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Specification for Tungsten and
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WPS 316 L
Welding 1
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XI. Tables Table 1
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Types of Tungsten Electrodes AWS Classification
Type of Tungsten (Alloy)
Color Code
Available Finish*
EWP
Pure
Green
Cleaned and ground
EWCe-2
Ceria CeO2 1.8% to 2.2%
Orange
EWLa-1
Lanthana La2O3 0.9% to 1.2%
EWLa-1.5
Remarks
Provides good arc stability for AC weld Reasonably good resistance to conta Lowest current carrying capacity. Le expensive. Maintains a clean balled en
Cleaned ground
Similar
Black
Cleaned and ground
Similar
Lanthana La2O3 1.3% to 1.7%
Gold
Cleaned and ground
Similar
EWLa-2
Lanthana La2O3 1.8% to 2.2%
Blue
Cleaned and ground
Similar
EWTh-1
Thoria ThO2 0.8% to 1.2%
Yellow
Cleaned and ground
Easier arc starting. Higher current c Greater arc stability. High resistance to weld pool contami min nation. Difficult to m balled end on AC.
EWTh-2
Thoria ThO2 1.7% to 2.2%
Red
Cleaned and ground
EWZr-1
Zirconia ZrO2 0 15% to 0 40%
Brown
Cleaned and ground
Easier arc starting. Higher current c Greater arc stability. High resistance to ult to m weld pool contami min nation. Diffic Sign up to vote on this title balled end on AC. Not useful ExUseful cellent fo r AC welding due to favor retention of balled end, high resistance contamination, and good arc starting.
and
performance to thoriated tung Easy arc starting, good arc stability, long life. Possible nonradioactive replacement for thoria. performance to thoriated tung Easy arc starting, good arc stability, long life, high current capacity. Poss nonradioactive replacement for thori performance to thoriated tung Easy arc starting, good arc stability, long life, high current capacity. Poss nonradioactive replacement for thori performance to thoriated tung Easy arc starting, good arc stability, long life, high current capacity. Poss nonradioactive replacement for thori
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Specification for Tungsten and
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WPS 316 L
Welding 1
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Table 2 Typical Current Ranges for Tungsten Electrodes*
Direct Current, DC
Alternating Current, AC
DCEN
Tungsten Diameter
Gas Cup Inside Diameter
Ceriated Thoriated Lanthanated
.040
#5 (3/8 in)
.060 (1/16 in)
70% Penetration
(50/50) Balanc Wave A
Pure
Ceriated Thoriated Lanthanated
Pure
Ce Th La
15 – 80
20 – 60
15 – 80
10 – 30
20
#5 (3/8 in)
70 – 150
50 – 100
70 – 150
30 – 80
60
.093 (3/32 in)
#8 (1/2 in)
150 – 250
100 – 160
140 – 235
0 – 130
10
.125 (1/8 in)
#8 (1/2 in)
250 – 400
150 – 200
225 – 325
100 – 180
16
*All values are based on the use of Argon as a shielding gas. Other current values may be employed depending on th shielding gas, type of equipment, and application. DCEN = Direct Current Electrode Negative (Straight Polarity)
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Specification for Tungsten and
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Welding 1
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Table 3
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Recommended Types of Current, Tungsten Electrodes and Shielding Gases for Welding Different Metals1 Types of Metal
Thickness
Type of Current
Electrode2
All All over 1/4"
AC AC Advanced Squarewave DCEN
Copper, copper alloys Magnesium alloys
All
DCEN
All All
Nickel, nickel alloys
All
AC AC Advanced Squarewave DCEN
Pure or zirconium Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Pure or zirconium Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated
Plain carbon, low-alloy steels Stainless steel
All
DCEN
All
DCEN
Titanium, zirconium, Tit hafnium3 Refractory Metals3
All
DCEN
All
DCEN
Aluminum
Shielding Gas
Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated Lanthanated, cerium thoriated
Argon or argon-heli Argon or argon-heli 100% Helium Helium Argon Argon Argon, argon-heli argon-hydrogen (5% max) Argon or argon-heli Argon or argon-heli Argon Argon
1
These recommendations are general guidelines based on methods commonly used in industry. Where thoriated electrodes are recommended, lanthanated, ceriated or rare earth containing electrodes be used. 3 A gl glov ove e box is often required to prevent atmospheric contamination. 2
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Table 4
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AWS Specifications Specifications for Filler Metals, Shielding Gases and Electrodes Suitable for Gas Tungst Tungsten en Arc Welding Specification Number
Title
A 5.7
Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5. 5.9 9
Stainless Steel
A 5.10
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes
A 5.12
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes
A 5. 5.13 13
Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5.14
Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5.16
Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5.18
Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
A 5.19
Magnesium-Alloy Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes
A 5.21
Composite Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5.24
Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A 5.28
Low Alloy Steel Filler Metal for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
A 5.3 5.30 0
Consumable Inserts Con
A 5.32
Welding Weld ing Shielding Gases
Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
Table 5 Welding Position Designations Plate Welds Groove Welds 1G Flat position 2G Horizontal position 3G Vertical position 4G Overhead position Fillet Welds 1F Flat position 2F Horizontal position 3F Vertical position 4F Overhead position Pipe Welds Groove Welds
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Table 6
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Welding Process Comparison Based on Quality and Economics All Positions GTAW
GMAW
Carbon steel plate (over 3/16")
G
E
Carbon steel sheet (to 3/16")
E
E
Carbon steel structural
F
F
Carbon stee teell pipe pipe — 3" IP IPS and under
E
F
Carbon steel pipe pipe— — over 4" IPS
G
G
Stainless steel
G
E
Stainless steel sheet (to 3/16")
E
G
Stainless stee teell
E
F
G
G
Aluminum pl plate (over 3/16")
G
E
NR
Aluminum sheet (to 3/16")
E
G
NR
Aluminum structural
E
G
NR
Aluminum pipe pipe— — 3" IP IPS and under
E
NR
NR
Aluminum pipe pipe ” ove overr 4" IP IPS
E
F
NR
Nickel and nickel alloy sheet
E
F
Nickel and nickel alloy tubing
E
NR
NR
Nickel and nickel alloy pip pipe e — 3" IP IPS and under
E
F
NR
Nickel and nickel alloy pipe pipe— — ove overr 4" IPS
E
F
NR
Reflective metals, titanium — sheet, tubing, and pipe
E
NR
NR
Refractory metals, TA TA and Cb — sheet, tubing
E
NR
NR
Applications
plate (over 3/16") pipe — 3" IP pipe IPS and under
Stainless steel pipe pipe— — over 4"
IPS
GTAW — Gas Tungsten Arc (TIG) GTA GMAW—Gas Metal Arc (MIG) SMA MAW W — Shielded Metal Arc (Stick)
SMAW
E — Ex Exce celle llent nt G—Good F — Fair ility, or NR — Not recomm recommended ended on on basis of cost, usab Sign up to vote on this title
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Table 8
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Guide for Shade Numbers
Operation Shielded
Metal Arc Welding
Electrode Size 1/32 in. (mm)
Arc Current (A)
Minimum Protective Shade
Less than 3 (2.5) 3 – 5 (2.5 – 4) 5 – 8 (4 – 6.4) More than 8 (6.4)
Less than 60 60 – 160 160 – 250 250 – 550 Less than 60 60 – 160 160 – 250 250 – 550 Less than 50 50 – 150 150 – 500 Less than 500 500 – 1000 Less than 20 20 – 100 100 – 400 400 – 800 Less than 300 300 – 400 400 – 800 — — —
7 8 10 11 7 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 11 6 8 10 11 8 9 10 — — —
Gas Metal Arc Welding and Flux Cored Arc Welding
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
Air Carbon Arc Cutting Plasma Arc Welding
(Light) (Heavy)
Plasma Arc Cutting
(Light)** (Medium)** (Heavy)**
Torch Brazing Torch Soldering Carbon Arc Welding Plate thickness Gas Welding Light Medium Heavy Oxygen Cutting
Under 1/8" 1/8 to 1/2" Over 1/2"
Under 3.Sign 2 mm up to vote on this title 3.2 to 12 .7 m m Useful Not useful Over 12.7 mm
Sugges Shade (Comf
— 10 12 14 — 11 12 14 10 12 14 12 14 6 to 10 12 14 9 12 14 3 or 2 14
4 or 5 or 6 or
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Table 9
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Conversion Table U.S. Customary Units to International System of Units Units (SI) — Metric System Property
Convert From
To
Measurement
Inches (in) Inches (in) Feet (ft) Feet (ft) in2 in2 ft2 Amperes /in2 Pounds (lb)/hour (h) ft3/h Pounds / sq in (psi) in/min in/min lb Fahrenheit (F˚), tF Celsius (C˚) (centigrade), tc ft lbs
Millimeters (mm) Meters (m) Millimeters (mm) Meters (m) mm2 m2 m2 Amperes /mm2 Kilograms (kg)/hour (h) Litre/minute Pascals (Pa)
Area
Current Density Deposition Rate Flow Rate Pressure, Tensile Strength Travel Speed, Wire Feed Speed Weight, Mass Temperature
Impact Strength
Multiply B
mm/s cm/m Kg Celsius (C˚) (centigrade) Fahrenheit (F˚) Joules
0.423 2.54 0.454 tF – 32 1.8 tc x 1.8 + 32 1.356
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25.4 0.025 304.8 0.304 645.16 0.000645 0.0929 0.00155 0.045 0.472 6895.0
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Table 10
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Control Symbols Found on GTAW Machines Functional Area
Control
Wordage/Abbrev.
Power
ON OFF Electrode Positive Electrode Negative Alternating Current SMAW GTAW Off Lift Arc HF Start Only HF Continuous Impulse On Remote Two Step Maintained Two Step Momentary Four Step Momentary Panel Remote Preflow Time Postflow Time Gas Inlet Gas Outlet Balance Phase Control AC Frequency Maximum Cleaning Maximum Penetration Electrode Positive Amperage Electrode Negative Amperage Percentage Arc Force Initial Amperage Initial Time Initial Slope Time Spot Time Weld Time Final Slope
ON OFF Electrode Positive/DCEP Electrode Negative/DCEN Alternating Current/AC Stick TIG Off Lift Arc HF Start HF Cont. Impulse On Remote Standard/ STD 2T Trigger Hold/2T 4T Trigger Hold/4T Current Pane nel/A l/A PNL Current Remote/ARMT Preflow Postflow Gas In Gas Out Balance/BAL Frequency/AC f Maximum Cleaning/MAX CLEAN Maximum Penetration/MAX PEN Electrode Positive Amperage/ ge/EP EP AMPS Electrode Negative Amperage/EN AMPS DIG Initial Amperage/IN ge/INITIAL ITIALA A Initial Time/INIT Time/INITIAL IAL t Sign up to vote Initial Slope on this title Time/ SPOT tNot useful SpotUseful Weld Time/WELD t Final Slope
Polarity
Process Start
Mode
Output Trigger
Amperage Gas
AC Waveshaping
Arc Force Sequencing
S
HF
HF
t
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