CONTENT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Mosses belong to the group of plants call Bryophytes which never produce flowers or seeds They have a long history of evolution co!pared to flowering plants" with fossil record dated bac# $$% !illion years ago in the &ilurian period Most of the !osses are s!all" non'vascular" land plants" but so!e !ay be as large as ()c! tall and so!e are se!i'a*uatic The !osses sses shar sharee a uni* ni*ue life life cycl cyclee in havin aving g a firs firstt gener enerat atio ion n of do!inan do!inantt ga!eto ga!etophy phyte te The The ga!eto ga!etophy phyte te for!s for!s the green green leafy leafy structu structure re we ordina ordinarily rily associa associate te with with !oss !oss Mosses Mosses are essenti essentially ally land land plants plants"" and they they depend on a fil! of water for the !ale cell +sper!ato,oid- to be transported to the fe!ale cell" both which are produced on the ga!etophyte .hen conditions are right" right" the ne/t generation" generation" the sporophyt sporophytee or spore'bearin spore'bearing g structure structure is grown grown The sporophyte is typically acapsule growing on the end of a stal# called the seta The sporophyte has
no
chlorophyl
and
it
grows
parasitically
on
its ga!etop ga!etophyte hyte !other !other The sporophyte sporophyte dries out and releases spores that grow into
a
new
generation
of ga!etophytes"
if
they
ger!inate
In general" when we are tal#ing about !osses" we are generally referring to the ga!etophyte generation of the !osses0 life cycle Mosses do not have veins to transport water and food" instead" all parts of the plant are used to absord water and nutrients 1ence" !osses are found !ostly at
places
where
there
are
a
consistent
supply
of
water
Mosses
have rhi,oids instead of roots" which are branched threads .hile the rhi,oids can absorb water" they are !ainly used to anchor the plant
CHAPTER II Classification of Mosses Division Anthocerotop hyta (Hornwortsh)
Class Anthocerotop sida Class Andreaeopsi da (ranite mosses)
!rder Andreales !rder Andreae#ri ales !rder "unariales
Superdivi sion Bryophyt es Kingdom Plantae
!rder Bryales Division Bryophyta (Mosses)
Superdivis ion Pteridoph ytes Superdiviso n Spermatoph ytes Divison Hepatoph yta (&iverwort s)
Class Bryopsida ($rue mosses)
Class Sphagnop sida (Peat Mosses) Class Hepatopsi da
"amily Andreacea e "amily Andreae#riace ae "amily "unariace ae "amily Bryaceae
!rder Bu%#aumi ales
"amily Bu%#aumiac eae
!rder Polytrical es
"amily Polytricac eae
!rder $etraphid ales
"amily $etraphidac eae
!rder Sphagnale s
"amily Sphagnac eae
ORD2R &3145N462& The The &pha &phagn gnale aless is an orde orderr of !oss !oss with with only only four four livi living ng gene genera7 ra7 4!buchanania" 2osphagnu!" 8latbergiu!" and &phagnu!
8igure7 a clu!p of Sphagnum" Sphagnum" peat !oss
84MI69 84MI69 &3145N4C242 &3145N4C24 2 This fa!ily of this plant grows in swa!ps where the te!perature is lower at high altitudes" such as in Dieng 1yaline cell wall has a ring'shaped or spiral
thic#ening" hyaline cells that hold water 3eat !oss leaves have a straight trun# and branches for!ing a rosette at the end The sporogoniu! short'ste!!ed with foot foot haus hausto tori riu! u! +too +tooll
nutr nutrie ient nt abso absorp rpti tion on--
whic which h
late laterr
deve develo lope ped d
into into
pseudopodiu! It spore capsule ca psule has closed but there are a re no peristo!e Colu!ella is he!ispherical
8igure7 Sphagnum fimbriatum 4NDR2462& This order of plants reddish brown to greenish brown for!ing s!all tufts The leaves falcate to secund'falcate" ovate'lanceolate to lanceolate This order have the strong costa " la!inal papillaefor the other characteristisc also include to dioi dioico cous us"" where where the the caly calyptras ptras is tiny tiny"" ca!p ca!pan anul ulat ate'! e'!itr itrat ate" e" seta seta lac# lac#in ing" g" sporophytes i!!ersed to e!ergent on a ga!etophytic pseudopodiu!" peristo!e and operculu! absent
8igure4ndreaea nivalis 1oo#
84MI69 4DR24C242 This plants plants of this fa!ily is reddish brown brown to greenish greenish brown for!ing for!ing s!all tufts 6eaves 6eaves falcate to secund'falcate" ovate'lanceolate to lanceolate" %:; <) !! long" !edian cells *uadrate *uadrate to short'rectangular short'rectangular"" <= stratose" papillose" papillose" >;<% >;<%
! in dia!eter" dia!eter" costa costa strong" strong" percur percurren rent" t" !argins !argins crenulate crenulate to strongl strongly y
denticu denticulate late Dioico Dioicous" us" perich perichaeti aetial al leaves leaves si!ilar si!ilar to the vegetat vegetative ive leaves leaves but so!eti! so!eti!es es slightly slightly larger" larger" calyptra calyptra tiny tiny" ca!pan ca!panula ulate'! te'!itra itrate" te" seta seta lac#ing lac#ing"" sporophytes i!!ersed to e!ergent on a ga!etophytic pseudopodiu!" reddish brown to blac#ish up to %? !! long when closed" peristo!e and operculu! absent" opening by $;: longitudinal slits &pores <@;$% ! Distinctive characters7 +<- strong costa" +A- distinct crenulate to strongly denticulate leaf !argins" +(la!inal papillae
Habitat
now nown n fro! fro! 5ree 5reenl nlan and" d" 2uro 2urope pe"" apan apan"" and and Russi Russia a In the the 3aci 3acific fic Northwest" found in 4las#a" British Colu!bia" .a .ashington" shington" Oregon and Cali Califo forn rnia ia Oreg Oregon on Natu Natura rall 1erit 1eritag agee Info Infor! r!at atio ion n Cent Center er repor reports ts it fro! fro! Clac#a!as and 6ane Counties In general 4ndreaea is often overloo#ed due to its
s!all s!all si,e si,e and and is prob probab ably ly unde underr coll collect ected ed becau because se of its its high higher er eleva elevatio tion n tendencies 1abitat 4ssociations7 4ndreaea nivalis for!s reddish'brown !ats on a!p boulders in strea!let gullies" e/posed roc# outcrops" boulders ne/t to !elting snow" dry cliffs" sandy soil over boulders" and da!p cliff faces in alpine to subalpine areas in the 3acific Northwest 4lthough referred to as a granite !ossE this genus often occurs on igneous roc#s It !ay for! large !ats or s!all patches and !ay or !ay not be abundant when found
8igure. 8igure. Andreae rupestris
ORD2R 4NDR2BRI462& The distribution restricted to the northwestern part of Canada and adFacent 4las#a" grows on calcareous roc#s" in colder cli!ates" contrasting with the acidic granite preference of 4ndreaea 4ndreaea
ORD2R 8UN4RI462& The order consists of two fa!ilies" Disceliaceae " with a single species" and 8unariaceae &o!e species are annual and only grow for a few wee#s when
conditions per!it 4n order of the true !osses +subclass Bryidae- The 8unariales" ofte often n annu annuals als or bien bienni nial alss and and so!e so!eti! ti!es es ephe ephe!e !era ral" l" are for for the the !ost !ost part part characteri,ed by a unifor!ity of ga!etophytic structure in contrast to a variability of sporophytic characters Reduction in sporophytic characters is often associated with disturbed habitats and a shortened life cycle
84MI69 84MI69 8UN4RI4C242 8UN4RI4C24 2 This fa!ily of the plant !inute to !ediu! si,e which usually growing on soil This also have light'green or yellow of color which gregarious of for!ing loose tufts This have the long seta" slender is tough" tough" reddish brown" stal#'li#e stal#'li#e structure and the leaves" ape/ is acute to acu!inate" costa single" s!ooth and rather thin'walled
Funaria hygrometrica hygrometrica
Life Cycle
This fa!ily have the sa!e reproduction too vwith the co!!on life cycle of the !oses li#e this figure below
8igure7 The ife cycle of fa!ily funariaceae
ORD2R BR9462& This order is tree !osses which rese!ble s!all evergreen trees and are found in da!p" shady places throughout the Northern 1e!isphere The branches clustered at the top of the shoot The reddish'brown capsules +spore cases-" borne on the fe!ale plant" have lids with long bea#s and !ature in the fall
Bryum capillare
84MI69 BR94C242
3lants a*uatic" for!ing loose floating !ats" trailing fro! a single point of attach!ent" light to dar# green &te!s usually elongate The leaves unistratose" rather flaccid &eta very short Capsule i!!ersed to e!ergent" oval cylindrical
Habitat
Usually attached to sub!erged roc#s and wood in slow to fast flowing strea!s or in ponds" but !ay be e/posed for short periods when water levels drop &outh 4frican 4frican plants are a re believed to be introductions fro! 2urope
ORD2R BUGB4UMI462& Buxbaumia +Bug +Bug !oss" !oss" Bug'on Bug'on'a's 'a'stic tic#" #" 1u!pba 1u!pbac#ed c#ed elves" elves" or 2lf'ca 2lf'cap p !oss- is a genus of twelve twe lve species of !osss +Bryophyta- +Br yophyta- It was na!ed in <@%< by ohann ohann 1edwig 1edwigg g to co!!e! co!!e!orat oratee ohann ohann Christi Christian an Bu/bau Bu/bau!!" !!" a 5er!an 5er!an physician and botanist who discovered the !oss in <>
8igure 7 Buxbaumia 7 Buxbaumia viridis
3lants of Buxbaumia hav have a !uch uch redu reduce ced d ga!etophyte" ga!etophyte" bear bearin ing g a sporophyte sporophyte that is enor!ous by co!parison In !ost !osses" the ga!etophyte stage of the life cycle is cycle is both green and leafy" and is substantially larger than the spore'producing stage Unli#e these other !osses" the ga!etophyte of Buxbaumia is !icroscopic" !icroscopic" colorless" colorless" ste!less" ste!less" and nearly leafless It consists consists e/clusively e/clusively of thread'li#e protone!ata thread'li#e protone!ata for for !ost of its e/istence" rese!bling a thin green'blac# felt on the surface surface where where it growsTh growsThee plants plants are dioicous" dioicous" with separate plants producing the !ale and fe!ale organsMale plants develop only one !icroscopic leaf around each antheridiu!" antheridiu!" and fe!ale plants produce Fust three or four tiny colorless leaves around each archegoniu! archegoniu! Because of its s!all si,e" the ga!etophyte stage is not generally noticed until until the stal#ed stal#ed sporangiu! sporangiu! develops" and is locatable principally because the sporangiu! grows upon and above the tiny ga!etophyte The e/tre!ely reduced state of Buxbaumia of Buxbaumia plants plants raises the *uestion of how it !a#es or obtains sufficient nutrition for survival In contrast to !ost !osses" Buxbaumia !osses" Buxbaumia does does not produce abundant chlorophyll and chlorophyll and is saprophyticIt saprophyticIt is possible that so!e of its nutritional needs are !et by fungi that fungi that grow within the plant The sporophyte at !aturity is between $ and << !! tall The spore capsule is attached at the top of the stal# and is distinctive" being asy!!etric in shape and obli*ue in attach!ent 4s with !ost other Bryopsida" the opening through which the the spor spores es are are relea released sed is surr surrou ound nded ed by a doub double le peristo!e peristo!e +diplolepidiousfor! for!ed ed fro! fro! the the cell walls of disint disintegr egrated ated cells The e/osto e/osto!e !e +outer +outer rowrowconsists of <: short articulated teeth Unli#e !ost other !osses" the endosto!e +inn +inner er rowrow- does does not not divi divide de into into teeth teeth"" but but rathe ratherr is a cont contin inuo uous us plea pleated ted !e!brane around the capsule openingOnly the genus Diphyscium genus Diphyscium has has a si!ilar peristo!e structure" although that genus has only <: pleats in its endosto!e" in contras contrastt to the (A pleats in Buxbaumia Buxbaumia Diphyscium shares Diphyscium shares with Buxbaumia with Buxbaumia one othe otherr oddi oddity ty of the the spor sporop ophy hyteJ teJ the the foot foot +stal +stal# # basebase- ra!i ra!ifie fiess as a resu result lt of outgrowths" so !uch so that they !ay be !ista#en for rhi,oids rhi,oids
Habitat
&pec &pecies ies of Buxbaumia Buxbaumia !ay be found across !uch of the te!perate to suba subarc rctic tic region regionss of the Northern 1e!isphere" as well well as cool cooler er regio regions ns of 4ustralia and 4ustralia and New New Kealand Kealand
8igure 7 &porophytes of Buxbaumia of Buxbaumia aphylla growing a!ong other !osses None of the visible leaves belong to Buxbaumia to Buxbaumia"" which is a ste!less and nearly leafless plant
The !oss is an annual or annual or biennial biennial plant and grows in disturbed habitats disturbed habitats or as a pioneer species The The plants plants grow grow on decayi decaying ng wood" wood" roc# roc# outcro outcrops" ps" or directly on the soil They do not grow regularly or reliably at given locations" and fre* fre*ue uent ntly ly disap disappe pear ar fro! fro! plac places es wher wheree they they have have prev previo ious usly ly been been foun found d &porophyte stages begin their develop!ent in the autu!n" and are green through the winter !onths &pores are &pores are !ature and ready for dispersal by the late spring or early su!!er The spores are eFected fro! the capsule in puffs when raindrops fall upon the capsule0s flattened top The asy!!e asy!!etric tric sporop sporophyt hytes es of Buxbaumia of Buxbaumia aphylla deve develo lop p so that that the the opening is oriented towards the strongest source of light" usually towards the sou southT thTh he
spec specie iess
ofte often n
grow growss
tog togeth ether with with the the
di! di!inut inutiv ivee
liverwort
Cephaloziella" Cephaloziella" which for!s a blac#ish crust that is easier to spot than Buxbaumia than Buxbaumia itself
ORD2R 3O69TRIC462&
This order have the best !osses vascular syste! to transport water fro! the ground leaves" ste!s cells having speciali,ed in transporting water and plant epider!is waterproofing" so that unli#e typical !osses where water is transported by capillarity through the epider!is" the transport in these species is internal
84MI69 3O69TRIC4C242 The 3olytrichaceae is a co!!on fa!ily of !osses Me!bers of this fa!ily tend to be larger than other !osses with a thic#ened central ste! and a rhi,o!e The leaves have a !idrib that bears la!ellae on the upper surface &pecies in this group are dioicous 4nother characteristic that identifies the! is that they have fro! (A to :$ peristo!e teeth in their sporangiu! 4 thic#ened central ste! and a rhi,o!e The leaves have a !idrib that bears la!ellae on the upper surface In this fa!ily the hard leaves with la!ellar !any e/pansions will !a#e the sheet retains water surface and increase photosynthesis
Habitat
This !oss live wildly and beco!e the co!!on hair cap !oss that is easy to find 3referring 3referring to live in lightly shaded shaded areas with !oist slightly slightly acidic soil" it can also survive in areas of full sunlight sunlight provided provided the soil is !oist !oist The co!!on hair cap !oss can also grow in areas of poor soil and slow drainage
Reproduction
The fe!ale shoots develop the eggs and the !ale shoots develop the sper! In the spring" raindrops splash the sper! fro! the !ale shoots to the fe!ale shoots where they then travel into the egg During the su!!er spores are released and carried by the the wind .hen the the spore reaches reaches a habitat it can survive survive in" it ger!inates and the process starts over again
One of the e/a!ple of this fa!ily is Polytrichum is Polytrichum commune
ingdo! 7 3lantae 3hylu!
5enus
73olytrichu!
&pecies
7 Polytrichum commune
Life Cycle of Polytricaceae Polytricaceae
7 Bryophyta
Class
7 Bryopsida
Order
7 3olytrichales
8a!ily
7 3olytrichaceae
ORD2R T2TR431ID462& T2TR431ID462& This This orde orderr has has singl singlee fa!ily fa!ily Tetrap traphi hida dace ceae ae repres represen ente ted d by two two genu genuss Tetrap traphi hiss
and and
Tetrad tradon onti tiu! u!
Tetrap traphi hiss
is
nort northe hen n
1e!i 1e!isp sphe here re
genu genus" s"
inhabitingconiferus forests The s!all plants grow on deco!posing wood" prat ban#s and rarely on sandstone
84MI69 84MI69 T2TR431I4C242 The leaves are s!all but those on the upper ste! are big bright green" ovate and costateThis plants are !onoceous" the archegonia and antheredia are on ter!i r!inal
sep separate
branchesThis his
order
has
A
genus7
Tetraph aphis
and and
Tetrodontiu!This !oss can live in !oist place that have aciditic or neutral 31 One of the e/a!ple of tetraphiaceae is etraphis pellucida
King Kingdo dom: m: Tetraphis Divi Divisi sion on:: pellucida
Plan Planta tae e
Bryo Bryoph phyt yta a The
Class:
Bryopsida
!orphology
etrap etraphis his
pelluc pellucida ida
of are
&te! &te! are are not rhi, rhi,o! o!es es"" costa slender" capsule long'
Orde Orderr:
Tetr etraphi aphida dale les s
Family amily::
Tetra etraph phid idal ales es
Genus:
Tetraphis
Species: Tetraphis pellucida
e/serted and leave s!all
Division Anthocerotop hyta (Hornwortsh)
Class Anthocerotop sida Class Andreaeop sida (ranite mosses)
Superdivi sion Bryophyte s Kingdom Plantae
Division Bryophyta (Mosses)
Superdivis ion Pteridoph ytes Superdiviso n Spermatoph ytes
Class Polytrichopsi da
!rder Diphyscia ales
"amily Diphysciac eae
!rder Bu%#aumi ales
"amily Bu%#aumiace ae
!rder Polytricale s
"amily Polytricac eae
!rder $etraphida les
"amily $etraphidac eae
Class Andreaeo#ryo psida Divison Hepatoph yta (&iverwort s)
Class Hepatopsida
4ctually we got another source about the !osses classification" here below the graph
Andreaeopsida – the ranite !osses
This This is a s!all s!all"" cool cool'c 'cli! li!ate ate class class of silic siliceo eous us'ro 'roc# c#dw dwell ellin ing g !osse !ossess +&chofield
pseudopodiu!" a character in co!!on with &phagnopsida" a stal# produced at capsule !aturity fro! the ga!etophyte tissue Of ecological significance" it is autoicous +having !ale and fe!ale reproductive organs in separate clusters on the sa!e plant- This ensures there will be others around to acco!plish fertili,ation
8igure A Andreaea A Andreaea rupestris" rupestris" Class 4ndreaeopsida" ga!etophyte with sporophyte showing four valves of capsule and pseudopodiu! of ga!etophyte ga!etophyte
Andreaeobryopsida
This class li#ewise is co!prised of a single genus" 4ndreaeobryu! +8igure (-" which has been considered by !ost to belong to the 4ndreaeopsida" but recently separated in the treat!ent by Buc# and 5offinet +A%%%- It differs in being dioicous +having !ale and fe!ale reproductive organs on separate plants- and possessing a seta Its calyptra is larger" covering the capsule" and the capsule is valvate" but unli#e the 4ndreaeopsida" the ape/ erodes" so the valves are free" not Foined at the ape/ The distribution is narrow" narrow" restricted to the northwestern part of Canada and adFacent 4las#a" where it grows on calcareous roc#s" contrasting with the acidic granite preference of 4ndreaea
8igure ( 4ndreaeobryu! !acrosporu! with valvate capsules 3hoto fro! Biology (A< Course .ebsite" http7LLwww http7LLwwwbotany botanyubccaLbryophyteL64B:bht! ubccaLbryophyteL64B:bht! Polytrichopsida
.ith .ith bryop bryophy hytes tes"" the the dete deter!i r!ina nati tion on of pri! pri!iti itive ve or adva advance nced d often often depends on the generation being e/a!ined The ga!etophyte !ay have changed considerably while so!e set of characters of the sporophyte re!ained constant 4nd of course" the reverse can be true The dioicous dioicous condition condition +!ale and fe!ale reprod reproduct uctive ive organs organs on separat separatee plantsplants- that that charact characteri, eri,es es 3olyt 3olytrich richop opsida sida is consid considered ered to be pri!it pri!itive ive +6ongt +6ongton on &chust &chuster er
8igure $ Ne!at traphiss pelluci pellucida da !atodontous peristo!e teeth of etraphi +3olytrichopsida- Note the separation at the tips 3hoto fro! Biology (A< Course .ebsite" wwwbotanyubccaL bryophyteL64B:bht! wwwbotanyubccaL bryophyteL64B:bht!
8igure 8igure ) Cross section of i!!ature i!!ature Polytrichum capsule showing sporogenous tissue 3hoto by anice 5li!e
The The ga!e ga!eto toph phy yte is ofte often n very very speciali,ed" being characteri,ed by ste!s
with
a
central
strand"
reaching its pea# in 3olytrichaceae" with the presen sence of hyd hydroids +wate water' r'co con nduct ductin ing g
cell cellss-
and and
leptoid leptoidss +sugar +sugar'co 'condu nducti cting ng cells- cells- The leav eaves of the class are are all costate
+having
a
!idrib rib'li#e
structure-
8igure 8igure : 6ongit 6ongitudi udinal nal section section of Polytrichum capsule 3hoto by anice 5li!e
8igure > Cross section of a Polytrichum a Polytrichum ste! showing green hydroids in center and larger leptoids surrounding the! 3hoto by I,awa awai
Polytrichaceae
In !any ways" this fa!ily loo#s li#e a tracheophyte wanna'be It attains a greater height than the typical !oss and can even stand alone to nearly half a !ete !eterr in the case case of Da!sonia superba superba Polytrichum commune li#ewise li#ewise attains attains si!il si!ilar ar heig height hts" s" but but only only with with the the supp suppor ortt of othe otherr indi indivi vidu dual als" s" for! for!in ing g a hu!!oc#
8igure @ Da!sonia @ Da!sonia superba s uperba fro! New &outh .ales" 4ustralia 3hoto by anice 5li!e The 3olytrichaceae lead the way to co!ple/ity with their unusual leaf structure" possessing vertical la!ellae +vertical tiers of cells li#e the pages of an open boo#J +8igure ?- that provide an interior so!ewhat rese!bling that of a !apl !aplee leaf leaf In fact" fact" in the genus genus Polytrichum" Polytrichum" so!e !e!bers have the outer portion of the blade folded over the la!ellae" creating an internal cha!ber rese!bling rese!bling palisade !esophyll !esophyll surrounded surrounded with epider!is The cuticle +in this case" a wa/y" water'repellant covering on the outer surface of the leafJ 3roctor ??>?- of Polytrichum is !ore !ore develo developed ped than in !ost !ost other other bryoph bryophyt ytes" es" and Polytrichum see!s to repel water fro! its leaves rather than to absorb it +8igure <%-" a pheno!enon that !ay prevent the spaces a!ong the la!ellae fro! flooding that would bloc# access of COA to the chloroplasts within Its rhi,oids function not only for anchorage" but anchorage" but also see! to facilitate e/ternal water !ove!ent 8igu 8igure re ? 6eaf 6eaf cross cross secti section onss of 3oly 3olytri trich chop opsid sida a Left" &taine &tained d section section of Polytrichum leaf sho showing vertic tical la!ell ellae Riht" 1and sec sectio tion of Polytrichastrum alpinum leaf showin showing g la!ellae la!ellae with with papillo papillose se ter!ina ter!inall cells cells 3hotos by anice 5li!e
8igure <% Polytrichum <% Polytrichum "uniperinum with wa/y leaves that roll over the la!ellae 3hoto by anice 5li!e In so!e !osses !osses"" li#e li#e Polytrichum" Polytrichum" the the anth anther erid idia ia are are in splas splash h cups cups or platfor!s +rosette of leaves fro! which reproductive units such as sper!" ge!!ae" or spores can be splashed by raindropsJ 8igure <<-" and when the sper! +!ale reproductive cellsJ !ale ga!etes- are !ature" the antheridiu! swells and bursts during a rainy period The bases of the antheridia" in ta/a such as Polytrichum and Atrichum" Atrichum" coll collect ect flui fluid d betw betwee een n the the sper! sper! tissu tissuee and and the the antheridial Fac#et +Bold et al - .hen the cells at the tip of the sterile Fac#et open" the antheridial Fac#et contracts 4t this ti!e" the fluid at the botto! acts as a hydraulic ra! and forces the sper! out of the antheridiu! Once in the open water of the splash cup" the sper! are splashed fro! the cup 1opefully" so!e of these sper! will be splashed near the tip of a fe!ale plant +8igure
commune" commune" and perhaps others" !ay have so!e help in this process fro! another source +1arvey'5ibson Miller Brown - 4 variety of invertebrates visit the !ale splash cups once they are fertile and get the !ucilage with sper! stuc# on their bodies .hile visiting the plants" the insects lap up the !ucilage and lic# the saline crystals that for! on the !argins of the perichaetial leaves The sa!e insects" bodies and li!bs s!eared with !ucilage in which sper!s were abundant and !otile" li#ewise appear on fe!ale plants Now" can so!eone show whether the red color of splash cups +8igure <<- in several !e!bers of this fa!ily have the ability to attract any dispersal agents
8igure << Male plants of Polytrichum "uniperinum withantheridial splash cups 3hoto by anice 5li!e
8igure
4fter fertili,ation" fertili,ation" the ,ygo ,ygote te to
divi divide dess
for!
e!bry e!bryo o
an
with within in
the archegoniu! 2ventu 2ventually ally this this sporophyte tiss tissue ue for! for!ss a foot" set seta" and capsule
The
capsule develops within the calyptra which is the old archegoniu! The calyptra is essential for nor!al develop!ent in !ost !osses" and a split on one side can cause asy!!etrical asy!!etrical develop!ent develop!ent In the case of Polytrichum of Polytrichum"" the calyptra is very hairy hairy"" earni earning ng the the !oss !oss the the na!e na!e of hairy hairy cap !oss !oss or gold goldil iloc oc#s #s !oss !oss 2ventually 2ventually the calyptra is shed" e/posing e/posing the capsule capsule Then the operculu! operculu! +lid!ust co!e off to per!it spore dispersal In this fa!ily the capsule has :$ short teeth Foined by a !e!brane +epiphrag!- that covers the capsule li#e s#in on a dru! These s!all spaces per!it spores to escape the capsule a few at a ti!e" providing !a/i!u! chances for so!e escaping under under the right conditions for dispersal and establish!ent
Atrichum +3olytrichaceae- life cycle stages Left" Atrichum undulatum leaves Middle" Atrichum undulatum antheridial splash cups Riht" Atrichum angustatum capsules 3hotos by anice 5li!e Tetraphidaceae
etraphis " also in the 3olytrichopsida" loo#s !ore li#e a typical !oss than do other 3olytrichopsida" with thin" <'cell'thic# leaves and a costa etraphis etraphis is uni*ue a!ong !osses in having ge!!ae arranged in splash cups at the tips of the ste!s when se/ual reproduction is not in season" arguably a pri!itive re!nant These ge!!ae are ase/ual bits of plant !aterial that can grow into a new plant Its !ost unusual character is that its protone!ata are not threads" but rather flaps 4ntheridia are borne ter!inally on the leafy plants "as are the archegonia The capsule has only
fou four
long" unFoined"
ne!atodontous Teeth 3rotone!al flaps of etraphis etraphis pellucida pellucida 3hotos fro! Biology (A< Course.ebsite"wwwbotanyubccaLbryophyteL64B:bht!
#u$bau!iaceae – #u on a %tic&
Buxbaumia +8igure A(- is one of the strangest of all !osses It lac#s any leafy ste! at all Its archegonia and antheridia arise directly fro! the protone!a 1ence" its capsules arise directly fro! this persistent protone!a Its capsules" althoug although h posses possessin sing g teeth" teeth" !ore !ore typical typically ly split split across across their their broad" broad" flatten flattened ed surface" hence e/posing the spores The capsule interior is cha!bered and spongy" so!ewhat li#e a spongy !esophyll of Magnoliophyta It typically occurs with tiny" blac# blac# leafy liverworts such as Cephalozia.
Unopened Unopened capsule capsule of Buxbaumia aphylla"illustrating aphylla"illustrating the flat side with a bea#ed operculu! that has earned it the co!!on na!es of bug'on'a'stic# and 4laddin0s la!p !oss The sporophyte originates fro! a protone!a with no leafy ga!etophyte 3hoto by Michael 6th
'iphysciaceae
3erh 3erhap apss relate related d to Buxbaumia" Buxbaumia" the !oss Diphyscium has a capsule of si!ilar shape and lac#s a leafy fe!ale ste!" but the !ale plant of this genus has large" strap'shaped leaves and leads an independent and separate e/istence
(pper"
Diphyscium foliosum fe!ale plants with young sessile capsules a!ong !ale plants 3hoto by anice 5li!e
fe!ale Diphyscium Lo)er" Mature fe!ale Diphyscium foliosum plants foliosum plants with capsules showing peristo!e teeth 3hoto by Michael 6th
CHAPTER III CONC6UTION Bryophyta can be considered to have si/ classes7 Ta#a#iopsida" &phagnopsida" 4ndreaeopsi 4ndreaeopsida" da" 4ndreaeob 4ndreaeobryops ryopsida" ida" 3olytricho 3olytrichopsida" psida" and Bryopsida" Bryopsida" differing differing !ost !ost cons consist isten ently tly in capsu capsule le stru struct ctur ure e 5a!eto 5a!etoph phor ores es of 4ndr 4ndreae eaeop opsid sida" a" 4ndreaeobry 4ndreaeobryopsid opsida" a" and 3olytricho 3olytrichopsida psida produce produce archegonia archegonia andLor andLor antheridia antheridia at the ape/ and the e!bryo develops within the archegoniu! &porop &porophy hytes tes re!ain re!ain attache attached d to the ga!etop ga!etophy hyte te and produc producee spores spores by !eiosis These classes" and all Bryophyta" produce spores fro! the sporophyte only once Ta#a#io Ta#a#iopsida" psida" 4ndreaeopsid 4ndreaeopsida" a" and 4ndreaeobry 4ndreaeobryopsida opsida have capsules capsules that spli splitt into into valv valves es"" but but lac# lac# elat elater ers s &pha &phagn gnop opsi sida da lac# lac#ss valv valves es and and has has an operculu! operculu! that is shed at dispersal ti!e" but lac#s peristo!e peristo!e teeth In capsules capsules of 3olytrichop 3olytrichopsida sida and Bryopsida" Bryopsida" an operculu! operculu! usually covers peristo!e peristo!e teeth that
often aid dispersal" contrasting with liverworts wherein the capsule splits into four valves with elaters that possibly possibly facilitate spore !ove!ent !ove!ent 3olytrichop 3olytrichopsida sida have ne!atodonto ne!atodontous us peristo!e peristo!e teethJ Bryopsida Bryopsida have arthrodonto arthrodontous us peristo!e peristo!e teeth 4ll other classes of Bryobiotin Bryobiotinaa lac# peristo!es 4ndreaeobryop 4ndreaeobryopsida sida is dioicous dioicous +two +two se/es se/es on separat separatee plantsplants- and possess possesses es a seta seta +stal# +stal# of capsul capsule-" e-" whereas whereas 4ndreaeopsida is !onoicous +both se/es on sa!e plant- and lac#s a seta
RE*ERENCE%
Bold" 1 C" 4le/opoulos" C " and Delevoryas" T Morphology of 3lants and 8ungi 1arper Row" 3ublishers" Inc" New 9or#" N9 ?<' 8ertili,ation of Bryophyta 3reli!inary note 4nn Bot $?7 ? &urface wa/ on the leaves le aves of so!e !osses Bryol <%7 )(<')(@
&chofield" . B
