½ Yn Gbhtdjt phrh j Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh pjr Qegtjr Ajotis Wihrh Airrhz ˓ ]rhdhcbj mi Krhmuhg² hj
YOEQITWEMHMI AIMITHC MI VITOHNDYGJ ½ GEO - GIO]TJ MI EOAJTN H]EGH ˓ IN WEW]INHW MI EOAJTNHG ˓ KTHMYHG ² HJ ² HJ
www.geo.uapi.dr
TIGEAI, LYCBJ MI 468;
YOEQITWEMHMI AIMITHC MI VITOHNDYGJ ½ GEO - GIO]TJ MI EOAJTNH]EGH ˓ IN WEW]INHW MI EOAJTNHG ˓ KTHMYHG ² HJ ² HJ
Qegtjr Ajotis Wihrh Airrhz ½ Yn Gbhtdjt phrh j Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh
˓ hprisiothmj oj GioVrjlitj mi Krhmuhg²hj ½ trj mi Eoajrn htegh mh Yoevirsemhmi Aimirhc mi Virohndugj, gjnj riquesetj phrgehc ˓ mj krhu mi Dhgbhric in phrh h jdtiog²hj ˓ Westinhs mi Eoajrnhg²hj. Jreiothmjr< Qeo½ĸgeus Ghrmjsj Khrgeh
TIGEAI, LYCBJ MI 468;
–[i oj cjokir tbeo` ja gbhers hs tigbojcjky0 wi lust tbeo` ja tbin hs gbhers. Dut tbiri whs h teni wbio wi bhmo―t wjr`im jut bjw nhoy ciks gbhers sbjucm bhvi, bjw thcc tbiy sbjucm di, hom tbiy wjucm jatio ―grhsb― wbio wi treim tj usi tbin„.
Mjukchs Hmhns
Hkrhmigeniotjs Hkrhmig²j hjs nius hnekjs i ahn½ĸceh pjr tjmj j eogiotevj i hpjej murhoti h neobh ˓ krhmuhg²hj. Hkrhmig²j hj niu jreiothmjr Qeo½ĸgeus Khrgeh pich suh mespjoedecemhmi i pjr tjmj j hpjej ajroigemj. ˓ ajroigemjs Hkrhmig²j h tjmjs js prjaissjris mj GEo pjr tjmj j gjobigeniotj i mimeghg²hj murhoti j gursj.
Tisunj Gbhtdjts ixestin h nhes tinpj mj qui hphriothn, mismi j surkeniotj mi Gbhtdjts ˓ ˓ mi hrquetiturhs nhes gjnpcixhs, utecezhomj dhsihmjs in rikrhs i phmr jis, hti½ h grehg²hj ˁ nuctepcjs ½ njmicjs mi Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc. J Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc i j ½ ˓ unh krhomi phrti mj misiovjcveniotj mi Gbhtdjts nhes Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh s hj ˓ mi sestinhs nhes eoticekiotis i ghphzis mi njmirojs, mhmj qui pjssedecethn h grehg²hj gjovirshr utecezhomj ceokuhkin ohturhc. Mehoti mj grisgioti eotirissi in hpceghtevjs mi ˓ Gbhtdjts pjssuin un krhomi pjtiogehc mi hgiethg² hj, ˓ hj iotrikhr unh gjovirshg²hj, ˓ nhes bunhoh hj usu hrej. ½ ajrnh mi eotirhg²hj ]iomj gjnj dhsi j qui aje hrnhmj, isth ˓ h grehg²hj ˓ mi un njmicj mi Gbhtdjt phrh j Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh ½ pisquesh prjpji qui ½ ½ silh ghphz mi utecezhr mhs t igoeghs mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh i Vrjgisshniotj mi ˓ miotrj mj gjotixtj mj GEo i jairigir hj Ceokuhkin Ohturhc phrh eotikrhr hs eoajrnhg²jis ½ ˓ eoticekioti. usuhrej unh eotirahgi mi gjovirshg²hj
ˁ HrteVhchvrhs-gbhvi< Gbhtdjt, Gbhttirdjt, Hssestiotis Qertuhes Eoticekiotis, Eoticekiogeh ½ gehc, Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc, Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh .
e
Hdstrhgt Gbhtdjts bhvi diio hrjuom ajr cjokir tbho tbiy hppihr tj di. Weogi ets dikeo oeoks, wetb tbi inirkiogi ja rucis hom phttiros dhsim Gbhtdjts, up uotec tbi grihtejo ja njri gjnpcix hrgbetigturis, ce`i tbi jois useok nuctepcis Hrtegehc Eoticcekiogi njmics. Ohturhc Chokuhki Vrjgisseok hom Nhgbeoi Cihroeok hri h dek phrt ja tbi mivicjpniot ja njri njmiro Gbhtdjts, gjosemireok tbht tbiy iohdci tbi grihtejo ja njri eoticcekiot systins tbht hri ghphdci ja thc`eok useok ohturhc chokuhki. Ahgim wetb tbi krjweok eotirist eo gjovirshtejohc hppceghtejos, Gbhtdjts bhvi h kriht hggipthogi pjtiotehc, seogi tbiy micevir h ajrn ja bunho-ce`i eotirhgtejo tj tbi iom usir. Dhsim jo wbht bhs diio sthti m, tbes ½ risihrgb prjpjsis tbi grihtejo ja h Gbhtdjt njmic ajr tbi Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh ja YAVI tbht―s ghphdci ja useok Nhgbeoi Cihroeok hom Ohturhc Chokuhki Vrjgisseok tigboequis ½ tj eotikrhti tbi eoajrnhtejo wetbeo tbi Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh gjotixt hom jaair tj tbi iom usir h eoticcekiot gjovirshtejohc eotirahgi.
@iywjrms< Gbhtdjt, Gbhttirdjt, Qertuhc Hssesthots , Hrtegehc Eoticcekiogi , Ohturhc Chokuhki Vrjgisseok, Nhgbeoi Cihroeok.
eee
½ Wunhrej
˓ 8 Eotrjmug² hj
8
˓ ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8.8 Njtevhg²hj
8
8.4 Jdlitevjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
8.4.8 Jdlitevjs Kirhes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
8.4.4 Jdlitevjs Ispig½ĸgjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
˓ mj ]rhdhcbj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Jrkhoezhg²hj
7
½ 4 Tiairiogehc ]i jregj
9
ˁ 4.8 Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
4.8.8 J ]isti mi ]ureok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
;
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 4.8.4 Hpceghg²jis Hrtegehc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
4.4 Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ˓ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4.4.8 ]j`ioezhg²hj
2
5
˓ i Wtinezhg²hj ˓ . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . 4.4.4 Cinhtezhg²hj 4.4.7 Itequithkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ˓ mh Eoajrnhg²hj ˓ 4.4.= Ixtrhg²hj .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ½ 4.7 Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh .... .... .... .... .... .... .
v
5 86 88 84
4.7.8 Hpriomezhmj Wupirvesejohmj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.7.4 ]irn Ariquiogy - Eovirsi Mjguniot Ariquiogy . . . . . . . . . 4.7.7 Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8=
4.7.= Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
4.= Ohturhc Chokuhki ]jjc`et (OC]@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8;
˓ Aeohes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Gjosemirhg²jis
82
7 Gbhtdjts
½ 7.8 Best jregj ... .........
85
.........
.........
...
85
7.4 Hrquetiturhs mi Gbhtdjts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.8 Njmicj Kioirhtevj . . . . . .
48
.... .... .... .... ..
44
7.4.4 Njmicj Dhsihmj in Tikrhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ˓ Aeohes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Gjosemirhg²jis
4= 4;
= ]rhdhcbjs Tichgejohmjs
42
=.8 Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
=.8.8 Mhmjs Istruturhmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
=.4 Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
˓ mh Eoticekiogeh ˁ 9 Enpciniothg² hj Hrtegehc mj Gbhtdjt
9.8 Hrquetiturh . . . . . . . . .
87
.........
..........
76
....
9.4 Vhrt-Ja-Wpiigb ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78 74
9.4.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ½ 9.4.4 Vr i-prjgisshniotj .... .... .... .... .... .... 9.4.7 ]rieohniotj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ve
79 79
71
½ 9.4.= Ticht jrejs .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ...
71
9.7 Eosemi-Jutsemi-Dikeo ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
9.7.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ½ 9.7.4 Vr i-prjgisshniotj .... .... .... .... .... ....
75 =6
9.7.7 ]rieohniotj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=8
½ 9.7.= Ticht jrejs .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ...
=4
˓ 9.= Gchsseghmjr mi Eotiog²jis ... .... .... .... .... .... .
=7
9.=.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=1
9.=.4 ]rieohniotj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=1
½ 9.=.7 Ticht jrejs .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ...
=;
˓ mi Wiotiog²hs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 Istruturhg²hj ˓ Aeohes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Gjosemirhg²jis
˓ i ]rhdhcbjs Auturjs 1 Gjogcus hj
=2 96
98
vee
Cesth mi ]hdichs 4.8 Mioeg²jis ˓ mi Eoticekiogeh ˁ Hr tegehc. Hmhpthmh mi P 75^ . . . . . . . . . .
1
4.4 Gjnpjoiotis mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc . ]ixtjs hmhpthmjs mi P 78^. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4.7 ]epjs mi Itequiths, suhs gchssis krhnhteghes i phchvrhs richgejohmhs. . .
86
4.= Ixinpcj mj risucthmj mi un sestinh mi rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis.
.
˓ mi itequiths utecezhmhs oj VJW ]hkkir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 Tichg²hj
77
9.4 Aihturis utecezhmhs phrh trieohr j VJW ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
9.7 Tisucthmjs mh priges hj ˓ mh gchsseghg²hj ˓ krhnhteghc . . . . . . . . . . .
71
˓ nhes ricivhotis mj VJW ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.= Hs 46 trhoseg²jis
7;
9.9 Hs 46 aihturis nhes ricivhotis mj VJW ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
˓ mi iotemhmis utecezhmhs oj EJD ]hkkir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Tichg²hj
72
9.; Aihturis utecezhmhs phrh trieohr j EJD ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=8
˓ mj rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis . . . . . . . . 9.2 Tisucthmjs mh priges hj
=4
˓ nhes ricivhotis mj EJD ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Hs 46 trhoseg²jis
=4
9.86 Hs 46 aihturis nhes ricivhotis mj EJD ]hkkir . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=7
˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ rigjobigemhs picj gchsseghmjr . . . . . . . . . . 9.88 Tichg²hj
==
˓ mh gchsseghg²hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ 9.84 Tisucthmjs mh priges hj . .. . .. . .. .
=1
veee
84
Cesth mi Aekurhs 4.8 ]isti mi ]ureok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
;
˓ Cjk½ĸstegh, BNN, KMN i 4.4 Tichgejohniotj iotri Ohevi Dhyis, Tikriss hj GTAs P=;^. . . . . . . . . . . .
.........
.........
...
89
4.7 Ceoihr WQN P7^ . . . . . . . . .
.........
.........
...
81
4.= @iroic WQN P7^ . . . . . . . . .
.........
.........
...
81
7.8 Njmicjs mi Gbhtdjts P8;^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
7.4 Njmicj Kioirhtevj P=9^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
7.7 Ixinpcj mj Wiquiogi tj Wiquiogi P =1^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
7.= Ixinpcj mh istruturh mi un hrquevj HENC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4=
˓ mi 7.9 Ixinpcj mi unh hrquetiturh mi Gbhtdjt gjn j usj mh Gchsseghg² hj ˓ i mj Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis P=9^ . . . . . . . . . . . . Eotiog²jis
41
=.8 Ixinpcj mi unh siotio g²h riprisiothmh in LWJO, misthghomj suhs io˓ temhmis i eotiog²jis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
45
=.4 Meairiog²hs iotri js krhajs mi BNN, NINN i GTA, rispigtevhnioti P41^ 9.8 Hrquetiturh mj prjlitj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
˓ mh auog²hj ˓ pjs thk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Enpciniothg²hj
7=
˓ pjs thk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Ixinpcj mi usj mh auog²hj
79
ex
45
˓ mhs auog²jis ˓ ejd thk i oi gbuo` . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.= Enpciniothg²hj ˓ oi gbuo` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 Ixinpcj mh auog²hj
75
75
˓ ejd thk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Ixinpcj mi usj mh auog²hj
75
˓ mh gchssi EotiotGchsseir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.; Enpciniothg²hj
=9
˓ mh gchssi EotiotGchsseir . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Ixinpcj mi ixigug²hj
=9
˓ mj EotiotGchsseir . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Qhcjris mh Nhtrez mi Gjoaus hj
=;
½ ˓ mj EotiotGchsseir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.86 Ticht jrej mi Gchsseghg²hj ˓ mh auog²hj ˓ phrsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.88 Enpciniothg²hj
=2 =5
˓ mh auog²hj ˓ iotety megt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.84 Enpciniothg²hj ˓ phrsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.87 Ixinpcjs mh auog²hj
x
=5 96
Ghp½ĸtucj 8 ˓ Eotrjmug² hj ˓ phrh h rihcezhg²hj ˓ misti trhdhcbj, js sius Wirh½ hprisiothmh, oisti ghp½ĸtucj, h njtevhg²hj jdlitevjs i suh istruturh, h n mi ahgecethr j iotiomeniotj mj cietjr.
8.8
˓ Njtevhg² hj
H Eoticekiogeh ˁ Hrtegehc (EH) i½ unh hrih ½ qui prjgurh misiovjcvir tigojcjkehs ghphzis ˓ vin vehdecezhomj h grehg²hj ˓ mi risjcvir prjdcinhs mi njmj eoticekioti. H suh utecezhg²hj mi mevirsjs sestinhs ghphzis mi risjcvir ghsjs gjnpcixjs i qui hotis ouogh sirehn ˓ Gjn essj, vin surkeomj mevirshs hpceghg²jis ˓ mi EH in vhrehs ½ risjcvemjs pich gjnputhg²hj. ½ ½ ½ ½ hrihs, ghmh quhc gjn un prjpjsetj meairioti, mismi tigoeghs mi hpriomezhmj mi nhqueoh ˓ mi phmr jis ˓ i primeg²jis ˓ mi vhcjris ht i½ h trhmug²hj ˓ i kirhg²hj ˓ mi tixtjs. phrh emioteghg²hj ˓ mh Eoticekiogeh ˁ J Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc (VCO) i½ unh rhneghg²hj Hrte˓ iotri j gjngehc vjcthmh phrh j prjgisshniotj mi tixtjs h n mi ahgecethr h eotirhg² hj ˓ trhdhcbhr in gjoluotj gjn j puthmjr i j bunhoj, mi ajrnh ohturhc. Vjmiomj ju o hj ½ ˓ mi njmicjs Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh , j VCO pjmi sir ushmj gjnj hux½ĸcej oh grehg² hj
˓ eoajrnhc iotri j gjovirshgejohes phrh Gbhtdjts, oj eotuetj mi senuchr unh gjovirshg²hj ½ i h n hqueoh. ½ usuhrej ½ Wikuomj HduWbhwhr i Htwicc P 1^, j prenierj prjt jtepj mi Gbhtdjt aje grehmj in 8511, ˓ mi senuchr unh oj NE], pjr Ljsipb [ieziodhun. Ojnihmj mi ICE\H, gjn h eotiog² hj
˓ 8. Eotrjmug²hj
4
ˁ psegjtirhpiuth, ici utecezh hpiohs mi gjrrispjom iogehs mi phchvrhs-gbhvi phrh mivjcvir rispjsths prjoths, nhs sinpri eogiotevhomj h gjovirsh, rispjomiomj gjn pirkuoths ˓ phrh js prjdcinhs mj usu hrej. ½ rifflixevhs i qui rimerigejohn h htiog²hj Nhs hj cjokj mj ˓ i gjn j surkeniotj mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ hvhog²j mh eotirahgi kr½hgh oh gjnputhg²hj Hrtegehc, mevirshs hrquetiturhs phrh Gbhtdjts ajrhn misiovjcvemhs, miotri ichs, misthghn-si< ˓ mi• H HENC (Hrtegehc Eoticce kiogi Nhr`up Chokuhki) , unh ceokuhkin mi nhrghg²hj siovjcvemh phrh h grehg²hj ˓ mi HCEGI (Hrtegehc Ceokuesteg Eotiroit Gjnputir Iotety), j ˓ gjovirshgejohes i si eosperh oj ajrnhtj quhc utecezh mj rigjobigeniotj mi phmr jis ˓ micis P1^0 RNC (Ixtiosedci Nhr`up Chokuhki) phrh h istruturhg²hj ˓ mi OIT (Ohnim Iotety Tigjkoetejo) gjn hckjretnjs mi Hpriomezhmj • H gjndeohg² hj ½ mi Nhqueoh , j quhc i½ j ajgj misti trhdhcbj, utecezh mj rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis
˓ mh eotiog²jis ˓ phrh prjgisshr i in phrtis mj tixtj, in gjoluotj gjn h gchsseghg² hj ½ prjmuzer unh rispjsth hj usu hrej0 ˓ mi Timis Oiurhes Tigjrriotis , gjnj h Wiquiogi tj Wiquiogi , utece• H utecezhg² hj ˓ mi rispjsths dhsihomj-si in siqu iogehs ˁ zhmh phrh h kirhg²hj hotirejris.
Mehoti mj grisgioti eotirissi in hpceghtevjs mi gjovirshg²hj, ˓ h pjotj mi supirhrin hs ½ ˁ in 4689 P 49^, Gbhtdjts rimis sjgehes quhotj h quhotemhmi mi usu hrejs htevjs pjr n is ˓ hj iotrikhr unh ajrnh mi eotirhg²hj ˓ nhes pjssuin un krhomi pjtiogehc mi hgiethg²hj, ½ bunhoh hj usu hrej, gjnj i½ ixinpceghmj in P4;^< „]biri―s joi meaairiogi ditwiio h rihc pirsjo hom ho HE, tbjukb. H gbhtdjt es sicffliss hom mimeghtim tj yju, et es hcwhys tbiri ajr yju hom et hcwhys bhs teni ajr yju„. ½ ˓ mh dedcejtigh OC]@ Vhrh j misiovjcveniotj misti trhdhcbj, aje oigiss hreh h utecezhg²hj (Ohturhc Chokuhki ]jjc`et) phrh rihcezhr hs thriahs richgejohmhs hj Vrjgisshniotj mi
½ Ceokuhkin Ohturhc gjn hux ½ĸcej mi Hpriomezhkin mi N hqueoh, misiovjcvemh phrh sir utecezhmh gjn h ceokuhkin mi prjkrhnhg²hj ˓ Vytbjo0 vestj qui Vytbjo i½ unh mhs nicbjris ˁ ˓ ceokuhkios phrh misiovjcvir Eoticekiogehs Hrtegehes P8^ i h =h ceokuhkin mi prjkrhnhg²hj nhes pjpuchr mj nuomj, sikuomj h ]EJDI in luobj mi 468; P
=2^. Gjnj ixinpcj,
½ ½ ich i½ utecezhmh pich Kjjkci in siu arhniwjr` pr jprej phrh Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ,j ]iosjrAcjw P=^.
˓ 8. Eotrjmug²hj
7
8.4 Jdlitevjs 8.4.8 Jdlitevjs Kirhes ½ J jdlitevj misth pisquesh i½ grehr un Gbhtdjt phrh j Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh qui silh gh-
½ ˁ phz mi utecezhr mhs t igoeghs mi Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc (nhes prigeshnioti, Hpriomezhmj mi ½ ˓ miotrj Nhqueoh i Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc ) phrh eotikrhr hs eoajrnhg²jis
mj gjotixtj mj GEo i jairigir hj usu hrej ½ unh eotirahgi mi gjovirshg²hj ˓ eoticekioti, huxe˓ kirhes i hmneoestrhtevhs, gjnj cjghcezhg²hj/bjr ˓ ½ mi shchs mi huch i cehomj in quistjis hrej prjaissjris, ojt½ĸgehs rigiotis, houogejs, ½ iviotjs i prjgissjs enpjrthotis, ajghomj in ½ siomj ½utec phrh js qui isthj ˓ h nhes muvemhs ½ qui js istumhotis nhes ojvjs (nhs thnd in tinpj oj giotrj) pjmin gbikhr h tir.
8.4.4
Jdlitevjs Ispig½ĸgjs
ˁ Hrtegehc (EH) oj misiovjcveniotj mi • Ahzir un istumj hgirgh mj usj mi Eoticekiogeh
Gbhtdjts0 ½ mi misiovjcveniotj mi Gbhtdjts qui iovjcvin EH i suhs • Hohceshr hs t igoeghs ˓ ristreg²jis0 ˁ • Minjostrhr j auogejohniotj mi unh hrquetiturh mi Gbhtdjt qui utecezi Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc 0
• Eovistekhr i prjpjr unh hrquetiturh mi
Gbhtdjt ghphz mi iotiomir i prjgisshr
˓ miotrj mj gjotixtj mj Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh ½ eoajrnhg²jis mh Yoevirsemhmi Aimirhc mi Virohndugj.
8.7
˓ mj ]rhdhcbj Jrkhoezhg² hj
J prisioti trhdhcbj ist h½ jrkhoezhmj in siti ghp ½ĸtucjs, mjs quhes j prenierj i½ h ˓ i js pr jxenjs ½ ˓ misgretjs hdhexj< eotrjmug²hj sies ghp ½ĸtucjs isthj
˓ 8. Eotrjmug²hj
=
˓ ricivhotis phrh j iotiome• Oj Ghp½ĸtucj 4 i½ hprisiothmj un gjoluotj mi mioeg²jis niotj mj trhdhcbj0
• Oj Ghp ½ĸtucj 7 i½ hprisiothmj j gjogietj mi Gbhtdjts, in gjoluotj mhs suhs ½ ˓ i hs hpceghg²jis ˓ mh Eoticekiogeh ˁ tigoeghs mi enpciniothg²hj Hrtegehc oj siu misiovjcveniotj0 ˓ hprisiothmjs trhdhcbjs richgejohmjs hj tinh misth pisquesh0 • Oj Ghp½ĸtucj = s hj ˓ misti trhdhcbj, gjn ixinpcjs • Oj Ghp½ĸtucj 9 i½ hprisiothmh tjmh h enpciniothg²hj mj siu auogejohniotj0 ˓ hprisiothmhs hs gjosemirhg²jis ˓ ohes mj trhdhcbj hssen gjnj • Oj Ghp ½ĸtucj 1 s hj hs prjpjsths phrh trhdhcbjs auturjs0
Ghp½ĸtucj 4 ½ Tiairiogehc ]ijregj ½ Isti ghp½ĸtucj hprisioth js gjogietjs oigiss hrejs phrh j nicbjr iotiomeniotj misti ˓ i unh ves hj ˓ kirhc sjdri js sikueo tis tinhs< Eotrhdhcbj, trhziomj hs suhs mioeg²jis ˁ ½ ticekiogeh Hrtegehc, Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc, Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh i OC]@, h dedcejtigh utecezhmh phrh hpceghr issis gjogietjs. J Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuh˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ kin Ohturhc i½ unh rhneghg²hj Hrtegehc qui ajgh oj prjgisshniotj i iotiomeniotj mi tixtjs i qui pjmi gjothr gjn j hux½ĸcej mi hckjretnjs mi Hpriomezhmj mi Nhqueoh. ½ Ytecezhomj tigoeghs ½ mi Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc, isti trhdhcbj ˓ un njmicj mi rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis i gchsseghg² hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ qui prjpji ˓ utecezhmjs phrh j iotiomeniotj mh iotrhmh mj usu hrej ½ picj Gbhtdjt. Hj n misti sirhj ghp½ĸtucj, j cietjr sir h½ ghphz mi iotiomir nicbjr j gjoti umj ½ mj trhdhcbj i h ceobh mi rhgejg½ĸoej hmjthmh oj nisnj.
ˁ 4.8 Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc ˁ J tirnj Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc (EH) aje ushmj pich prenierh viz in 8591 pjr Ljbo Ng-
½ ˁ ˁ Ghrtby, mhomj eo½ĸgej hf hrih mi nisnj ojni, oh gjoair iogeh mi Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc mi Mhrtnjutb P==^. NgGhrtby mioi Eoticek iogeh ˁ Hrtegehc gjnj P9^< „]bi sgeiogi hom iokeoiireok ja nh`eok eoticcekiot nhgbeois, ispigehccy eoticcekiot gjnputir prjkrhns„.
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
1
ˁ H eoticek iogeh, gjnj phchvrh, pjmi sir mioemh gjnj siomj h „ahgucmhmi mi hpriomir, ½ h nisnh phchvrh pjmi tir sekoeghmjs mesteotjs gjnpriiomir i hmhpthr-si„ P76^. Vjrin, ˓ ˓ gethmhs pjr Virierh P7=^< in meairiotis hgipg²jis, sikuomj hs mioeg²jis
ˁ • Oh cjsjh, h eoticek iogeh i½ j „preog½ĸpej hdstrhtj qui i½ h ajoti mi tjmh h eoticigtuhcemhmi„0
• Oh tijcjkeh, i½ j „mjn meveoj qui ojs tjroh sinicbhotis hj grehmjr„0 ˁ • I oh psegjcjkeh, i½ h „ghphgemhmi mi risjcvir prjdcinhs ojvjs gjn rhpemiz i ixetj„.
˓ bh½ un gjosiosj sjdri j qui i½ h eoticekiogeh ˁ ˓ si pjmi ahgecnioti Gjnj o hj in se, o hj ˁ mioer j rihc sekoeghmj mi Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc. Nhs, phrh Tussic i Ojrvek P75^, ixestin
˓ qui surkerhn murhoti tjmh h best jreh ½ mi EH, hs quhes sikuin jetj enpjrthotis mioeg²jis oh ]hdich 4.8. ˓ Mioeg² hj
Hutjr
Hoj
Bhukichom
8529
]bi ixgeteok oiw iaajrt tj nh`i gjnputirs tbeo`... nhgbeois wetb
Diccnho
85;2
P]bi hutjnhtejo ja^ hgteveteis tbht wi hssjgehti wetb bunho tbeo`eok,
Gbhroeh` i NgMir-
8529
]bi stumy ja niothc ahgucteis tbrjukb tbi usi ja gjnputhtejohc nj-
[estjo
8554
]bi stumy ja tbi gjnputhtejos tbht nh`i et pjssedci tj pirgievi, ri-
@urzwiec
8556
]bi hrt ja grihteok nhgbeois tbht pirajrn auogtejos tbht riqueri eo-
Tegb i @oekbt
8558
]bi stumy ja bjw tj nh`i gjnputirs mj tbeoks ht wbegb, ht tbi nj-
Wgbhc`jaa
8556
H icm ja stumy tbht sii`s tj ixpcheo hom inuchti eoticcekiot dibhvejr
Cukir i Wtuddci-
8557
]bi drhogb ja gjnputir sgeiogi tbht es gjogiroim wetb tbi hutjnh-
neoms, eo tbi aucc hom cetirhc siosi hgteveteis sugb hs migesejo-nh`eok, prjdcin sjcveok, cihroeok... njtt
mics. hsjo, hom hgt. ticcekiogi wbio pirajrnim dy pijpci. niot, pijpci hri dittir. eo tirns ja gjnputhtejohc prjgissis.
icm
tejo ja eoticcekiot dibhvejr. ˓ mi Eoticekiogeh ˁ ]hdich 4.8< Mioeg²jis Hrtegehc. Hmhpthmh mi P75^
˓ mi Eoticekiogeh ˁ Gjn j qui aje misgretj oh ]hdich 4.8, h mioeg²hj Hrtegehc pjmi sir mevememh in quhtrj ghtikjrehs P 75^<
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
;
• Vhrh Bhukichom i Diccnho, h EH i½ mioemh gjnj sestinhs qui pioshn gjnj bunhojs 0
˓ sestinhs qui pioshn mi njmj rhgejohc 0 • Vhrh Gbhroeh`, NgMirnjtt i [estjo, shj ˓ sestinhs qui hkin gjnj bunhojs 0 • Vhrh @urzwiec, Tegb i @oekbt , shj ˓ sestinhs qui hkin rhgejohcnioti. • I phrh Wgbhc`ja, Cukir i Wtuddciicm, shj
˓ mi @urzwiec, Tegb J Gbhtdjt hprisiothmj oisti trhdhcbj nicbjr si ioghexh oh mioeg²hj i @oekbt, gjnj un sestinh qui hki gjnj bunhoj .
4.8.8 J ]isti mi ]ureok ˁ J ]isti mi ]ureok i½ unh nith mi cjokj prhzj mh Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc. Mioemh pjr Hccho ]ureok, ici prjgurh ixhneohr h ghphgemhmi mi unh n
½ hqueoh mi minjostrhr un
gjnpjrthniotj eoticekioti i qui silh iquevhcioti hj sir bunhoj, h n mi rispjomir h pirkuoth „Ea h gjnputir gjucm tbeo`, bjw gjucm wi ticc:„
½ P45^. H n hqueoh phsshr h½ oj
tisti ghsj j siu gjnpjrthniotj silh eomesteoku½ĸvic mj mi unh pissjh. J tisti pjmi sir ritrhthmj mi mevirshs ajrnhs, nhs tjmjs s hj ˓ vjcthmjs phrh h sikueoti emieh< mehoti mi un ½ luez, i½ rihcezhmh unh gjovirsh iotri ici, unh pissjh i unh n hqueoh (sin qui si pjssh ˁ ½ vi-cjs)0 j luez mivi sir ghphz mi emioteghr, sin muvemhs, quin mjs mjes i½ unh n hqueoh. ½ ½ H nhqueoh phssh oj tisti ghsj j luez ahcbi in misgjdre-ch, i phssh h sir gjosemirhmh ˁ unh virmhmierh Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc P==^. Qilh j ixinpcj oh Enhkin 4.8.
Aekurh 4.8< ]isti mi ]ureok
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
2
In 8556, Bukb Cjidoir , in gjoluotj gjn j Ghndremki Giotir ajr Dibhvejrhc Wtumeis , ˓ houhc mi Eoticek iogeh ˁ greju h gjnpiteg² hj Hr tegehc, misiovjcvemh ispigeghnioti phrh h
˓ mj ]isti mi ]ureok in tjmhs hs Eoticek iogehs ˁ ixigug²hj Hrtegehes eosgreths P45^.
4.8.4
˓ ˁ Hpceghg² jis mh Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc
ˁ ˓ In kirhc, h Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc pjssue un krhomi o u½ nirj mi pjss½ĸvies hpceghg²jis, ghmh quhc gjn sius rispigtevjs prjdcinhs h sirin sjcugejohmjs, gjnj j misiovjcveniotj ½ mi senpcis sestinhs ghphzis mi prjvhrin tijrinhs nhtin htegjs, ljkhrin phrtemhs mi xhmriz ju ht i½ rihcezhrin h mea ½ĸgec thriah mi rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis in enhkios. Dhseghnioti, ajgh-si in un jdlitevj giotrhc mi grehr sestinhs qui silhn vestjs gjnj ½ ½ eoticekiotis P9^. Ich ist h½ prisioti oj meh h meh mi v hrehs pissjhs b h½ mighmhs, nhs suh ˓ qui si tin mi Eoticek iogeh ˁ prisiog²h hghdh phsshomj pjr mispirgidemh, pjes h ves hj ˁ i n hqueohs ½ Hrtegehc, oh nhejreh mhs vizis, i½ vjcthmh phrh h emieh mi rjd js gjnpcixhs ˁ ½ hj cjokj mjs hojs, h EH tin grisgemj gjn un krhu icivhmj mi eoticek iogeh. Vjr in, ½ ½ ˓ i in hrihs gjnj h Ho hcesi Istht½ĸstegh i Nhr`iteok P==^ (eogcueomj hs rigjniomhg² jis f miges jis ˓ mi mevirsjs oik jgejs. ½ houogejs ½ mj Ahgidjj` i Kjjkci), mhomj supjrtis hs Bh½ hckunhs hrihs ½ ispig½ĸghs qui s˓hj mi ixtrinh enpjrt hogeh ˁ phrh j iotiomeniotj mh ˓ ichs< Westinhs Ispigehcesths, Tjd jtegh ½ EH, gjnj i½ ixinpceghmj in P82^. Whj , Westinhs ½ Qesuhes, Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc i Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh . Hs muhs
˓ j ajgj misti trhdhcbj i sir hj ˓ hprisiothmhs ohs sig²jis ˓ h sikuer. uctenhs ½ shj
4.4
Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ J Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc (VCO) i½ unh rhneghg²hj Hrte˓ gehc qui ajgh oj prjgisshniotj i iotiomeniotj mi tixtjs. Wuhs prenierhs hpceghg²jis ½ ˓ (mj eokc is, ˁ Nhgbeoi ]rhossurkerhn gjn j qui irh gbhnhmj mi N hqueohs mi ]rhmug²hj
˓ hutjn htegh ½ chtejo), i trhdhcbhvhn, gjnj j ojni sukiri, gjn h trhmug² hj mi tixtjs iotri ½ ˓ surkerhn oh m ighmh ½ ceokuhkios meairiotis. Hs N hqueohs mi ]rhmug²hj mi 85=6, oh tiothtevh mi trhmuzer tixtjs mj russj phrh j eokc
ˁ is. Gjn j hvhog²j mh tigojcjkeh, ojvhs
˓ ajrhn mhmhs hj VCO. Oh m ighmh ½ hpceghg²jis mi 8596, h ghphgemhmi mi prjgisshr, io-
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
5
tiomir i kirhr tixtjs aje gjosemirhmh gjnj unh mhs quhcemhmis oigiss
½ hrehs mi unh
Eoticekˁiogeh Hrtegehc, hs quhes ajrhn gethmhs pjr Hccho ]ureok in siu tisti, j ]isti mi ]ureok.
Wikuomj N u¨ ccir P78^, j Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc pjmi sir mevememj in quhtrj gjnpjoiotis, gjnj vestj oh ]hdich 4.4. Gjnpjoioti
˓ Misgreg² hj
½ ½ Hohcesi Njrajcjkegh
˓ mhs phchvrhs, sius rhmeghes i hxjs, ajMez rispietj hf gjostrug²hj
½ ½ Hohcesi Weothtegh
˓ ajrnhes iotri phchvrhs i i½ unh mhs phrtis ]rhdhcbh gjn hs richg² jis
½ ˁ Hohcesi Winhotegh
Qesh riprisiothr j sekoeghmj mi ghmh phchvrh, ju j sekoeghmj
½ ghomj oh suh phrti ist htegh. ½ nhes enpjrthotis mhs ho hcesis. mi un gjoluotj mi phchvrhs (siotiog²hs), dhsihomj-si ohs suhs ˓ seothteghs. ½ gjostrug²jis ½ ½ Hohcesi Vrhknhtegh
Mez rispietj hj g jotixtj in q ui hs siotiog²hs s i hpceghn, ½ dhsihomj-si ojs siotemjs ixtrh½ĸmjs hotirejrnioti oh ho hcesi ˁ sinhotegh.
]hdich 4.4< Gjnpjoiotis mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc. ]ixtjs hmhpthmjs mi P78^.
4.4.8
˓ ]j`ioezhg² hj
˓ i½ j prjgissj mi mevemer un tixtj in v hrejs ½ ˓ mi ]j`ioezhg²hj tj`ios, silh h tj`ioezhg²hj
½ siotiog²hs, mevemeomj j tixtj in vhrehs siotiog²hs meairiotis, ju mi phchvrhs, mevemeomj ½ ½ ghmh siotiog²h in vhrehs phchvrhs. ]hc t igoegh i½ utecezhmh gjnj unh ithph mi pr ˓ mi jutrjs prjgimeniotjs gjnj h prjgisshniotj mj tixtj, hotis mh ixigug²hj
½ i-
Itequi-
½ ½ ˓ mi siotiog²hs pjmi sir utecezhmh hotis mi thkin. Oh Ho hcesi Njrajcjkegh , h tj`ioezhg²hj ˓ i stinezhg² hj ˓ P71^. ixiguthr js prjgimeniotjs mi cinhtezhg² hj
4.4.4
Cinhtezhg² hj ˓ i Wtinezhg² hj ˓
˓ ixiguth unh ho hcesi ½ ½ H cinhtezhg² hj njrajcjkegh mi ghmh phchvrh in unh siotiog²h,
½ sudstetueomj-hs pichs suhs ajrnhs prisiotis oj vjghduc hrej, gjn j jdlitevj mi senpce½ ghr hs vhre hvies prisiotis in unh siotiog²h. Gjnj ixinpcj, „prjlithmj„i½ sudstetu½ĸmj
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
86
˓ i½ niojs prigesh i nhes senpcis, pjes ich emiotegh js pjr „prjlithr„. L h½ h stinezhg² hj
rhmeghes i hxjs mh phchvrh i js rinjvi, ju silh, i½ gjosemirhmh h phrti mh phchvrh gulhs ˓ vhrehn P 71^. Ixinpcj< „prjlithmj„, oj ghsj mh stinezhg² hj, ˓ i½ sudstetu½ĸmj pjr citrhs o hj „prjlit„.
4.4.7 Itequithkin ½ ½ ½ H Itequithkin i½ unh t igoegh utecezhmh oh Hohcesi Weot htegh . Ich tin gjn j jdlitevj ite½ phsshr pjr un tj`ioezhmjr mi phchvrhs, gjn quithr ghmh phchvrh mi unh siotiog²h hpjs ˓ seot htegh. ½ h suh gchssi krhnhteghc, dhsihomj-si oh suh ajrnhg²hj Gjnj ixinpcj, h arhsi „J rhtj rjiu h rjuph mj rie mi Tjnh.„ pjmi sir itequithmh gjnj (vir h ]hdich 4.7)< „J/HT] rhtj/O rjiu/Q h/HT] rjuph/O mj/VTIV+HT] rie/O mi/VTIV Tjnh/OVTJV ./ VY„.
Itequith
HT]
Gchssi Krhnhteghc
Hrtekj
O
Wudsthotevj
OVTJV
½ Wudsthotevj Vr jprej
VTIV
˓ Vripjseg² hj
VTIV+HT] Q
˓ + Hrtekj Vripjseg²hj Qirdj
VY
˓ Vjotuhg² hj
Vhchvrhs Tichgejohmhs
J,h rhtj,rjuph,rie Tjnh mi mj rjiu .
]hdich 4.7< ]epjs mi Itequiths, suhs gchssis krhnhteghes i phchvrhs richgejohmhs.
H isgjcbh mi itequiths i hs rikrhs hs quhes si hpceghn h ichs mipiomin nuetj mj gjotixtj. Oisti ghsj, i½ enpjrthoti iotiomir ghmh phchvrh gjn h suh virmhmierh gchssi krhnhteghc, mh ajrnh nhes senpceghmh pjss½ĸvic. Hj itequithr unh siotiog²h, pjmin sir ushmhs muhs hdjrmhkios< h cixeghcesth, h prjdhdec½ĸstegh ju unh ajrnh b ½ĸdremh, gjotiomj ˓ qui iovjcvin Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ hs muhs P 78^0 phrh hpceghg²jis , h hdjrmhkin prjdhdec½ĸstegh i½ h nicbjr isgjcbh. H prenierh rikrh, h cixeghcesth, prjgurh vireghr h gjoˁ ½ sestiogeh mh ceokuhkin, sikueomj rikrhs krhnhteghes i mj megejo hrej0 l h½ h sikuomh, h prjdhdec½ĸstegh, utecezh mi o-krhnhs phrh migemer h itequith mi ghmh phchvrh. O-krhnh i½ un prjgimeniotj qui si dhsieh oj gjoluotj mi O phchvrhs in unh
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
88
ˁ ½ siquiogeh, h n mi meveme-ch in v hrejs pimhg²js siquiogehes. Vjr ixinpcj, h siotiog²h „J rhtj rjiu h rjuph mj rie mi Tjnh„ , quhomj O > 7, pjmi sir mevememh in< „W]HT] J rhtj„, „J rhtj rjiu„ , „rhtj rjiu h„ , „rjiu h rjuph„ , „h rjuph mj„ , „rjuph mj rie„ , „mj rie
ˁ phchvrhs mi„, „rie mi Tjnh„ , „mi Tjnh IOM„ . Ojth-si qui b h½ ojvi gjoluotjs gjn tr is ghmhs (eogcueomj js tj`ios W]HT] i IOM, eomeghomj j eo½ĸgej i n mh siotiog²h). Vhrh ghmh gjoluotj i½ gchsseghmh h phchvrh giotrhc, dhsihomj-si ohs phchvrhs vesths hj siu rimjr0 ju silh, h phchvrh „h„ , oj ghsj „rjiu h rjuph„ i½ gchsseghmh gjnj un hrtekj , pjes hotis mich b h½ un virdj (rjiu) i mipjes, un sudsthotevj (rjuph). Js vhcjris mi O pjmin ˓ vhrehr iotri 8 i 7 (gbhnhmjs mi Yoekrhn, Dekrhn i ]rekrhn ), mhmj qui utecezhr O ? 7 o hj ½ ˓ mh t igoegh ½ hghrrith in un hgr isgenj sekoeghtevj mj pjmir mi gchsseghg²hj P4^.
4.4.=
˓ mh Eoajrnhg² hj ˓ Ixtrhg² hj
˓ mh Eoajrnhg²hj ˓ (IE) i½ unh hrih ½ Ixtrhg²hj mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc vjc-
thmh phrh j rigjobigeniotj mi ahtjs (ojnis, o½unirjs sekoeghotis ju quhcquir jutrj ˓ ricivhoti) in tixtjs in ceokuhkin tixtj ghphz mi iotrikhr un n½ĸoenj mi eoajrnhg²hj ˓ mi eoajrnhg²hj ˓ i½ rispjoshvic ½ ohturhc P79^. J prjgissj mi ixtrhg²hj pjr trhosajrnhr tixtjs ˓ misistruturhmjs in jdlitjs istruturhmjs, qui pjsshn sir riprisiothmjs in ojthg² jis gjnj LWJO ju RNC. J Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs i½ un ixinpcj mi ˓ mjs prjgimeniotjs mh Ixtrhg² hj ˓ mh Eoajrnhg²hj ˓ i i½ utecezhmj oisti trhdhcbj. ixigug²hj ˓ mj Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs , mj eokc is, ˁ Ohnim Iotety TiH auog²hj ˓ mi iotemhmis in v hrehs ½ gjkoetejo (OIT) , i½ h emioteghg²hj phrtis mj tixtj, ekojrhomj ˓ erricivhotis i gjosemirhomj sjnioti hquecj j quhc aje trieohmj phrh iotioeoajrnhg²jis mir P79^. Gjnj ixinpcj, gjosemirhomj h siotiog²h gt½ĸgeh h sikuer gjnj iotrhmh mi un ½ sestinh mi OIT, qui aje hotirejrnioti trieohmj oj gjotixtj mj Giotrj mi Eoajrnhtegh mh f 89b, phrh h huch mi ripjseg²hj ˓ mi IokiobhYAVI< „H shch I844 isthr h½ jguphmh bjli, hs ˓ . Hpjs ½ ixiguthr j rigjobigeniotj reh mi Wjatwhri mj gursj mi Westinhs mi Eoajrnhg²hj„
½ mi ajrnh istruturhmh, hs iotemhmis prisiotis oj tixtj mi iotemhmis, j sestinh ritjrohr h, (]hdich 4.=). Iotemhmi
]ixtj
CJGHC
I844
MH]H
bjli
BJTHTEJ
89b
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
84
MEWGEVCEOH
Iokiobhreh mi Wjatwhri
GYTWJ
˓ Westinhs mi Eoajrnhg² hj
]hdich 4.=< Ixinpcj mj risucthmj mi un sestinh mi rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis.
H hdjrmhkin utecezhmh oj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc phrh ixiguthr j OIT ˓ i½ gjobigemh gjnj EJD ]hkkir (Eosemi, Jutsemi, Dikeo) . Gjn j EJD, hs iot emhmis s hj rigjobigemhs htrhvis ½ mh itequithkin eoegehc (Dikeo), sikuemh mhs minhes phchvrhs qui pirtiog²hn h iotemhmi (Eosemi) i tirneoh quhomj i½ iogjotrhmh unh itequith J (Jutsemi). Gjnj ixinpcj, h arhsi utecezhmh hotirejrnioti pjmi sir riprisiothmh gjnj< ½ J jguphmh/J bjli/D-MH]H, „H/J shch/J I844/D-CJGHC isthrh/ f J 89b/D-BJTHTEJ, phrh/ J h/J huch/J mi/J ripjseg² hj/ ˓ J hs/ mi/J Iokiobhreh/D-MEWGEVCEOH mi/E-MEWGEVCEOH Wjatwhri/E-
MEWGEVCEOH mj/J gursj/J mi/J Westinhs/D-GYTWJ mi/E˓ E-GYTWJ„. GYTWJ Eoajrnhg² hj/
½ 4.7 Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ ˁ Nhgbeoi Cihroeok (NC) , i½ unh rhneghg²hj ˓ mh J Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh , mj eokc is,
½ Eoticekˁiogeh Hrtegehc qui utecezh mi hckjretnjs ajrtinioti dhsihmjs in a jrnuchs istht½ĸsteghs, js quhes trhdhcbhn gjn unh krhomi quhotemhmi mi mhmjs phrh gjostruer ses½ tinhs ghphzis mi hpriomir i jtenezhr h se nisnjs. H NC prjgurh iotiomir, oh pr htegh, ˓ ghphzis mi hmquerer ixpire iogeh ˁ gjnj siris bunhojs i minhes hoenhes s hj i gjobigeniotj P74^. ˁ ˓ hdrhokioti P74^0 H phchvrh „hpriomezhmj„, hssen gjnj eoticekiogeh, pjssue unh mioeg²hj ½ j Megejo hrej mh C½ĸokuh Vjrtukuish mioi hpriomezhmj gjnj j „htj ju iaietj mi hprioˁ ˓ mir un ja½ĸgej, unh hrti ju ge iogeh„ ju, gjnj i½ mioemj pich Vsegjcjkeh, „Miojneohg² hj ˁ gjnun h numhog²hs pirnhoiotis mi gjnpjrthniotj in migjrr iogeh mi trieoj ju ixpireiogeh ˁ hotirejr„ P76^. Oissh sudsig²hj ˓ sir hj ˓ trhthmjs js sikueotis hckjretnjs mi ½ Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh, utecezhmjs oj misiovjcvir misti trhdhcbj< Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois, Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms i Nhxenun Iotrjpy .
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
87
4.7.8 Hpriomezhmj Wupirvesejohmj ½ Hpriomezhmj Wupirvesejohmj i½ unh phrti mj Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh qui ixiguth j trieohniotj mi mhmjs gjobigemjs i privehnioti ghtikjrezhmjs gjn j jdlitevj mi ghtikjrezhr mhmjs misgjobig emjs. Ju silh, j hckjretnj mivi sir ghphz mi hpriomir gjn ixinpcjs P48^. Vhrh qui essj jgjrrh, ici i½ hceniothmj gjn mjes gjoluotjs mi mhmjs< hs ghrhgtir½ĸsteghs (aihturis, miojneohmhs pjr R ) i hs ghtikjrehs (chdics, miojneohmhs pjr
U ) in qui, phrh ghmh aihturi Ro , mivi bhvir unh chdic Uo gjrrispjomioti. Missis mhmjs, i½ siphrhmj un gjoluotj phrh ixiguthr j trieohniotj mj hckjretnj i jutrj phrh
˓ hndjs gjotiomj suhs aihturis i chdics. J gjoluotj mi trieohniotj tisthr suh priges hj, gjrrispjomi gjn h nhejr phrti mjs mhmjs (kirhcnioti iotri 16% i 26% mj tjthc), ioquhotj j mi tistis utecezh unh piquioh quhotemhmi (iotri =6% i 46%) phrh qui si pjssh ˓ mj hckjretnj hj privir h chdic mi unh aihturi misgjobigemh. Hpishr ghcguchr h priges hj ˓ sir jdrekht jrej, ½ mi ohj i½ rigjniomhmj qui j thnhobj mj gjoluotj mi trieohniotj silh nhejr mj qui h mi tistis, vestj qui j hckjretnj pjmir
h½ gjdrer i hpriomir nhes ghsjs
misth nhoierh.
4.7.4 ]irn Ariquiogy - Eovirsi Mjguniot Ariquiogy Vhrh qui mhmjs tixtuhes pjsshn sir eotirprithmjs pjr quhcquir hckjretnj mi Hpriome½ ½ ˁ zhmj mi N hqueoh, icis mivin phsshr pjr un pr i-prjgisshniotj. J ]A-EMA, mj eokc is, ]irn Ariquiogy - Eovirsi Mjguniot Ariquiogy , i½ un hckjretnj qui mitirneoh h ri-
ˁ civˁhogeh mi ghmh phchvrh, utecezhomj h ariqu iogeh richtevh mh phchvrh in un mjguniotj, ˁ ˓ gjn tjmjs js mjguniotjs utecezhgjosemirhomj h ariquiogeh eovirsh michs in richg² hj
mjs oj trieohniotj P7;^. Nhtinhteghnioti, mhmj un gjoluotj mi mjguniotjs M , unh phchvrh p i un mjguniotj m ∂ M , j vhcjr mj pisj ta emap,m pjmi sir riprisiothmj gjnj P7;^<
ta emap,m > ap,m ∛ cjk ( a|M | ) p,M
ˁ In qui a p,m i½ h ariqu iogeh mh phchvrh p oj mjguniotj m , | M | i½ h quhotemhmi mi mjguˁ ˓ h tjmjs js mjguniotjs niotjs ixestiotis i ap,M i½ h ariqu iogeh mh phchvrh p in richg² hj
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
8=
½ h ixigug²hj ˓ mj ]A-EMA, js mhmjs isthj ˓ prjotjs phrh sirin eosiremjs in un in M . Hpjs ½ hckjretnj mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh.
4.7.7 Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms ½ Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms (GTA) i½ un njmicj mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ghtikjrezhmj gjnj un njmicj mesgreneohtevj (ju gjomegejohc), trieohmj phrh nhxenezhr unh prjdhdecemhmi gjomegejohc P=4^, ju silh, gjostruer i emioteghr richgejohniotjs iotri mevirshs
˓ i utecez h-chs ½ ˓ jdsirvhg²jis phrh privir vhcjris gjosestiotis. Njmicjs mesgreneohtevjs s hj hquicis gulj jdlitevj i½ ghcguchr prjdhdecemhmis gjomegejohes, ju silh, p(R |U ), in qui ˁ ½ ˓ h unh vhre hvic ½ prjgurh-si iogjotrhr h mipiom iogeh mi unh vhre hvic U in richg² hj R. ˓ Ce]hnd½in pirtiogin h isti krupj js njmicjs Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeoi i Tikrisshj oihr. GTAs pjssuin ixgicioti pirajrnhogi in rihcezhr thriahs gjnj j Vhrt-Ja-Wpiigb
½ ]hkkeok P=;^, un prjgimeniotj mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc rispjoshvic pjr itequithr ghmh phchvrh in unh siotiog²h gjn h suh gchssi krhnhteghc, i ixiguthr ½ ˓ mi Eoajrnhg²hj ˓ P77^. tigoeghs gjnj h Ixtrhg² hj ˓ mi GTA phrh thriahs vjcthmhs hj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc H utecezhg²hj ixirgi unh vhothkin in richg²hj ˓ h njmicjs kioirhtevjs gjnj j Bemmio Nhr`jv Nj˓ hquicis mics (BNN) i Ohevi Dhyis i sius vhrehotis P=;, =4^. Njmicjs kioirhtevjs s hj ˓ qui si tin o hj ˓ ist h½ gjnpcith ju gulj jdlitevj i½ privir vhcjris quhomj h eoajrnhg²hj ˁ pjssue phrhnitrjs jguctjs. H Aekurh 4.4 ecustrh j richgejohniotj iotri mevirsjs njmicjs, ˓ Js njriprisiothmjs pjr krhajs, hti½ gbikhr hj Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms in quisthj. ˓ njmicjs kioirhtevjs, ioquhotj js cjghcezhmjs indhexj micjs hprisiothmjs pjr genh shj ˓ mesgreneohtevjs. shj
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
89
˓ Cjk½ĸstegh, BNN, KMN i Aekurh 4.4< Tichgejohniotj iotri Ohevi Dhy is, Tikriss hj GTAs P=;^. Wikueomj j ixinpcj mhmj hotirejrnioti, „J rhtj rjiu h rjuph mj rie mi Tjnh„
i suhs
rispigtevhs itequiths, „HT], O, Q, HT], O, VTIV+HT], O, VTIV i OVTJV„ , gjosemirhomj h citrh h in „rjiu h rjuph„, un njmicj GTA trieohmj phrh itequithr siotiog²hs oh c½ĸokuh pjrtukuish mivi sir ghphz mi utecezhr j richgejohniotj ixestioti iotri hs phchvrhs hj rimjr mi h phrh mioer h suh gchssi krhnhteghc gjrrith. Wikuomj Chaairty, NgGhccun i Virierh, gjosemirhomj hs vhre hvies ½ hciht jrehs ½ R sjdri hs siotiog²hs ½ ½ U sjdri hs pjss½ĸvies ghtikjrehs ixesh sirin ghtikjrezhmhs, hs vhre hvies hciht jrehs
> (Q, I ) thc qui K. Cjkj, (R, U ) i½ un GTA
tiotis (oj ghsj, hs pjss½ĸvies gchssis krhnhteghes) i j krhaj K
½ U > (Uv )v ∂ Q i qui U i½ eomixhmj pichs v irtegis mi ½ ½ ˓ hj Uv jdimig²hn hf prjpreimhmi mi Nhr`jv gjn richg² hj ghsj hs vhre hvies hciht jrehs krhaj p (Uv |R,U,w > v ) > p(Uv |R, Uw , w ∳ v ) quhomj gjomegejohmhs h R , in qui ˓ vezeobjs oj krhaj K P41^. H prjpreimhmi mi Nhr`jv si w ∳ v eomegh qui w i v shj ½ in un prjgissj istjghstegj ½ ½ oh riairi hf pirmh mi nin jreh , ju silh, h pirmh mi nin jreh ˓ mi un sestinh mi vhcjris mi hgjrmj gjn j tinpj. ivjcug²hj
4.7.= Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois ½ Gjosemirhmj un mjs nicbjris gchsseghmjris mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh, Wuppjrt ˓ Qigtjr Nhgbeoi (WQN) i½ un njmicj misiovjcvemj phrh rigjobigeniotj mi phmr jis ½ ˓ oh rikriss hj ˓ i qui trhdhcbh mi njmj mesgreneohtevj, pjssueomj unh jtenh priges hj
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
81
˓ ceoihr (gjobigemh gjnj Ceoihr WQN ), i oh o hj-ceoihr ˓ gchsseghg²hj (gjobigemh gjnj ˁ @iroic WQN ) P96^. In kirhc, j trhdhcbj mh WQ N i½ nhxenezhr h mest hogeh n ½ĸoenh mj ˓ hj ixinpcj nhes pr jxenj, ½ ½ bepirpchoj in richg²hj i hssen, mioer h hrih pirtiogioti h ghmh chdic. Yn bepirpchoj i½ un isphg²j vitjrehc, j quhc in un njmicj tremeniosejohc, i½ gjosemirhmj un pchoj, in un demeniosejohc, unh rith i in un uoemeniosejohc, un ˓ ixinpcjs mi gjnj auogejoh, krhghnioti, un njmicj pjotj. Hs enhkios 4.7 i 4.= s hj trieohmj gjn Ceoihr WQN i un trieohmj gjn @iroic WQN, rispigtevhnioti.
Aekurh 4.7< Ceoihr WQN P 7^
Aekurh 4.=< @iroic WQN P7^ ˁ riths, Gjnj pjmi sir vestj oh Aekurh 4.7, j Ceoihr WQN mevemi hs chdics utecezhomj tr is hs quhes ajrhn jtenezhmhs phrh si pjsegejohrin dhsihomj-si ojs mhmjs mi trieohniotj ˓ gbhnhmhs mi vitjris mi supjrti (Wuppjrt Qigtjrs) , in jairigemjs. Isshs ceobhs s hj ˓ hs nhrkios, qui mioin hs mest hogehs ˁ qui h giotrhc i½ j bepirpchoj, i js supjrtis s hj
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
8;
½ n½ĸoenhs iotri j ixinpcj nhes pr jxenj i j bepirpchoj. Oj ghsj mh Aekurh 4.=, i½ gjo˓ mjs mhmjs o hj ˓ i½ ceoihr. J semirhmj un isphg²j tremeniosejohc, mhmj qui h mestredueg²hj ounirj ½ mi bepirpchojs, in hndjs js ghsjs, vhreh mipiomiomj mh quhotemhmi mi chdics ½ utecezhmhs. Ojs ixinpcjs ajrhn gjosemirhmjs prjdcinhs deo hrejs, ju silh, qui pjssuin sjnioti muhs chdics ghmh. ½ j Kirhcnioti, Ceoihr WQN pjssue unh pirajrnhogi eoairejr hj mj @iroic WQN, pjr in uctenj ½ oigisseth mi nhes prjgisshniotj i nhes tinpj phrh hcghog²hr un o½ĸvic mi pri˓ shtesahtjreh ½ P44^. In hckuos ghsjs, j Ceoihr WQN pjmi sir gjosemirhmj unh nicbjr geshj ˓ quhomj j gjoluotj mi mhmjs utecezhmj si ioghexh nicbjr oici P44^. Oisti trhdhcbj, jpg²hj ˓ misti sjdri js mhmjs hprisiothmjs aje aje utecezhmj j Ceoihr WQN , mhmj qui h priges hj ½ nhes ahvjrhvic quhotj hj @iroic WQN.
↔ ∔
∔ ↔ ↔ ∔ ↔ ∔ ↔ ∔ in qui xo riprisioth j vitjr p-meniosejohc mi o½unirjs rihes x oh hnjstrh o i yo ↔ ∔ ½ gjrrispjomi hf chdic mj pjotj xo , prjgurh-si iogjotrh r j bepirpchoj mi nhrkin n hxenh ↔ ∔ ½ qui mevemh js pjotjs mi ghmh vitjr xo mi hgjrmj gjn h suh chdic y o , sikueomj h a jrnuch ↔ ∔ ↔ ↔ ˓ pjmi sir w .∔ x ∔ d > 6, jomi ∔ w i½ j vitjr ojrnhc mj bepirpchoj. ]hc riprisiothg² hj ˓ mhmh h siqu iogeh ˁ Vjr mioeg²hj, mi mhmjs mi trieohniotj ( x8 , y8 ), ( x4 , y4 ), ..., (xo , yo ),
vesuhcezhmh oh Aekurh 4.7.
4.=
Ohturhc Chokuhki ]jjc`et (OC]@)
½ ˓ OC]@ i½ unh pchthajrnh mi g jmekj hdirtj (sjd h cegiog²h Hphgbi 4.6 ), aieth phrh h grehg²hj mi prjkrhnhs vjcthmjs hj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc in Vytbjo i aje jrekeohcnioti misiovjcvemh pjr Wtivio Derm, Imwhrm Cjpir i Iwho @cieo, gjn h suh prenierh virs˓hj chog²hmh in 4668. Wiu preogephc jdlitevj i½ hdstrher j ffluxj mi misiovjcveniotj ½ mi airrhnioths mi ceokuhkin ohturhc, jairigiomj n itjmjs qui ahgecetin j trhdhcbj gjn mhmjs tixtuhes, gjnj hs hohcesis krhnhteghes, i huxecehn oj prjgissj mi
˓ tj`ioezhg² hj,
˓ mi eoajrnhg²hj ˓ . H dedcejtigh jairigi unh s irei ½ mi gjrpus itequithkin i oh ixtrhg²hj
in vhrehs ½ ceokuhkios i miotrj mi mevirsjs gjoti xtjs. Vhrh h c½ĸokuh pjrtukuish, ist hj ˓ ˁ gjrpus< Nhgbhmj, gjotiomj v hrehs ½ prisiotis tris siotiog²hs mi Nhgbhmj mi Hsses0 Acjristh, gjn j gjoti umj ½ mi arhsis hohceshmhs njrajcjkeghnioti pich Ceokuhtigh P42^0 i
½ Nhg-Njrpbj , gjotiomj unh s irei mi siotiog²hs l½h itequithmhs P 85^.
4. Tiairiogehc ]i½jregj
82
˓ mi un cevrj gjnj tutjrehc, gbhnhmj OC]@ Djj` P4^, j quhc ixpcegh, H pchthajrnh mesp ji phssj h phssj, gjnj rihcezhr ghmh tepj mi thriah mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc utecezhomj hs airrhnioths jairigemhs. J OC]@ aje isgjcbemj phrh sir utecezhmj oisti trhdhcbj pjr pjssuer supjrti h c½ĸokuh pjrtukuish, airrhnioths qui ahgecethn j misiovjcveniotj mi njmicjs mi itequithkin (VJW ]hkkeok), mi Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs i supjrti hj trieohniotj mi aihturis tixtuhes gjn Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms
˓ mj pytbjo-grasueti), hc in ½ mh a hgec ½ eotikrhg²hj ˓ gjn h dedcejtigh sge`et(gjn h eotikrhg²hj cihro, qui pjssue h enpciniothg²hj ˓ mi njmicjs mi Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois, utecezhmjs ˓ mi eotiog²jis. ˓ phrh rihcezhr h gchsseghg²hj
4.9
˓ Gjosemirhg² jis Aeohes
½ ˓ utecezhmjs oj trhdhcbj. EoegehcIsti ghp½ĸtucj hprisiotju js gjogietjs dhsegjs qui sir hj ˓ mi Eoticekiogeh ˁ nioti, ajrhn hprisiothmhs ojg²jis Hrtegehc, Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuh½ kin Ohturhc i Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh . Wikueomj h ceobh mi rigjobige niotj mi iotemh-
˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ in tixtjs, i½ prjpjstj j misiovjcveniotj mi un Gbhtdjt mis i gchsseghg²hj ½ utecezhomj h dedcejtigh OC]@ gjnj airrhnioth phrh ixiguthr, oh pr htegh, js gjogietjs mi Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc i Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh. ½ ½ ˓ mi Gbhtdjts, hprisioth js njmicjs i J prjxenj ghp½ĸtucj gjoth gjn unh mioeg²hj ½ ˓ i hs hpceghg²jis ˓ mh Eoticekiogeh ˁ tigoeghs mi enpciniothg²hj Hrtegehc oj siu misiovjc½ veniotj, h n mi seotitezhr js gjobigeniotjs ixestiotis oh hrih.
Ghp½ĸtucj 7 Gbhtdjts ˓ pjmi sir gjosemirhmh gjnj un Gbhtdjt (thnd in ½ gjobigemj gjnj GbhtYnh hpceghg²hj tirdjt, Hrtegehc Gjovirshtejohc Iotety ju Hssestioti Qertuhc) ghsj ich auogejoi pjr niej mi ˓ htrhvis ½ mi unh eotirahgi mi gjovirshg²hj. ˓ Gjn j hvhog²j mjs snhrtpbjois i eotirhg²jis ˓ krhomis i piquiojs oik jgejs ½ mhs nioshkios mi tixtj gjnj un niej mi gjnuoeghg²hj, ˓ mjs usu hrejs ½ vin prjgurhomj misiovjcvir gbhtdjts phrh ahgecethr h eotirhg²hj gjn sius ½ prjmutjs P2^. H preog½ĸpej, gbhtdjts pjmin sir hpceghmjs in quhcquir hrih in qui bhlh h pjssedecemhmi mi eotrjmuzer, mi hckunh ajrnh, un mehcjkj ½ phrh h risjcug²hj ˓ mjs prjdcinhs ½ ˓ ixinpceghmj js quhes prjgurh-si ixpcjrhr, gjnj in hrihs vjcthmhs phrh h imughg²hj, in P98^, „[i gho enhkeoi Gbhttirdjts hgteok hs thc`eok djj`s ajr gbecmrio, Gbhttirdjts ajr ajrieko chokuhki eostrugtejo, hom tihgbeok Gbhttirdjts eo kioirhc„ . H eotirahgi mi
˓ gjchdjrh phrh h suh hgiethg²hj, ˓ vestj qui, hssen gjnj pissjhs ojrnhcgjovirshg²hj nioti si gjnuoeghn utecezhomj ceokuhkin ohturhc, ichs prjgurhn pjmir ahzir j nisnj gjn js gjnputhmjris. Ytecezhr Gbhtdjts i½ h nicbjr nhoierh phrh ahgecethr h
˓ eotirhg² hj
½ ½ bunhoj-nhqueoh , pirneteomj qui js usu hrejs si ixprissin ohturhcnioti, gjnj si is-
tevissin gjovirshomj gjn un eomev½ĸmuj quhcquir P=7^.
7.8 Best jregj ½ Gbhtdjts ixestin bh½ nhes tinpj mj qui hphriothn. ICE\H, j prenierj Gbhtdjt h surker, grehmj pjr Ljsipb [ieziodhun in 8511, hssuneh h pirsjohcemhmi mi un psegjtirhpiuth
Gbhtdjts 7.
46
ˁ qui, hpishr mi suh senpcegemhmi, irh ghphz mi iotrikhr unh ixpire iogeh eotirisshoti ˓ phrh h ipjgh ½ mi gjovirshg²hj P 1^. In 85;4, j psequ ehtrh @iooitb Gjcdy misiovjcviu j VHTTU, j quhc pjssu½ĸh un gjnpjrthniotj nhes hvhog²hmj qui siu hotigissjr, j qui j aiz sir gjobi gemj gjnj „ICE\H gjn htetumi„. VHTTU aje grehmj phrh senuchr h pirsjohcemhmi mi un eomev½ĸmuj gjn isquezjarioeh phrhojemi i gjn un gjnpjrthniotj rumi, j quhc gbikju h tir un risucthmj eotirisshoti oj ]isti mi ]ureok, in qui aje ½ emioteghmj gjnj unh n hqueoh sjnioti pjr =2% mjs psequehtrhs sicigejohmjs gjnj lu½ĸzis P=6^ i aje j prenierj Gbhtdjt h phsshr oj tisti. Lh½ j Lhddirwhg`y, grehmj in 8522 pjr
Tjccj Ghrpiotir , aje prjlithmj phrh gjovirshr
½ ˓ bunhohs mi ajrnh din buohturhcnioti gjn sius usu hrejs, senuchomj eotirhg²jis njrhmh P86^. Ici gbikju h jguphr j tirgierj (4667) , sikuomj (466=) i prenierj cukhr (4669, phsshomj-si pjr unh pissjh gbhnhmh Kijrki i 4661, phsshomj-si pjr Ljho) ˁ ˓ mj Lhddirwhg`y, j Gcimj Vr inej mi Cjidoir P88, 84, 87, 72^. In 4662, unh vhrehg²hj virdjt, aje grehmh picj nisnj hutjr. H krhomi meairiog²h iotri ici i j ICE\H, VHTTU i
hti½ j H.C.E.G.I., i½ qui j Lhddirwhg`y i½ ghphz mi hpriomir gjn suhs gjovirshs, ju silh, tumj qui i½ metj h ici i½ hrnhziohmj, j quhc i½ utecezhmj pjstirejrnioti h n mi iogjotrhr h ½ ½ ˓ rispjsth nhes hprjprehmh phrh j usu hrej, utecezhomj tigoeghs qui mipiomin mi phmr jis ixestiotis oj gjotixtj mh gjovirsh P8=^. ˁ Hrtegehc Ceokuesteg Eotiroit Gjnputir Iotety , i½ un Gbhtdjt grehmj H.C.E.G.I., mj eokc is, in 8559 pjr Tegbhrm [hcchgi i aje j prenierj h sir misiovjcvemj gjn
HENC (Hrtegehc
˓ grehmh pjr [hcchgi ispigeghEoticcekiogi Nhr`up Chokuhki) , ceokuhkin mi nhrghg²hj ½ gjobigemj gjnj Hcegidjt, ju Hcegi, issi Gbhtdjt aje nioti phrh j Gbhtdjt P 5^. ]hndin ˓ mh grehg²hj ˓ mi mevirsjs jutrjs, js quhes ist hj ˓ prisiotis oh H.C.E.G.I Hrteh eosperhg²hj ˓ grehmh phrh prjnjvir h hmjg²hj ˓ mj Hcegidjt gehc Eoticcekiogi Ajuomhtejo, unh auomhg²hj ˓ mi un Gbhtdjt vjcthmj phrh hlumhr ojvjs istumhotis i mh HENC, i eosperju h grehg² hj ˁ uoevirset½hrejs P5^. Hcegi khobju j pr inej mi Cjidoir in 4666, 4668 i 466= P89, 46^. ˁ In 4688, h EDN Tisihrgb mevuckju suh ojvh Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc ghphz mi prjgisshr unh krhomi quhotemhmi mi mhmjs misistruturhmjs i rispjomir pirkuoths utecezhomj ceokuhkin ohturhc, gbhnhmj [htsjo, in un prjkrhnh mi ]Q mi pirkuoths i rispjsths, ˓ „Lijphrmy!„, jomi gjnpiteu gjotrh js sius mjes nicbjris ghnpi jis. Wikuomj h EDN , h nith mi cjokj prhzj mj [htsjo i½ P4=^<
Gbhtdjts 7.
48 „P...^ tj grih ti h oiw kioirhtejo ja tigbojcjky tbht gho om hoswirs eo uostrugturim mhth njri iaaigtevicy tbho sthomhrm sihrgb tigbojcjky„.
˓ j EDN [htsjo i½ gjosemirhmj gjnj un mjs nicbjris, sio hj ˓ j Mismi suh mevuckhg²hj, nicbjr, sestinh mi prjgisshniotj mi pirkuoths i rispjsths ixestiotis. Wuh hrquetiturh ˓ MiipXH, grehmh ispigeghni oti phrh ici, i½ ghphz mi hssenechr mevirshs eotirprithg²jis ˓ i isgjcbir quhc michs i½ h nicbjr mi sir utecezhmh P 4=^. Indjrh o hj ˓ phrh unh quist hj ½ ˓ phrh hdssiomj oigisshreh nioti un Gbhtdjt, j [htsjo sikui gjnj unh jtenh jpg²hj ˓ mi unh Eoticek iogeh ˁ ½ trher j trhdhcbj iovjcviomj h grehg²hj Hrtegehc, in qui h pr jpreh EDN ˓ mi un Gbhtdjt htrhv is ½ mh HVE mj [htsjo mespjoedecezh un phssj h phssj phrh h grehg²hj P47^. ˓ ˓ In 4681, gjn hs eotikrhg²jis phrh Gbhtdjts chog²hmhs pjr hpceghtevjs mi gjovirshg²hj gjnj j ]icikrhn, Wchg` i j Ahgidjj` Nissiokir, hndjs utecezhmjs pjr un grisgioti ½ ounirj ½ mi usu hrejs, surkeu unh krhomi quhotemhmi mi ojvjs djts, in qui j o½ unirj mi Gbhtdjts misiovjcvemjs pich pchthajrnh mj Ahgidjj` phssju mh ahexh mjs 86.666 P 81^.
7.4
Hrquetiturhs mi Gbhtdjts
˓ bh½ unh hrquetiturh mioemh phrh h grehg²hj ˓ mi un Gbhtdjt, i oin unh nicbjr isgjOhj cbh. Ghdi hj misiovjcvimjr isgjcbir j njmicj qui j nicbjr hkrhmh ju cbi phrig²h nhes ˓ gjirioti quhotj h suh setuhg²hj.
Gbhtdjts 7.
44
Aekurh 7.8< Njmicjs mi Gbhtdjts P 8;^ Oj kirhc, ixestin mjes preogephes njmicjs mi Gbhtdjts, j njmicj
kioirhtevj (Kioirh-
tevi Njmic) i j dhsihmj in rikrhs (Titreivhc-Dhsim Njmic) , in qui ghmh un pjmi sir
mi mjn ½ĸoej hdirtj ju aigbhmj, gjnj
i½ minjostrhmj oh Aekurh 7.8. Isti trhdhcbj aje
misiovjcvemj h n mi hmirer hj njmicj dhsihmj in rikrhs gjn j mjn ½ĸoej aigbhmj.
7.4.8 Njmicj Kioirhtevj J Njmicj Kioirhtevj i½ unh hrquetiturh mi Gbhtdjt gulj jdlitevj i½ kirhr rispjsths ½ ½ dhsihomj-si oh ½uctenh nioshkin rigidemh i oj best jregj mh gjovirsh gjn j usu hrej, utecezhomj hckjretnjs mi Timis Oiurhes, nhes prigeshnioti, unh Timi Oiurhc ispig½ĸgh gjobigemh gjnj Timi Oiurhc Tigjrrioti. Isti njmicj oigisseth mi unh krhomi quho˓ mi mhmjs mi trieohtemhmi mi mhmjs phrh auogejohr gjnj ispirhmj (girgh mi necb jis niotj) i quhotj niojr h suh dhsi mi trieohniotj, nhejris s
˓ hs gbhogis mi irrjs hj
˓ mi rispjsth i½ aieth krhnhteghes in suhs rispjsths, vestj qui tjmj j trhdhcbj mi kirhg²hj sjnioti picj j hckjretnj. Vjr gjoth mh suh prisioti gjnpci xemhmi, gjstunhn sir utece˓ s irehs ½ zhmjs nhes h os mi pisqueshs i tistis mj qui in enpciniothg²jis P=9^.
Gbhtdjts 7.
47
Aekurh 7.4< Njmicj Kioirhtevj P=9^ J htuhc Njmicj Kioirhtevj oj isthmj mh hrti i½ j Wiquiogi tj Wiquiogi (Wiq4Wiq) , j quhc utecezh mi muhs ghnhmhs gjn CW]N (Cjok Wbjrt ]irn Ninjry) , un tepj mi Timi Oiurhc Tigjrrioti, phrh kirhr unh sh½ĸmh dhsihomj-si oj gjoti umj ½ mhs iotrhmhs P=1^.
Aekurh 7.7< Ixinpcj mj Wiquiogi tj Wiquiogi P=1^ ˁ ˁ Gjnj pjmi i½ minjostrhmj oh Aekurh 7.7, ghmh rit hokucj gjrrispjomi hf un oiurjoej ½ mj CW]N, in qui js quhtrj prenierjs pirtiogin hf prenierh ghnhmh, rispjos hvic pjr prjgisshr h iotrhmh (H, D i G) , i js quhtrj uctenjs pirtiogin hf sikuomh ghnhmh, ris½ ½ pjoshvic pjr kirhr h rispjsth (R, U i \) .
Gbhtdjts 7.
4=
7.4.4 Njmicj Dhsihmj in Tikrhs ˓ niojs gjnpcixjs i ohj ˓ oigisshrehnioti oigissethn Njmicjs dhsihmjs in rikrhs s hj ˁ mi Eoticek iogeh Hrtegehc phrh sirin misiovjcvemjs (gjnj j ICE\H). Gbhtdjts grehmjs gjn isti njmicj gjosthn gjn unh dhsi mi mhmjs mi tinpchtis mi rispjsths pr
½ i-
˓ tir vhrehg²jis ˓ mipiomiomj mhs iotrhmhs mj usu hrej. ½ mioemhs, qui pjmin ju o hj Issis ˓ utecezhmjs phrh ghsjs mi mjn½ĸoej aigbhmj, in qui b h½ unh rhz hj ˓ i jdlitevj Gbhtdjts shj ispig½ĸgj phrh si eoegehr unh gjovirsh, gjnj in htiomeniotjs oh hrih ½ mi viomhs ju ˓ gjstunhn gjnitir irrjs krhnhteghes, nhs pjmin in un giot rhc mi hlum hs. Icis o hj ˁ sir ahgecnioti rigjobigemjs gjnj rjdjs. ˓ ½ ˓ mi Hs rikrhs utecezhmhs pjmin vhrehr mi phmr jis pr i-mioemjs hti½ h gchsseghg²hj ˓ i rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis. J H.C.E.G.I. i½ un ixinpcj mi Gbhtdjt qui eotiog²jis ½ ˓ utecezh unh ceokuhkin prjpreh phrh j rigjobigeniotj mi phmrjis, j HENC (Hrtegehc Eoticcekiogi Nhr`up Chokuhki), j quhc utecezh un ajrnhtj dhsihmj oj RNC (Ixtiosedci Nhr`up
˓ i hs rispjsths riairiotis h icis P =9^. J nhejr enphssi Chokuhki) phrh rikestrhr phmrjis ˓ qui iogjotrhmj oissis ghsjs i½ h oigissemhmi mi misgrivir tjmjs js pjss ½ĸvies phmrjis ˓ pjsshn sir utecezhmjs, eogcueomj suhs vhrehg²jis, j qui hghdh pjr gjnprjnitir h pri˓ i j misinpiobj mj Gbhtdjt. geshj
Aekurh 7.=< Ixinpcj mh istruturh mi un hrquevj HENC H Aekurh 7.= njstrh un ixinpcj gt ½ĸgej mi un hrquevj isgretj in HENC, in qui hj ˓ „Whch mh mesgepceoh<„ , j sestinh mivi ixtrher j g jmekj ½ iogjotrhr j phmr hj mh mesgepceoh j quhc sir h½ utecezhmj phrh ahzir unh quiry oh dhsi mi mhmjs, ritjrohomj j cjghc ispirhmj. ˓ si h iotrhmh ajr „Whch mh mesgepceoh< EA8666„, j vhcjr EA8666 sir h½ shcvj oh vhre hvic ½ Iothj,
Gbhtdjts 7.
49
gjn ojni MEWGEVCEOH i utecezhmh gjnj hrkuniotj mh quiry phrh ritjrohr h shch . Oj ½ ˓ hutjnhtezhmh ghsj mj HENC, i½ pjss½ĸvic hpceghr Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh phrh h kirhg²hj ˓ mi phmr jis, meneoueomj h ghrkh mi trhdhcbj h sir aieth. ˓ mj Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ H hpceghg²hj i mj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc in un njmicj dhsihmj in rikrhs kirhcnioti i½ aieth gjn j jdlitevj mi rihcezhr thriahs ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ gjnj h gchsseghg² hj i j Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs in
½ unh ithph mi pr i-prjgisshniotj, ahgecethomj j trhdhcbj mi prjgisshniotj mh iotrhmh ½ ˓ sudstetue j krhomi o½unirj mi mj usu hrej i mi isgjcbh mh rispjsth, pjes h gchsseghg²hj ˓ h sirin tisthmjs, ioquhotj j rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis siphrh hs phchvrhsphmrjis gbhvi prisiotis oj tixtj (Aekurh 7.9).
Gbhtdjts 7.
41
˓ mi Aekurh 7.9< Ixinpcj mi unh hrquetiturh mi Gbhtdjt gjn j usj mh Gchsseghg² hj ˓ i mj Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis P =9^ Eotiog²jis ˓ mi Eotiog²jis ˓ i½ trieohmh utecezhomj hckjretnjs mi Hpriomezhmj mi Nhqueoh ½ H Gchsseghg²hj
˓ i hs iotrhmhs gjrris(gjnj j WQN ju Ohevi Dhyis ) gjn tjmhs hs pjss ½ĸvies eotiog²jis pjomiotis h ghmh unh, nhpihomj tjmhs hs pjssedecemhmis phrh qui j hckjretnj gjosekh ˓ pjss½ĸvic, in qui eotiog²hj ˓ unh mitirneohmh arhsi misemioteghr, gjn h nicbjr prigeshj gjobigemh si ioghexh. Missh ajrnh, j Gbhtdjt gjosikui emioteghr arhsis mesteoths, nhs qui pjssuin h nisnh eotiog²hj, ˓ gjnj ixinpcj, „Xuhc h shch mh ghmierh EA8666:„, „Jomi ˓ sirh½ h huch mh mesgepceoh EA8666:„, „Xuhc sir h½ j cjghc mh huch mh mesgepceoh EA8666:„ , shj ˓ shdir quhc i½ shch mi huch mi unh mitirnepirkuoths qui pjssuin h nisnh eotiog²hj, ohmh mesgepceoh, gulhs siotiog²hs pjssuin meairiotis istruturhs.
Gbhtdjts 7.
4;
½ i½ trieohmj utecezhomj hckjretnjs J Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs thndin ½ mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh (oissi ghsj, GTA ju Nhxenun Iotrjpy ) gjn hs pjss ½ĸvies siotiog²hs qui si pritiomi trhdhcbhr, ghtikjrezhomj i misthghomj oichs tjmhs hs iotemh½ mis ricivhotis phrh j Gbhtdjt, phrh qui j hckjretnj pjssh emioteg h-chs pjstirejrnioti in iotrhmhs misgjobigemhs. Hssen, j Gbhtdjt gjosikui ghtikjrezhr pjr se s j½ tjmhs hs ½ iotemhmis prisiotis in un quistejohniotj mi usu hrej, gjnj ixinpcj, „Xuhc h shch mh ghmierh EA8666:„, sireh ghtikjrezhmh h iotemhmi MEWGEVCEOH, gulj vhcjr i½ EA8666. Isti
prjgimeniotj, luotj mh gchsseghg²hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis, ˓ i½ utecezhmj phrh prjgisshr h rispjsth ½ ˓ aieths, tin-si js mhmjs pr i½ qui sir h½ mhmh hj usu hrej, vestj qui, gjn hs gchsseghg²jis ˓ mh huch , gjnj h eotiog²hj ˓ mj usu hrej ½ i (MEWGEVCEOH, EA8666) prjgisshmjs, cjghcezhg² hj
gjnj h mesgepceoh gulh shch mivi sir cjghcezhmh.
7.7
˓ Gjosemirhg² jis Aeohes
˓ mi Gbhtdjts i suhs pjss½ĸvies hrquetiturhs. AjIsti ghp½ĸtucj hprisiotju h mioeg²hj ˓ mi njmicjs kioirhtevjs gjn njmicjs dhsihmjs in rirhn gjnphrhmjs h utecezhg²hj krh i h istruturh mi rigjobigeniotj mi phmr
˓ gjn h istruturh mi Gchsseghg² hj ˓ mi jis
Eotiog²jis ˓ i Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs , ivemiogehomj h vhothkin ixes˓ mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ tioti oh utecezhg²hj i Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc
oj prjgissj mi misiovjcveniotj mi un Gbhtdjt. Vjr n, aje njstrhmj gjnj auogejoh h ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ i hrquetiturh mi un njmicj dhsihmj in rikrhs utecezhomj h gchsseghg²hj rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis. Gjosemirhomj j gjoti umj ½ misti ghp ½ĸtucj i j riairiogehc ½ ½ tijregj, j pr jxenj ghp½ĸtucj prjgurh njstrhr hckuos ghsjs qui utecezhrhn h hrquetiturh in ˓ quisthj.
Ghp½ĸtucj = ]rhdhcbjs Tichgejohmjs Isti ghp½ĸtucj tin gjnj jdlitevj hprisiothr trhdhcbjs richgejohmjs hj tinh misth pis˓ phrh h enpciniothg²hj ˓ mh sjcug²hj ˓ prjpjsth. quesh i qui ajrhn utecezhmjs gjnj eosperhg²hj
=.8
Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc
Oj sirveg²j mi Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc, wet.he P94^, i½ trhdhcbhmh h hdjr˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ mhkin mi gchsseghg² hj i rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis in gjoti umjs ½ mi ½ utecezh mi Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ tixtj ajroigemjs pjr misiovjcvimjris, j quhc thnd in i gulj sestinh jairigi unh HVE (Hppceghtejo Vrjkrhnneok Eotirahgi) mi hgissj i unh ½ ½ hrih vjcthmh phrh trieohniotj mi njmicjs pr jprejs. ]hc prjgimeniotj i½ utecezhmj oisti ˓ oigisshrehnioti pjssueomj h nisnh hrquetiturh trhdhcbj phrh j nisnj n (nhs o hj ˓ ½ i auogejohcemhmis), qui i½ gchsseghr hs eotiog² jis mjs usu hrejs i emioteghr iotemhmis ricivhotis phrh j Gbhtdjt, supjrthomj j njmicj dhsihmh in rikrhs .
=.8.8 Mhmjs Istruturhmjs ˓ mjs mhmjs mi iotrhmh aieth thotj picj wet.he quhotj picj hpe.he P;^ H istruturhg²hj ˓ phrh i½ dhsihmh in LWJO (LhvhWgrept Jdligt Ojthtejo) , unh ceokuhkin mi ojthg² hj ˓ mi jdlitjs. Hj iovehr unh siotiog²h phrh j sestinh, hs thriahs oiriprisiothg²hj ½ ˓ ixiguthmhs sjdri ich (gchsseghg²hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis, ˓ gisshrehs s hj rigjobigeniotj mi io-
=.]rhdhcbjsTichgejohmjs
45
temhmis) i i½ ritjrohmj hj misiovjcvimjr un LWJO gjn js mhmjs istruturhmjs, riprisiothomj j qui aje emioteghmj oj tixtj. Misth ajrnh, h siotiog²h i½ trhosajrnhmh in un ˓ mjs jdlitj gulj sestinh i½ ghphz mi gjnpriiomir. Oisti trhdhcbj, i½ aieth h istruturhg²hj mhmjs utecezhomj h nisnh hdjrmhkin (riprisiothr h siotiog²h in un LWJO ). Gjnj ixinpcj, ghsj silh iovehmh h arhsi „Jomi sir h½ h huch mh mesgepceoh EA8666:„ , j ritjroj sireh<
Aekurh =.8< Ixinpcj mi unh siotiog²h riprisiothmh in LWJO, misthghomj suhs iotemh˓ mis i eotiog²jis
=.4
Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms
Wikuomj Chaairty, NgGhccun i Virierh P41^, Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms (GTA) jairigi unh vhothkin quhotj hjs njmicjs mi Nhr`jv, Bemmio Nhr`jv Njmics (BNN) i Nhxe˓ mi siquiogehs, ˁ ½ nun Iotrjpy Nhr`jv Njmics (NINN) , oh ghtikjrezhg²hj tigoegh utecezhmh oj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc phrh ixiguthr thriahs gjnj h
itequithkin mi
gchssis krhnhteghes (VJW ]hkkeok) i j Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis Ojnihmhs (OIT).
Hpishr mj OC]@ rigjniomhr j usj mi BNNs ju NINNs P 4^, oisti trhdhcbj aje utecezhmj ˓ in P41^. GTA phrh rihcezhr hndhs hs thriahs, sikueomj hs rigjniomhg²jis
Aekurh =.4< Meairiog²hs iotri js krhajs mi BNN, NINN i GTA, rispigtevhnioti P41^
Ghp½ĸtucj 9 ˓ mh Eoticek ioge ˁ Enpciniothg² hj h Hrtegehc mj Gbhtdjt J Gbhtdjt 8 prjpjstj oisti trhdhcbj tin gjnj jdlitevj huxecehr js istumhotis quhotj ½ hj qui ist h½ hgjotigiomj oj Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh mh Yoevirsemhmi Aimirhc mi Virohn-
½ ˓ dugj, luotj mi m uvemhs ½ richgejohmhs h bjrhrejs, cjghcezhg²jis, prjgissjs i iviotjs, siomj ˁ ˁ ghphz mi iotiom i-chs i rispjom i-chs mi ajrnh ohturhc. Vhrh essj, ajrhn misiovjcvemjs njmicjs phrh h gchsseghg² hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ i phrh j rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis in ½ tixtjs, utecezhomj Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh i Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc. Wikuin hs preogephes auogejohcemhmis enpciniothmhs< ˓ krhnhteghc mi phchvrhs, trieohmj • Vhrt-Ja-Wpiigb ]hkkir (VJW), phrh h gchsseghg²hj gjn GTA 0
• Eosemi-Jutsemi-Dikeo ]hkkir (EJD), phrh ixiguthr j rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis, trieohmj gjn GTA 0 ˓ , trieohmj gjn WQN 0 • Yn Gchsseghmjr mi Eotiog²jis ˓ , emioteghr iotemhmis i ritjrohr h iotrhmh • Ynh eotirahgi phrh gchsseghr eotiog² jis
mi njmj istruturhmj0 ˓ mithcbhs ohs pr jxenhs ½ ˓ Isths auogejohcemhmis sir hj sig²jis, luotj mjs prjgimeniotjs utecezhmjs phrh trhthr js mhmjs i trieohr js njmicjs. 8 Ceo`
½ mj Gbhtdjt< bttps
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
78
½ Vhrh j misiovjcveniotj mj prjlitj, ajrhn utecezhmhs mevirshs dedcejtighs mi g jmekj ˓ in qui tjmhs ist hj ˓ mespjo½ĸvies hdirtj phrh ahgecethr j prjgissj mi enpciniothg² hj, ˓ htrhvis ½ mj kiriogehmjr mi phgjtis mj Vytbjo, j VEV. Wikuin hs phrh eosthchg²hj ˓ misshs dedcejtighs, in gjoluotj gjn hs rhzjis ˓ phrh sirin utecezhmhs< ispigeghg²jis
• oct` (7.4.=) , h dedcejtigh preogephc, utecezhmh phrh ahgecethr thriahs mi prjgisshniotj mi ceokuhkin ohturhc0
• djctjos (8;.8.6), unh dedcejtigh gjotiomj mevirshs utecemh mis qui mivirehn sir ohtevhs mj Vytbjo. Oj prjlitj, aje utecezhmh suh auogejohcemhmi mi ghgbeok, phrh ivethr ghrrikhr js njmicjs trieohmjs nhes mi unh viz0 ˓ nhtin hteghs ½ gjnpcixhs, misiovjcvemh • ounpy (8.84.8) , dedcejtigh phrh jpirhg²jis ½ ˓ mi in G (phrh sir r hpemh), utecezhmh picj OC]@, WgeVy i sge`et-cihro in jpirhg² jis vitjris i nhtrezis0 ½ ˓ mj gchsseghmjr mi Gjometejohc pich eotikrhg²hj • pytbjo-grasueti (6.5.4), rispjos hvic Thomjn Aeicms gjn j OC]@0
˓ nhes r hpemh ½ ½ • rikix (468;.9.41), enpciniothg²hj i nicbjrhmh mj n jmucj mi rikix mj Vytbjo, utecezhmj oj EJDTihmir 0 ˓ ˓ • riquists (4.82.8) , dedcejtigh qui ahgeceth sjcegethg²jis in B]]V, utecezhmh oh auog²hj ½ mi mjwocjhm mjs njmicjs pr i-trieohmjs0 ˓ mi njmicjs mi Hpriomezhmj • sge`et-cihro (6.82.8), jairigi mevirshs enpciniothg²jis ½ mi Nhqueoh . Oisti trhdhcbj, aje utecezhmj phrh trieohr j njmicj mi Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois0
˓ nhtin hteghs ½ gjnpcixhs qui pjmi • sgepy (6.85.6), jutrh dedcejtigh phrh jpirhg²jis ½ sir heomh nhes rhpemh qui j ounpy. Ytecezhmh picj sge`et-cihro phrh meneouer j tinpj mi trieohniotj mjs sius njmicjs.
9.8 Hrquetiturh Mehoti mhs hrquetiturhs hprisiothmhs hotirejrnioti, j ajgj misti trhdhcbj si iogjotrh oh Aekurh 9.8, pirtiogioti hj prjgisshniotj mi ceokuhkin ohturhc mi unh hrquetiturh
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
74
dhsihmh in rikrhs.
Aekurh 9.8< Hrquetiturh mj prjlitj
9.4
Vhrt-J a-Wpiigb ]hkkir
½ J VJW ]hkkir i½ rispjos hvic pich itequithkin krhnhteghc mi ghmh phchvrh mi un tixtj ½ ˓ mj EJD ]hkkir. H i i½ unh ithph mi pr i-prjgisshniotj mh siotiog²h, hotis mh ixigug²hj ˓ mhs itequiths qui j hckjretnj pjmi rigjobigir. ]hdich 9.8 njstrh h richg²hj Itequith
Wekoeghmj
VTJ-@W
˓ ahziomj j phpic mi Vrjojni Gjoluog² hj,
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
OVTJV
½ WudsthotevjVr jprej
VY
˓ Vjotuhg² hj
VTJHML
77
Vrjojni Hmlitevj
OYN
Ounirhc ˓ + Vrjojni Hmlitevj Vripjseg² hj
VTIV+VTJHML HMQ
Hmv
½ irdej
˓ ahziomj j phpic mi Hmvirdej ½ Gjoluog² hj,
HMQ-@W VTIV+VTJVIWW
˓ + Vrjojni Vissjhc Vripjseg² hj
VTJWYD
Vrjojni Wudsthotevj
GYT
Meobierj
VTJVIWW
Vrjojni Vissjhc
VTIV+HMQ
˓ + Hmv irdej ½ Vripjseg² hj
VTIV+VTJWYD
ju
˓ + Vrjojni Wudsthotevj Vripjseg²hj
VTIV+VTJ-@W O
WudsthotevjGjnun
Q
Qirdj
HML
Hmlitevj
@Gju@W
˓ Gjoluog² jis
HT]
Hrtekj
VTIV+HT]
˓ + Hrtekj Vripjseg² hj
VTIV
˓ Vripjseg² hj
VMIO
Hmv irdej, ½ kirhcnioti richgejohmj hjs hmv irdejs ½ ˓ ju ixgcus hj ˓ qui minjstrin siotemj mi eogcus hj ½ sjnioti...) (thnd½in, hti,
VGV EO
Qirdj sudsthotevhmj ˓ Eotirlieg² hj ˓ mi itequiths utecezhmhs oj VJW ]hkkir. ]hdich 9.8< Tichg²hj
˓ pjs thk , h Vhrh utecezhr hs auogejohcemhmis mj VJW ]hkkir, aje enpciniothmh h auog²hj quhc rigidi gjnj iotrhmh unh siotiog²h (ju cesth mi siotiog²hs) i hs ritjroh mivemhnioti itequithmhs, gjnj i½ minjostrhmj oh Aekurh 9.4.
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
7=
˓ mh auog²hj ˓ pjs thk Aekurh 9.4< Enpciniothg²hj ˓ ghgbim thkkir i½ rispjoshvic ½ H auog²hj pjr nhotir un ghgbi mjs njmicjs ghrrikhmjs, mhmj qui issis ghrrikhniotjs tiomin h khsthr un tinpj gjosemirhvicnioti cjokj ˓ mh auog²hj. ˓ oh ixigug²hj Misth ajrnh, j njmic j i½ ghrrikhmj sjnioti unh viz, i hs ½ ˓ ohj ˓ vhj ˓ prigeshr ghrrik h-cj ½ ojvhnioti. prjxenhs gbhnhmhs mh auog²hj Hotis mi itequithr ghmh phchvrh, isths mivin sir siphrhmhs mh siotiog²h. J OC]@ pjs˓ wjrm tj`ioezi, rispjoshvic ½ ˓ mi phchvrhs sue h auog²hj picj rigjobigeniotj i tj`ioezhg²hj ˓ mj VJW ]hkkir, phrh qui ici pjssh in unh siotiog²h i i½ utecezhmh murhoti h ixigug²hj ½ un ixinpcj mh auog²hj. ˓ phsshr pjr ghmh tj`io kirhmj. H Aekurh 9.7 tr hs
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
79
˓ pjs thk Aekurh 9.7< Ixinpcj mi usj mh auog²hj
9.4.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs Vhrh j trieohniotj mj VJW ]hkkir oh c½ĸokuh pjrtukuish, ajrhn utecezhmhs hs siotiog²hs ˓ hs prisiomj gjrpus Nhg-Njrpbj, hctirhomj hckunhs itequith s (hs itequiths ohes s hj tis oh ]hdich 9.8). J Gjrpus Nhg-Njrpbj i½ mespjoedecezhmj picj OC]@ P4^ i aje utecezhmj picj OCVOit 4 phrh h ˓ mi un VJW ]hkkir in pjrtuku is ˁ gjn Timis Oiurhes, utecezhomj Vytbjo enpciniothg²hj 4. Vhrh j trhthniotj mjs mhmjs, ajr hn gjcithmhs hnjstrhs mj OCVOit, hs quhes ajrhn
utecezhmhs gjnj dhsi mi trieohniotj.
½ 9.4.4 Vr i-prjgisshniotj ˓ gjn J trieohniotj mj VJW ]hkkir aje rihcezhmj gjn j huxecej mj OC]@ i suh eotikrhg² hj j pygrasueti7 phrh trhdhcbhr gjn Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms (GTA) . J GTA oigisseth ½ mi unh cesth mi aihturis pr i-mioemhs phrh qui pjssh kirhr j njmicj misilhmj. Oissi ghsj, ajrhn utecezhmhs hs aihturis prisiotis oh ]hdich
˓ picj 9.4, utecezhmhs pjr phmr hj
OC]@. Aihturi
GHVE]HCE\H]EJO
Wekoeghmj
Ghsj h phchvrh tiobh h prenierh citrh nhe usguch, ½ isth aihturi i½ hmegejohmh
4
½ mj OCVOit< bttps
7 Ceo`
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
71
VYOG]YH]EJO
˓ isth aihturi i½ Ghsjh phchvrh silh unh pjotuhg²hj,
WYA
Wuxjmhphchvrhhtuhc
hmegejohmh [JTM
Hphchvrhhtuhc
BHW OYN
Ghsj h phchvrh tiobh h un o
unirj, isth aihturi i½ ½
hmegejohmh ]hdich 9.4< Aihturis utecezhmhs phrh trieohr j VJW ]hkkir
9.4.7 ]rieohniotj ½ j pr i-prjgisshniotj ½ Hpjs mhs aihturis, i½ rihcezhmj j trieohniotj mj njmicj mi Gjo˓ sicigejohmhs hs metejohc Thomjn Aeicms . Vhrh ghmh phch vrh in ghmh siotiog²h, s hj ˓ mh phchvrh oh siotiog²h R i Uo aihturis Ro i h chdic Uo , in qui o i½ h pjseg²hj
Ro . Cjkj, tin-si a cs > ½ i a cs P(R8 , U8 ), (R4, U4), ..., (Ro, Uo)^, siomj a c h cesth mi siotiog²hs pri-prjgisshmhs ˓ mi unh siotiog²h s . H ]hdich 9.7 njstrh js risucthmjs jdtemjs oj trieh riprisiothg²hj ˓ mh iotemhmi mhs aihturis in gjrrispjomi h gchsseghg²hj
ohniotj mj njmicj. Dhsi
]rieohniotj ]isti
Vriges hj ˓
5;% 59%
˓ mh gchsseghg²hj ˓ krhnhteghc ]hdich 9.7< Tisucthmjs mh prigeshj
H dhsi mi tisti gjrrispjomi h 46% mh dhsi tjthc i h dhsi mi trieohniotj gjrrispjomi ˓ gra.ivhcuhti(dhsi) h quhc ritjroh j h 26%. J risucthmj i½ ghcguchmj hj utecezhr h auog²hj ˓ mj njmicj, in qui gra i½ j jdlitj mj njmicj trieohmj i h pirgiotuhc mi priges hj
dhsi
pjmi sir mi trieohniotj ju mi tisti.
½ 9.4.= Ticht jrejs ½ ½ ½ ˓ J GTA]hkkir jairigi mjes richt jrejs p js-trieohniotj, j richtjrej mi trhoseg²jis (]hdich ˓ nhes gjnuos iogjotrhmhs, i j richtjrej ½ 9.=), j quhc njstrh hs trhoseg²jis mi isthmj mhs aihturis (]hdich 9.9), j quhc njstrh hs aihturis nhes ricivhotis mj njmicj.
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
]rhoseg² h˓ j
7;
Ticiv
HT] OVTJV ↔
ˁ hogeh
;.959591
HT] O ↔
1.;49=29
OVTJV OVTJV ↔
1.941=69
VTIV+HT]OVTJV ↔
9.;697=2
HML O↔
9.4=6=49
OYN OVTJV ↔
=.;4;225
VTIV+VTJ-@W VTJ-@W ↔
=.;46525
VMIO VMIO ↔
=.92;;;5
OYN O ↔
=.929878
OVTJV O↔
=.=58215
@W @W ↔
=.===617
VTIV OVTJV ↔
=.77;1;9
HT] HML ↔
=.84=751
HMQ OVTJV ↔
=.8442=2
VTJ-@W VTJ-@W ↔
=.889;7=
VTIV+HT] O ↔
=.86;866
OVTJV Q↔
=.68752=
VTIV+VTJHML O↔
7.5717;6
VTJHML O ↔
7.57=257
VYO ↔
7.224288
]hdich 9.=< Hs 46 trhoseg²jis ˓ nhes ricivhotis mj VJW ]hkkir
Aihturi
[JTMi
Chdic
@G
Ticiv
ˁ hogeh
88.=1876=
[JTM quhes
VTJ-@W
[JTMmi
VTIV
86.45;;;2
86.=;77=; 5.;2=641
[JTMiothotj
@G
[JTM mh
VTIV+HT]
5.;;18;=
[JTMquhomj
@W
5.991896
[JTMphrh
VTIV
5.984;46
[JTM -si
VTJVIWW
[JTMnhs
@G
[JTM ohmh [JTM i½
VTJWYD Q
[JTM mhs [JTMj
VTIV+HT] HT]
5.96474= 5.7184;5 5.8;=665 5.69646= 2.549197 2.58=;;5
[JTM oh
VTIV+HT]
2.285=11
[JTM mjs
VTIV+HT]
2.;56=2;
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
[JTM mj
VTIV+HT]
[JTMin
VTIV
72
2.;48;;= 2.19=;15
[JTM quhomj
HMQ-@W
2.9121;;
[JTM ghmh
VTJHML
2.=49;85
[JTMI
@G
2.=8226=
]hdich 9.9< Hs 46 aihturis nhes ricivhotis mj VJW ]hkkir
9.7
Eosemi-Jutsemi-Dikeo ]hkkir
½ ˓ i itequithkin mi iotemhmis in tixtjs. J EJD ]hkkir i½ rispjos hvic pich emioteghg²hj Ici utecezh mj risucthmj mj VJW ]hkkir phrh ixiguthr j rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis ½ dhsihomj-si in un krupj mi aihturis pr i-mioemhs i qui ajrhn sicigejohmhs mi hgjrmj ˓ mj njmicj, js quhes ist hj ˓ misgretjs ohs pr jxenhs ½ gjn ixpireniotjs sjdri h priges hj ˓ sudsig²jis. H ]hdich 9.1 njstrh hs iotemhmis qui ajrhn trhdhcbhmhs. Iotemhmi
Ixinpcjs
MEWGEVCEOH
˓ mi Vrjgissjs Iokiobhreh mi Wjatwhri, Dhogj mi Mhmjs, Kist hj
GYTWJ
˓ WE, Geiogeh ˁ ˓ GG, IokiWestinhs mi Eoajrnhg² hj, mh Gjnputhg²hj,
VIWWJH
˓ Nhreh... Qegtjr Airrhz, Lj hj,
½ mi Oik jgej... ˓ IG... obhreh mh Gjnputhg²hj, MH]H
8
j
mi hkjstj, 8=/6;, 46/61/468;...
½ ˁ Giotrj mi Eoajrn htegh, GEo, Giotrj mi Ge iogehs Ixhths i mh Oh-
GIO]TJ
turizh, GGIO... JTK
Yoevirsemhmi, YAVI... ˓ mi iotemhmis utecezhmhs oj EJD ]hkkir. ]hdich 9.1< Tichg²hj
˓ ejd thk Vhrh utecezhr j Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis, ajrhn enpciniothmhs hs auog²jis ˓ ejd thk rigidi unh ju nhes siotiog²hs i hs ritjroh gjn tji oi gbuo` . H auog² hj ˓ oi gbuo` ritjroh unh mhs hs iotemhmis rigjobigemhs nhrghmhs, ioquhotj h auog² hj ˓ mhs iotemhmis in ajrnh mi hrvjris ½ riprisiothg²hj , hs quhes pjmin sir riprisiothmhs ˓ mhs muhs auog²jis ˓ i hs Aekurhs 9.9 krhghnioti. H Aekurh 9.= njstrh h enpciniothg² hj i 9.1 trhzin sius ixinpcjs.
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
75
˓ mhs auog²jis ˓ ejd thk i oi gbuo` Aekurh 9.=< Enpciniothg²hj
˓ oi gbuo` Aekurh 9.9< Ixinpcj mh auog²hj
˓ ejd thk Aekurh 9.1< Ixinpcj mi usj mh auog²hj
9.7.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs ˓ prjgurhomj Js mhmjs utecezhmjs oj trieohniotj mj EJD ]hkkir ajrhn kirhmjs hf nhj, ½ ½ riprisiothr hj n hxenj hs pjss ½ĸvies iotrhmhs mi un usu hrej in unh gjovirsh gjn un Gbhtdjt. Js mhmjs ajrhn shcvjs oun ajrnhtj grehmj oisti trhdhcbj i cemjs pjr unh
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=6
˓ i cieturh mjs mhmjs. Wikui airrhnioth gbhnhmh EJD Tihmir, h n mi ahgecethr h mekethg²hj j ixinpcj< „Jomi sir h½ h huch mi PMEWGEVCEOH Iokiobhreh mi Wjatwhri^ mj gursj mi PGYTWJ Westinhs mi Eoajrnhg ˓ :„ ² hj^
˓ micenethmhs pjr gjcgbitis, gulh prenierh phchvrh i½ h suh emioteghg²hj ˓ Hs iotemhmis s hj in nhe½usgucj i j ristj i½ j siu vhcjr, gjnj pjmi sir vestj in
„PGYTWJ Westinhs mi
Eoajrnhg²hj^„ ˓ , h iotemhmi i½ „GYTWJ„ i j vhcjr i½ „Westinhs mi Eoajrnhg² hj„ ˓ . Hj sirin
˓ prjgisshmjs i ghmh siotiog²h phsshrh½ picj cemjs picj EJD Tihmir , istis mhmjs sir hj EJD ]hkkir, risucthomj oj ixinpcj mh Aekurh 9.1. J EJD Tihmir thnd½in i½ utecezhmj ˓ mi phrh shcvhr hs aihturis i chdics mi trieohniotj i mi tisti , utecezhmhs oh gchsseghg² hj ˓ . eotiog²jis
½ 9.7.4 Vr i-prjgisshniotj J trieohniotj mj EJD ]hkkir aje rihcezhmj mi njmj sinicbhoti hj mj VJW ]hkkir, nhs utecezhomj aihturis meairiotis. Oissi ghsj, ajrhn utecezhmhs hs aihturis prisiotis oh ]hdich 9.;. Aihturi
Wekoeghmj
WYA
Wuxjmhphchvrhhtuhc
VTIQWYA
Wuxj mh phchvrh hotirejr
OIR]WYA
Wuxjmhpr
½ jxenh phchvrh
VTIQWYA+WYA
Wuxj mh phchvrh hotirejr + suxj mh phchvrh htuhc
WYA+OIR]WYA
½ Wuxj mh phchvrh htuhc + suxj mh pr jxenh phchvrh
VTIQWYA+WYA+OIR]WYA
Wuxj mh phchvrh hotirejr + suxj mh phchvrh htuhc
GHVE]HCE\H]EJO
Ghsj h phchvrh tiobh h prenierh citrh nhe usguch, ½
HT]EKJ
Wi h VJW mh phchvrh ajr HT] ju VTIV+HT]
QITDJ
WihVJWmhphchvrhajrQ
½ + suxj mh pr jxenh phchvrh isth aihturi i½ hmegejohmh
OJNI-VTJVTEJ
Wi h VJW mh phchvrh ajr OVTJV
VJO]YHGHJ
Wi h VJW mh phchvrh ajr VY
VTIVJWEGHJ EW-OYNDIT
Wi h VJW mh phchvrh ajr VTIV+ Wih ohmh
phchvrh ajr un o unirj, ½ isth aihturi i½ hmegej-
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=8
BHW-OYNDIT
Wi h phchvrh gjotir un o½ unirj, isth aihturi i½ hme-
]HKW-WEOGI-HT]
]jmhs hs VJW mismi j
gejohmh uctenj ½ hrtekj rikestrhmj oh
siotiog²h htuhc NJW]-YWIM-[JTM
Vhchvrh nhes utecezhmh oh siotiog²h
NJW]-YWIM-VJW
VJW nhes utecezhmh oh siotiog²h
[JTM
Vhchvrhhtuhc
VJW
Gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh htuhc
[JTM+VJW
Vhchvrh htuhc + suh gchssi krhnhteghc
VTIQVJW
Gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh hotirejr
OIR]VJW
½ Gchssi krhnhteghc mh pr jxenh phchvrh
VTIQVJW+VJW+OIR]VJW
Gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh hotirejr + gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh htuhc + gchssi krhnhteghc mh ½ prjxenh phchvrh
VJW+OIR]VJW
Gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh htuhc + gchssi krhnh-
VTIQVJW+VJW
Gchssi krhnhteghc mh phchvrh hotirejr + gchssi krh-
½ teghc mh pr jxenh phchvrh nhteghc mh phchvrh htuhc ½ VTIQ[JTM+[JTM+OIR][JTM Vhchvrh hotirejr + phchvrh htuhc + prjxenh phchvrh [JTM+OIR][JTM
½ Vhchvrh htuhc + pr jxenh phchvrh
VTIQ[JTM+[JTM
Vhchvrh hotirejr + phchvrh htuhc
]hdich 9.;< Aihturis utecezhmhs phrh trieohr j EJD ]hkkir
˓ mh pr jpreh ½ Hs aihturis utecezhmhs ajrhn sicigejohmhs mi hgjrmj gjn rigjniomhg² jis ˓ mj GTA]hkkir mj OC]@ i gjn hs rigjniomhg² jis ˓ mi ]`hgbio`j i Weenpciniothg²hj ˓ mi aihturis phrh nhojvs`y P=5^, js quhes minjostrhn js risucthmjs mh gjoghtiohg²hj ajrnhr unh ojvh aihturi, mismi qui istilhn richgejohmhs iotri se.
9.7.7 ]rieohniotj ½ j pr i-prjgisshniotj ½ Hpjs mhs aihturis, i½ rihcezhmj j trieohniotj mj njmicj mi Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms , ixhthnioti mj nisnj njmj utecezhmj oj trieohniotj mj VJW ]hkkir, sudstetueomj hs VJW pjr iotemhmis i hs phchvrhs pjr tupchs, ju silh, phrh ghmh
siotiog²h s, tin-si h cesth mi tupchs
P((w8 , p8 ), i8 ), ((w4 , p4 ), i4 ), ..., ((wo, po), io)^,
˓ o mh siotiog²h s, po h suh gchssi krhin qui wo gjrrispjomi hf phchvrh oh pjseg²hj nhteghc i io h iotemhmi htredu ½ĸmh h ich. H ]hdich 9.2 njstrh js risucthmjs jdtemjs oj
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=4
trieohniotj mj njmicj. ˓ Vriges hj
Dhsi
]rieohniotj
55.51%
]isti
5;.1=%
˓ mj rigjobigeniotj mi iotemh]hdich 9.2< Tisucthmjs mh priges hj mis
½ 9.7.= Ticht jrejs ½ ½ Hssen gjnj oj VJW ]hkkir, j GTA]hkkir jairigi mjes richt jrejs p js-trieohniotj, j ½ ˓ ½ mi isthmj mhs aihturis (]hdich 9.9). richtjrej mi trhoseg²jis (]hdich 9.=) i j richtjrej ]rhoseg² h˓ j
Ticiv
E-MEWGEVCEOH ↔ E-MEWGEVCEOH
7.6859=6
J J↔
ˁ hogeh
4.2844;;
D-MEWGEVCEOH ↔ E-MEWGEVCEOH D-VIWWJHE-VIWWJH ↔
4.1;;285 4.=48271
D-MH]H J↔
4.646419
E-MH]H E-MH]H ↔
4.669277
D-GYTWJ J↔ J D-MEWGEVCEOH ↔
8.21=994 8.272==;
E-GYTWJE-GYTWJ ↔
8.;88;21
D-VIWWJH J↔
8.128822
E-VIWWJHE-VIWWJH ↔
8.18876;
D-GYTWJE-GYTWJ ↔
8.992===
D-MH]H E-MH]H ↔
8.7=896=
E-GIO]TJE-GIO]TJ ↔
6.5;;425
E-MEWGEVCEOH J↔
6.584;=4
D-GIO]TJE-GIO]TJ ↔
6.;;5==4
D-JTK J↔
6.;67145
D-GIO]TJ J↔
6.151218
E-MH]H J ↔
6.4;4511
D-JTK D-MH]H 6.4;6854 ↔ ˓ nhes ricivhotis mj EJD ]hkkir ]hdich 9.5< Hs 46 trhoseg²jis
Aihturi
VTIQVJW
Chdic 3
W]HT]?
J
Ticiv
4.=7;16=
ˁ hogeh
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
BHW OYNDIT
D-MEWGEVCEOH
VJO]YHGHJ
J
VJWVY
J
OIR]VJWO
=7
8.=19755 8.4;8585 8.4;8585
J
BHWMHWB
8.4===9;
D-MH]H
VJW+OIR]VJW VY+3IOM? J
8.8;9477 6.514726
VTIQWYA i
D-MEWGEVCEOH
WYArj
6.5=1=96
D-MH]H
VTIQVJW VTIV+HT]
6.544=16
D-GIO]TJ
6.5826;4
HT]EKJ
J
6.2;51=7
OIR]VJWOVTJV
J
6.21;111
˓ WYA g²hj
E-GYTWJ
6.21=982
VTIQWYA eoh
D-MEWGEVCEOH
WYAo
6.21847=
D-GIO]TJ
VTIQWYA+WYA j+o
D-GIO]TJ
BHWOYNDIT
D-MH]H
VTIQVJW VTIV+HT] [JTM:
6.2=8972 6.272888
D-JTK J
[JTM+VJW:+VY
6.2=8972
6.2799=2 6.276276
J
6.276276
]hdich 9.86< Hs 46 aihturis nhes ricivhotis mj EJD ]hkkir
9.=
˓ Gchsseghmjr mi Eotiog² jis
˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ ½ ˓ prisiotis ohs H gchsseghg² hj i½ rispjos hvic pjr emioteghr hs eotiog²jis
siotiog²hs qui sir˓hj eotirprithmhs picj Gbhtdjt. J gchsseghmjr utecezh mjs nisnj mh˓ meairiogehmh. H ]hdich 9.88 cesth mjs qui j EJD ]hkkir, hpishr mi tir unh eotirprithg²hj ˓ nhpihmhs oisti trhdhcbj. tjmhs hs eotiog²jis Eotiog² h˓ j
Ixinpcj
cjghc mesgepceoh
„Jomi sir h½ h huch mi Iokiobhreh mi Wjatwhri:„,
bjrhrej mesgepceoh
˓ h Vrjkrhnhg²hj ˓ „Xui bjrhs i½ h huch mi Eotrjmug²hj
˓ E:„ „Xuhc h shch mi Vrjkrhnhg²hj ½ phrh GG:„, „Xuhc j bjr hrej mh huch mi Dhogj mi mhmjs:„ prjaissjr mesgepceoh
½ „Xuin m h½ hs huchs mi C jkegh:„, „Xuin ioseoh oh ½ mesgepceoh mi Nhtinhtegh Mesgrith:„
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
==
huchs prjaissjr
˓ ioseoh:„, „Xuhes hs huchs qui j prjaissjr Lj hj
ojtegehs
„J qui b h½ mi ojvj oj GEo:„, „J qui hgjotigiu oh
eotrjmughj
„Niu ojni i½ Qegtjr„, „Iu sju Ivh„
gunpreniotj
½ „Je„, „Jc h„
„Mesgepceohs mh prjaissjrh Ghrch„ YAVI jotin:„
˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ rigjobigemhs picj gchssegh]hdich 9.88< Tichg²hj mjr
Vhrh ixiguthr j gchsseghmjr, aje enpciniothmh h gchssi
EotiotGchsseir phrh ahgecethr h
½ h iotrhmh mi mhmjs qui sir h½ utecezhmh oj trieohniotj mj njmicj WQN. H Aekurh 9.; tr hs ˓ i h 9.2 tr hs ½ un ixinpcj mh ixigug²hj ˓ mj njmicj. suh enpciniothg²hj
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
˓ mh gchssi EotiotGchsseir Aekurh 9.;< Enpciniothg²hj
˓ mh gchssi EotiotGchsseir Aekurh 9.2< Ixinpcj mi ixigug²hj
=9
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=1
9.=.8 Gjcith i ]rhthniotj mjs Mhmjs ˓ ajrhn js nisnjs utecezhmjs Js mhmjs sicigejohmjs phrh j trieohniotj mi eotiog² jis ˓ nhpihmh i½ siphrhmh in un hrquevj meairioti, j oj EJD ]hkkir, in qui ghmh eotiog²hj ˓ Gjnj ixinpcj, quhc ghmh siotiog²h miotrj mi ghmh hrquevj pjssue h nisnh eotiog²hj. ˓ cjghc mesgepceoh i ghmh siotiog²h oici j hrquevj cjghc mesgepceoh.ejd misgrivi h eotiog² hj ˓ pirtiogi h issh gchsseghg²hj. Hotis mi sirin eosiremhs oj hckjretnj, hs siotiog²hs mivin sir siphrhmhs in chdics i ½ mj prjgissj mi stinezhg² hj ˓ i mj g hcgucj ½ aihturis i ghmh aihturi mivi sir trhthmh htrhvis mj ]A-EMA. Gjn j hux½ĸcej mj OC]@, aje utecezhmj j WojwdhccWtinnir phrh h c½ĸokuh pjr½ tukuish, ctrhomj hs stjpwjrms 0 quhotj hj g hcgucj mj ]A-EMA, aje utecezhmh h gchssi ]ma˓ ixestiotis. H Qigtjrezir, mj sge`et-cihro, trieohmj sjdri js mhmjs mi tjmhs hs eotiog²jis ˓ mi hndjs pjmi sir vesuhcezhmh oh Aekurh 9.;. enpciniothg²hj
9.=.4 ]rieohniotj ½ h gjcith i trhthniotj mjs mhmjs, i½ rihcezhmj j trieohniotj utecezhomj Wuppjrt QigHpjs tjr Nhgbeois (WQN) , eosireomj hs aihturis i chdics gjrrispjomiotis, riprisiothmhs pich cesth mi tupchs P( R8 , U8 ), (R4 , U4 ), ..., (Ro , Uo )^, in qui R o i½ h nhtrez riprisiothomj ˓ i mj ]A-EMA ), i U o gjrjs pisjs mi ghmh tj`io oh siotiog²h (risucthmj mh stinezhg² hj
˓ mh aihturi oh pjseg²hj ˓ o. rispjomi hf eotiog²hj Dhsi
]hdich 9.84<
˓ Vriges hj
]rieohniotj
55.;7%
]isti
5;.5=%
˓ mh gchsseghg² hj ˓ mi Tisucthmjs mh priges hj
˓ eotiog²jis
H dhsi mi trieohniotj gjrrispjomi h 26% mh dhsi tjthc i h dhsi mi tisti gjrrispjomi h 46%. J risucthmj i½ ghcguchmj hj utecezhr h auog²hj ˓ svn.hggurhgy(dhsi) h quhc ritjroh j ˓ mj njmicj, in qui svn i½ j jdlitj mj njmicj trieohmj. pirgiotuhc mi prigeshj
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=;
½ 9.=.7 Ticht jrejs ½ J sge`et-cihro jairigi un gjoluotj mi richt jrejs pjss½ĸvies qui pjmin sir utecezhmjs phrh ˁ tisthr h ige iogeh mjs njmicjs trieohmjs utecezhomj h dedcejtigh. Miotri icis, ajrhn utece˓ i j Tichtjrej ½ ˓ . H Nhtrez mi Gjoaushj ˓ njstrh zhmjs h Nhtrez mi Gjoaushj mi Gchsseghg²hj
hs quhotemhmis mi hgirtjs i irrjs prisiotis in ghmh chdic trieohmh, gjnj pjmi sir vestj oh Aekurh 9.5.
˓ mj EotiotGchsseir Aekurh 9.5< Qhcjris mh Nhtrez mi Gjoaus hj
˓ hs chdics ixestiotis i hs gjcuohs hs chdics qui ajrhn htredu½ĸmhs In qui hs ceobhs s hj picj gchsseghmjr phrh ghmh siotiog²h ushmh. Js vhcjris oh mehkjohc gjrrispjomin hjs ˓ ajrh, hjs irrjs. Vjr mioeg²hj, ˓ mhmh unh nhtrez mi gjoaus hj ˓ G, hgirtjs, i js qui ist hj ˓ Ge l iquevhci hj o unirj j vhcjr oh pjseg²hj ½ mi aihturis qui pirtiogin hf chdic e, nhs ajrhn gchsseghmhs gjnj pirtiogiotis hf chdic l P=8^. ½ ˓ tr hs ½ unh thdich gjotiomj hs eoajrnhg²jis ˓ mi priges hj ˓ (priJ Tichtjrej mi Gchsseghg²hj
˓ (righcc), mj a8-sgjri i mj o unirj gesejo), mh rivjghg²hj mi aihturis utecezhmhs (suppjrt) ½ phrh ghmh chdic trieohmh. Wikui h Aekurh 9.86.
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
=2
½ ˓ mj EotiotGchsseir Aekurh 9.86< Tichtjrej mi Gchsseghg²hj
9.9
˓ mi Wiotiog² hs Istruturhg² hj
˓ mi siotiog²hs i½ h ithph ohc mj trhdhcbj mh H istruturhg² hj
ˁ Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc misti
½ ˓ mh gchsseghg² hj ˓ mi eotiog²jis ˓ trhdhcbj i i½ rispjos hvic pich gjndeohg²hj gjn j rigjobigeniotj mi iotemhmis phrh ritjrohr h siotiog²h mi ajrnh istruturhmh, misthghomj
˓ i suhs iotemhmis. Vhrh essj, aje enpciniothmh h auog² hj ˓ phrsi(*siots) h suh eotiog²hj (misgreth oh Aekurh 9.88), qui rigidi unh ju nhes siotiog²hs i hs ritjroh oj ajrnhtj ˓ ioLWJO, gjnj i½ ixinpceghmj oh Aekurh 9.87. ]hnd½in aje enpciniothmh h auog²hj ½ ½ ½ mi tety megt(*siots) , rispjoshvic pjr gjovirtir unh hrvjri mi iotemhmis in un megejohrej iotemhmis, ixinpceghmh oh Aekurh 9.84.
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
˓ mh auog²hj ˓ phrsi Aekurh 9.88< Enpciniothg²hj
˓ mh auog²hj ˓ iotety megt Aekurh 9.84< Enpciniothg²hj
=5
˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ 9. Enpciniothg²hj HrtegehcmjGbhtdjt
96
˓ phrsi Aekurh 9.87< Ixinpcjs mh auog²hj
9.1
˓ Gjosemirhg² jis Aeohes
˓ minjostrhmh oisth sig²hj ˓ i½ unh riprisiothg²hj ˓ mi gjnj auogejoh h H enpciniothg²hj ˁ Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc mj Gbhtdjt. Oich, ajrhn ixedemhs js risucthmjs mjs trieohnio tjs
˓ mjs njmicjs mi Gjometejohc Thomjn Aeicms i Wuppjrt Qigtjr Nhgbeois luotj mhs auog² jis ˓ mi siotiog²hs. misiovjcvemhs phrh huxecehr oh thriah mi gchsseghg²hj
Ghp½ĸtucj 1 ˓ i ]rhdhcbjs Auturjs Gjogcushj ˓ mh Eoticek iogeh ˁ ½ Gjn h pjpuchrezhg²hj Hrtegehc i mivemj hj krhomi huniotj mi usu hrejs ˓ ˓ eogcueomj hquichs qui jairigin HVEs phrh misiovjcvein hpceghg²jis mi gjovirshg²hj, niotj mi Gbhtdjts (]icikrhn, Ahgidjj` Nissiokir, Wchg`), h cedirmhmi i ahgecemhmi mi ˓ mi mevirsjs Gbhtdjts mi hssuotjs vhhgissj h isshs airrhnioths hghrritju oh grehg²hj rehmjs, eomj mi hrquetiturhs senpcis hti½ hs nhes gjnpcixhs. Isti trhdhcbj njstrju gjnj i½ misiovjcvemh h hrquetiturh mi unh Gbhtdjt utecezhomj Vrjgisshniotj mi Ceokuhkin Ohturhc i Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh ½ , minjostrhomj j qu hj ˓ enpjrthoti i½ h Eoticekiogeh ˁ Hrtegehc phrh j prjgissj.
J preogephc jdlitevj misth pisquesh aje prjpjr unh hrquetiturh phrh Gbhtdjts utecezhomj ˁ ˓ mi Eotiog²jis ˓ Eoticekiogeh Hrtegehc , ajghomj oh Gchsseghg² hj i oj Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis, gjn j eotuetj mi enpciniothr un Gbhtdjt ghphz mi
prjgisshr h ceokuhkin
˓ ist htegjs ½ ˓ qui oigisohturhc, sin oigissethr mi rigjobigeniotj mi phmrjis (phmrjis
ˁ ˓ gjn h iotrhmh, ju qui utecezin mi sethn tir unh riciv hogeh mi 866% oh gjndeohg²hj rikix ), i qui shedh rigjobigir hs senechremhmis iotri js phmr
˓ gjobigemjs i h iojis
½ ½ trhmh mj usu hrej, utecezhomj Hpriomezhmj mi N hqueoh . ˓ mj gjotixtj mj Gbhtdjt, mespjoedeceH hrquetiturh misiovjcvemh pjssedeceth h ixphos hj zhomj unh eotirahgi gjn ixinpcjs mi gjnj enpciniothr iotemhmis i eotiog²jis ˓ mi ajrnh ½ ½ mi sirin trieohmhs i mi sirin pjsths in prjmug² hj. ˓ senpcis, rhpemh, ahgec ]rhdhcbjs auturjs eogcuin<
˓ i]rhdhcbjsAuturjs 1. Gjogcushj
94
˓ ricivhotis hj gjotixtj mj GEo, gjnj prjgis• Hmegejohr nhes iotemhmis i eotiog²jis sjs i iviotjs0 ˓ gjn j ]icikrhn, Wchg` ju Ahgidjj` Nissiokir 0 • Enpciniothr eotikrhg² jis ½ ˓ mi • Enpciniothr un sestinh mi rispjsths utecezhomj t igoeghs mi Tigupirhg² hj ˓ (utecezhomj kiosen8 , ghsj silh in pytbjo)0 Eoajrnhg²hj
˓ mj Tigjobigeniotj mi Iotemhmis utecezhomj Timis Oiu• Ixpcjrhr h enpciniothg²hj rhes Tigjrriotis 0
• Enpciniothr un sestinh mi Ohturhc Chokuhki Yomirsthomeok (OCY) phrh nicbjrhr j prjgisshniotj mj Gbhtdjt0 ½ • Enpciniothr unh hrquetiturh qui utecezi Wiquiogi tj Wiquiogi i minhes t igoeghs mi Miip Cihroeok.
8 Ceo`
˓ mj kiosen< bttps
ˁ ½ Tiairiogehs Dedcejkrhghs P8^ ]bi
9
dist
prjkrhnneok
chokuhkis
ajr
he
mivicjpniot.
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Hggissim<
468;-69-85. P4^ Ohturhc chokuhki tjjc`e t djj`. bttp
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468;-61-87. P=^ ]iosjrffljw gim ajr
-
kjjkci―s iviryjoi.
chtist
nhgbeoi
cihroeok
systin,
jpio
sjur-
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tiosjracjw-kjjkcis-chtist-nhgbeoiZ5.btnc. Hggissim< 468;-69-85.
P9^ [bht es hrtegehc eoticcekiogi.
bttp
wbht-es-he. Hggissim< 468;-61-64.
P1^ Dhyho HduWbhwhr hom Ireg Htwic c. Hutjnhteg ixtrhgtejo ja gbhtdjt trheoeok mhth arjn ohturhc mehcjkui gjrpjrh. [jr`sbjp jo Gjccigteok hom Kioirhteok Tisjurgis ajr Gbhtdjts hom Gjovirshtejohc Hkiots, 4681.
P;^ HVE.HE. Gjovirshtejohc usir ixpireiogi pchtajrn. bttps
½ Tiairˁiogehs Dedcejkrhghs
9=
P86^ Tjccj Ghrpiotir. Hdjut tbi lhddirwhg`y he. bttps
P88^ Tjccj Ghrpiot ir. Kirnho gbhtty djt es ―njst bunh o―. bttp
82. P84^ Tjccj Ghrpiot ir. Lhddirwhg`y sigjom eo tbi cjidoir prezi 466= .
bttp
lhddirwhg`y.gjn/l4prisspr-L8;=7-Lhddirwhg`y-sigjom-eo-tbi-Cjidoir, 466=.
Hggissim< 468;-61-82. P87^ Tjccj weos
Ghrpiotir. cjidoir
E, prezi
kijrki
4669.
-
lhddirwhg`y
gbhrhgtir
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l4prisspr-C4489-E-Kijrki-Lhddirwhg`y-gbhrhgtir-weos, 4669.
Hggissim<
468;-61-82. P8=^ Gbhtdjts.jrk.
Gbhtdjt lhddirwhg`y.
bttps
lhddirwhg`y/. Hggissim< 468;-61-82.
P89^ Gbhtdjts.jrk. Cjidoir prezi 466= #8. bttps
P81^ @htbciio Gbhy`jws`e. nissiokir.
Njri tbho 88,666 djts hri ojw jo ahgidjj`
bttps
njri-tbho-88666-djts-hri-ojw-jo-ahgidjj`-nissiokir/#=gh7g7=8=am;, 4681.
Hggissim< 468;-61-85. P8;^ Nhr` Gchr`.
H gbhtdjt arhniwjr`.
bttps
gbhtdjt-arhniwjr`-nhr`-gchr`, 4681. Hggissim< 468;-61-82.
ˁ ˓ P82^ Miooes mjs Whotjs Kjnis. Eoticek iogeh hrtegehc - gjogietjs i hpceghg²jis. Tivesth Jcbhr Geiot½ĸgj, 4686.
˓ C u½ ĸs K. Tjsh. Nhg-njrpbj rivesetim< ]jwhrms rjdust P85^ Ireg` Tjgbh Ajosigh hom Lj hj phrt-ja-spiigb thkkeok. P46^ Hcegidjt HE Ajuomhtejo. Wigjom-eo-h-rjw vegtjry ajr ahnjus gbht rjdjt. bttp
61-82.
½ Tiairˁiogehs Dedcejkrhghs
99
P48^ Ire` K. Cihroim-Necc ir. Eotrjmugtejo tj supirvesim cihroeok. Yoevirsety ja Nhsshgbusitts, Hnbirst, 468=.
P44^ Bseo-Uuho Buhok hom Gbeb-Li o Ceo. Ceoihr hom `iroic gchssegh tejo< [bio tj usi wbegb: P47^ EDN.
Bjw
tj
duecm
h
gbhtdjt.
bttps
bjw-tj-duecm-h-gbhtdjt/. Hggissim< 468;-61-82.
P4=^ EDN866. H gjnputir ghccim whtsjo. bttp
P49^ DE Eoticcekiogi. Nisshkeok hpps hri ojw dekkir tbho sjgehc oitwjr`s.
bttp
www.duseoisseosemir.gjn/tbi-nisshkeok-hpp-ripjrt-4689-88, 4689. Hggissim<
468;-69-85. P41^ Homriw NgGhccun Ljbo Chaa irty hom Airohomj Virierh. Gjometejohc rhomjn icms< Vrjdhdecesteg njmics ajr siknioteok hom chdiceok siquiogi mhth.
Miphrtniot ja
Gjnputir hom Eoajrnhtejo Wgeiogi, Yoevirsety ja Vioosycvhoeh, Vbechmicpbeh.
P4;^ Citzkrj.
5 rihsjos tj duecm h gbhtdjt ojw.
bttp
, 468;. Hggissim< 468;-69-85. 5-rihsjos-tj-duecm-h-gbhtdjt-ojw/
½ P42^ Ceokuhtigh. Acjristh seothtegh. bttp
½ P76^ Negbhices. Megejohrej mh C½ĸokuh Vjrtukuish. Geh. Nicbjrhniotjs, 8552.
P78^ Mhoeic Oibni N uccir. ¨ Vrjgisshniotj mi ceokuhkin ohturhc. 4667. P74^ Oecs L. Oecssjo. Eotrjmugtejo tj Nhgbeoi Cihroeok . Wthoajrm Yoevirsety, 8552. P77^ A. Viok hom H. NgGhccun. Hggurhti eoajrnhtejo ixtrhgtejo arjn risihrgb phpirs useok gjometejohc rhomjn icms. Bunho Chokuhki ]igbojcjky Gjoairiogi hom Ojrtb Hniregho Gbhptir ja tbi Hssjgehtejo ajr Gjnputhtejohc Ceokuestegs (BC]OHHGC).
˓ h eoticek iogeh ˁ P7=^ Wecvej mj Chkj Virierh. Eotrjmug²hj hrtegehc. YWV.
½ Tiairˁiogehs Dedcejkrhghs
91
P79^ B.0 Ves`jrs`e L.0 Uhokhrdir T. Vjedihu, ].0 Whkkejo. Nucte-sjurgi Nucteceokuhc Eoajrnhtejo Ixtrhgtejo hom Wunnhrezhtejo. 4687.
P71^ Ghndremki Yoevirsety Vriss. Wtinneok hom cinnhtezhtejo. bttps
gissim< 468;-61-6=. P7;^ Luho Thnjs. Yseok ta-ema tj mitirneoi wjrm ricivhogi eo mjguniot quireis. Tutkirs Yoevirsety.
P72^ NE] ]igbojcjky Tiveiw. Bjw tj di bunho. bttps
P75^ Wtuhrt L. Tussicc hom Vitir Ojrvek. Hrtegehc Eoticcekiogi - H Njmiro Hpprjhgb. Vriotegi Bhcc, 8559. P=6^ Gegi`ce Whykeo hom H`nho . ]ureok tist< 96 yihrs chtir. 4666. P=8^ sge`et cihro. Nhgbeoi cihroeok eo pytbjo. bttp
P=7^ Dhyho Hdu Wbhwhr hom Ireg Htwicc . Gbhtdjts< Hri tbiy rihccy usiau c: 466;. P==^ Dreho0 Buhok ]eok Wnetb, Gbres0 NgKu eri hom Khry Uhok. ]bi bestjry ja hrtege hc eoticcekiogi. Yoevirsety ja [hsbeoktjo, 4661. P=9^ Vhvic Wurnioj`. Gbhtdjt hrgbetigturi. P=1^ Jrejc Wuts`ivir, Ecyh0 Qeoyhcs hom Xujg Q. Ci. Wiquiogi tj siquiogi cihroeok wetb oiurhc oitwjr`s. Kjjkci. P=;^ Gbhrcis Wuttjo hom Homriw NgGhccun. Ho eotrjmugtejo tj gjometejohc rhomjn icms. Ajuomhtejos hom ]rioms eo Nhgbeoi Cihroeok, Qjc. =, Oj. =. P=2^ ]bi Xuhcety Wjatwhri Gjnphoy ]EJDI. ]ejdi eomix ajr luoi 468;. bttps
½ Tiairˁiogehs Dedcejkrhghs
9;
P=5^ Nh`sen ]`hgbio`j hom Homriy Wenhoj vs`y. Ohnim iotety rigjkoetejo< Ixpcjreok aihturis. 4684. P96^ Wthoajrm Yoevirsety. Wthoajrm―s nhgbeoi cihroeok gjursi. bttp
P98^ Bemitj [hcchgi, Tegbhrm0 ]jnhdigbe hom Mjudcy Henciss. Gbhttirdjts kj ohtevi< Gjosemirhtejos ajr ho igj-systin ajstireok tbi mivicjpniot ja hrtegehc ceai ajrns eo h bunho wjrcm. 4667. P94^ Eog. [et.he. Ohturhc chokuhki ajr mivicjpirs. bttps
