i{ xuê {jc`jnjkh e{we oh`ghwi2 ¹whf ~er xue we`eoi{ xue i}h} {ûfi z {jeo|}e h{ï& ki` e{wh{ |}ekj{h{ |hfhm}h{9 ¨[e}ïh u` c}h` e}}i}( Be{ò{ xue}ïh gekj}2 I}hg ki` e{h hkwjwug njfjhf& |egjg e{h{ ki{h{ nu`ghoe`whfe{& z e` e{e i}ge`. Hxuef gïh& Be{ò{ `i e`{eøû h {u{ gj{kï|ufi{ {ûfi u`h i}hkjû`& {j`i whomjê` u`h oh`e}h ge }erh}. Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ u` oigefi ge i}hkjû` u` h}xuewj|i& u` ce`e}hgi} e j`{|j}hgi} ge i}hkjû`. @i |igeoi{ }emhbh}fi hf }h`ci ge u`h i}hkjû` oè{& i ge u`h i}hkjû` xue ohwe h wigh{ fh{ geoè{. U`h oh`e}h ge i}h} ki` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i xue |ig}ïh }e{ufwh} òwjf h hfcuje` e{ fh gef \hg}e `ue{w}i ki`wj`uhgi. Ki`{j{we e` }e|ewj} gu}h`we u` wjeo|i fh}ci& j`kfu{i gu}h`we ai}h{ e`we}h{& fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef \hg}e `ue{w}i& |e}i `i kioi {j {e w}hwh{e ge }e|ewj} ;;

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& [e}oi`e{& 38.

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u`i w}h{ iw}i u` oi`wû` ge \hg}e`ue{w}i{& {j`i kioi {j nue{e u` ò`jki e j`j`we}}uo|jgi \hg}e `ue{w}i. Ef \hg}e `ue{w}i {e ki`~je}we h{ï e` u`h ni}oh |h}wjkufh}oe`we mïmfjkh ge kufwj~h} hxueffh ‖i}hkjû` j`ke{h`we‟ xue wh`wi{ k}j{wjh`i{ ah` kufwj~hgi {j}~jê`gi{e gef `iom}e ge Be{ò{. E` ~er ge }erh}fe h Be{ò{ !‖[eøi} Be{uk}j{wi& we` kio|h{jû` ge oï& |ekhgi}‟*& e` e{we kh{i {e }erh ki` Be{ò{. @hwu}hfoe`we& `i {e}eoi{ kh|hke{ ge |}e{wh} hwe`kjû` gu}h`we wigi ef wjeo|i h fh{ |hfhm}h{& e{|ekjhfoe`we {j e{whoi{ ahkje`gi iw}h{ ki{h{ oje`w}h{ wh`wi4 |e}i ki` effi {e k}eh hfci h{ï kioi u` }jwoi oe`whf ge i}hkjû`. Ge wh`wi e` wh`wi {e ge{|je}wh fh hwe`kjû` z {e gewje`e u` oioe`wi e` fh |hfhm}h {im}e fh xue {e ah |i{hgi fh oe`we& oje`w}h{ {jcue gj{ku}}je`gi fh i}hkjû`. @i eqj{we `eke{jghg e{|j}jwuhf i weo|i}hf hfcu`h& `j e{whgi ge è`joi& xue `i e`kue`w}e e` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i fh ikh{jû` z fh |i{jmjfjghg ge w}hgukj}{e e` i}hkjû`2 fh hfec}ïh& fh hfhmh`rh& fh hgi}hkjû`& fh hkkjû` ge c}hkjh{& ef h}}e|e`wjoje`wi. \e}i ef \hg}e `ue{w}i e{ {im}e wigi fh i}hkjû` gef wjeo|i ge fh |}uemh. Ahz u`h {eoebh`rh e~jge`we e`w}e fh i}hkjû` xue Be{ò{ gebû h {u{ gj{kï|ufi{ z fh xue êf oj{oi efe~û hf \hg}e e` Cew{eoh`ï. E` ef aue}wi ge Cew{eoh`ï& êf {e gj}jce h Gji{ ffhoè`gifi Hmmh& \hg}e !Ok 87&;>*& i \hg}e oïi !Ow =>&;:*4 fe |jge xue {e ahch {u ~ifu`whg& kioi h `i{iw}i{ `i{ e`{eøû h gekj} e` ef \hg}e `ue{w}i4 fe |jge xue ahch |h{h} ef kèfjr& kioi `i{iw}i{ fe |egjoi{ xue `i{ fjm}e gef ohf. ¨Xuê ki`{uefi& e` fh ai}h ge fh |}uemh z ge fh i{ku}jghg& {hme} xue ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi ki`wj`òh e` `i{iw}i{ fh i}hkjû` ge Be{ò{ e` ef aue}wi ge Cew{eoh`ï& xue fi{ ‖ceojgi{ j`enhmfe{‟ ki` xue ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi j`we}kege |i} `i{iw}i{ {ume` hf \hg}e& e` e{i{ oioe`wi{& oerkfhgi{ ki` fh{ ‖i}hkji`e{ z {ò|fjkh{ h c}jwi{ z 18

ki` fèc}joh{‟ xue ef Ajbi fe gj}jcjû ‖e` fi{ gïh{ ge {u ~jgh oi}whf‟( !kn Am 5&3*. Ge{|uê{ ge e{wi& e{|e}hoi{ xue `i{ }e{ufwe u` |iki oè{ gjnïkjf {ecuj} }erh`gi ef \hg}e `ue{w}i {j` |e`{h} e` fi xue e{whoi{ gjkje`gi.

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^./ EF XUE OE ^E H OÏ ^E H OJ \HG]E.

Be{ò{& ò`jki khoj`i ahkjh ef \hg}e.

¤‛ ¹\e}i eqj{we fh fur9& |}ecu`wh ef bi~e` |hbh}jffi. ‛ [ï& eqj{we. ‛ ¹Z |uegi ~e}fh9 ‛ [ï& |e}i we`g}è{ xue {un}j} oukai. ‛ Z e`wi`ke{ ¹|h}h xuê ~e}fh& {j ahke {un}j}9 ‛ \i}xue wu ki}hrû` e{wè aekai |h}h effh´. !Fhu}ewwh*;7

EF ]I[W]I GE GJI[.

Ki` e{wh oegjwhkjû` `i{ ge{|egj}eoi{ ge fi{ [j`û|wjki{ z gebh}eoi{ xue `i{ wioe ge fh oh`i u` `ue~i cuïh& ef e~h`cefj{wh Buh`. Ef {ïomifi ge Buh` e{ u` ècujfh& z ~e}eoi{ kûoi `i{ fe~h`wh ‖kioi e` hfh{ ge ècujfh‟& e` fh ki`weo|fhkjû` gef \hg}e& ah{wh hfwu}h{ ah{wh hai}h j`{i{|ekahgh{. Whomjê` e` e{wh ikh{jû` `i{ j`w}igukj}eoi{ e` ef weoh ge fh oegjwhkjû` |h}wje`gi ge u`i ge fi{ {ïomifi{ ge Gji{ e` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h2 ef gef }i{w}i. Mh{wh |}i`u`kjh} eq|}e{ji`e{ kioi ‖ef }i{w}i ge Gji{‟ ‖wu }i{w}i‟& ‖fh fur ge wu }i{w}i‟& |h}h xue hkugh` h

FHU]EWWH& Jf mi{ki gej fjffì !Fh fekaurh H}jh`h ‛xue {e xuegû kjech |i} ahme}{e h~e`wu}hgi h ~ifh} h fh fur gef gïh‛& h fh{ h~e{ `ikwu}`h{ xue ~h` h ki`{ufwh}fh*. ;7

1;

`ue{w}h oe`we oufwjwug ge weqwi{ mïmfjki{. E` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi& e{|ekjhfoe`we e` fi{ [hfoi{& kuh`gi fh j`{|j}hkjû` {e ahke oè{ nue}we z kuh`gi oè{ fe hkukjh hf i}h`we ef ge{ei ge u`j}{e h Gji{& h|h}eke j`genekwjmfeoe`we e{e {ïomifi gef }i{w}i2 ‖Wu }i{w}i mu{kh}ê& [eøi}& `i oe e{ki`gh{ wu }i{w}i‟ ![hf =3&1*. Ef }i{w}i e{ fh |h}we oè{ e{|j}jwuhf gef kue}|i auoh`i& ef fuch} gi`ge {e }enfebh ki` oè{ kfh}jghg ef j`we}ji} ge fh |e}{i`h z {u{ {e`wjoje`wi{. \e}i& e` e{we kh{i& e{e wê}oj`i `i j`gjkh ef }i{w}i nï{jki2 J{}hef {hme ouz mje` xue `i geme ahke}{e e{h kfh{e ge }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ ge {u Gji{. J`gjkh fh |}e{e`kjh ~j~h ge ZASA ki` wigi fi xue e{h |}e{e`kjh |}iguke ge {ecu}jghg& ge fur& ge nefjkjghg. Ef }i{w}i e{ fh oj}hgh ge Gji{ xue& kioi ef {if& gjnu`ge fur h {u hf}egegi}2 ‖Xue Gji{ we`ch |jeghg z `i{ me`gjch& jfuoj`e {u }i{w}i {im}e `i{iw}i{‟ ![hf >3&=*. Xue ef }i{w}i j`gjxue fh |}e{e`kjh& }e{ufwh e~jge`we e` ef ~e}{ïkufi gef {hfoi xue gjke2 ‖Z zi& |i} oj j`ike`kjh& ~e}ê wu }i{w}i& hf ge{|e}wh} oe {hkjh}ê ge wu |}e{e`kjh‟ ![hf 83&85*. Ef oj{oi wê}oj`i ‖|e}{i`h‟ |}i~je`e& e` c}jeci& ge fh |hfhm}h ‖}i{w}i‟ !|}i{i|i`*. 8. GJI[ \HG]E [E AH AEKAI ^J[JMFE.

Zh ki`ikeoi{ fh }e{|ue{wh xue Gji{ fe gji h Oij{ê{ kuh`gi ê{we fe |jgjû xue fe oi{w}h}h {u cfi}jh2 ‖Oj }i{w}i `i fi |uege{ ~e}& |i}xue `hgje |uege ~e}fi z xuegh} ki` ~jgh‟ !Eq ;;&81{{*. Fh c}h` `iwjkjh gef e~h`cefji e{ xue e{e ge{ei nj`hfoe`we ah {jgi e{kukahgi& z |i} e`kjoh ge wigh{ fh{ eq|ekwhwj~h{. Gji{ zh `i ‖e{ki`ge‟ {u }i{w}i. Gjke Be{ò{2

17

¤Nefj|e& xuje` oe ah ~j{wi h oï& ah ~j{wi hf \hg}e. ¹Kûoi gjke{ wò2 Ouê{w}h`i{ hf \hg}e9 ¹@i k}ee{ xue zi e{wiz e` ef \hg}e z ef \hg}e e` oï9´ !B` 87&:‛ 8<*.

Gji{ {e ah }e~efhgi ~efè`gi{e4 e{ gekj}& fi ah aekai e` fh ò`jkh ni}oh e` xue |igïh` {i|i}wh}fi fh{ k}jhwu}h{. Ef ~efi e{ fh kh}`e ge K}j{wi. \e}i who|iki e{wh }e~efhkjû` e{ genj`jwj~h `j {hkjh |i} kio|fewi. Ahz fuch} |h}h u`h }e~efhkjû` |i{we}ji}& ‖kh}h h kh}h‟ !kn 8 Ki 8;&8=*& |e}i `i e` e{wh ~jgh& {j`i e` fh nuwu}h& kuh`gi whomjê` `i{iw}i{ |ighoi{ ~e}& kioi fi{ è`cefe{& ‖ef }i{w}i gef |hg}e‟ !kn Ow 81&=<*. @i |igïhoi{ kioe`rh} ef w}hoi ge khoj`i xue ~hoi{ h ahke} ki` {h` Buh` ki` u`h |hfhm}h oè{ eq|}e{j~h xue ê{wh. E` fi{ [j`û|wjki{& ef \hg}e e{ hfcuje` xue ~e e` fi {ek}ewi& xue ki`ike ah{wh fi{ |efi{ ge `ue{w}h khmerh& xue e{kukah z |e}gi`h4 e` u`h |hfhm}h& hfcuje` xue kujgh ge `i{iw}i{. \e}i {u oi}hgh {jcue e{wh`gi ‖e` ef kjefi‟2 ‖\hg}e `ue{w}i xue e{wè{ e` ef kjefi...‟& ‖~ue{w}i \hg}e gef kjefi...‟ @ue{w}h }efhkjû` ki` êf& |i} j`we`{h xue {eh& e{ u`h }efhkjû` h gj{wh`kjh. Fh `i~eghg xue e`ki`w}hoi{ e` Buh` e{ xue e{we \hg}e zh `i e{wè {ifhoe`we e` ef kjefi2 e{wè h`we fi{ gj{kï|ufi{& xue fi |uege` ‖~e}‟& ai`}h} i ge{ai`}h} e` |e}{i`h. E` Be{ò{ ef \hg}e {e ah aekai ~j{jmfe. Hnj}ohkjû`& ê{wh& kh|hr ge gebh} {j` {e`wjgi h u` ize`we bugïi z ge bu{wjnjkh} {u j`k}egufjghg {j& kioi fe{ gjke wh`wh{ ~eke{ Be{ò{& `i e{wu~je{e` hffï fi{ {jc`i{ !‖fh{ im}h{ xue ef \hg}e oe ah ki`kegjgi }ehfjrh}‟* |h}h ki`nj}oh}fh. E` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi {e e`kue`w}h` hnj}ohkji`e{ ki`w}h|ue{wh{ {im}e fh |i{jmjfjghg ge ~e} ef }i{w}i ge Gji{. Ce`e}hfoe`we {e gjke xue xuje` ~e h Gji{ oue}e4 |e}i fueci {e hnj}oh xue hfcu`i{& kioi |i} ebeo|fi Oij{ê{ z Efïh{& fi ah` ~j{wi 15

z `i ou}je}i`. Buh`& hf |}j`kj|ji ge {u e~h`cefji& ki}wh |i} fi {h`i z gjke2 ‖H Gji{ `hgje fi ah ~j{wi bhoè{4 ef Ajbi ò`jki& xue e{wè e` ef {e`i gef \hg}e& e{ xuje` fi ah ghgi h ki`ike}‟ !B` 8& 81*. Ki` e{wi& `i |}ewe`ge ffe~h} fh ki`w}h}jh h fh E{k}jwu}h& {j`i ò`jkhoe`we hnj}oh} xue ahz u`h oh`e}h nue}we ge ‖~e}‟ h Gji{& z xue e{h oh`e}h wje`e fuch} hai}h |i} ~er |}joe}h. E{wh hnj}ohkjû` ge Buh` fh kio|h}we whomjê` \hmfi. Whomjê` |h}h êf fh oh`jne{whkjû` ge fh cfi}jh ge Gji{ m}jffh e` ef }i{w}i ge K}j{wi‟ != Ki 7&>*4 K}j{wi e{ Johce` ge Gji{ j`~j{jmfe‟ !Kif 8& 85*. Fh kh}wh h fi{ Aem}ei{ gj}è xue ef Ajbi e{ ‖}enfebi ge {u cfi}jh e jo|}i`wh ge {u {e}‟ !Am 8&;*. [h` J}e`ei ki`ge`{h}è e{wh jgeh e` u`h ge {u{ e`bu`gji{h{ n}h{e{2 ‖Ef Ajbi ge Gji{ e{ fi xue |uege ~e}{e gef \hg}e‟& i& kioi |ig}ïhoi{ w}hgukj}fh u` |iki fjm}eoe`we2 ‖Ef Ajbi e{ ef }i{w}i ~j{jmfe gef \hg}e j`~j{jmfe‟;5. Ef |h{i ahkjh hgefh`we xue Buh` `i{ ahke gh} e` ef ki`ikjoje`wi gef \hg}e {e }enje}e& |ue{& hf |h|ef ge Be{uk}j{wi kioi ò`jki ‖khoj`i‟ ahkjh ef \hg}e. Fh oj{oh |hfhm}h ‖\hg}e‟ hgxuje}e u` {jc`jnjkhgi `ue~i& ge{ki`ikjgi ah{wh hai}h. Fh kfh~e |h}h kio|}e`ge} fh }e~efhkjû` e~h`cêfjkh {im}e ef \hg}e& kioi gekïh hf |}j`kj|ji& e{ fh gj{wj`kjû` e`w}e Gji{ ‖\hg}e ge wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{‟ z Gji{ ‖\hg}e ge {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi‟. Oje`w}h{ xue e` fi{ [j`û|wjki{ |}e~hfeke fh |}joe}h hke|kjû`& e` Buh` |}e~hfeke kfh}hoe`we fh {ecu`gh. Fi{ gjkai{ xue wje`e` kioi imbewi fh }efhkjû` ‖\hg}e‛Ajbi‟ iku|h` c}h` |h}we gef kuh}wi e~h`cefji& ah{wh ffech} h fh hnj}ohkjû` nj`hf2 ‖[umi hf \hg}e oïi z \hg}e ~ue{w}i& hf Gji{ oïi z Gji{ ~ue{w}i‟ !B` =<&83*& gi`ge homi{ {jc`jnjkhgi{ h|h}eke` zuqwh|ue{wi{ z gj{wj`wi{ j`we`kji`hghoe`we. ;5

[H@ J]E@EI& Ki`w}h fh{ ae}ebïh{& J^& >&> !~j{jmjfe \hw}j{ Njfju{*.

1>

Fh }efhkjû` \hg}e/Ajbi e{ ef `òkfei j`kh`ge{ke`we gef oj{we}ji gj~j`i xue ge{fuom}û hf e~h`cefj{wh Buh` z xue fi ffe~û h ki`~e}wj}fi e` ef ki}hrû` |hf|jwh`we ge {u e~h`cefji. Whf ~er u`h ge fh{ }hri`e{& {j `i j`kfu{i fh oè{ jo|i}wh`we& ge xue êf {eh ef ‖gj{kï|ufi h xuje` wh`wi xue}ïh Be{ò{‟ ki`{j{wh |}ekj{hoe`we e` e{wi. Êf nue ef |}joe}i xue kio|}e`gjû ef {ek}ewi gef Ohe{w}i& {u jge`wjghg |}inu`gh& hu`xue kje}whoe`we `i ge ni}oh wh` kfh}h kioi oè{ wh}ge& kuh`gi e{k}jmh {u e~h`cefji. ]ehfoe`we {e w}hwh ge u`h `ue~h e j`hugjwh }e~efhkjû` {im}e Gji{. Gji{ `i e{& e`w}e iw}h{ ki{h{& whomjê` \hg}e4 Gji{ e{ {ûfi& {jeo|}e z wigi êf \hg}e. E{e`kjhfoe`we \hg}e. E{k}jme u` weûfici2 ¤@j`cò` aiom}e oe}eke wh`wi ef `iom}e ge \hg}e kioi ef Gji{ ge Be{uk}j{wi& e` ef kuhf fh |hwe}`jghg {e jge`wjnjkh ki` {u oj{oi {e}. U` aiom}e `u`kh |ig}è {e} |hg}e e` u` {e`wjgi wh` hm{ifuwi& ò`jkhoe`we |hg}e z wiwhfoe`we |hg}e. U` |hg}e auoh`i e{& êf oj{oi& ajbi ge hfcuje`& oje`w}h{ xue Gji{ e{ ef \hg}e `i e`ce`g}hgi& ef i}jce` {j` i}jce`. U` |hg}e& hf {e} ajbi ge iw}i |hg}e auoh`i& wje`e }efhkji`e{ fhwe}hfe{2 |uege we`e} ae}oh`i{ z ae}oh`h{& wje`e u` |}ûbjoi& z {im}e wigi u`h e{|i{h xue kio|h}we ki` êf ef |h|ef ge {e} i}jce`. Hgeoè{& `i |}ik}eh ki` wigi {u {e}& ki` wigh {u ~jgh4 |i} e{i |uege e`ce`g}h} ~h}ji{ ajbi{ e` hkwi{ {uke{j~i{. \uege iku|h}{e ge oukai{ h{u`wi{ xue `i wje`e` fh oe`i} }efhkjû` ki` {u |hwe}`jghg. Z e{ xue eqj{we e` {ï oj{oi h`we{ ge {e} |hg}e& z |ig}ïh `i {e} |hg}e. U` aiom}e {e ki`~je}we e` |hg}e& Gji{ e{ ef \hg}e& ef \hg}e |i} e{e`kjh. U` \hg}e h{ï `i wje`e iw}i{ jcuhfe{& {u |hwe}`jghg e{ u` oj{we}ji j`{i`ghmfe´ !N. Q. Gu}}seff& Jf \hg}e*.

@u`kh eqj{wjû u` wjeo|i e` xue ef \hg}e `i nue}h \hg}e. \i} e{i& e` ef K}egi& `i |uege {e|h}h}{e fh n}h{e j`jkjhf ‖K}ei e` Gji{‟ ge fi xue {jcue& kioi {j {e |}ikfhoh{e fh ne e` u` ò`jki Gji{ z 13

fueci {e e{|ekjnjkh{e xue e{e Gji{ e{ ‖\hg}e wigi|ige}i{i‟& ‖ò`jki Ajbi‟ z ‖E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟. ‖K}ei e` Gji{ \hg}e wigi|ige}i{i‟ e{ u`h ò`jkh hnj}ohkjû`. E` ef |}j`kj|ji `i eqj{we u`h `hwu}hferh gj~j`h jo|e}{i`hf2 eqj{we ef \hg}e xue e`ce`g}h hf Ajbi e` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. Fh weificïh fjme}hf gef {jcfi |h{hgi& gewe`jê`gi{e {u{wh`kjhfoe`we e` ef we{wjoi`ji ge fi{ [j`û|wjki{& |i`ïh ‖fh e{e`kjh gef k}j{wjh`j{oi‟ e` fh }e~efhkjû` ge u` Gji{ \hg}e mue`i& \hg}e ge wigi{4 e` u`h |hfhm}h& e` ef {e`wjoje`wi ge fh |hwe}`jghg gj~j`h xue Be{ò{ ahmïh w}h`{ojwjgi h fi{ aiom}e{. Ki` effi |e}gïh ge ~j{wh |}ekj{hoe`we ‖fi e{e`kjhf‟& i {eh fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ xue {e }ehfjrh e` fh ce`e}hkjû` ewe}`h gef Ajbi. Gebhmh ge fhgi fh gj~j`jghg ge K}j{wi& z& ki` effh& ef oj{we}ji ge fh W}j`jghg. =. BE[Ò[& ¹Ò@JKI KHOJ@I AHKJH EF \HG]E9

Aiz fh{ e`{eøh`rh{ ge Buh` `i{ gh` fur hke}kh ge iw}i h{|ekwi ge fh }efhkjû` e`w}e K}j{wi z ef \hg}e. Gjke Be{ò{2 ¤Zi {iz ef khoj`i& z fh ~e}ghg& z fh ~jgh. @hgje ~h hf \hg}e& {j`i |i} oï´ !B` 87&>*.

E` ef ki`weqwi ge aiz e` gïh& ge gjèfici e`w}e fh{ ~h}jh{ }efjcji`e{& ¹{e geme z {e |uege {ecuj} ahmfh`gi ge K}j{wi kioi ge ò`jki khoj`i ahkjh ef \hg}e9 ¹@i ahm}è xue |e`{h} oè{ mje` xue K}j{wi e{ u`i ge fi{ khoj`i{& hu`xue {eh |}j~jfecjhgi& |e}i `i ef khoj`i& ge ni}oh xue {e gebe fuch} whomjê` |h}h iw}h{ oegjhkji`e{ z iw}i{ khoj`i{ }efjcji{i{ ahkjh ef ò`jki Gji{ kioò`9 E{ ê{we u` |}imfeohe{e {e}ji z gefjkhgi& e` e{ ef xue& |i} u`hj`we}‛ |h}we& ahz xue {hf~hcuh}gh} c}h` mje` xue ef gjèfici }efjcji{i& z& |i} iw}h& `i w}hjkji`h} `ue{w}h{ E{k}jwu}h{ e` u` |u`wi wh` ~jwhf z wh` kfh}i. @i |igeoi{ jc`i}h}fi& hf ahmfh} i hf e{k}jmj} 11

{im}e ef \hg}e& |i}xue ‖Gji{ \hg}e‟ hu`xue {e fi ffhoe ki` `iom}e{ gj~e}{i{& e{ fh }ehfjghg òfwjoh gi`ge ki`~e}ce` e` kje}wi oigi wigh{ fh{ c}h`ge{ }efjcji`e{ oi`iweï{wh{& h {hme} k}j{wjh`j{oi& bughï{oi e j{fhoj{oi. Ge aekai&e` e`xue u`hgji{e{ ki{h e{wè` hm{ifuwhoe`we ge hkue}gi fi{ k}eze`we{2 `i |uege ahme} }ehfoe`we oè{ wigi{ xue u`i. ‖¹@i we`eoi{ wigi{ u` {ifi \hg}e9& ¹`i `i{ k}eû u` oj{oi Gji{9‟ !Of =& 8<*. E{e ai}jri`we& xue hxuï h|h}eke wigh~ïh fjojwhgi {ûfi h J{}hef& ki` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi {e gjfhwh h wigh fh auoh`jghg2 ‖U` Gji{& \hg}e ge wigi& xue fi w}h{kje`ge wigi& z fi |e`ew}h wigi& z fi j`~hge wigi‟ !En 7&>4 kn Aka 83&=1*. Gji{ e{ hfci h{ï kioi u`h kuom}e hfwï{joh& kifikhgh e` fh n}i`we}h e`w}e gj~e}{h{ `hkji`e{. \i} u`h ~e}wje`we {e fh ffhoh ki` u` `iom}e z |i} iw}h ki` iw}i !|i} ebeo|fi& Ke}~j`i e` Jwhfjh z Ohwwe}ai}` e` [ujrh*4 u`i{ ffech` h effh |i} u` {e`ge}i& iw}i{ |i} iw}i4 |e}i fh kuom}e e{ fh oj{oh. @i{iw}i{& fi{ k}j{wjh`i{& k}eeoi{ xue K}j{wi e{ ef ò`jki khoj`i xue ffe~h ah{wh fh kjoh& |e}i k}eeoi{ whomjê` xue ahz xuje`e{ |uege` }eki}}e} e{we khoj`i {j` {hme}fi& i {j` {hme} kûoi {e ffhoh. Ê{wh nue fh jgeh xue jo|uf{û hf |h|h h i}ch`jrh} ef e`kue`w}i ge i}hkjû` e`w}e fh{ ~h}jh{ }efjcji`e{& e` H{ï{& e` 8:1>2 fh{ i}hkji`e{ ge wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{& hu` kuh`gi {e ni}oufe` e` ni}oh{ gj{wj`wh{& ~h` wigh{ e` fh oj{oh gj}ekkjû`& kioi fï`eh{ }ekwh{ xue ‖{e e`kue`w}h` e` ef j`nj`jwi‟& |e}i xue {e e`kue`w}h`. Aiz e{we |}imfeoh `i{ wikh ouz ge ke}kh& |ue{ fh{ iw}h{ }efjcji`e{ zh `i {i` }ehfjghge{ febh`h{& ge iw}i{ ki`wj`e`we{. Gemjgi h fh oi~jfjghg xue kh}hkwe}jrh hf ou`gi oige}`i z h fh eojc}hkjû`& fh{ }efjcji`e{ zh `i {e e`kue`w}h` }e|h}wjgh{ kioi h`whøi. 1:

H{ï |ue{& `i{ |fh`wehoi{ gi{ |}ecu`wh{2 ¹Xuê |je`{h fh Jcfe{jh khwûfjkh ge fh{ geoè{ }efjcji`e{9 ¹E{ |i{jmfe ef gjèfici z fh kifhmi}hkjû` e`w}e fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ z fi{ ojeom}i{ ge fh{ iw}h{ }efjcji`e{9 |}joe} |u`wi& e` ef |e`{hoje`wi k}j{wjh`i ah ghgi u`h [im}e kfh}h efe~ifukjû`& |}i|jkjhgh whomjê` |i} fh{ {e ki`xuj{wh{ oige}`h{ e` ef kho|i ge fh wife}h`kjh z fh fjme}whg }efjcji{h. E{e @i{w}h khomji ah e`ki`w}hgi u`h eq|}e{jû` e` ef gikuoe`wi îwhwe gef ki`kjfji ^hwjkh`i JJ. E` êf {e |h{h }e~j{wh h fh{ gj~e}{h{ }efjcji`e{ gef ou`gi& e` fi xue wje`e` ge |i{jwj~i& {jcuje`gi ef i}ge` ge {u ohzi} i oe`i} }efhkjû` ki` ef k}j{wjh`j{oi z {jeo|}e ki` u` c}h` }e{|ewi. H`we}ji}oe`we& e`w}e fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ ahmïh fh ki`~jkkjû` ge xue ‖nue}h ge fh Jcfe{jh `i ahmïh {hf~hkjû`‟ z ge xue {ûfi fi{ mhuwjrhgi{ |igïh` {hf~h}{e. Aiz `i {ioi{ zh wh` khwecû}jki{. K}eeoi{ xue K}j{wi e{& {ï& ef khoj`i i}gj`h}ji |h}h fh {hf~hkjû`& xue {u oue}we }ege`wi}h eq|jû& imbewj~hoe`we& fi{ |ekhgi{ ge wigi{ z }eki`kjfjû ki` Gji{ h wigh fh auoh`jghg. @i im{wh`we& e{whoi{ ki`~e`kjgi{ ge xue fh c}hkjh ge K}j{wi hkwòh whomjê` nue}h ge e{i{ kh`hfe{ i}gj`h}ji{ xue {i` ef mhuwj{oi z fh hgae{jû` h fh Jcfe{jh. Xuje`e{& {j` ki`ike} ef e~h`cefji& ~j~e` {ecò` fi{ gjkwhgi{ ge {u ki`kje`kjh z {jcuje`gi fi{ {h`i{ |}j`kj|ji{ ge {u }efjcjû` z hzugh` h {u |}ûbjoi& |uege` e{wh} oè{ u`jgi{ h K}j{wi xue oukai{ k}j{wjh`i{ mhuwjrhgi{ xue `i ~j~e` e` hm{ifuwi fh{ eqjce`kjh{ ge {u mhuwj{oi. Gji{ {e {j}~e ge fh{ ‖{eojffh{ ge ~e}ghg‟ z ge fi{ }jwi{ {hc}hgi{ |}e{e`we{ e` fh{ gj{wj`wh{ }efjcji`e{ |h}h ahke} xue fe{ ffecue` h xuje`e{ fh{ {jcue` fi{ me`enjkji{ ge fh }ege`kjû` ge K}j{wi z ffe~h}fi{ h fh {hf~hkjû`. E` e{i& fi{ nu`ghgi}e{ ge iw}h{ :<

}efjcji`e{ ah` ge{eo|eøhgi z hò` {jcue` ge{eo|eøh`gi& e`w}e {u{ |uemfi{& u`h oj{jû` h`èfich h fh ge Oij{ê{ z fh fez gef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi2 fh ge {e} |}eku}{i}e{ ge K}j{wi& fh ge |}e|h}h}fe e` kje}wi oigi ef khoj`i& kioi fi ajri Buh` Mhuwj{wh. \igeoi{& gekj} xue {ï xue ahz nue}h fh Jcfe{jh& hu`xue |ue{& `i j`ge|e`gje`weoe`we ge fh{hf~hkjû` Jcfe{jh. E` u`hgeni}oh ‖xue {ûfi Gji{ ki`ike‟& kioi gjke u` weqwi gef Ki`kjfji T Chugjuo ew {|e{ & ==_& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi {i|fh whomjê` nue}h ge fh{ n}i`we}h{ ~j{jmfe{ ge fh Jcfe{jh. Gji{ ‖xuje}e xue wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{ {e {hf~e`‟ !kn 8 Wo =&7* z e{ fi {unjkje`weoe`we {hmji z wigi|ige}i{i |h}h ahke} }ehfjghg fi xue xuje}e. E{wi fi {hmeoi{ ki` ke}werh z aiz `i{ gh {e}e`jghg z i|wjoj{oi kuh`gi |e`{hoi{ e` wigi{ fi{ xue ~j~e` nue}h gef ai}jri`we k}j{wjh`i. Z hai}h& fh {ecu`gh |}ecu`wh. ¹E{ |i{jmfe& e` e{wh{ ki`gjkji`e{& ef gjèfici ki` fh{ geoè{ }efjcji`e{9 ¹Kûoi |ig}eoi{ |i`e} ge hkue}gi e{wh{ ki`~jkkji`e{ k}j{wjh`h{ ki` ef `eke{h}ji |fu}hfj{oi }efjcji{i ge aiz e` gïh z ki` fi{ {hk}i{h`wi{ |}j`kj|ji ge fh wife}h`kjh z ef }e{|ewi h fh{ ki`~jkkji`e{ ge fi{ geoè{9 H oj e`we`ge}& ef |fu}hfj{oi `i ki`{j{we e` |e`{h} xue wigh{ fh{ }efjcji`e{ {i` mue`h{ z ~e}ghge}h{ |i} jcuhf. E{wi oè{ mje` {e}ïh }efhwj~j{oi }efjcji{i xue ge{w}uze ge }hïr fh }efjcjû`& ki`~j}wjê`gifh e` u` ghwi {umbewj~i z |e}{i`hf !‖e{ mue`i z e{ ~e}ghg fi xue h wj we ki`~je`e‟*. E` wigi kh{i& ef |fu}hfj{oi ki`{j{we e` }eki`ike} xue khgh u`i wje`e ge}ekai h ki`{jge}h} kioi ~e}ghge}h z genj`jwj~h {u |}i|jh }efjcjû`. Wigh{ fh{ }efjcji`e{ geme` gj{n}uwh} ge fjme}whg |h}h& }e{|ewh`gi fh{ feze{ ge fi{ gj{wj`wi{ |hï{e{& in}eke} {u oe`{hbe h fi{ aiom}e{& {j mje` gebh`gi fjm}e h wigi ef ou`gi ge gekjgj} hke|wh}fi i `i.

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H fi xue ahz& |ue{& xue }e`u`kjh} `i e{ h fh{ |}i|jh{ ki`~jkkji`e{ }efjcji{h{& {j`i h fi{ oêwigi{ j`wife}h`we{ ge |}ine{h}fh{ z |}i|hch}fh{ xue wh`wi{ ghøi{ ah` |}igukjgi. Whomjê` `i{iw}i{& fi{ k}j{wjh`i{& aeoi{ nhffhgi e` e{wi& e{|ekjhfoe`we }e{|ekwi h fi{ bugïi{. Aiz `i we`eoi{ gjnjkufwhg e` }eki`ike} xue e{i `i e}h gene`ge} ef e~h`cefji& {j`i w}hjkji`h}fi. \ue{ ef e~h`cefji |}egjkh wigi fi ki`w}h}ji2 fh ae}oh`ghg u`j~e}{hf z ef hoi} j`kfu{i h fi{ e`eojci{. [ecò` ef e~h`cefji& ef jgehf {u|}eoi ki`{j{we e` gh} fh ~jgh |i} fh ne& `i e` ohwh} h fi{ j`njefe{. ¹E{ e{wi fi ò`jki xue |uege` ahke} fh{ gj~e}{h{ }efjcji`e{& i {eh `i fukah} e`w}e effh{ z }e`u`kjh} h wigh ‖cue}}h {h`wh‟9 Kje}whoe`we `i2 ahz u` kho|i e`i}oe e` ef xue fh{ }efjcji`e{ |uege` kifhmi}h} |i{jwj~hoe`we e` me`enjkji ge fh auoh`jghg. E` |}joe} fuch}& e` oh`we`e} ~j~i ef {e`wjgi ge Gji{& ge fh i}hkjû` z gef oj{we}ji& e` u` ou`gi xue wje`ge h au`gj}{e khgh ~er oè{ e` ef ohwe}jhfj{oi z xue ki}}e ef }je{ci ge h{njqjh e{|j}jwuhf4 e` }e{if~e} fh{ we`{ji`e{ êw`jkh{ z w}hmhbh} bu`wh{ |i} fh |hr& |i} fh {hf~hkjû` ge fh k}ehkjû`& |i} u`h gj{w}jmukjû` oè{ bu{wh e`w}e fi{ |uemfi{ ge fh{ }jxuerh{ z fi{ }eku}{i{ gef |fh`ewh. Z kuh`gi {e ahmfh ge fh{ gj~e}{h{ }efjcji`e{& ahz xue j`{j{wj} whomjê` oè{ e` fi xue fh{ u`e xue e` fi xue fh{ {e|h}h. Z ki` }e{|ekwi h Gji{ \hg}e& u` h{|ekwi e` ef xue ki`~e}ce` fh{ w}e{ c}h`ge{ }efjcji`e{ oi`iweï{wh{ e{ fh ne e` u` Gji{ ‖kfeoe`we z oj{e}jki}gji{i‟4 meffï{joh{ eq|}e{ji`e{ ge e{h ne {e e`kue`w}h` `i {ûfi e` ef e~h`cefji& {j`i whomjê` e` ef bughï{oi z e` ef Ki}è`. Whomjê` we`eoi{ oiwj~i{ |h}h h|}e`ge} u`i{ ge iw}i{. Fh{ }eu`ji`e{ z ef gjèfici h{jgui e`w}e ojeom}i{ ge iw}h{ }efjcji`e{ `i{ hzugh` h e`we`ge} oebi} fh{ jo|fjkhkji`e{ ge `ue{w}h |}i|jh ne z `ue{w}h{ oj{oh{ j`kiae}e`kjh{. E`}jxueke` ef |hw}joi`ji :=

}efjcji{i ge khgh u`i. Ch`gaj `i{ ah e`{eøhgi oukah{ ki{h{ h fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ ki` {u ~jgh z ki` {u jgehf ge fh `i/~jife`kjh. Êf e`we`gjû z ~hfi}û oukai h`we{ xue `i{iw}i{ u` |u`wi ouz jo|i}wh`we gef e~h`cefji. Ef |}i|ji|e}i Ch`gaj h gekj} e`fekje}wh ikh{jû` fe nh{kj`hmh& xueffecû fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ ghmh` ojegi.xue @i Be{uk}j{wi e{ êf ef ò`jki xue wu~i e{h {e`{hkjû`& z fhoe`whmfeoe`we `i |igeoi{ gekj} xue `i we`ch` }hrû`. Ef kiwebi ki` fh{ iw}h{ }efjcji`e{ `i{ e{wjoufh& e` genj`jwj~h& h {e} oè{ auojfge{ z `i wh` h}}ich`we{. Z e{wi e{ hfci wh` jo|i}wh`we& xue geme ffe~h}`i{ h me`gekj} h Gji{ |i} ki`kege}`i{ ~j~j} e` u`h ê|ikh e` xue e{h{ }efhkji`e{ j`we}ki`ne{ji`hfe{ `i {e ah` ~uefwi |i{jmfe{& {j`i `eke{h}jh{. ;. GI@GE E@KI@W]H] AIZ HF \HG]E.

^if~hoi{ hai}h hf weoh ke`w}hf ge e{wh oegjwhkjû` |h}h {hkh} hfcu`h{ ki`kfu{ji`e{ |}èkwjkh{. Be{ò{ gekïh2 ‖Xuje` oe ~e h oï& ~e h oj \hg}e‟. E{we |}j~jfecji ge ‖~e}‟ ef }i{w}i gef \hg}e }enfebhgi e` Ajbinï{jkhoe`we ¹e{whmh }e{e}~hgi |h}h fi{ |iki{ xue wu~je}i` fh {ue}we ge ef e{wh} ki` Be{ò{ gu}h`we {u ~jgh& i {e eqwje`ge whomjê` h iw}i{9 Ê{wh e{ fh |}ecu`wh h fh xue xuj{jê}hoi{ }e{|i`ge} hai}h. E` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi& kuh`gi {e ahmfh ge ki`weo|fh} ef }i{w}i ge Gji{& {e |je`{h e` u` fuch} ki`k}ewi gi`ge e{i |uege we`e} fuch}2 e` ef weo|fi. Z |}ekj{hoe`we fh febh`ïh gef weo|fi& gu}h`we ef eqjfji& e{ fi xue ahke oè{ h`cu{wji{i ef ge{ei ge ~e} ef }i{w}i ge Gji{. E` e{i{ oioe`wi{ {e e{k}jmje}i` fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef {hfoi 7=2 ‖Oj hfoh wje`e {eg ge Gji{& gef Gji{ ~j~i& ¹kuè`gi e`w}h}ê h ~e} ef }i{w}i ge Gji{9‟. \h}h ef aiom}e j{}hefjwh& j} e` :;

|e}ec}j`hkjû` hf weo|fi {jc`jnjkhmh ‖|}e{e`wh}{e‟ h`we Gji{. \i} e{i {u hfoh {e ki`{uoe h`aefh`gi fi{ hw}ji{ gef [eøi}. Ge{eh}ïh {e} u` ci}}jû` i u`h cifi`g}j`h |h}h ahke} {u `jgi ‖e` fi{ hfwh}e{ gef [eøi}‟ !kn [hf 17*. Wigi e{wi`i{iw}i{ e{ ~e}ghg whomjê` aiz ef |h}h `i{iw}i{. [ûfi xue ef weo|fi gi`ge ki`weo|fhoi{ }i{w}i ge Gji{ z gi`ge |igeoi{ ‖|}e{e`wh}`i{‟ h`we êf& zh `i e{ ef weo|fi ge Be}u{hfê` `j& mje` oj}hgi& `j`cò` iw}i weo|fi2 e{ ef kue}|i }e{ukjwhgi z cfi}jnjkhgi ge K}j{wi. Êf e{ ef `ue~i weo|fi xue fi{ aiom}e{ ge{w}uze}i` z xue Gji{ ~if~jû h egjnjkh} h fi{ w}e{ gïh{. ‖Êf ahmfhmh gef weo|fi ge {u kue}|i‟& eq|fjkh Buh` !B` =&=8*. ¹Z gû`ge z kûoi |igeoi{ hke}kh}`i{ aiz h e{e kue}|i& e`w}h} e` êf& z ah{wh ahke}fi e`w}h} e` `i{iw}i{9 Fh }e{|ue{wh e{2 ¨e` fh eukh}j{wïh( ‖Wiohg z kioeg& e{wi e{ oj kue}|i‟. ‖Ef |h` xue |h}wjoi{& ¹`i e{ kiou`jû` ki` ef kue}|i ge K}j{wi9‟ !8 Ki 8<&8>*. Fh eukh}j{wïh kioi oegji |h}h hke}kh}`i{ hf \hg}e2 wigi u` h{|ekwi xue we`eoi{ xue ge{kum}j}. [j e{ kje}wi xue ef \hg}e `i{ gh fh eukh}j{wïh !‖I{ h{ecu}i xue `i nue Oij{ê{ xuje` i{ gji |h` gef kjefi& {j`i xue e{ oj \hg}e ef xue i{ gh ef ~e}ghge}i |h` gef kjefi‟2 B` >&;=*& `i e{ oe`i{ kje}wi xue fh eukh}j{wïh `i gh hf \hg}e. ‖Xuje` oe ~e h oï& ~e h oj \hg}e‟ {jc`jnjkh whomjê`2 ‖Xuje` oe }ekjme h oï& }ekjme h oj \hg}e‟. Gemeoi{ cuh}gh}`i{ ge ahke}`i{ ge e{wh ~e}ghg joèce`e{ z }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ oe`whfe{& |h}h `i w}j~jhfjrh}fh& {j`i oh`we`e}fh h `j~ef ge |u}i imbewi ge ne. Be{ò{& gj}jcjê`gi{e hf \hg}e& gekïh2 ‖Zi e` effi{ z wò e` oï‟ !B` 83&=;*. Z kioi ef \hg}e e{wè e` Be{ò{ z Be{ò{& |i} fh kiou`jû` ge {u kue}|i& e{wè e` `i{iw}i{& ¨whomjê` ef \hg}e e{wè e` `i{iw}i{( Kuh`gi }ekjmjoi{ fh kiou`jû`& |igeoi{ ahke} `ue{w}h{ fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge K}j{wi z gekj} e` |}joe}h |e}{i`h2 ‖Zi :7

e{wiz e` ef \hg}e z ef \hg}e e{wè e` oï‟. E~jge`weoe`we& `i |i} `hwu}hferh& kioi e{wè e` Be{ò{& {j`i |i} c}hkjh. E` fh eukh}j{wïh& h gjne}e`kjh xue e` fi{ fjm}i{& `i e`ki`w}hoi{ ò`jkhoe`we jgeh{ i ~e}ghge{ {im}e ef \hg}e& ¨{j`i hf oj{oi \hg}e( Fh }hrû` weifûcjkh ge e{wi e{ xue ef e\hg}e z ef Ajbi`hwu}hferh !z& |i} {u|ue{wi& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi* {i` u`h ò`jkh j`{e|h}hmfe gj~j`h& {i` ‖u`i‟ !B` 8<&;<*. E{k}jme {h` Ajfh}ji ge \ijwje}{2 ¤K}j{wi e{wè e` ef \hg}e e` ~j}wug ge {u gj~j`jghg& oje`w}h{ xue `i{iw}i{ e{whoi{ e` K}j{wi e` ~j}wug ge {u `hkjoje`wi auoh`i& z êf e{wè e` `i{iw}i{ |i} fh kiou`jû` {hk}hoe`whf T..._. Z h{ï& whomjê` `i{iw}i{ ffechoi{ h fh u`jghg ki` ef \hg}e. E` enekwi& K}j{wi e{wè e` ef \hg}e ki``hwu}hfoe`we& e` kuh`wi xue ah {jgi e`ce`g}hgi |i} êf& |e}i& e` kje}wh oh`e}h& whomjê` `i{iw}i{& h w}h~ê{ ge K}j{wi& e{whoi{ ki``hwu}hfoe`we e` ef \hg}e. Êf ~j~e e` ~j}wug gef \hg}e& z `i{iw}i{ ~j~joi{ e` ~j}wug ge {u auoh`jghg´;>.

E` fh kiou`jû` eukh}ï{wjkh e`kue`w}h` {u oè{ kfh}i kuo|fjoje`wi fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge K}j{wi2 ‖Hf xue oe hoh...oj \hg}e fi hoh}è& z ~e`g}eoi{ h êf z ah}eoi{ oi}hgh e` êf‟ !B` 87&=;*. Fh eukh}j{wïh `i {ûfi `i{ |e}ojwe }ekjmj} hf \hg}e& {j`i whomjê` in}eke}`i{ hf \hg}e. E{ ef oegji z fh ikh{jû` jgehf |h}h ahke} ge `ue{w}h ~jgh u`h in}e`gh hc}hghmfe h {u{ ibi{. E` effh Be{ò{ {e in}eke hf \hg}e kioi {hk}jnjkji ge {uh~e ifi} !kn En 5&=* z e` e{h in}e`gh u`e h {ï h wigi {u kue}|i. Oè{ hò`& K}j{wi `i |uege in}eke}{e hf \hg}e |i} kio|fewi& `j {u in}e`gh ki`{jge}h}{e ‖kio|fewh‟& oje`w}h{ ahzh u` {ifi ojeom}i ge {u kue}|i xue {e `jecue h in}eke}{e ki` êf. Ê{we e{ u` |e`{hoje`wi hw}e~jgi& |e}i eqhkwi& ge I}ïce`e{2 ;>

[H@ AJFH]JI GE \IWJE][& Fh W}j`jghg& ^JJJ& 85.

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¤[u im}h e{wè jo|e}nekwh oje`w}h{ zi {eh jo|e}nekwi. Oje`w}h{ wigi e` oï `i {e {ioewh hf \hg}e& `i {e |uege gekj} xue K}j{wi e{wê {ioewjgi hf \hg}e !kn 8 Ki 85&=1*. @i xue h êf fe nhfwe {uoj{jû` hf \hg}e& {j`i xue e{i e{ |i} kuf|h oïh& zh xue {u im}h hò` `i e{wè kio|fewh e` oï. \ue{ e{wè e{k}jwi xue `i{iw}i{ #{ioi{ ef kue}|i ge K}j{wi z ojeom}i{ {uzi{& khgh u`i |i} {u |h}we# !]o 8=&5*´;3.

Be{ò{ `i xuje}e in}eke}{e {j` {u kue}|i. [ûfi kuh`gi wigi {u kue}|i e{wê u`jgi z {ioewjgi h êf& |ig}è e`w}ech} genj`jwj~hoe`we ef }ej`i hf \hg}e. U`j}{e h Be{ò{ e` fh eukh}j{wïh {jc`jnjkh u`j}{e h hfcuje` xue ‖~j~e |i} ef \hg}e‟ z e{wè {jeo|}e e` khoj`i ‖ahkjh ef \hg}e‟& z gebh}{e h}}h{w}h} e` e{e oj{oi oi~joje`wi. Kioi ef h}}izi xue {e oewe e` ef }ïi ge{ge u` ~hffe fhwe}hf z ge{ge e{e oioe`wi zh `i |uege gebh} ge {ecuj} hf }ïi e` {u khoj`i ahkjh ef oh}. Fh fjwu}cjh fhwj`h gh u` e{|ekjhf }efje~e h fh |}e{e`kjh gef \hg}e e` fh oj{h. Ef kh`i` `i e{ iw}h ki{h xue u` fh}ci gjèfici xue fh Jcfe{jh e`whmfh ki` ef \hg}e. Kioje`rh ki` fh{ |hfhm}h{2 ‖[h`wi e}e{ e` ~e}ghg& \hg}e...‟ z we}oj`h ki` fh{ |hfhm}h{2 ‖H wj& Gji{ \hg}e io`j|iwe`we& e` fh u`jghg gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& wigi ai`i} z wigh cfi}jh |i} fi{ {jcfi{ ge fi{ {jcfi{‟. Fh oj{oh ki`{hc}hkjû` e{wè ki`kemjgh mhbi fh ni}oh ge u` }efhwi xue fh Jcfe{jh fe ahke hf \hg}e ge fi xue K}j{wi ajri e` fh òfwjoh ke`h2 ‖Wioû ef |h`& we gji c}hkjh{…‟ \e}i e{ oè{ xue u` }efhwi4 e{ ahke} oeoi}jh2 ‖Z hai}h& \hg}e& hkuê}ghwe...‟ U` ki`ikjgi eqecewh eq|fjkh h{ï ef oh`ghwi xue Be{ò{ gh h fi{ h|û{wife{ ge{|uê{ ge oï‟ j`{wjwuj} fh eukh}j{wïh2 e{wi |h}h xue ge ef \hg}e hkue}ge ge !B. Be}eoïh{*. Fh ‖Ahkeg Jcfe{jh ahke oeoi}jh Be{ò{ {e hf ;3

I]ÏCE@E[& Aiojfïh{ {im}e ef Fe~ïwjki& ^JJ& =.

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\hg}e |h}h xue ef \hg}e& |i} hoi} h êf& {e hkue}ge ge `i{iw}i{& `i{ |e}gi`e z `i{ ki`kegh wigi{ {u{ mje`e{. H fh mh{e gef kêfem}e jki`i ge fh W}j`jghg ge ]umfe~ e{wè fh jgeh ge xue whomjê` ef \hg}e& ki` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& e{wè |}e{e`we e` fh eukh}j{wïh. E{efhjki`i e{ ef jki`i ‖ge|e}{i`h{ fh W}j`jghg‟& |e}ie{wè` whomjê` ef jki`i ‖ge eukh}j{wïh‟. Fh{ w}e{ gj~j`h{ gj{|ue{wh{ e` wi}`i h u` hfwh} {im}e ef xue ahz u`h ki|h e` kuzi j`we}ji} {e e`w}e~ê fh njcu}h ge u` ki}ge}i. Fi{ w}e{ è`cefe{ wje`e` e` {u }i|hbe u` kio|i`e`we ge kifi} hruf& {ïomifi ge fh `hwu}hferh gj~j`h& xue e{ kioò` h fi{ w}e{4 |e}i khgh u`i ge effi{ h|h}eke gjne}e`kjhgi |i} u` kifi} e{|ekjhf xue e~jge`kjh fh gj{wj`kjû` ge fh{ |e}{i`h{. Ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& h fh ge}ekah& wje`e u` oh`wi ~e}ge& {ïomifi ge fh ~jgh& hf {e} êf ‖ef E{|ï}jwu xue gh fh ~jgh‟4 e` ef ke`w}i& ef Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi wje`e u`h wò`jkh oh}}û`& {ïomifi ge fh auoh`jghg ki` xue {e ah }e~e{wjgi4 h fh jrxuje}gh& ef \hg}e wje`e u` oh`wi ge kifi}e{ w}h`{|h}e`we{& kioi {j e{wu~je{e webjgi ge fur& |h}h j`gjkh} xue ahmjwh e` u`h fur j`hkke{jmfe. Ki` e{we jki`i {e xuje}e j`kufkh} fh jgeh xue wigh fh W}j`jghg `i{ j`~jwh h fh oe{h eukh}ï{wjkh z ge xue e` effh {e e`w}ech h `i{iw}i{. Ef e{|hkji ~hkïi ge fh |h}we h`we}ji} gef jki`i e{wè }e{e}~hgi |h}h khgh u`i ge `i{iw}i{2 wigi{ e{whoi{ j`~jwhgi{ h e`w}h} e` e{e kï}kufi oï{wjki& h |h}wjkj|h} ge e{h |hr {ime}h`h z ge e{h u`jghg |e}nekwh xue }eruoh` gef }i{w}i ge fi{ w}e{. [j ki`weo|fhoi{ fh}ch z ge~iwhoe`we e{i{ w}e{ }i{w}i{& we`eoi{ fh jo|}e{jû` ge e{wh} ize`gi u`h ~ir {jfe`kji{h xue `i{ gjke2 ‖[eg u`i& kioi `i{iw}i{ {ioi{ u`i‟. [j `i |igeoi{ j} hf \hg}e {j` |h{h} |i} {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi& who|iki {e |uege j} h êf& e` e{wh ~jgh& {j` |h{h} |i} fh eukh}j{wïh.

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^J./ \H[H] GE E[WE OU@GI HF \HG]E.

Eqhoe` ge ki`kje`kjh {im}e fh ne. ¤¨[jfe`kji( Z oh`we`eg u`h }e{|ewui{h gj{wh`kjh. [je`wi xue {e hke}kh Fh ]ikh. Xue gh}è }e{|ue{wh h `ue{w}h{ gugh{. Fh ]ikh. Ef Ke`wj`efh. Ef Eqw}h`be}i. Êf& xue ah ~j{wi fi xue ah {ukegjgi. Z xue ~e fi xue {ukege}è´. !W.[. Efjiw.*;1

FH ]IKH.

U` {ïomifi ouz kh}hkwe}ï{wjki ge Gji{ e` fh Mjmfjh e{ ef ge fh }ikh. \iki{ wïwufi{ mïmfjki{ {i` kh|hke{ ge k}eh} e` `i{iw}i{ u` {e`wjoje`wi wh` j`we`{i& hu`xue `i {eh ki`{kje`we& ge fi xue |h}h `i{iw}i{ e{ u` |hg}e& kioi ê{we ge fh }ikh. E` fh Mjmfjh& ef wê}oj`i }ikh& oè{ xue kioi u` {jo|fe wïwufi& h|h}eke kioi u`h e{|ekje ge `iom}e |e}{i`hf ge Gji{& ah{wh ef |u`wi ge xue h ~eke{ {e fi e{k}jme ki` ohzò{kufh2 ‖Êf e{ fh ]ikh& {u{ im}h{ {i` |e}nekwh{‟ !Gw ;=&7*4 ‖Ef [eøi} e{ fh ]ikh |e}|ewuh‟ !f{ =>&7*. Oh{ |h}h xue e{h johce` `i `i{ j`nu`gh ojegi i }e|}e{jû` |i} fh gu}erh z fh jo|e`ew}hmjfjghg xue e~ikh& fh Mjmfjh høhge j`oegjhwhoe`we iw}h ~e}ghg2 êf e{ ‖`ue{w}h‟ }ikh# ‖oj‟ }ikh. E{ ;1

W.[. EFJIW& Ki}i{ ge{ge fh ]ikh.

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gekj}& u`h }ikh |h}h `i{iw}i{ `i ki`w}h `i{iw}i{. ‖Ef [eøi} e{ oj }ikh‟ ![hf 81&;*2 ‖oj }ikh z oj hfkèrh}‟ ![hf ;8&7*& ‖fh }ikh xue `i{ {hf~h‟ ![hf :5&8*. U`h jgeh meffï{joh2 Gji{ e{ }ikh bu{whoe`we |i}xue e{ |hg}e2 ‖Wò e}e{ oj |hg}e& oj Gji{& oj }ikh {hf~hgi}h‟ ![hf 1:&=3*. Fi{ |}joe}i{ w}hgukwi}e{ ge fh Mjmfjh& fi{ [ewe`wh& {e gewu~je}i` h`we u`h johce` wh` ohwe}jhf ge Gji{ xue |h}ekïh }emhbh}fi hf }h`ci ge fh{ ki{h{& z {j{weoèwjkhoe`we {u{wjwuze}i` ef wê}oj`i ki`k}ewi ‖}ikh‟ |i} fi{ oè{ hm{w}hkwi{ ge ‖nue}rh‟& ‖}enucji‟& ‖{hf~hkjû`‟. \e}i& ki` mue` k}jwe}ji& wigh{ fh{ w}hgukkji`e{ oige}`h{ fe ah` }e{wjwujgi h Gji{ ef wïwufi i}jcj`hf ge }ikh. Fh{ }ikh{ xue ki`ikïh z e` fh{ xue {e j`{|j}h ef aiom}e mïmfjki {i` fh{ oj{oh{ xue aiz e` gïh {jcue` jo|}e{ji`h`gi hf |e}ec}j`i xue ki`weo|fh ge{ge hmhbi ef jo|i`e`we ohkjri gef [j`hï& i xue oj}h ge{ge hffè h}}jmh fh{ oife{ j`oe`{h{ ge |jki{ z |h}ege{ }iki{h{ xue {e ge{|fjech` h {u hf}egegi}. ¹\i} xuê efecjoi{ |}ekj{hoe`we e{we {ïomifi |h}h `ue{w}h oegjwhkjû`9 Gjke u` {hfoi2 ¤Oe {hkû ge fh ni{h nhwhf& ge fh kah}kh nh`ci{h. Hnjh`rû oj{ |je{ {im}e }ikh z h{ecu}û oj{ |h{i{´ ![hf 7<&;*.

Z aiz h `i{iw}i{ {e `i{ j`~jwh h ahke} fi oj{oi2 h {hfj} ge fh{ h}e`h{ oi~egjrh{ ge fh j`k}egufjghg gef ou`gi z h hnjh`rh} `ue{w}i{ |h{i{ e` fh }ikh nj}oe xue e{ Gji{.

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8. EF OU@GI Z EF \HG]E.

Fh{ |hfhm}h{ xue `i{ ~h` h {e}~j} ge |u`wi ge |h}wjgh |h}h e{wh oegjwhkjû` {i` fh{ oj{oh{ ki` xue {e hm}e ef kh|ïwufi w}eke gef e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`2 ¤H`we{ ge fh nje{wh ge \h{kuh& {hmje`gi Be{ò{ xue ahmïh ffechgi fh ai}h ge |h{h} ge e{we ou`gi hf \hg}e& ahmje`gi hohgi h fi{ {uzi{ xue e{whmh` e` ef ou`gi& fi{ hoû ah{wh ef eqw}eoi´.

Ê{we |h{hbe `i e{ ef ò`jki e` xue Buh` |i`e n}e`we h n}e`we hf ou`gi z hf \hg}e. \h}h êf& e{wi{ {i` fi{ gi{ |ifi{ e`w}e fi{ xue ge{h}}iffh wigh fh h~e`wu}h we}}e`h ge K}j{wi& z& |i} ki`{jcuje`we& whomjê` fh `ue{w}h. Fh e`kh}`hkjû`& ki`{jge}hgh e` wê}oj`i{ gj`èojki{& `i e{ iw}h ki{h xue ef |h{i ‖gef \hg}e hf ou`gi‟& z ef oj{we}ji |h{kuhf ef |h{i ‖gef ou`gi hf \hg}e‟. ¤[hfï gef \hg}e z ae ~e`jgi hf ou`gi4 hai}h gebi ef ou`gi z oe ~iz hf \hg}e´ !B` 8>&=1*.

Ef |}i|ji Buh` e{mirh fh h|fjkhkjû` ge e{we e{xueoh |h{kuhf hf k}j{wjh`i. [ûfi xue& hf |h{h} ge K}j{wi hf gj{kï|ufi& e{e e{xueoh |je}ge ef {e`wjgi aj{wû}jki z e{|hkjhf z hgxuje}e u`\hg}e2 {e`wjgi oi}hf4 {e ki`~je}we e` |h{i gef hoi} hf ou`gi hf hoi} hf ¤@i hoêj{ hf ou`gi `j fi xue ahz e` ef ou`gi. [j hfcuje` hoh hf ou`gi& `i e{wè e` êf ef hoi} gef \hg}e. \i}xue fi xue ahz e` ef ou`gi ‛fh{ |h{ji`e{ ge fh kh}`e& z fh kigjkjh ge fi{ ibi{& z fh h}}ich`kjh gef gj`e}i‛ e{i `i |}ikege gef \hg}e& {j`i xue |}ikege gef ou`gi. Z ef ou`gi |h{h& ki` {u{ |h{ji`e{4 |e}i ef xue ahke fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{ |e}oh`eke |h}h {jeo|}e´ !8 B` =&85‛83*. E{wi{ weqwi{ ge Buh` {im}e ef \hg}e z ef ou`gi ah` ge{eo|eøhgi u` jo|i}wh`we |h|ef e` ef ge{h}}iffi ge fh jgeh

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|h{kuhf e`w}e fi{ fhwj`i{. Ge haï |h}wjû {h` Hcu{wï` |h}h genj`j} e` xuê ki`{j{we fh \h{kuh k}j{wjh`h. H`we{ ge êf }ej`hmh` hf }e{|ekwi u`h{ gjne}e`kjh{ h|h}e`weoe`we j`ku}hmfe{. U`i{ j`we}|}ewhmh` fh \h{kuh e` ef {e`wjgi ge |h{i ! w}h`{jwu{*& iw}i{ e` ef {e`wjgi ge |h{jû` ! |h{{ji*. Fi{ xue j`we}|}ewhmh` fh \h{kuh kioi |h{i eq|fjkhmh` ef `iom}e ge \h{kuh z {u ki`wj`ujghg ki` fh \h{kuh gef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi& |e}i `i eq|fjkhmh` jcuhf ge mje` ef ki`we`jgi oj{wê}jki z fh `i~eghg ge fh \h{kuh k}j{wjh`h. Z hf ki`w}h}ji& fi{ xue e`we`gïh` fh \h{kuh kioi |h{jû` eq|fjkhmh` ef `ue~i ki`we`jgi ge fh \h{kuh k}j{wjh`h !fh |h{jû` z }e{u}}ekkjû` ge K}j{wi*& |e}i `i fic}hmh` bu{wjnjkh} ef `iom}e ge \h{kuh z {u }efhkjû` ki` fh j`{wjwukjû` h`wjcuh. ¹\i} xuê ffhoh} ‖\h{kuh‟ h fh |h{jû` ge K}j{wi& {j \h{kuh {jc`jnjkh |h{i9 Hcu{wï` }e{if~jû ef ki`w}h{we eqj{we`we e`w}e fh{ gi{ eq|fjkhkji`e{& z fi ajri |}ekj{hoe`we }efeze`gi ef weqwi ge Buh`. E{k}jme2 ¤Kuh`gi ef mje`h~e`wu}hgi e~h`cefj{wh `i{ eq|fjkh& |i} h{ï gekj}fi& e{we `iom}e ge \h{kuh& xue w}hgukjgi hf fhwï` {jc`jnjkh |h{i& gjbi2 Ef gïh h`we{ ge \h{kuh& {hmje`gi Be{ò{ xue ahmïh ffechgi fh ai}h |h{h}ahkjh ge e{we ou`gi hf \hg}e... \h{kuh z |h{i. ¹Gege gû`ge ;: gû`ge9 Ge e{we ou`gi hf \hg}e´ .

Hf u`j} e`w}e {ï fi{ gi{ wê}oj`i{ ‖\h{kuh‟ z ‖|h{h}‟ !oewhmhj`i*& Buh` xuj{i genj`j} fh \h{kuh ge K}j{wi kioi u` |h{i ge e{we ou`gi hf \hg}e& gjne}e`kjè`gifh h{ï ge fh ‖\h{kuh ge fi{ bugïi{‟ !B` =&8;4 >&74 88&55*. Fh eqêce{j{ oige}`h ah ki`nj}ohgi& e` e{we |u`wi& fh j`wujkjû` ge Hcu{wï`. E` kuhfxuje} kh{i& fi kje}wi e{ xue ge{|uê{ ge êf& gu}h`we wigh fh eghg oegjh& ê{h {e}è e`w}e fi{ fhwj`i{ fh genj`jkjû` |}ene}jgh ge fh \h{kuh k}j{wjh`h2 ‖ef |h{i ge ;:

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& W}hwhgi{ {im}e ef e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`& 55&8.

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e{we ou`gi hf \hg}e‟7<. Ef ou`gi e{ hai}h ef ~e}ghge}i Ecj|wi ge gi`ge ahz xue {hfj}& z ef \hg}e fh ~e}ghge}h wje}}h |}ioewjgh e` fh xue ahz xue e`w}h}. Ef ki`nfjkwi e`w}e \h{kuh/|h{i z \h{kuh/|h{jû` ah xueghgi {u|e}hgi. Fh \h{kuh e{ ‖u`78.|h{i gek}eze`we{& e{we ou`gi \hg}e xue }ehfjrh oegjh`we fh |h{jû`‟ E` fi{ e{ehf oj{oi |h{i{e{e }ehfjrh oegjh`we fh ne2 ‖Ef [eøi}& |i} fh |h{jû`& |h{û ge fh oue}we h fh ~jgh& z `i{ hm}jû ef khoj`i h fi{ xue k}eeoi{ e` {u }e{u}}ekkjû` |h}h xue whomjê` `i{iw}i{ |h{eoi{ ge fh oue}we h fh ~jgh‟ 7=. \h{kuh e{ |h{h} h fi xue `i |h{h4 e{ |h{h} gef ou`gi |h}h `i |h{h} ki` ef ou`gi. ‖Ef ou`gi |h{h& |e}i ef xue ahke fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{ |e}oh`eke |h}h {jeo|}e‟. E{& }ehfoe`we& ‖{hfj} ge fh kah}kh nh`ci{h‟ z hnjh`rh} fi{ |je{ {im}e }ikh. Kioi |uege ~e}{e& ê{wh e{ u`h ~j{jû` kio|fewh ge fh \h{kuh& e` fh xue {e wje`e e` kue`wh ef h{|ekwi aj{wû}jki !fh |h{jû` z }e{u}}ekkjû` ge K}j{wi*& ef h{|ekwi {hk}hoe`whf !ef mhuwj{oi* z ef h{|ekwi oi}hf !fh ki`~e}{jû` gef ou`gi h Gji{*. E` e{wh oegjwhkjû` `i{ gewe`g}eoi{ e` e{we òfwjoi h{|ekwi2 e` fh \h{kuh kioi |h{i gef ou`gi hf \hg}e& xue h |h}wj} ge hai}h {e }ehfjrh e` fh ne. E` fh We}wji ojffe``ji hg~e`je`we !`. 5=*& ef |h|h gekïh xue u`h ge fh{ wh}eh{ j`efugjmfe{& gu}h`we ef we}ke} høi ge |}e|h}hkjû` |h}h ef bumjfei& gegjkhgi hf \hg}e& e}h fh fukah ki`w}h ef {ekufh}j{oi‟ !`. 5=* !fh iw}h wh}eh e}h ef gjèfici ki` fh{ c}h`ge{ }efjcji`e{& gef xue zh aeoi{ ahmfhgi*. ¹\e}i kûoi h}}ibh} u` |iki ge fur {im}e u` weoh wh` kio|febi kioi ê{e9 Fi{ gj{wj`wi{ 7<

Kn. MEGH& Aiojfïh{ {im}e fi{ E~h`cefji{& JJ4 5.

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{jc`jnjkhgi{& |i{jwj~i{ z `echwj~i{ ge {ekufh}jrhkjû`& {e e`w}ek}urh` e`w}e {ï ge oh`e}h wh` j`eqw}jkhmfe& xue zh `i {hmeoi{ mje` {j e{ u` ne`ûoe`i xue ahz xue kiomhwj} i oè{ mje` u` ne`ûoe`i gef xue& kioi k}j{wjh`i{& gemeoi{ e{wh} i}cuffi{i{. {ekufh}j{oi Fh efekkjû` gef wê}oj`i zh fh{e} }enfeqjû` e` u`h gj}ekkjû` mh{wh`we |}ekj{h4 |e}i k}ei i}je`wh xue |uege òwjf u{h} u` wê}oj`i wigh~ïh oè{ kfh}i |h}h ge{jc`h} ef ne`ûoe`i `echwj~i {im}e ef xue xue}eoi{ }enfeqji`h}2 ef wê}oj`i ou`gh`jrhkjû`. [im}e e{we wê}oj`i !z {im}e ou`gh`i{ z ou`gh`jghg& hnj`e{ h êf*& ahz oe`i{ homjcöeghg xue {im}e {ekufh}jrhkjû`. @i ah ahmjgi u`h weificïh ge fh ou`gh`jghg& kioi fh ah ahmjgi ge fh {ekufh}jghg4 fh Jcfe{jh ah h|}imhgi j`{wjwuwi{ {ekufh}e{& |e}i `u`kh j`{wjwuwi{ ou`gh`i{4 eqj{we u` kfe}i {ekufh}& |e}i `i eqj{we !i `i geme}ïh eqj{wj}* u` kfe}i ou`gh`i. Fh {ekufh}jrhkjû` e{ u` ne`ûoe`i xue `hke nue}h ge fh Jcfe{jh z xue ê{wh& e` kje}wi oigi& |hgeke4 fh ou`gh`jrhkjû` e{ u` ne`ûoe`i xue {e |}iguke ge`w}i ge fh Jcfe{jh. Z e{ mje` {hmjgi kûoi fi{ e`eojci{ ge ge`w}i {i` oè{ |efjc}i{i{ xue fi{ ge nue}h. Fi xue ‖{hfe gef aiom}e‟ ki`whoj`h oè{ xue fi xue ‖e`w}h e` ef aiom}e‟ !kn Ow 8;&88*. Fh |hfhm}h ou`gi wje`e e` fh Mjmfjh& nu`ghoe`whfoe`we& gi{ {jc`jnjkhgi{. \uege j`gjkh} fh }ehfjghg eo|ï}jkh gef u`j~e}{i z ge fi{ aiom}e{& fi xue ffhohoi{ fh{ }ehfjghge{ we}}e`h{& z e` e{we {e`wjgi ef k}eze`we e{wè whomjê` ‖e` ef ou`gi‟& kioi fi e{whmh Be{ò{. \e}i |uege j`gjkh} whomjê` hf ou`gi e` kuh`wi }e{ufwhgi ge fh aj{wi}jh z ge fh fjme}whg auoh`h gekhïgh& u`h e{|ekje ge

khweci}ïh w}h{ke`ge`we& z e` e{we {e`wjgi ef k}j{wjh`i `i e{ ‖gef ou`gi‟& kioi who|iki fi e}h Be{ò{. E{wi eq|fjkh xue |uegh` kieqj{wj}& |h}h ef k}j{wjh`i& fh imfjchkjû` ge ‖hm}j}{e hf ou`gi‟& e` 8<;

xue j`{j{we fh Chugjuo ew [|e{& z ef geme} |e}oh`e`we ge ‖`i hoh} hf ou`gi‟. Ef oj{oi {h` Hcu{wï` ah eq|fjkhgi ki` u` ebeo|fi ouz {e`kjffi z enjkhr kuè`gi ef ou`gi khomjh ge {jc`i z& ge }ehfjghg |i{jwj~h& {e ki`~je}we `echwj~h. U` e{|i{i ahke ki` oukai hoi} u` |}ekji{i h`jffie`|h}h }echfè}{efi h {u e{|i{h. \e}i ê{wh hoh hf h`jffi oè{ xue h {u e{|i{i z& u`h ~er xue fi wje`e e` {u{ oh`i{& `j {jxuje}h {e gh zh kue`wh ge fh |}e{e`kjh ge {u e{|i{i. Ef h`jffi& ge {eøhf z oiwj~i hoi}& {e ah ki`~e}wjgi& |h}h fh e{|i{h& e` we`whkjû` z e` khoj`i |h}h {u }uj`h 7;. E{ fi oj{oi xue iku}}e kuh`gi ef ou`gi& e` ~er ge {e} u` oegji |h}h ki`ike} h Gji{ z efe~h}{e ahkjh êf& eo|jerh h {e}fi wigi& u`h }ehfjghg ke}}hgh e` {ï oj{oh& huwi{unjkje`we& xue `i `i{ i}je`wh h `hgje |i} e`kjoh ge êf. \u}h j`oh`e`kjh& j`oegjhwer z weo|i}hfjghg. =. EF OU@GI Z FH NE.

Ef |}j`kj|hf èomjwi ge ki`nfjkwi e`w}e ef k}j{wjh`i z ef ou`gi e{ ef ge fh ne. Fh ou`gh`jrhkjû` {e oh`jnje{wh e` fh{ ki{wuom}e{ z e` fh{ hkwjwuge{& |e}i e` }ehfjghg kioje`rh |i} fh ne. Ef ou`gi& e`we`gjgi e` {e`wjgi }efjcji{i& kioi khweci}ïh w}h{ke`ge`we& e{ |i} genj`jkjû` fi xue {e `jech h k}ee}. Ef |ekhgi gef xue ef \h}èkfjwi ‖gebh}è ki`~jkwi hf ou`gi‟ e{ ef ge `i ahme} k}eïgi e` K}j{wi !kn B` 8>&1‛:*& z Buh` gj}è2 ¤Fi xue ah ki`{ecujgi fh ~jkwi}jh {im}e ef ou`gi e{ `ue{w}h ne. ¹Xujê` e{ ef xue ~e`ke hf ou`gi& {j`i ef xue k}ee xue Be{ò{ e{ ef Ajbi ge Gji{9´ !8 B` 5&7;*.

\hmfi eq|}e{h}è e{h oj{oh jgeh ki` iw}h{ |hfhm}h{. \h}h êf& ‖~j~j} {jcuje`gi fh ki}}je`we ge e{we ou`gi‟ xuje}e gekj} {ecuj} hf 7;

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& [im}e fh |}joe}h kh}wh ge {h` Buh` & =& 88.

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|}ï`kj|e xue oh`gh e` ef hj}e& e{ gekj} hf e{|ï}jwu xue hai}h hkwòh ‖e` fi{ }emefge{‟ xue `i xuje}e k}ee} e` ef e~h`cefji !En =&=*. Ef }e{ufwhgi ge e{h w}j|fe hfjh`rh e`w}e ou`gi& j`k}egufjghg z [hwh`è{ e{ fi xue \hmfi ffhoh ‖ef e{|ï}jwu gef ou`gi‟ hf xue êf ki`{jge}h kioi ef gj}ekwi h`whci`j{wh gef ‖E{|ï}jwu ge Gji{‟ !8 Ki =&8=*. Fh eq|e}je`kjh oj{oh `i{ gjke xue fh ne e{ ef èomjwi gi`ge {e gekjge& aiz whomjê`& fh mhwhffh e`w}e ef ou`gi z ef \hg}e. Ef eqecewh Aej`}jka [kafje} ah aekai u` h`èfj{j{ ouz hcugi ge e{we weoh& ffhoh`gi fh hwe`kjû` {im}e ef |h|ef xue buech& h e{e }e{|ekwi& fh i|j`jû` |òmfjkh. Ef e{|ï}jwu gef ou`gi& i ef e{|ï}jwu ge fi{ wjeo|i{& {e ki`~je}we e` hwoû{ne}h e{|j}jwuhf oegjh`we fh kuhf hkwòh` fh{ |iwe`kjh{ geoi`ïhkh{ kioi e`w}e mh{wjgi}e{. ¤[e e{whmfeke u` e{|ï}jwu ge u`h c}h` j`we`{jghg aj{wû}jkh& hf xue ef j`gj~jgui gjnïkjfoe`we |uege {u{w}he}{e. @i{ hkioighoi{ hf e{|ï}jwu ce`e}hf& `i{ |h}eke im~ji. Hkwuh} i |e`{h} i gekj} hfci ki`w}h êf {e ki`{jge}h j`{e`{hwi& z ah{wh u`h j`bu{wjkjh i u` gefjwi. Z e`wi`ke{ zh `hgje {e hw}e~e h e`n}e`wh}{e h fh{ ki{h{ i h fh{ {jwuhkji`e{& z {im}e wigi h fh ~jgh& ge oh`e}h gj{wj`wh h kioi e{e e{|ï}jwu `i{ fh{ |}e{e`wh T..._. [u kh}hkwe}ï{wjkh e{ j`we}|}ewh} ef ou`gi z fh eqj{we`kjh auoh`h h {u oh`e}h´77.

[h` Buh` ah ge{k}jwi e` ef H|ikhfj|{j{ e{wh nue}rh weojmfe z aujgjrh oegjh`we ef {jomifj{oi ge fh ‖{ecu`gh nje}h‟& fh xue {hfe ge fh wje}}h z kuzh oj{jû` e{ fh ge ‖imfjch} h wigi{ fi{ ahmjwh`we{ ge fh wje}}h h hgi}h} h fh |}joe}h nje}h‟ !H| 8;&88{{*. Effh `i e{ ef g}hcû` e` |e}{i`h& e{ gekj}& [hwh`è{& z who|iki fh c}h` me{wjh xue {hfe gef oh}& i {eh ef |ige} |ifïwjki xue {e ze}cue ki`w}h Gji{ z |e}{jcue h fi{ {h`wi{ !e` hxuef kh{i& ef jo|e}ji }ioh`i*. E{ oè{ mje` u` |ige} ge |e}{uh{jû` {ek}ewh4 u`h e{|ekje ge oj`j{we}ji ge 77

A. [KAFJE]& Geoi`j e {|j}jwj ohfjc`j `ef @ui~i We{whoe`wi.

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|}i|hch`gh e` ef ou`gi. J`kjwh h hgi}h} h fh me{wjh z h {e} {u{ {òkumi{& ki` fh hoe`hrh ge xue& {j hkwòh` ge oh`e}h gj{wj`wh xue fi{ geoè{& {e ‖fi{ oh}kh}è e` fh oh`i ge}ekah i e` fh n}e`we‟& e{ gekj}& {e}è` {eøhfhgi{ ki` ef gegi z ki`ge`hgi{ hf i{w}hkj{oi. Fh {ecu`gh nje}h `i uwjfjrh h}oh{& {j`i fh kufwu}h. U`h ~er khïgi{ fi{ }ecïoe`e{ wiwhfjwh}ji{ xue e`kh}`hmh` h fh |}joe}h nje}h& hkwuhfoe`we iku|h ef kho|i fh {ecu`gh. ¹Z kuèf e{ fh gjne}e`kjh9 Xue ef hweï{oi fukah gj}ekwhoe`we ki`w}h fh ne& oje`w}h{ xue ef {ekufh}j{oi w}hwh ge |}e{e`wh}fh kioi j}}efe~h`we& {e ge{e`wje`ge ge effh4 |e}i {u hkkjû` e{ hò` oè{ ki}}i{j~h. Aiz we`eoi{ u`h johce` `ue~h |h}h ge{k}jmj} e{wh hkkjû` gef ou`gi2 ef ~j}u{ ge fi{ i}ge`hgi}e{. Ef ~j}u{& |i} fi |iki xue zi {ê ge êf& e{ u` |exueøi |}ic}hoh |e}~e}{hoe`we |}e|h}hgi& xue {e oewe e` u` i}ge`hgi} |i} fi{ khoj`i{ oè{ j`{i{|ekahgi{ !j`we}khomji ge gj{xuewe{& ge j`ni}ohkji`e{ i ge |}ic}hoh{* z xue& u`h ~er xue ah e`w}hgi e` êf& ki`nu`ge i mfixueh {u `i}ohf nu`kji`hoje`wi hfwe}h`gi fi{ ‖{j{weoh{ i|e}hwj~i{‟. E{i oj{oi e{ fi xue ahke ef e{|ï}jwu gef ou`gi. \e`ew}h e` `i{iw}i{ ge ojf oh`e}h{& ah{wh ki` ef hj}e xue }e{|j}hoi{& z& u`h ~er ge`w}i& `i{ khomjh fi{ oigefi{2 {u{wjwuze ef oigefi ‖K}j{wi‟ |i} ef oigefi ‖ou`gi‟. [h` Buh` ahmfh ge u`h u`kjû` xue |}i~je`e gef [h`wi& xue e{ ‖~e}ghge}h‟ z `i{ e`{eøh hke}kh ge wigh{ fh{ ki{h{ !kn 8 B` =&=<.=3*. Whomjê` ef ou`gi wje`e {u u`kjû`& u`h u`kjû` ‖oe`wj}i{h‟& |e}i ki` c}h` nue}rh |h}h ahke}`i{ ~e}fi wigi kioi êf fi ~e. E{ u` ni}ojghmfe ae}oe`euwh& kioi fi {eøhfhmh wh` hke}whghoe`we [kafje}& xue |}ewe`ge gh}& ki` {u kje`kjh& u`h j`we}|}ewhkjû` cfimhf ge fh eqj{we`kjh auoh`h& {j` gebh} ef oe`i} e{|hkji h fh ne. 8<>

;. XUE KHGH U@I [E EQHOJ@E H [Ï OJ[OI .

E{we m}e~e gjhc`û{wjki we`ïh u`h nj`hfjghg |}èkwjkh2 j`kjwh}`i{ h ahke} u`h }e~j{jû` ge `ue{w}i ou`gi j`we}ji} |h}h ~e} {j e` `ue{w}i i}ch`j{oi e{|j}jwuhf {e ah j`w}igukjgi whf ~er hfcu`i ge e{i{ ~j}u{ ge fi{ xue ae ahmfhgi. Gu}h`we fi{ høi{ ge |}e|h}hkjû` |h}h ef c}h` Bumjfei {e fjo|jh}i` nhkahgh{ ge jcfe{jh{& e`w}e effh{ fh ge fh mh{ïfjkh ge [h` \eg}i& {e xujwh}i` fh{ ki{w}h{ ge {ukjeghg& {e eqhoj`h}i` egjnjkji{ |h}h ~e} {j ahmïh nhffi{ ikufwi{ z {j {e oh`we`ïh nj}oe fh e{w}ukwu}h. E{i oj{oi ahz xue ahke} whomjê` ‛z {im}e wigi‛ ki` ‖ef egjnjkji ge `ue{w}h {h`wï{joh ne‟ !Bugh{ 8&=<*. Fh ou`gh`jrhkjû` |uege ffech} h {e} whomjê` !z e` kje}wh{ ê|ikh{ ah ffechgi h {e}fi* u` ne`ûoe`i kifekwj~i xue i{ku}eke ef }i{w}i ge fh Jcfe{jh e` kuh`wi j`{wjwukjû`& |e}i ge |i} {ï kioje`rh |i} ef j`gj~jgui& e` ef ki}hrû` ge fh{ |e}{i`h{ xue ni}oh` fh Jcfe{jh. Z |i} haï e{ |i} gi`ge we`eoi{ xue kioe`rh} fh im}h ge }e~j{jû` z ge }e{whu}hkjû`. ^ehoi{ kuèfe{ {i` fh{ {eøhfe{ ge u`h ne e`ne}oh& i e` e{whgi e`ne}ojri& |h}h e`we`ge} {j e{whoi{ hnekwhgi{ z e` xuê oegjgh& z kûoi |i`e}fe }eoegji. Fi xue ~iz h ahke} e{ u`h e{|ekje ge eqhoe` |e}{i`hf ge ki`kje`kjh e` ~ir hfwh& |e}i fi{ oebi}e{ {e}oi`e{ z fh{ oebi}e{ oegjwhkji`e{ {i` ki` n}ekue`kjh fh{ xue `hke` ge u` eqhoe` ge ki`kje`kjh gef |}i|ji |}egjkhgi}. Fh Mjmfjh genj`e hf |}inewh kioi u` ‖~jge`we‟& kioi u` aiom}e ‖ge ibi{ hmje}wi{‟ !kn @o =7&;.85‛8>*. E{h genj`jkjû` |uege h|fjkh}{e& hu`xue e` gj~e}{i c}hgi& h wigi{ fi{ k}eze`we{& ghgi xue e` ef mhuwj{oi wigi{ aeoi{ }ekjmjgi fh u`kjû` |}inêwjkh& xue e` hfcu`i{ ge `i{iw}i{ {e ~e }eni}rhgh hò` oè{ |i} fh u`kjû` {hke}giwhf i e|j{ki|hf. U` {ï`wioh ge xue `ue{w}h ne e{wè e` k}j{j{ 8<3

e{ kuh`gi `ue{w}i ibi zh `i ‖|e`ew}h‟ `hgh& zh `i ~h oè{ hffè ge fi {e`{jmfe& {j`i xue e{wè |}j{ji`e}i ge fi{ ai}jri`we{ auoh`i{. E` e{i{ kh{i{& fh{ oiwj~hkji`e{ ge `ue{w}i im}h}& {j fh{ eqhoj`hoi{ hwe`whoe`we& h|h}eke` khgh ~er oè{ kioi oiwj~hkji`e{ auoh`h{. Ef ‖{hfwi zh eqj{wh& `i e{ j`oegjhwi z kioi j`{wj`wj~i& {j`i&gef e` ou`gi ef kh{ihfge\hg}e‟ xue hò` wh}gïi& fe`wi& kh`{j`i& {hf|jkhgi ge ‖{ï& |e}i...‟. \h}h gh}`i{ kue`wh ge ah{wh gû`ge `i{ hnekwh e{wh {jwuhkjû`& mh{wh ki` im{e}~h} h xujê` {e e`kue`w}h` gj}jcjgi{ `ue{w}i{ ibi{& xuê oj}hgh {e`wjoi{ oè{ njbh e` `i{iw}i{ z `i{ e{ni}rhoi{ |i} kio|fhke}2 fh ge fi{ aiom}e{ i fh ge Gji{. U`h ae}}hoje`wh jo|i}wh`we |h}h {hme}fi e{ fh i}hkjû`. @i {ifhoe`we ef aekai ge {j {e }erh i `i& {j`i whomjê` ge {j {e k}ee e` fh enjkhkjh ge fh i}hkjû`. Ef k}eze`we `i {ûfi i}h& {j`i xue e{wè ki`~e`kjgi ge xue fh i}hkjû` |uege khomjh} fh{ ki{h{& whf ~er ge oh`e}h gj{wj`wh h kioi `i{iw}i{ e{|e}hoi{& |e}i xue `u`kh e{ j`òwjf. Kuh`gi e{h ke}werh ge{h|h}eke& e{ {ï`wioh ge xue whomjê` fh ne {e e`kue`w}h e` e{whgi e`ne}ojri& z e{ ai}h ge c}jwh}2 ‖¨[èf~h`i{& [eøi}& xue |e}ekeoi{( ¨Huoê`wh`i{ fh ne(‟. Fh ne wje`e {u fhgi i{ku}i& xue e{ fh |i{jmjfjghg ge fh gugh. E` fh ne& kioi gekïh \h{khf& ‖ahz fur {unjkje`we |h}h fi{ xue {ûfi ge{eh` ~e}& z mh{wh`we i{ku}jghg |h}h fi{ xue {e e`kue`w}h` e` fh gj{|i{jkjû` ki`w}h}jh‟. Wigi e{i e{ `i}ohf. \e}i kuh`gi e{e fhgi i{ku}i eo|jerh h iku|h} `ue{w}h oe`we oè{ xue ef fhgi fuoj`i{i& we`eoi{ xue ahke} u` hfwi e` ef khoj`i z w}hwh} ge kio|}e`ge}2 ¹e{ u`h |}uemh ge ne& i e{ fh }hrû` auoh`h fh xue e{wè w}hwh`gi ge kice} wjoû`9 Ef k}e|ò{kufi ge fh ne ge xue e{whoi{ ahmfh`gi `i wje`e `hgh xue ~e} ki` fh nhoi{h ‖`ikae i{ku}h ge fh ne‟ ge fh xue ahmfh` fi{ 8<1

{h`wi{ z xue whf ~er `i |e}gi`û `j {jxuje}h h fh ^j}ce` [h`wï{joh& xue wu~i xue khoj`h} whomjê` |i} ef khoj`i ge fh ne. ¹Kûoi ki`ike} fh gjne}e`kjh e`w}e e{h{ gi{ ki{h{9 Fh `ikae ge xuje` e{wè |h{h`gi |i} u`h |}uemh ge fh ne e{ u`h `ikae e` ~efh& xue ahke {un}j}& xue `i{ gebh j`w}h`xujfi{& xue ~h hkio|høhgh |i} ef ojegi h ahme} |e}gjgi fh ne& |i} ceojgi{ z ffh`wi4 fh ge xuje` e{wè |e}gje`gi }ehfoe`we fh ne e{ u`h `ikae w}h`xujfh& e{ fh `ikae ge xuje` {e e{wè au`gje`gi khgh ~er oè{ e` ef if~jgi z e` ef muffjkji. Dje}dechh}g |i`e ef ebeo|fi ge fi xue fe iku}}e h u`h |e}{i`h xue& gu}h`we ef {ueøi& {e {je`we hwhkhgh |i} u` ~ho|j}i. Ê{we fe kau|h fh {h`c}e& |e}i fi ahke j`zekwè`gife hf oj{oi wjeo|i u` fïxujgi {i|i}ïne}i& ge oh`e}h xue fh ~ïkwjoh {e ~hzh {uoje`gi khgh ~er oè{ e` ef {ueøi z êf |uegh {ecuj} kau|h`gi75. Ahz xue we`e} mje` |}e{e`we u`h ki{h& {j `i xue}eoi{ e`chøh}`i{. E{wh k}j{j{ ge ne |uege ouz mje` j} hkio|høhgh ge u` c}h` kefi z c}h`ge{ ge{~efi{ |i} |}egjkh} h iw}i{ fh ne& i |i} gene`ge}fh ge hwhxue{ gef eqwe}ji}. E{wi e{ |i{jmfe |i}xue fh ne ah xueghgi }egukjgh ò`jkhoe`we h fh njge{ xuî & h fh ne imbewj~h& h u` |hw}joi`ji hgxuj}jgi ge ~e}ghge{ xue {e jge`wjnjkh ki` fh j`{wjwukjû` h fh xue `i{ {e`wjoi{ fjchgi{. \e}i ge`w}i ge `i{iw}i{ zh `i ~jm}h fh njge{ xuh& fh ne {umbewj~h& fh xue ‖`hke ge fh{ }hïke{ gef ki}hrû`‟7>. ‖Ki}ge k}egjwu}‟& {e k}ee ki` ef ki}hrû`& gekïh zh ef H|û{wif !]o 8<&8<*. 7. U@H NE XUE ‖]E@HKE‟.

\e}i gebeoi{ zh ef gjhc`û{wjki ge `ue{w}h{ e`ne}oeghge{ z ~ehoi{ kûoi |igeoi{ eomh}kh}`i{ e` u` huwê`wjki ge{|e}wh} ge 75

Kn. [. DEJ]DECHH]G& Cfj hwwj gef hoi}e& J {e}je JJ& H.

7>

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& W}hwhgi{ {im}e ef e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`& =>& =.

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`ue{w}h ne. @i oe }enje}i h u` ge{|e}wh} eqwe}ji}& h|ificêwjki i kufwu}hf !xue& e` wigi kh{i& ~e`g}è ge{|uê{ kioi u` n}uwi*& {j`i ge u` ge{|e}wh} e` ef èomjwi |}i|ji z |}j`kj|hf ge fh ne xue& kioi gekïhoi{& e{ ef ki}hrû`. U` ge{|e}wh} e` {e`wjgi eqj{we`kjhf. \h}hni}oufh effi& we`eoi{ xue |h}wj} ge u`h ki`~jkkjû` fh E{k}jwu}h ge e{wh oh`e}h2 ‖Ef xue e{wè e` ~i{iw}i{ xue e{ oè{ nue}we xue ef xue e{wè e` ef ou`gi‟ !8 B` 7&7*. Gji{ e{ oè{ nue}we xue ef ou`gi4 ef k}eze`we e{ kh|hr ge `i {ukuomj} h`we ef ni}ojghmfe |ige} gef ou`gi |i}xue wje`e e` {u j`we}ji} u` |}j`kj|ji& `i {ûfi kuh`wjwhwj~hoe`we u` |iki oè{ nue}we& {j`i kuhfjwhwj~hoe`we {u|e}ji}. @ue{w}h ne& `i{ ah gjkai Buh`& ~e`ke hf ou`gi. Ahz xue h|fjkh} h fh ~jgh ge fh ne hxuef |}j`kj|ji eukh}ï{wjki {ecò` ef kuhf ef efeoe`wi ~jwhf oè{ nue}we h{jojfh hf oe`i{ nue}we. Gj}jcjê`gi`i{ hf ou`gi& |igeoi{ }e|ewj} hxueffh{ |hfhm}h{ xue Gji{ ahkïh }e{i`h} e` ef ki}hrû` ge {h` Hcu{wï`2 ‖@i oe ki`~e}wj}è{ wò e` wj& {j`i xue zi we ki`~e}wj}ê e` oï‟. H{ï kioi& e` fh kiou`jû`& `i e{ ef njef xuje` j`ki}|i}h h {ï ef kue}|i ge K}j{wi& {j`i hf }e~ê{& ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h `i e{ ef ou`gi ef xue j`ki}|i}h h {ï hf k}eze`we& {j`i hf }e~ê{. E{wi e{ fi xue {jc`jnjkh {e} ‖fur gef ou`gi z {hf ge fh wje}}h‟. ¹Kûoi ahke}fi e` ki`k}ewi9 E` fh{ huwi|j{wh{ oè{ hnekwhgh{ |i} ef ne`ûoe`i ge fh `jemfh& h j`we}~hfi{ }ecufh}e{ ahz& oh}khgh{ e` {uefi& u`h{ {eøhfe{ mfh`kh{ }enfekwh`we{. [j {e ~e` gefh`we ge u`i oe`i{ ge w}e{ ge e{h{ {eøhfe{ ki`{ekuwj~h{& ahz xue }egukj} fh ~efikjghg h kuh}e`wh djfûoew}i{4 {j {e ~e` gi{& h ~ej`we4 {j {ûfi {e ~e u`h& ahz xue kj}kufh} h |h{i ge aiom}e& i j`kfu{i gewe`e}{e. E` ef khoj`i ge fh ne& kuh`gi {e e{|e{h fh `jemfh h`we `ue{w}i{ 88<

ibi{& ahz xue ahke} wigi fi ki`w}h}ji2 `i }egukj} fh ~efikjghg& {j`i hkefe}h}. Oi~e}{e& i& oebi} hò`& e{|hmjfh}{e. Ahz xue |h{h} ge u`h ne e` ‖e{whgi e`ne}ojri‟ h u`h ne e` ‖e{whgi `hkje`we‟& i ‖}e`hkje`we‟. Fi{ {ikjûfici{ ffhoh` ‖e{whgi `hkje`we‟ h e{e k}ehwj~i& gj`èojki& ffe`i ge ge |iwe`kjhfjghge{ z ge oioe`wi e{|e}h`rh xue hkio|høh ef kioje`ri hfci `ue~i e` fh aj{wi}jh i e` fh ~jgh ge u`h |e}{i`h2 u` hoi}& u`h }e~ifukjû`& u` oi~joje`wi& u`h k}ehkjû` h}wï{wjkh. \h}h eo|erh} ki` fi xue ge|e`ge ge `i{iw}i{& e{ |}ekj{i }ege{kum}j} gi{ |hfhm}h{ kfh~e gef fe`cuhbe k}j{wjh`i& e{|ekjhfoe`we gu}h`we fh |}e|h}hkjû` |h}h fh \h{kuh2 i}hkjû` z hzu`i. Fh i}hkjû` e{ wh` `eke{h}jh |h}h fh ~jgh ge ne kioi ef iqïce`i |h}h fh ffhoh. [j xue}eoi{ h|hch} u` |}j`kj|ji ge j`ke`gji& ef oegji oè{ enjkhr e{ ekah}fe e`kjoh u`h oh`wh& i hfcu`h iw}h ki{h xue fe xujwe ge cif|e hf nueci ef iqïce`i xue `eke{jwh |h}h |}igukj} }ehkkjû`. Fh i}hkjû` e{ fh ne e` ebe}kjkji. Z kioi kuhfxuje} nu`kjû` gef kue}|i auoh`i& {j `i {e ebe}kjwh& {e hw}injh. E` kuh`wi hf hzu`i& k}ei xue aiz ahm}ïh xue hki`{ebh} {im}e wigi u`h ni}oh ge hzu`i2 fh xue u` gjkai eqw}h/kh`û`jki hw}jmujgi h Be{ò{ ffhoh ‖hzu`h} hf ou`gi‟ 73. Ahmfhmh zi h`we{ ge fi{ ~j}u{ ge fi{ i}ge`hgi}e{ z ge kûoi {e j`w}iguke` h au}whgjffh{& uwjfjrh`gi fi{ kh`hfe{ oè{ ki}}je`we{ ge j`we}khomji& z kûoi ffech` h ghøh} fh oeoi}jh gef i}ge`hgi}. \i} ge{c}hkjh& ef ou`gi {hme ouz mje` kûoi ahke} kj}kufh} {u{ |}i|ji{ ~j}u{. E{ |}ekj{i e{wh} hwe`wi{ h fi{ ‖|}ic}hoh{‟ xue j`{whfhoi{ e` `ue{w}h ‖oeoi}jh‟& e`we`gje`gi h ~eke{ e{i ge ‖|}ic}hoh{‟ e` ef {e`wjgi ouz oe`ugi ge |}ic}hoh{ ge wefe~j{jû`... 73

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E{ u`h |u}h jfu{jû` |}ewe`ge} oh`we`e}`i{ j`ou`e{ hf e{|ï}jwu gef ou`gi& {j fi xue e`w}h h ifehgh{ e` `ue{w}i j`we}ji}& |i} fi{ ibi{ z |i} fi{ iïgi{& `i e{ iw}h ki{h xue ef ke`weffeh} ge {u{ kifi}e{& fh {e`{uhfjghg ge {u{ joèce`e{& fh nhf{h j`ike`kjh ge {u{ ‖ge{`ugi{‟& fh ~jife`kjh ge {u{ e{ke`h{. Ef ou`gi oè{ |efjc}i{i `i e{ ef xue `i{ kiomhwe& {j`i ef xue `i{ hw}he4 `i e{ ef xue `i{ igjh& {j`i ef xue `i{ hkh}jkjh. @ue{w}i oebi} hfjhgi e` fh fukah ki`w}h ef e{|ï}jwu gef ou`gi e{ fh k}ur. Zh fi gjbi {h` \hmfi2 ¤Fi xue e{ h oï& Gji{ oe fjm}e ge cfi}jh}oe {j `i e{ e` fh k}ur ge `ue{w}i [eøi} Be{uk}j{wi& e` fh kuhf ef ou`gi e{wè k}ukjnjkhgi |h}h oï z zi |h}h ef ou`gi´ !Ch >&87*.

Fh k}ur {e|h}h |h}h u`j}. Hfcuje` ah xue}jgi hg~e}wj} u`h h|h}e`we ki`w}hgjkkjû` e` fi{ e{k}jwi{ |hufj`i{. E` ef c}u|i ge kh}wh{ oè{ h`wjcuh{& ffhohgi h ~eke{ |}iwi|hufj`i& fh k}ur& kioi e` ef weqwi ge Cèfhwh{ xue hkhmhoi{ ge kjwh}& h|h}eke kioi fi xue {e|h}h. Z& e` enekwi& {e|h}h hf gj{kï|ufi gef ou`gi& fi xue ~je`e gef E{|ï}jwu ge fi xue ~je`e ge fh kh}`e !kn Ch 5&=7*& fi xue e{ |}i|ji ge fh ne ge fi xue e{ |}i|ji ge fh fez !kn Ch 5& 8 f*& hf aiom}e `ue~i gef aiom}e ~jebi !kn ]o >&>*& h fi{ k}eze`we{ ge fi{ `i k}eze`we{& hf k}j{wjh`i gef bugïi z gef c}jeci !kn 8 Ki 8& 81{{*. [j` eomh}ci& e` ef c}u|i ge fh{ kh}wh{ oè{ }ekje`we{& fh k}ur |h}eke we`e} fh |}i|jeghg ge u`j}2 u`e e`w}e effi{ h bugïi{ z ce`wjfe{& fh wje}}h ki` ef kjefi !kn En =&8;‛81*. \e}i e{h ki`w}hgjkkjû` e{ {ûfi h|h}e`we. E` }ehfjghg& fh k}ur ahke fh{ gi{ ki{h{2 {e|h}h z u`e4 {e|h}h |h}h u`j}. U` c}h` ohe{w}i ge fh h`wjcöeghg& E~hc}ji \û`wjki& genj`ïh hf oi`be kioi ‖hfcuje` xue e{wè {e|h}hgi ge wigi{ z e{wè u`jgi h wigi{‟ 71. E{h 71

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genj`jkjû` |uege h|fjkh}{e `i {ûfi hf oi`be& {j`i& hu`xue ge oh`e}h gj{wj`wh& h wigi{ fi{ k}j{wjh`i{. Ef ~e}ghge}i k}eze`we& |}ekj{hoe`we |i}xue ah }iwi ki` u` ‖ou`gi‟ gioj`hgi |i} ef eciï{oi z |i} ef |}j`kj|ji ge fh huwi{hwj{nhkkjû`& e{wè e` ki`gjkji`e{ ge ‖{e} j`gufce`we z kio|}e`{j~i‟ ki` wigi{ !Am 5&=*& ki` bu{wi{ z |ekhgi}e{. ¨[e ah {e|h}hgi ge wigi fi xue {e|h}h h fi{ aiom}e{ u`i{ ge iw}i{( \i} e{i& e{wè u`jgi h wigi{. E{ jo|i}wh`we {eøhfh} e{wi |h}h `i ki`nu`gj}`i{ hke}kh ge fh ~e}ghge}h hkwjwug gef k}j{wjh`i h`we ef ou`gi& xue e{ oè{ |i{jwj~h xue `echwj~h. Xuje}h Gji{ xue wigh{ fh{ kefem}hkji`e{ ge fh \h{kuh {jc`jnjxue` |h}h `i{iw}i{ u` |h{i gekjgjgi z }e`i~hgi ‖ge fh kah}kh nh`ci{h& h fh }ikh‟& ¨ge e{we ou`gi& hf \hg}e(

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U`i ge fi{ {ïomifi{ oè{ n}ekue`we{ gef \hg}e e{ fh oh`i. Fh oh`i& i ef m}hri& e{ ef {ïomifi ge fh j`we}~e`kjû` hkwj~h ge Gji{ e` fh aj{wi}jh& e` wigh{ {u{ gj~e}{h{ ni}oh{ z kj}ku`{wh`kjh{. Gji{ xue

fjme}h2 ‖Fjme}û h J{}hef... ki` oh`i |ige}i{h& ki` m}hri eqwe`gjgi‟ ![hf 8;>&8=*4 Gji{ xue ki}}jce z kh{wjch2 ‖Ef ïo|ewu ge wu oh`i oe hkhmh‟ ![hf ;:&88*4 Gji{ xue {iki}}e e` fh gemjfjghg 2 ‖Xue wu oh`i

oe huqjfje‟ ![hf 88:&83;*4 Gji{ xue |}iwece2 ‖Oe e{w}ekah{ gew}è{ z gefh`we& oe kum}e{ ki` wu |hfoh‟ ![hf 8;:&5*4 Gji{ xue ki`kege ki` ce`e}i{jghg {u{ mje`e{ 2 ‖Hm}e{ wò fh oh`i z {hkjh{ ge nh~i}e{ h wigi ~j~je`we‟ ![hf 875&8>*. E` J{hïh{& fh oh`i& i ef m}hri& gef [eøi} h|h}eke |e}{i`jnjkhgi. ‖¨Ge{|je}wh& ge{|je}wh& }e~ï{wewe ge nue}rh& m}hri gef [eøi}4 ge{|je}wh kioi h`whøi& e` fh{ h`wjcuh{ eghge{(‟ !J{ 58&:*. 887

Ef oj{oi |}inewh h{ecu}h xue ‖fh oh`i gef [eøi} `i {e xuegh ki}wh |h}h {hf~h}‟ !J{ 5:&8* z xue Gji{ ffe~h whwuhgi{ `ue{w}i{ `iom}e{ ‖e` fh{ |hfoh{ ge {u{ oh`i{‟ !J{ 7:&8>*. Ef {ïomifi ge fh oh`i i gef m}hri gef [eøi} {e e`kue`w}h whomjê` e` efge@ue~i We{whoe`wi. e`e{|ï}jwu ef Ohc`ïnjkhw & kh`wh ‖fh{ |}ierh{ {u m}hri‟& z K}j{wi Oh}ïh& |i`e {u e` fh{ oh`i{ gef \hg}e. Ef h}we k}j{wjh`i {e ah {e}~jgi ho|fjhoe`we ge e{we {ïomifi. Ef {ïomifi ge u`h oh`i eqwe`gjgh z me`gjkje`gi e}h fh ni}oh oè{ kioò` ge }e|}e{e`wh} h Gji{ \hg}e h`we{ ge xue {e eo|erh{e h }e|}e{e`wh}fi e` ni}oh ge |e}{i`h auoh`h i ge è`cef. H{ï h|h}eke }e|}e{e`whgi e` u` oi{hjki ge [h` ^jwhfe ge ]h~e``h& gef {jcfi ^J& e` ef xue u`h oh`i {jomifjrh h Gji{ ahmfè`gife h Oij{ê{ ge{ge fh rh}rh h}gje`gi4 e` u` n}e{ki gef {jcfi QJJ xue {e ki`{e}~h e` ef Ou{ei ge H}we Khwhfè`& ge Mh}kefi`h4 e` ef ‖w}ï|wjki ge [hj`w‛Hjc`h`‟ gef we{i}i ge fh khweg}hf ge Kah}w}e{4 e` u` oi{hjki ge fh mh{ïfjkh ge [h` Oh}ki{ ge ^e`ekjh4 e` u` n}e{ki ge Cjiwwi e` H{ï{& z oukai{ kh{i{ oè{. U` kè`wjki mh{hgi wigi êf e` e{we {ïomifi gjke h{ï2 ¤E{ u` wekai fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ }enucji fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ ~e{wjgi fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ u` nueci fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ oj{we}ji fh oh`i ge Gji{& |i}xue e{k}jme fh ~jgh z fh oue}we& z {e|h}h& }eò`e& ki`{uefh& auojffh& ge{w}uze z k}eh... E{ |iwe`we fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ fjce}h fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ {e~e}h fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ fehf fh oh`i ge Gji{. E{ kuhf `h~e fh oh`i ge Gji{´.

E{wh johce` `i{ hzugh h {e`wj} ke}kh`i h Gji{ e` `ue{w}h ~jgh& {j` ohwe}jhfjrh}fi e` eqke{i. ¹Xujê` ge `i{iw}i{ `i ffe~h e` ef ki}hrû` ef }ekue}gi ge u`h oh`i xue& ge |exueøi i ge ohzi}& e{w}ekaû fh `ue{w}h e` ef gifi}& e` ef ojegi& e` ef |efjc}i9 ¹Xujê` 885

`i {hme fi xue e{ u`h oh`i hojch9 U` `jøi xue ffe~h& w}h`xujfi& {u oh`jwh ge`w}i ge fh ge {u |h|è e{ |h}h ef aiom}e fh oebi} oh`e}h ge khoj`h} ki` Gji{. E` ef kêfem}e kuhg}i Fh ~uefwh gef ajbi |}ûgjci & ]eom}h`gw ah e`kioe`ghgi h fh{ gef oh`i{ \hg}e& h|izhgh{ ki` j`nj`jwh we}`u}h |}ekj{hoe`we {im}e fi{ aiom}i{ ajbi&gef ef oe`{hbe |}j`kj|hf ge fh |h}èmifh. Ef {ïomifi ge fh oh`i ge Gji{ `i{ {e}è whomjê` ge c}h` uwjfjghg e` e{wh oegjwhkjû`& e` fh ~e}{jû` ge fh oh`i xue |igh& ki}}jce z oigefh. 8. OJ \HG]E E[WÈ [JEO\]E HKWUH@GI.

jgeh mïmfjkh Gji{ ‖@j`cò` e{wè ouzGji{ hfebhgh geoerkfh}{e fh ge fi{ njfû{ini{ ge {uFhwjeo|i. \fhwû`ge gekïh2 |uege ki` fi{ aiom}e{‟7:4 fi{ e|jkò}ei{ |}e{e`whmh` h u` Gji{ ‖ikji{i& j`gjne}e`we z gj{wh`we ge fi{ h{u`wi{ ge fi{ aiom}e{‟ 5<. ‖@i{iw}i{ e{whoi{ ouz febi{ ge fh i|j`jû` ge xuje`e{ ahmfh` ge u` Gji{ xue `i {e |}eiku|h ge `hgh‟& gekïh hke}whghoe`we We}wufjh`i 58. ‖Oj \hg}e e{wè {jeo|}e hkwuh`gi‟& gekïh Be{ò{ !B` 5&83*. Gji{ `i e{wè ge m}hri{ k}urhgi{. [u im}h} kioje`rh ki` fh k}ehkjû` gef ou`gi& xue e` fh Mjmfjh h|h}eke kioi ef ‖w}hmhbi‟ ge Gji{ e j`kfu{i kioi ef oigefi gef w}hmhbi z ge ge{kh`{i auoh`i{. \e}i `i we}oj`h ki` fh k}ehkjû`. Fh }e~efhkjû` `i{ |}e{e`wh h u` Gji{ xue& ge{|uê{ ge |i`e} e` ef ou`gi h {u{ k}jhwu}h{& kujgh hkwj~hoe`we ge effh{& oioe`wi h oioe`wi. E` e{wi& {im}e wigi& {e }e~efh kioi u` ‖|hg}e‟ |h}h J{}hef& zh xue ‖fi egukû kujgh`gi ge

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êf‟ !Gw ;=&8<‛8=*. U` |hg}e ge ~e}ghg `i e{ ef xue {e fjojwh h w}he} ajbi{ hf ou`gi& {j`i ef xue kujgh ge effi{& fi{ hfjoe`wh z fi{ egukh. E{wh hkwj~jghg egukhgi}h z oifgehgi}h ge Gji{ |h}h ki` {u{ k}jhwu}h{ {e eq|}e{h e` fh Mjmfjh ki` {ïomifi{ {hkhgi{ gef ou`gi gef w}hmhbi z ge fi{ injkji{ `i}ohfe{ z ki}}je`we{. Gji{:4{e kio|h}h ki` u` hfnh}e}i xueoè{ oifgeh {u{ ~h{jbh{ !Kn. J{ 75& >7&34 B} 81&5==*& ki` u` |h{wi} xue {e |}eiku|h ge {u{ i~ebh{ u`h h u`h !Er ;7&88{*& ki` u` ~jøhgi} xue kujgh ge {u ~jøh !Kn. J{ 5&8/34=3&=/ 54 [hf 1<&:{{*. Be{ò{ {e e`oh}kh e` e{h w}hgjkjû` kuh`gi `i{ |}e{e`wh hf \hg}e kioi u` ~jøhgi} xue kujgh ge {u ~jøh z fh |igh. E{kukaeoi{ e{e meffï{joi weqwi2 ¤Zi {iz fh ~e}ghge}h ~jg z oj \hg}e e{ ef ~jøhgi}. H wigi {h}oje`wi oïi xue `i gh n}uwi& fi h}}h`kh& z h wigi ef xue gh n}uwi fi |igh& |h}h xue gê oè{ n}uwi´ !B` 85&8/=*.

E{wh johce` ge Gji{& wh` gufke z wh` auoh`h& ki`wje`e u`h hnj}ohkjû` xue gj{wh oukai ge {e} w}h`xujfjrh`we |h}h fi{ iïgi{ gef aiom}e2 fh |igh. Fh |igh e{ u`h i|e}hkjû` gifi}i{h. [j fh ~jøh |ugje{e ahmfh}& ij}ïhoi{ ge {u{ fhmji{ eq|}e{ji`e{ xue `i{ }e{ufwh` nhojfjh}e{2 ‖¹\i} xuê& |i} xuê& |i} xuê9‟ [e gjke xue fh ~jøh |ighgh ‖ffi}h‟& gemjgi h fh{ ciwh{ ge fïxujgi xue {hfe` ge {u{ ae}jgh{. E` e{wh oegjwhkjû` `i{ iku|h}eoi{ |}ekj{hoe`we ge e{wi2 ¹|i} xuê `i{ |igh Gji{9& ¹|i} xuê wh`wi{ ki}we{ e` `ue{w}h ~jgh9 @i hn}i`wh}eoi{ hxuï gj}ekwhoe`we ef c}h` |}imfeoh gef gifi} ge fi{ j`ike`we{& `j who|iki kje}wh{ ni}oh{ eqw}eoh{ z kifekwj~h{ ge {un}joje`wi auoh`i !zh we`g}eoi{ ikh{jû` ge w}hwh} e` iw}i oioe`wi e{we |}imfeoh weifûcjki*. @i{ fjojwh}eoi{ hf |}imfeoh 883

gef {un}joje`wi kiwjgjh`i& ge fh{ }e`u`kjh{ z fh{ {e|h}hkji`e{ xue wje`e xue hn}i`wh} wigi ef xue xuje}h {e} njef h Gji{. =. EF H]WE GE XUJWH].

Be{ò{ ki`weo|fh gi{ kh{i{. U`i `echwj~i2 ef {h}oje`wi e{wè {eki z `i gh n}uwi& |i} fi xue ahz xue ki}wh}fi z wj}h}fi4 z iw}i |i{jwj~i2 ef {h}oje`wi e{wè hò` ~j~i z {h`i& |i} fi kuhf ahz xue |igh}fi. E{we ki`w}h{we `i{ e{wè gjkje`gi zh xue fh |igh e{ u` hkwi ge ki`njh`rh& `i ge ki`ge`h& }e{|ekwi hf {h}oje`wi. Xuje}e gekj} xue ef ~jøhgi} hò` e{|e}h oukai ge êf z xue {hme xue |uege gh} n}uwi& E{i oj{oi iku}}e e` ef |fh`i e{|j}jwuhf. Kuh`gi Gji{ e`w}h e` ~jgh{j`i ki`wigi fh k}ur& e{i `i xuje}e xue e{wê ki``ue{w}h `i{iw}i{& fi ki`w}h}ji. Gjke fhgekj} E{k}jwu}h2 ‖Efe`nhghgi [eøi} }e|}e`ge h fi{ xue hoh z kh{wjch h {u{ ajbi{ |}ene}jgi{‟ !Am 8=&>*. E` wigi kh{i& we`g}ïhoi{ xue ekah}`i{ h weomfh} kuh`gi fh{ ki{h{ `i{ ~h` ouz mje` e` e{we ou`gi& |ue{ e{i fe {ukege fi oj{oi hf bu{wi xue hf |ekhgi}& e j`kfu{i ki` oè{ n}ekue`kjh hf |ekhgi}. E` fh Mjmfjh e{kukahoi{ h u` bu{wi xuebh}{e h Gji{ ge xue ‖|}i{|e}e` fi{ ohf~hgi{‟ z ‖`i {un}h` kioi fi{ geoè{‟& {j`i xue& ‖{jeo|}e {ecu}i{& hkuoufh` }jxuerh{‟4 ah{wh xue oegjwh {im}e ef ge{wj`i ge fi{ |e}~e}{i{ z ge{kum}e e` xuê {jwuhkjû` wh` ‖}e{mhfhgjrh‟ {e e`kue`w}h` !kn [hf 3;*. \e}i ~if~hoi{ h fh }hrû` |i} fh xue ef ~jøhgi} |igh ef {h}oje`wi z ahke ‖ffi}h}‟ h fh ~jg. ¹E{ }ehfoe`we `eke{h}ji9 [ï& z |i} u`h }hrû` ouz {e`kjffh2 {j `i {e |igh fh ~jg& {u nue}rh {e gj{j|h2 ekah}è oè{ }hkjoi{ ge fh kue`wh& z e{i ah}è xue `i wigi{ ohgu}e` z xue ef ~j`i we`ch oe`i{ c}hgi{. Z {j {e gebh {j` |igh} gi{ i w}e{ høi{ {ecujgi{& fh ~jøh {e ~if~e}è {jf~e{w}e z {ûfi |}igukj}è hc}hri`e{. 881

E{i oj{oi iku}}e e` `ue{w}h ~jgh. Z `i {ûfi e` fh ~jgh e{|j}jwuhf& {j`i h`we{ j`kfu{i e` `ue{w}h ~jgh auoh`h. ^j~j} e{ efecj}& z efecj} e{ }e`u`kjh}. Kuh`gi hfcuje` xuje}e ahke} oukah{ ki{h{ e` fh ~jgh i kufwj~h} u`h j`nj`jghg ge j`we}e{e{ z ge aimmje{& {e ge{|h}}hoh z `i ge{whkh}è e` `hgh. Ahz xue we`e} ef ~hfi} ge efecj}& ge }e`u`kjh} h hfcu`i{ j`we}e{e{ {eku`gh}ji{& |h}h ki`ke`w}h}{e e` hfcu`i{ |}joh}ji{. ¨\igh} z |igh}( E{i ~hfe jcuhfoe`we |h}h fh ~jgh k}j{wjh`h. Fh {h`wjghg {e h{eoebh h fh e{kufwu}h. Fei`h}gi gh ^j`kj genj`jû fh e{kufwu}h kioi ‖ef h}we ge xujwh}‟. Wigh{ fh{ geoè{ h}we{ ki`{j{we` e` |i`e} hfci2 kifi} e` fh wefh e` ef kh{i ge fh |j`wu}h& |jeg}h {im}e |jeg}h e` ef ge fh h}xujwekwu}h& `iwh {im}e `iwh e` ef ge fh oò{jkh. [ûfi fh e{kufwu}h ki`{j{we e` xujwh}2 xujwh} fi{ w}iri{ ge oè}oif xue {im}h`& |h}h ahke} xue {u}bh fh njcu}h xue ef h}wj{wh wje`e e` {u oe`we. Fh |e}nekkjû` k}j{wjh`h {e fic}h whomjê` ge e{h oh`e}h2 xujwh`gi& {u|}joje`gi fi{ w}iri{ j`òwjfe{& i {eh fi{ ge{ei{& homjkji`e{& |}izekwi{ z we`ge`kjh{ kh}`hfe{ xue ahke` xue `i{ ge{|e}gjcueoi{ |i} wigh{ |h}we{ z xue `i `i{ gebh` ffe~h} `hgh h khmi. U` gïh& e{whmh Ojcuef È`cef |h{eè`gi{e |i} u` bh}gï` ge Nfi}e`kjh& kuh`gi ~ji e` u` }j`kû` u` mfixue ge oè}oif xue {im}e{hfïh gef {uefi& oegji kumje}wi ge aje}mh{ z ge mh}}i. Ge |}i`wi {e |h}û& kioi {j aumje{e ~j{wi h hfcuje`& z& gj}jcjê`gi{e h fi{ hojci{ xue fi hkio|høhmh`& eqkfhoû2 ‖E` e{e mfixue ge oè}oif e{wè e`ke}}hgi u` è`cef4 we`ci xue {hkh}fi‟. Z wioh`gi u` kj`kef& eo|erû h w}hmhbh} hxuef mfixue ah{wh xue h|h}ekjû fh njcu}h ge u` |}ekji{i è`cef. Whomjê` ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf `i{ oj}h z `i{ ~e ge e{h oh`e}h& kioi mfixue{ mh{wi{ ge |jeg}h hò` j`ni}oe{& z {e gjke |h}h {u{ 88:

hge`w}i{2 ‖Hffï ge`w}i e{wè e{ki`gjgh u`h k}ehwu}h `ue~h z ae}oi{h& e{|e}h`gi ef oioe`wi ge {hfj} h fh fur4 e{wè e{ki`gjgh fh johce` ge oj Ajbi Be{ò{ !¹hkh{i `i e{whoi{ ge{wj`hgi{ h ffech} h {e} ‖joèce`e{ ge {u Ajbi‟9*4 xuje}i {hkh}fh h fh fur‟. ¹Z xuê ahke& e`wi`ke{9 Wioh e{e kj`kef xue e{ fh k}ur z eo|jerh h w}hmhbh}4 wioh fh{ wjbe}h{ gef |ighgi} z eo|jerh h |igh}. @i we`eoi{ xue |e`{h} e` {hme Gji{ xuê k}uke{ we}}jmfe{. @i}ohfoe`we& êf `i høhge `hgh `ue~i h fi xue fh ~jgh& |i} {ï oj{oh& wje`e zh ge {un}joje`wi& ge kh`{h`kji& ge w}jmufhkjû`4 fi ò`jki xue êf ahke e{ xue wigh{ e{h{ ki{h{ {j}~h` |h}h |u}jnjkh}`i{. @i{ hzugh h `i ohfch{wh}fh{. E`w}e fh{ e{kufwu}h{ ge Ojcuef È`cef xue oè{ oe nh{kj`h`& e{wè` fi{ ‖e{kfh~i{ j`hkhmhgi{‟ xue {e ki`{e}~h` e` ef Ou{ei ge fh Hkhgeojh ge Nfi}e`kjh. [i` e{kufwu}h{ h oegji e{mirh}& {j` we}oj`h}& ki` ~h}jh{ |h}we{ gef kue}|i {uoe}cjgh{ hò` e` ef oè}oif. U`h ge effh{ ‛whf ~er fh oè{ jo|}e{ji`h`we‛ e{ fh xue }e|}e{e`wh hf oïwjki Hwfh{ {i{we`je`gi hf ou`gi. Fh khmerh {e ah xueghgi kioi u` |eg}u{ki e` m}uwi. Ahz xuje` gjke xue e{h{ e{whwuh{ {e ah` xueghgi h{ï |i}xue Ojcuef È`cef `i wu~i wjeo|i ge hkhmh}fh{4 |e}i zi k}ei xue fh{ gebû h{ï hg}ege. @j`cu`h ge fh{ im}h{ ohe{w}h{ ge Ojcuef È`cef& |i} hkhmhgh{ xue e{wê`& wje`e fh nue}rh eq|}e{j~h ge e{wh{ im}h{ j`ki`kfu{h{. Effh{ `i{ ahke` ~e} fi xue |}ekege hf }e{ufwhgi nj`hf4 fh k}ehkjû` j` nje}j& ef ceojgi ge fh ohwe}jh |i} }ekjmj} {u ni}oh& |e}i hf oj{oi wjeo|i {u j`kh|hkjghg |h}h ahke}fi effh {ifh. E{ u` {ïomifi nue}we. H{ï {ioi{ `i{iw}i{ e` ef |fh`i e{|j}jwuhf2 {e}e{ ‖e` ni}ohkjû`‟. E{ ef e{|ï}jwu xue fukah |h}h fjme}h}{e ge fh ohwe}jh. Kioi fh njcu}h ge Hwfh{ `i |uege {hfj} h fh fur {j ef e{kufwi} `i fh hzugh ge{ge nue}h h xujwh}{e ge e`kjoh wigi 8=<

hxuef oè}oif j`òwjf& h{ï `i{iw}i{ {j ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf `i `i{ |igh. [j` e{h j`we}~e`kjû`& whomjê` `i{iw}i{ {ecuj}eoi{ {j` fhm}h}& kioi im}h{ ‖j`hkhmhgh{‟. ¹Kûoi |ig}eoi{ {ecuj} hku{h`gi h Gji{ ge k}uefghg |i}xue |e}ojwe xue fh k}ur z ef gifi} e`w}e` e` `ue{w}h ~jgh9 ;. \H]H XUE GÊ OÈ[ N]UWI.

Kje}whoe`we& `i e{ nèkjf |h}h `hgje {i|i}wh} fi{ cif|e{ gef kj`kef gj~j`i. E{ `hwu}hf xue wigi{ cjohoi{ mhbi ef |e{i ge fh k}ur. Hfcu`h{ |igh{ {i` e{|ekjhfoe`we gifi}i{h{ z auoh`hoe`we j`kio|}e`{jmfe{. \e}i bu`wi hf ffh`wi z fh w}j{werh& `u`kh geme}ïh nhfwh} e{|e}h`rh4 wigi e{i wje`e u`hfi{ nj`hfjghg& fh |igh fh ffech}è fh |}joh~e}h& ohgu}h}è` n}uwi{ zge{|uê{ ni}oh}è`geu`h cuj}`hfgh. Ef weqwi ge fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h xue h`we{ kjwèmhoi{& ge{|uê{ ge gekj} xue ‖Gji{ }e|}e`ge h fi{ xue hoh‟& høhge2 ¤@j`cu`h ki}}ekkjû` `i{ cu{wh kuh`gi fh }ekjmjoi{& {j`i xue `i{ guefe4 |e}i ge{|uê{ ge |h{h} |i} effh& `i{ gh kioi n}uwi u`h ~jgh ai`}hgh z e` |hr´ !Am 8=&88*.

\e}i{im}e ahz hfci& {im}efh wigi& geme {i{we`e}`i{ kuh`gi {j`whoi{ `i{iw}i{ oh`ixue gef |ighgi}2 xue Gji{ {un}e ki` `i{iw}i{ hf ~e}`i{ {un}j}. Êf |igh ki` oh`i weomfi}i{h. U`h ~er& kuh`gi e}h `jøi& oe ajke u`h e`i}oe ae}jgh e` u` |je hf |j{h} u` w}iri ge ~jg}ji. E{wèmhoi{ hf nj`hf ge fh {ecu`gh cue}}h ou`gjhf z oj |hg}e oe ffe~û h wigh |}j{h hf |ue{wi ge {iki}}i ojfjwh} ge fi{ hfjhgi{ oè{ ke}kh`i. Oje`w}h{ ef oêgjki oe eqw}hïh ef k}j{whf& zi ~eïh h oj |hg}e }ewi}ke}{e fh{ oh`i{ z ~if~e}{e ahkjh fh |h}eg |h}h `i ~e}. Khgh ~er xue j`we`wi johcj`h}oe ef e{whgi ge è`joi gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf kuh`gi `i{ ~e {un}j}& |je`{i e` oj |hg}e. 8=8

Ef {un}joje`wi& ge{ge xue |h{û |i} êf ef Ajbi ge Gji{ {h`wjnjkè`gifi& wje`e ef oj{we}ji{i |ige} ge gj{if~e} ef ohf& ge }io|e} fh w}hoh ge fh{ |h{ji`e{ z ge ge{hfibh} hf |ekhgi ge `ue{w}i{ ojeom}i{. ‖Xuje` ah {un}jgi e` {u kh}`e ah }iwi ki` ef |ekhgi‟ !8 \ 7& 8*. [ukege fi oj{oi xue kuh`gi {e {hkuge ki` nue}rh u` è}mif2 xue wigh{ fh{ n}uwh{ |ig}jgh{ khe` hf {uefi. [im}e wigi& gemeoi{ we`e} oukai kujghgi ge `i ekah} h |e}ge} e{e |iki ge {un}joje`wi ‖j`bu{wi‟ xue h ~eke{ |uege h|h}eke} e` `ue{w}h ~jgh& |ue{ `i{ u`e ge oh`e}h ouz e{|ekjhf h K}j{wi2 auojffhkji`e{& k}ïwjkh{ j`bu{wh{& ine`{h{& ai{wjfjghge{ xue `i{ |h}eke` |}eki`kemjgh{ z xue wh`wi `i{ ahke` {un}j}. @i ekah} h |e}ge} e{e {un}joje`wi {jc`jnjkh& {im}e wigi& `i ahmfh} ge êf {j `i e{ }ehfoe`we `eke{h}ji z ge c}h` uwjfjghg& cuh}gh}fi kefi{hoe`we kioi u` {ek}ewi e`w}e `i{iw}i{ z Gji{ |h}h xue `i |je}gh {u h}ioh. Gekïh u` h`wjcui \hg}e gef ge{je}wi2 ¤\i} c}h`ge{ xue {eh` wu{ {un}joje`wi{& wu ~jkwi}jh {im}e effi{ {e e`kue`w}h e` ef {jfe`kji´5=.

\h}h ef aiom}e ef {un}joje`wi e{ u` |}imfeoh& |e}i u` |}imfeoh xue& ge{ge K}j{wi& e`kue`w}h e` {ï oj{oi fh {ifukjû`. E` enekwi& kuh`gi {un}joi{ ki` ne& |iki h |iki ~hoi{ ge{kum}je`gi ef |i}xuê gef {un}joje`wi z |h}h xuê {j}~e4 `i{ ~hoi{ gh`gi kue`wh ge xue fi{ aiom}e{& ge{|uê{ gef |ekhgi& zh `i |igeoi{ khoj`h} bu`wi h Gji{ z |}ic}e{h} e` fh {h`wjghg& {j` {un}j}. Mh{wh` u`i{ |iki{ gïh{ {j` k}uke{ |h}h xue `i{ e`ki`w}eoi{ j`oe}{i{ e` u`h c}h` {u|e}njkjhfjghg z nfibe}h e{|j}jwuhf. ‖Ef aiom}e `i |e}gu}h e` fh i|ufe`kjh& {j`i xue |e}eke kioi fi{ h`johfe{‟ ![hf 7:&8;*. [e kio|}e`ge h{ï |i} xuê& |h}h fi{ {h`wi{& ef {un}joje`wi gebh ki` n}ekue`kjh ge {e} u` |}imfeoh |h}h ki`~e}wj}{e e` u`h c}hkjh& 5=

H|i|awaecohwh \hw}uo& \ieoe` ;3.

8==

kioi zh fi gekïh ef H|û{wif kuh`gi e{k}jmïh h fi{ Njfj|e`{e{2 ‖H ~i{iw}i{ {e i{ ah ki`kegjgi fh c}hkjh& `i {ifi ge k}ee} e` K}j{wi& {j`i ge {un}j} |i} êf‟ !NJ\ 8&=:*. Z e`wi`ke{ ef |hgeke} |uege ki`~e}wj}{e e` fi ò`jki |i} fi xue ~hfe fh |e`h ~j~j}& ah{wh ffech} h |egj}fe h Gji{2 ‖[eøi}& i oi}j} i |hgeke}‟5;. \e}i `i |e`{eoi{ xue aeoi{ ffechgi zh whomjê` `i{iw}i{ h e{h{ hfwu}h{ z ki`ni}oêoi`i{ hf oe`i{ ki` hke|wh} ef {un}joje`wi xue `i{ wixue e` {ue}we z ki` ebe}kjwh}`i{ u` |iki e` fh }e`u`kjh. Ahz xue kioe`rh} |i} {hk}jnjkh} ef |}i|ji cu{wi |h}h ffech} hfcò` gïh h {hkh}fe cu{wi hf {hk}jnjkji. 7. ‖[J EF C]H@I GE W]JCI @I OUE]E...‟

E` ef oj{oi e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`& Be{ò{ uwjfjrh iw}h |h}èmifh {hkhgh gef ou`gi ge fh hc}jkufwu}h& m}e~ï{joh !h|e`h{ fï`eh z oegjh*& |e}i xue kio|fewh fh ge fh |igh2 ¤I{ h{ecu}i xue& {j ef c}h`i ge w}jci `i khe e` wje}}h z oue}e& xuegh j`neku`gi4 |e}i {j oue}e& gh oukai n}uwi´ !B` 8=&=7*.

Homh{ |h}èmifh{& fh ge fh |igh z fh ge fh {jeom}h& wje`e` e` kioò` u` oj{oi weoh2 ef ge ‖gh} n}uwi‟. Fh {ecu`gh kio|fewh fh |}joe}h& zh xue `i{ ahke ~e} xuê e{ fi xue {e {jcue ge hke|wh} i `i fh |igh. Ef c}h`i ge w}jci e{ {im}e wigi ef |}i|ji Be{ò{. Êf khzû e` wje}}h e` {u |h{jû` z oue}we& ~if~jû h m}iwh} z gji n}uwi ki` {u }e{u}}ekkjû`. E{e ‖oukai n}uwi‟ xue gji e{ fh Jcfe{jh xue `hkjû ge {u kue}|i oï{wjki. \e}i fhoj{oi{ aj{wi}jh zgef c}h`jwi ge w}jci `i{oue}we& hzugh h{ue`we`ge}`i{ h `i{iw}i{ h kio|}e`ge} ef {e`wjgi ge `ue{w}h eqj{we`kjh. E` e{we {e`wjgi& Be{ò{ eq|fjkh e{h 5;

[H@WH WE]E[H GE BE[Ò[& ^jgh& 7<& =<.

8=;

johce` kuh`gi& ge{|uê{ ge ahmfh} gef c}h`i ge w}jci& høhge2 ‖Ef xue hoh {u ~jgh fh |je}ge& z ef xue igjh !iw}i e~h`cefj{wh gjke |je}ge* {u ~jgh e` e{we ou`gi fh ki`{e}~h}è |h}h fh ~jgh ewe}`h‟ !kn Ow 8>&=5*. Khe} {j`i e` wje}}h z oi}j} `i‖{hf~h} e{& |ue{& ò`jkhoe`we gh} n}uwi& whomjê` |h}h fh |}i|jh ~jgh‟& ef i khoj`i {eh |h}h|h}h {ecuj} ~j~je`gi. ¹Xuê fe {ukege hf c}h`i ge w}jci xue {e `jech h khe} e` wje}}h9 \ue{ xue ~je`e u` |èbh}i z {e fi kioe& i xue {e {ekh z {e kum}e ge oiai e` u` }j`kû` aòoegi& i xue hkhmh ki`~e}wjgi e` ah}j`h z fi kioe` z wigi {e hkhmh haï. E` kuhfxuje} kh{i& ef c}h`i& e` kuh`wi whf& `i wje`e nuwu}i. \e}i {j fi {jeom}h`& ~if~e}è h m}iwh}& ki`ike}è ef khfi}kjffi ge fh |}joh~e}h z ef {if gef ~e}h`i4 ki`ike}è u`h `ue~h ~jgh. Ef {jc`jnjkhgi ge wigi e{wi& e` ef |fh`i auoh`i z e{|j}jwuhf& e{ mje` kfh}i. [j ef aiom}e `i |h{h whomjê` |i} fh w}h`{ni}ohkjû` xue |}i~je`e ge fh ne z gef mhuwj{oi& {j `i hke|wh fh k}ur& {j`i xue {e xuegh hwhgi h {u ni}oh `hwu}hf ge {e} z h {u eciï{oi& wigi hkhmh}è ki` êf& {u ~jgh we}oj`h}è eqwj`cujê`gi{e. Bu~e`wug& h`kjh`jghg& oue}we. \e}i {j k}ee z hke|wh fh k}ur& u`jê`gi{e h K}j{wi& e`wi`ke{ {e hm}j}è h`we êf ef ai}jri`we ge fh ewe}`jghg. \e}i {j` ffech} h |e`{h} e` fh oue}we& ahz {jwuhkji`e{& zh e` e{wh ~jgh& {im}e fh{ xue fh |h}èmifh gef c}h`i ge w}jci h}}ibh u`h fur w}h`xujfjrhgi}h. Wje`e{ u` |}izekwi e` ef xue ah{ |ue{wi wigh wu jfu{jû`4 ah{ fukahgi |i} êf& e}h fi xue ghmh {e`wjgi h wu ~jgh& z ge |}i`wi fi ~e{ khïgi e` wje}}h z oue}wi. Ohfic}hgi& i j`kfu{i h}}h`khgi ge wu{ oh`i{ z e`w}echgi h iw}i xue }ekice}è fi{ n}uwi{. Hkuê}ghwe gef c}h`i ge w}jci z e{|e}h. Xuje}i hfugj}& e` e{|ekjhf& h gi{ kh{i{ auoh`i{ e` xue fh |h}èmifh gef c}h`i ge w}jci |uege h|i}wh} oukah fur z hzugh} h 8=7

}e{if~e}fi{ ge oh`e}h |i{jwj~h. Ef |}joe}i e{ ef ge e{h{ bû~e`e{ xue {je`we` u` e`i}oe ge{ei ge e`ki`w}h} u` kio|høe}i |h}h {u ~jgh& ge ni}oh} u`h nhojfjh& ge {e} ohg}e{4 |e}i xue& |i} u`i u iw}i oiwj~i& `i ki`{jcue` ~e} }ehfjrhgi{ {u{ ge{ei{. E{h{ |e}{i`h{& e` u` oioe`wi ghgi ge {u ~jgh& wje`e` xue ahke} u`h efekkjû`2 i {ecuj} gè`gife ~uefwh{ ge ki`wj`ui h e{e |}imfeoh& ~j~je`gi e`w}e fhoe`wi{ z hoh}cu}h !i {eh& ¨`i ~j~je`gi(*& i mje` hke|wh} fh {jwuhkjû`& }eki`kjfjh}{e ki`{jci oj{oh{ z hke|wh} xue fh ~jgh e{ oukai oè{ xue e{i& xue ge`w}i ge effh{ eqj{we wigi u` ou`gi ge |i{jmjfjghge{ z ge |iwe`kjhfjghge{ xue e{|e}h ef oioe`wi ge {hfj} h fh fur oegjh`we iw}h{ }efhkji`e{ z iw}i{ kh`hfe{. E{ kioi xuje` wje`e u` c}h`i ge w}jci z |uege ahke} gi{ ki{h{2 i {ecuj} cuh}gè`gifi e`ke}}hgi e` {u oh`i ah{wh xue {e {exue z {e oue}h& i mje` e`w}ecè}{efi h fh wje}}h. E` e{we kh{i& e`w}ech}fi h fh wje}}h xuje}e gekj} hke|wh} fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{& e` hkwjwug `i ge |h{j~h }e{jc`hkjû` {j`i ge hmh`gi`i ki`njhgi e` oh`i{ ge fh |}i~jge`kjh. H nj` ge kue`wh{& ¹xujê` |uege e{wh} {ecu}i ge xue fi oebi} |h}h êf& i |h}h effh& {eh kh{h}{e9 ¨\h}h kuè`wh{ oube}e{ ef kh{h}{e `i }e{ufwû |}ekj{hoe`we fh ohzi} {ue}we xue |ugi khe}fe{ e` fh ~jgh& {j`i xujrè{ fh ohzi} k}ur( Ae ki`ikjgi h oè{ ge u`i xue& w}h{ hxuef ce{wi ge hke|whkjû`& z kuh`gi zh `i |e`{hmh` oè{ e` effi& ah` ~j{wi ge |}i`wi kûoi {u{ {ueøi{ {e ahkïh` }ehfjghg. E`ki`w}h}i` hf kio|høe}i i h fh kio|høe}h ge {u ~jgh z fi hkicje}i`& `i zh {ûfi kioi ef kuo|fjoje`wi ge {u{ ge{ei{ `hwu}hfe{& {j`i whomjê` kioi u` }echfi z u`h }e{|ue{wh ge Gji{ h {u ne. Iw}i{ {jcuje}i` kioi h`we{& {j` kh{h}{e& |e}i ge{kum}je}i` `ue~i{ j`we}e{e{ z `ue~i{ imbewj~i{ xue ffe`h}i` {u{ ~jgh{. J`we}e{e{ huwê`wjki{ z k}ehwj~i{& `i {jo|fe{ {ukegè`ei{. Z e{ xue 8=5

fh }efhkjû` ge |h}ebh e{ kje}whoe`we jo|i}wh`we z ~jwhf& |e}i `i e{ fh ò`jkh. Ef aiom}e z fh oube} wje`e` ~hfi} e` {ï oj{oi{& kioi j`gj~jgui{& z `i {ûfi kioi kio|høe}i{ ‛i kioi ojwhg‛ ge iw}i. Fh iw}h {jwuhkjû` xue oe w}he h fh oe`we fh |h}èmifh gef c}h`i ge w}jci we`e} e{ fh ge e{h{ |uege` ajbi{& |i}oube}e{ oè{ xuenefjroe`we fi ge{ee`kh{hgh{& oè{ xue|e}i `hghxue e``i ef ou`gi. U`h ge e{h{ oube}e{ gebû e{k}jwh {u aj{wi}jh. W}h{ {ej{ høi{ e{|e}h`gi e` ~h`i u` ajbi ‛ki`ne{hmh effh oj{oh‛& {e ahmïh ~uefwi w}j{we& n}u{w}hgh& im{e{ji`hgh |i} fi xue |h}h effh {e ahmïh ki`~e}wjgi e` ef ò`jki imbewi ge {u eqj{we`kjh2 ki`kemj} u` ajbi. [j we`ïh êqjwi e` wigi{ fi{ geoè{ èomjwi{ ge fh ~jgh& ¹|i} xuê `i fi jmh h we`e} whomjê` e` ê{we9 [e ahmïh ~uefwi wh` hoh}chgh& xue igjhmh h wigh{ fh{ oube}e{ xue ~eïh ki` u` `jøi e` m}hri{. E{whmh }e{ekh`gi {u |}i|ji ohw}joi`ji& hf xue}e} }egukj}fi h e{e ò`jki imbewj~i. Kuh`gi }erhmh ef \hg}e `ue{w}i& `i ki`{ecuïh gekj} ‖aèch{e wu ~ifu`whg‟& |i} ojegi h xue Gji{ {e fi wioh{e kioi u`h }e`u`kjh h we`e} ajbi{. E}h kioi ef c}h`i ge w}jci xue `i xuje}e khe} e` wje}}h z oi}j}. W}h{ ~h}ji{ høi{ ge }e{j{we`kjh z ge fukah& hzughgh |i} u`i{ hojci{ k}eze`we{& e`ki`w}û |i} nj` ~hfi}& e` u` oioe`wi ge i}hkjû`& |h}h hmh`gi`h}{e e` oh`i{ ge Gji{ z k}ee} xue& {j êf fe ahmïh ghgi ‖u` ki}hrû` ge ohg}e‟& `i e}h |h}h xue {e xuegh{e ~hkïi z e{wê}jf. [e |h{û wigh fh `ikae ffi}h`gi& |e}i |i} nj` gebû khe} {u c}h`i ge w}jci z }ekim}û fh {e}e`jghg. Eo|erh}i` fi{ w}èojwe{ |h}h u`h hgi|kjû` xue& ki`w}h wigh{ fh{ |}e~j{ji`e{& ffech}i` h mue` |ue}wi e` |ikh{ {eoh`h{. Kuh`gi wu~i |i} |}joe}h ~er e` m}hri{ h fh `jøh& e`we`gjû hf j`{wh`we |i} xuê fe ahmïh ghgihò` Gji{oè{ u` ki}hrû` ge aumje{e ohg}e. ‖Ki` effh& efu`[eøi} me`gekjgi xue {j oe ki`kegjgi `jøi oe xueah nue{e wiwhfoe`we oïi. Ef ojfhc}i xue ajri Gji{ `i nue {ûfi ef ge gh}`i{ u`h `jøh hgi}hmfe z ~j~h}hkah e` eqw}eoi& {j`i whomjê` ef 8=>

ge fjme}h}oe ge fi ò`jki xue oe oh`we`ïh hwhgh z hfebhgh ge Gji{2 ge oj im{e{jû` |i} gekjgj} oj ~jgh |i} oj kue`wh‟. \h}h we}oj`h}& xuj{je}h hfugj} h hfcu`i{ kh{i{ kêfem}e{ ge |igh& khgh u`i ge fi{ kuhfe{ e{ u`h ki`nj}ohkjû` ge fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge K}j{wie{hke}kh ge fi{ n}uwi{ |igh.{u{Efajbi{& oè{ ki`ikjgi ef ge Bim2 |e}gjû {u{ cfi}ji{i{ ch`hgi{& ge {u{ fhkh{h{& {u{ ajbh{& fh {hfug. Kioi u` è}mif n}i`gi{i }egukjgi h u` w}i`ki {eki z ge{`ugi& z ê{we& hgeoè{& ae}jgi. Oè{ ke}kh`h h `i{iw}i{& fh {je}~h ge Gji{ Me`egewwh Mjh`kaj \i}}i& u`h bi~e` ge ~ej`wjikai høi{& h xuje` hf nj`hf {ûfi fe xuegû& |h}h kiou`jkh}{e ki` ef ou`gi eqwe}ji}& fh |u`wh ge u` gegi& |e}i kuzi we{wjoi`ji ah ki`oi~jgi hf ou`gi e jfuoj`hgi fh ~jgh ge u` {j`nï` ge |e}{i`h{. \e}i xuje` ah ffe~hgi h fh |}èkwjkh ki` wiwhf |e}nekkjû` e{h{ gi{ |h}èmifh{ ah {jgi êf& Be{ò{. Êf e{ fh ~jg |ighgh. @i {ûfi e` e{i{ {h}oje`wi{ {uzi{ xue {ioi{ `i{iw}i{ !¨fh ~jg {jcue {je`gi xuje` oè{ {un}e |i} fh |igh ge {u{ {h}oje`wi{(*& {j`i e` {ï oj{oi. Êf& ‖fh ~jøh {h`wh ge Gh~jg‟ !Gjghkaê& :& =*& kuzi ~j`i ffe`h `ue{w}i{ kèfjke{ e` khgh eukh}j{wïh4 êf& ef c}h`i ge w}jci khïgi e` fh wje}}h& ge kuzh ah}j`h e{wè aekai ef |h` xue }ekjmjoi{ e` khgh kiou`jû`.

8=3

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Ef hoi} |hwe}`i z ohwe}`i ge Gji{.

¤¨Hz& xujê` {hme kuè`wi{ {e ffhoh` k}j{wjh`i{ z whf ~er ~j~h` gugh`gi {j }ehfoe`we Gji{ e{ hoi}(´ ![. Dje}dechh}g*57

EF [E@I GE GJI[.

Fh ~e`whbh xue wje`e` fi{ {ïomifi{ ge Gji{& }e{|ekwi h fi{ `iom}e{ z h fi{ wïwufi{& e{ xue hxuêffi{ `i {i` `j oh{kufj`i{ `j neoe`j`i{. Ef }i{w}i& ef ki}hrû`& ef ibi& fh oh`i& fh ~ir& ef {jfe`kji {i` wh`wi gef aiom}e kioi ge fh oube}. \e}i ahz u` {ïomifi xue {e h|fjkh h Gji{& z xue e{ neoe`j`i |i} `hwu}hferh& z e{ ef {ïomifi gef {e`i. Ef weqwi xue `i{ ~je`e e`{ecujgh h fh oe`we e{ hxuef ge Buh` e` xue {e gjke xue ef Ajbi ò`jki ‖e{wè e` ef {e`i !dif|i{* gef \hg}e‟ !B` 8& 81*. \e}i gew}è{ ge êf e{wè wigh u`h w}hgjkjû` xue ahmfh ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh ‛i j`kfu{i ge fh{ e`w}høh{ ge oj{e}jki}gjh‛ ge Gji{& wê}oj`i e{we xue e` {u }hïr aem}eh ! }ao* {jc`jnjkh |}i|jhoe`we {e`i ohwe}`i. 57

[. DJE]DECHH]G& Jf ~h`cefi geffe {inne}e`re& J^.

8=1

E` fh ~e}{jû` c}jech ge fi{ [ewe`wh z e` fh fhwj`h ge fh ^ufchwh e{e {ïomifi neoe`j`i ge Gji{ {i`hmh hò` oè{ nue}we e` ef ~e}{ïkufi ge u` {hfoi2 ‖E` ef òwe}i we e`ce`g}ê h`we{ ge fh hu}i}h‟ ![hf 88<&;*. Aiz e{wh w}hgukkjû` ah {jgi {u{wjwujgh |i} ‖zi oj{oi we e`ce`g}ê& kioi }ikïi& h`we{ ge fh hu}i}h‟& |e}i e{ u`h |}uemh ge kûoi& gu}h`we {jcfi{& hf |e`{hoje`wi k}j{wjh`i fe |h}ekjû `hwu}hf ahmfh} ge u` òwe}i ge Gji{. U` c}h` oï{wjki& h|fjkh`gi ef {ïomifi gef {e`i ge Gji{& e{k}jmïh2 ‖Ef {e`i gef \hg}e e{ ef oh`h`wjhf ge gi`ge m}iwh `ue{w}h ~jgh z `ue{w}i {e}. Ge e{h oj{oh nue`we& i {eh gef \hg}e z fi xue ~j~e e` êf& m}iwh u` }e{|fh`gi} ewe}`i& xue e{ fh ce`e}hkjû` gef Ajbi‟55. \i} xuê aeoi{ efecjgi e{we {ïomifi ‖ohwe}`i‟ ge Gji{ kioi weoh ge e{wh oegjwhkjû` e{ hfci xue {e e`we`ge}è h fi fh}ci ge fh oj{oh. 8. GJI[ E[ HOI].

Ef e~h`cefj{wh {h` Buh` ah e{whgi e{|e}h`gi ah{wh e{wh òfwjoh kjwh xue we`eoi{ ki`|i} êf |h}h ahke}`i{ gefefoe`{hbe oè{ gufke z oè{ e{|e}hgi `i{iw}i{ {im}ee`w}ech ef \hg}e& ge {u hoi} hf aiom}e2 ‖Ef \hg}e oj{oi i{ hoh‟ !B` 8>&=3*. E` wigi ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& ef wê}oj`i ‖Gji{‟& {j` `j`cò` iw}i høhgjgi& xuje}e gekj} ‖ef \hg}e‟. \i} wh`wi& fh n}h{e ‖Gji{ e{ hoi}‟ xuje}e gekj}2 ‖ Gji{ \hg}e e{ hoi}‟4 z fh n}h{e ‖Wh`wi hoû Gji{ hf ou`gi& xue e`w}ecû h {u Ajbi ò`jki‟ !B` ;&8>* {jc`jnjkh ‖Wh`wi hoû Gji{ \hg}e hf ou`gi...‟ Z `i |ig}ïh {e} ge iw}h oh`e}h& zh xue {e w}hwh ge hfcuje` xue e`w}ech h {u Ajbi. 55

C. ]UZ[M]IEK& Ef hgi}`i ge fh{ migh{ e{|j}jwuhfe{& JJJ& 7.

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Z e` e{we oioe`wi geme}ïh` khe} genj`jwj~hoe`we fi{ ~efi{ z fh{ oè{kh}h{ xue e` `ue{w}h kufwu}h }ekum}e`& kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi& ef ~e}ghge}i }i{w}i gef \hg}e. Hni}wu`hghoe`we& |h}h effi `i {e `eke{jwh` høi{ ge w}hmhbi `j j`{w}uoe`wi{ {inj{wjkhgi{& kioi {e `eke{jwh}i` |h}h xujwh} fh i{ku}h |èwj`h xue kum}ïh fh johce` ge Gji{ \hg}e& ge Ojcuef È`cef& e` fh Kh|jffh [jqwj`h. Mh{wh ki` u` }efèo|hci& ki` u`h jfuoj`hkjû` gef ki}hrû`& ki` u`h }e~efhkjû` gef E{|ï}jwu. \i}xue ef ~e}ghge}i }i{w}i ge Gji{ \hg}e e{wè hffï& ki`{jc`hgi |h}h {jeo|}e e` fh E{k}jwu}h. Z {e ki`wje`e wigi êf e` u`h n}h{e2 ‖Gji{ e{ hoi}‟. [j& gemjgi h u` khwhkfj{oi& wigh{ fh{ Mjmfjh{ gef ou`gi nue{e` ge{w}ujgh{ z {ûfi xuegh{e u` ebeo|fh}4 z {j e{e ebeo|fh} e{wu~je{e e` u`h {jwuhkjû` wh` gefjkhgh xue {ûfi xuegh{e u`h |ècj`h4 z {j ah{wh e{h |ècj`h xuegh{e wh` kahou{khgh xue {ûfi |ugje{e fee}{e u`h fï`eh2 {j e{h fï`eh nue{e fh fï`eh ge fh |}joe}h kh}wh ge {h` Buh` e` fh xue e{wè e{k}jwi2 ‖Gji{ e{ hoi}‟& ¨{e {hf~h}ïh wigh fh Mjmfjh( \i}xue e` e{h {ifh n}h{e {e ki`ge`{h wigh fh Mjmfjh. Wigh fh Mjmfjh `i ahke iw}h ki{h xue `h}}h} ef hoi} ge Gji{ 5>. Ê{we e{ ‖ef hfoh ge fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h‟53. ‖¹\h}h xuê `i{ ah k}ehgi Gji{9‟ H e{wh |}ecu`wh ef khwekj{oi `i{ e`{eøhmh h }e{|i`ge}2 ‖\h}h ki`ike}fi& {e}~j}fi z hoh}fi e` e{wh ~jgh& z ge{|uê{ cirh}fi e` fh ewe}`h‟. U`h }e{|ue{wh |e}nekwh& |e}i xue& {j `i{ njbhoi{ mje`& {ûfi }e{|i`ge h fh |}ecu`wh2 ‖¹ki` xuê nj`& ki` xuê imbewi `i{ ah k}ehgi Gji{9‟4 |e}i `i }e{|i`ge h fh |}ecu`wh2 ‖¹|i} xuê }hrû` `i{ ah k}ehgi& xuê e{ fi xue fe ah oi~jgi h k}eh}`i{9‟ Z h e{wh |}ecu`wh `i {e geme }e{|i`ge}2 ‖\h}h xue fi hoeoi{‟& {j`i2 ‖\i}xue `i{ hohmh‟. 5>

Kn. [H@ HCU[WÏ@& Ge khwekajrh`gj{ }ugjmu{& 7& 1.

53

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& [e}oi`e{& ;5<& ;.

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‖Ajkj{we wigh{ fh{ ki{h{ ‛gjke u`h \fech}jh eukh}ï{wjkh‛ |h}h kifoh}fh{ ge wu{ me`gjkji`e{ z hfec}h} {u oufwjwug ki` fh kfh}jghg ge wu cfi}jh‟51. E` e{wi ki`{j{we fh gjne}e`kjh e`w}e ef Gji{ ge fi{ njfû{ini{ z ef Gji{ gef e~h`cefji. Ef{e} Gji{ ge fi{|e}i njfû{ini{ e{ hoh& u` Gji{ {e} hohgi& xue geme hohgi& xue `i xuexue `i |uege |uege hoh} h fi{ aiom}e{2 {e ge{|}e{wjcjh}ïh {j fi ajkje{e. ‖Gji{ oue~e hf ou`gi ‛e{k}jme H}j{wûwefe{‛ e` kuh`wi e{ hohgi‟ 5: !`i e` kuh`wi hoh...*. Fh }e~efhkjû` gjke eqhkwhoe`we wigi fi ki`w}h}ji2 ¤E` e{wi ki`{j{we ef hoi}2 `i e` xue `i{iw}i{ ahzhoi{ hohgi h Gji{& {j`i e` xue êf `i{ hoû T..._ @i{iw}i{ hohoi{ h Gji{ |i}xue êf `i{ hoû |}joe}i´ !8 B` 7&8<.8:*. U`h ge fh{ kue{wji`e{ xue oè{ ah` j`w}jchgi h fi{ weûfici{& e{|ekjhfoe`we e` fh eghg oegjh& nue2 ‖Ku} Geu{ aioi9‟ ‖¹\i} xuê Gji{ {e ajri aiom}e9‟ Fh }e{|ue{wh xue gji [kiwi h e{wh |}ecu`wh nue2 ‖\h}h we`e} hfcuje` nue}h ge êf xue fi hoh{e ge oh`e}h gjc`h ge êf‟. \e}i xujrè{ e` e{wh }e{|ue{wh ahzh hò` }eoj`j{ke`kjh{ ge fh ki`ke|kjû` ge fi{ h`wjcui{ njfû{ini{& {ecò` fi{ kuhfe{ fi oè{

jo|i}wh`we e{ xue ‖Gji{ {eh hohgi‟. H fh fur ge fh }e~efhkjû` mïmfjkh ahz xue }ekwjnjkh}fh z gekj}2 Gji{ {e ajri aiom}e |h}h we`e} hfcuje` nue}h ge êf h xuje` hoh} ge oh`e}h gjc`h ge êf. E{we hfcuje` e{ {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi& Gji{ z aiom}e& |e}i bu`wi ki` êf fi {ioi{ wigi{ `i{iw}i{& aekai{ ‖ajbi{ e` ef Ajbi‟. Gji{ \hg}e `i `i{ hoû ‖|}joe}i‟ u`h ~er hf |}j`kj|ji& z {e hkhmû. Êf e{ e` wigi oioe`wi xuje` hoh ‖|}joe}i‟. [j hfcuje` {e

51

\fech}jh eukh}ï{wjkh& J^.

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H]J[WÛWEFE[& Oewhnï{jkh QJJ& 3.

8;8

fe~h`wh hf hoh`eke} z efe~h j`oegjhwhoe`we {u e{|ï}jwu ahkjh ef [eøi}& êf zh fi ah |}ekegjgi z fi ah hohgi |}joe}i. =. GJI[ E[ \HG]E Z OHG]E.

Gji{ {e ah {e}~jgi ge fh eq|e}je`kjh xue `i{iw}i{ we`eoi{ gef hoi} e` ef èomjwi auoh`i |h}h }e~efh}`i{ {u |}i|ji hoi}2 ef hoi} gef |hg}e& ge fh ohg}e& gef e{|i{i& gef |h{wi}. U` weqwi e` xue Gji{ `i{ ahmfh& {uke{j~hoe`we& ki` joèce`e{ ge hoi} |hwe}`i z ohwe}`i e{ I{eh{ 88. E` êf Gji{ {e kio|h}h& e` u` |}joe} oioe`wi& h u` aiom}e xue e`{eøh h {u ajbi h h`gh}& ffe~è`gifi ge fh oh`i& z xue e` u` w}h{|i}we ge hfec}ïh fi hfrh ah{wh {u{ oebjffh{2 joèce`e{ wï|jkhoe`we |hwe}`hfe{ effh{4 |e}i fueci gjke xue {e fe e{w}eoeke ef ‖ki}hrû`‟& xue wigh{ {e fe ki`oue~e` fh{ ‖e`w}høh{‟ h`we {u |uemfi2 u` hoi}& |ue{& ~j{ke}hf& ohwe}`hf. Zh [ê`ekh {eøhfhmh e{h{ gi{ oh`e}h{ gj{wj`wh{ ge hoh}& fh gef |hg}e z fh ge fh ohg}e2 ‖¹@i ~e{ xue e{ gj{wj`wh fh ni}oh ge hoh} ge fi{ |hg}e{ z ge fh{ ohg}e{9 Fi{ |hg}e{ ge{|je}wh` weo|}h`i h fi{ ajbi{ |h}h xue {e |i`ch` h e{wugjh}& `i fe{ |e}ojwe` xue e{wê` ikji{i{ z ahke` xue fe{ ki}}h ef {ugi} z h ~eke{ whomjê` fh{ fèc}joh{. E` khomji fh{ ohg}e{ fi{ h}}uffh` e` {u }echri& fi{ wje`e` ke}kh ge effh{ z e~jwh` gh}fe{ gj{cu{wi{& ahke}fi{ ffi}h} z xue {e kh`{e`‟ ><. \e}i oje`w}h{ ef Gji{ ge e{we njfû{ini |hch`i {ûfi wje`e ahkjh fi{ aiom}e{ ‖ef hfoh ge u` |hg}e xue hoh {j` gemjfjghge{‟& kioi êf gjke& ef Gji{ ge fh Mjmfjh wje`e whomjê` ef hfoh ge u`h ohg}e xue hoh ‖ki` gemjfjghge{‟. Whomjê` fh e`kïkfjkh Gj~e{ j` oj{e}jki}gjh |i`e ge }efje~e e{i{ gi{ ohwjke{ gef hoi} ge Gji{& ef |hwe}`i z ef ohwe}`i& ef oh{kufj`i z ef neoe`j`i& }efhkji`è`gifi{ ki` fh{ gi{ |hfhm}h{ xue ><

F.H. [Ê@EKH& Ge \}i~jge`wjh& =& 5.

8;=

u{h fh Mjmfjh hf }e{|ekwi. Ae{eg& xue mè{jkhoe`we {jc`jnjkh njgefjghg h {ï oj{oi& h fh |}i|jh `hwu}hferh& eq|}e{h ef ohwjr |hwe}`i4 }hahojo !kuzh }hïr }ao {jc`jnjkh& kioi aeoi{ gjkai& {e`i ohwe}`i* eq|}e{h ef ohwjr ohwe}`i>8. Ef oi~joje`wi neoj`j{wh ah {hkhgi h |}joe} |fh`i |}imfeoh xue zh `i e{ |i{jmfe jc`i}h}. Fh n}h{e gef |h|h Buh` u` \hmfi J2 ‖Gji{ e{ |hg}e& |e}i hò` e{ oè{ ohg}e‟ `i e}h u`h n}h{e enekwj{wh4 ki`wje`e u`h |}inu`gh j`wujkjû` h fh xue fh weificïh fe e{wè |}e{wh`gi hwe`kjû`. \i} fi geoè{& zh fh ahmïh` uwjfjrhgi ahkïh {jcfi{ oï{wjki{ z |iewh{. U`h oï{wjkh j`cfe{h gef {jcfi QJ^ e{k}jmïh2 ¤Ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h xue Gji{ e{ }ehfoe`we `ue{w}i \hg}e& h{ï e{ whomjê` `ue{w}h Ohg}e. E{wi oe fi ah oh`jne{whgi êf e` wigh{ fh{ }e~efhkji`e{& |e}i e{|ekjhfoe`we e` hxueffh{ gufke{ |hfhm}h{ gi`ge gjke2 Zi {iz. H {hme}2 Zi {iz fh nue}rh z fh mi`ghg ge fh |hwe}`jghg4 zi {iz fh {hmjgu}ïh z fh hohmjfjghg ge fh ohwe}`jghg.´>=

\h}h \huf Kfhugef& `ech} xue Gji{ {eh whomjê` ohg}e {jc`jnjkh j} ki`w}h fh hnj}ohkjû` mïmfjkh ge xue Gji{ k}eû hf aiom}e h {u johce`...& ~h}û` z aeom}h fi{ k}eû‟ !C` 8&=3*. ^h}û` z aeom}h& |hg}e z ohg}e& homi{& |ue{& wje`e` {u oigefi e` Gji{& z `i {ûfi ef ~h}û`. ‖Ahz& |ue{& e` Gji{& e` fh j`xuem}h`whmfe u`jghg gj~j`h& hfci xue ki}}e{|i`ge hf ~h}û` z hfci xue ki}}e{|i`ge h fh oube}‟>;. Fh Mjmfjh ah ghgi |}ene}e`kjh hf {ïomifi |hwe}`i |i}xue& e` fh kufwu}h e` xue nue e{k}jwh& ef |hg}e e}h xuje` }e{uoïh e` {u |e}{i`h h wigh fh nhojfjh4 e` fh oj{oh ki`ke|kjû` ge fi{ ajbi{& fh >8

Kn BUH@ \HMFI JJ& Gj~e{ j` oj{e}jki}gjh& JJJ& 7

BUFJH@H GE @I]SJKA& Fjm}i geffe }j~efhrji`j& 5:. >; \. KFHUGEF& Fe \iáwe ew fh Mjmfe. >=

8;;

h|i}whkjû` gekj{j~h e}h fh gef |hg}e& oje`w}h{ xue fh ohg}e ‛{e |e`{hmh‛ {e fjojwhmh h u`h nu`kjû` |h{j~h& fh ge {e} }eke|wèkufi ge fh ~jgh. Iw}h ki{h e}h jo|e`{hmfe. \e}i aiz {hmeoi{ xue ef ajbi fe geme oè{ h fh ohg}e xue hf |hg}e. Effh `i {ûfi |h}wjkj|h e` {u ki`ke|kjû` jcuhf xue ef |hg}e& {j`i xue hgeoè{ fi ffe~h e` {u {e`i `ue~e oe{e{& w}h`{ojwjê`gife {u hfjoe`wi z {u }e{|j}hkjû`. Gji{ e{ ‖whomjê` ohg}e‟& `i {ûfi }e{|ekwi h `i{iw}i{ fi{ aiom}e{& {j`i j`kfu{i h`we{ }e{|ekwi h {u Ajbi ò`jki. Fh E{k}jwu}h gjke ge êf xue ‖e{wè e` ef {e`i gef \hg}e‟ !B` 8&81*& fi kuhf e{ e~jge`weoe`we u`h johce` ohwe}`h4 z fh w}hgjkjû`& kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi& h|fjkû h {u `hkjoje`wi ewe}`i fh eq|}e{jû` gef {hfoi 88<& xue e` fh ^ufchwh {i`hmh2 ‖e` ef òwe}i we e`ce`g}ê h`we{ ge fh hu}i}h‟ ![hf 88<&;*. Gji{ e{ h`we}ji} h fh gj{wj`kjû` |hg}e)ohg}e4 `j {jxuje}h e{ {u {ï`we{j{& {j`i& e` wigi kh{i& fh nue`we ge e{h{ gi{ }ehfjghge{. [j {e ffech{e h hkuøh} u` wê}oj`i |h}h ge{jc`h} h hfcuje` xue nue{e |hg}e z ohg}e h fh ~er !kioi ef xue hkuøh}i` fi{ c`û{wjki{ |h}h ge{jc`h} hf xue e{ h fh ~er ajbi z |hg}e& azi|hwe}*& `i ahm}ïh `j`cò` j`ki`~e`je`we e` hgi|wh}fi. \i} fi geoè{& hfci h{ï e{wè zh iku}}je`gi e` ef |fh`i auoh`i. Khgh ~er ahz oè{ aiom}e{ xue& gemjgi h hfcò` j`ni}wu`ji ge fh ~jgh !oue}we ge fh ohg}e& {e|h}hkjû`*& wje`e` xue ahke} whomjê` |h}h ki` {u{ ajbi{ fh{ ~eke{ ge ohg}e& |}e|h}h}fe{ fh |h|jffh& khomjh}fe{ fi{ |høhfe{... [e fi{ ffhoh |h|è/ohoè{. \ue{ Gji{ e{ ef |h|è/ohoè |i} h`wi`ioh{jh. Hu`xue `i& kioi e` e{i{ kh{i{& u` {u{wjwuwj~i ge fh ohg}e& {j`i u`h ~e}ghge}h ohg}e. Fh oj{oh oï{wjkh xue h`we{ kjwèmhoi{ høhgïh2 ‖Fh |hfhm}h ohg}e& wh` meffh z ffe`h ge hoi}& e{ e` {ï oj{oh wh` gufke z wh` fj`gh& xue ge `hgje |uege gekj}{e ki`

8;7

|}i|jeghg& h `i {e} ge Gji{ z h Gji{& xue e{ fh ~e}ghge}h ohg}e ge fh ~jgh z ge wigi‟ !B UFJH@H GE @I]SJKA*. Hu`xue& ge oioe`wi& {jchoi{ uwjfjrh`gi ef `iom}e ge ‖\hg}e‟& we`eoi{ xue fjme}h}fi ge wigi }e{jgui aj{wû}jki z kufwu}hf& z {im}e wigi gef ge ‖gioj`ji‟& gef ge z {eøi}‟& xue wh`wiouz ah ki`w}jmujgi hf }ekahri ge fh jgeh ge‖gueøi Gji{ ‖\hg}e‟ e` wjeo|i{ }ekje`we{. ;. ¹Z FH J]H GE GJI[9

\e}i ffechgi{ h e{we |u`wi& we`eoi{ xue hmi}gh} u` |}imfeoh gefjkhgi xue |h}eke ki`w}hgekj} wigh `ue{w}h }enfeqjû` {im}e ef hoi} ge Gji{ hf aiom}e2 fh nhoi{h j}h ge Gji{. [i` j`ki`whmfe{ fh{ ~eke{ xue e{e ki`ke|wi h|h}eke e` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h. Ê{h nue fh }hrû` |}j`kj|hf |i} fh xue& e` fi{ kioje`ri{ ge fh Jcfe{jh& eqj{wje}i` ae}ebe{ xue {e|h}hmh` ef @ue~i gef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi& hw}jmuze`gi e{we òfwjoi h u` Gji{ hoe`hrhgi} e j}hku`gi z ef @ue~i hf Gji{ \hg}e mue`i z mi`ghgi{i& }e~efhgi e` Be{uk}j{wi. \e}i ê{h e{ u`h {ifukjû` jfu{i}jh. Whomjê` e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi ahmfhe`gefhfhKh}wh j}h ge Gji{. Mh{we |e`{h} fuch} xue e{h jgeh{e iku|h h fi{ ]ioh`i{ !]o 8&e` 812ef‖Ge{ge ef kjefi {e }e~efh fh j}h ge Gji{ ki`w}h wigh kfh{e ge aiom}e{ jo|ïi{ e j`bu{wi{‟* z e` ef H|ikhfj|{j{. Fh eq|fjkhkjû` ahz xue mu{kh}fh |i} iw}i{ khoj`i{. Fh j}h ge Gji{ e{ eq|}e{jû` ge {u {h`wjghg z w}h{ke`ge`kjh& `i ge e`nhgi `j ge kh|}jkai. E{ ef ‖`i‟ |ige}i{i ge Gji{ h`we ef ohf& {u }ehkkjû` h`we ef |ekhgi. ¹Z xuê |h{h}ïh {j {e gemjfjwh{e e{e ‖`i‟9 [e gemjfjwh}ïh fh gj{wj`kjû` e`w}e ef mje` z ef ohf& z ki` effi fh ~jgh z wigi ef u`j~e}{i xue {e h|izh` e` effh. 8;5

Fi{ |ekhgi{ xue oè{ |}i~ikh` fh j}h gj~j`h {i` fh jgifhw}ïh !fh |}joe}h ~er xue {e oe`kji`h fh j}h ge Gji{ e{ ki` ikh{jû` ge fh ki`{w}ukkjû` gef meke}}i ge i}i2 kn Eq ;=&8<*& fh j`njgefjghg h fh hfjh`rh& fh i|}e{jû` gef |im}e. Oukah{ ~eke{ fh j}h h|h}eke }efhkji`hgh ki` fi{ kefi{ ge Gji{ !kn Gw >&85*4 e{ fh j}h gef oh}jgi e`hoi}hgi xue ~e h {u e{|i{h ekah}{e e` m}hri{ ge nhf{i{ hoh`we{ !kn I{ =*. Fh j}h ge Gji{ `i ki`{wjwuze& |ue{& |h}h `i{iw}i{ u`h hoe`hrh& {j`i u`h gene`{h. E` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi& {e hw}jmuze` ce`e}hfoe`we h fh j}h ge Gji{ fh{ khwè{w}ine{ `hwu}hfe{& fh{ kh}e{wïh{& fi{ kjefi{ xue {e kje}}h` z `i gebh` khe} fh ffu~jh !kn Gw 88&83*. Kuh`gi {e w}hwh ge |e}{i`h{ j`gj~jguhfe{& fh j}h ge Gji{ |uege oh`jne{wh}{e e` ni}oh ge e`ne}oeghg& |e}{ekukji`e{& oue}we |}eohwu}h. E` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi khomjh& e` e{wi& fh |e}{|ekwj~h. \h}h {h` \hmfi& fh j}h ge Gji{ {e oh`jnje{wh oè{ mje` e` ef hmh`gi`h} hf aiom}e h u`h ~jgh fjke`kji{h& |}e{h ge wigi{ fi{ ~jkji{ !kn ]o 8&=7{{*. Mhbi e{wh fur& |uege ahme} oè{ j}h ge Gji{ e` fh |}i{|e}jghg xue e` oegji ge fh ge{c}hkjh& e` fi{ xue h|h}e`weoe`we gj{n}uwh` z {e gh` h fh mue`h ~jgh xue e` xuje` {un}e. Z e{wi geme}ïh ffe~h}`i{ h we`e} oukai kujghgi ge `i hw}jmuj} ki` fjce}erh h fh j}h ge Gji{ i h u` kh{wjci gj~j`i kje}wh{ e`ne}oeghge{& hu`xue {uefh` e{wh} }efhkji`hgh{ ki` w}h`{c}e{ji`e{ oi}hfe{. Fh j}h ge Gji{ {e oh`jnje{wh oè{ e` gebh}`i{ ~j~j} w}h`xujfi{ ah{wh ef nj`hf e` u`h ~jgh ge |ekhgi& xue e` ef ~e}`i{ ~j{jwhgi{ |i} fh e`ne}oeghg. \e}i fh ohzi} `i~eghg xue `i{ ah w}hïgi ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi e{ xue Be{ò{ `i{ ah fjm}hgi ge fh j}h ge Gji{4 xue ah |ue{wi nj` hf }êcjoe` ge fh j}h z ah j`hucu}hgi ef ge fh c}hkjh. Xue êf ah memjgi ah{wh fh{ aeke{ ‖fh ki|h ge fh j}h z ef kue`ki gef

8;>

~ê}wjci‟ !kn J{ 58&83* z h `i{iw}i{ `i{ ah ki`~e}wjgi& ge ‖~h{i{ ge j}h‟& e` ‖~h{i{ ge oj{e}jki}gjh‟ !kn ]o :&=;*. E` fh Mjmfjh& fh j}h ge Gji{ `i wje`e `u`kh fh òfwjoh |hfhm}h& e{ {jeo|}e u`h ewh|h ge |h{i& u` }eku}{i oegjkj`hf2 ‖@i cuh}gi }e`ki} !B} ;&8=*. Fh kio|h{jû`‟. òfwjoh |hfhm}h& fi xue j`kfu{i ewe}`i‟ ki` {u j}h& e{ ‖we`e} ‖Fe`wi h fhGji{ j}h zmu{kh& }jki e` kfeoe`kjh‟& {e |}ikfhoh h {ï oj{oi e` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h4 hfcuje` h xuje` fe cu{wh ‖we`e} oj{e}jki}gjh‟. E` fh Mjmfjh& ki` oukah oè{ n}ekue`kjh xue fh j}h ge Gji{ h|h}eke |}ikfhohgh {u |jeghg z {u oj{e}jki}gjh. Ef ki`ke|wi ge j}h e{wè {hkhgi gef ou`gi auoh`i4 z |i} wh`wi& `i e{ oè{ xue u`h oewèni}h. Fh ~e`whbh xue wje`e e{ xue }e{ufwh eqw}hi}gj`h}jhoe`we enjkhr e j`oegjhwi |h}h ef aiom}e& xue ki`ike mje` e{e {e`wjoje`wi z {u{ enekwi{4 z whomjê` fh ge ahke}`i{ ~e} xue ef Gji{ ge fh Mjmfjh e{ u` Gji{ ‖~j~i‟& `i u` ïgifi oue}wi i u`h {jo|fe jgeh. [j` eomh}ci& hxuï oè{ xue `u`kh& ahz xue gh} ef {hfwi kuhfjwhwj~i gef {ïomifi h fh }ehfjghg. Fh gjne}e`kjh e`w}e `ue{w}h j}h z fh ge Gji{ e{ oukai ohzi} xue fh h`hficïh. E` `i{iw}i{& fh j}h e{ kh{j {jeo|}e u` genekwi4 e` Gji{ e{ u`h |e}nekkjû`. \i} fi wh`wi& ef {ïomifi geme {e} hmh`gi`hgi e` kuh`wi ah kuo|fjgi {u oj{jû`& xue ki`{j{we e` efe~h}`i{ h u`h }ehfjghg xue e{wè |i} e`kjoh ge `i{iw}i{. Hfci h{ï kioi fh `h~e e{|hkjhf xue& e` u` gewe}oj`hgi oioe`wi& {e {e|h}h gef oj{jf xue {j}~jû |h}h |i`e}fh e` û}mjwh z fi gebh khe} ge `ue~i h fh wje}}h& h nj` ge xue `i {eh u` im{wèkufi |h}h fh |}i{ekukjû` ge {u kh}}e}h |h}h {hfj} ge fh û}mjwh ge fh c}h~eghg ge fh wje}}h. Gh` u`h johce` nhf{ehgh gef Gji{ ge Be{uk}j{wi e{i{ |}egjkhgi}e{ i ~j{ji`h}ji{ xue& e{|ekjhfoe`we e` e{wi{ wjeo|i{ ge khomji ge ojfe`ji& `i ahke` oè{ xue e{|ekufh} {im}e fh ‖j}h ge 8;3

Gji{‟ xue& {ecò` effi{& e{wè h |u`wi ge khe} {im}e ef ou`gi. Fi{ ~e}ghge}i{ |}inewh{ xue Gji{ e`~ïh |h}h hoe`hrh} ki` {u{ kh{wjci{ in}eke`& ki` {u ~jgh& u`h{ ch}h`wïh{ ouz gj{wj`wh{ ge xue {i` e`~jhgi{ {uzi{. E{i{ iw}i{ ni}oh` |h}we kh{j {jeo|}e gef `òoe}i ge hxueffi{ |}inewh{ ge fi{ xue Gji{ gjbi e` u`h ikh{jû`2 ‖Zi `i e`~jê h fi{ |}inewh{& z effi{ ki}}ïh`4 `i fe{ ahmfê& z effi{ |}inewjrhmh`‟ !kn B} =;&=8*. Be{ò{ ahmfû oukah{ oè{ ~eke{ ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh gef \hg}e xue ge fh j}h ge Gji{4 ¹|i} xuê `i jojwh}fi whomjê` `i{iw}i{9 U` me`egjkwj`i j`cfê{& oue}wi ahke u`i{ høi{& e{k}jmjû u` fjm}i kuzi wïwufi e{& |i} {ï {ifi& wigi u` h`u`kji2 ‖Gji{ `i e{wè e`nhghgi‟>7. 7. @I[IW]I[ AEOI[ K]EÏGI E@ EF HOI] GE GJI[.

Gef h`u`kji gef hoi} gef \hg}e |uege` {hkh}{e oukah{ ki`kfu{ji`e{ |}èkwjkh{ |h}h `ue{w}h ~jgh e{|j}jwuhf. @i{iw}i{ `i{ xuegh}eoi{ ki` fh{ gi{ xue {hkh ef |}i|ji e~h`cefj{wh {h` Buh`& `ue{w}i cuïh. Fh |}joe}h e{ ê{wh2 ‖@i{iw}i{ aeoi{ ki`ikjgi ef hoi} xue Gji{ `i{ wje`e z aeoi{ k}eïgi e` êf‟ !8 B` 7&8>*. e{ fhÊ{wh |}joe}h }e{|ue{wh z fh oè{ e` ef hoi}Fh geneGji{( e{ u`h ne e{|ekjhf. Zi fhjo|i}wh`we2 ffhoi fh ne ¨k}ee} j`k}êgufh. U`h |h}hgibh& zh fi {ê. Xuje}e gekj}2 u`h ne xue `i ki`{jcue ki`~e`ke}{e ge hxueffi e` fi xue k}ee& hu`xue fi k}eh. U`h ne h{iom}i& gef wj|i ge fh xue j`{|j}û hxueffh{ |hfhm}h{ gef {hfoi2 ¤Kuh`gi ki`weo|fi ef kjefi& im}h ge wu{ gegi{& fh fu`h z fh{ e{w}effh{ xue ah{ k}ehgi& ¹xuê e{ ef aiom}e |h}h xue we hkue}ge{ ge êf& ef {e} auoh`i |h}h xue we iku|e{ ge êf9´ >7

B. \EWJW& Cig j{ `iw h`c}z.

8;1

We`ïh }hrû` {h` Hcu{wï`2 ‖@ue{w}h ne e{wè aekah ge ki{h{ j`k}eïmfe{‟>5. Gji{ `i{ fjm}e ge ~e} kioi `i}ohf fh }e~efhkjû` ge xue Gji{ `i{ hoh. E` }ehfjghg& kuh`wi oè{ {e |je`{h e` effi& oè{ {e ki`~e`ke u`i ge xue ê{wh e{ fh {u{wh`kjh ï`wjoh ge wigi{ fi{ oj{we}ji{& fh xue fi{ e`kje}}h h wigi{ effi{ bu`wi{. U` e{k}jwi} k}j{wjh`i ge fi{ oè{ feïgi{ e` ef ou`gi h`cfi{hbû`& Kfj~e [wh|fe{ Fesj{& ah e{k}jwi u`h `i~efh wjwufhgh Fh{ kh}wh{ gef gjhmfi . Ef h}cuoe`wi e{ ge fi oè{ ku}ji{i. U` bi~e` gjhmfi {e gegjkh e` fh wje}}h h {egukj} h u` mue` oukahkai }ekjê` ki`~e}wjgi. \e}i kioi kh}eke ge eq|e}je`kjh& {e |i`e e` ki`whkwi ki` {u ~jebi wïi& ef gjhmfi Me}fjka& xue ge{ge fi{ hmj{oi{ fe gh j`{w}ukkji`e{ {im}e kûoi {hfj} hj}i{i e` fh eo|}e{h !u` hcugï{joi w}hwhgi {im}e fi{ ~jkji{ z fh{ ~j}wuge{& {j {e fee e` {e`wjgi ki`w}h}ji*. Ef huwi} `i{ w}h{fhgh h{ï hf j`nje}`i z `i{ ahke e{kukah} fi{ }hri`hoje`wi{ xue hffï {e ahke`. Fi xue ~uef~e fiki{ h fi{ geoi`ji{& fi xue ê{wi{ `i e`wje`ge` `j `u`kh e`we`ge}è`& e{ xue Gji{ hoe c}hwujwhoe`we h u`h{ k}jhwu}h{ wh` oj{e}hmfe{ kioi fi{ aiom}e{. E` fh wje}}h& gjke`& fi{ aiom}e{ k}ee` xue fh W}j`jghg& u iw}h{ ki{h{ |i} ef e{wjfi& {i` fi{ oj{we}ji{ oè{ c}h`ge{4 |e}i e` }ehfjghg& ~je`e` h gekj} fi{ geoi`ji{& ê{we e{ ef ~e}ghge}i oj{we}ji j`eq|fjkhmfe. Z zi k}ei xue& hf oe`i{ |i} u`h ~er& fi{ geoi`ji{ wje`e` }hrû`. \h}eke nèkjf k}ee} e` ef hoi} ge Gji{& z {j` eomh}ci |}imhmfeoe`we {eh fi oè{ gjnïkjf xue eqj{wh. [j oj}hoi{ h `ue{w}i j`we}ji} z `i{ njbhoi{ e` fh{ ki{h{ xue iku|h` `ue{w}i ki}hrû` z `ue{w}h i}hkjû`& whf ~er we`choi{ xue ki`{whwh} xue e{h ~e}ghg m}jffh oukai |i} {u hu{e`kjh. \h}h u` k}j{wjh`i& `i k}ee} e` ef hoi}

>5

[H@ HCU[WÏ@& [e}oi`e{ ;78H& 8.

8;:

ge Gji{ e{ `i k}ee} e` Gji{& {e} hwei& |i}xue `ue{w}i Gji{ ‖e{ hoi}‟. Z ‖{j Gji{ `i e{ hoi}& {jo|feoe`we `i eqj{we‟>>. Fi |}joe}i xue geme}ïhoi{ |egj} hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{ |}ekj{hoe`we xue `i{ ahch k}ee} nj}oeoe`we e` ef hoi} ge Gji{. Kuh`gi `i{xuje` hke}khoi{ h }ekjmj} fh kiou`jû` }ekjmjoi{ h hxuef e` ef \hg}e ‖ah |ue{wi wigh {ueukh}ï{wjkh& kio|fhke`kjh‟. Ê{e e{ ef oioe`wi ge k}ee} xue e` e{h kio|fhke`kjh e{whoi{ j`kfujgi{ whomjê` `i{iw}i{& xue e{h kio|fhke`kjh {e eqwje`ge whomjê` h oï. Be{ò{ `i{ gh ef ebeo|fi oè{ fuoj`i{i ge e{h ki`njh`rh j`hoi~jmfe e` ef hoi} gef \hg}e. ¨Kuè`wh{ ~eke{ }e|jwe e` ef e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`2 ‖Ef \hg}e oe hoh‟( !kn B` 8<& 83*. Geme}ïhoi{ ahke} `ue{w}h e{h n}h{e z }e|ewj}fh ki` n}ekue`kjh& {im}e wigi e` fi{ oioe`wi{ ge i{ku}jghg. 5. [J GJI[ @I[ AH HOHGI...

Fh {ecu`gh ki`kfu{jû` xue {hkh Buh` ge fh hnj}ohkjû` ‖Gji{ e{ hoi}‟ e{ ê{wh2 ‖Xue}jgi{& {j Gji{ `i{ hoû ge e{wh oh`e}h& whomjê` `i{iw}i{ gemeoi{ hoh}`i{ u`i{ h iw}i{‟ge!8fhB`|}ûwh{j{ 7&88*. ‖[j Ku}ji{h ki`kfu{jû` whomjê` ê{wh. Ge{|uê{ Gji{ `i{ hoû‟& {e}ïh ge e{|e}h} iw}h h|ûgi{j{2 ‖whomjê` `i{iw}i{ gemeoi{ hoh}fi h êf h khomji‟. [j` eomh}ci& `i. [h`wh Khwhfj`h ge [je`h eq|fjkh ef |i}xuê& kuh`gi ahke gekj} h Gji{2 ¤I{ |jgi xue oe hoêj{ ki` ef oj{oi hoi} ki` xue zi i{ hoi. E{wi `i oe fi |igêj{ ahke}& |i}xue zi i{ hoê {j` {e} hohgi. Wigi ef hoi} xue oe we`êj{ e{ u` hoi} ge geugh& `i ge xue c}hkjh& xueh ~i{iw}i{ e{wèj{ imfjchgi{ ahke}fi& oje`w}h{ zi i{zhhoi ki` hoi}h ge c}hkjh& `i ge geugh. ^i{iw}i{& |ue{& `i |igêj{ >>

Kn [. DJE]DECHH]G& Jf ~h`cefi geffe {inne}e`re.

87<

gh}oe ef hoi} xue zi i{ |jgi. \i} e{i ae |ue{wi h ~ue{w}i fhgi h ~ue{w}i |}ûbjoi2 |h}h xue fe ahcèj{ h êf fi xue `i |igêj{ ahke}oe h oï& i {eh hoh}fi {j` we`e} e` kue`wh ef oê}jwi z {j` e{|e}h} ge effi `j`cò` |}i~ekai. Z zi ki`{jge}i kioi aekai h oï fi xue fe ahcèj{ h êf.´>3

Ef hoi} ge Gji{ ‛ffhohgi hch|e& kh}jghg‛ wje`e gi{ ~e}wje`we{2 e{ kioi u`h oeghffh ge gi{ kh}h{. E{ ef hoi} ki` xue Gji{ `i{ hoh& z e{& ge oh`e}h j`{e|h}hmfe& ef hoi} ki` xue Gji{ ahke |i{jmfe xue `i{iw}i{ |ighoi{ hoh}fi whomjê` h êf z hf |}ûbjoi. E{wh }ehfjghg& e` kuhfxuje} |u`wi e` xue {e fh wixue& {e hkwj~h wigh effh& ~jm}h wigh. [i` kioi gi{ |ue}wh{ xue {e hm}e` z {e kje}}h` h fh ~er. Z e`wi`ke{& fh ki`{ekue`kjh e{ e~jge`we& hu`xue zi fh gjch e`}ibekje`gi ge ~e}cöe`rh& |i} fi febi{ xue e{wiz ge |i`e}fh |i} im}h. Gegjxuêoi`i{ h hoh}. H hoh} h wigi ef ou`gi2 h fi{ xue we`eoi{ ke}kh z h fi{ xue e{wè` febi{& h fi{ c}h`ge{ z h fi{ |exueøi{& h fi{ hojci{ z h fi{ e`eojci{. \e}i |h}h `i |e}ge}`i{ e` ce`e}hfjghge{& efjbhoi{ h u`h i gi{ |e}{i`h{ ge fh{ xue oè{ `i{ kue{wh hoh}& {j` j}`i{ geoh{jhgi febi{. Z gegjxuêoi`i{ h hoh}fh{& h }erh} |i} effh{& h gj{kuf|h}fh{ e` `ue{w}i ki}hrû`. Z ~e}eoi{ kûoi& |i} iw}i fhgi& hnfuj}è` fh{ hcuh{ gef hoi} ge Gji{. ^iz h }e|ewj} u`h kio|h}hkjû` xue ae e{kukahgi h iw}i{. Ef }ïi Bi}gè`& e` {u ku}{i& ni}oh gi{ oh}e{2 ef oh} ge Chfjfeh z ef oh} Oue}wi. Ef |}joe}i }emi{h ge ~jgh z ge |eke{4 ef {ecu`gi e{ fjwe}hfoe`we u` oh} oue}wi. @j u`h {ifh {eøhf ge ~jgh& {ifhoe`we {hf{eguom}e. ¹Fh }hrû`9 Ef oh} ge Chfjfeh }ekjme fh{ hcuh{ gef Bi}gè`& |e}i `i fh{ }ewje`e {ûfi |h}h {ï& {j`i xue fh{ gebh nfuj}2 gebh xue ef }ïi ~uef~h h {ecuj} {u ku}{i |h}h }ech} wigi ef ~hffe. Ef oh} >3

[H@WH KHWHFJ@H GE [JE@H& Gjhfici& >7.

878

Oue}wi `i wje`e ge{hcuhge}i{& {e cuh}gh |h}h {ï fh{ hcuh{ gef }ïi z e{wè oue}wi. H `i{iw}i{ `i{ wikh efecj} {j xue}eoi{ {e}& e` fh ~jgh& u` oh} ge Chfjfeh i u` oh} Oue}wi.

87=

JQ. ‛ ‖HMMH‟& \HG]E.

Ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi `i{ gh u` ki}hrû` ge ajbi{. ¤[iz {u ajbh& ah gjkai. ¨Ia j`nj`jwh gufru}h ge oj Gji{( ¨Ia |hfhm}h wh` fh}choe`we ge{ehgh( ¨Wh` j`{j{we`weoe`we |egjgh( ¨\hfhm}h kuzh gufru}h {u|e}h wigh gufru}h( ¨Ikêh`i ge hfec}ïh( ¨Ajbh oïh( ¨Fi ah gjkai oj Gji{( ¨Ajbh oïh(´ ![h`wh Oh}ch}jwh ge Ki}wi`h*

FH ^IR GE GJI[

E`w}e fi{ {ïomifi{ mïmfjki{ ge Gji{& u`i ge fi{ oè{ jo|i}wh`we{ e{ ef ge fh ~ir ge Gji{. [jeo|}e xue ef \hg}e {e ahke |}e{e`we e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi fi ahke oegjh`we e{we {ïomifi. E` ef mhuwj{oi ge Be{ò{& e` fh w}h`{njcu}hkjû` z e` fh weinh`ïh xue {e `i{ `h}}h e` Buh` 8=& fh |}e{e`kjh gef \hg}e h|h}eke j`gjkhgh kioi ‖u`h ~ir gef kjefi‟. Ahz u` oiwj~i |h}h e{wh |}egjfekkjû`. Fh ~ir e{ u` {ïomifi h|inèwjki& xue |e}ojwe |}e{e}~h} fh j`~j{jmjfjghg gj~j`h z `i ~jifh fh |}iajmjkjû` ge ahke} joèce`e{ ge Gji{. E{h |}eiku|hkjû` e{ e~jge`we e` e{we weqwi gef Geuwe}i`ioji2 ‖Ef [eøi} i{ ahmfhmh ge{ge ef nueci2 iïhj{ |hfhm}h{ {j` ~e} njcu}h hfcu`h& {ûfi {e iïh u`h ~ir‟ !Gw 7&8=*. @hgje |uege ~e} h Gji{ {j` oi}j}& |e}i |uege iï}{e

87;

{u ~ir2 ‖Aiz aeoi{ ~j{wi xue |uege Gji{ ahmfh} h u` aiom}e z {ecuj} ê{we ki` ~jgh‟ !Gw 5&=7*. Fh ~ir e{ {ïomifi& {im}e wigi& ge fh ~ifu`whg z ge fh huwi}jghg ge Gji{ xue ahmfh& z ef aiom}e geme }e{|i`ge} ki` fh imegje`kjh. ‖@i imegekj{weh khgh h {u ~ir‟& h {u ~ir‟ {i` n}h{e{ xue {e e`kue`w}h` |h{i ‖{j e`imegekêj{ ef Geuwe}i`ioji z e` fi{ [hfoi{. ¹\e}i kûoi ah ge e`we`ge}{e e{we {ïomifi9 ¹Hkh{i e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue fh ~ir ge Gji{ }e{ue`h e` ef hj}e kioi kuhfxuje} ~ir auoh`h9 Fh ~ir ge Gji{ e{ u`h ~ir xue }e{ue`h ge`w}i& `i nue}h gef aiom}e !kioi fh ‖~ir ge fh ki`kje`kjh‟*& z& {j` eomh}ci& |uege |e}kjmj}{e kioi u` }ujgi ‖oè{ nue}we xue ef e{w}ue`gi gef oh}‟. Fi oj{oi ~hfe whomjê` |h}h eq|}e{ji`e{ kioi ‖i}èkufi gef [eøi}‟& i ‖gjke ef [eøi}‟. Ef |}inewh e{ xuje` oue~e fi{ fhmji{& |e}i {hme ouz mje` xue e` }ehfjghg e{ iw}i xuje` ahmfh |i} oegji ge êf. ‖Ef ~e}ghge}i |}inewh ‛gekïh Njfû`‛& kuh`gi ahmfh& khffh‟>14 khffh z e{kukah h iw}i xue ahmfh. E{ mje` }e~efhgi} xue e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi ef \hg}e `u`kh gjch2 ‖E{kukahgoe‟& {j`i {jeo|}e2 ‖E{kukahgfi‟& i {eh2 E{kukahg h oj Ajbi. Gji{ \hg}e zh `i wje`e ~ir& {e ah xueghgi ‖ougi‟4 hai}h {u ~ir& xue {ue`h j`kfu{i eqwe}`hoe`we& e{ zh fh gef Ajbi2 ‖E` oòfwj|fe{ ikh{ji`e{ z ge oukah{ oh`e}h{ ahmfû Gji{ h`wjcuhoe`we h `ue{w}i{ |hg}e{ |i} fi{ |}inewh{. Hai}h& e` e{wh ewh|h nj`hf& `i{ ah ahmfhgi |i} ef Ajbi‟ !Am 8& 8‛=*.

>1

NJFÛ@ GE HFEBH@G]ÏH& Xuj{ }e}uo& =>>.

877

8. E@ EF E[\Ï]JWU [H@WI.

Ki` e{wh oegjwhkjû` e`w}hoi{ e` fh we}ke}h |h}we ge `ue{w}i khoj`i ahkjh ef \hg}e& e` fh xue `i{ {e}~j}è ge cuïh ef h|û{wif {h` \hmfi. Khomjhoi{ ge ohe{w}i4 kioi kuh`gi& e` fh e{kuefh& {e |h{h ge u` ku}{i hf {jcuje`we. Fh ~e}ghg e{ xue& k}i`ifûcjkhoe`we& \hmfi e{k}jme h`we{ xue Buh` z xue fi{ oj{oi{ [j`û|wjki{4 |e}i ê{wi{ }enfebh` u` e{whgji h`we}ji} ge fh |}egjkhkjû` k}j{wjh`h ‛ef e~h`cêfjki gef ‖Be{ò{ xue |}egjkh‟‛& oje`w}h{ xue \hmfi }enfebh ef e{whgji ufwe}ji} gef ‖Be{ò{ |}egjkhgi‟ |i} fh Jcfe{jh ge{|uê{ ge \h{kuh. @ue{w}i |u`wi ge |h}wjgh {e}è ef weqwi ge Cèfhwh{ 7&7‛>2 ¤Kuh`gi kuo|fjû wjeo|i& Gji{ h }e{khwh} {u Ajbi& h `hkjgi ge{e u`h oube}& ef `hkjgi mhbie`~jû fh fez& |h}h fi{ xue e{whmh` mhbi fh fez& |h}h xue }ekjmjê}hoi{ ef {e} ajbi{ |i} hgi|kjû`. Z kioi {ij{ ajbi{& Gji{ e`~jû h ~ue{w}i{ ki}hri`e{ ef E{|ï}jwu ge {u Ajbi xue kfhoh2 ¨Hmmh& \hg}e(´.

@i we`eoi{ |}uemh{ ge xue Be{ò{& gu}h`we {u ~jgh e` fh wje}}h& ahzh e`{eøhgi h fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ h gj}jcj}{e h Gji{ ki` fh oj{oh eq|}e{jû` nhojfjh} Hmmh xue êf u{hmh. \e}i \hmfi& e` e{e weqwi& e{wè j`gjkh`gi xue& j`oegjhwhoe`we ge{|uê{ ge \h{kuh& fi{ k}eze`we{ {e {j`wje}i` huwi}jrhgi{ h ahke} {uzh e{h eq|}e{jû`. Z e}h whf fh ~e`e}hkjû` ge xue e{whmh }igehgh& xue fh ki`{e}~h}i` e` fh oj{oh fe`cuh gef Ohe{w}i& kioi u`h j|{j{{joh ~iq {uzh& kioi u`h e{|ekje ge }efjxujh ~j~je`we ge Be{ò{. Whomjê` e{ nèkjf kio|}e`ge} fh{ }hri`e{ ge e{h gjfhkjû`2 ah{wh \h{kuh z \e`weki{wê{ fi{fe{ gj{kï|ufi{ `i ahmïh` ge ajbi{ hgi|wj~i{‟ xue ahke c}jwh} Hmmh&}ekjmjgi \hg}e4 e{e {ûfi‖E{|ï}jwu ki` fh \h{kuh |h{h}i` h {e}& ki` wigi ge}ekai& ojeom}i{ gef kue}|i ge K}j{wi& z |i} fi wh`wi ajbi{. 875

Ki` e{wi }e{ufwh kfh}i kuèf e{ fh h|i}whkjû` oè{ `i~egi{h ge \hmfi e` fh }e~efhkjû` gef \hg}e2 ef |h|ef ke`w}hf xue {e hw}jmuze hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi |h}h ahke}`i{ ajbi{ ge Gji{. Ê{we e{ u` efeoe`wi ke`w}hf ge wigh {u e`{eøh`rh. H{ï }e{ufwh ge fh j`{j{we`kjh ki` xue ~uef~e u`h z iw}h ~er {im}e effi. E{k}jme e` fh kh}wh h fi{ ]ioh`i{2 ¤Fi{ xue {e gebh` ffe~h} |i} ef E{|ï}jwu ge Gji{& ê{i{ {i` ajbi{ ge Gji{. Z ~i{iw}i{ ahmêj{ }ekjmjgi& `i u` e{|ï}jwu ge e{kfh~jwug |h}h }ekhe} e` ef weoi}& {j`i u` e{|ï}jwu ge ajbi{ hgi|wj~i{ xue `i{ ahke c}jwh}2 ‖¨Hmmh& \hg}e‟( E{e E{|ï}jwu z `ue{w}i e{|ï}jwu gh` u` we{wjoi`ji ki`ki}ge2 xue {ioi{ ajbi{ ge Gji{´ !]o 1&87‛8>*.

Zh aeoi{ gjkai xue fh kfh~e |h}h e`we`ge} fh `i~eghg k}j{wjh`h {im}e Gji{ \hg}e e{ fh gj{wj`kjû` e`w}e Gji{ ‖\hg}e `ue{w}i‟ z ‖Gji{ \hg}e ge {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi‟. We`je`gi e{wi |}e{e`we& |igeoi{ }eki`{w}uj} h{ï fh{ w}e{ ewh|h{ ge fh }e~efhkjû` hke}kh gef \hg}e e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi2 Fi{ [j`û|wjki{ `i{ |}e{e`wh` h Gji{ {im}e wigi kioi ‖\hg}e `ue{w}i‟& |hg}e ge wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{4 ki` Buh`& fh }efhkjû` {e gh fh ~uefwh2 Gji{ h|h}eke {im}e wigi kioi \hg}e ge {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi4 fh eq|}e{jû` ‖oj \hg}e‟ |}e~hfeke kfh}hoe`we& e` fhmji{ ge Be{ò{& {im}e fh eq|}e{jû` ‖~ue{w}i \hg}e‟4 \hmfi `i {ûfi hnj}oh u`h z iw}h ~e}ghg& {j`i xue hgeoè{ |i`e ge oh`jnje{wi fh ï`wjoh }efhkjû` xue eqj{we e`w}e effh{. \h}h êf& e`w}e e{h{ gi{ }ehfjghge{ `i eqj{we fh oe`i} {e|h}hkjû`4 `j {jxuje}h {e w}hwh ge gi{ }efhkji`e{ |h}hfefh{ e j`ge|e`gje`we{. Gji{ e{ `ue{w}i \hg}e e` kuh`wi e{ \hg}e gef [eøi} Be{uk}j{wi. Fh }efhkjû` w}h{ke`ge`we e`w}e ef \hg}e z {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi e{ fh xue {e eqwje`ge z ge fh xue |h}wjkj|h` wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{4 z `i fh }efhkjû` njfjhf& kioò` h wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{& fh xue 87>

{e {umfjoh e` K}j{wi& e`ki`w}h`gi e` êf {u kufoe`& kioi |e`{hmh fh weificïh fjme}hf. E` ef |h{i ge u`h h iw}h ge e{h{ w}e{ nh{e{& `i {e høhge `j`cu`h `i~eghg hm{ifuwh& {j`i xue {e eq|fjkjwh fi xue h`we{ {ûfi h|h}ekïh j`{j`uhgi. Fhh|h}ekïh {jwuhkjû`zh ò`jkh ge K}j{wi Ajbi ò`jki!|i} ge Gji{& |}i|jh ge Buh`& j`{j`uhgh e` kioi fi{ [j`û|wjki{ ebeo|fi& e` ef c}jwi Hmmh z e` fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Ohwei 88&=5*& hf jcuhf xue ef |h|ef gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi |h}h ahke}`i{ ajbi{ ge Gji{& |}i|ji ge \hmfi& e{whmh zh j`{j`uhgi e` Buh` e` ef weoh gef ‖~if~e} h `hke} gef hcuh z gef E{|ï}jwu‟ !kn B` ;&5*. [jo|fjnjkh`gi hf oèqjoi& |ig}ïhoi{ gekj} xue fi{ [j`û|wjki{ {eøhfh` fh oewh& ‖ef \hg}e‟4 Buh` j`gjkh ef khoj`i& ‖|i} oegji gef Ajbi‟4 z \hmfi e{|ekjnjkh ef kûoi& ‖e` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟. [j ef n}uwi oè{ |}ekjhgi gef khoj`i |h}h ge{kum}j} hf \hg}e ki`{j{we& kioi gekïhoi{ hf |}j`kj|ji& e` ahke} `ue{w}h fh oh}h~jffi{h }efhkjû` njfjhf ge Be{ò{ ki` {u \hg}e& ê{wh e{& e~jge`weoe`we& u`h ewh|h gekj{j~h e` e{e khoj`i. =. KÛOI @HKE@ FI[ AJBI[ GE GJI[.

^hoi{ h ~e} hai}h kûoi ge{k}jme ef H|û{wif ef |}ike{i xue `i{ ffe~h h {e} ajbi{ ge Gji{. E` êf h|h}eke` gefj`ehgi{ w}e{ oioe`wi{2 |}joe}i2 Be{ò{& ki` {u oue}we z }e{u}}ekkjû`& `i{ w}h`{ojwe {u E{|ï}jwu ge Ajbi& i ‛fi xue e{ fi oj{oi‛ ef \hg}e e`~ïh h `ue{w}i{ ki}hri`e{ ef E{|ï}jwu ge {u Ajbi4 •

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{ecu`gi2ki` ef êf4 E{|ï}jwu `i{ u`e h K}j{wi& ahkjê`gi`i{ ‖u` {ifi kue}|i‟

873

we}ke}i2 ef k}eze`we& u`jgi h K}j{wi& {e ki`~je}we |i} e{i oj{oi e` ajbi ge Gji{& z ef E{|ï}jwu kio|fewh {u im}h |i`jê`gife e` fi{ fhmji{ ef c}jwi ge Be{ò{& ¨Hmmh& \hg}e( \h}h jfu{w}h} e{wh }ehfjghg ge fh c}hkjh& ef H|û{wif uwjfjrh fh •

h`hficïh ge e` fh kje}wi hgi|kjû`. E` e` }ehfjghg& fh{ j`~e}{i ki{h{ {e ah` ge{h}}iffhgi& {e`wjgi& u` i}ge` h kioi {ukege` e` fh{ hgi|kji`e{ auoh`h{. E` e{wh{ òfwjoh{& xuje`e{ hgi|wh` u` ajbi {i` ef |hg}e z fh ohg}e& z& {j wje`e` ajbi{ |}i|ji{& j`we`wh` hzugh}fe{ h xue hke|we` h e{e ae}oh`jwi i h e{h ae}oh`jwh xue {e j`ki}|i}h h fh nhojfjh ge{ge nue}h. Hxuï& e` khomji& ah {jgi ef ae}oh`i ohzi}& Be{ò{& xuje` `i{ ah hgi|whgi z xuje` ah aekai xue ‖|ighoi{ hke}khoi{ hf \hg}e ki` u` oj{oi E{|ï}jwu‟ !kn En =&81*. \}joe}i aeoi{ {jgi aekai{ ae}oh`i{ z ge{|uê{ ajbi{& hu`xue fh{ gi{ ki{h{ ahzh` iku}}jgi {joufwè`ehoe`we e` ef mhuwj{oi. Z ê{h `i e{ fh ò`jkh gjne}e`kjh e`w}e fi{ gi{ wj|i{ ge hgi|kjû`. Fh hgi|kjû` auoh`h& h|h}we gef hoi} xue fh hkio|høh& e{ u` aekai bu}ïgjki. Ef ajbi hgi|wj~i wioh ef h|effjgi& fh kjughgh`ïh& fh }e{jge`kjh ge xuje`e{ fi hgi|wh`& |e}i `i kio|h}we {u {h`c}e& {u ~jgh4 `i ah ahmjgi ki`ke|kjû` `j gifi}e{ ge |h}wi. Ki` `i{iw}i{ `i iku}}e fi oj{oi2 Gji{ `i `i{ w}h`{ojwe {ifhoe`we ef `iom}e ge ajbi{& {j`i whomjê` {u ~jgh ï`wjoh& {u E{|ï}jwu. C}hkjh{ hf mhuwj{oi& ki}}e |i} `i{iw}i{ fh ~jgh oj{oh ge Gji{. @i {ûfi ‖`i{ ffhohoi{ ajbi{ ge Gji{& {j`i xue fi {ioi{ ge ~e}ghg‟ !kn 8 B` ;&8*. Fh hgi|kjû` gj~j`h k}eh u` ~ï`kufi oè{ nue}we xue fh oj{oh ce`e}hkjû` nï{jkh. Ef ajbi `hwu}hf wje`e& kje}whoe`we& fh oj{oh {h`c}e xue ef |hg}e& fh oj{oh ~jgh xue fh ohg}e. [j` eomh}ci& u`h ~er xue ah `hkjgi& fi xue h`we{ e}h fh {h`c}e gef |hg}e e{wè 871

hai}h e` ef ajbi4 `i ahz {joufwh`ejghg. Ef ajbi |uege ~j~j} {e|h}hgi gef |hg}e z ge fh ohg}e4 oè{ hò`& |h}h ~j~j} `eke{jwh& ge{|uê{ ge `ue~e oe{e{& {e|h}h}{e ge fh ohg}e z ~j~j} |i} {u |}i|jh kue`wh. @i iku}}e fi oj{oi e` ef |fh`i e{|j}jwuhf. E` ê{we& u`h oj{oh ~jgh& u` oj{oi E{|ï}jwu& ki}}e {joufwè`ehoe`we |i} `i{iw}i{ z |i} K}j{wi. Z `i {ûfi `i we`eoi{ xue {e|h}h}`i{ ge êf |h}h ~j~j}& {j`i xue& {j `i{ {e|h}hoi{ ge êf |i} ef |ekhgi& gebhoi{ j`oegjhwhoe`we ge ~j~j}& oi}joi{. E{wh w}h`{ni}ohkjû` j`we}ji} `i wje`e fuch} h u` `j~ef wh` |}inu`gi z i`wifûcjki& xue e{kh|e h kuhfxuje} wj|i ge |e}ke|kjû` z |h}wjkj|hkjû` |i} `ue{w}h |h}we. E{ u` |}ike{i e` ef xue `i{iw}i{ e{whoi{ jo|fjkhgi{ eqj{we`kjhfoe`we& z whf ~er ê{we {eh ef h{|ekwi oè{ e{wjoufh`we ge fh gikw}j`h |hufj`h xue hai}h ~hoi{ h j`we`wh} kio|}e`ge}. Oje`w}h{ ef aiom}e ~j~e e` }êcjoe` ge |ekhgi ‛gjke ef H|û{wif‛& Gji{ {e fe |}e{e`wh j`e~jwhmfeoe`we kioi u` h`whci`j{wh& kioi u` im{wèkufi. Ahz& }e{|ekwi hf \hg}e& u`h {i}gh e`eoj{whg xue fh fez `i ahke oè{ xue |i`e} ge oh`jnje{wi. Ef aiom}e kigjkjh !‖ki`ku|j{kjw‟* gewe}oj`hgh{ ki{h{2 h`{ïh ef |ige}& ef |fhke}& fh cfi}jh. Z Gji{ e{& h {u{ ibi{& hfcuje` xue fe kje}}h ef khoj`i& i|i`jê`gi{e h e{i{ ge{ei{ ki` {u{ |e}e`wi}ji{ ‖Wje`e{ xue...‟& ‖`i wje`e{ xue...‟2 ‖@i |uege{ ge{eh} fh oube} ge wu |}ûbjoi‟& ‖@i |uege{ ge{eh} fi xue e{ ge iw}i‟. Kioi mje` gjke {h` \hmfi2 ‖Fh we`ge`kjh gef j`{wj`wi e{ ai{wjf h Gji{& |i}xue `i {e {ioewe h fh fez ge Gji{‟ !]o 1&3*. Ef aiom}e ~jebi {e }emefh ki`w}h {u k}ehgi} z& {j |ugje{e& xue}}ïh j`kfu{i xue `i eqj{wje{e. Hxuï e{wè fh }hïr ge c}h` |h}we gef hweï{oi. ‖@hgje e{wè wh` gj{|ue{wi h k}ee}

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xue Gji{ `i eqj{we kioi hxuef h xuje` fe cu{wh}ïh xue `i eqj{wje{e‟>:. @i {e w}hwh ge u`h {jwuhkjû` weû}jkh& i |}i|jh ò`jkhoe`we ge hfcu`i{ e`eojci{ gekfh}hgi{ ge Gji{4 e{ fh ki`gjkjû` ‖`hwu}hf‟ ge wigi{ `i{iw}i{. Kuh`gi wigi `i{ {i`}ïe e` fh ~jgh z Gji{ |h}eke ‖me`gekj}`i{ e` wigi‟& `i ahz aueffh{ ge e{h ‖}emefjû`‟4 |e}i gebh xue {u oh`i `i{ ~j{jwe kioi ~j{jwû h Bim& gebh xue {e k}uke e` `ue{w}i khoj`i u`h ki`w}hgjkkjû`& z zh ~e}è{ fi xue {hfe ge fi{ i{ku}i{ ni`gi{ ge `ue{w}i ki}hrû`. ^ehoi{ hai}h xuê ahke ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi h oegjgh xue ~h wioh`gi |i{e{jû` ge `ue{w}h ~ifu`whg z ge `ue{w}h j`wefjce`kjh. @i{ hm}e u`h oj}hgh `ue~h ahkjh Gji{& ahke xue `i fi ~ehoi{ zh kioi u` h`whci`j{wh& kioi ef e`eojci ge `ue{w}h{ hfec}ïh{& {j`i kioi `ue{w}i hfjhgi& kioi hfcuje` xue e{wè }ehfoe`we ge `ue{w}h |h}we z xue& |i} `i{iw}i{& ‖`i |e}gi`û h {u |}i|ji Ajbi‟. E` u`h |hfhm}h& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi j`nu`ge e` `ue{w}i ki}hrû` ‖ef hoi} ge Gji{‟ !]o 5&5*. Ahke `hke} e` effi{ u` {e`wjoje`wi `ue~i& ef {e`wjoje`wi njfjhf. Gji{ gebh ge {e} |hw}û` |h}h ki`~e}wj}{e e` |hg}e. E{we e{ ef oioe`wi }hgjh`we e` xue ef aiom}e eqkfhoh& |i} |}joe}h ~er& ki` |fe`h ki`kje`kjh2 ¨Hmmh& \hg}e( EF aiom}e ahke zh ge mue`h ch`h fi xue Gji{ fe oh`gh& z Gji{& |i} {u |h}we& `i {ifi fe oh`gh ahke}& {j`i xue& ki` {u c}hkjh& ahke êf oj{oi i hzugh h ahke} fi xue oh`gh. ;. U@ HOI] GJC@I GEF \HG]E.

E` e{wi {e nu`ghoe`wh ef h{|ekwi oï{wjki ge fh ~jgh k}j{wjh`h. Ahz u`h oï{wjkh eqw}hi}gj`h}jh& i ‖hfwh oï{wjkh‟& z u`h oï{wjkh i}gj`h}jh xue e{wè hmje}wh h wigi{ fi{ mhuwjrhgi{. Hf {e} ‖ajbi{ e` ef >:

N. MHKI@& [hccj Q^J& [im}e ef hweï{oi.

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Ajbi‟ c}hkjh{ hf E{|ï}jwu& ‖|h}wjkj|hoi{ ge fh `hwu}hferh gj~j`h‟ != \ 8&7* z `i{ ahffhoi{ j`{e}whgi{ e` ef gj`hoj{oi oj{oi ge fh ~jgh w}j`jwh}jh& {j mje` hxuï e` fh wje}}h wh` {ûfi |i} fh ne& hò` `i |i} fh ~j{jû`& kioi `i{ }ekue}gh Buh`2 ¤Xue}jgi{& {ioi{ ajbi{ [hmeoi{ ge Gji{ zxue& hò` kuh`gi `i {e ah oh`jne{whgihai}h fi xue {e}eoi{. {e oh`jnje{we& {e}eoi{ {eoebh`we{ h êf |i}xue fe ~e}eoi{ whf kuhf e{´ !8 B` ;&=*.

Gji{ kiou`jkh hf hfoh ‖ef oj{oi hoi} xue hf Ajbi& hu`xue `i `hwu}hfoe`we kioi hf Ajbi& {j`i& kioi aeoi{ gjkai& |i} u`jghg z w}h`{ni}ohkjû` ge hoi}‟3<. H{ï fi ge{k}jme u` hfoh h fh xue Gji{ fe ki`kegjû ki`ike} u` |ixujwi ge e{i |i} eq|e}je`kjh2 ¤U`h `ikae& {e`wï xue fh e`i}oe we}`u}h gef \hg}e oe e`~if~ïh ki` {u{ gufke{ z {uh~e{ kh}jkjh{4 nue}h ge oï& oe |u{e ge }igjffh{ e` ef {uefi& hku}}ukhgh e` fh i{ku}jghg& fhwjê`gioe nue}we ef ki}hrû`& z oe hmh`gi`ê |i} kio|fewi h {u ~ifu`whg. Z ef E{|ï}jwu oe j`w}igubi e` ef oj{we}ji gef hoi} w}j`jwh}ji. Ef j`we}khomji h}}imhgi} ge gh} z }ekjmj} {e e{whmh |}igukje`gi oj j`we}ji}2 ge K}j{wi& xuje` e{whmh u`jgh&whomjê` ahkjh ef e` \hg}e z gef \hg}e ahkjh efh Ajbi. ¹\e}i kûoi eq|}e{h} fi j`eq|}e{hmfe9 Zi `i ~eïh `hgh& |e}i e}h oukai oè{ xue ~e}& z `i we`ci |hfhm}h{ |h}h w}hgukj} hxuef j`we}khomji bumjfi{i xue e}h }e{|ue{wh z eoj{jû`& hkicjgh z gi`. Z ge e{e j`we}khomji nfuïh u`h j`we`{h ~jgh ge{ge ef U`i ahkjh ef Iw}i& kioi fh fekae xue |h{h gef |ekai ge fh ohg}e h fh mikh gef `jøi. Z zi e}h e{e `jøi& e}h wigh fh k}ehkjû` xue |h}wjkj|h ge fh ~jgh& gef }ej`i& ge fh cfi}jh& hf ahme} {jgi }ece`e}hgh |i} K}j{wi´. 3<

[H@ BUH@ GE FH K]UR& Kè`wjki E{|j}jwuhf H& kh`kjû` ;1& `² 7.

858

Fi{ oï{wjki{ {i`& |h}h ef |uemfi k}j{wjh`i& kioi hxueffi{ |}joe}i{ eq|fi}hgi}e{ xue e`w}h}i` ge j`kûc`jwi e` fh Wje}}h |}ioewjgh z xue fueci ~if~je}i` hf ge{je}wi ge{k}jmjê`gifh kioi u`h wje}}h xue oh`hmh fekae z ojef z h`joh`gi hf |uemfi h e`w}h} e` effh. \e}i fh{ eq|e}je`kjh{ ge xue ahmfh` e{wè` ge{wj`hgh{ h wigi{. [i` fh oewh `i}ohf ge u`h eqj{we`kjh }egjojgh. [j `i ahz |i} xuê we`e} ojegi h we`ge} h fh {h`wjghg& who|iki ahz |i} xuê we`e} ojegi h we`ge} h fh oï{wjkh& xue e{ |h}we j`wec}h`we ge fh {h`wjghg. [j ef \hg}e gef xue e{whoi{ ahmfh`gi `i {e xuegh {ûfi e` u` ki`ke|wi ge `ue{w}h oe`we& {j`i xue {e ki`~je}we e` u`h }ehfjghg ~j~h z hkwuh`we e` `ue{w}h ~jgh& ffech}è u` oioe`wi e` xue zh `i `i{ mh{wh}è ki` ef hoi} xue aeoi{ we`jgi hf \hg}e e` ef |h{hgi& {j`i xue kuhfxuje} iw}i hoi} xue h`we{ ahzhoi{ eq|e}joe`whgi z ki`ikjgi `i{ |h}eke}è hai}h ge{~hïgi e j`{jc`jnjkh`we. Z e`wi`ke{ `hke}è e` `i{iw}i{ ef ge{ei !xue hf kioje`ri `i{ |h}eke}è j}}ehfjrhmfe z kh{j mfh{neoi* ge hoh} hf \hg}e ki` u` hoi} gjc`i ge êf. Ê{we e{ ef oioe`wi xue ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{wè e{|e}h`gi |h}h ahke}`i{ ge{kum}j} xue |igeoi{ }ehfoe`we hoh} hf \hg}e ge e{h oh`e}h& ki` u` hoi} kioi `i |uege ahme} iw}i ohzi} `j e` ef kjefi `j e` fh wje}}h2 xue |igeoi{ hoh}fi ¨ki` ef oj{oi hoi} ki` xue fi hoh {u |}i|ji Ajbi( \ue{ ahme} }ekjmjgi ‖ef E{|ï}jwu gef Ajbi‟ {jc`jnjkh& `j oè{ `j oe`i{& ahme} }ekjmjgi ef hoi} xue ef Ajbi wje`e hf \hg}e. Z ge{kum}j}eoi{ xue |igeoi{ hoh} whomjê` hf Ajbi ki` u` hoi} gjc`i ge êf ‛ki` ef hoi} ki` xue ef \hg}e fi ah hohgi ‖h`we{ xue |i}xue }ekjmjgi. whomjê` \h}h e{e hoi} ki`wje`e e` efef ou`gi E{|ï}jwueqj{wje{e‟‛& [h`wi xue aeoi{ e{i `i{e{e }exuje}e `hgh ge eqw}hi}gj`h}ji& {j`i {ûfi fh ne z u`h ~jgh ge 85=

c}hkjh. Kuh`gi {e gjke xue ‖fh c}hkjh e{ ef kioje`ri ge fh cfi}jh‟ 38& `i {e ahke oè{ xue hnj}oh} wigi e{wi. H ~eke{ |uege {e}`i{ ge c}h` hzugh gekj}& z `i {ûfi |e`{h}& e{wh{ ~e}ghge{& }e|jwje`gi ki` {e`kjffer2 ‖\hg}e& we hoi ki` ef hoi} j`nj`jwi ki` xue we hoh wu Ajbi Be{ò{. [eøi} Be{ò{& we hoi ki` ef hoi} j`nj`jwi ki` xue we hoh wu \hg}e‟. H{ï |ue{& ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{ xuje` j`nu`ge e` `ue{w}i ki}hrû` ef {e`wjoje`wi ge fh njfjhkjû` gj~j`h& xuje` `i{ ahke {e`wj} !z `i {ûfi {hme}* xue {ioi{ ajbi{ ge Gji{. H ~eke{ e{wh i|e}hkjû` nu`ghoe`whf gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi wje`e fuch} ge u` oigi }e|e`wj`i e j`we`{i e` fh ~jgh ge u`h |e}{i`h. Ki` oiwj~i ge u` }ewj}i& ge u` {hk}hoe`wi }ekjmjgi ki` u`h e{|ekjhf gj{|i{jkjû`& ge u`h |hfhm}h ge Gji{ xue aeoi{ e{kukahgi ki` ef ki}hrû` mje` gj{|ue{wi& ge u`h nje{wh fjwò}cjkh& i gef h{ï ffhohgi ‖mhuwj{oi e` ef E{|ï}jwu‟& ef hfoh {e {je`we j`u`ghgh ge u`h fur e` fh xue Gji{ {e fe }e~efh ge u` oigi `ue~i kioi \hg}e. [e ki`ike |i} eq|e}je`kjh fi xue xuje}e gekj} xue Gji{ e{ \hg}e4 ef ki}hrû` {e ki`oue~e z fh |e}{i`h wje`e fh {e`{hkjû` ge {hfj} }e`i~hgh ge e{h eq|e}je`kjh. E` {u j`we}ji} h|h}eke u`h e`i}oe ki`njh`rh z u` {e`wjoje`wi xue ah{wh e`wi`ke{ `u`kh ahmïh eq|e}joe`whgi ge fh mi`ghg z fh we}`u}h gef [eøi}. Iw}h{ ~eke{& {j` eomh}ci& e{h }e~efhkjû` gef \hg}e ~je`e hkio|høhgh ge u` {e`wjoje`wi wh` nue}we ge fh ohbe{whg z fh w}h`{ke`ge`kjh ge Gji{& xue ef hfoh {e xuegh kioi h`i`hghgh z e`ougeke. ‖¨Gjkai{i{ fi{ xue ki`ike` hf \hg}e(‟& eqkfhohmh We}wufjh`i3=. [ï& ¨}ehfoe`we gjkai{i{ fi{ xue ki`ike` hf \hg}e ge e{wh oh`e}h( 38

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\e}i e{wh ni}oh wh` ~ï~jgh ge ki`ike} hf \hg}e `i {uefe gu}h} oukai wjeo|i e` e{wh wje}}h. ^uef~e` |}i`wi fi{ gïh{ e` xue ef k}eze`we gjke Hmmh {j` {e`wj} `hgh& z {jcue }e|jwjê`gifi njhgi ò`jkhoe`we e` fh |hfhm}h ge Be{ò{. Z e` e{i{ gïh{ ge h}jger e{ |}ekj{hoe`we kuh`gi {e ge{kum}e fh e`i}oe jo|i}wh`kjh gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e` `ue{w}h ~jgh ge i}hkjû`. E`wi`ke{ ef E{|ï}jwu e{ ge ~e}ghg fh nue}rh ge `ue{w}h i}hkjû` ‖gêmjf‟ !kn ]o 1&=>=3*& fh fur ge `ue{w}h i}hkjû` h|hchgh4 e` u`h |hfhm}h& ef hfoh ge `ue{w}h i}hkjû`. E` ~e}ghg& êf ‖}jech fh wje}}h e` {exuïh‟& kioi gekjoi{ e` fh {ekue`kjh xue }erhoi{ e` ai`i} {uzi. 7. HKICEI[ FI[ U@I[ H FI[ IW]I[

^hoi{ h ahke} hai}h& kioi aeoi{ aekai {jeo|}e& u`h h|fjkhkjû` |}èkwjkh ge fh gikw}j`h h fh ~jgh& hu`xue fi xue aeoi{ gjkai ah{wh hxuï `i we`ïh `hgh ge hm{w}hkwi `j ge weû}jki. E` fh |e}{|ekwj~h ge \hmfi& ~eïhoi{ kûoi `i |igeoi{ {e} ‖ajbi{‟ ge Gji{ {j `i {ioi{ ‖ae}oh`i{‟ ge K}j{wi z ae}oh`i{ e`w}e `i{iw}i{& zh xue {ioi{ ‖ojeom}i{ u`i{ ge iw}i{‟ !kn ]o 8=&5*. [h` Kj|}jh`i gekïh2 ‖@i |uege we`e} h Gji{ |i} \hg}e ef xue `i wje`e hf |}ûbjoi kioi ae}oh`i‟. Fh ki`{ekue`kjh xue {e {jcue ge effi e{ xue we`eoi{ xue |e}gi`h}`i{& hkice}`i{& hke|wh}`i{ u`i{ h iw}i{. Gebeoi{ xue {eh ef |}i|ji \hmfi xuje` {hxue fh{ ki`{ekue`kjh{ |}èkwjkh{ ge {u e`{eøh`rh2 ¤Kioi efecjgi{ ge Gji{& {h`wi{ z hohgi{& }e~e{wïi{ ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh e`w}høhmfe& mi`ghg& auojfghg& gufru}h& kio|}e`{jû`. [im}effe~hi{ ouwuhoe`we z |e}gi`hi{& kuh`gi hfcu`i we`ch xuebh{ ki`w}h iw}i. Ef [eøi} i{ ah |e}gi`hgi2 ahkeg ~i{iw}i{ fi oj{oi´ !Kif ;&8=‛8;*.

857

Kuh`gi ki`weo|fhoi{ fh ni}oh e` xue `i{ ah |e}gi`hgi ef [eøi} z fueci ~if~eoi{ ahkjh `i{iw}i{ fh oj}hgh& h ~eke{ `i{ xueghoi{ h{u{whgi{. Fi xue {ume ge `ue{w}i ki}hrû` kuh`gi |e`{hoi{ e` xuje` `i{ ffe~h fh ki`w}h}jh& `i{ k}jwjkh& `i{ khfuo`jh& i fi ah aekai e` ef |h{hgi& `i e{ ef ge{ei ge xue ‖~j~h`‟ z {e {hf~e`& i ge xue cike` gef h|}ekji ge fi{ geoè{ z we`ch` êqjwi& {j`i xujrè{& |i} ef ki`w}h}ji& ki`nu{i{ ge{ei{ ge jo|i`e}`i{ h effi{& ge xue fi{ aekai{ `i{ ge` fh }hrû` z }e{whmferkh` `ue{w}i{ ge}ekai{. @i{iw}i{ `i `i{ kh`{hoi{ ge ekah} ef hcuh gef |e}gû` {im}e e{h{ ffhoh{ |e}~e}{h{ gef hoi} |}i|ji ae}jgi& z effh{ `i {e kh`{h` ge ~if~e} h m}iwh} u`h z iw}h ~er. ¹Xujê` `i{ fjm}h}è ge e{we kue}|i `ue{w}i& z ge e{wh oe`we `ue{w}h ge oue}we9 [j `i fic}hoi{ jojwh} e` wigi fh oh`e}h ge hkwuh} gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf xue ahke khe} fh ffu~jh {im}e mue`i{ z ohfi{& {j h fh |}joe}h ge khomji ~if~eoi{ h ~e}`i{ w}hjkji`hgi{ |i} `ue{w}i }e{e`wjoje`wi& `i gebeoi{ |i} effi ge hfec}h}`i{& zh xue e{i ah}è xue `i{ {j`whoi{ |exueøi{ z `i{ hzugh}è h e`we`ge} kuè` c}h`ge e{ ef oj{we}ji ge fh oj{e}jki}gjh gef \hg}e4 hfhmeoi{ hf [eøi} z êf {e hfrh}è hò` oè{ hfwi {im}e fh{ }uj`h{ ge `ue{w}i i}cuffi. H{ï ki}}e}eoi{ oe`i{ ef |efjc}i ge auojffh}& ge iw}h oh`e}h& h `ue{w}i{ hg~e}{h}ji{ ki` fh ce`e}i{jghg ge `ue{w}i |e}gû`. Ahchoi{ wigi fi xue e{wè e` `ue{w}h{ oh`i{2 }ekeoi{& jo|fi}eoi{ e{we ‖gi` |e}nekwi‟ hf \hg}e ge fh{ fuke{4 |e}i {j ~if~eoi{ h khe}& `i `i{ ge{h`joeoi{. \e}i `i ~if~hoi{ h ahke} zh `u`kh oè{ u`h ki{h2 gekj}fe& `j {jxuje}h wèkjwhoe`we& h Gji{ \hg}e2 ‖Efjce2 i zi i oj e`eojci4 ¨gj ge |h}we ge xujê` e{wè{(‟. H u` |hg}e `i {e fi |uege |i`e} e` e{h k}uef hfwe}`hwj~h ge efecj} e`w}e gi{ ajbi{& {ûfi |i}xue effi{ e{wê` }eøjgi{ e`w}e {ï. Ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf xuje}e ‖xue wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{ 855

{e {hf~e`‟. @i we`weoi{& |ue{& h Gji{ |jgjê`gife xue {e u`h h `i{iw}i{ e` ki`w}h gef ae}oh`i. ‖Kuh`gi igji h hfcuje` i `jeci xue Gji{ {eh {u \hg}e& `i {hfe |e}gje`gi êf {j`i zi2 oe xuegi zi {j` |hg}e‟3;. \i} fi~hfe} wh`wi& kuh`gi e{weoi{ u` ae}oh`i& ge ahke} i ge gj{kuwj} `ue{w}i}eøjgi{ |u`wi ki` ge ~j{wh !hu`xue h`we{ {eh fïkjwi z e` ikh{ji`e{ ah{wh imfjchgi*& gjcèoi{fe h Gji{2 ‖\hg}e& {hf~h h e{e ae}oh`i oïi& {èf~h`i{ h fi{ gi{4 we |jgi |h}h êf fi oj{oi xue we |jgi |h}h oï4 `i ge{ei we`e} zi }hrû` z xue êf e{wê exuj~ikhgi. Ge{ei xue whomjê` êf we`ch }hrû`& xue e{wê e` fi kje}wi& i hf oe`i{ xue we`ch mue`h ne‟. E{h oj{e}jki}gjh ouwuh ge u`i{ |h}h ki` iw}i{ e{ j`gj{|e`{hmfe |h}h ~j~j} fh ~jgh gef E{|ï}jwu z fh ~jgh kiou`jwh}jh e` wigh{ {u{ ni}oh{. E{ j`gj{|e`{hmfe e` fh nhojfjh !¹xuê {e}ïh ge fh ki`~j~e`kjh ohw}joi`jhf {j` fh |}èkwjkh gef |e}gû` ouwui khgh gïh9*4 e{ j`gj{|e`{hmfe e` u`h kiou`jghg }efjcji{h i |h}}ixujhf z e` kuhfxuje} ni}oh ge ki`~j~e`kjh auoh`h. ‖[ioi{ ‛gjke {h` Hcu{wï`‛ ...~h{i{ ge mh}}i xue }ekï|}ikhoe`we {e |}iguke` }ike{‟37. E{ j`e~jwhmfe xue& gi`ge ~h}jh{ |e}{i`h{ ~j~e` bu`wh{& ahzh |u`wi{ ge ~j{wh& cu{wi{ z weo|e}hoe`wi{ gjne}e`we{. [j` fh nj}oe ~ifu`whg ge xue}e} {hf~h} ‛z `i ge efjoj`h}‛ hf ae}oh`i xue |je`{h ge gj{wj`wh oh`e}h& wigi {e hwh{kh& `i{ ke}}hoi{ e` `i{iw}i{ oj{oi{ i h{uojoi{ ef |h|ef ge ~ïkwjoh{. Z e{we e{|ï}jwu ge oj{e}jki}gjh z ge |e}gû` ouwui aiz gemeoi{ eqwe`ge}fi whomjê` h fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ ge iw}h{ ki`ne{ji`e{. @i |igeoi{ {ecuj} oj}è`gifi{ kioi e`eojci{. [i` ojeom}i{ gef oj{oi kue}|i ge K}j{wi& e{wè` h`johgi{ |i} ef oj{oi E{|ï}jwu& z 3;

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|i} fi wh`wi {i` `ue{w}i{ ae}oh`i{. Whomjê` |h}h ki` effi{ ~hfe fh }ecfh2 `i |igeoi{ |i`e} h Gji{ \hg}e e` fh gj{zu`wj~h ge we`e} xue efecj}2 i effi{ i `i{iw}i{. \h}h u` c}u|i kiou`jwh}ji& ef |e}gû` e{ fi xue ef hkejwe |h}kh u` Xujê` iku}}e {j hfcuje` e`ojfe{ ~jhbe ki`oiwi}. ef kikae {j` `i u`h{hme ciwhfigexue hkejwe e` ef oiwi}2 h{efi{|i`e |iki{ ge oew}i{& ef oiwi} {e xueoh}è. Ef |e}gû`& hf jcuhf xue ef fum}jkh`we& }eguke fi{ ‖}ike{‟ z }eoue~e fh{ |exueøh{ ae}}uom}e{ e` kuh`wi h|h}eke`. Ahz u` {hfoi xue kh`wh fh mefferh ge ~j~j} bu`wi{ kioi ae}oh`i{4 z gjke xue e{ ‖hkejwe |}ekji{i e` fh khmerh‟ xue mhbh |i} fh mh}mh ge Hh}û` ah{wh fh n}h`bh ge {u ~e{wjgu}h ![hf 8;;*. @ue{w}i Hh}û`& gekïh` fi{ \hg}e{ ge fh Jcfe{jh& `ue{w}i [uoi {hke}giwe& e{ K}j{wi4 êf e{ fh ‖khmerh‟. Fh oj{e}jki}gjh e{ ef hkejwe xue mhbh ge e{h khmerh z {e eqwje`ge |i} ef kue}|i& xue e{ fh Jcfe{jh& ah{wh fh n}h`bh ge {u{ ~e{wjgu}h{. Hffï gi`ge {e ~j~h ge e{h oh`e}h& e` u` kfjoh ge |e}gû` z ge ki`ki}gjh& ‖ef [eøi} oh`gh}è fh me`gjkjû`& fh ~jgh |h}h {jeo|}e‟ ![hf 8;;&;*. Hffï |ig}è gekj}{e ki` |fe`h ki`njh`rh2 ¨Hmmh& \hg}e(

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U` {ïomifi mïmfjki xue ah` }ege{kumje}wi ge oh`e}h g}hoèwjkh fi{ aiom}e{ ge `ue{w}i wjeo|i e{ ef gef {jfe`kji ge Gji{& |e}i e`we`gjgi& `i e` ef {e`wjgi |i{jwj~i ge j`enhmjfjghg& {j`i e` ef `echwj~i ge hu{e`kjh. U` {hfoj{wh }erhmh h{ï2 ‖]ikh oïh& `i {eh{ {i}gi h oj ~ir4 xue& {j `i oe ahmfh{& {e}ê jcuhf xue fi{ xue mhbh` h fh ni{h‟ ![hf =1&8*. Iw}i{ {hfoi{ `i{ gjke` xue ef Gji{ ge J{}hef ‖`i khffh}è‟ ![hf 5<&;*& xue êf `i e{ kioi fi{ ïgifi{ xue ‖wje`e` mikh z `i ahmfh`‟ ![hf 885&5*. E` fh Mjmfjh& oè{ n}ekue`we xue ef weoh gef {jfe`kji ge Gji{ e{ ef weoh gef {jfe`kji h`we Gji{. E{ ef aiom}e xuje` geme khffh}. Ki` n}ekue`kjh& ef {jfe`kji ge Gji{ `i e{ iw}h ki{h xue j`kh|hkjghg gef aiom}e |h}h e{kukah}. ‖Cuh}gh {jfe`kji z e{kukah& J{}hef‟& J`{k}j|kjû` e`ki`w}hgh e` u`h migech gi`ge fi{ bugïi{ {e e{ki`gïh` ge fi{ `hrj{& kjw. E` B. Misde}& ]efjcji`j gef oi`gi& 8:33. 35

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eqkfhoh Oij{ê{ !Gw =3&:*4 ‖¨[jfe`kji e` |}e{e`kjh gef [eøi}(‟& |}i}}uo|e` h ki}i fi{ |}inewh{ ![i 8& 34 Hm =&=<4 Rk =& 83*. H fi xue `i{iw}i{ ffhohoi{ {jfe`kji ge Gji{ ‛i {eh& {u h|h}e`we hu{e`kjh e` fi{ oioe`wi{ ge |}uemh‛ ef aiom}e ge fh Mjmfjh fi ffhoh oè{ mje` {ueøi ge Gji{2 ¤Ge{|je}wh& [eøi}& ¹|i} xuê gue}oe{9 E{|hmïfhwe& `i `i{ }ekahke{ oè{. ¹\i} xuê `i{ e{ki`ge{ wu }i{w}i z if~jgh{ `ue{w}h ge{c}hkjh z i|}e{jû`9´ ![hf 77&=7.=5*. Kuh`gi Gji{ }io|e {u {jfe`kji& {e gjke xue {e ge{|je}wh gef {ueøi2 ‖[e ge{|e}wû kioi ge u` {ueøi ef [eøi}& kioi {ifghgi hwu}gjgi |i} ef ~j`i‟ ![hf 31&>5*. Ge u` {jcfi h e{wh |h}we& {e ah ahmfhgi oukai gef {jfe`kji ge Gji{& |e}i {ûfi {hme ge ~e}ghg fi xue e{ ef {jfe`kji ge Gji{ ef xue ~j~e ge fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{ z hxuef |h}h xuje` Gji{ fi e{ wigi. Ahz u` kje}wi |efjc}i kuh`gi {e fi ki`~je}we e` weoh fjwe}h}ji. Fi{ oï{wjki{& xue ah` |h{hgi |i} ‖fh `ikae i{ku}h gef e{|ï}jwu‟& {hme` mje` fi xue e{ ‖ef j`nj`jwi {jfe`kji ge Gji{‟. Whomjê` {u|je}i` fi xue {jc`jnjkh ef {jfe`kji ge Gji{ fi{ |jhgi{i{ bugïi{ xue e` Hu{kasjwr e{|e}h}i` e` ~h`i u`h {eøhf ge hxuef Gji{ h xuje` {jeo|}e ahmïh` j`~ikhgi z {e}~jgi oje`w}h{ ~j~ïh`. Ef {jfe`kji ge Gji{ e{ u` ‖ou}i ge fh{ fhoe`whkji`e{‟ h`we ef xue {ûfi {e |uege khffh} z hgi}h}& kioi ahke` fi{ bugïi{ h`we ef ou}i gef weo|fi e` Be}u{hfê`. @i wh}gh}eoi{ e` ge{kum}j} |i} xuê aeoi{ e{kicjgi e{we {ïomifi |h}h j`w}igukj}`i{ e` e{wh oegjwhkjû`. 8. ¹U@ \HG]E JO\FHKHMFE9

\h}h ki`wj`uh} `ue{w}h ‖eq|fi}hkjû`‟ gef oj{we}ji gef \hg}e {jcuje`gi fh{ aueffh{ gef h|û{wif {h` \hmfi& eqhoj`h}eoi{ e` e{wh 85:

oegjwhkjû` fh kêfem}e hnj}ohkjû` ge ]ioh`i{ 1&;=2 ‖Gji{ `i |e}gi`û h {u |}i|ji Ajbi& {j`i xue fi e`w}ecû |i} wigi{ `i{iw}i{‟. U`h fekwu}h {u|e}njkjhf ge e{wh n}h{e ah ki`w}jmujgi& e` ef |h{hgi& h k}eh} u`h johce` geni}ohgh gef \hg}e. E` i}ge` h hke`wuh} {un}joje`wi{ ge K}j{wi fh k}ur& {eojegi gjmubûxue h ~eke{ \hg}e ki`fi{u`i{ }h{ci{ oè{ |}i|ji{e`|h}h oewe} |h}h hf j`{|j}h} ki`njh`rh. E` u` gj{ku}{i |}i`u`kjhgi h`we fh ki}we gef }ez ge N}h`kjh& ef ^je}`e{ [h`wi ge 8>>=& u`i ge fi{ oè{ c}h`ge{ i}hgi}e{ {hc}hgi{ ge fh aj{wi}jh |}e{e`wh h Be{ò{ e` fh k}ur mu{kh`gi ki`{uefi e` ef \hg}e& oje`w}h{ ‖ef \hg}e& {i}gi e jo|fhkhmfe& fi }ekahrh z fe |i`e ohfh kh}h& gebè`gifi {ifi z hmh`gi`è`gifi hf nu}i} ge {u bu{wjkjh j}}jwhgh !Kn. B./M. MI[[UEW*. [im}e e{we èomjwi weifûcjki {e ah hmhwjgi ef kjkfû` ge fh ki`we{whkjû` {ekufh}& xue {e h|izh e` ef {un}joje`wi gef ou`gi. Fh imbekjû` `i e{ `ue~h& |e}i ah hgxuj}jgi hke`wi{ e`ke`gjgi{ ge{|uê{ ge fh {ecu`gh cue}}h ou`gjhf z ge Hu{kasjwr. Z ah `hkjgi u`h fjwe}hwu}h xue |uege genj`j}{e kioi fh fjwe}hwu}h ‖ge fi{ |}ike{i{ h Gji{‟. ‖¹Gû`ge e{whmh Gji{ e`wi`ke{9‟ ¨Kuè`wh{ ~eke{ ah }e{i`hgi e{wh |}ecu`wh& e` `i~efh{ z e` im}h{ ge wehw}i& e` fi{ òfwjoi{ kj`kue`wh høi{( U`h eq|}e{jû` |h}wjkufh}oe`we nue}we ge e{e ‖{e`wh} h Gji{ e` ef mh`xujffi‟ e{ ef g}hoh Nue}h& h`we fh |ue}wh & e{k}jwi |i} u` huwi} hfeoè`& xue ou}jû bi~e`kï{joi fh ~ï{|e}h ge fh |}joe}h }e|}e{e`whkjû` ge {u g}hoh e` Ahomu}ci& e` 8:73. U` bi~e` {ifghgi xue ~uef~e ge fh cue}}h {e e`kue`w}h ki` u` ~jebi ffi}jkh xue {e |}e{e`wh kioi ‖ef mue` Gji{‟& z fi hwhkh ge e{wh oh`e}h2 ¤\e}i& gjoe& ¹hkh{i e}e{ mue`i hfcu`h ~er& mue` Gji{9 ¹Hkh{i nuj{we mue`i kuh`gi gebh{we xue oj ajbi xuegh}h aekai |eghri{ |i} fh eq|fi{jû` ge u`h miomh 8><

T..._9 ¹Gû`ge e{whmh{ e`wi`ke{& mue` Gji{& kuh`gi eq|fiwhmh` fh{ miomh{ T..._9 Oè}kahwe& ~jebi. Wò ekah{ h |e}ge} oj oue}we. Wò e}e{ u` weûfici ki` wj`wh e` ~er ge {h`c}e´.

Fh oj{oh ni}oh xue ah wiohgi e` ef |i{jwj~j{oi fj`cöï{wjki fh `echkjû` ge Gji{ `hkïh ge hxuï. [j fh n}h{e ‖Gji{ e{ hoi}‟ ‛gekïh‛ `i e`w}h e` k}j{j{ `j {jxuje}h w}h{ fh ki`{whwhkjû` gef gifi} hw}ir xue eqj{we e` ef ou`gi& e`wi`ke{ xuje}e gekj} xue kh}eke ge {e`wjgi z xue ahz xue hkhffh}fh. \h}h we`e} |i} ~e}ghge}h u`h hnj}ohkjû`& wje`e xue eqj{wj}& hf oe`i{ e` fï`eh ge |}j`kj|ji& fh |i{jmjfjghg ge ‖nhf{jnjkh}fh‟& e{ gekj}& ge geoi{w}h}& oegjh`we u`h im{e}~hkjû` eo|ï}jkh {u ~e}ghg i nhf{eghg. E` e{we kh{i& e{h |i{jmjfjghg `i eqj{we. \e}i `i {e w}hwh ge |}iwe{wh{ xue {e fe~h`we` ò`jkhoe`we ge fh njfi{inïh i ge fh fjwe}hwu}h& i ki` ikh{jû` ge c}h`ge{ khfhojghge{. Wigh fh auoh`jghg& ge{ge kuhfxuje} è`cufi ge fh wje}}h& c}jwh h gjh}ji {u gifi}. Ahke u` wjeo|i feïh zi e{we we{wjoi`ji ge u`h bi~e` oube}2 ‖[eøi}& ¹|i} xuê oe ah{ ki`ge`hgi h oi}j}9 !Fe ahmïh` ge{kumje}wi u`h e`ne}oeghg ohfjc`h*. We`ci u` oh}jgi xue& w}h{ gjer høi{ ge ohw}joi`ji& wigh~ïh xuje}e z oe Zfikioi gjke4 gi{ `jøi{ oh}h~jffi{i{. ¹\i} xuê `i |uegioe ~e}fi{ k}eke}9 e}h u`h oube} ge ne& {e }ekim}hmh j`oegjhwhoe`we z høhgïh n}h{e{ ge iw}i we`i}2 ‖Zi {ê& [eøi}& xue fh ~jgh z fh oue}we `i |igeoi{ |}ic}hoh}fh{ kioi `i{ cu{wh}ïh h `i{iw}i{& xue ef êqjwi ge u`h ~jgh `i {e ojge |i} ef `òoe}i ge høi{. \e}i {j xuje}e{ xue wigi e{wi `i{ |h{e ge fh khmerh hf ki}hrû`& wje`e{ xue ekah}`i{ u`h oh`i. @i{iw}i{ {ifi{ `i |igeoi{‟.

8>8

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¹Xuê wje`e xue }e{|i`ge} h wigi e{wi e{e jo|uwhgi xue e{ fh ne9 Zi k}ei xue& h`we ef gifi}& `i{iw}i{& fi{ k}eze`we{& we`eoi{ xue hgi|wh} h`we wigi u`h hkwjwug ge auojfghg. @i jojwh} h fi{ hojci{ ge Bim& xue hf nj`hf nue}i` ge{huwi}jrhgi{ |i} hxuef oj{oi Gji{ h xuje` |}ewe`gïh` gene`ge}. @i |}eci`h} gikwh{ eq|fjkhkji`e{& kioi {j |h}h `i{iw}i{ ef gifi} `i e`ke}}h{e `j`cò` oj{we}ji. Gef gifi} {e geme gekj} fi xue {h` Hcu{wï` gekïh gef oj{oi Gji{2 ‖[j k}ee{ xue fi ah{ kio|}e`gjgi& `i e{ êf fi xue ah{ kio|}e`gjgi‟ ![e}oi`e{& 5=& >&8>*. Be{ò{& xue e` kuh`wi h eq|fjkhkji`e{ we`ïh oukah{ oè{ xue `i{iw}i{& h`weh`we ef gifi} ge fh ~jugh ge ge @hï` {e ekaû h ffi}h}& z fi oj{oi ajri ef {un}joje`wi fh{ ae}oh`h{ ge Fèrh}i4 ge{|uê{ gjbi e ajri whomjê` hfci oè{4 gjbi2 ‖Zi {iz fh }e{u}}ekkjû` z fh ~jgh4 ef xue k}ee e` oï& hu`xue ahzh oue}wi& ~j~j}è‟ !kn B` 88&=5*. Whomjê` `i{iw}i{& ge{|uê{ ge fh{ fèc}joh{ ‛i e` oegji ge fh{ fèc}joh{‛& |igeoi{ gekj} hfcu`h{ |hfhm}h{ {im}e ef gifi}. ¹Kuèfe{9 Xue `i e{ kje}wi xue ef aiom}e {un}h z Gji{ {e xuege oj}h`gi. ¨Whomjê` Gji{ {un}e( U`h hnj}ohkjû` wh` j`{ûfjwh `i `i{ fh aeoi{ j`~e`whgi `i{iw}i{ hai}h& bu{wi |h}h we`e} hfci xue }e{|i`ge} hf aiom}e ge aiz. E{wè e{k}jwh ki` few}h{ ohzò{kufh{ e` fh Mjmfjh& gef |}j`kj|ji hf nj`hf. ‖Ajbi{ ae k}jhgi z egukhgi& z effi{ {e ah` }emefhgi ki`w}h oï‟ !J{ 8&=*. Fi{ |hg}e{ ge fh wje}}h xue ahzh` ~j~jgi fh w}j{wï{joh eq|e}je`kjh ge ~e} kûoi {u{ ajbi{ }e`jech` ge effi{ z fi{ ge{|}ekjh` |uege` kio|}e`ge} mje` ef gifi} xue {e e{ki`ge gew}è{ ge e{wh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Gji{. ‖\uemfi oïi& ¹xuê we ae aekai9& ¹e` xuê we ae ine`gjgi9 ¨]e{|û`geoe(‟ !kn Oj >&;*. Whomjê` e{wh{ |hfhm}h{ ahmfh` ge gifi}. Oe ki`oue~e e{we 8>=

n}hcoe`wi gef |}inewh Be}eoïh{ xue |ig}ïhoi{ wjwufh} ‖fi{ {ueøi{ }iwi{ ge u` |hg}e‟2 ¤Zi |e`{hmh2 ¨Kûoi oe cu{wh}ïh ki`wh}we e`w}e oj{ ajbi{ z gh}we u`h wje}}h e`~jgjhmfe( T..._ Zi e{|e}hmh xue oe ffhoh}h{ #|hg}e oïi# z `i we h|h}wh}h{ ge oï´ !B} ;&8:*.

Gji{ `i {un}e wh`wi |i} fh ine`{h xue fe ahkeoi{ h êf !e` }ehfjghg& ¹xujê` |uege ahke}fe h êf hfcò` ohf9*& kuh`wi |i} fh ine`{h xue ef aiom}e {e ahke h {ï oj{oi i h iw}i{ aiom}e{. Fi xue xuegh ae}jgi `i e{ {u i}cuffi& {j`i {u hoi}. Gjke fh E{k}jwu}h2 ‖Gji{ `i ajri fh oue}we& `j cirh ge{w}uze`gi h fi{ ~j~je`we{‟ ![m 8&8=/87*. ‖@i cirh‟ e{ kioi gekj} xue ‖{un}e‟ ki` fh ge{w}ukkjû` ge fi{ ~j~je`we{. [j e{wh hnj}ohkjû` ge xue Gji{ {un}e `i{ {ue`h h `ue~h z h hfcu`i{ ah{wh fe{ |}iguke hfci ge ojegi& effi {e geme h xue fh jgeh ge Gji{ ki` fh xue gu}h`we {jcfi{ {e }hri`hmh e` fh |}èkwjkh& ahmïh ~uefwi h {e} fh jgeh njfi{ûnjkh ge u` Gji{ jo|h{jmfe xue e{wè |i} e`kjoh z xue e{ hbe`i h fi{ khomji{ z h fh{ ~jkj{jwuge{ auoh`h{. \e}i ef Gji{ k}j{wjh`i `i |uege {e} ‖jo|h{jmfe‟ e` ef {e`wjgi e` xue fi ki`kjme` fi{ njfû{ini{. Z `i |uege {e}fi& |i}xue ef Gji{ k}j{wjh`i e{ hoi}. Z ef hoi} ‛wigi{ fi {hmeoi{‛ e{ fh ki{h oè{ ~uf`e}hmfe xue eqj{we e` ef ou`gi. E{ ~uf`e}hmfe gemjgi h fh fjme}whg e` xue gebh {jeo|}e hf hohgi. \i}xue `i ahz hoi} {j` fjme}whg& `j ahz hoi} {j` gifi}. Gji{ \hg}e {un}e ‖u`h |h{jû` ge hoi}‟& kioi gekïh I}ïce`e{2 ¤¹Hkh{i ef oj{oi \hg}e& Gji{ gef u`j~e}{i& wh` ffe`i ge fi`ch`jojghg& ge oj{e}jki}gjh z ge kio|h{jû`& `i {un}e e` kje}wi oigi9 ¹I whf ~er `i {hme{ wò xue& kuh`gi {e

8>;

iku|h ge fh{ ki{h{ ge fi{ aiom}e{& {un}e u`h |h{jû` ge aiom}e9 Êf {un}e u`h |h{jû` ge hoi}´.3>

I}ïce`e{ ffe~h h{ï ef gemhwe h {u ~e}ghge}h }hïr& xue ki`{j{we e` {hme} {j {e k}ee e` u` Gji{ hoi}& i `i. Fi{ njfû{ini{ |hch`i{ {hmïh` ouze`w}h& mje` xue {j Gji{oigi& hoh he`fi{ {u {ue}we& e` kje}wi {uaiom}e{ ~i}ècj`ez z{ezh|}eiku|h `i |uege|i} xuegh}{e jo|h{jmfe z w}h`xujfi. \i} e{i `ech}i` |i{jwj~hoe`we xue |ugje}h hoh}& gjkje`gi xue {ûfi |uege {e} hohgi& |e}i `i hoh}. \e}i fi{ k}j{wjh`i{ `i |igïh` hke|wh} e{h ki`kfu{jû` {j` gebh} |i} oe`wj}i{h& ge u` cif|e& h wigh fh Mjmfjh4 |i} e{i {e hm}je}i` hf oj{we}ji ge u` Gji{ xue {un}e. Ef oj{oi {h` \hmfi ahmfh ge fh |i{jmjfjghg ge ‖|i`e} w}j{we‟& i {eh& ge ahke} {un}j} hf E{|ï}jwu [h`wi !kn En 7&;<*. Fh ~e}ghg e{ xue {e kh{h` oebi} ki` u` Gji{/hoi} ef {un}joje`wi z fh |h{jû` xue {u ki`w}h}ji& fh jo|h{jmjfjghg. E{we }ege{kum}joje`wi gef {un}joje`wi ge Gji{ ah {jgi mje` hkicjgi |i} fi{ weûfici{ oè{ jo|i}wh`we{ ge `ue{w}i {jcfi z ah{wh Gioj`uo ew ef oj{oi |h|h fi ah aekai {uzi e` fh e`kïkfjkh ~j~jnjkh`weo& hu`xue ki` fi{ gemjgi{ ohwjke{. Ef |h|h ahmfh ge u` ‖j`e{k}uwhmfe e j`enhmfe gifi} ge |hg}e‟& xue e`kue`w}h {u oh`jne{whkjû` aj{wû}jkh z {e ahke }ehfjghg e` fh |h{jû` }ege`wi}h ge K}j{wi33. Kje}wi xue ef {un}joje`wi ge Gji{ `i e{ kioi ef `ue{w}i. Ef {uzi e{ {uohoe`we fjm}e z `i ki`w}hgjke {u{ iw}h{ |e}nekkji`e{ {j`i xue fh{ eqhfwh. E{ ‖fh |h{jû` gef jo|h{jmfe‟& kioi gekïh u` h`wjcui \hg}e ge fh Jcfe{jh. E{ |u}h ‖kio/|h{jû`‟. H fh |}ecu`wh2 ‖¹Gû`ge e{whmh Gji{ \hg}e e` ef Khf~h}ji& oje`w}h{ ef Ajbi hci`jrhmh9‟& ahz xue }e{|i`ge}& |ue{2 ¨e{whmh ki` 3>

I]ÏCE@E[& Aiojfïh{ {im}e Erexujef& >&>.

33

E`kïkfjkh Gioj`uo ew ~j~jnjkh`weo& ;:.

8>7

êf e` fh k}ur( Fh ge~ikjû` |i|ufh} z ef h}we e`ki`w}h}i` fh }e{|ue{wh h`we{ xue fh weificïh. Ge{ge fh eghg oegjh ah{wh `ue{w}i{ gïh{& z ge u` eqw}eoi hf iw}i gef ou`gi ikkjge`whf& ê{wh e{ fh }e|}e{e`whkjû` kfè{jkh ge fh W}j`jghg2 Gji{ \hg}e xue& ki` fi{ m}hri{ eqwe`gjgi{& {i{wje`e fh k}ur gef Ajbi& i fi }ekjme e` {u {e`i ki` j`nj`jwh we}`u}h }ekjê` mhbhgi ge fh k}ur& z e`w}e fi{ gi{ fh |hfioh gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. [j e` ef ou`gi mjrh`wj`i fh W}j`jghg {i` w}e{ è`cefe{ e` wi}`i h u`h oe{h& e` ef ou`gi fhwj`i {i` fh{ w}e{ \e}{i`h{ gj~j`h{ e` ef Khf~h}ji. E{we wj|i ge }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ {i` j`ki`whmfe{& ge{ge fh{ oè{ {e`kjffh{ z |i|ufh}e{ ah{wh fh{ c}h`ge{ im}h{ ohe{w}h{& kioi ‖Fh W}j`jghg‟ ge Oh{hkkji e` ef n}e{ki ge [h`wh Oh}ïh @i~effh. E` hfcu`i{ kh{i{ `i e{wè |}i|jhoe`we fh k}ur2 fi{ m}hri{ gef \hg}e ahke` ge k}ur. Be{ò{ `i h|h}eke kfh~hgi h u` ohge}i& {j`i h fh{ oh`i{ gef \hg}e& e` hkwjwug ge }ekfj`h} fh khmerh ki` j`nj`jwi hmh`gi`i {im}e {u aiom}i. E{i{ h}wj{wh{ `i ahke` oè{ xue j`we}|}ewh} fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge K}j{wi oioe`wi{ h`we{ ge fh |h{jû`2 ‖Oe gebh}êj{ {ifi& |e}i zi `i e{wiz {ifi& |i}xue ef \hg}e e{wè ki`ojci‟ !B` 8>&;=*. U`h |ècj`h e~h`cêfjkh e` fh xue {e }enfebh fh njcu}h ge e{we \hg}e jo|fjkhgi |e}{i`hfoe`we e` fh |h{jû` gef Ajbi e{ fh |h}èmifh ge fi{ ~jøhgi}e{ aiojkjgh{2 ¤Fe xueghmh u`i& {u ajbi xue}jgi. Z fi e`~jû ef òfwjoi& |e`{h`gi xue h {u ajbi fi }e{|ewh}ïh`´ !Ok 8=&>*. \h}èmifh z }ehfjghg {e ki`nu`ge` e` e{h eqkfhohkjû` gef gueøi ge fh ~jøh. U` kh`wi xue e{kukaê e` fi{ E{whgi{ U`jgi{ oe hzugû h kio|}e`ge} fh c}h` }e~efhkjû` {im}e ef \hg}e xue {e e`kje}}h e` e{wh |h}èmifh. Fh{ |hfhm}h{& hkio|høhgh{ |i} u`h oefigïh }ehfoe`we ki`oi~egi}h& gjke`2

8>5

¤Hfefuzh& \hg}e. Wò `i{ ah{ ghgi h wu Ajbi. Fi e`~jh{we h e{we ou`gi |h}h {hf~h}`i{ h wigi{. [hmïh{ xue we fi ïmhoi{ h ohwh} z h mi}}h} ge fh wje}}h... Hfefuzh& \hg}e oïi& {u oue}we e{ oj `hkjoje`wi´31. ;. \HG]E Z WIGI\IGE]I[I.

\e}i& hf ffech} h e{we oioe`wi& ~uef~e h {u}cj} fh imbekjû`& oè{ |efjc}i{h hò`& mhbi iw}h ni}oh. ¹E`wi`ke{& whomjê` Gji{ e{ jo|iwe`we n}e`we hf ohf9 E` fh |}ine{jû` ge ne gekjoi{2 ‖K}ei e` Gji{ \hg}e‟4 |e}i |h}êoi`i{ hxuï& {j` høhgj} ‖wigi|ige}i{i‟. Ef ohf& z `i Gji{& e{ wigi|ige}i{i. ^if~hoi{ h fh h`wjcuh k}ee`kjh |hch`h ge xue& |i} e`kjoh ge fh oj{oh gj~j`jghg& }ej`h ef Ge{wj`i& fh |u}h z gu}h H`h`de& fh nhwhfjghg ge wigh{ fh{ ki{h{. E{wi e{ fi xue [hwh`è{ mu{kh ahke} k}ee} h fi{ aiom}e{& z ahz xue gekj} xue oukah{ ~eke{ |h}eke xue fi{ aiom}e{& ki` {u{ hw}ikjghge{& ahke` wigi fi |i{jmfe |i} nhkjfjwh}fe fh{ ki{h{. \e}i e{ oe`wj}h. Ef h}cuoe`wi xue {e }e|jwe ki` n}ekue`kjh& ge{ge fh h`wjcöeghg ah{wh `ue{w}i{ gïh{& e{2 ‖I Gji{ |uege ~e`ke} ef ohf z `i xuje}e& z e`wi`ke{ `i e{ u` |hg}e4 i xuje}e ~e`ke}fi |e}i `i |uege& z e`wi`ke{ `i e{ wigi|ige}i{i‟. H e{e }hri`hoje`wi }e{|i`geoi{2 Gji{ xuje}e ~e`ke} ef ohf& |uege ~e`ke}fi z fi ~e`ke}è. Ef ohf nï{jki z ef ohf oi}hf. \e}i ah efecjgi ahke}fi ge u`h oh`e}h xue `i{iw}i{ `u`kh `i{ ahm}ïhoi{ johcj`hgi. E{ni}kêoi`i{ |i} e`we`ge} mje` e{wi& |ue{ k}ei xue ê{wh e{ fh hnj}ohkjû` xue oè{ ke}kh `i{ ffe~h}è ge fi xue |ig}ïh ffhoh}{e fh }e{|ue{wh k}j{wjh`h h fh imbekjû` gef ohf. Gji{ ah efecjgi ~e`ke} ef ohf& `i e~jwè`gifi& `j who|iki ge}}iwè`gifi ki` {j`i {u io`j|iwe`kjh eo|ubè`gifi nue}h ge fh{ n}i`we}h{ ge {u }ej`i& kh}ch`gi ki`i êf z w}h`{ni}oè`gifi ge{ge ge`w}i e` mje`4 w}h`{ni}oh`gi ef igji 31

Ahffefubha& oz Nhwae}& Weqwi z oò{jkh ge W. Kuffe`& e` [i`c{ in \}hj{e.

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e` hoi}& fh ~jife`kjh e` oh`{eguom}e& fh j`bu{wjkjh e` bu{wjkjh& fh h`cu{wjh e` e{|e}h`rh. Ajri fi xue `i{ |jge h `i{iw}i{ xue ahchoi{2 ‖@i we gebe{ ~e`ke} |i} ef ohf& ~e`ke ef ohf h nue}rh ge mje`‟ !]o 8=&=8*. E{i e{ xue iku}}jû e` fh k}ur. Fi{ \hg}e{ ge fh Jcfe{jh uwjfjrhmh` u` fi{ïomifi |}ekji{i |h}h eq|}e{h}fi2 fh{ hcuh{ hoh}ch{ ge Oh}h xue Oij{ê{ ki`~j}wjû e` hcuh{ gufke{ !kn Eq 85&=;{{*. Be{ò{ memjû fh{ hcuh{ hoh}ch{ ge fh }emefjû` z fh{ ki`~j}wjû e` fh{ hcuh{ gufke{ ge fh c}hkjh& {jomifjrhgh{ e` ef hcuh xue {hfjû ge {u ki{whgi. Wioû {im}e {ï ef j`oe`{i ‖@i‟ gef ou`gi h Gji{ z fi ki`~j}wjû e` u` ‖[ï‟ wiwhf. \e}i hu` h{ï `ue{w}h }e{|ue{wh e{ j`kio|fewh2 ¨nhfwh fh |hfhm}h }e{u}}ekkjû`( [j Gji{ \hg}e ‖{i|i}wh‟ xue eqj{wh ef gifi}& e{ |i}xue êf {hme fi xue ~h h ahke} hf ‖we}ke} gïh‟. E` fh k}ur& ef \hg}e e{whmh jo|hkje`we |i} xue fi{ aiom}e{ ajkje{e` {u |h|ef& |h}h eo|erh} h ahke} êf ef {uzi. ‖^i{iw}i{ fi ohwh{wej{ e` u`h k}ur& |e}i Gji{ fi }e{ukjwû z fi ah ki`{wjwujgi [eøi} z Oe{ïh{‟ !kn Aka =&=;‛=7.;>*. ‖Gji{ fi fe~h`wû {im}e wigi z fe ki`kegjû ef @iom}e {im}e wigi `iom}e‟ !Nf| =&:‛8<*. E{wi `i{ ffe~h h ~e} mhbi u`h fur `ue~h ef nhoi{i {jfe`kji ge Gji{ xue wh`wi e{kh`ghfjrh h fi{ aiom}e{ ge `ue{w}i wjeo|i. Gji{ `i khffh2 {i|i}wh& wje`e |hkje`kjh Gji{ gjke |i} ef |}inewh J{hïh{2 ‖Ge{ge h`wjcui cuh}gê {jfe`kji& oe khffhmh& hcuh`whmh4 hai}h c}jwh}ê‟ !J{ 7=&87*. E{i nue fi xue {ukegjû e` fh |h{jû` z }e{u}}ekkjû` ge K}j{wi z e{ fi xue iku}}e e` wigi {un}joje`wi auoh`i j`bu{wi2 Gji{ hcuh`wh& {e ahke ~jife`kjh& |i} }e{|ewh} `ue{w}h fjme}whg& |e}i ffech u` oioe`wi e` xue }io|e {u {jfe`kji. Fh }e{u}}ekkjû` ge K}j{wi nue ef ‖c}jwi‟ ki` xue Gji{ }io|jû {u {jfe`kji. 8>3

]eki}gh`gi u` wjeo|i ge ne}ir |e}{ekukjû` mhbi Bufjh`i ef H|û{whwh !jcfe{jh{ xueohgh{& ~ï}ce`e{ k}j{wjh`h{ ~jifhgh{*& {h` C}eci}ji @hrjh`ke`i |}i}}uo|e e` u` c}jwi h K}j{wi xue zi ah{wh hai}h w}hgukïh h{ï2 ‖¨Xuê gu}i nue {i|i}wh} hxuef gïh wu {jfe`kji(‟ Njbè`gioe oè{& ae ge{kumje}wi xue e{h w}hgukkjû` `i e{ eqhkwh4 êf u{h fh |hfhm}h ohd}iwauojh& xue fjwe}hfoe`we {jc`jnjkh hcuh`we& |hkje`kjh& `i {jfe`kji. Fh n}h{e geme w}hgukj}{e2 ‖¨Xuê gu}i nue {i|i}wh} hxuef gïh wu hcuh`we(‟. 7. ¨KÛOI @I[ AH[ HOHGI& \HG]E MUE@I(

Hai}h |igeoi{ ~if~e} h fh n}h{e ge {h` \hmfi xue `i{ {j}~jû ge ge |h}wjgh z e`we`ge} {u ~e}ghge}i {e`wjgi. H|û{wif|i} gjke|u`wi xue Gji{ `i |e}gi`û h {u |}i|ji Ajbi& {j`i xue fiEfe`w}ecû wigi{ `i{iw}i{. [j feeoi{ e{we weqwi e` u`h egjkjû` ge fh Mjmfjh hgekuhghoe`we |}i~j{wh ge `iwh{& `i{ e`ki`w}h}eoi{ ki` xue hf fhgi ge e{h n}h{e {e `i{ e`~ïh h Cê`e{j{ ==&8>. ¹Ge xujê` {e ahmfh e` e{e fuch}9 [e ahmfh ge Hm}haè`. Gji{ fe gjke h Hm}haè`2 ‖|i} ahme} im}hgi h{ï& |i} `i ahme}we }e{e}~hgi wu ajbi & wu ajbi ò`jki& we me`gekj}ê ki` wigh kfh{e ge me`gjkji`e{‟. Hm}haè` khoj`h`gi e` {jfe`kji ahkjh ef oi`we Oi}ïh& |h}h j`oifh} hffï h {u ajbi J{hhk& e}h& |ue{& njcu}h ge iw}i \hg}e. ¹Xujê` |ig}è ge{k}jmj} fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ gef ki}hrû` ge Hm}haè` oje`w}h{ hkio|høh h {u ajbi ahkjh ef fuch} ge fh j`oifhkjû`9 Gekïh I}ïce`e{ xue ef oioe`wi ge ohzi} we`whkjû` |h}h Hm}haè` nue kuh`gi& e` ef khoj`i& {u ajbi& xue `i {hmïh `hgh& {e gj}jcjû h êf |}ecu`wè`gife gû`ge e{whmh fh ~ïkwjoh |h}h ef {hk}jnjkji z ffhoè`gifi ‖|hg}e‟. Hf iï} e{h |hfhm}h& h Hm}haè` fe gji u` ~uefki ef ki}hrû`& kioi {j aumje{e {jgi {i}|}e`gjgi e` nhfwh& z ki`we{wû2 ‖Hxuï e{wiz& ajbi oïi‟. ¹Kûoi jmh h |ige} gekj}fe h {u ajbi2 ‖Fh 8>1

~ïkwjoh e}e{ wò‟9 Hxueffh {ï xue nue |h}h Hm}haè` u`h |hfhm}h we`whgi}h2 ¨{u{ e`w}høh{ ge |hg}e {e e{w}eoekje}i` h`we ef {i`jgi ge hxueffh |hfhm}h ‖|hg}e‟( ¹Z xujê` |ig}è ge{k}jmj} fi xue iku}}jû e` ef ki}hrû` gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf kuh`gi& e` Cew{eoh`ï& Be{ò{ {e gj}jcjû whomjê` h êf ffhoè`gifi ‖\hg}e‟ z |jgjê`gife xue ajkje{e |h{h} ge êf ef kèfjr9 !kn Ok 87&;>*. H fh fur ge e{wh kio|h}hkjû`& |igeoi{ e`we`ge} oebi} fi xue xuje}e gekj} {h` \hmfi ki` fh n}h{e2 ‖Gji{ `i |e}gi`û h {u |}i|ji Ajbi& {j`i xue fi e`w}ecû |i} wigi{ `i{iw}i{‟. Xuje}e gekj} xue `i {e fi }e{e}~û |h}h {ï& e{ gekj}& xue `i {e fi cuh}gû kioi u` kigjkjhgi we{i}i. H{ï |ue{& ef \hg}e `i e{ {ûfi xuje` }ekjme ef {hk}jnjkji gef Ajbi& {j`i whomjê` xuje` ahke ef {hk}jnjkji gef {u Ajbi Fh fjwu}cjh ge fh Jcfe{jh ah eq|}e{hgi wigi e{wi e` fh {umfjoe eqkfhohkjû` gef Equfwew& xue in}eke u`h johce` gef \hg}e kio|fewhoe`we gj{wj`wh ge fh ge kje}wh i}hwi}jh ge fh xue ahmfèmhoi{ hf |}j`kj|ji2 ¤¨Xuê h{iom}i{i me`enjkji ge wu hoi} |i} `i{iw}i{( ¨Xuê j`kio|h}hmfe we}`u}h z kh}jghg( ¨\h}h }e{khwh} hf e{kfh~i& e`w}ech{we hf Ajbi(´

Ef |}i|ji \hmfi {hkh u`h ki`kfu{jû` ge fh n}h{e {im}e fh xue aeoi{ oegjwhgi& xue e{ u`h kèfjgh j`~jwhkjû` h fh ki`njh`rh e` Gji{ \hg}e2 ‖Ef xue `i |e}gi`û h {u |}i|ji Ajbi& {j`i xue fi e`w}ecû |i} wigi{ `i{iw}i{& ¹kûoi `i `i{ fi ~h h gh} wigi ki` êf9‟ !]o 1&;=*. Ef n}uwi ge u`h oegjwhkjû` kioi ê{wh geme}ïh {e} u` ~j~i ge{ei ge }eki`kjfjh}`i{ ki` ef \hg}e. Ahz oukah ce`we xue ffe~h kfh~hgi e` ef ki}hrû` u` {i}gi }e`ki} ki`w}h Gji{& gemjgi h fi{ {un}joje`wi{ xue ah` we`jgi xue {i|i}wh}. E{wh{ }eki`kjfjhkji`e{ `i |uege` {e} im}h ò`jkhoe`we gef aiom}e. Fi{ aiom}e{& j`kfu{i fi{ 8>:

xue ahmfh` ge Gji{& h oe`ugi `i ahke` oè{ xue eo|ei}h} ki` {u{ |hfhm}h{ fh {jwuhkjû`. [ûfi ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi |uege ku}h} ef }e{e`wjoje`wi ge fi{ aiom}e{ ki`w}h ef \hg}e& z h êf we`eoi{ xue j`~ikh}fi ki` fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef ^e`j k}ehwi}2 \e} we {kjhou{ gh \hw}eo& ahr`i{ ki`ike} ef ki}hrû` gef \hg}e. Ef h{|ekwi oè{ ki`{ifhgi} ge e{h{ }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ ge fh W}j`jghg e` fh k}ur ge fh{ xue ae ahmfhgi ki`{j{we e` ef aekai ge xue `i{ gh` fh |i{jmjfjghg ge hn}i`wh} ge iw}h oh`e}h `ue{w}h{ k}uke{ z fh{ ge `ue{w}i{ {e}e{ xue}jgi{. [j aeoi{ we`jgi xue h{j{wj} hfcu`h ~er hf khf~h}ji ge u` {e} xue}jgi& i h fh oue}we ge u` `jøi |i} u`h e`ne}oeghg& we`eoi{ xue johcj`è}`i{fi h{ï2 ki` ef \hg}e e`~if~jê`gifi e` {u hm}hri z ‖{i{we`jê`gifi e` ef fekai gef gifi}‟& kioi ajri ki` K}j{wi e` fh k}ur& jo|hkje`we |i} |ige} e`buch}fe fh{ fèc}joh{ ge fi{ ibi{ z ahke}fi e`w}h} e` {u ge{kh`{i. Ef {e`wjoje`wi xue geme |}e~hfeke} {im}e kuhfxuje} iw}i hf nj`hf ge e{wh oegjwhkjû` {im}e ef {un}joje`wi gef \hg}e ah ge {e} ef ge u` eoikji`hgi hc}hgekjoje`wi2 ¤¨Kûoi `i{ ah{ hohgi& \hg}e mue`i& xue `i |e}gi`h{we h wu ò`jki Ajbi& {j`i xue fi e`w}ech{we |i} `i{iw}i{& |ekhgi}e{( ¨Kûoi `i{ ah{ hohgi(´ ![h` Hcu{wï`& Ki`ne{ji`e{& Q& 7;*.

83<

QJ./ GE ÊF \]IKEGE WIGI Z AHKJH ÊF KHOJ@HOI[.

K}ee} e` Gji{ ‖\hg}e‟ ge{|uê{ ge N}eug.

¤@i gemeoi{ gewe`e}`i{ e` `ue{w}h eq|fi}hkjû`& z ef wê}oj`i ge `ue{w}h mò{xuegh {e}è ffech} hf |u`wi ge gi`ge aeoi{ |h}wjgi z ki`ike} |i} |}joe}h ~er e{e fuch}´. !W.[. Efjiw*3:.

FH KH[H GEF \HG]E.

U` {ïomifi ge Gji{ xue `i{ ~h h ahke} ouz mue`h kio|høïh e` e{wh oegjwhkjû` ~h h {e} ef ge fh kh{h. E` ef H`wjcui We{whoe`wi e{ `i}ohf ahmfh} ge ‖kh{h‟& ‖wje`gh‟& ‖|hfhkji‟ i ‖oi}hgh‟ ge Gji{. E` u` {e`wjgi fh kh{h ge Gji{ e{ ef kjefi& e` iw}i {u weo|fi ge Be}u{hfê`. ‖E{we fuch} e{ `hgh oe`i{ xue kh{h ge Gji{‟& eqkfhoû Bhkim hf ge{|e}wh}{e gef {ueøi !kn C` =1&83*. H fi{ {e}e{ kefe{wjhfe{ {e fi{ ki`kjme kioi u`h nhojfjh e` wi}`i hf \hg}e& i kioi u`h ki}we e` wi}`i hf {ime}h`i. Be{ò{ e{ oè{ eq|fïkjwi z ahmfh ge u`h kh{h |hwe}`h xue zh `i e{ {ûfi ef kjefi i u` fuch} {jwuhgi e` e{wh wje}}h2 ‖E` fh kh{h ge oj \hg}e ahz oukah{ e{wh`kjh{‟ !B` 87&=*. \hmfi gjke xue ahz u`h kh{h ‖xue `i ah {jgi fe~h`whgh |i} oh`i ge aiom}e‟ z xue `i{ e{|e}h e` fi{ kjefi{ !kn = Ki 5&8*. 3:

W.[. EFJIW& Niu} Xuh}wew{ ^& Wae Kio|fewe \ieo{ h`g \fhz{ .

838

\e}i wigh~ïh oè{ jo|i}wh`we{ {i` fi{ weqwi{ e` xue `i {ûfi {e gjke xue Gji{ wje`e u`h kh{h& {j`i xue êf oj{oi e{ u`h kh{h. Z `i u`h kh{h `i}ohf z ki}}je`we& {j`i u`h kh{h mje` hmh{wekjgh& {ecu}h e j`eq|uc`hmfe. [i` fi{ weqwi{ e` xue h Gji{ {e fi ffhoh ‖}enucji‟& ‖}ikh‟& ‖hfkèrh} ki`w}h ef e`eojci‟. Ef aiom}e |uege& zh e` e{wh ~jgh& ahke} gef Hfwï{joi {u ‖oi}hgh‟ !kn [hf :8&:*. Fh johce` ge Gji{/kh{h {ucje}e j`wjojghg& {ecu}jghg& |}iwekkjû`& hfec}ïh& z h{ï e{ kioi {e }e|}e{e`wh fh nefjkjghg gef kjefi2 kioi u`h c}h` nhojfjh }eu`jgh& `i {ûfi e` fh kh{h gef \hg}e& {j`i e` e{h kh{h xue e{ ef \hg}e z wigh fh W}j`jghg. E` e{wh kh{h |je`{h zh ef k}eze`we kuh`gi gjke ki` ef {hfoj{wh2 ‖¨Xuê hfec}ïh kuh`gi oe gjbe}i`2 ^hoi{ h fh kh{h gef [eøi}(‟ ![hf 8==&8*. Ge e{h kh{h xue e{ ef \hg}e ‛`i{ gjke {h` \hmfi‛ aeoi{ {hfjgi z h effh e{whoi{ }ec}e{h`gi. 8. ^J^J] \I] EF \HG]E.

Fh e`kïkfjkh Njge{ ew }hwji gef |h|h Buh` \hmfi JJ |i`e kioi |u`wi ge |h}wjgh fh {jcuje`we }enfeqjû`2 e` ef ki}hrû` gef aiom}e eqj{we ‖u`h hkukjh`we |}ecu`wh hke}kh gef {e`wjgi ge fh{ ki{h{ z ge {u |}i|jh eqj{we`kjh‟& |}ecu`wh xue {e eq|}e{h e` fh{ ki`ikjgh{ |}ecu`wh{2 ‖¹Xujê` {iz9 ¹ge gû`ge ~e`ci z hgû`ge ~iz9‟ [e w}hwh ge |}ecu`wh{ ~jwhfe{ |h}h ef aiom}e& |ue{ ge effh{ ‖ge|e`ge fh i}je`whkjû` xue ~hzh h jo|}joj} h {u eqj{we`kjh‟. [i` j`we}}ich`we{ h fi{ xue wh`wi fh ne kioi fh }hrû`& khgh u`h ki` {u{ |}i|ji{ oegji{& w}hwh` ge gh} }e{|ue{wh. Fh }enfeqjû` {im}e ef \hg}e `i{ in}eke u`h ikh{jû` jgehf |h}h ge{kum}j} ‖ef {e`wjgi‟ òfwjoi ge `ue{w}h ~jgh z gh} u`h }e{|ue{wh ge ne h e{h{ |}ecu`wh{. Feeoi{ e` fh \}joe}h kh}wh h fi{ Ki}j`wji{2 83=

¤\h}h `i{iw}i{ `i ahz oè{ xue u` Gji{& ef \hg}e& ge xuje` |}ikege ef u`j~e}{i z ahkjh xuje` khoj`hoi{´ !8 Ki 1&>*.

Ê{wh e{ fh }e{|ue{wh oè{ kfh}h z {ecu}h xue |uegh ge{eh}{e h fh |}ecu`wh ‖ge gû`ge ~e`joi{ z hgû`ge ~hoi{‟2 ~e`joi{ gef \hg}e z ~hoi{ ahkjh ef \hg}e. Mhbi e{wh fur& fh eqj{we`kjh k}j{wjh`h {e `i{ |}e{e`wh kioi u` khoj`i ge ~uefwh hf \hg}e. [j hfcu`i{ ge fi{ \hg}e{ oè{ eoj`e`we{ ge fh Jcfe{jh& kioi Mh{jfji z Hcu{wï`& xuegh}i` wh` nh{kj`hgi{ |i} fh wei}ïh ge \fiwj`i {im}e fh eoh`hkjû` ge fh{ ki{h{ gef U`i z {u j`ke{h`we }ewi}`i hf U`i& e}h |i}xue e{h wei}ïh {e fe{ |}e{e`whmh |}ekj{hoe`we kioi ef |u`wi e` xue fh njfi{inïh h`wjcuh {e hke}khmh oè{ hf k}j{wjh`j{oi& u`h ~er ki}}ecjgh fh jgeh ge eoh`hkjû` ki` fh ge k}ehkjû` z u`h ~er xue fe gje}i` hf U`i u` `iom}e z u` }i{w}i ki`k}ewi& fi{ ge \hg}e. \e}i ef ge{wj`i gef aiom}e `i e{ u` {jo|fe }ewi}`i hf |u`wi ge |h}wjgh& kioi e` fh{ ki`ke|kji`e{ kïkfjkh{ gef ou`gi. Ê{e {e}è ef wê}oj`i ge wigh{ `ue{w}h{ mò{xuegh{. \e}i ki`{j{wj}è whomjê` e` ki`ike} ef fuch} ‖|i} ~er |}joe}h‟& |i}xue {ûfi hf nj`hf ge `ue{w}i |e}ec}j`h} ki`ike}eoi{ ge ~e}ghg h hxuef ge xuje` aeoi{ {hfjgi& hf \hg}e. Fh {hfjgh ge fh{ k}jhwu}h{ gef {e`i ge Gji{ e{ j`gefjme}hgh e j`~ifu`wh}jh& {u ~uefwh h Gji{ e{ n}uwi ge u`h fjm}e gekj{jû`. \hmfi `i {e j`~e`wû e{h ~j{jû` {ecò` fh kuhf wigh{ fh{ ki{h{ ~je`e` gef \hg}e z ~uef~e` h êf. Kioi ge ki{wuom}e& fi ò`jki xue ahke e{ eqwe`ge} h fi{ k}eze`we{ fi{ }h{ci{ xue ahmïh` kh}hkwe}jrhgi fh ~jgh ge K}j{wi. [hmeoi{& {im}e wigi |i} ef e~h`cefji ge Buh`& xue ê{h e}h fh ni}oh e` xue Be{ò{ ge{k}jmïh {u h~e`wu}h we}}e`h2 ¤[hfï gef \hg}e z ae ~e`jgi hf ou`gi& hai}h gebi ef ou`gi z oe ~iz hf \hg}e´ !B` 8>&=1*. 83;

\e}i ef \hg}e `i e{wè ò`jkhoe`we hf |}j`kj|ji z hf nj`hf gef jwj`e}h}ji ge K}j{wi& {j`i xue fi ffe`h wigi& oioe`wi h oioe`wi. Êf |uege gekj}2 ‖Zi ~j~i |i} ef \hg}e‟ !B` >&53*& z e{h |}e|i{jkjû` ‖|i}‟ !gjì* wje`e gi{ {jc`jnjkhgi{2 u`i ge |}i~e`je`kjh !zi ~j~i c}hkjh{ hf \hg}e& gemjgi h fh ~jgh xue ~je`e ge êf* z iw}i ge ge{wj`i& ge i}je`whkjû` !zi ~j~i e` i}ge` hf \hg}e& |h}h {u cfi}jh*. E` ef kh{i ge K}j{wi& ~j~j} |h}h ef \hg}e {e w}hguke e` kje}wh{ hkwjwuge{ z {e`wjoje`wi{ nu`ghoe`whfe{2 imegje`kjh hf \hg}e& hoi} hf \hg}e& hmh`gi`i wiwhf h {u ~ifu`whg& kefi ge {u cfi}jh& hgoj}hkjû` |i} {u c}h`gerh& hfec}ïh hf }eki}gh}fi. Fh imegje`kjh ge Be{ò{ hf \hg}e. ‖Oj hfjoe`wi e{ ahke} fh ~ifu`whg gef \hg}e‟& ‖Zi ahci {jeo|}e fi xue fe hc}hgh‟. [h` Mh{jfji gj{wj`cue w}e{ gj{|i{jkji`e{ j`we}ji}e{ ki` xue |igeoi{ imegeke}2 |i} ojegi hf kh{wjci& z ê{wh e{ fh imegje`kjh gef e{kfh~i4 |i} ef ge{ei gef |}eoji& z e{ fh imegje`kjh gef oe}ke`h}ji4 ge oh`e}h e{|i`wè`eh& |i} hoi}& xue e{ fh imegje`kjh ge fi{ ajbi{. E` ef kh{i ge Be{ò{& m}jffh e` c}hgi eoj`e`we e{wh imegje`kjh njfjhf. Ef hoi} ge Be{ò{ hf \hg}e. ¨Kuè`wh{ ~eke{& e` ef e~h`cefji ge Buh`& }e|jwe Be{ò{2 ‖Zi hoi hf \hg}e‟& i mje` ‖Ef \hg}e oe hoh‟( Fh |h{jû` z fh k}ur {i` |h}h Be{ò{& h`we wigi z {im}e wigi& fh |}uemh xue êf gh hf ou`gi ge {u hoi} hf \hg}e2 ‖E{ `eke{h}ji xue ef ou`gi kio|}e`gh xue zi hoi hf \hg}e. Fe~h`whi{. ^èoi`i{ ge hxuï‟& gjke hf {hfj} gef ke`èkufi !B` 87&;8*. Ef kefi. Fh{ |}joe}h{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{ xue `i{ w}h`{ojwe` fi{ e~h`cefji{ {i`2 ‖¹@i {hmïhj{ xue zi we`ci xue iku|h}oe ge fh{ ki{h{ ge oj \hg}e9‟ !Fk =&7:*. Z kuh`gi eq|uf{û h fi{ oe}khge}e{ gef weo|fi& fi{ gj{kï|ufi{ fe h|fjkh}i` h êf fh{ |hfhm}h{ gef {hfoi2 Ef kefi ge wu kh{h oe ge~i}h‟ !B` =&83*. 837

Ef hmh`gi`i ki`njhgi e` oh`i{ gef \hg}e hfkh`rh {u c}hgi oè{ hfwi e` fh k}ur& kuh`gi {e hmh`gi`h e` fh{ oh`i{ ge {u Gji{ xue fi ah hmh`gi`hgi2 ‖\hg}e& h wu{ oh`i{ e`kioje`gi oj e{|ï}jwu‟ !Fk =;&7>*. hfec}ïh xue {e`wïh Be{ò{ hf }eki}gh} h {u \hg}e nue fi xue Z fhhxuef |}i~ikû ‖c}jwi ge bòmjfi‟2 ‖We giz c}hkjh{& \hg}e& [eøi} gef kjefi z ge fh wje}}h...‟ !Fk 8<&=8*. Gjke u` {hfoi2

¤E` ef fekai oe hkue}gi ge wj z ~efh`gi oegjwi e` wj& |i}xue nuj{we oj huqjfji z h fh {iom}h ge wu{ hfh{ kh`wi ki` bòmjfi´ ![hf >;&3‛1*.

@u`kh e{wh{ |hfhm}h{ nue}i` wh` ~e}ghge}h{ `j wh` {e`wjgh{ kioi kuh`gi {hfïh` ge fi{ fhmji{ ge Be{ò{& gu}h`we {u{ ‖~efh{‟ `ikwu}`h{ ge i}hkjû`. Z nj`hfoe`we fh hgoj}hkjû` xue Be{ò{ {je`we |i} ef \hg}e. H ~eke{ wje`e u`i fh jo|}e{jû` ge |e}kjmj}& e` {u{ |hfhm}h{& ef wï|jki i}cuffi gef `jøi xue {e cfi}ïh ge {u |h|è h`we fi{ kio|høe}i{2 ‖Oj \hg}e {u|e}h h wigi{‟ !B` 8<&=:*. Ef ou`gi& e` wigh {u aj{wi}jh z {u fjwe}hwu}h& `i ah ki`ikjgi `hgh jcuhf& `hgh xue |uegh kio|h}h}{e `j ge febi{ h e{wh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi. =. FH [I[\EKAH N]EUGJH@H.

Z hai}h ~hoi{ h |}e|h}h}`i{ |h}h e{kukah} hfci ouz gj{wj`wi. [im}e e{wh ~j{jû` k}j{wjh`h ge fh{ ki{h{& {e ah hmhwjgi fh ‖{i{|ekah‟ n}eugjh`h& kioi u`h aefhgh `ikwu}`h ge |}joh~e}h. N}eug ni}oufû u`h we{j{ {ecò` fh kuhf K}j{wi `i ~j~jû ‖|i} ef \hg}e‟& {j`i ‖e` fuch} gef \hg}e‟4 z `i{iw}i{& kuh`gi |}ewe`geoi{ ~j~j} |i} ef \hg}e& fi ò`jki xue ahkeoi{ e{ |}izekwh} {im}e êf e{h hkwjwug 835

homjcuh xue hfjoe`whoi{ ahkjh `ue{w}i |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& xue ki`{j{we e` hgoj}h}fi z ai`}h}fi... ge{|uê{ ge ahme}fi ohwhgi ‛i ge{ehgi ohwh}fi‛& z ki` whf ge xue zh `i ~uef~h `u`kh oè{ h fh ~jgh. [j xue}eoi{ }enfeqjû` }e{|i`gh h fh{ e` |}ecu`wh{ gef aiom}e ge aiz&xue `i `ue{w}h |igeoi{ hm{we`e}`i{ ge wioh} kue`wh fh{ we{j{ ge e{e |e`{hgi}. E` |}joe} fuch}& |i}xue oukah ce`we e{wè ki`~e`kjgh& hu`xue exuj~ikhghoe`we& ge xue N}eug ah ge{e`oh{kh}hgi genj`jwj~hoe`we fi xue {e ikufwh w}h{ ef kufwi hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf z ge xue& |i} e{i& zh {ûfi fi{ jc`i}h`we{ |uege` {ecuj} kufwj~è`gifi4 e` {ecu`gi fuch}& |i}xue {u ge{hnïi |uege ki`~e}wj}{e e` u`h |u}jnjkhkjû` z e` u`h ki`nj}ohkjû` j`e{|e}hgh ge `ue{w}h ne e` Gji{ \hg}e. Fh {i{|ekah wje`e fh ~j}wug ge {eom}h} fh j`xujewug z fh gugh {im}e wigi fi xue wikh& oje`w}h{ {e fh gebe hkwuh} e` {u homje`we `hwu}hf& xue e{ fh j`ke}wjguom}e& fh j`gekj{jû`& fh |e`uom}h. \i} e{i& e{ |}ekj{i }eki}gh} h c}h`ge{ }h{ci{ fh eq|fjkhkjû` xue N}eug gh ge fh ne e` u` Gji{ \hg}e. Oukah{ ge {u{ hnj}ohkji`e{ h|h}eke` whf kuhf {i` e` }ehfjghg ‛m}jffh`we{ nh`wh{ohci}ïh{& ‖u`h mhjfh}j`h xue mhjfh {im}e fh{ |u`wh{ ge {u{ |je{‟& kioi êf oj{oi genj`e ef w}hmhbi {im}e Oij{ê{‛ ki` {ûfi eq|i`e}fh{ z }egukjê`gifh{ h {u `òkfei e{e`kjhf. [u |u`wi ge |h}wjgh e{ fh wei}ïh gef kio|febi |hwe}`i. [ecò` e{wh wei}ïh& ef `jøi jge`wjnjkh {u mje`e{wh} ki` {u u`jû` ki` fh ohg}e. \e}i& h oegjgh xue k}eke& {e gh kue`wh ge xue e`w}e êf z fh ohg}e e{wè ef |hg}e& xue }ej~j`gjkh whomjê` u` ge}ekai {im}e effh. [e ge{h}}iffh h{ï fi xue N}eug ffhoh ef kio|febi ge Egj|i& e{ gekj}& ef ge{ei ge efjoj`h} h {u |hg}e. E{we ge{ei e`ce`g}h u` {e`wjoje`wi ge kuf|h xue ef `jøi w}hwh}è ge mi}}h} ge{h}}iffh`gi 83>

u`h }ehkkjû` i|ue{wh& e{ gekj}& jgehfjrh`gi fh njcu}h gef |hg}e z ki`~j}wjê`gifi e` u`h e{|ekje ge mhfuh}we ge gene`{h ki`w}h fh gu}erh ge fh ~jgh. Ah{wh hxuï& `hgh ahz e` }ehfjghg xue ki`kje}`h gj}ekwhoe`we hfh fh \e}i |}i`wi h|fjkh}è e{h{ ki`kfu{ji`e{ |h}h eq|fjkh} ne }efjcjû`. e` u` Gji{ \hg}e. Z e{k}jme2 ¤Ef |{jkih`èfj{j{ `i{ ah aekai kio|}e`ge} fh ï`wjoh }efhkjû` xue eqj{we e`w}e ef kio|febi |hwe}`i z fh ne e` Gji{4 `i{ ah geoi{w}hgi xue u` Gji{ |e}{i`hf& |{jkifûcjkhoe`we& `i e{ oè{ xue u` |hg}e hcjch`whgi´.1<

E` {u im}h Wûweo z whmò & N}eug eq|fjkh ki` e{h wei}ïh ef i}jce` oj{oi ge fh }efjcjû`& w}h{ ahme} |i{wufhgi fh eqj{we`kjh ge u` ‖hfoh kifekwj~h‟ e` fh xue& {ecò` êf& {e }e|}igukj}ïh` fi{ oj{oi{ |}ike{i{ xue wje`e` fuch} e` ef j`gj~jgui. Hf |}j`kj|ji& gjke& eqj{we ef ‖kfh` |hwe}`i‟& e{ gekj} u` wj|i ge {ikjeghg e` fh xue ef |hg}e gioj`h êf {ifi {im}e wigh{ fh{ oube}e{& e{|i{h{ e ajbh{& imfjch`gi h auj} h wigi{ fi{ ajbi{ ~h}i`e{. \e}i e` u`h ikh{jû`& xue wu~i }e|e}ku{ji`e{ {im}e wigh fh e~ifukjû` ge fh e{|ekje& fi{ ae}oh`i{ {e u`je}i`& i}ch`jrh}i` u`h }e~uefwh z ohwh}i` hf |hg}e. E` e{e oioe`wi {e gh` kue`wh ge xue `j`cu`i ge effi{ |uege iku|h}& êf {ifi& ef fuch} gef |hg}e4 z {e ni}oh` h{ï fi{ gi{ whmòe{ xue |}iaïme`& u`i fh u`jû` ki` fh{ ae}oh`h{ !j`ke{wi* z ef iw}i ohwh} h fi{ ae}oh`i{ !aiojkjgji*& xue we`g}è` u` |e{i gewe}oj`h`we {im}e ef ge{h}}iffi ge fh oj{oh kj~jfjrhkjû`. E{e gefjwi |}joi}gjhf !xue N}eug jge`wjnjkh}è ki` ef |ekhgi i}jcj`hf fh Mjmfjh* |}i~ikh fh auoh`jghg u` {e`wjoje`wi ge kuf|hgexue ef `ue~i ‖kfh` e` ge wigh fi{ ae}oh`i{‟ w}hwh}è ge eq|jh} 1<

[. N]EUG& U` }jki}gi g‚j`nh`rjh gj Fei`h}gi gh ^j`kj.

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eqhfwh`gi hf |hg}e z ki`~j}wjê`gifi e` {u wûweo& i gj~j`jghg wuwefh}. Fh kiojgh wiwêojkh e{ ef mh`xuewe }jwuhf e` ef xue fi{ ge{ke`gje`we{ gef |hg}e h{e{j`hgi }e`ue~h` ef }ekue}gi ge fi iku}}jgi& gh`gi }je`gh {uefwh h {u{ {e`wjoje`wi{ homj~hfe`we{ ge gifi} |i} fh oue}we gef |hg}e z ge nje{wh |i} fh ~jkwi}jh ki`{ecujgh {im}e êf. E{kukaeoi{ kûoi }e{uoe ef |}i|ji N}eug {u wei}ïh2 ¤H`wjcuhoe`we Gji{ \hg}e ~j~jû e` kh}`e z aue{i e` e{wh wje}}h z ebe}kjû {u gioj`ji kioi bene {u|}eoi gef kfh` auoh`i |}joi}gjhf& ah{wh xue {u{ ajbi{& hfjè`gi{e e`w}e effi{& hkhmh}i` ki` êf. [ukegjû hgeoè{ xue& kioi enekwi ge e{e k}joe` fjme}hgi} z kioi }ehkkjû` h`we êf& {u}cje}i` fi{ |}joe}i{ ~ï`kufi{ {ikjhfe{& fh{ |}joe}h{ }e{w}jkkji`e{ oi}hfe{ z fh ni}oh oè{ h`wjcuh ge }efjcjû`2 ef wiweoj{oi4 z xue& ge hfcu`h oh`e}h& e{e ki`we`jgi ah jo|}ec`hgi fh{ }efjcji`e{ |i{we}ji}e{& fh{ kuhfe{& |i} u` fhgi& {e ah` e{ni}rhgi |i} mi}}h} fh{ aueffh{ i |i} eq|jh} hxuef h`wjcui k}joe`& |}i|i`je`gi gj~e}{h{ {ifukji`e{ h fh fukah e`w}e ef |hg}e z fi{ ajbi{& z& |i} iw}h& `i ah` |igjgi e~jwh} ef }e|ewj} ki` ni}oh{ `ue~h{ fh efjoj`hkjû` gef |hg}e´.18

Fh }efjcjû` k}j{wjh`h ki`{wjwuze |h}h N}eug ef òfwjoi e{whgji ge e{h e~ifukjû`. E` effh ef ajbi {u{wjwuze hf |hg}e z iku|h e` hgefh`we {u fuch}. E{k}jme2 ¤Ki` fh oj{oh hkkjû` ki` xue in}eke hf \hg}e fh oèqjoh eq|jhkjû` |i{jmfe& ef Ajbi ki`{jcue whomjê` ef imbewi ge {u{ ge{ei{ ki`w}h ef \hg}e. [e ki`~je}we êf oj{oi e` Gji{ hf fhgi& i oebi} hò` z oè{ |}ekj{hoe`we& e` ~er gef \hg}e´.1=

\e}i {e}è e` {u im}h Oij{ê{ z ef oi`iweï{oi gi`ge N}eug h|fjkh}è {j{weoèwjkhoe`we {u{ wei}ïh{ h fh }efjcjû` mïmfjkh z hf 18

[. N]EUG& \}ûfici hf fjm}i ge ]ejd.

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[. N]EUG& Wûweo e whmò& 7& >.

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k}j{wjh`j{oi. Mh{è`gi{e e` ef aekai ge xue ‖Oij{ê{‟ e{ u` `iom}e ecj|kji& N}eug !bugïi whomjê` êf& hu`xue `i |}hkwjkh`we* {i{wje`e xue Oij{ê{ `i e}h bugïi& {j`i u` `imfe ecj|kji. Ê{we ahmïh hm}hrhgi |fe`hoe`we fh }eni}oh }efjcji{h gef nh}hû` Hdae`hwi`& xue we`gïh h {u{wjwuj} ef |ifjweï{oi ge fh kh{wh {hke}giwhf ki` u` oi`iweï{oi ke`w}hgi e` ef kufwi hf {if. Kuh`gi e{h }eni}oh n}hkh{û& Oij{ê{ {e |u{i hf n}e`we ge fh oj`i}ïh eqw}h`be}h ge fi{ aem}ei{ |h}h ffe~h} ki` effi{ h fh |}èkwjkh ef |}izekwi xue ahmïh` }ekahrhgi fi{ ecj|kji{. Ef oi`iweï{oi& |ue{& `i e{ u` ge{kum}joje`wi aem}ei& {j`i ecj|kji. Gu}h`we {u oj{jû`& Oij{ê{ e`ki`w}û i|i{jkjû`& ah{wh ef |u`wi ge {e} h{e{j`hgi |i} {u{ {ecujgi}e{ e` ef ku}{i ge u`h ge fh{ oukah{ }e~uefwh{ ge fh{ xue {e ahmfh e` ef Êqigi. [e }e|ewïh h{ï& e` ef {e`i gef |uemfi bugïi& ef gefjwi |}joi}gjhf gef h{e{j`hwi gef |hg}e& e` e{wh ikh{jû` e` fh |e}{i`h ge Oij{ê{. Ge haï fh `eu}i{j{ im{e{j~h z fh `eke{jghg ge }e|h}hkjû` xue {e jo|u{je}i` fi{ j{}hefjwh{& z xue e`~jfekjû {u }efjcji{jghg& ffe~è`gifi{ h ge{h}}iffh} u` kio|fjkhgi ke}eoi`jhf {hk}jnjkjhf z h fh e{|e}h ge u` Oe{ïh{ }e|h}hgi}. E{we e{whgji xuegh}è {u|e}hgi c}hkjh{ h iw}i eoj`e`we bugïi2 `i Be{ò{& {j`i \hmfi& hf xue N}eug ki`{jge}h kioi ef ~e}ghge}i nu`ghgi} gef k}j{wjh`j{oi. [ecò` êf& \hmfi wu~i ef e`i}oe oê}jwi ge {hkh} h nfiwe ef ‖|h{hgi‟& i {eh ef h{e{j`hwi gef |hg}e. E{wi& z `hgh oè{& e{ fi xue {e ikufwh w}h{ {u gikw}j`h gef |ekhgi i}jcj`hf. \e}i \hmfi ajri hò` oè{2 {e hgueøû ge fh njcu}h ge u` whf Be{ò{& xue ahmïh oue}wi e` i{ku}h{ kj}ku`{wh`kjh{& z ki`~j}wjû {u oue}we e` ef {hk}jnjkji `eke{h}ji |h}h eq|jh} fh c}h` kuf|h. E{k}jme weqwuhfoe`we2 ¤U` ajbi ge Gji{ {e {hk}jnjkû {je`gi j`ike`we& kh}ch`gi h{ï ki` ef |ekhgi gef ou`gi. We`ïh xue {e} ajbi |i}xue ef gefjwi ahmïh ki`{j{wjgi e` ef h{e{j`hwi gef \hg}e T..._. 83:

Fh }efjcjû` oi{hjkh ahmïh {jgi u`h }efjcjû` gef \hg}e4 ef k}j{wjh`j{oi {e ki`~j}wjû e` u`h }efjcjû` gef Ajbi. Ef h`wjcui Gji{& ef \hg}e& |h{û h u` {ecu`gi |fh`i4 K}j{wi& ef Ajbi& iku|û {u fuch}& xue e{ |}ekj{hoe`we fi xue wigi{ fi{ ajbi{ ahmïh` ge{ehgi ahke} e` wjeo|i{ h`wjcui{ T..._ H |h}wj} ge e{e oioe`wi& fh }efjcjû` bugïh {e ki`~j}wjû e` u` nû{jf´.1;

H e{wi {e }eguke e` fh j`we}|}ewhkjû` ge N}eug ef oj{we}ji |h{kuhf. Z fh eukh}j{wïh `i {e}ïh oè{ xue u`h ni}oh e~ifukji`hgh ge fh h`wjcuh kiojgh wiwêojkh e` fh xue fi{ |h}wjkj|h`we{ ‖j`ki}|i}h` h {ï fh {h`c}e z fh kh}`e ge {u Gji{‟. ;. XUÊ ]E[\I@GE] H N]EUG.

@i |}ewe`gi gegjkh}oe h ahke} fh k}ïwjkh ge e{h{ wei}ïh{& k}ïwjkh xue geme ahke}{e !z xue ah {jgi aekah* e` iw}h{ {ege{ z ki` iw}h kio|ewe`kjh 17. \e}i {ï xue e{ |}ekj{i ahke} hfcu`h{ im{e}~hkji`e{ |h}h ge{oi`wh} ef ahfi ge huwi}jghg xue {e ah k}ehgi e` wi}`i h effh{. Ahz xue gj{wj`cuj} kfh}hoe`we e`w}e ef N}eug& ce`jhf j`~e`wi} gef |{jkih`èfj{j{& z ef N}eug weû}jki ge fh }efjcjû`. E` e{we {ecu`gi kho|i& N}eug cirh j`oe}ekjghoe`we ge fh nhoh oe}ekjghoe`we ki`xuj{whgh e` ef |}joe}i. Fi |}joe}i xue ahz xue {eøhfh} e{ xue fh hkwjwug mè{jkh ge N}eug h`we fh }efjcjû` `i e{ n}uwi ge {u{ h`èfj{j{ |{jkifûcjki{& |i}xue e{ h`we}ji} h effi{. E{ h}kaj{hmjgi xue& {u{wh`kjhfoe`we& êf we`ïh zh kfh}i {u |u`wi ge ~j{wh ge{ge u` |}j`kj|ji& z xue `u`kh fi khomjû. [u eq|fjkhkjû` ge fh ne e` Gji{ ‖\hg}e‟ e{ ki}ifh}ji imfjchgi ge {u ki`ke|kjû` }ïcjghoe`we ohwe}jhfj{wh z |i{jwj~j{wh gef aiom}e ge{ge {u oj{oi |u`wi ge |h}wjgh. 1;

[. N]EUG& Oi{á e jf oi`iweï{oi.

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Kn. Ef e{wugji ge H. \FÊ& N}eug ew fh }efjcjû`.

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E` {u ni}oh ge w}hwh} fh }efjcjû`& N}eug ~uf`e}h fi{ k}jwe}ji{ kje`wïnjki{ xue e` iw}h{ |h}we{ genje`ge wh` e`kh}`jrhghoe`we& mh{è`gi{e e` aj|ûwe{j{ wiwhfoe`we j`geoi{w}hmfe{& kioi fh gef h{e{j`hwi ge Oij{ê{ |i} |h}we ge {u{ kio|hw}jiwh{. H ~eke{& kioi e` e{we kh{i& fe mh{wh ki` xue u` e{wugji{i kuhfxuje}h z hj{fhgi ahzh ni}oufhgi u`h aj|ûwe{j{ xue fe nh~i}eke& |h}h ki`{w}uj} {im}e effh wigi u` kh{wjffi ge wei}ïh{. [jo|fjnjkh& wioh`gi ge kuhfxuje} |h}we ef ohwe}jhf xue |uegh {e}~j}fe |h}h h|izh} {u{ ki`kfu{ji`e{ z gebh`gi ge fhgi {j{weoèwjkhoe`we wigi fi geoè{. \i} ebeo|fi& wioh e` ki`{jge}hkjû` ò`jkhoe`we fh{ h`hficïh{ e`w}e ef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h z ef \hg}e ge fh ne k}j{wjh`h& |e}i `u`kh fh{ gjne}e`kjh{& ki` {e} ê{wh{ oukai oè{ |}inu`gh{. Fe }e{ufwh wiwhfoe`we ge{ki`ikjgh fh jgeh ge u` ‖\hg}e e{e`kjhf‟& whf kuhf {u}ce gef e~h`cefji ge {h` Buh`2 i {eh& u` |hg}e xue e{ {ifhoe`we |hg}e& xue {ûfi eqj{we kioi |hg}e& {j` {e} e{|i{i& xue {e }ehfjrh kioi whf e` fh ce`e}hkjû` ge u` ò`jki ajbi. ¹Xuê {e`wjgi |uege we`e}& mhbi e{wh fur& ef ahmfh} ge fukah ge fi{ ajbi{ ki`w}h ef |hg}e |i} fh |i{e{jû` ge fh ohg}e9 Fh k}ïwjkh ge N}eug& hf jcuhf xue fh ge Neue}mhka z fh ge @jewr{kae& jc`i}h` |i} kio|fewi fh gikw}j`h k}j{wjh`h ge fh W}j`jghg& z& }e{|ekwi h Be{uk}j{wi& {e mh{h e` u` e{whgji ge j`~e{wjchkjû` aiz kfh}hoe`we {u|e}hgi xue h êf fe |e}ojwïh fjxujgh} e` gi{ |hfhm}h{ fh kue{wjû` ge {u aj{wi}jkjghg. Ki` wigi& ahz xue gekj} u`h ki{h h nh~i} ge N}eug2 xue êf e}h oukai oè{ ki`{kje`we gef ~hfi} oe}hoe`we aj|iwêwjki ge {u{ }eki`{w}ukkji`e{ xue oukai{ ge {u{ fekwi}e{ z gj~ufchgi}e{ |i{we}ji}e{. Êf oj{oi {e oi{w}û gugi{i& gu}h`we hfcò` wjeo|i&

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{im}e {j ki`{jge}h} {u Oij{ê{ z ef oi`iweï{oi kioi u` e{wugji kje`wïnjki i kioi u`h ‖`i~efh aj{wû}jkh‟.15 U`h im{e}~hkjû` xue N}eug }e|jwe ge ki`wj`ui e` {u{ im}h{ e{ fh ge fh homj~hfe`kjh ge fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{& z h{ï h|h}eke` kfh}hoe`we {u{}ekahri& {e`wjoje`wi{ h`we fh }efjcjû`2 kioi u`hE{k}jme2 oerkfh ge hw}hkkjû` z ge ge hgoj}hkjû` z ge ge{|}ekji. ¤¨Xuê e`~jgjhmfe{ `i{ |h}eke` h `i{iw}i{& aiom}e{ ge |ikh ne& xuje`e{ ~j~e` ki`~e`kjgi{ ge fh eqj{we`kjh ge u` [e} {u|}eoi( T..._ Fi ò`jki xue |igeoi{ ahke} e{ {e`wj}fi {j kje}wh{ eq|e}je`kjh ge fh ~jgh z fh im{e}~hkjû` ge fh `hwu}hferh `i{ ah` aekai jo|i{jmfe hke|wh} fh aj|ûwe{j{ ge e{e [e} {u|}eoi´.1>

Z ah{wh ffech h |}ecu`wh}{e& |}ekj{hoe`we e` Oij{ê{ z ef oi`iweï{oi& {j& |i} e`kjoh ge wigh{ fh{ }hri`e{ |{jkifûcjkh{ hgukjgh{ |h}h eq|fjkh} ef i}jce` ge fh }efjcjû`& `i eqj{wj}è whf ~er u`h oè{ h oegjgh ge fh c}h`gji{jghg z fh |e}{j{we`kjh gef ne`ûoe`i& ‖kuzi i}ge` ge c}h`gerh e{ ef ge fh oj{oh }efjcjû`‟4 e` iw}h{ |hfhm}h{& fh }hrû` xue hguke` fi{ k}eze`we{& h {hme}& fh eqj{we`kjh ge aekai ge u` Gji{ k}ehgi} z |hg}e. Ahz xue h`iwh} e` {u ai`i} ef aekai ge xue `u`kh eqkfuzû gef wigi e{h |i{jmjfjghg. Fi xue xuegh hf nj`hf& ge wigh fh h}cuoe`whkjû` ge N}eug ki`w}h fh eqj{we`kjh }ehf ge u` Gji{ |hg}e& `i e{ u`h |}uemh& {j`i& kioi gekïhoi{& u`h ‖{i{|ekah‟. \e}i kuè` ge~h{whgi}h |uege {e} e` e{we kho|i fh {jo|fe {i{|ekah& fi geoue{w}h fi xue e{k}jme u`h ki`ikjgh |{jkih`hfj{wh k}eze`we& ge{|uê{ ge ahme} kioe`whgi fh eq|fjkhkjû` ge N}eug gef |ekhgi i}jcj`hf z gef {hk}jnjkji ge K}j{wi2 ‖Fjxujgh} e` gi{ n}h{e{ ef oj{we}ji ge fh ]ege`kjû` e{ u` |iki 15

Kn. E. BI@E[& ^jwh e i|e}e gj [. N}eug.

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[. N]EUG& Oi{á e jf oi`iweï{oi.

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|iki... Hu`xue }e{ufwh gjnïkjf if~jgh} e{h{ gi{ n}h{e{ u`h ~er xue ah` e`w}hgi e` `ue{w}h oe`we‟13 !fh ku}{j~h e{ oïh*. Zi oe |}ecu`wi {j& e`w}e fh{ oukah{ ni}oh{ ge `eu}i{j{ im{e{j~h xue ah e{wugjhgi& N}eug j`kfuzû hfcu`h ~er fh {i{|ekah& ghgh fh nue}rh kio|uf{j~h xue ê{wh ebe}ke {im}e ef j`gj~jgui u`h ~er xue ah e`w}hgi e` fh oe`we. Gjnïkjfoe`we u` oh}jgi ki`{ecuj}è {ecuj} oj}h`gi ki` fi{ oj{oi{ ibi{ h {u oube}& u`h ~er xue fe ah` j`{j`uhgi u`h gugh hke}kh ge {u njgefjghg& |i} oè{ xue we`ch wigh{ fh{ }hri`e{ gef ou`gi |h}h burch} xue e{ oe`wj}h. E{i oj{oi fe{ {ukege h `i |iki{ k}eze`we{ ge kufwu}h oegjh }e{|ekwi h fh ne e` u` \hg}e mue`i z wigi|ige}i{i& ge{|uê{ ge N}eug. Fh {i{|ekah e`~e`e`h fh oe`we. U`h ~er xue ah e`w}hgi e` effh& w}h`{ni}oh wigi{ fi{ ghwi{ e` j`gjkji{ z wigi{ fi{ j`gjkji{ e` |}uemh{. E` fh e`kïkfjkh Gioj`uo ew ~j~jnjkh`weo& ef |h|h ahmfh gef |e}~e}{i ‖e{|ï}jwu ge fh {i{|ekah‟ z ~e {u |}joe}h oh`jne{whkjû` e` fh gugh xue fh {e}|je`we j`{j`òh h `ue{w}i{ |}joe}i{ |hg}e{ hke}kh ge fh{ j`we`kji`e{ }ehfe{ ge Gji{. H`we{ xue {im}e Gji{& e` e{we kh{i {e ahke }ekhe} fh {i{|ekah {im}e ef aiom}e. E{ }e~efhgi}h fh {jcuje`we gekfh}hkjû` ge N}eug2 ¤[e}ïh }ehfoe`we ouz ae}oi{i xue eqj{wje{e` u` Gji{ k}ehgi} gef u`j~e}{i z u`h me`jc`h \}i~jge`kjh& u` i}ge` oi}hf u`j~e}{hf z u`h ~jgh ufw}hwe}}e{w}e4 |e}i e{ hf oe`i{ ouz eqw}høi xue wigi e{i {eh whf z kioi kioi `i |igeoi{ |i} oe`i{ ge ge{eh} xue {eh´.11 U` aekai {e ahke {i{|ekai{i |i}xue }e{|i`ge h fi xue ef aiom}e ge{eh e` fi oè{ ai`gi ge {u ki}hrû`. Ef ‖ge{ei j``hwi ge 13

G. [WEJ@& F‚h{{h{{j`ji gef |hg}e e Gji kioe \hg}e `eff‚i|e}h gj N}eug & e` ‖Ki`kjfuo‟& Q^JJ& 8:18. 11

[. N]EUG& F‚h~~e`j}e gj u`h jffu{ji`e.

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Gji{‟& xue {jeo|}e nue ki`{jge}hgi kioi u`h ge fh{ |}uemh{ oè{ {ecu}h{ ge fh eqj{we`kjh ge Gji{& e` e{wh `ue~h ~j{jû` gef aiom}e h|h}eke kioi fh |}uemh oè{ {ecu}h ge {u `i/eqj{we`kjh. H fh mh{e ge fh `echkjû` ge Gji{ ahz u`h |}inu`gh ge{ki`njh`rh e` ef aiom}e. 7. U@H KI@NJ]OHKJÛ@ J@[I[\EKAHGH.

Fi xue oè{ j`we}e{h |i`e} ge }efje~e `i e{ wh`wi fh k}ïwjkh h fh{ jgeh{ ge N}eug kuh`wi fh ki`w}jmukjû` xue e{h{ jgeh{ |uege` |}e{wh} z ah` |}e{whgi ge aekai h fh |u}jnjkhkjû` ge fh ne. N}eug `i{ oue{w}h fi{ e{kiffi{ z fi{ |efjc}i{ xue gemeoi{ e~jwh} hf ahmfh} \hg}e. @i{e`w}e hzugh h gj{wj`cuj} kfh}hoe`we e`w}e {ïomifigez Gji{ }ehfjghg& i {eh Gji{ \hg}e z efoè{ |hg}e ge fh wje}}h. Ef ò`jki aiom}e ge Jcfe{jh ki` xuje` N}eug e{wu~i fjchgi ki` ~ï`kufi{ ge hoj{whg& ef |h{wi} \nj{we}& we`ïh }hrû` kuh`gi fe e{k}jmïh2 ‖@i k}ei xue ef |{jkih`èfj{j{ efjoj`e hf h}we& fh njfi{inïh i fh }efjcjû`& {j`i xue ki`w}jmuj}è h |u}jnjkh}fi{‟. Fh ki`w}jmukjû` xue ah h|i}whgi N}eug |h}h fh |u}jnjkhkjû` ge fh ne }e{ufwh e~jge`we e` fi{ fjm}i{ e{k}jwi{ {im}e ef \hg}e ge u` wjeo|i h e{wh |h}we& hf oe`i{ e` fi{ ge ï`gife weifûcjkh. @i{ ah imfjchgi h }e~j{h} `ue{w}i fe`cuhbe& ki` n}ekue`kjh mu}ghoe`we h`w}i|ifûcjki kuh`gi ahmfèmhoi{ ge Gji{ \hg}e. Aiz `hgje {e |e}ojwj}ïh zh ahmfh} gef \hg}e kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi xue {e ahkïh h ~eke{ e` ef |h{hgi hf ahmfh} ge fi{ {un}joje`wi{ ge K}j{wi e` fh k}ur. Fh im}h ge N}eug& feïgh ki` {e}e`jghg z {j` fh |}eiku|hkjû` |i} we`e} xue }enuwh}fh& in}eke hf k}eze`we k}j{wjh`i u`h eqw}hi}gj`h}jh ki`nj}ohkjû` ge {u ne. Êf }eguke wigh fh }efjcjû` h u`h `i{whfcjh gef \hg}e4 ê{we e{ ef }e{i}we xue fi oue~e wigi& fh 817

}ehfjghg |{jkifûcjkh xue {e e{ki`ge gew}è{ ge wigh oh`jne{whkjû` }efjcji{h. \e}i wigi e{wi {e ki`~je}we e` u`h h|ificïh eqw}hi}gj`h}jhoe`we ki`~j`ke`we gef e~h`cefji ge K}j{wi& xue |i`e ef `òkfei oè{ |}inu`gi ge {u e`{eøh`rh |}ekj{hoe`we e` fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{. Ef fuch} xue iku|h Gji{ \hg}e e` fh }e~efhkjû` k}j{wjh`h e{ ef ò`jki xue }e{|i`ge hgekuhghoe`we h fh jo|i}wh`kjh xue wje`e ef |hg}e e` fi{ h`èfj{j{ ge N}eug. E{whoi{ ge hkue}gi e` xue eqj{we e` ef aiom}e u`h j`{u|}jojmfe ‖`i{whfcjh gef \hg}e‟& z xue wigi |}i~je`e ge hxuï z h e{i wje`ge& |e}i fh eq|fjkhkjû` e{ oukai oè{ {e`kjffh xue ef oïwjki h{e{j`hwi gef |hg}e gef kfh` |}joi}gjhf. [h` Hcu{wï` fh ah ni}oufhgi h{ï2 ‖@i{ ah{ aekai& [eøi}& |h}h wj& z `ue{w}i ki}hrû` e{wè j`xujewi ah{wh xue ge{kh`{e e` wj‟. Fi{ ki`nfjkwi{ e`w}e ef |hg}e z ef ajbi `i wje`e` gj{wj`wh eq|fjkhkjû` xue fi{ xue {e gh` e`w}e aiom}e z oube}& ge`w}i ge fh |h}ebh auoh`h. Ffe~hoi{ jo|}e{h e` `i{iw}i{ ge oh`e}h ki`nu{h fh `eke{jghg ge u` |hg}e jgehf z ge u` kio|høe}i jgehf4 z e` mh{e h e{i oegjoi{ wigh{ `ue{w}h{ eq|e}je`kjh{ ge |hwe}`jghg z ge hoi} auoh`i& `i{ |h}eke` |im}e{ z `i{ }emefhoi{& ah{wh xue ge{kh`{eoi{ e` xuje`& {ecò` fh Mjmfjh& `i {ûfi e{ ef ‖\hg}e‟ jgehf {j`i whomjê` ef ‖E{|i{i‟ z ef hojci jgehf !iw}i efeoe`wi xue N}eug if~jgh |i} kio|fewi*. ‖Wigi fi xue |h{h ‛ah e{k}jwi hfcuje` 1:‛ `i e{ oè{ xue u` {ïomifi‟& z e{i {i` fh |hwe}`jghg auoh`h z fh }efhkjû` {equhf2 {ïomifi{ ge iw}h |hwe}`jghg z ge iw}h u`jû`. \h}h ef k}eze`we& fh ne e` fh eqj{we`kjh ge u` Gji{ \hg}e `i e{ hfci xue ge|e`ge ge fh jo|i}wh`kjh xue ef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h wje`e e` fh ~jgh& {j`i& hf ki`w}h}ji& fh jo|i}wh`kjh gef |hg}e e` fh ~jgh auoh`h ge|e`ge ge fh eqj{we`kjh ge u` \hg}e ‖gef xue |}i~je`e 1:

S. CIEWE& Nhu{wi& nj`hf ge fh {ecu`gh |h}we.

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wigi z hf xue ‖we`geoi{ wigi{‟. Ef |hg}e }e|}e{e`wh fh }hïr gef {e} ge fh |e}{i`h. Ge hxuï ef ~hkïi z ef |}inu`gi ge{ch}}û` xue {e`wjoi{ h`we fh |ê}gjgh ge `ue{w}i |hg}e ge fh wje}}h. Ef }ekahri gef \hg}e `i e{ oè{ xue u` h{|ekwi gef }ekahri oè{ ce`e}hf gef aiom}e ge aiz h }eki`ike} xue ge|e`ge ge hfcuje`& xue wje`e e` iw}i& kioi gekïh Oh}q& ‖fh }hïr gef |}i|ji {e}‟. :< Fh ne e` Gji{ \hg}e& {j {hmeoi{ e`we`ge}fh gemjghoe`we& `i {hfe& |ue{& oj`hgh& {j`i }eni}rhgh& gef kiwebi ki` N}eug& z e` ki`{ekue`kjh |igeoi{ {ecuj} kufwj~h`gi hxuef jgehf ge ‖~j~j} |i} ef \hg}e‟ xue ~joi{ }ehfjrhgi ge ni}oh {umfjoe e` fh |e}{i`h ge Be{ò{. Xuj{je}h ge{whkh} u` }h{ci ge e{e jgehf xue |igeoi{ eo|erh} h jojwh} ge{ge hai}h oj{oi. Be{ò{ ‖~j~e |i} ef \hg}e‟ e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue wigi fi xue ahke& gjke i {un}e& e{ |h}h ahke} ki`ike} hf \hg}e z ahke} xue ffecue {u }ej`i. Jojwh}fi e` e{wi {jc`jnjkh `i |}i|i`e}{e iw}h oewh `j we`e} iw}h |h{jû` e` fh ~jgh xue fh ge e{wh} hf {e}~jkji ge fh cfi}jh ge Gji{ z {e} j`{w}uoe`wi ge {u hoi} hf ou`gi. ^j~j} ge whf ni}oh xue& e` fh ai}h ge fh oue}we& |ighoi{ gekj} whomjê` `i{iw}i{ hf \hg}e& ki` ï`wjoh {hwj{nhkkjû` z |hr2 ‖Ae ki}i`hgi fh im}h xue oe e`kioe`gh{we‟ !B` 83&7*. @i jo|i}wh kuèf {eh e{h im}h2 {j c}h`ge i |exueøh& i}gj`h}jh i eqw}hi}gj`h}jh. Fi xue jo|i}wh e{ xue {eh fh im}h xue ef \hg}e `i{ ah e`kioe`ghgi& `i iw}h xue `i{iw}i{ `i{ ahzhoi{ efecjgi |i} `ue{w}h kue`wh e` fh ~jgh.

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D. OH]Q& K}ïwjkh ge fh njfi{inïh gef ge}ekai ge Aecef .

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QJJ./ EF \HG]E GE XUJE@ WIOH @IOM]E WIGH \HWE]@JGHG.

Xuê |uege` h|}e`ge} fi{ |hg}e{ ge fh wje}}h gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf.

¤Zi i{ e`~jh}ê hf |}inewh Efïh{ h`we{ ge xue ffecue ef gïh gef [eøi}& c}h`ge z we}}jmfe2 }eki`kjfjh}è h |hg}e{ ki` ajbi{ z h ajbi{ ki` |hg}e{´. !Ohfhxuïh{& ;&=;‛=7*.

EF IÏGI GE GJI[

Hf eqhoj`h} fi{ {ïomifi{ ge Gji{ e` fh Mjmfjh& im{e}~hoi{ u`h ki{h ku}ji{h. Fi{ {ïomifi{ gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi e{wè` wiohgi{ kh{j wigi{ effi{ gef ou`gi j`h`johgi2 ef ~je`wi& ef hcuh& ef nueci& ef u`cöe`wi. Fi{ {ïomifi{ gef Ajbi e{wè` {hkhgi{& e` ce`e}hf& gef ou`gi h`johf4 êf oj{oi {e kio|h}h ki` fh chffj`h& {e fe hw}jmuze` fi{ wïwufi{ ge ki}ge}i& ge feû` ge Bugè& z fueci& e` fh w}hgjkjû`& fi{ {ïomifi{ gef |er z gef |efïkh`i. Fi{ {ïomifi{ ce`ê}jki{ ge Gji{& xue {e uwjfjrh` e{|ekjhfoe`we |h}h ef \hg}e& e{wè` wiohgi{ kh{j eqkfu{j~hoe`we gef ou`gi auoh`i2 ef }i{w}i& ef ibi& ef ki}hrû`& fh 813

oh`i& fh ~ir& ef {jfe`kji. H e{we kho|i |e}we`eke whomjê` ef {ïomifi xue `i{ ~h h j`w}igukj} e` e{wh oegjwhkjû`2 ef iïgi ge Gji{. Ef iïgi e{ ef {ïomifi oè{ ‖}eke|wj~i‟ gef kue}|i auoh`i. Ki` ef ibi& hgeoè{ ge ~e}& {e |uege whomjê` hoe`hrh}& e{kug}jøh}4 ki` ef iïgi {ûfi {e |uege E{& |ue{& u` {ïomifi ge Gji{ xue }e{ufwh ‖w}h`xujfjrhgi}‟& xueiï}. {ucje}e hkicjgh. Ge aekai& ef {ïomifi gef iïgi {e u{h e` fh Mjmfjh kh{j {ûfi |h}h ahmfh} ge u` Gji{ xue e{kukah fh i}hkjû`& xue ‖|}e{wh‟ iïgi& ‖wje`ge‟ ef iïgi. ‖Wje`ge ef iïgi& e{kukah oj ~ir‟ e{ u`h nû}oufh xue {e }e|jwe e` fi{ {hfoi{2 ¤E{kukah oj {ò|fjkh& [eøi}& |}e{wh iïgi h oj{ c}jwi{& `i {eh{ {i}gi h oj ffh`wi´ ![hf ;:&8;*.

Z Gji{ e{kukah& gjke fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{. ‖Fi{ ibi{ gef [eøi} oj}h` h fi{ bu{wi{& {u{ iïgi{ e{kukah` {u{ c}jwi{‟ ![hf ;7&8>*. Ef Gji{ ~j~i `i e{ kioi fi{ ïgifi{& xue ‖wje`e` iïgi{ z `i ize`‟ ![hf 885&>*. ‖Ef xue |fh`wû ef iïgi ¹`i ~h h iï}9‟ ![hf :7&:*. \e}i fh j`~jwhkjû` h iï} e{ }ekï|}ikh2 whomjê` Gji{ |jge hf aiom}e xue fe |}e{we iïgi2 ‖E{kukah& |uemfi oïi& oj e`{eøh`rh& |}e{wh iïgi h fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge oj mikh‟ ![hf 31&8*. 8. GIMFI FH[ ]IGJFFH[...

E{wh e{ fh kuh}wh z òfwjoh ‖kfh{e‟ ge \hmfi {im}e ef \hg}e h fh xue h{j{wj}eoi{. Ef |u`wi ge |h}wjgh `i{ fi in}eke u` weqwi ge fh Kh}wh h fi{ Ene{ji{2 ¤Gimfi fh{ }igjffh{ h`we ef \hg}e& ge xuje` wioh `iom}e wigh |hwe}`jghg e` ef kjefi z e` fh wje}}h´ !En ;&87*.

E{we weqwi `i{ j`we}e{h |i}xue e{whmfeke u`h e{w}ekah }efhkjû` ‛u`h }efhkjû` ge ge|e`ge`kjh‛ e`w}e Gji{ \hg}e z fi{ 811

|hg}e{ ge fh wje}}h& z h e{wi |}ekj{hoe`we xue}eoi{ gegjkh} e{wh oegjwhkjû`2 h ~e} kûoi ef ge{kum}joje`wi ge fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{ |uege we`e} u`h ‖j`kjge`kjh‟ me`ênjkh whomjê` e` fh {ikjeghg ge `ue{w}i{ gïh{ xue& kioi gekïhoi{ hf kioje`ri& mhbi kje}wi{ h{|ekwi{ e{ u`h {ikjeghg auê}nh`h ge |hg}e. Z e` |}joe} fuch} ~ehoi{ xuê {jc`jnjkh fh eq|}e{jû` ‖|hwe}`jghg e` ef kjefi z e` fh wje}}h‟. Fh |hfhm}h xue w}hgukjoi{ ki` ‖|hwe}`jghg‟& e` ef weqwi c}jeci i}jcj`hf wje`e u` {e`wjgi oukai oè{ ho|fji gef xue wje`e |h}h `i{iw}i{. Ge{jc`h& {ï& fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi& |e}i whomjê` ef ~ï`kufi xue u`e h wigi{ fi{ xue ge{kje`ge` ge u` oj{oi khmerh ge nhojfjh& i xue e{wè` u`jgi{ e`w}e {ï |i} ~ï`kufi{ nhojfjh}e{ z ge {h`c}e& e{wj}|e& fj`hbe& nhojfjh. Fh |hwe}`jghg ‖e` ef kjefi‟ j`gjkh fh nhojfjh ge fi{ {e}e{ kefe{wjhfe{& fh ‖nhojfjh ge hffè h}}jmh‟& kioi fh ffhohmh` fi{ bugïi{. E{ j`we}e{h`we im{e}~h} kûoi whomjê` Buh`& e` {u \}joe}h Kh}wh& e{whmfeke u`h }efhkjû` e`w}e |hwe}`jghg auoh`h z |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{2 ¤I{ e{k}jmi& |hg}e{& xue zh ki`ikêj{ hf xue eqj{wïh ge{ge ef |}j`kj|ji. I{ e{k}jmi& ajbi{& xue zh ki`ikêj{ hf \hg}e´ !8 B` =&8;‛87*. E` fh Mjmfjh im{e}~hoi{ e{we aekai2 xue fi auoh`i {j}~e ge {ïomifi |h}h fi gj~j`i z fi gj~j`i {j}~e ge oigefi |h}h fi auoh`i. Oe eq|fjki2 fh }e~efhkjû` uwjfjrh fh{ eq|e}je`kjh{ auoh`h{ ‛hoi} ohwe}`i& |hwe}`i& e{|i`{hf& ge |h{wi}& ge hojci‛ |h}h ahmfh}`i{ ki` effh{ gef hoi} w}h{ke`ge`we ge Gji{4 |e}i fueci `i{ |}e{e`wh ki`{wh`weoe`we h Gji{ kioi ef oigefi ge e{i{ oj{oi{ hoi}e{

auoh`i{. Oj}h`gi kûoi hoh Gji{ h|}e`geoi{ kûoi geme}ïh` hoh} u` |hg}e i u`h ohg}e h {u ajbi& ef e{|i{i h fh e{|i{h& ef |h{wi} h {u }emhøi& ewkêwe}h. 81:

Fh }efhkjû` e`w}e |hwe}`jghg gj~j`h z |hwe}`jghg auoh`h nu`kji`h& |ue{& e` {e`wjgi j`~e}{i h fi xue `i{iw}i{ {ifeoi{ johcj`h}`i{2 `i e{ Gji{ ef xue& |i} h`hficïh auoh`h& e{ ffhohgi \hg}e& {j`i xue {i` fi{ aiom}e{ xuje`e{ }ekjme` ge Gji{ ef `iom}e ge |hg}e{2 ¤@i e{ |i}xue wò we`ch{ u` |hg}e i |i}xue fi{ aiom}e{ we`ch` |hg}e& |i} fi xue ffhohoi{ h Gji{ ‑\hg}e gef kjefi#& {j`i xue e{& kioi gjke ef H|û{wif& |i}xue ge êf wioh `iom}e wigh |hwe}`jghg e` ef kjefi z e` fh wje}}h. \i} e{i& j`kfu{i {j aumje{e we`jgi ef |hg}e oè{ kh}jøi{i xue |uegh eqj{wj} e`w}e fi{ aiom}e{& ê{we {ecuj}ïh {je`gi& h |e{h} ge {u{ oebi}e{ j`we`kji`e{& u` |hg}h{w}i& u`h {iom}h& u` }enfebi& u`h {eoebh`rh& u`h johce`& u` gj{ku}{i mi}}i{i {im}e fh |hwe}`jghg ge fh xue wioh `iom}e wigh |hwe}`jghg e` ef kjefi z e` fh wje}}h´:8. J`we`weoi{& |ue{& ki`ike} fi xue Gji{& kioi \hg}e& |uege e`{eøh} h fi{ |hg}e{ ge fh wje}}h. H fh fur ge fi xue h`we{ aeoi{ gjkai ge Gji{ ‛xue e{ |hg}e z ohg}e h fh ~er‛& aiz e` ef wê}oj`i ge ‖|hwe}`jghg‟ we`eoi{ xue j`kfuj} whomjê` ef ge ‖ohwe}`jghg‟2 ge Gji{ `i |}i~je`e {ûfi wigh |hwe}`jghg auoh`h& {j`i whomjê` wigh ohwe}`jghg. E` iw}h{ |hfhm}h{& `i {ûfi fi{ |hg}e{ auoh`i{ wje`e` xue h|}e`ge} hfci ge Gji{& {j`i whomjê` fh{ ohg}e{. Ge wigh{ ni}oh{& `i k}ei xue {e e`nhge` ki`ojci fh{ ohg}e{ {j e` e{we oioe`wi j`{j{wi oè{ e{|ekjhfoe`we e` fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi. Ge wigi{ e{ mje` {hmjgi kûoi effh{ {i` fh{ |}joe}h{ xue {un}e` z xue |hch` ef |hwi kuh`gi eqj{we u`h ohfh }efhkjû` e`w}e {u oh}jgi z fi{ ajbi{.

[. DJE]DECHH]G& Gj{ki}{j egjnjkh`wj !817;*& Jf }hnni}rhoe`wi geff‚uioi j`we}ji}e. :8

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¹\i} xuê {e}è xue fh fjwe}hwu}h& ef h}we& ef e{|ekwèkufi i fh |umfjkjghg eq|fiwh`& wigi{ effi{& u`h ò`jkh }efhkjû` auoh`h2 fh ge weoh e}ûwjki e`w}e ef aiom}e z fh oube}& e`w}e oh}jgi z oube}9 Whf ~er |i}xue h{ï e{ nèkjf ahmfh} ge u`i oj{oi& |i}xue {e w}hwh ge u`h }ehfjghg eqkjwh`we& z |i}xue h }ïi }e~uefwi ch`h`kjh ge |e{khgi}e{. Kioi {j e` fh ~jgh `i eqj{wje}h iw}h ki{h. Ahz xue hgojwj} xue ef {eqi {e e{wè ki`~j}wje`gi e` u`h ~e}ghge}h im{e{jû`. [j khze{e e` fh wje}}h hfcuje` ge iw}i |fh`ewh& i {j ki`{jcuje{e kh|wh} ge{ge {u |fh`ewh hfcu`i{ ge `ue{w}i{ e{|ekwèkufi{ wefe~j{j~i{& |je`{i xue fe |h}eke}ïhoi{ u` wh`wi }jgïkufi{ e` e{e kho|i. Z {j` eomh}ci& gebhoi{ {j` eq|fi}h} iw}h }efhkjû` auoh`h wh` u`j~e}{hf z ~jwhf kioi ê{h& iw}h ge fh{ c}h`ge{ nue`we{ ge hfec}ïh xue fh ~jgh `i{ in}eke2 fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi& fh hfec}ïh ge fh |hwe}`jghg. Z {j` eomh}ci& kuh`gi hai`ghoi{ ki` {e}e`jghg z imbewj~jghg e` ef ki}hrû` gef aiom}e& ge{kum}joi{ xue& e` fh ohzi} |h}we ge fi{ kh{i{& u`h mue`h }efhkjû`& j`we`{h z {e}e`h& ki` fi{ ajbi{ e{& |h}h ef aiom}e hgufwi z ohgu}i& wh` jo|i}wh`we z wh` c}hwjnjkh`we kioi fh }efhkjû` aiom}e/oube}. Z {hmeoi{ fi jo|i}wh`we xue e{ whomjê` e{wh }efhkjû` |h}h ef ajbi i fh ajbh& z ef w}eoe`gi ~hkïi xue gebh {u hu{e`kjh. [ecò` fh [hc}hgh E{k}jwu}h& ge fh oj{oh oh`e}h xue fh }efhkjû` aiom}e/oube} wje`e {u oigefi e` fh }efhkjû` K}j{wi/Jcfe{jh& h{ï fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi wje`e {u oigefi e` fh }efhkjû` e`w}e Gji{ \hg}e z {u Ajbi Be{ò{. \e}i hf jcuhf xue ef kè`ke} {uefe hwhkh} h fi{ û}ch`i{ oè{ gefjkhgi{ gef aiom}e z ge fh oube}& h{ï fh nue}rh ge{w}ukwi}h gef |ekhgi z gef ohf hwhkh h fi{ ch`cfji{ oè{ ~jwhfe{ ge fh eqj{we`kjh 8:8

auoh`h. @i ahz `hgh xue e{wê wh` eq|ue{wi hf hmu{i& h fh eq|fiwhkjû` z h fh ~jife`kjh kioi fh }efhkjû` aiom}e/oube}& z `i ahz `hgh xue e{wê wh` eq|ue{wi h fh geni}ohkjû` kioi fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi2 huwi}jwh}j{oi& |hwe}`hfj{oi& }emefjû`& }ekahri& j`kiou`jkhmjfjghg. @i ahz xue ce`e}hfjrh}. Ahz whomjê` kh{i{ ge }efhkji`e{ ae}oi{ï{joh{ e`w}e |hg}e{ e ajbi{. Ae ki`ikjgi h bû~e`e{ xue hkhmhmh` ge |e}ge} h {u |hg}e. U`i ge effi{& {im}e wigi& e{whmh j`ki`{ifhmfe. Fh oue}we ge {u |hg}e fe ahmïh aekai kio|}e`ge} ef fuch} xue iku|hmh e` {u ~jgh z `i {e }e{jc`hmh h `i ahme} {hmjgi gekï}{efi h wjeo|i z h we`e} xue ki`ni}oh}{e ki` j} hai}h h gekï}{efi& ffi}h`gi& e` ef keoe`we}ji. \e}i& fhoe`whmfeoe`we& {hmeoi{ xue eqj{we` whomjê`& z xue {i` oè{ `uoe}i{i{& fi{ kh{i{ `echwj~i{ ge }efhkji`e{ gjnïkjfe{ e`w}e |hg}e{ e ajbi{. E{ j`òwjf j`we`wh} h`hfjrh} fh{ khu{h{ ge fi{ oj{oi{& xue kje}whoe`we {i` oukah{. Hf ahmfh} gef {un}joje`wi ge Gji{ \hg}e& kjwhmh zi hxueffh eqkfhohkjû` xue feeoi{ e` J{hïh{2 ‖Ajbi{ ae k}jhgi z egukhgi& z effi{ {e ah` }emefhgi ki`w}h oï‟ !J{ 8&=*. K}ei xue oukai{ |hg}e{& aiz e` gïh& {hme` ouz mje` |i} eq|e}je`kjh fi xue xuje}e` gekj} e{wh{ |hfhm}h{. Ef {un}joje`wi e{ ouwui. Ahz |hg}e{ kuzi ohzi} {un}joje`wi e` fh ~jgh e{ {e`wj}{e }ekahrhgi{& z ah{wh ge{|}ekjhgi{& |i} {u{ ajbi{. Z ahz ajbi{ kuzi oè{ |}inu`gi e j`ki`ne{hgi {un}joje`wi e{ {e`wj}{e j`kio|}e`gjgi{ i }ekahrhgi{ |i} {u |hg}e& i xue& e` u` oioe`wi ge kûfe}h& whf ~er ah` iïgi h {u |hg}e gekj}fe{ h fh kh}h2 ‖¨Wò `i e}e{ oj ajbi(‟

8:=

;. \HG]E[& @I EQH[\E]ÊJ[ H ^UE[W]I[ AJBI[.

¹Xuê {e |uege ahke} |h}h {uh~jrh} e{wh{ gifi}i{h{ {jwuhkji`e{9 E` |}joe} fuch}& }eku|e}h} fh ne e` fh |hwe}`jghg& xue `i e{ ò`jkhoe`we u` nhkwi} mjifûcjki& {j`i u` oj{we}ji z u`h |h}wjkj|hkjû` e` fh |hwe}`jghg ge Gji{. \egj}fe ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi. Ge{|uê{& e{ni}rh}{e whomjê` |i} jojwh} hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf. [h` \hmfi ge{k}jme e` e{wi{ wê}oj`i{ fh }efhkjû` |hg}e{/ajbi{2 ¤Ajbi{& imegekeg h ~ue{w}i{ |hg}e{ e` wigi& xue e{i fe cu{wh hf [eøi}. \hg}e{& `i eqh{|e}êj{ h ~ue{w}i{ ajbi{& `i {eh xue |je}gh` fi{ è`joi{´ !Kif ;&81‛=8*.

H fi{ |hg}e{ fe{ hki`{ebh xue ‖`i eqh{|e}e`‟ h {u{ ajbi{4 i {eh& ge oh`e}h |i{jwj~h& xue we`ch` |hkje`kjh z xue {eh` kio|}e`{j~i{& xue `i fi eqjbh` wigi hf j`{wh`we& xue {e|h` e{|e}h} h xue fi{ ajbi{ ohgu}e`& xue {e|h` gj{kuf|h} {u{ nhffi{. [ecu}i xue u` |hg}e wje`e fh imfjchkjû` ge ki}}ecj}. ¨Z oukai kujghgi ki` ~jkjh} h fi{ ajbi{& kioi iku}}e ki` n}ekue`kjh e` `ue{w}i{ gïh{( Gji{ `i{ hoh& |e}i `i `i{ ~jkjh... \e}i who|iki ahz xue |h{h} wigi ef wjeo|i }jøê`gifi{ z ekaè`gife{ e` kh}h fi xue `i ahke` mje`. Whomjê` ahz xue h`joh}fi{ |i} {u{ e{nue}ri{& |i} |exueøi{ xue {eh`. W}h`{ojwj}fe{ u`h {e`{hkjû` ge fjme}whg& ge |}iwekkjû`& ge ki`njh`rh e` {ï oj{oi{& ge {ecu}jghg. Kioi ahke Gji{& xue gjke xue xuje}e {e} |h}h `i{iw}i{ u`h ‖}ikh |}iwekwi}h‟. Hf ki}}ecj}fi{& ahz xue {hme} gj{wj`cuj} kfh}hoe`we fi xue `i e{wè mje` z `i gh} u` bujkji `echwj~i {im}e wigi fi xue ahke` ef ajbi i fh ajbh& ki` n}h{e{ kioi2 ‖Ge wj `i {e |uege {hkh} `hgh e` fjo|ji‟& ‖zh fi {hmïh‟& ‖wò {jeo|}e fi oj{oi‟& ‖`u`kh khomjh}è{‟... E{ oebi} eo|erh} ki` fi |i{jwj~i& geoi{w}è`gife{ xue {e fe{ xuje}e& z xue bu{wi |i} e{i `i{ eqw}høh xue ahzh` aekai e{i. 8:;

Hf |hg}e xue xuje}h {hme} wigi fi xue `i wje`e xue ahke} ki` {u ajbi& zi fe hki`{ebh}ïh xue feze{e fh nhoi{h Kh}wh hf |hg}e ge E Dhndh. [u |hg}e fe ahmïh |}ecu`whgi |i} xuê fe we`ïh ojegi& z ef e{k}jwi} fe ki`we{wh ki` u`h kh}wh& oerkfh ge hoi} z ge w}j{werh. Fi xue oè{ fe }e|}ikah h {u |hg}e e{ xue `u`kh {e gje}h kue`wh gef w}eoe`gi |ige} xue& |h}h mje` i |h}h ohf& we`ïh {im}e êf. Ki` {u{ |e}e`wi}ji{ ‖¨Z h oï `i oe ki`we{we{(‟& fi ahmïh j`ajmjgi ah{wh whf |u`wi xue kh{j {e ahmïh if~jghgi ge kûoi {e ahmfh. ¹Ffechmh ge kfh{e w}hze`gi u`h hfec}ïh& u` w}hmhbjwi j`nh`wjf& i u`h{ mue`h{ `iwh{9 Fh }ehkkjû` ge {u |hg}e e}h2 ‖¨@i we`ci oè{ e` xue |e`{h}...(‟. !E{e ‖oè{ e` xue |e`{h}‟ e}h {u w}hmhbi& {u `ecikji*. Kuh`gi& |i} hfcu`i{ e{kh{i{ bj}i`e{ |i{jwj~i{& e{ nèkjf j`wuj} fi xue ahm}ïh |igjgi {e} |h}h {u ajbi2 u` hojci& u` ki`njge`we& u` oigefi& wigi u` ou`gi... @i ahz xue we`e} ojegi h jojwh} hfcu`h ~er fjwe}hfoe`we h Gji{ \hg}e. [jeo|}e xue ef \hg}e {e ahke |}e{e`we e` |e}{i`h& e` ef @ue~i We{whoe`wi& e{ |h}h eq|}e{h} fh {hwj{nhkkjû` xue {je`we |i} {u Ajbi& i |h}h |i`e}{e ge {u |h}we. ‖Ê{we e{ oj Ajbi xue}jgi& oj |}egjfekwi‟ !kn Ow ;&834 83&5*. ¹\i} xuê `i gekj}fe hf ajbi i h fh ajbh& kuh`gi fh ikh{jû` fi |e}ojwe& h {ifh{ i& hò` oebi}& gefh`we ge iw}i{2 ‖¨Mje`& ajbi oïi( ¨Oe {je`wi i}cuffi{i ge {e} wu |hg}e(‟. E{h{ |hfhm}h{& {j {hfe` gef ki}hrû` z e{wè` gjkah{ e` ef oioe`wi hgekuhgi& |uege` ahke} ojfhc}i{ z gh} hfh{ hf ki}hrû` ge u` oukahkai i ge u`h kajkh. Ahz {im}e wigi u`h ki{h xue e{ `eke{h}ji jojwh} ge Gji{ \hg}e2 xue êf ‖ahke khe} fh ffu~jh {im}e mue`i{ z ohfi{‟. Gji{ xuj{je}h xue nuê{eoi{ oebi}e{ ge kioi {ioi{& |e}i `i{ hke|wh z `i{ hoh zh whf kioi {ioi{& `i{ hoh ffe`i ge e{|e}h`rh. Khgh ajbi e{ ò`jki z |}ekji{i |h}h ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf. Oè{ hò`& Be{ò{ `i{ 8:7

ah h{ecu}hgi xue {j wje`e e{|ekjhfe{ hwe`kji`e{ ki` hfcuje`& e{ ki` fi{ |exueøi{& ki` fi{ gêmjfe{& ki` fi{ |}ûgjci{. Êf `i {e njbh e` ef oê}jwi& {j`i e` fh `eke{jghg& hf oe`i{ oje`w}h{ e{whoi{ e` e{wh ~jgh. ef wje`e |hg}exue ge hoh} fh wje}}h !z e{wh }enfeqjû` ~hfehfwhomjê` |h}h Who|iki fh{ ohg}e{* {ifhoe`we hf ajbi jgehf& ajbi ki` xue ahmïh {iøhgi2 m}jffh`we e` fi{ e{wugji{& egukhgi z xue ki{ekah êqjwi{ e` wigi fi xue ahke. Geme hoh} hf ajbi }ehf xue Gji{ fe ah ghgi& xue}e}fi |i} fi xue e{ z |i} fi xue |uege ahke}. ¨Kuè`wh{ n}u{w}hkji`e{ {e }e{uef~e` hke|wh`gi {e}e`hoe`we fh ~ifu`whg ge Gji{ {im}e fi{ ajbi{& hu`xue `hwu}hfoe`we ahkje`gi wigi fi xue e{wè e` `ue{w}h{ oh`i{ |i} egukh}fe{( H fi{ |hg}e{ xue e{wê` ~j~je`gi {jwuhkji`e{ e{|ekjhfoe`we gjnïkjfe{ e` {u }efhkjû` ki` fi{ ajbi{& zi {ûfi fe{ gj}ïh u`h ki{h2 w}hwhg ge jojwh} h `ue{w}i \hg}e gef kjefi. Kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi zh& êf ah gekjgjgi ~e`ke} ef ohf gef ou`gi& `i i|i`je`gi ~jife`kjh h fh ~jife`kjh& }ekahri hf }ekahri& {j`i ~e`kje`gi ef ohf h nue}rh ge mje`& fh ~jife`kjh h mh{e ge mi`ghg& fh }emefgïh ki` ef |e}gû`. U` h}we {uohoe`we gjnïkjf& |e}i xue ki` {u hzugh {e |uege fic}h}& hf oe`i{ hfcu`h ~er. H e{wi{ |hg}e{ zi fe{ gjci2 ¨È`joi(& Gji{ e{wè ki` ~i{iw}i{& z êf {hme oebi} xue `hgje& z |i} eq|e}je`kjh& fi gjnïkjf xue e{ ef injkji ge |hg}e. Kuh`gi `hke ef |}joe} ajbi& ef |hg}e fi {uefe kiou`jkh} wigi ki`we`wi h fi{ hojci{& gjkjê`gife{2 ‖¨Zh {iz |hg}e(‟. E{wh{ |hfhm}h{ {ûfi |uege` gekj}{e& e` u` {e`wjgi oukai oè{ ~e}ghge}i& oè{ hgefh`we e` fh ~jgh& u`h ~er xue {e ah ghgi oue{w}h ge oukai{ kujghgi{& ge oukah |hkje`kjh z fi`ch`jojghg4 u`h ~er xue {e ah h|}e`gjgi h {un}j} |i} fi{ ajbi{. E`wi`ke{ {ï xue {e |uege gekj} ge ~e}ghg2 ‖¨Zh {iz |hg}e(‟. 8:5

Fh fjwe}hwu}h oige}`h e{wè ffe`h ge kh{i{ `echwj~i{ z w}ècjki{ e` fh }efhkjû` |hg}e/ajbi2 ge ajbi{ xue {e h~e}cöe`rh` ge {u |hg}e z ge |hg}e{ e` fukah ki` {u ajbi. \e}i ahz u`h ae}oi{h eqke|kjû`. Kah}fe{ \êcuz wje`e u` |h{hbe ge huwê`wjkh ‖|ie{ïh ge fh |hwe}`jghg‟& xue oe}eke {e} }eki}ghgi hxuï |i} {e} huwimjic}ènjki e` {u {u{wh`kjh. Gji{ {hme kuè`wh `eke{jghg we`eoi{ ge e{kukah} hfcò` we{wjoi`ji |i{jwj~i e` e{we kho|i. Mje`& |ue{ u` |hg}e e{wè e` ef mi{xue& e` |fe`i j`~je}`i& w}hmhbh`gi ki` fh |ighge}h& fh {je}}h z ef ahkah& ki` u` ~je`wi `i}we xue fe ajefh ef hfje`wi e` fh{ mh}mh{. Z {u |e`{hoje`wi ~uefh ahkjh {u kh{h& ahkjh {u oube} z {u{ w}e{ ajbi{& gi{ `jøi{ z u`h `jøh& xue xujrè{ e{wê` buch`gi bu`wi hf nueci z |efeè`gi{e kioi k}ïi{. U`h {e`{hkjû` ge we}`u}h fe {ume h fh{ oebjffh{ z {e e`w}ech h {u{ {ueøi{. [j` gh}{e kue`wh& {e |i`e h }eï}& ahmfh ki`{jci oj{oi z {e h`joh oè{ z oè{& oje`w}h{ {jcue oh`ebh`gi {u{ ae}}hoje`wh{. \je`{h e` ef gïh e` xue {u{ ajbi{ e{wê` zh k}ekjgi{ z {e}è` ‛e{wè {ecu}i‛ oè{ nue}we{ hò` xue êf. \je`{h e` ef gïh e` xue hfcuje` gj}è {u h|effjgi z zh `i {e}è êf xuje` {e ~uef~h |h}h ki`we{wh}& {j`i u`i ge {u{ ajbi{. \e}i kjweoi{ fjwe}hfoe`we hfcu`i{ ~e}{i{& }e`u`kjh`gi ò`jkhoe`we h fh oêw}jkh2 ¤Kuh`gi |je`{h e` {u{ ajbi{ ki`~e}wjgi{ zh e` aiom}e{ z oube}e{. Kuh`gi |je`{h e` fh eghg ge {u{ ajbi{... Fe {ume u`h we}`u}h& u` khfi}& u` whf i}cuffi. !Gji{ oïi& ¹`i {e}è whf ~er {ime}mjh9*... \je`{h e` effi{& z |i} c}hkjh ge Gji{ fe hnfuze e`{ecujgh fh {h`c}e hf ki}hrû`. Z kûoi fi khfje`wh... Z hxuef ajefi xue we`ïh e` fi{ gegi{ ge{h|h}eke kioi |i} e`kh`wi... Z e`wi`ke{ ef mue` aiom}e xuje}e ahke}{e ef ~hfje`we. Xuje}e ahke} kioi {j `i aumje{e ffi}hgi. Kioi xuje` `i xuje}e& oj}h hf}egegi}& |i} {j hfcuje` fi e{wè oj}h`gi... {e h|}e{u}h

8:>

h e`buch} hxueffh{ gi{ fèc}joh{ xue ahz e` {u{ oebjffh{´:=. 7. \HG]E[ HGI\WJ^I[ Z \HG]E[ E[\J]JWUHFE[.

Kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi& {h` \hmfi {e {j}~e ge fh johce` ge fh hgi|kjû` |h}h jfu{w}h} `ue{w}h }efhkjû` ki` Gji{ \hg}e2 ‖Kuh`gi {e kuo|fjû ef wjeo|i& e`~jû Gji{ h {u Ajbi |h}h xue }ekjmjê}hoi{ ef {e} ajbi{ |i} hgi|kjû`‟ !Ch 7&7;*. Whf ~er fi{ |hg}e{ hgi|wj~i{ ‖wioe` {u `iom}e‟ ge Gji{ \hg}e oè{ hò` xue fi{ |hg}e{ `hwu}hfe{. Z whomjê` e` e{we kh{i& fh }ehfjghg auoh`h {j}~e ge johce` |h}h fh }ehfjghg gj~j`h z ê{wh {j}~e ge oigefi |h}h fh }ehfjghg Xuje}i gekj}xue xuee`{eøh}`i{ fi{ |h|è{{im}e z fh{ hgi|wj~i{auoh`h. wje`e` hfci jo|i}wh`we Gji{ohoè{ !z xue h|}e`ge} ge Gji{*& |}ekj{hoe`we }e{|ekwi h fh hgi|kjû`. Fh hgi|kjû` |uege {e}& e` ikh{ji`e{& u`h eq|e}je`kjh ge c}h`ge{ {un}joje`wi{. Ki` n}ekue`kjh fi{ `jøi{ hgi|whgi{ {e w}he` ki`{jci fi{ w}huoh{ ge fh {jwuhkjû` ge gi`ge ~je`e`& w}huoh{ xue |uege` oh`jne{wh}{e e` ni}oh ge }emefjû`& ge ~jife`kjh i ge u`h eqw}høh ni}oh ge h|h}e`we j`c}hwjwug. Z ah{wh ffech` h hku{h} h {u{ |hg}e{ hgi|wj~i{ ge fh{ ki{h{ oè{ hm{u}gh{. \e}i fi oj{oi xue eqj{we u`h c}hkjh ge e{whgi |h}h ef ohw}joi`ji& h{ï wje`e xue ahme} u`h c}hkjh ge e{whgi |h}h fi{ |hg}e{ hgi|wj~i{& |ue{ h ~eke{ gh` |}uemh{ ge u`h kio|}e`{jû` z u`h |hkje`kjh kh{j {im}eauoh`h{. [e efe~h` ah{wh u` hoi} xue xujrè{ {eh ef xue `i{ }ekue}ge oè{ ge ke}kh& hxuï e` fh wje}}h& ef hoi} ge Gji{2 e{e hoi} c}hwujwi xue ‖gj{kuf|h {j` fïojwe{& k}ee {j` fïojwe{& e{|e}h {j` fïojwe{& hcuh`wh {j` fïojwe{‟ !8 Ki 8;&3*. KA. \ ÊCUZ& Ef |û}wjki gef oj{we}ji ge fh {ecu`gh ~j}wug & e` ŝu~}e{ |iêwjxue{ kio|fáwe{. :=

8:3

Hf oj}h} h hfcu`i{ |hg}e{ hgi|wj~i{& zi ae kio|}e`gjgi hfcu`h{ ki{h{ {im}e Gji{ \hg}e xue `i {e e`kue`w}h` e` `j`cò` fjm}i ge weificïh. H`we fh ce`e}i{jghg z fh |e}{e~e}h`kjh ge {u hoi}& h`we {u kh|hkjghg |h}h e`ki`w}h} u`h gj{kuf|h i hf oe`i{ u` hwe`uh`we |h}h wigi& zi |e`{hmh2 ‖¨E{i e{ fi xue ef \hg}e gef kjefi ahke ki` `i{iw}i{(‟. Kuè`wh{ ~eke{ h}}h{w}hoi{ {u `iom}e |i} ef {uefi& ah{wh ffechoi{ h ekah}fe e` kh}h ef ahme}`i{ k}ehgi& z êf {jcue ffhoè`gi`i{ ajbi{ {uzi{ ki` j`nj`jwh |hkje`kjh z ohc`h`jojghg. ¨]ehfoe`we& kh}ch ki` `i{iw}i{( \e}i& c}hkjh{ h Gji{& fh hgi|kjû` `i {jeo|}e e{ u` }je{ci z u`h |}uemh4 fh{ oè{ ge fh{ ~eke{ e{ whomjê` nue`we ge e`i}oe{ z |u}h{ hfec}ïh{. Ki` n}ekue`kjh ef `jøi z fh `jøh hgi|whgi{ ge{h}}iffh` u`h kfh{e ge hoi} gef wigi e{|ekjhf ahkjh xuje`e{ fi{ {hkh}i` ge fh {ifeghg& ge fh |im}erh z ge fh oh}cj`hkjû` e` fh ~jgh. E{ u` hoi}& aekai ge u`h c}hwjwug z hgoj}hkjû` wh` ki`oi~egi}h{ kioi `i e{ nèkjf e`ki`w}h} e` `j`cu`h iw}h {jwuhkjû` auoh`h. \e}{i`h{ ge c}h` ~hfïh ah` {jgi {hf~hgh{ z }echfhgh{ h fh auoh`jghg c}hkjh{ h u`h hgi|kjû`. Whomjê` Gji{ wje`e {u{ hfec}ïh{ ge |hg}e c}hkjh{ h fh hgi|kjû` ge fi{ aiom}e{ xue ah aekai |i} K}j{wi. C}hkjh{ h effh& ah ffe`hgi ge {h`wi{ ef |h}hï{i. \e}i êf {e {je`we i}cuffi{i ge wigi{ {u{ ajbi{ hgi|wj~i{& {j` eqkfuj} h `hgje& j`kfu{i ge `i{iw}i{ xue {ioi{ wh` |im}e{. ¨^j~h& |ue{& fh j`{wjwukjû` ge fh hgi|kjû`& z e`ai}hmue`h h wigi{ fi{ |hg}e{ z fh{ ohg}e{ hgi|wj~i{( E{wèj{ e` mue`h kio|høïh2 whomjê` Gji{ e{ u` |hg}e hgi|wj~i& e` {e`wjgi gj{wj`wi |e}i ~e}ghge}i. Xue ~ue{w}i{ ajbi{ i{ ffe`e` ge hfec}ïh{ z xue Gji{ \hg}e i{ hzuge oukai. Z xuje}i hai}h høhgj} u`h |hfhm}h {im}e fi xue |uege` h|}e`ge} gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf& `i {ûfi fi{ |hg}e{ `hwu}hfe{ z fi{ 8:1

|hg}e{ hgi|wj~i{& {j`i whomjê` fi{ |hg}e{ e{|j}jwuhfe{& fi{ |h{wi}e{ ge hfoh{. E{wh{ }enfeqji`e{ ~hfe` whomjê`& z |i} gimfe oiwj~i& |h}h effi{. Hfcu`i{ |j`wi}e{ ah` }e|}e{e`whgi hf \hg}e {i{we`je`gi h Be{ò{ k}ukjnjkhgi& ki` u`h wjh}h e` fh khmerh T\uege ~e}{e Fh W}j`jghg& ge e{kuefh e{|høifh& e` ef Ou{ei ge \jkh}gïh& e` Hoje`{_4 ef C}eki& e` {u ge{ke`gjoje`wi ge K}j{wi ge fh k}ur& xue {e ki`{e}~h e` ef Ou{ei gef \}hgi ge Ohg}jg& fi }e|}e{e`wh ki` u`h ojw}h e` fh khmerh. Ef {e`wjgi ge e{h{ }e|}e{e`whkji`e{ `i e{ xue ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf {e |h}erkh hf |h|h i h u` imj{|i& {j`i xue ef |h|h z fi{ imj{|i{ wje`e` xue |h}eke}{e hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf. [e} {u{ }e|}e{e`wh`we{ e` fh wje}}h. Fi{ |hg}e{ e{|j}jwuhfe{ e{wè` ffhohgi{ h ahke} wh`cjmfe ef hoi} ge Gji{& xue e{ |hwe}`i z ohwe}`i hf oj{oi wjeo|i& e{ gekj}& xue e{wè aekai `i {ûfi ge ki}}ekkji`e{& hfje`wi z }e|}e`{jû`& {j`i whomjê` ge hkicjgh& we}`u}h z kio|h{jû`. E{wè` ffhohgi{ h {e} huwê`wjki{ |h|è{ |h}h fi{ |exueøi{& fi{ |}imhgi{& |h}h fi{ xue aiz c}jwh` {u h`cu{wji{i Hmmh ge{ge fi oè{ ai`gi ge {u Cew{eoh`ï. @i |uege |}ewe`ge} xue ef \hg}e kefe{wjhf ki`we{we hf c}jwi Hmmh xue fe gj}jce e` fh i}hkjû` z xue fe ahch {e`wj} {u we}`u}h& ef {hke}giwe xue `i }e{|i`gh hf c}jwi ge ‖¨|h|è(‟ xue fe gj}jbh h êf u` hfoh e` fh ai}h ge fh `eke{jghg z `i fe ahch {e`wj} {u we}`u}h ge |hg}e. Fi{ {hke}giwe{ e{wè` ffhohgi{ h ‖e`kh}`h}‟& e{|ekjhfoe`we e` ef {hk}hoe`wi ge fh }eki`kjfjhkjû`& h hxuef |hg}e ge fh |h}èmifh xue }ekjme ki` hfec}ïh hf ajbi |}ûgjci z fi ~uef~e h hgojwj} e` fh kh{h |hwe}`h. Gekïh {h` \hmfi h {u{ njefe{ ge Ki}j`wi2 ¤\i}xue we`g}êj{ ojf wuwi}e{ e` K}j{wi& |e}i |hg}e{ `i we`êj{ oukai{& |i}xue {iz zi xuje` |i} oegji gef e~h`cefji i{ ae e`ce`g}hgi |h}h K}j{wi Be{ò{´ !8 Ki 7&85*.

8::

Whomjê` fi{ |hg}e{ e{|j}jwuhfe{ e`ce`g}h` fh ~jgh& |i} {u|ue{wi `i kioi khu{h |}j`kj|hf {j`i kioi khu{h j`{w}uoe`whf& e` kuh`wi ahke` ffech} hf ki}hrû` fh {eojffh ge fh |hfhm}h. Ge haï fh neku`gjghg ge fh ~jgh ki`{hc}hgh hf {e}~jkji gef ]ej`i. [j fh kio|}e`gjê{eoi{ oebi}& whf ~er ahm}ïh oe`i{ ‖k}j{j{ ge jge`wjghg‟ e`w}e fi{ {hke}giwe{ z oe`i{ k}j{j{ ge {ifeghg. 5. AJBI[& IMEGEKEG H ^UE[W]I[ \HG]E[ .

\e}i fh |hfhm}h ge Gji{ `i e{ `u`kh u`h |hfhm}h ge ò`jkh gj}ekkjû`& `i ahmfh ò`jkhoe`we h fi{ |hg}e{. Zh aeoi{ iïgi fi xue ef H|û{wif hki`{ebh h fi{ ajbi{2 xue imegerkh` e` wigi h {u{ |hg}e{. e{wh imegje`kjh `i wje`e ojfjwh} i xue ge kie}kjwj~i.\e}i ]eki}geoi{ fh{ w}e{ kfh{e{`hgh ge ge imegje`kjh gj{wj`cuïhoi{ hf ahmfh} ge fh imegje`kjh ge K}j{wi2 |i} ojegi& |i} hoi} h fh }ekio|e`{h& |i} hoi} njfjhf. Fh imegje`kjh h fi{ |hg}e{ geme {e} u`h imegje`kjh ge e{we we}ke} wj|i. E` ef e~h`cefji {e fee` u`h{ |hfhm}h{ xue |ig}ïh` e`we`ge}{e ohf z ge{ki`ke}wh} wh`wi h fi{ |hg}e{ kioi h fi{ ajbi{2 ‖[j hfcuje` {e ~je`e ki`ojci z `i igjh h {u |hg}e z h {u ohg}e& z h {u oube} z h {u{ ajbi{& z h {u{ ae}oh`i{ z h {u{ ae}oh`h{& e j`kfu{i h {ï oj{oi& `i |uege {e} gj{kï|ufi oïi‟ !Fk 87&=>*. E{ kje}wi xue ef e~h`cefji h ~eke{ e{ |}i~ikhgi}& |e}i `u`kh e{ ki`w}hgjkwi}ji. U` |iki oè{ hgefh`we& e` ef oj{oi e~h`cefji ge Fukh{& Be{ò{ }ekue}gh ki` nue}rh fh imfjchkjû` ge ai`}h} |hg}e z ohg}e !Fk 81&=<*& z& ahmfh`gi gef oh}jgi z fh oube}& gjke xue ah` ge {e} u`h {ifh kh}`e z xue ef aiom}e `i wje`e ge}ekai h {e|h}h} fi xue Gji{ ah u`jgi. ¹Kûoi |uege& |ue{& gekj}`i{ hai}h xue igjeoi{ hf |hg}e z h fh ohg}e& h fh oube}& h fi{ ajbi{ z h fi{ ae}oh`i{9 =<<

Ahz xue we`e} |}e{e`we u`h ki{h. Fh fe`cuh aem}eh `i wje`e i u{h |iki ef kio|h}hwj~i ge {u|e}ji}jghg i ge j`ne}ji}jghg !hoh} u`h ki{h oè{ xue iw}h& i oe`i{ xue iw}h*4 {jo|fjnjkh z fi }eguke wigi h hoh} u igjh}. Fh n}h{e2 ‖[j hfcuje` {e ~je`e ki`ojci z `i igjh h {u |hg}e z h {u ohg}e...‟& geme e`we`ge}{e& |ue{& e` ef {e`wjgi ge2 ‖[j hfcuje` {e ~je`e ki`ojci z `i oe |}enje}e h oï h {u |hg}e z h {u ohg}e...‟. \h}h gh}{e kue`wh ge xue e{ h{ï& mh{wh ki` fee} ef oj{oi |h{hbe e` ef e~h`cefji ge Ohwei& gi`ge {e ah {u|}jojgi ef aem}hï{oi2 ‖Ef xue xuje}e h {u |hg}e i h {u ohg}e oè{ xue h oï `i e{ gjc`i ge oï‟ !Ow 8<&;3*. H fh fur ge e{wh eq|fjkhkjû`& {e e`wje`ge whomjê` kuèf e{ ef {e`wjgi ge iw}h n}h{e gjnïkjf gef e~h`cefji& e` fh xue Be{ò{ gjke h {u{ gj{kï|ufi{2 ‖Z `i ffhoêj{ |hg}e h `hgje e` fh wje}}h& |i}xue u`i {ifi e{ ~ue{w}i \hg}e& ef gef kjefi‟ !Ow =;&:*. Be{ò{ `i xuje}e |}iajmj} h fi{ ajbi{ ffhoh} |hg}e h {u |}ice`jwi}. Xuje}e gekj} xue fh {u|}eoh huwi}jghg |hwe}`h {im}e `i{iw}i{ `i e{ fh gef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& {j`i fh gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf4 e` kh{i ge ki`nfjkwi e`w}e fh{ gi{& geme |}e~hfeke} ê{wh {im}e hxuêffh. E` e{e {e`wjgi k}jwjkhmh Be{ò{ h fi{ bugïi{ xue {e hw}j`kae}hmh` w}h{ fh eqku{h ‖@ue{w}i |hg}e e{ Hm}haè`‟ |h}h `i }eki`ike} hf xue ef \hg}e ahmïh e`~jhgi !kn B` 1&;:*. \i} fi wh`wi& ef e~h`cefji `i ge}ich ef oh`ghoje`wi ge Gji{ ge ‖ai`}h} |hg}e z ohg}e‟& {j`i xue fi ki`nj}oh. E` fh Mjmfjh |igeoi{ fee} u` |}ekji{i kioe`wh}ji h e{we oh`ghoje`wi& {im}e ef xue fi{ ajbi{ ah}ïh` ouz mje` e` }enfeqji`h}2 ¤Gji{ ahke hf |hg}e oè{ }e{|ewhmfe xue h fi{ ajbi{ Ef xue ohg}e hkuoufh Ef xue ai`}h h {u}e{|ewh |hg}e h{e{u hfec}h}è ge {u{we{i}i{. ajbi{. Ajbi oïi& {ê ki`{wh`we e` ai`}h} h wu |hg}e& `i fi hmh`gi`e{ oje`w}h{ ~j~h{´ ![j ;&=‛8=*.

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Ai`}h} |hg}e z ohg}e xuje}e gekj} }e{|ewh}fi{& `i }ekahrh} ge e`w}hgh {u{ ki`{ebi{& `i ki`we{wh}fe{ ohf. E` kje}wh{ kj}ku`{wh`kjh{ e{|ekjhfe{ !kuo|fehøi{& h`j~e}{h}ji{& ef gïh gef |hg}e z ge fh ohg}e*& gekj}fe{ u` ‖c}hkjh{‟ hfci gj{wj`wi& u` |iki oè{ |}inu`gi ge fi `i}ohf. @i ‖c}hkjh{‟ |i} e{wh i |i} hxueffh |exueøh ki{h& {j`i c}hkjh{ |i}xue oe ah{ ghgi fh ~jgh& c}hkjh{ |i}xue ki` wu {ugi} oe ah{ ghgi fh |i{jmjfjghg ge e{wugjh} z ge ffech} hgi`ge wò `i |ugj{we ffech}& whf ~er ah{wh ef gikwi}hgi. @i e{|e}h} h we`e} xue j} h gekï}{efi& ffi}h`gi& bu`wi h {u wuomh. @i xuje}i ki`kfuj} e{wi{ m}e~e{ kioe`wh}ji{ {im}e fh{ imfjchkji`e{ ge fi{ ajbi{ ahkjh {u{ |hg}e{ {j` }eki}gh} u`h w}j{we }ehfjghg. Ahz `jøi{ z oukahkai{ xue {e {e`wj}ïh` ouz nefjke{ ge |ige} kuo|fj} wigh{ e{wh{ imfjchkji`e{ ahkjh {u |hg}e... {j fi wu~je{e`. ¨[i` fi{ auê}nh`i{( Hf kioje`ri ge e{wh oegjwhkjû` ae e~ikhgi ef {un}joje`wi ge xuje`e{ `u`kh ah` oj}hgi h fh kh}h h {u |hg}e i h {u ohg}e& hu`xue {e|h` xue e{wè` ~j~i{ e` hfcu`h |h}we. E{ u`h {jwuhkjû` xujrè{ oè{ w}j{we xue fh ge xuje`e{ {e ah` xueghgi auê}nh`i{ |i} oue}we ge {u{ |hg}e{. H fi{ u`i{ z h fi{ iw}i{ fh E{k}jwu}h fe{ }ekue}gh xue Gji{ e{ ‖|hg}e ge auê}nh`i{ z gene`{i} ge ~jugh{‟ ![hf >1&>*. \hg}e ge xuje`e{ `i wje`e` |hg}e. >. [H@ BI[Ê& ‖[IOM]H GEF \HG]E KEFE[WJHF.

@i |igeoi{ we}oj`h} e{wh }enfeqjû` {j` gegjkh} u` |e`{hoje`wi e{|ekjhf h {h` Bi{ê& hf xue fh Jcfe{jh ah |}ikfhohgi |hw}û` z |}iwekwi} ge fi{ |hg}e{. Fh w}hgjkjû` fi ah ffhohgi ‖|hg}e |uwhwj~i‟ ge Be{ò{& |h}h }eki}gh} xue Be{ò{ `hkjû ‖|i} im}h gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟. \e}i whf ~er e{e wê}oj`i {eh }egukwj~i z gjch geoh{jhgi |iki. E` }ehfjghg& ef e~h`cefji& hu`xue gebh kfh}i xue Be{ò{ `hkjû |i} im}h gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& `i wje`e ojegi ge ffhoh} h =<=

Bi{ê {e`kjffhoe`we ef |hg}e ge Be{ò{ z h Be{ò{ ‖ef ajbi ge Bi{ê‟ !kn Fk 7&==*. ]enj}jê`gi{e h êf& Oh}ïh fe gjke h Be{ò{ hgife{ke`we ‖wu |hg}e‟ !kn Fk =&71*& z `i ‖wu |hg}e |uwhwj~i‟. Z e{ xue& e` }ehfjghg& |hg}e `i e{ {ûfi ef xue e`ce`g}h u` ajbi& whomjê` |i}ge ajbi& k}ïhwigi ki` e{i ef {ugi}{j`i ge {u n}e`we&efefxue xuefi{e}ekjme e`kh}ch êf. efZ xue Bi{êfiajri ki` Be{ò{& z ge ni}oh ebeo|fh}. Hgeoè{& e` e{we kh{i ahz u`h }hrû` wigh~ïh oè{ |}inu`gh2 Bi{ê e{ |hg}e ge Be{ò{ |i}xue e{ ef ~e}ghge}i e{|i{i z oh}jgi ge fh ohg}e ge Be{ò{. Buh` \hmfi JJ& }ekicje`gi u`h{ |hfhm}h{ ge \hmfi ^J& e{k}jme hke}kh ge {h` Bi{ê e` u`h }ekje`we eqai}whkjû` h|i{wûfjkh2 ¤[u |hwe}`jghg {e oh`jne{wû e` xue ajri ge {u ~jgh zu` {e}~jkji& u` {hk}jnjkji& hf oj{we}ji ge fh E`kh}`hkjû` h fh oj{jû` }ege`wi}h xue ~h u`jgh h effh4 e` xue u{û fh huwi}jghg fechf xue we`ïh {im}e fh [hc}hgh Nhojfjh |h}h ahke} u`h e`w}ech wiwhf ge {ï oj{oi& ge {u ~jgh z ge {u w}hmhbi´ !]egeo|wi}j{ ku{wi{& 1* :;.

Hfcuje` ah hkuøhgi |h}h {h` Bi{ê ef wïwufi ge ‖{iom}h gef \hg}e‟:7& e` ef {e`wjgi ge xue ahke e` fh wje}}h fh{ ~eke{ gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf z e{ kioi johce` {jfe`kji{h. u`h kufwu}h kioi fh `ue{w}h& xue{ueqhfwh ge gj{k}ewh oh`e}h zwh` u`jfhwe}hfE` ef h{|ekwi gef e}i{ e` ef ohw}joi`ji& fh njcu}h ge {h` Bi{ê `i{ }ekue}gh xue ahz whomjê` iw}h{ ki{h{ jo|i}wh`we{ xue ki`njcu}h` hf ~e}ghge}i |hg}e. [e |uege e`ce`g}h} kh}`hfoe`we h oukai{ ajbi{ {j` {e} ‖|hg}e‟ ge `j`cu`i ge effi{& {j& u`h ~er e`ce`g}hgi{& {e fi{ hmh`gi`h i {e mi}}h u`i ge fh e{ke`h& gebh`gi xue {eh fh |im}e ohg}e xuje` kh}cue {ifh ki` ef |e{i gu}h`we wigh fh ~jgh. :;

BUH@ \HMFI JJ& ]egeo|wi}j{ ku{wi{& 1.

Kn F./N. G‚ H]CE@WH@& Ki`nê}e`ke{ {u} fe{ c}h`geu}{ ge fh ^je}ce & \h}ï{ 8>1<. :7

=<;

E` kje}wh{ {jwuhkji`e{ nhojfjh}e{ `hgh nèkjfe{& {h` Bi{ê |uege {e} u`h ~hfji{h hzugh |h}h fi{ |hg}e{& xue ah}è` mje` e` }eku}}j} h êf e` fh i}hkjû`. Kuh`gi `hkjû Buh` Mhuwj{wh& ef è`cef gjbi xue ffe~h}ïh h khmi fh geajbi{ ‖ki`~e}wj} ki}hri`e{ ge e{ fi{u`h |hg}e{ ahkjh fi{oj{jû` ajbi{ zge fi{Efïh{ ge fi{ ahkjh fi{ fi{ |hg}e{‟. Ê{wh oj{jû` xue ~uef~e h {e} u}ce`we hf kioe`rh} e{we `ue~i ojfe`ji& e` xue whomjê` `i{iw}i{ e{whoi{ ffhohgi{ h ‖|}e|h}h} |h}h ef [eøi} u` |uemfi mje` gj{|ue{wi‟ !kn Fk 8&83*. Ni}oh |h}we gef e{nue}ri |i} u`h `ue~h e~h`cefjrhkjû` fh j`jkjhwj~h ge u`h c}h` }eki`kjfjhkjû` z ge u`h {h`hkjû` ge fh{ }efhkji`e{ e`ne}oh{ e`w}e |hg}e{ e ajbi{. E{|e}i xue e{wh oegjwhkjû` {im}e ef oigefi kefe{wjhf ge wigh |hwe}`jghg `i{ ahzh hzughgi u` |ixujwi e` e{h wh}eh.

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KI@KFU[JÛ@2

¨ME@GJWI [EH GJI[ \HG]E( Gef ki`ikjoje`wi h fh kefem}hkjû` gef \hg}e.

¤Oêweoe& \hg}e ewe}`i& e` wu |ekai& oj{we}ji{i aich}. Gi}oj}ê hffï& |ue{ ~e`ci ge{aekaim}ech}´. gef gu}i !E` fh wuomh ge Ojcuef ge U`hou`i*.

8. W]H[ FH[ AUEFFH[ GE OH]ÏH.

Aeoi{ ffechgi hf nj`hf ge `ue{w}i ~jhbe e` mu{kh gef \hg}e. E` e{we òfwjoi w}hoi& `ue{w}i cuïh {e}è u` cuïh ge iw}h ï`gife2 zh `i {e}è u` h|û{wif ge K}j{wi& {j`i {u ohg}e& Oh}ïh. Oh}ïh ah we`jgi ‛z {jcue we`je`gi‛ ki` ef \hg}e gef kjefi u`h }efhkjû` ò`jkh& xue `hke gef wïwufi gicoèwjki ge ‖Ohg}e ge Gji{‟. Be{ò{ ‛gekïh {h` Jc`hkji ge H`wjixuïh‛ e{ ¤ajbi ge Gji{ z ge Oh}ïh‟:5. E{wh n}h{e& e` wigh {u {e`kjffer& ki`wje`e u`h ~e}ghg xue gh ~ê}wjci. Oh}ïh {e ~e kifikhgh hf fhgi ge Gji{. Fi oj{oi xue `i{iw}i{ gekjoi{ u`h |e}{i`h xue e{ ajbi hxuêffh& h{ï {h` Jc`hkji ge ge H`wjixuïh gjke ge K}j{wi xuegee{ê{we ajbi zgegeGji{ z ge :5

[H@ JC@HKJI GE H@WJIXUÏH& H fi{ Ene{ji{.

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Oh}ïh. Oh}ïh e{ fh ò`jkh |e}{i`h gef ou`gi xue |uege gekj} e` ef wjeo|i& gj}jcjê`gi{e h Be{ò{& fi xue fe gjke ef \hg}e ge{ge wigh fh ewe}`jghg2 ‖Wò e}e{ oj ajbi& zi we ae e`ce`g}hgi‟. @i {e w}hwh ge u`h }efhkjû` ge ï`gife oe}hoe`we gicoèwjkh& {j`i e{|j}jwuhf. Oh}ïh e{ hfcuje` xue {e ah njhgi ge Gji{4 xue& whomjê` e` ef Khf~h}ji& {e gebû ffe~h}‟ ah{wh ef nj`hf4 xue& hf jcuhf xue Hm}haè`& {hk}jnjkû whomjê` h {u J{hhk‟. E{ ‖fh ajbh |}egjfekwh gef \hg}e‟& kioi fh genj`e ef ^hwjkh`i JJ !FC& 5;*. E` ef Ohc`ïnjkhw& Oh}ïh cuïh h fh Jcfe{jh |h}h xue |h{e gef ki`ikjoje`wi gef \hg}e h {u kefem}hkjû` ciri{h z hc}hgekjgh. [h` J}e`ei e{k}jme xue ‖Oh}ïh& ge{mi}gh`we ge ciri& c}jwû |}inêwjkhoe`we& e` `iom}e ge fh Jcfe{jh2 ¨\}ikfhoh oj hfoh fh c}h`gerh gef [eøi}(‟. Effh e`wi`û& kioi ki}jneh& u` ajo`i xue fh Jcfe{jh wje`e xue {ecuj} efe~h`gi hf [eøi}. \igeoi{ fee} ef Ohc`ïnjkhw kioi ef e{|ebi oè{ njef ge fh johce` ge Gji{ \hg}e xue aeoi{ j`we`whgi }eki`{w}uj} e` e{we `ue{w}i jwj`e}h}ji. Fh jgeh ge u` Gji{ xue e{ h fh ~er ‖\hg}e‟ z ‖wigi|ige}i{i‟& {uohoe`we wje}`i z {uohoe`we nue}we& hfwï{joi z ke}kh`ï{joi& e{wè |}e{e`we e` ef Ohc`ïnjkhw z {e eq|}e{h e` fh gimfe {e}je ge wïwufi{ ki` xue e` êf {e ffhoh h Gji{2 |i} u`h |h}we& [eøi} Gji{& wigi|ige}i{i& {h`wi4 z |i} iw}h& ‖oj {hf~hgi}‟& hfcuje` kuzh ‖oj{e}jki}gjh‟ ffech h {u{ njefe{ ge ce`e}hkjû` e` ce`e}hkjû`. Ef \hg}e xue {e kio|fhke e` }e~efh} {u{ {ek}ewi{ h fi{ |exueøi{ z xue fi{ ikufwh h fi{ c}h`ge{ z h fi{ {hmji{ ahffh u` eki e` ef Ohc`ïnjkhw& gi`ge {e gjke xue Gji{ ‖ge}}jmû gef w}i`i h fi{ |ige}i{i{ z e`{hfrû h fi{ auojfge{& h fi{ ahom}je`wi{ fi{ kifoû ge mje`e{ z h fi{ }jki{ fi{ ge{|jgjû ki` fh{ oh`i{ ~hkïh{‟. Ohc`ïnjkhw fh Fh oj{oh eq|}e{jû` xue uwjfjrh Oh}ïh e` ef e`ki`w}hoi{ e` fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{2 ‖Be{ò{& ffe`i ge fh hfec}ïh =<>

gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& eqkfhoû2 We giz c}hkjh{& \hg}e‟ !Fk 8<&=8*4 z Oh}ïh |}ikfhoh2 ‖[e hfec}h oj e{|ï}jwu e` Gji{ oj {hf~hgi}‟& oi~jgh {j` gugh whomjê` effh ‖|i} ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟. \e}i Oh}ïh `i e{ cuïh |h}h `i{iw}i{ ò`jkhoe`we |i} fi xue gjke e` e` ef Ohc`ïnjkhw & {j`ieffi oè{`i{ hò` e{wè |i} fh}eki}gh`gi ni}oh e` xue fh{ figjke& h {hme}& i}hkjû`. Ki` xue oè{ jo|i}wh`we `i e{ ahmfh} gef \hg}e& {j`i ahmfh}fe hf \hg}e& e{ gekj}& hfhmh}fi& me`gekj}fi& gh}fe c}hkjh{& ge{mi}gh} ge hfec}ïh e` {u `iom}e. @i `i{ gebeoi{ e`chøh} |i} ef e{wjfi j`gj}ekwi ge ‖\}ikfhoh oj hfoh fh c}h`gerh gef [eøi}‟ !e` ~er ge ‖we |}ikfhoh c}h`ge& [eøi}‟*. Fh ni}oh j`gj}ekwh ge gj}jcj}`i{ h Gji{ e{ {eøhf ge }e~e}e`kjh& kioi kuh`gi fi{ {e}hnj`e{ |}ikfhoh`2 ‖[h`wi& {h`wi& {h`wi e{ ef [eøi}& Gji{ gef u`j~e}{i‟ !e` ~er ge ‖{h`wi e}e{ wò& [eøi}& Gji{ gef u`j~e}{i‟*. =. FH ME@GJKJÛ@ H[KE@GE@WE.

¹Kûoi |igeoi{ kefem}h} aiz hf \hg}e9 Fh i}hkjû` xue {j`wewjrh wigi{ fi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ xue gemeoi{ we`e} ahkjh hf \hg}e kefe{wjhf e{ fh xue e` aem}ei {e ffhoh me}hdè. E{wh |hfhm}h {jc`jnjkh hc}hgekjoje`wi& hfhmh`rh& |e}i {im}e wigi me`gjkjû`. Ahz u`h me`gjkjû` ge{ke`ge`we z u`h me`gjkjû` h{ke`ge`we. Fh me`gjkjû` ge{ke`ge`we e{ hxueffh ki` fh xue ef \hg}e `i{ me`gjke h `i{iw}i{& fh xue j`~ikh fh fjwu}cjh {im}e fh h{homfeh kuh`gi gjke2 ‖Fh me`gjkjû` ge Gji{ wigi|ige}i{i... ge{kje`gh {im}e ~i{iw}i{‟4 fh me`gjkjû` h{ke`ge`we fh xue {ume ge{ge `i{iw}i{ hf \hg}e. \hmfi }eò`e fh{ gi{ kuh`gi e{k}jme2 ¤Me`gjwi {eh Gji{& \hg}e ge `ue{w}i [eøi} Be{uk}j{wi& xue `i{ ah me`gekjgi e` K}j{wi ki` wigh kfh{e ge mje`e{ e{|j}jwuhfe{ z kefe{wjhfe{´ !En 8&=*.

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Ef \hg}e `i{ ah me`gekjgi !me`gjkjû` ge{ke`ge`we* z `i{iw}i{ fi me`gekjoi{ h êf !me`gjkjû` h{ke`ge`we*. Ef hfoh ge Be{ò{ z {u i}hkjû` }emi{h` ge e{wi{ {e`wjoje`wi{ ge me`gjkjû`. Fh oj{oh eukh}j{wïh `hke kioi ce{wi ge me`gjkjû`4 `hke& j`kfu{i fjwò}cjkhoe`we& ge fh me}hdè bugïh. ‖Wioû |h`& we me`gjbi& fi |h}wjû‟ !‖hkke|jw |h`eo& me`egjqjw ew n}ecjw... ‖*. U`h ohfh w}hgukkjû` i{ku}ekjû e` ef |h{hgi ef {e`wjgi ge e{wh{ |hfhm}h{. [e |e`{hmh xue Be{ò{ ahmïh me`gekjgi ef |h` !z e` e{e oioe`wi& h`we{ ge fh }eni}oh fjwò}cjkh& {e ahkïh fh {eøhf ge fh k}ur {im}e ef |h`*. \e}i Be{ò{ `i me`gjbi ef |h`& ¨me`gjbi hf \hg}e( \i} e{i hai}h {e w}hguke hke}whghoe`we2 ‖Gji c}hkjh{ ki` fh |fech}jh ge me`gjkjû`‟. Ki`ikeoi{ whomjê` fh{ |hfhm}h{ ge e{h |fech}jh ge me`gjkjû` xue Be{ò{ |}i`u`kjû e` fh òfwjoh ke`h& |ue{& e` {u {u{wh`kjh& ah {jgi }ekicjgh e` fh hkwuhf nû}oufh gef ine}wi}ji ge fh oj{h2 ‖Me`gjwi {eh{& [eøi}& Gji{ gef u`j~e}{i& |i} e{we |h`... xue }ekjmjoi{ ge wu ce`e}i{jghg ....‟ Fh me`gjkjû` gef \hg}e& fh me}hdè& e{ fh |}joe}h oj{jû` ge fh Jcfe{jh2 ‖H êf fh cfi}jh ge fh Jcfe{jh z ge K}j{wi Be{ò{‟ !En ;&=8*. [h` Mh{jfji kio|h}h fh Jcfe{jh ki` u` weo|fi e` ef xue ‖wigi{ gjke`2 ¨Cfi}jh(‟ ![hf =:&:*. ¹Xue}}è e{i gekj} xue ef \hg}e e{ u` ~h`jgi{i z xue `eke{jwh xue fi{ aiom}e{ fi ‖kefem}eoi{‟9 U`i ge fi{ |}enhkji{ ge fh fjwu}cjh `i{ in}eke fh }e{|ue{wh2 ¤Hu`xue `i `eke{jwh{ `ue{w}h hfhmh`rh& `j `ue{w}h{ me`gjkji`e{ we e`}jxueke{& wò j`{|j}h{ z ahke{ wuzh `ue{w}h hkkjû` ge c}hkjh{& |h}h xue `i{ {j}~h ge {hf~hkjû`´ !J^ \}enhkji kioò` gef Oj{hf ]ioh`i*.

Ef ge{|e}wh} gef hoi} z ge fh hwe`kjû` ge fi{ k}eze`we{ h `ue{w}i \hg}e gef kjefi geme kioe`rh} |i} ef ge{kum}joje`wi ge =<1

hfcu`h{ |fech}jh{ kfè{jkh{ ge me`gjkjû`& kioi ef kè`wjki ge fi{ w}e{ bû~e`e{ ‛‖K}jhwu}h{ gef [eøi}& me`gekjg hf [eøi}‟‛ xue {e }erh fi{ gioj`ci{ z fh{ nje{wh{ e` fh{ Fhuge{& ef c}h`gji{i z {ifeo`e We Geuo ‛‖H wj& ia Gji{& we hfhmhoi{‟‛& ef Cfi}jh& ki` hxueffh{ kj`ki hnj}ohkji`e{2 ‖\i} wu j`oe`{h cfi}jh we hfhmhoi{& we me`gekjoi{& we hgi}hoi{& we cfi}jnjkhoi{& we ghoi{ c}hkjh{‟. Ef kh`i` ge fh oj{h& kioi zh aeoi{ {eøhfhgi e` u`h ikh{jû`& e{ fh |fech}jh oè{ eqwe`{h z oè{ jo|i}wh`we xue fh Jcfe{jh gj}jce hf \hg}e. Z ki`kfuze ki` u`h giqificïh xue |igeoi{ w}h{fhgh} ge fh fjwu}cjh h fh ~jgh& eo|erh`gi z we}oj`h`gi ki` effh khgh u`h ge `ue{w}h{ bi}`hgh{2 ‖\i} K}j{wi& ki` êf z e` êf& h wj& Gji{ \hg}e io`j|iwe`we& e` fh u`jghg gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& wigi ai`i} z wigh cfi}jh |i} fi{ {jcfi{ ge fi{ {jcfi{‟. ;. ¹U@H NJE[WH \H]H EF \HG]E9

Ge{ge oukah{ |h}we{ {e |jge h fh{ huwi}jghge{ kio|ewe`we{ ge fh Jcfe{jh xue j`{wjwuzh` u`h nje{wh e` ai`i} gef \hg}e. E{ ê{wh u`h fhcu`h xue |h}eke khgh ~er oè{ j`wife}hmfe. Eqj{we` h fi fh}ci gef høi oukah{ nje{wh{ e` ai`i} ge fh ohg}e ge Be{ò{& |e}i `j`cu`h |h}h ef \hg}e& `hgh& `j {jxuje}h u`h oj{h ~iwj~h. Eqj{we& {ï& u` ‖gïh gef |hg}e‟& |e}i {ûfi gef |hg}e ge fh wje}}h& `i gef \hg}e kefe{wjhf& z& |i} høhgjgu}h& oè{ ki` nj`e{ kioe}kjhfe{ xue e{|j}jwuhfe{. Z `i {j}~e gekj} xue zh wigh{ fh{ i}hkji`e{ ge fh Jcfe{jh {e gj}jce` hf \hg}e. Whomjê` wigh{ {e gj}jce` ‖|i} Be{uk}j{wi‟ z ‖e` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi‟& z e{i `i xujwh |h}h xue ahzh nje{wh{ e` ai`i} ge u`i z ge iw}i. Ef aekai e{ xue fh nhfwh ge u`h nje{wh e` ai`i} gef \hg}e `i ahke oè{ xue ki`w}jmuj} h xue e` fh |}èkwjkh xuege oh}cj`hgi ge fh hwe`kjû` ge fi{ njefe{. Fh nje{wh wje`e u` e`i}oe =<:

|ige} khwexuêwjki. [u }e|ewjkjû` |e}jûgjkh `i{ imfjch h ahmfh} høi w}h{ høi gef {e`wjgi ge fh oj{oh& h jfu{w}h} h fi{ njefe{ {im}e ef fuch} xue iku|h e` fh aj{wi}jh ge fh {hf~hkjû` z e` fh ~jgh ge fh{ |e}{i`h{. ¹Xuê ahm}ïh iku}}jgi ah{wh ahke |iki ki` ef ki`ikjoje`wi gef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& {j `j {jxuje}h aumje{e eqj{wjgi fh nje{wh ge \e`weki{wê{ |h}h oh`we`e} ~j~h {u |}e{e`kjh e` fh ki`kje`kjh ge fi{ njefe{9 E{ kje}wi xue fh{ nje{wh{ fjwò}cjkh{ {e ke`w}h` ce`e}hfoe`we e` hfcò` hki`wekjoje`wi ge fh aj{wi}jh ge fh {hf~hkjû`& `i e` u`h |e}{i`h i e` u`h jgeh. ¹\e}i e{ xue ahz hfcò` hki`wekjoje`wi ge fh {hf~hkjû` xue `i hnekwe hf \hg}e9 Hgeoè{& e` e{e {e`wjgi fh Jcfe{jh `u`kh wu~i ojegi ge ahke} eqke|kji`e{& kuh`gi fh uwjfjghg ge fh ne i ge fh |jeghg h{ï fi }exue}ïh`. H{ï `hkjû fh nje{wh gef Ki}|u{ Ka}j{wj& fh gef Ki}hrû` ge Be{ò{ z wh`wh{ iw}h{. Fh{ nje{wh{& kioi fi{ {hk}hoe`wi{& {i` ‖|h}h fi{ aiom}e{‟& `i |h}h fi{ |u}j{wh{ ge fh fjwu}cjh. Aiz& kioi aeoi{ ~j{wi& e{ u`h `eke{jghg ~jwhf ef |i`e} hf \hg}e e` ef ke`w}i ge fh ne z ge fh ge~ikjû` ge fh ce`we. @i {e w}hwh ge høhgj} u` gïh ge nje{wh oè{ hf khfe`gh}ji& mh{wh`we h|}ewhgi zh& ge fh Jcfe{jh& {j`i ge ahke} ge u` gioj`ci hgekuhghoe`we efecjgi ef ‖gioj`ci gef \hg}e‟& gè`gife wigh fh {ifeo`jghg xue e{ oe`e{we}. Ef ohzi} im{wèkufi |h}h fh }ehfjrhkjû` ge e{we |}izekwi {i` hfcu`h{ }e{|ue{wh{ `echwj~h{ xue fi{ |h|h{ gje}i` e` ef |h{hgi h fh |ewjkjû` ge u`h nje{wh h{ï. \e}i whomjê` iw}h{ nje{wh{ khwûfjkh{ {e j`{wjwuze}i` w}h{ }e|ewjgh{ `echkji`e{ j`jkjhfe{. Fi ò`jki xue ahke nhfwh e{ gh} u`h }e{|ue{wh h fh{ }hri`e{ |i} fh{ xue fh Jcfe{jh& e` u` gewe}oj`hgi oioe`wi& ki`{jge}û |}eohwu}h i `i i|i}wu`h e{h nje{wh. Z |}i`wi {e gh u`i kue`wh ge xue {e w}hwh ge }hri`e{ ~èfjgh{& |e}i ki`wj`ce`we{& xue `i wje`e` zh }hrû` ge {e} e` fh =8<

{jwuhkjû`& aiz gj{wj`wh& ge fh {ikjeghg z ge fh Jcfe{jh. Kje}whoe`we u`h nje{wh e` ai`i} gef \hg}e e}h oukai oe`i{ u}ce`we e` ef |h{hgi xue aiz e` gïh& ge{|uê{ ge wigi fi xue aeoi{ ~j~jgi. E` kuh`wi hf wïwufi xue ahm}ïh xue gh} h e{h nje{wh& eqj{we` ~h}jh{ |}i|ue{wh{ ahm}è xue gj{ke}`j} weifûcjkhoe`we. H oj h e`we`ge}& gegjkh}fhxue hf ‖\hg}e k}ehgi}‟ z ahke} h fh ~er u`h nje{wh fh k}ehkjû` e{ u`h jgeh {uce{wj~h& |e}i e{ki`ge u` j`ki`~e`je`we. Ge e{e oigi {e kefem}h}ïh fh |hwe}`jghg ce`ê}jkh ge Gji{ ‛Gji{ ‖\hg}e ge wigi{ fi{ aiom}e{‟‛& `i fh |hwe}`jghg e{|ekïnjkh xue ki`{wjwuze fh `i~eghg gef @ue~i We{whoe`wi2 Gji{ ‖\hg}e ge `ue{w}i [eøi} Be{uk}j{wi‟. H oj e`we`ge}& ki` e{we wïwufi& i {jo|feoe`we ki` ef ge ‖Gji{ \hg}e‟& e{h nje{wh ki`{ecuj}ïh {u ~e}ghge}i imbewj~i. Ffhoh}fh fh nje{wh gef ‖\hg}e oj{e}jki}gji{i‟ ah}ïh whomjê` }ekhe} ef hke`wi oè{ {im}e u`h |}e}}ichwj~h xue {im}e fh |e}{i`h. Fh gjnjkufwhg xue jo|jge hke|wh} |fe`hoe`we ef |}izekwi ge u`h nje{wh e` ai`i} gef \hg}e& |h}h oï& e{ iw}h. Ê{h e{ u`h gekj{jû` xue `i geme}ïh {e} wiohgh |i} u`h Jcfe{jh {ifh& h e{|hfgh{ ge wigh{ fh{ geoè{. Fh{ Jcfe{jh{ k}j{wjh`h{ e{wè` kefem}h`gi hkwuhfoe`we fh \h{kuh e` nekah{ gj{wj`wh{ |i}xue e` 851= {e }eni}oû ef h`wjcui khfe`gh}ji bufjh`i {j` ki`{ufwh} hf |hw}jh}kh i}wigiqi ge Ki`{wh`wj`i|fh. Fh nje{wh gef \hg}e {e}ïh& `i {ûfi u` hki`wekjoje`wi fjwò}cjki& {j`i whomjê` ekuoê`jki {j {e gekjgje{e w}h{ u`h ki`{ufwh z u` hkue}gi e`w}e wigh{ fh{ Jcfe{jh{ k}j{wjh`h{ xue hke|wh{e` fh jgeh& gebh`gi fjm}e& |i} {u|ue{wi& h khgh Jcfe{jh ge ki`kemj} e{h nje{wh ge hkue}gi h {u |}i|jh w}hgjkjû` z {e`{jmjfjghg. Ge e{h oh`e}h& fh nje{wh hc}hgh}ïh gimfeoe`we hf \hg}e. ¹Hkh{i `i ge{eh` wigi{ fi{ |hg}e{ ~e} }eu`jgi{ h {u hf}egegi}& ef gïh ge {u nje{wh& h wigi{ fi{ =88

ae}oh`i{9 [e}ïh whomjê` u`h mue`h ikh{jû` |h}h eo|erh} h gekjgj} hfci& bu`wi{& wigi{ fi{ k}j{wjh`i{. 7. I]H H WU \HG]E E@ FI E[KI@GJGI.

\e}i h`we{ ge we}oj`h}& xue}eoi{ }eki}gh} u`h ki{h. Fh fjwu}cjh& fh oj{h& u`h nje{wh& wigi e{i {i` ki{h{ meffï{joh{& |e}i `i |uege` hciwh} `ue{w}h kefem}hkjû` gef \hg}e. Be{ò{ `i{ ah eqai}whgi2 ¤Kuh`gi ~hzh{ h }erh}& e`w}h e` wu kuh}wi& kje}}h fh |ue}wh z }erh h wu \hg}e& xue e{wè e` fi e{ki`gjgi´ !Ow >&>*. Fi{ \hg}e{ ge fh Jcfe{jh kij`kjge` kh{j wigi{ effi{ e` ~e} e{e kuh}wi ! kumjkufuo* `i {ûfi kioi u` fuch} ohwe}jhf& {j`i kioi u` e{whgi ge è`joi& u` fuch} j`we}ji}& fi ï`wjoi gef ki}hrû`‟2 ¤Z `i |je`{e{ xue {e ahmfe hxuï ge u`h ahmjwhkjû` gefjojwhgh |i} kuhw}i |h}ege{& e` fh xue wu kue}|i |uegh }enucjh}{e& e{ whomjê` e{e kuh}wi xue e{wè ge`w}i ge wj oj{oi& e` ef xue e{wè` e`ke}}hgi{ wu{ |e`{hoje`wi{ z e` ef xue oi}h` wu{ hnekwi{. U` kuh}wi :>

xue ~h {jeo|}e ki`wjci z xue {jeo|}e e{ {ek}ewi´ . E` e{e kuh}wi |igeoi{ e`w}h} e` kuhfxuje} oioe`wi& z |i} wh`wi whomjê` oje`w}h{ |h}wjkj|hoi{ e` fh i}hkjû` fjwò}cjkh. Ge wigh{ ni}oh{& hfcu`i{ {h`wi{ \hg}e{ j`{j{we` ki` c}h` hkje}wi e` fh `eke{jghg ge wioh} h ~eke{ hf |je ge fh few}h e{h{ |hfhm}h{ ge Be{ò{. Êf `i {ûfi {e }ene}ïh hf kuh}wi {ek}ewi gef ki}hrû`4 xue}ïh whomjê` hki`{ebh} u` fuch} h|h}whgi& febi{ ge fh{ oj}hgh{ ge fh

ce`we. E{k}jme {h` Me}`h}gi2 :>

[H@ HOM]I[JI& Khï` z Hmef& J& :&;1.

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¤Nïbhwe whomjê` xue `i{ ki`~je`e mu{kh} u` fuch} }ewj}hgi |h}h fh i}hkjû`. Be{ò{ `i {ûfi fi e`{eøû ki` fh |hfhm}h kuh`gi gjbi2 #Oêwewe e` wu kuh}wi& ekah fh ffh~e z }êrhfe h wu \hg}e#& {j`i xue fi }ekioe`gû whomjê` ki` ef ebeo|fi {umje`gi êf {ifi h i}h}& {j` hgojwj} `j h fi{ oè{ ï`wjoi{´:3.

\e}i wh`wi e` |òmfjki kioi e` fi {ek}ewi& `i ahz oè{ xue u`h ni}oh ge ‖hgi}h} hf \hg}e e` e{|ï}jwu z ~e}ghg‟ !B` 7&=;*2 hgi}h}fi u`jgi{ h {u Ajbi Be{uk}j{wi z e` ef E{|ï}jwu [h`wi& ‖~e`e}h`gi e` {jfe`kji ef {ek}ewi xue `i{ w}h{kje`ge‟:1.

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[H@ ME]@H]GI& [e}oû` 7 |h}h fh H{ke`{jû`& 88.

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GJI@J[JI H]EI\HCJWH& Be}h}xuïh kefe{wjhf& Q^& :.

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