TURKISH TENSES, MODALS, LINKING VERBS and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
Yüksel Göknel 2015
WWW.YUKSELGOKNEL.COM
TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Note: The aim of this colored revised version of this article is not to make the pages look colorful, but to show the functional parts of the sentences in different colors. The colored underlines and words show the following: 1. Subjects Subjects and and personal subject allomorphs are allomorphs are blue blue.. 2. Verbs Verbs are are red red.. 3. Objects, Objects, nouns, nouns, coordinating conjunctions conjunctions and noun clauses are clauses are black. black. 4. Prepositions Prepositions,, adverbs adverbs,, adverbials, adverbials, adverbial phrases and clauses clauses,, and and subordinating conjunctions are tions are green green.. 5. Subject and object complements are complements are brown brown.. 6. Adjectives and Noun modifiers modifiers are are purple purple.. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Geniş Zaman The Turkish Simple Present Tense is generally used like the English Simple Present Tense only with some exceptions. They will be dealt with after the general explanations. The time morpheme of this tense is [İR], which has the allomorphs of ♫ [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ]. ]. These allomorphs are always followed by the the compulsory personal subject allomorphs. allomorphs. These subject allomorphs are far more important then the subject pronouns pronouns becase the subject allomorphs are morphs are always attached to main verbs in verbs in Turkish. Subject pronouns are pronouns are used only when the subjects subjects are emphasized. The personal subject allomorphs used morphs used in this tense are as follows: (Ben Ben)) : ♫ [im, ım, üm, um ] (Sen Sen)) : ♫ [sin, sın, sün, sun ] : ♫ [Ø] morpheme. (No (O) (No personal allomorphs are allomorphs are attached.) [iz, ız, üz, uz ] (Biz Biz)) : ♫ [iz, : ♫ [sin-iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz (Siz Siz)) n.uz]] (Onlar ) : ♫ [ler, lar ]
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS When the main verbs verbs ending with vowels vowels attach to The Simple Present Tense allomorphs [i [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ], ], the last vowels last vowels of the verbs verbs and and the first vowels vowels of the allomorphs allomorphs happen to be identical identical and shared between the last vowels of the verbs and the first vowels of The Simple Present Tense allomorphs. Therefore, they combine and and articulate as single vowels. vowels. The verbs ending with consonants consonants are single underlined. These consonants detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following allomorphs if they start with vowels: Bekle-er -im (bek* l e *rim) Bekle *rim); başla-ar -ım (baş* baş* l a *rım) *rım); yür ü-ür -üm (yü* rü *rüm); rü *rüm) kor u-ur -um (ko* r u *rum); *rum); bekl bekle e-er -sin (bek* l er *sin) *sin); başla-ar (baş* baş* l ar ); ye-er (y er ); bekl bekle e-er -iz (bek* l e *riz *riz ); başla-ar -sın.ız (baş* baş* l ar *sı*nız ); yür ü-ür -ler (yü*rür* l er ); uç-ar (u* (u* ça (ge* ze (ge* l i r ); sat-ar (sa* (sa* t ar ) ze r ); gel-ir (ge* çar ); gez-er (ge* The coinciding vowels above written in bold face combine. face combine. The transplaced consonants are single underlined. This verb composition is formed as follows: im.. (yü* z z e* e* r i m Yüz-er -im
) I swim swim.. (The “im im,, ım, üm, um” mean “I”.)
* r i m r Bekle-er -im im.. (b e k *l e * a * * r ım r ım Anla-ar -ım. (an *l a
Al-ır -ım. (a *l ı * r ım r ı*
) I wait wait.. ) I understand understand..
) I take take or or buy. buy.
take ... ... to to.. Götür-ür -üm. (gö*tü *r ü ü *r üm ) I take Otur-ur -um um.. (o*tu *r u *r u m
) I sit sit..
Seç-er -im im.. (s e *ç e *r i m e
) I choose choose..
a Kaç-ar -ım. (k a *ç a *r ım
) I run run away. away.
Seç-il-ir -im im ( (şe* ç l i * r i m r çi * l
Yüz-er -sin sin.. (yü *z er*sin e r*sin Al-ır -sın. (a *l ır ır *sın
) I am elected, elected, chosen chosen.. (Passive)
sin,, sın, sün, sun” mean “ you”.) ) You swim swim.. (The “sin
) You take take,, you buy buy..
Götür-ür -sün. (gö*tü *r ür ür *sün ) You take ... to Anla-ar -sın. (an *l a r r *sın
) You understand understand..
Otur-ur -sun sun.. (o*tu *r u r *s u n
) You sit sit..
a r r *sın Yakala-ar -sın. (ya*ka *l a
Sat-ar -sın. (s a *t ar ar *sın
) You catch catch..
) You sell sell..
Seç-il-ir -sin sin.. (s e* ç i * l l ir*sin
) You are elected, elected, chosen chosen.. (Passive)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS No personal allomorphs are allomorphs are used when the sentence is the third person singular: er Yüz-er . (yü *z er
Al-ır . (a *l ır ır
) He He ( (she, she, it) it) swims swims..
) He (she) takes takes.. He He ( (she she)) buys buys..
r ür Götür-ür . (gö*tü* r ür ) He (she, it) takes ... to.
Otur-ur . (o*tu *r u r Bak-ar . (b a *k ar
) He (she, it) sits sits.. ) He (she, it) looks looks..
Bekle-er . (b e k *l e e r
) He (she, it) waits waits..
r ü* l ür Gör-ül-ür . (gö* r ü* l ür ) He (she, it) is seen. seen. (Passive) r ) He (she, it) eats Ye-er . (y e r it) eats..
Yüz-er -iz iz.. (yü *z e* e* r i z Al-ır -ız. (a *l ı * * r ız r
) We swim swim.. (The “iz iz,, ız, üz, uz” mean “we”.)
) We We take take or or buy buy..
Götür-ür -üz. (gö*tü *r ü *r üz üz ) We take ... to. to . u *r u z Otur-ur-uz Otur-uruz.. (o*tu *r u
Bekle-er -iz iz.. (b ek *l e e * * r i z
) We We sit sit.. ) We wait wait..
*r ız ) We We start start.. a Başla-ar -ız. (baş*l a l i * r i z r Yen-il-ir -iz iz.. (y e* n i * l
) We are beaten, defeated. defeated . (Passive)
e r*si* n i z n Yüz-er -sin.iz sin.iz.. (yü *z er*si*
) You swim swim.. (The “sin-iz”, “sın-ız”, “sün-
üz”, “sun-uz” mean “you”.) Al-ır -sın.ız. (a * l l ır*sı* n ız ır*sı* n
) You You take take or buy buy..
n üz ) You take ... to Götür-ür -sün.üz. (gö*tü *r ür*sü* n n u z Otur-ur -sun.uz sun.uz.. (o*tu *r u r * s u * n
Oku-ur -sun.uz sun.uz.. (o *k u r * s u * n n u z Uç-ar -sın.ız. (u *ç a r *sı* n n ız
) You sit sit..
) You read read..
) You fly fly..
a a * * şır*sı*nız Anla-aş-ır -sın.ız. (an*l
) You reach an an agreement. agreement. (Reciprocal)
swim.. (The (The “ler ”, z er*ler e r*ler ) They swim Yüz-er -ler . (yü* z ”, “lar ” mean “they”.) Al-ır -lar . (a* l ır* take or or buy. buy. l ar ) They take ır* lar a r*lar r *lar ) They hide Sakla-ar -lar . ( sak*l a hide..
Götür-ür -ler . (gö*tü* r r ür* l er ür* ler Otur-ur -lar . (o*tu* r ur*lar r
Yürü-ür -ler . (yü* rür rür *ler
) They take ... to
) They sit sit.. ) They walk walk..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Kaç-ar -lar . (k a* ç a r *lar
) They run run away away..
a a * * şır*lar Anla-aş-ır -lar . (an*l
) They reach an an agreement. agreement. (Reciprocal)
The verbs that are used in this and in the following tenses are of two kinds: Transitive verbs, verbs, and intransitive verbs. verbs. Transitive verbs verbs need objects, which may be pronouns, nouns, nouns, or nominal phrases, but Intransitive verbs do verbs do not need them. They are preceded by adverbs adverbs,, or nouns nouns attached to [E [E], [DE DE]], [DEN DEN], ], or [LE [LE]] morphemes, which function as adverbials adverbials..
Kız-ım saat dokuz-da dokuz -da okul-a okul-a git-er . (Intransitive) subj
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
(kı*z ım / ım / sa*at sa*at / / do*kuz do*kuz *d a / o*ku* *ku*la / gi *der ↷). My daughter My daughter goes goes to school at nine. (Blue nine. (Blue underlined words are subjects.) Ben genellik-le Ben genellik-le yedi-de yedi-de kalk-ar -ım. (Intransitive) subj
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
(ben / ben / ge*nel ge*nel *l i k *le / *le / ye*di* ye*di* d e / kal *ka*rım *ka*rım ↷) I generally get up at 7. (Green 7. (Green underlined words are adverbials.) sabah oda-/s/ı- /n/ı Kardeş-im her sabah /n/ı tertiple-er . (Transitive) subject
adverbial
definite object transitive verb
l er ↷) (kar*de (kar*de**şim / im / h er / sa*bah sa*bah / / o*da o*da**sı*nı / sı*nı / ter*tip* ler My sister My sister tidies tidies her room room every morning. morning. (Black underlined words are objects.)
In Turkish, the order of “a predicate having an object” is different from that of an English “predicate having an abject”. In English, its order is “predicate verb + object”, but in Turkish, the order is “ predicate object + object + verb”:
(Ben Ben)) subj
elma sev-er -im im.. indef obj verb predicate
(Ben Ben)) kitap oku-ur -um um.. subj
indef obj verb preficate
I
like apples like
subj
verb indef obj predicate
I
read books. read
subj
verb indef obj predicate
As it is noticed, in the Turkish sentences above, the words “elma” and “kitap” are not in plural form form as they are used in their English equivalents. This is because, if a common noun represents all of its own kind and covers all books or apples, these nouns do not need plural allomorphs "[ allomorphs "[ler ler ] or [ or [lar ]" ]" attached to them when they are used in the object the object or subject position. For instance: instance:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Benim kız-ım kitap okuoku-maz maz.. My daughter doesn’t read books. Halbuki,, kitap faydalı-dır . Books are useful Halbuki useful,, however.
Gömlek-ler-im -ler-im-i -i ben ütüle-er -im im.. I iron my shirts. In the last example above, the pronoun “ben” is not in the beginning of the sentence, which is its usual position. It is used after the object to emphasize phasize the subject, subject , and it is stressed in speech in English, which is done with “myself ". ". This sort of sequence is possible in Turkish by putting “kendim” after “ben”. However, if someone says, "Gömlek -lerimi ben kendim ütülerim”, you may think that he is boasting about his abilities. The “subject subject + + object + verb + verb” order of the same sentence, “Ben gömlek-lerütülerim”” can also change places in poetry and im-i (göm*lek*le* r r i* i* m m i ) ütülerim literature. For instance, although, “Ütülerim ben gömleklerimi”, “Ütülerim gömlek-lerimi ben”, and “Gömleklerimi ütülerim ben” kinds of sentences are quite understandable and acceptable in Turkish, such sentences are generally used in poetry to rhyme a poem.
VERBS ENDING WITH VOWELS OR CONSONANTS (All verbs end with personal allomorphs in allomorphs in Turkish.)
Ütüle-er -im im..
(ü*tü* l * *r r im im ↷) I iron iron.. l e e Ertele Ertel e-er -iz iz.. (er*t e* l e * *r r iz iz ↷) W e postpone postpone.. l ar ↷) They Yakala Yakal a-ar -lar . (ya*ka*l ar* lar They c catch atch.. Ar a-ar -ız. (a* r r a * *r r ız ız ↷) We search, look for . Uyu Uy u-ur -uz uz.. (u* y sleep.. y u *ruz ↷) W e sleep Yür ü-ür -üz. (yü* yü*r ü * * r r üz üz ↷) W e walk walk.. r a Tar a-ar -ım. (ta* r * *r r ım ım ↷) I comb comb.. Besle Besl e-er -im im.. (bes* l * *r r im im ↷) I feed feed.. l e e Oku Ok u-ur -uz uz.. (o* k r uz uz ↷) W e read read.. k u * r l a r r *sı* nız ↷) You Anla Anl a-ar -sın.ız. (an* l You understand understand.. Uyu Uy u-ur -uz uz.. (u*y u * r ruz uz ↷) W e sleep sleep.. Kurula Kurul a-ar -ız. (ku*ru* l * *r r ız ız ↷) We dry dry.. l a a * Yür ü-ür -üz. (yü*r ü * rüz r üz ) We walk walk.. Bekle Bekl e-en-ir -iz. (bek*l e* n * * r r iz iz ↷) W e are waited. waited. n i Kor u-ur -lar. (ko*r ur* l ar ) They protect protect.. Yakala-ar -lar . (ya*ka*l ar* l ar ) They catch catch.. Uç-ar -ız. Yen-er -iz. Gez-er -iz. Bak-ar -sın-ız. İt-er -im.
(u* ça* r rız ız ) We fly fly.. (ye* n defeat.. n e * *r r iz iz ) We defeat z e e (ge* z * *r r iz iz ) We walk round. round. (ba* k look.. k a r *sı* nız ) You look (i* t * *r r im) im) I push push.. t e
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Yak-ar -sın.ız. İç-er . Taş-ar . Seç-er -iz. Şiş-er . Git-er -iz.
k ar *sı* nız ) You burn (ya* k burn.. (i* ç drinks.. e çer r ) He drinks (ta* şa r ) It boils over . It overflows overflows.. (se* ç choose.. e çe * *r r iz iz ) We choose (şi* şe r ) It swells swells.. (gi* d * *r r iz iz ) We We go go.. d e
Anlaş-ır -ız. (an*la* şı * *r r ız ız ↷) We reach an agreement. Gül-üş-ür -ler . (gü* l lü* ü* şür * * l er ↷) They laugh all togetger . Kayna Kayn a-aş-ır -ız. (kay*na kay*na* şı * *r r ız ız ↷) We become become friendly friendly at once. once. İnsanlar düşü İnsanlar düşün-ür . (in*san*lar (in*san*lar / / dü*şü* n think.. n ür ↷) Human beings think Çalış-an başar -ır . (ça*lı* şan / an / ba*şa* r succeed.. r ır ır ↷) Those who work succeed
“ET”, “ YAP”, “OL”, “İŞLE “İŞLE”, ”, “KAYDET”, “SAĞLA “SAĞLA”” These verbs verbs are all transitive transitive in Turkish, which take either indefinite or definite objects, or both preceding them.
et: (Transitive) O ben-im-le ben-im-le alay subj
adverbial
etti.. etti
O ben-i affetti affetti.. O
indef obj trans verb subj def obj
verb
biz-i
deli
etti
subj def obj indef obj verb
alay alay et (a* l a * *y y et et ) (make fun of), of), affet (af *fet ) (forgive), (forgive), armağan et et ( (ar*ma*ar*ma** *n et ) (present as a gift), gift), baş et (b a * * şet ) (manage, cope with), with), beraat beraat et g a a y a:* (be*ra* a * * t t et et ) (be acquitted), acquitted) , beyan beyan et (be* ya:* net ) (declare), (declare), buyur buyur et et (bu*r et et ) (invite someone to), to), davet davet et (da:* v e * *t t et et ) (invite), (invite), dahil dahil et (da:* h i *y u * r l et et ) (include something in), in), daktilo et (dak* t i *lo *lo / et ) (type), (type), dans dans et (d an *set ) (dance), (dance), deli et (de* l i / et ) (make someone mad), mad), der t et (d er * d et et ) (occupy oneself with problems), problems), devam devam et et ( (de* de* va:* met ) (continue), (continue), dikkat dikkat et v a:* (dik* k a * * t tet e t ) (pay attention to, be careful), careful), dua et et ( (du* du* a : / et ) (pray, say one’s prayers), prayers), elde et (el* d e / et ) (obtain), (obtain), gayret gayret et (gay* r e * *t t et et ) (try hard, do göç et (gö* ç one’s best), göç ç et et ) (migrate), (migrate), haberdar haberdar et et (ha*ber* da:* ret r et ) (inform d a:* someone), someone), hakaret hakaret et (ha* ka:* re* re* t t et et ) (insult), (insult), hapset (h a p *set ) (put in k a:* prison, imprison), imprison), hareket hareket et (ha*re* k e * * t t et et ) (act, behave, start), start), hata et yâ:* l (ha* t a: / et ) (make a m istake) istake), hayâl et et ( (ha* ha* yâ:* let e t ) (dream, imagine, picture in one’s mind), hazmet (h az *met ) (digest), hizmet hizmet et (hiz* m e * * t t et) et) (serve, r a: / et ) assist), assist), idare et (i*da:* r e * / et ) (manage, control), control), iftira et (if*ti* ra: r a:* (slander), ihanet ihanet et (i*ha:* n e * *t t et et ) (betray), ikram ikram et (ik* ra:* met ) (offer someone to eat or drink something), ihlâl et (ih* lâ:* let et ) (violate), ikna et lâ:* l (ik* (ik* na: persuade), ihraç et (ih* ra:* c et c et ) (export, expel), expel), ikaz ikaz n a: / et ) (convince, persuade), r a:* (warn), Imza et (im* za (sign), imâl et (i:* mâ:* k a:* za : / et ) (sign), mâ:* l et (i:* ka:* zet z e t ) (warn), let e t ) (manufacture), (manufacture) , intihar intihar et (in*ti* ha:* ret r et ) (commit suicide), suicide), iptal iptal et (ip* ta:* let l e t ) h a:* t a:*
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS r a:* (cancel), (cancel), isabet isabet et (i*sa:* b e * *t t et et ) (hit the mark), mark), israf israf et (is* ra:* f et f et ) (vaste), (vaste), istifa et (is*ti* fa: (resign), istifade et (is*ti* fa:* de de / et) (benefit from), from), f a: / et ) (resign), f a:* istirahat istirahat et (is*ti*ra* h a * * t tet e t ) (have a rest), rest), itaat itaat et et ( (i*ta:* i*ta:* a * *t t et et ) (obey), (obey), ithâl et a (it* hâ:* (import), itiraf (confess), iyi et (i* y i / et ) (cure, do : *ti* ra:* r a:* hâ:* l let et ) (import), itiraf et et (i : f et f et ) (confess), the right thing), thing), iyilik iyilik et (i*yi* l i * k k et et ) (do a favor), favor), kabalık et (ka*ba* lı *k k et et ) (be lı * rude), rude), kabul kabul et (ka* b u : * l l et et ) (accept) , kâr r et et (kâ:* r r et et ) (profit from), from), kavga et (kav* g a /et ) (fight, quarrel), quarrel), kontrol kontrol et (kon* t r o * l l et e t ) (check), (check), koordine et (ko*or*di* n e / et ) (coordinate), (coordinate), küfür et (küf * *r r et et ) (swear), (swear), mecbur mecbur et (mec* b u : * r r et et ) (oblige), (oblige), meşgul et (meş* g u : * l l et et ) (occupy someone), someone), memnun memnun et (mem* n u : * n et ) (make someone happy), muhafaza et (mu*ha: *fa* z a / et ) (keep, preserve), preserve), mutlu et (mut* l u / et ) (make happy), happy), nefret nefret et (nef* r e * *t t et et ) (hate), (hate), niyet niyet et (ni* y e * *t t et e t ) (intend), (intend), önderlik et (ön*der* l i * k k et et ) (lead), (lead), razı et (ra: * zı (persuade), sabret (s ab *ret ) (be zı / et ) (persuade), patient), patient), sakat sakat et (sa* k a * *t t et et ) (make physically disabled), disabled), seyret (s e y *ret ) (watch, observe), observe), sohbet sohbet et (soh* b e * * t tet e t ) (chat, talk), talk), söz et (sö* z zet e t ) (talk about), about), tamir tamir et (ta: * m i : * r r et et ) (repair, mend, fix), fix), tahsil tahsil et (tah* si:* let l e t ) (be s i:* et ) (follow), l i:* educated), educated), takip takip et (ta: * k i : * b (follow), taklit taklit et (tak* li:* det d et ) (imitate), (imitate), rahatsız et (ra*hat*sı* (ra*hat*sı* z zet e t ) (disturb), (disturb), tasarruf tasarru f et (ta*sar* r u * f f et et ) (economize on), on), tasvir tasvir et (tas* v i : * r r et) et) (describe), (describe), tavsiye et et (tav*si*ye (tav*si*ye / et) (recommend), (recommend) , tedavi et (te*da: *vi : (cure), teklif teklif et (tek* li:* f et f et ) (offer), (offer), : / et ) (cure), l i:* telefon telefon et (te*le* f o * net ) (telephone, make a telephone call, ring up), up) , tembellik tembellik et (tem*bel* l i * k k et et ) (act or behave lazily), lazily), tembih tembih et (tem* b i : * h et ) (warn), (warn), tekrar et (tek* ra:* ret ret ) (repeat), (repeat), tenkit tenkit et (ten* k i : * d d et ) (criticize), (criticize) , r a:* et tercih tercih et (ter* c i : * h (prefer) , ter k et (t er * k k et et ) (abandon, leave, desert), desert), et ) (prefer), tesadüf et (te*sa: * dü *f f et e t ) (meet by chance, come across), across), teslim teslim et dü * (tes* li:* met ) (deliver, hand over) , teşebbüs et (te*şeb* bü *set s et ) (make an l i:* bü * kü * attempt), attempt), teşekkür et (te*şek* kü *r r et et ) (thank), (thank), teşvik et (teş* v i : * k k et et ) (encourage). (encourage) .
When the above "et et" " verbs are attached to the allomorphs of [ER], [İ.YOR], [E.CEK], which all begin with vowels, the /t/ consonants change into the voiced /d /d/; but when they are attached to the allomorphs of [Dİ] and [MİŞ], which begin with consonants, they do not change. change. For instance: instance: acele eder, acele ediyor, acele edecek, acele etti, acele et miş, teklif etti, teklif et miş, istifa etti, istifa et miş, tercüme etti, tercüm e etmiş. If the [me [me]] negation allomorph is used, the stress goes onto the verb “ et”: y et *me), alay alay et et--me (a*lay / et *me) *me) (a*la* y *me), af et et--me (af* f et *me), *me), armağan et et-n et *me), m et *me), me (ar*ma (ar*ma**ğa* n *me), yardım et et--me (yar*dı* (yar*dı* m *me), ter k et et--me (ter* *me). (Liaisons) k et *me).
yap: The transitive verbs that are used after indefinite or indefinite or definite objects: definite objects:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Fatma kahve yapıyor . Kahve-/y/i Fatma yap-sın. Fatma subject
indef obj
verb
def object
subject
trans verb
alışveriş yap (do shopping), arama yap (carry out a search), büyü yap (cast a spell on someone), çay yap yap,, kahve yap (make tea or coffee), cümle yap (make a sentence), yap sentence), elinden geleni yap (do your best), ev işi yap (do housework), giriş yap (enter), hazırlık yap (get ready), ready), hesap yap (calculate), iş yap (do work, do business with), işbirliği yap (work together), iyilik yap yap (do (do a favour), kaza: yap (have an accident), konuşma yap (make a speech), makyaj yap (do one’s make up), ödev yap (do homework), rejim yap (go on a diet), şaka yap (make a joke), tatil joke), tatil yap (have a holiday, vacation), tica:ret yap (trade), toplantı yap (hold a meeting), yanlışlık yap (make a mistake), yatağı yap (make the bed), yemek yap (cook, do the cooking), yorum cooking), yorum yap (comment on something). something). The other verbs that are used together with nouns are “ol”, “işle”, and “kaydet”. Their examples are as follows:
ol: This transitive verb generally takes indefinite objects: abone ol (a*bo (a*bo**ne / ne / ol ) (subscribe to), destek destek ol (des*t e * *k k ol ol ) (support, back up), gerçek ol (ger*çe* k k ol ol ) (come true) kayıt ol (k a y * d dol ol ) (enroll), razı ol (ra: * zı sahip ol (sa:* h i * bol ) (possess), şahit zı / ol ) (be willing to, consent to), sahip ol (şa:* h i * *t t ol ol ) (witness), şehit ol (şe* h i : * d d ol ) (die while fighting for Islam or ol his country), country), teslim teslim ol (tes* l i : * mol) (surrender to), üye ol (ü* y e / ol) (be a member), dürüst ol (dü*rüs* t t ol ol ) (be honest to), kahrolmak (be depressed)
“işle”, “kaydet “kaydet”, ”, “sağla”, “sağla”, “gir”, “gir”, “kazan”: başarı sağla (succeed), (succeed), cinayet işle (commit a murder) günaha gir (gü*na: * h a / gir ) (commit a sin), ilerleme kaydet (make a progress), suç kazan (be (be famous), yarışa gir gir (take (take part in a race) işle (commit a crime), ün kazan NEGATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE The vowels and consonants used in the negative form of this tense undergo some changes. The composition of this tense is as follows: In the first person singular, a singular, a verb root, stem or a verb frame is used first, and then the negative making allomorphs either allomorphs either [mez [mez]] or [maz [maz]] are attached to the verbs verbs,, and they are followed by the personal allomorphs: allomorphs: “gel-me gel-mezem”. Although this verb configuration is acceptable in some Turkish dialects, in modern Turkish, the /z/ phonemes drop drop.. When this happens, the remaining
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
“e-e” and “a-a” identical vowels combine, combine, and the verb chain becomes “gelmem”, "dön-mem", "uyu-mam", etc. Gel-me Gelmezz-em em.. Oku--ma Oku mazz-am am.. Çalış-ma mazz-am am.. Yürü-me mezz-em em.. Konuş-ma mazz-am am.. Tartış-ma mazz-am am.. mezz-em em.. Ütüle-me Yaz--ma Yaz mazz-am am.. Yen-il--me Yen-il mezz-em em..
(gel* m come.. (The “em”, “am” mean “I”.) m e m m ) I do not come (o*ku* m m a m m ) I don’t read . (ça*lış*m a m ) I don’t work. (yü*rü* m m e m ) I don’t walk. (ko*nuş*m a m ) I don’t speak. (tar*tış*m a m ) I don’t discuss . (ü*tü*le* m m e m ) I don’t iron . (yaz *m *m a m ) I don’t write . *m e m ) I am not defeated (beaten). (Passive) (ye* nil *m (beaten). (Passive)
In the second person singular, one singular, one of the [mez [mez]] or [maz maz]] negative making allomorphs is used after the verb, which is followed by one of the personal allomorphs ♫ [sin, sın]: Gel--mez Gel mez--sin sin.. ( gel* m ez *sin ) You do not come come.. Çalış-maz maz--sın. (ça*lış* m a z *sın *sın ) You do not work work.. Oku--maz Oku maz--sın. (o*ku* m a z *sın *sın ) You don’t read. Konuş-maz maz--sın. (ko*nuş* (ko*nuş* m az *sın ) You don’t speak. Atla--maz Atla maz--sın. (at*la* m a z *sın *sın ) You don’t jump. Kaç-ın-maz maz--sın. (ka* (ka* çın* çın* m az *sın ) You don’t avoid. (Reflexive) As the third person singular takes takes a [Ø] zero personal morpheme, morpheme, only the negation allomorphs negation allomorphs ♫ [mez, [mez, maz] maz] are used:
Çalış-maz maz..
(ça*lış*maz ) He does not work work.. m az ) He does not Oku-maz Okumaz.. (o*ku* maz not read read.. * maz ) He doesn’t write . Yaz--maz Yaz maz.. (yaz *maz Gör -mez mez.. (gör* mez m ez ) He doesn’t see. Anla--maz Anla maz.. (an*la*maz ) He doesn’t understand. * mez ) He doesn’t laugh. Gül-mez mez.. (gül *mez Ye--mez Ye mez.. (ye*mez ) He doesn’t eat. İç-mez mez.. (iç *mez * mez ) He doesn’t drink. Uyu--maz Uyu maz.. (u*yu*maz ) He doesn’t sleep. Kaç-ın-maz. maz. (ka* ç ç ın* ın* maz m az ) He doesn’t avoid . (Reflexive) The negative form of the first person plural plural takes [me [me,, ma ma]] negation allomorphs followed by /y [/y /iz, /y /y /ız] personal allomorphs: ma-- /y /y /ız. (ta*şı* m a *yız *yız ) We do not carry carry.. Taşı-ma Aç-ma ma-- /y /y /ız. (aç* m a *yız *yız ) We do not open open.. Ağla-ma ma-- /y /y /ız. (ağ*la* m a *yız *yız ) We don’t cry.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Düzenle-me me-- /y /y /iz /iz.. (dü*zen*le* m e *yiz *yiz ) We don’t arrange . Kaç-ma ma-- /y /y /ız. (kaç* m a *yız *yız ) We don’t escape. Kaç-ın-ma ma-- /y /y /ız. (ka* (ka* ç ç ın* ın* m a *yız *yız ) We don’t avoid . (Reflexive) Ertele--me Ertele me-- /y /y /iz /iz.. (er*te*le* m e *yiz *yiz ) We don’t postpone . İç-me me-- /y /y /iz /iz.. ( iç* m e *yiz *yiz ) We don’t drink . Öv-ün-me me-- /y /y /iz /iz.. (ö* v v ün* ün* m e* yiz ) We don’t boast . (Reflexive) The negative form form of the second person plural plural takes [mez, [mez, maz] maz] allomorphs according to the vowel harmony rules: Gel-mez Gelmez--sin.iz. (gel* m e z *si* *si* niz ↷) You do not come come.. Oku--maz Oku maz--sın.ız. (o*ku* m az *sı* nız ↷) You do not read read.. maz--sın.ız. (ça*lış*maz *sı* *sı* nız ↷) You don’t work. Çalış-maz maz--sın.ız. (ta*şı* maz* sı* sı* nız ↷) You don’t carry . m az* Taşı-maz Seyret--mez Seyret mez--sin.iz. (sey*ret* m ez *si* niz ) You don’t watch . Ara--maz Ara maz--sın.ız. (a*ra* m az *sı* nız ↷) You don’t search . The third person plural plural form takes [mez, [mez, maz] maz] negation allomorphs followed by [ler, [ler, lar ] (they (they)) personal allomorphs: Gel-mez Gelmez--ler. Kal--maz Kal maz--lar. Dinle--mez Dinle mez--ler. Konuş-maz maz--lar. Uç-uş-maz maz--lar. Yürü-mez mez--ler. maz--lar. Ağla-maz Ertele--mez Ertele mez--ler. Kız-maz maz--lar. Çek-in k-in--mez mez--ler.
(gel*mez* l er ↷) They do not come come.. l ar ↷) They do not stay (kal*maz* lar stay.. (din*le*mez* l er ↷) They don’t listen listen.. (ko*nuş*maz *lar * lar ↷) They don’t speak . (u* ç ç uş*maz* uş*maz* l ar ↷) They don’t fly about about.. (Reciprocal) l er ↷) They don’t walk. (yü*rü*mez* ler (ağ*la*maz* lar l ar ↷) They don’t cry . (er*te*le*mez* ler postpone.. l er ↷) They don’t postpone (kız*maz* l ar ↷) They don’t get angry. (çe* k k in*mez* in*mez* l er ↷ ) They don’t avoid . (Reflexive)
SIMPLE PRESENT POSITIVE QUESTION In all of the positive and negative question forms of this tense, the [mi, [ mi, mı, mü, mu] adverbial question allomorphs, which transforms the sentences into the interrogative form, are separately used followed by personal allomorphs: allomorphs: (ben ben)) (sen sen)) ( o) (biz biz)) (siz siz)) (onlar )
: ♫ “mi mi-- /y /y /im /im?, ?, mı- /y /y /ım?, mü- /y /y /üm?, mu mu-- /y /y /um /um? ?” : ♫ “mi mi--sin sin?, ?, mı-sın?, mü-sün?, mu mu--sun sun? ?” mi?, ?, mı?, mü?, mu mu? ?” : ♫ “mi : ♫ “mi mi-- /y /y /iz /iz?, ?, mı- /y /y /ız?, mü- /y /y /üz?, mu mu-- /y /y /uz /uz? ?” : ♫ “mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz?, ?, mı-sın.ız?, mü-sün.üz?, mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz? ?” : ♫ “ler ler mi mi?, ?, lar mı?”
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS The /y /y/ phonemes above are all glides. Although these interrogative words follow the vowel harmony rules, they are considered words, and therefore, they are separately written: separately written: (bek* l l e e r r / mi*yim ↷) Do I wait Bekle-er mi-- /y Bekle-er mi /y /im /im? ? wait? ? Öksür-ür ür mü mü- /y /y /üm? (ök*sü* ök*sü*r ür / mü*yüm ↷) Do I cough cough? ? ür / e r r / mi*sin ↷) Do you wait Bekle-er mi Bekle-er mi--sin sin? ? (bek *l e wait? ? Gel-ir mi Gel-ir mi? ? (ge* ge*l i r / mi ↷) Does he come come? ? Git-er mi Git-er mi-- /y /y /iz /iz? ? (gi *d er / mi*yiz ↷) Do we we go go? ? er / mi*si* niz ↷) Do you Yüz-er z-er mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz? ? (yü* yü*z er you s swim wim? ? a Anla-ar -lar mı? (an*l a r* r* l ar / mı ↷) Do they understand understand? ? (ta*şı r r *l ar * / mı ↷) Do they they carry carry? ? Taşı-ır -lar mı? Ye-er -ler ler mi mi? ? (yer*ler / mi ↷) Do they eat eat? ?
SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE QUESTION To form a Simple Present negative question verb composition, [mez [mez,, maz maz]] negative making allomorphs making allomorphs are used after the verb verb roots, roots, stems or frames; and then [mi [mi--/y/im /im?, ?, mı-/y/ım?, mü-/y/üm?, mu mu--/y/um /um? ?]; [mi mi--sin sin?, ?, mı -sın?, mü-sün?, mu mu--sun sun? ?]; [mi?, mı?, mü?, mu?]; [mi mi--/y/iz /y/iz?, ?, mı-/y/ız?, mü-/y/üz?, mu-/y/uz mu -/y/uz? ?]; [mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz?, ?, mı-sın-ız?, mü-sün-üz?, mu mu--sun-uz sun-uz? ?] or [ler [ler mi mi?, ?, lar mı?] words are separately written. Although the following two sentences are structurally The Simple Present Tense, they generally express reproach reproach.. Sana yardım etet-mez mez mi mi-- /y /y /im /im? ? (İstersin de yardım etmez miyim?) (sa*na (sa*na / / yar*dım yar*dım / / et *m ez / mi*yim ↷) (“help” = “yardım et”) Don’t I help help you? you? (Won’t I help you “if you ask me”?) Ben-im-le Ben-im-le çalış-maz mı-sın? (be* (be* nim*le / im*le / ça*lış* m az / mı*sın ↷) Don’t you work with me? (Won’t you work with me “if I ask you?”)
Although the sentences above are structurally Simple Present (Geniş Zaman), Turkish people generally prefer using (Şimdiki Zaman) The Present Continuous English Tense verb composition in place of the Turkish sentences above: Sana hep yardım etet-m me-i.yor -i.yor mu mu-- /y /y /um /um? ? (sa*na (sa*na / / hep / hep / yar*dım yar*dım / / et *mi*yor / / mu* mu*yum ↷) Am I not always helping helping you? you? (Complaint) (Complaint)
Gün boyunca çalış-ma-ı.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? lış*mı*yor / mu*sun ↷) (gün / bo*yun bo*yun**ca / ça* lış Don’t you work all day long? long ? Aren’t you working all day long?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Klasik müzik sevsev-m me-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (Black underlines show objects.) (klâ*sik / mü*zik / s ev *mi*yor / mu*sun ↷) Don’t you like like classical classical music? Kardeş-in senin senin-le -le oynaoyna-m ma-ı.yor mu mu? ? (Blue undrlines show subjects.) (kar*de (kar*de**şin / se*nin**le / şin / se*nin le / oy* n a *mı*yor *mı*yor / mu ↷) Doesn’t your your sister sister play play with you you? ? (Green underlines show adverbials adverbials.) .) As it is seen, The Turkish Present Continuous verb formation is used more frequently than the usual Simple Present Tense. Compare the following sentences: sentences: Her gün ırmak-ta yüz-ü.yor -um um,, or yüz-erz-er-im im.. (her / gün / ır*mak*ta / mak*ta / yü*zü*yo*rum ) I swim in in the the river everyday. everyday.
Note: “The The river ” is the object of the preposition “ in”, but when they are as adverbial prepositional together with the preposition “in”, they function as phrases.
Eş-im İngilizce öğret-i.yor . (e*şim / *şim / in*gi in*gi *l i z *ce / *ce / öğ*re*ti*yor ↷) My wife wife teaches teaches English. English. Patates pure-/s/i sevsev-m me-i.yor-i.yor-um um. (pa*ta*tes (pa*ta*tes / pü*re*si / / s ev *mi*yo*rum ↷) I do not not like like mashed potatoes.
Öğretmen-ler (“hoşlan”” is intransitive) intransitive) -ler yaramaz yaramaz çocuk-lar -dan -dan hoşlan-maz( -maz(lar lar ). ). (“hoşlan (öğ*ret*men*ler / / ya*ra ya*ra**maz / ço*cuk*lar*dan / cuk*lar*dan / hoş* hoş*lan* m az ↷) Teachers don’t like naughty naughty children. children. (“Like” is transitive.) Bazen bir bir lokanta lokanta-da -da akşam yemek-i ye-i.yor-i.yor-uz uz,, or yer-iz yer- iz.. (yi*yo*ruz ) Sometimes we have have dinner dinner at a restaurant.
Pop müzik sev-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? ( pop pop / mü*zik / / se* v i *yor / / mu*sun ↷) Do you you like like pop-music? pop-music? Okul-a Okul-a ( (her gün) yürü-/y/e.rek mi git-i.yor -sun sun? ? (o*ku* (o*ku* l l a / yü*rü* y e *rek *rek / mi / mi / / gi*di*yor*sun ↷) Do you walk to school (every day) day)? The position of the question word ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu ] can be changed and put after an important and stressed word in an interrogative sentence: sentence:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Okul-a Okul-a otobüs-le mi git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / o*to o*to**büs*le / *le / mi / / gi*di*yor *sun ↷) Do you you go go to to school school by by bus? bus? -le oku okull-a mı git git-i.yor-sun -i.yor-sun? ? Otobüs-le (o*to (o*to**büs* büs*le / o*ku o*ku**l a / mı / mı / gi*di*yor *sun ↷) Do you you go go to school by school by bus? OkulOkul-a otobüs-le git-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / o*to o*to**büs* büs*le / gi *d i *yor / / mu*sun ↷) Do you you go go to school by school by bus?
However, when the (Geniş Zaman) The Simple Present Tense question form is used, the sentence changes into an offer: Okul-a Okul-a otobüs-le git-er mi mi--sin sin? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / la / o*to o*to**büs*le / gi* d er ↝ / mi*sin ↷) How about go about go-ing -ing to school by school by bus? (Offer) bus? (Offer) Ben-im-le sinema-/ Ben-im-le sinema-/y y /a git-er mi mi--sin sin? ? (be*n (be*nim* im*le / si*ne si*ne**ma*/ ma*/y y /a / gi* d er ↝/ mi*sin ↷) How about go go-ing -ing to the cinema with cinema with me me? ? (Offer)
QUESTION WORDS USED IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The question words “kim?” (who who?) ?);; “kim-i?” (ki* m i ) (whom?); “nasıl nasıl?” ?” (how how?) ?);; “nere-de nere-de,, nere-/y/e?” (n e *re*ye) *re*ye) (where where?) ?); “kim-in?” (ki*min (ki*min)) (whose whose?) ?); “ne sıklık-ta -ta?" ?" (how often?) often?);; “ne zaman?” (when when?) ?); “saat kaç“niçin?”, ?”, “ne-den?” (why “ne çeşit?” çeşit?” (what kind of ?) ta?” (what (what time?) time?); “niçin why?) ?); “ne ?) can be used in this tense as they are used in the other tenses. The inflectional morphemes attached to these interrogative words are the defining allomorph [i [i] in “kim-i? kim-i?”, the allomorphs of the morpheme [DE DE]] in “nerenere-de de? ?”, “ne sıklık-ta ta? ?”, “kaç-ta ta? ?”; the possessive allomorph [in [in] in “kimin? in ?”, "ne- /y/in? /y/in?", the [DEN [DEN] morpheme in “kimkim-den den? ?”, “nene-den den?” and "nereden?", den ?", and [LE [LE]] morpheme “kim-le?”, “ne/y/-le?”. In order to make up Turkish sentences containing one of the interrogative words above, one can put one of these words in a positive or negative sentence without changing its sentence order. In other words, one can use such interrogative words in any Turkish positive or negative sentences without changing their positive or negative sentence structures.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Büro-un un-a -a nasıl git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? Bürona …. gidiyorsun. (bü*ro* bü*ro*na na / / n a ↝ ↝ sıl / gi*di*yor*sun ↝ ) (not “*nasıl gidiyor musun ”) How do you go go to to your your office? office? Otobüs-le -le.. By By bus bus
.
Nerde İngilizce öğret-i.yor-i.yor-sun sun? ? (n e r r ↝ de / İn*gi *l i z *ce / *ce / öğ*re*ti*yor*sun ↝ ) Where do you teach teach English? English? or "Where "Where are you teaching teaching English?" English?"
“Nerede İngilizce öğret-ir -sin?” is an offer. It means, “Where do you want to teach English?” Bu soru soru-/ -/y y /a kim kim cevap cevap ver -mek ist -mek iste e-i.yor ? (“Cevap ver ” is intransitive.) (bu / bu / so*ru so*ru**ya / ya / k i m ↝ / ce*vap ce*vap / / ver *mek / / is*ti*yor ↝) Who wants to answer this question? this question? (“Want”and “answer ” are transitive.) Tiyatro-/ Tiyatro-/y y /a ne sıklık-ta git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? (ti*yat*ro*ya (ti*yat*ro*ya / n e ↝ / sık*lık*ta / *lık*ta / gi*di*yor*sun ↝) How often do you you go go to the the theatre theatre? ? Her sabah saat kaç-ta kalk-ı.yor -sun Her sabah sun? ? ( her / / sa*bah sa*bah / / sa*at sa*at / / kaç* t a ↝ / kal*kı*yor*sun ↝) What time do you you get get up every morning? morning ? In traditional Turkish grammars, some consonants, such as /m/, /n/, /k/, /z/, are considered personal allomorphs, which are inconsistent with the rest of the bound morphemes and syllables of the Turkish language. The Turkish bound morphemes and their allomorphs, like syllables, are all made up of at least “one vowel” such as “[İ]; “consonant + vowel” such as [Dİ]; “vowel + consonant ” such as [İL], [İM], [İN], [İK] or [İZ]; “vowel + consonant + consonant ” such as “art”, “ört”; “consonant + vowel + consonant” such as [MİŞ], or “consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant ” such as “tirt”, “dırt”, “dirt”, “türt”, or they are made of two syllables such as, [i.yor [i.yor ], [me.li] me.li], [e.cek], e.cek], [a.maz [ a.maz]], There are no bound morphemes in morphemes in Turkish without Turkish without vowels.. However, some of these vowels drop vowels drop and they are ignored in speech and writing, or when they coincide coincide,, they combine combine,, and verbalize as single vowels .
To shorten these syllable structures, the first letters of them can be used as “v”, “c.v”, “v.c”, “v.c.c”, “c.v.c .v.c” or “c.v.c .v.c.c”. The only exception to this rule is the [T [T] morpheme used in the causative verb frames as in (ge*tir t), t), (al*dır t)”. t)”. All Turkish morphemes and syllables are formed of one of these six syllable types. In short, there are no morphemes in Turkish without vowells, but the phonological system drops or combines combines some of them while rearranging the syllables of the morphemes to maintain the Turkish syllabication sequence.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS One important rule to add to the explanations above is that the morphemes and syllables in syllables in Turkish do not follow a parallel pattern. pattern . While the words are divided into syllables, the morphemes comply with the syllable rules of the Turkish language. For instance, the last consonants of some words or morphemes detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following following morphemes, m orphemes, such as: kuş-u (ku* (ku* şu ), ben ben-i (be* (be* n ), ), oda oda-am-a (o*d (o*d a* m ), ), defter defter -im -im (def*te* (def*te* r n i m a r i m ), tarla tarla-am (tar*l a (gö* r *mek ), ), kes kes-iş-mek (ke* (ke* siş* m ek ), etc. a m m ), gör -ül-mek (gö* r ül ül *mek Furthermore, The Simple Present Tense allomorphs are ♫ [ir, ır, ür, ur, er , l i r ), “al-ır” (a* l l r ür ır ır ), “gör -ür” (gö* r ür ), “otur -ur” ar ] such as in: “gel-ir” (ge* l “aç-ar” (a* ç (o*tu* r bekle-er (bek* (bek* l yakala-ar (ya*ka* (ya*ka* l r u r ) “aç l e e r r ), yakala l a a r r ). ça r ), bekle The Simple Present Tense allomorphs above attach to the verbs ending with consonants. However, consonants. However, if the verbs end with vowels, vowels, the first vowels of vowels of the Simple Present Tense allomorphs coincide with the last the last vowels vowels of the verbs. These coinciding vowels combine, and verbalize as single vowels: Bekle Bekle-er (bek* l incele-er (in*ce* l yakala-ar l e e r r ), incele l e e r r ), hazırla-ar (ha*zır* l l a r r ), yakala l a a r r ), yür ü-ür (yü* r ü r r ), uyu y u r ), yakala l a a (ya*ka* l (yü* r uyu-ur (u* (u* y yakala-ar -ım (ya*ka* l * *r r ım) ım) Likewise, when the personal allomorphs ♫ [im, ı m, ü m, um u m], [i [ in, ı n, ü n, un u n], [ik, ık, ük, uk], [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz n.uz]] follow the Simple Past Tense allomorphs ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu], their vowels coincide coincide and combine, and verbalize as single vowels. vowels. For instance: d i m m ), al-dı-ım (al* d d ı m m ), gör -d d ü m m ), otur-du Gel-di Gel-di-im (gel* d -dü-üm (gör* d otur-du-um (o*tur* d bekle-di-in (bek*le* d -tu-un (ko*nuş* t d u m ), bekle-di d i n n ), konuş-tu t u n ), öpüş-tü-ün (ö*püş* t ), otur-du-uk (o*tur* d -tu-un.uz t ü n n ), bekle-d bekle-dii-ik (bek*le* d d i k ), otur-du d u k ), konuş-tu (konuş*t u* n ), ), kaç-tı-ın.ız (kaç*t (kaç*t ı* n ). n u z n ız ).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES The Present Continuous (Şimdiki Zaman) time morpheme is [İ.YOR], ], which has four allomorphs: ♫ [i.yor, ı.yor, ü.yor, u.yor ]. When these allomorphs attach to the verbs ending with consonants, consonants, these consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the following [İ.YOR] allomorphs. These consonants are single underlined. However, when they attach to the verb roots, stems or frames ending with vowels, vowels, the end vowels of vowels of these verbs drop,, so the allomorphs of the [İ.YOR] morpheme follow the vowels that drop
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS precede the dropped vowels. dropped vowels. The dropped vowels are double underlined in this book. Note: The vowels that are said “dropped” are the vowels that are overlooked by the Turkish language sound system while the previous vowels are being linked to the following ones. This is because it is not harmonious for the Turkish-speaking people to pronounce two vowels attached vowels attached to one another, so they either skip one of them, or combine them or link them with glides. The verb verb roots, roots, stems or frames ending with consonants: gel gel-i.yor (ge* (ge* l *yor *yor ), ), bak bak-ı.yor (ba* (ba* k *yor ), ), otur otur -u.yor -u.yor (o (o*tu* r ), l i i k ı *yor r u u *yor ), r ü ü *yor öksür -ü.yor (ök*sü* (ök*sü* r *yor ), ), yanaş-ı.yor (ya*na* (ya*na* şı *yor *yor ), ), bekleş-i.yor (bek*le* şi *yor *yor ), ), beklen beklen-i.yor-lar (bek*le* (bek*le* n yor*lar yor*lar ), ), ar t-ı.yor (ar* (ar* t *yor ), ), n i * t ı *yor t i it-i.yor (i* (i* t *yor *yor ). ). The verb verb roots, roots, stems or frames ending with vowels: bekl bekle-i.yor ( bek* ), ), ertel ertele-i.yor (er*te* ), l i*yor l i *yor l l i*yor i *yor r ü*yor ), ), yür ü-ü.yor (yü* r ü*yor ), l ı*yor l ı*yor l ı*yor ), ), çalkala-ı.yor (çal*ka* l ı*yor ), ı*yor ı*yor ), atl atla-ı.yor ( at * l ), akl akla-ı.yor (a k * l ), dengel dengele-i.yor ( den*ge* ), ), ok o ku-u.yor) (o * k ), ), taşı-ı.yor ( t a* şı*yor ), ), l i*yor l i *yor k u * y o r oyn oyna-u.yor (o y * n ). ). n u * y o r The last vowels of the verbs above are double underlined. underlined. When these last vowels drop, drop, the first vowels of the [İ.YOR] morpheme follow the vowels preceding the the dropped vowels. The single underlined consonants preceding the dropped vowels detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the [İ.YOR] allomorphs.
bekliyor, erteliyor, yürüyor, atlıyor, çalkalıyor, aklıyor, dengeliyor When one of the allomorphs of the morpheme [İ.YOR] is attached to the negative making making allomorphs ♫ [me] or [ma], these negative making allomorphs also drop drop their last vowels vowels,, and the [İ.YOR] allomorphs follow the vowels preceding the dropped vowels according to the vowel harmony of the Turkish language: gel-m gel-me-i.yor (g el * mi*yor ), oku-m oku-ma-u.yor (o* (o* k u * mu*yor), bekle-m bekle-me-i.yor lış* mı*yor ), gül-m (bek* l e *mi*yor *mi*yor ), çalış -ma-ı.yor (ça* lış l-me-ü.yor (gül * *m ü*yor ), ertele-m ertele-me-i.yor (er*te* (er*te* l e * * mi*yor ). The [İ.YOR] morpheme is composed of two syllables: “i*yor ”. ”. The second syllable of this morpheme “yor ” never follows the vowel harmony rules, and consequently, the personal morphemes morphemes that follow them do not have different allomorphs:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
çalış-ı.yor -sun.uz gel gel-i.yor -i.yor -um um,, başla-ı.yor -sun sun,, ko k oş-u.yor, gez gez-i.yor -i.yor -uz uz,, çalış sun.uz,, gülü.yor-lar yor-lar , bekl bekle-i.yor, anl anla-ı.yor, koval kovala-ı.yor, besl besle-i.yor (bes*l (bes*li*yor). As a rule, the last consonants of consonants of the verbs detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes. However, w However, when hen the /p,
t, ç, k/ unvoiced consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the following morphemes, they also change into their voiced forms /b, d, c, ğ /. The Present Continuous and Continuous and The Present Perfect Continuous tenses Continuous tenses of the English language are both expressed in The Present Continuous Tense ( Tense (şimdiki zaman) in Turkish. Compare the following sentences: sentences: (O) gel-i.yor . (ge* l l i i *yor ↷) He is He is coming. coming. (Now or later.) O bir mektup mektup yaz-ı.yor . (o / bir / mek*t u p / ya* / ya* z zı*yor ı *yor ↷) He is He is writing a writing a letter. letter. (Now.) (Now.) r saat saat - tir bir mektup -tir O b i r mektup yaz-ı.yor . (o / b i r / sa*at sa*at *tir / / bir / mek*t u p / ya* / ya* z zı*yor ı *yor ↷) He has He has been writing a letter for for an hour .
Jack bahçe-de oyn oyna a-u.yor . (Jack / bah*çe* bah*çe* d e / oy* nu*yor ↷) Jack is Jack is playing in the garden garden.. (The /a/ drops, and the /n /n/ ataches to /u /u/.) Jack sabah -tan oyna a-u.yor . - tan beri bahçe-de oyn (Jack / sa*bah* sa*bah* t an / be*ri be*ri / bah*çe bah*çe* * d e / oy* nu*yor ↷) Jack has Jack has been playing in the garden garden since since morning morning.. Mehmet bahçe-de koş-u.yor . (meh*met (meh*met / / bah*çe* bah*çe* d e / ko* şu *yor ↷) Mehmet is Mehmet is running in the garden garden.. (Now) Mary nehir -de -de yüz-ü.yor . (ma* ma*ri / / ne*hir* ne*hir* d e / yü* z zü*yor ü *yor ↷) Mary is Mary is swimming in the river . (Now) Okul-un ön-ü / Okul /n n /-de bekle-eş-i.yor-i.yor-uz uz.. (Reciprocal) (o*ku* (o*ku* l de / bek*l e* şi*yo* r r uz uz ↷) l u n / ö* nün* de We are We are waiting together together in in front of the school.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Jack boyuna boyuna televizyon televizyon seyret-i.yor . (Jack / b o *yu*na / *yu*na / te*le te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* d d i*yor i*yor ↷) Jack is Jack is always always watching watching television. television. (Complaint) Televizyon seyret-i.yor -um um.. (Personal allomorphs are allomorphs are always together with verbs verbs.) .) (te*le (te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* d di*yo* i*yo* r r um um ↷) I am watching television. watching television. The single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes during syllabication. Moreover, the /p, t, ç, k/ single underlined unvoiced consonants both detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes and change into their voiced counterparts /b /b, d, c, ğ/, as well.
Bahçe-de oyn oyna a-u.yor -uz uz.. (bah*çe* (bah*çe* d e / oy* nu*yo* r r uz uz ↷) We are We are playing in the garden garden..
Türkçe öğren-i.yor mu mu-sun-uz sun-uz? ? n i ↝ yor (Türk*çe / Türk*çe / öğ*re* n yor / mu*su* nuz ↷) Are you you learning learning Turkish? Turkish? (now) (now)
Üç ay dır Türkçe Türkçe öğren-i.yor -uz ay--dır uz.. (ü *ç ay*dır ay*dır / / türk *çe / *çe / öğ*re* ni*yo* r r uz uz ↷) (liaison) We have been learning Turkish learning Turkish for three months months.. n /-de uç-u.yor -lar . Martı-lar gökyüzü / /n (mar*tı (mar*tı**lar / / gök *yü*z ün* ün*de / de / u* ç ç u*yor*lar u*yor*lar ↷) The seagulls The seagulls are are flying in the sky. sky. (Now) Onlar sen-i bek bekle le-i.yor-i.yor-lar lar . (The /e /e/ drops, and the /l /l/ attaches to /i /i/.) (se* (se* n l i*yor*lar i*yor*lar ↷) n i / bek* l They are They are waiting for you. (Now) you. (Now)
Öğle yemek-i ye-i.yor -uz uz.. (The /e /e/ drops, and the /y /y/ attaches to /i/i/.) (öğ* l e / ye*me* ye*me* ğ ği i / / y i*yo* i*yo* r r uz uz ↷) We are We are having lunch. having lunch. (Now) (Now)
Öğrenci-ler saat sekiz-den sekiz -den beri öğretmen -ler -ler -i-/n/i -i-/n/i bekl bekle e-i.yor -lar . The students The students have have been waiting for their their teacher teacher since eight. eight. Ne kadar zaman-dır televizyon televizyon seyret-i.yorseyret-i.yor-sun sun? ? (n e ↝/ ka*dar ka*dar / / za*man*dır za*man*dır / / te*le te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* / sey*re* d d i*yor*sun i*yor*sun ↝ ) How long have you you been been watching television? watching television?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Günler uz uza a-u.yor . (Liaison) (“Uzuyor ” is a verb verb in in Turkish.) (gün*le* le*ru* ru*z u u *yor ↷) Days are getting longer . (“longer ” is subject complement in complement in English.) Oğulul-um ev ödev-i-/n/i yap-ı.yor . (Liaison) (oğ*lum / e * *v v ö*de*vi*ni ö*de*vi*ni / ya* pı*yor p ı*yor ↷) My son is doing his his homework. homework.
Üç saat-tir saat-tir ders ders çalış-ı.yor -um um.. (üç / / sa*at sa*at *tir / / ders / / ça*lı* şı *yo* *yo* r rum um ↷) I have been studying for three hours. Bir saat-tir Bir saat -tir sen-i sen-i bekle-i.yor -um um.. (bir / / sa*at sa*at *tir / se*n i / bek*li*yo* r r um um ↷) I have been waiting for you you for an hour. Sabah-tan Sabah-tan beri ne beri ne yap yap-ı.yor -sun sun? ? (“What?” and “ne?” are interrogative pronouns pronouns)) (sa*bah* (sa*bah* t an / be*ri be*ri / / n e ↝ / ya* pı*yor*sun p ı*yor*sun ↝ ) What have you been doing since since morning? morning?
Şimdi ne yap-ı.yor -sun sun? ? (şim↝ di / ne / ya* di / pı*yor*sun p ı*yor*sun↝ ) What are What are you you doing doing now now? ? The morpheme [DİR] can also be used after The Present Continuous Tense (Şimdiki Zaman) in Turkish to express estimation: estimation: Jack ne yap-ı.yor ? Jack ne ( jack jack / / n e ↝ / ya* pı* p ı* yor yor ↝) What is Jack doing doing? ?
(“Ders çalış-mak” means “to study”) Ders çalış-ı.yor -dur . (“Ders (ders / / ça*lı* şı* yor*dur yor*dur ↷) I think (guess) he is studying. studying. The near future concept can concept can also be expressed in the Present Continuous
Tense (Şimdiki Zaman) in Turkish as it is done in English:
Uçak biraz-dan havalan-ı.yor . (u*çak (u*çak / b i *raz*dan / ha*va*la* nı*yor ↷) The plane is taking off off soon soon.. Misafir-ler yarın gel-i.yor -lar . (mi*sa:*fir*ler (mi*sa:*fir*ler / y a *rın / *rın / ge* l l i*yor*lar i*yor*lar ↷) The visitors The visitors are coming tomorrow tomorrow..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Misafir-ler biraz-dan gel-i.yor mu mu? ? (mi*sa (mi*sa:* :*fir*ler fir*ler / bi*raz*dan / ge* l *yor / mu ↷) l i ↝ ↝ *yor Are the the visitors visitors coming soon soon? ?
Yarın Londra’/y /a git-i.yor -uz uz.. (y a *rın / L o n *dra*ya / gi* d di*yo*ruz i*yo*ruz ↷) We are going to London tomorrow tomorrow.. Biraz-dan çık-ı.yor mu mu-/ -/y y /uz /uz? ? (bi*raz*dan / çı* k k ı ↝ ↝*yor *yor / mu*yuz ↷) Are we leaving leaving soon soon? ?
Yarın yeni bir araba araba satın al-ı.yor -um um.. (Liaison) (ya*rın ya*rın / ye*n i / bi* bi* r ra*ra*ba a*ra*ba / sa*tı* na*lı*yo*rum ↷) I’m going to buy a new new car car tomorrow tomorrow..
Yarın taşın-ı.yor mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz? ? (Reflexive) (ya*rın / ta*şı* n yor / mu*su* nuz ↷) n ı ↝ ↝ yor Are you moving tomorrow tomorrow.. * *
Yarın sigara- /y/ı /y/ı bırak-ı.yor -um um.. (ya*rın ya*rın / / si*ga*ra*yı si*ga*ra*yı / bı*ra* k *yo* r rum um ↷) k ı *yo* I am going to stop smok smok-ing -ing tomorrow tomorrow..
THE VERBS THAT ARE NOT USED IN SIMPLE TENSES IN TURKISH Some verbs that are not normally used in used in continuous tenses in English are especially used especially used in continuous tenses in tenses in Turkish, and strange to say, these verbs are not generally not generally used in simple tenses. These verbs verbs are are as follows: adore, appreciate, believe, care, desire, forgive, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, miss, recall, refuse, remember, see, smell, seem, think, trust, understand, want, wish. Consider and compare the following sentences: sentences: Sen-i affet-i.yorSen-i affet-i.yor-um um.. (Present Continuous) (se*n (se*ni / / af *fe* d d i*yo* i*yo* r r um um ↷) (The / (The /tt / / changes into /d /d /.) /.) I forgive you. (Simple Present)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Sen-i sev-i.yor -um um.. (Present Continuous) Ben Ben-i sev-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (se*n (se*ni / / se* v r um um ↷) (be*n (be*ni / / se* v * yor / / mu*sun ↷) v i *yo* r v i ↝ ↝*yor I love love you. you. (SimplePresent) (SimplePresent) Do you love love me? me? Sana tap-ı.yor -um um.. (sa*na (sa*na / / ta* p p ı *yo* *yo* r rum um ↷) I adore adore you. you. Hepiniz Hepiniz-i hatırla-ı.yor -um um.. l ı *yo* (h e * pi *ni* z zi / i / ha*tır* l *yo* r rum um ↷) I remember remember all all of you. you.
Ben-i hatır la-ı.yor mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz? ? l ı ı↝ *yor (be*n (be*ni / / ha*tır* l / mu*su*n mu*su*nuz ↷) ↝ *yor / Do you you remember remember me? me?
Hepiniz-e güven-i.yor-i.yor-um um.. Bana güven-me-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (h e * pi *ni* z ze / gü*ve* n r um um ↷) (ba*na (ba*na / / gü* v en ↝ * * mi*yor / / mu*sun ↷) n i *yo* r I trust all of you. you. Do you not trust not trust me? me? Siz-i anla-ı.yor -um um.. (si *z i i / / an* l *yo*r um um ↷) l ı ı *yo* I understand understand you. you.
Ben-i anla-ı.yor mu mu--sun-uz sun-uz? ? (siz / / be*n be*ni / / an* l / mu*su* nuz ↷) l ı ↝*yor *yor / ı ↝ Do you you understand understand me me? ?
Siz-i anlaanla-m ma-ı.yor -um um.. (si *z i / an* l a * i / * mı*yo* r r um um ↷) I do not not understand understand you. you.
Ben-i anlaanla-m ma-ı.yor mu mu--sun-uz sun-uz? ? (be*n (be*ni / / an* l a ↝ / mu*su* nuz ↷) ↝* * m ı*yor / Do you not not understand understand me? me?
Bir fincan fincan kahve ist iste e-i.yor-i.yor-um um.. (bir / fin*can fin*can / / kah* kah* v e / / is* is*t i*yo* i*yo*r um um ↷) I want a cup of coffee. coffee. Gramer kitap-lar- ı oku oku--mak-tan mak-tan nefret et-i.yor-um et-i.yor-um.. (Liaison) (gra*mer (gra*mer / / ki*tap ki*tap**la* la*r ı / o*ku o*ku**mak*tan / mak*tan / nef *r e * *t t e* e* d d i*yo* i*yo*r um um ↷) I hate read read-ing -ing grammar books. Ben-i özle-ü.yor mumu-sun sun? ? l ü ü ↝ (be* be*ni / öz* l * yor / / mu*sun ↷) ↝*yor Do you you miss miss me? me? Sana inaninan-m ma-ı.yor -um um.. (sa*na (sa*na / i* n an * mı*yo* r rum um ↷) I do not not believe believe you. you.
Hiçbir şey işit-me-i.yor-i.yor-um um.. şit * (hiç *bir *bir / / şey / i* şit * mi*yo* r r um um ↷) I do not not hear hear anything. anything.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Umursa-ma-ı.yor -um Umursa-m um.. (Umur (Umur -um-um-da değil.) (Bana ne?) (u*mur* s a * *m ı*yo* r rum um↷) (u*mu*rum*da (u*mu*rum*da / / de*ğil ↷) (ba* (ba* n a / / ne ↷) I do not not care care.. Bu proje uygulan-a.bil-ir gör -ün-ü.yor . Bu proje l i r / gö* r (bu / pro*je / pro*je / uy*gu*la* na*bi* l rü* ü* nü*yor ↷) This project project seems seems ( (looks looks)) (sounds (sounds)) feasible feasible.. Siz-i takdir et.i.yor-um et.i.yor- um.. (Liaison) (si* (si* z zi i / / tak *di:* r e* r e* d di*yo* i*yo* r rum um ↷) * di:* I appreciate appreciate you. you. The verbs that are given above can also be used in The Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman) in conditional sentences sentences::
Tekrar geç kal-ma-ma- /y/a /y/a söz ver-ir-sever-ir-se-en en sen-i affet-ersen-i affet-er-im im.. (tek*rar / / geç / / k al *ma*ma*ya / söz / / ve* r *sen~ / se* se* ni / af*fe* d * *r r im im ↷) r i r *se d e If you you promise promise not to be late again, again , I will forgive you. Bana yeni bir araba al- ır -sa-an -sa-an sen-i sen-i daha çok sev-er sev-er-im im.. l ır *sa (ba*na (ba*na / / ye*n i / bir / a*ra a*ra**ba / a* l *san / se* se* ni / / da* h a / / çok / se* / se* v v e* e* r r im im ↷) If you you buy buy me a new car , I will love you more more..
TURKISH VERB FRAMES The suffixes (the inflectional allomorphs) that form Turkish verb frames make them indivisible units, and so they are used as verb stems verb stems.. The other suffixes, such as: as: negative making, making, time time and personal personal allomorphs follow them in succession. There are five kinds of verb frames: frames: Transitive verb frames (geçişli fiil çatıları ), intransitive verb frames (geçişsiz fiil çatıları ), passive verb frames (edilgen fiil çatılar ), ), reflexive verb frames (dönüşlü fiil çatıları), and reciprocal verb frames (işteş fiil çatıları).
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB FRAMES Transitive verb frames are the verbs that take definite or indefinite objects: objects : Annem her hafta hafta ev-i temizler . Mother cleans the the house house every week. week. subject
adverbial
def obj tran verb
subject tran verb definite obj
adverbial phrs
Ahmet bir hikâye kitab -ı okuyor okuyor Ahmet Ahmet is reading a story book. subject
indefinite indefinit e object
tran verb
subject
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tran verb
indefinite indefinit e obj
TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ben her sabah odam-ı tertiplertertipler-im im.. I subj
adverbial
definite obj
tran verb
tidy my my room room every morning.
subj tran verb
object
adverbial phrs
Intransitive verb frames do frames do not take objects: objects: bazen nehir -de bazen -de yüz-er-er-im im.. I sometimes
Ben subj
adverb
adverbial
intr verb
subj
adverbial
swim
in the river.
intr verb
adverbial
Oğlum gün-de sekiz saat uyur . My son sleeps eight hours a day. subject
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
subj
intr verb
adverbial
Oğlum okul-a okul-a her sabah otobüs-le gider . subject
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
My son goes to school by bus every morning. subject
intr verb
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
REFLEXIVE VERB FRAMES (DÖNÜŞLÜ FİİL ÇATILARI) A reflexive verb frame frame is a verb whose action in a sentence has its effect on a person or thing that does does the action. The most commonly used inflectional suffix that turns verb roots and stems into reflexive verbs is [İN], which has six allomorphs: allomorphs: ♫ [in, ın, ün, un, en, an ]. The other one, one, which has only a few examples in Turkish is [İL], which has four allomorphs ♫ [il, ıl, ül, ul dü”, ”, “Deniz çekul]], such as “Gömleğime çay dök-ül-dü k-il il-di -di”. As a rule the identical “a-a”, “e-e”, “ı-ı”…vowels combine, and the single underlined consonants “/n/” detach from their syllables and attach to the following vowels. ul-um yıka-an-ı.yor . Oğuln ı *yor (oğ*lum / yı*k a* n *yor ↷) My son is having a bath. (He bath. (He is washing himself.)
Ayşe tara-an-ı.yor . (ay*şe (ay*şe / / ta*r ta*r a*n ı *yor ↷) Ayşe is combing. combing. (her (her hair)
Baş-ım kaşı-ın-ı.yor . şım / ka*şı (ba* (ba* şım ka*şı* nı*yor ↷) My head is itching. itching.
ı /n /-da kaşı-ın-ı.yor . Kedi masa-/ masa-/n n /ın altalt- /n (ke*di (ke*di / ma*sa* ma*sa* nın al*tın* da da / ka*şı ka*şı* n *yor ↷) n ı *yor nın / al*tın* The cat is scratching under the table. (It table. (It is scratching itself.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Yazı sil-in-di. sil-in-di. (Turkish (Turkish is reflexive.) (ya*zı (ya*zı / si* l lin* in* d i ↷) The writing has been ereased. ereased. (English is passive.)
Öv-ün-ü.yor . (ö* v v ü*n ü *yor ↷) He is He is boasting or boasting or praising himself .
Ayşe saç-ı- /n/ı /n/ı tar a-ı.yor . (Transitive.) (ay*şe (ay*şe ~/ ~/ sa*ç sa*ç ı* ı* /n /ı / ta* r r ı*yor ı*yor ↷) Ayşe is combing her hair. (Transitive) hair. (Transitive)
Dükkân-lar -lar saat saat yedi yedi-de -de kapa-an-ır . (dük*kân* kân*lar / sa*at sa*at / ye*di* ye*di* d e / ka* pa**nır ↷) pa Shops close Shops close at seven o’clock. (They close themselves.) -/n n /ın arka-/ arka-/s s /ı /-/n /-/n /a sakla-an-ı.yor . Ayşe kapı-/
nın / ar*ka (ay*şe (ay*şe / ka* pı* pı* nın ar*ka**sı* na na / sak*l a* nı*yor ↷) Ayşe is hiding behind the door . (She is hiding herself.) Yer sars-ıl-ı.yor . Yer sars(y er / sar* sı* l lı *yor ↷ ) The ground is shaking. shaking. (It is shaking itself.)
Üz-ül-e.cek Üzül”” is a verb -e.cek--sin sin.. (“Üzül verb in in Turkish.) T urkish.) (ü* z zü * l le* e* c ek *sin ↷) You will be sorry sorry.. (“Sorry” is subject complement.) complement.) The allomorphs that are used to form reflexive verbs are also used with verbs when they are transformed into the passive voice. As these allomorphs sometimes cause confusion, one should be careful when one defines them: them: Kara gör -ün-dü. (Reflexive) (ka*ra (ka*ra / / gö* r rün* ün* dü dü ↷) The land has showed itself . Kara gör -ül-dü. (Passive) (ka*ra (ka*ra / / gö* r rül ül *dü ↷) The land The land has been seen (by seen (by someone). som eone).
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTRANSITIVE VERB FRAMES Some Turkish intransitive verbs can verbs can also be transformed into the passive forms without forms without being put into the passive voice. While these verbs are being shaped, the passive transformation allomorphs allomorphs are attached to these verb roots or stems. stems. In doing this, the verbs ending with vowels with vowels and the /L/ the /L/ phonemes attach to the ♫ [in, ın, ün, un, en, an ] allomorphs; the others, ending with consonants, attach consonants, attach to the ♫ [il, ıl, ül, ul ] allomorphs. Although this form does not exist in English, it is expressed in a different sentence structure, which does not exist in Turkish. Consider the following: following: l ür ür ↷) Deniz-de yüz-ül-ür . (de*niz Deniz-de (de*niz *de / de / yü* z zü* ü * l “It is possible possible ( (natural natural)) to swim swim in in the the sea sea”, or "The sea is a place where one can naturally swim." (Passive shaped intransitive)
İş-e saat sekiz-de sekiz-de başla-an-ır . (i*şe (i*şe / / sa*at sa*at / se*kiz* se*kiz* d e / baş*l a* nır ↷) It is a rule to start start work work at eight eight.. (Passive shaped intransitive) -i dinlen-il-ir . Pazar günler -i (pa*zar (pa*zar / / gün*le*ri / din*le* ni* l l i r ↷) It is It is customary to have a rest on Sundays Sundays.. (Passive shaped intransitive) piknik-e -e git-il-ir git-il-ir . Böyle güneş-li bir gün-de piknik e / gi* d (böy*le / gü*neş* l i / bir / gün*de / pik*ni pik*ni *ğ e di* i* l l ir ir ↷) It is advisable It is advisable ( (natural natural)) to go for a picnic picnic on on such a sunny day day.. (Passive shaped intransitive)
Güzel-e bak-ıl-ır . k ı* ı* l l ır ır ↷) (gü*ze* l l e / ba* k It is It is natural to look at the beautiful. (Passive shaped intransitive) Pazartesi gün-ler -i -i erken kalkerken kalk-ıl-ır . (pa*za r *te* te*si / / gün*le* r r i / er * *k en / kal* k k ı* ı* l lır ır ↷) It is It is a rule to get up early on Mondays Mondays.. (Passive shaped intransitive) To use the negative forms of the above sentences, [mez, [mez, maz] maz] allomorphs are used after the verbs:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Böyle bir gürültü-de uyu-unuyu-un-maz maz.. Böyle bir gürültü -de uyu-un-ur mu mu? ? (böy* l e / bir / gü*rül *tü* tü*de / de / u*y un* maz / mu ↷) m az ↷) (u*y u* n n u r ↝ / It is It is impossible to sleep in such a noise noise.. (Passive shaped intransitive) Bu sokak sokak-ta -ta yürü-ün-mez mez.. (bu / bu / so*kak*ta so*kak*ta / yü*r ün* mez m ez ↷) It is impossible to walk in this street. street. (Passive shaped intransitive) O-/ -/n n / /un un laf -ı-/ -/n n /a bak-ıl-maz maz.. (o*n u n / lâ*f ı*na / ı*na / ba* k k ıl* ıl* maz m az ↷) It is It is natural natural ( (advisable advisable)) not to mind mind what what he says says.. (Passive shaped intr.) Bu otel otel-de -de kal-ın-maz maz.. (bu / bu / o*tel o*tel *de / de / ka* l lın* ın* maz m az ↷) It is It is impossible to stay in this hotel hotel.. (Passive shaped intransitive) O / /n n / /un un akıl-ı-/ -/n n /a uy-uluy-ul-maz maz.. (o* n u n /ak*lı /ak*lı**na / na /u* u* y y ul* ul* maz m az ↷) It is It is inadvisable to follow his his advice. advice. (Passive (Passive shaped intransitive) Bu göl-de yüz-ül-ür mü? l ür ür ↝/ mü ↷) (bu / bu / göl*de / de / yü* z zü* ü * l Is it possible to swim in this lake lake? ? (passive shaped intransitive) Note: The English adverb English adverb “not” is expressed in Turkish either as [ me, ma] ma] or [mez [mez,, değil”” is used in place of maz]] adverbial negative making allomorphs, maz allomorphs, or the adverb “değil these allomorphs. Additionally, as there are not interrogative adverbial allomorphs like “mi mu” in English, a positive or negative English verb formation is mi,, mı, mü, mu” transformed into a question form, such as “ You are a teacher .” .” “Are you a teacher ?”, ?”, etc.
RECIPROCAL VERB FRAMES (İŞTEŞ FİİL ÇATILARI) 1. A reciprocal reciprocal verb expresses an action which is exchanged between two or more people. The reciprocal morpheme is [İŞ], which has ♫ [iş, ış, üş, verbs end with vowels, and the uş, eş, aş] allomorphs. When the main verbs allomorphs start with the same vowels, these two vowels coincide, coincide, combine and combine and verbalize as verbalize as single vowels: Bak-ış-ı.yor -lar . (ba* k k ı* ı* şı *yor*lar *yor*lar ↷) They are They are exchanging glances.
Onlar bak-ış-m Onlar bak-ma a-ı.yor -lar -lar mı? (on*lar (on*lar / / ba* k *m ı*yor*lar / mı ↷) k ış↝ * Are they not exchanging glances?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Kucakla-aş-ı.yor -lar . (ku*cak*la* şı *yor*lar *yor*lar ↷) They are hugging (each hugging (each other). Tokala- aş-ı.yor -lar . (to*ka*l a*şı *yor*lar ↷) They are shaking hands. hands.
Döv-üş-ü.yor -lar . (dö* v v ü*şü *yor*lar *yor*lar ↷) They are fighting. fighting. (They are beating each other.)
Öp-üş-ü.yor -lar -dı.
Onlar öp-üş-m -me e-ü.yor -lar mı/y /-dı? p üş↝ * (ö* pü p ü*şü *yor *lar*dı↷) (on*lar (on*lar / / ö* p * mü*yor*lar / / mıy*dı ↷) They were kissing kissing.. Weren't they kissing kissing? ? Onlar Pazar Pazar gün-ler -i -i gör -üş-ür -ler . (on*lar (on*lar / / pa* pa* za r i i / gö* r r ü* ü* şür*ler ↷) za r / gün*le* r They meet and talk and talk on Sundays. 2. 2. Some verbs that are attached to reciprocal allomorphs allomorphs convey the ”: concept of “(all) together ”: Haber -i duy duy-un.ca -un.ca bağır -ış-tı-lar . (ha*be* (ha*be* r r i i / / d u *y un*ca / un*ca / ba*ğı* r rış*tı* ış*tı* l a r ↷) They shouted They shouted all together when together when they they heard heard the news news.. Polis-i gör -ün.ce kaç-ış-tı-lar . (po*li* (po*li* si / gö* gö* r r ün* ün* c e / / ka* ç ç ış*tı* ış*tı*l ar ↷) They ran They ran away all together when together when they saw the the police-officer. police-officer.
Çocuklar futbol Çocuklar futbol takım -lar -ı hakkında tart-ış-ı.yor -lar . (ço*cuk *lar / / fut*b o l / ta*kım ta*kım**la* r r ı / hak*kın hak*kın**da / da / tar* t t ı* ı* şı*yor *lar ↷) The boys are boys are discussing about their their football football teams. teams. -i.yor-lar lar . Bazı çocuk-lar kapı-da bekle-eş-i.yor(b a *zı / ço*cuk *lar / / ka* pı* d a / bek*le* şi*yor *lar ↷) Some children are waiting together waiting together at the door . 3. Some other verbs that are attached to the allomorphs above convey the idea of “about”:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Kuş-lar gökyüzü / /n n /-de uç-uş-u.yor-du -u.yor-du.. (kuş*lar / gök *yü* *yü*zün* zün*de / de / u* ç ç u*şu *yor*du ↷) Birds were flying about in the sky.
Çocuk-lar bahçe-de koş-uş-u.yor-u.yor-lar lar . (ço*cuk*lar / / bah*çe* bah*çe* d e / ko* şu* şu*yor*lar ↷) The children are running about in the garden garden..
Ördek-ler -ler havuz havuz-da -da yüz-üş-ü.yor -lar . (ör*dek*ler / ha*vuz*da ha*vuz*da / / yü* z zü* ü * şü *yor*lar *yor*lar ↷) The ducks are swimming about in the pool pool..
BOTH TRANSITIVELY AND INTRANSITIVELY USED ENGLISH VERBS (The Ambitransitive English Verbs) Some English verbs are both transitive and intransitive. There are few verbs used in this fashion in Turkish. Therefore, those who are studying English or Turkish as a second language face some difficulties in learning them. In the following list, you can find frequently used English verbs that are used both transitively and intransitively. The Turkish equivalents of such verbs and how their allomorphs change are given in the examples below. below. As it has already been noted, the identical vowels vowels that follow each other combine, and the single underlined underlined consonants detach detach from their syllables and attach and attach to to the first vowels of the following allomorphs during the syllabication process: Yumurta-lar kayna Yumurta-lar kayn a-ı.yor . (yu*mur (yu*mur *ta*lar / / kay *n ı *yor *yor ↷) The eggs are boiling boiling.. (The Turkish and English verbs are intransitive.) Fatma yumurta kayna-at- ı,yor . (Transitive) (fat*ma (fat*ma / / yu*mur* yu*mur* t a / / kay*na kay*na* t t ı*yor ı*yor ↷) Fatma is Fatma is boiling boiling eggs. eggs. In the first Turkish sentence above, the intransitive verb “kayna” has changed into “kayna-a kayna-att” transitive verb frame to take the object “yumurta”. However, the English verb “boil” has not changed. This shows us that the English verb “boil” can be used used both transitively and and intransitively. intransitively. In the following sentences, the explanations in parentheses are about the Turkish
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS sentences. However, when necessary, both Turkish and English verbs are explained in parentheses. parentheses. In the following examples, the subjects subjects are blue blue,, the objects are black, black, the verbs verbs are red red,, the subject complements complements are brown,, and the modifiers brown modifiers are purple purple..
Ateş yan-ı.yor . (Intransitive) (a*teş (a*teş / / ya* ya*n ı *yor *yor ↷) The fire is burning. burning.
Ateş parmak-lar- ın-ı yak-ar . (Transitive) (a*teş (a*teş / par*mak par*mak *la* r r ı* ı* nı ya*k ar ar ↷) nı / ya* Fire burns your fingers. fingers.
Dükkân-lar saat yedi-de yedi-de kapa-an-ır . (Reflexive) / sa*at sa*at / / ye*di* ye*di* d e / / ka*pa (dük*kân* kân*lar / ka*pa*nır ↷ ) Shops close at seven. (They seven. (They close themselves.) Onlar dükkân-lar-ı yedi-de yedi-de kapa-at- ır -lar . (Transitive) (on*lar (on*lar / dük*kân*la* kân*la* r r ı / sa*at sa*at / / ye*di* ye*di* d e / ka*pa ka*pa* t tır ı r *lar ↷) They close the the shops shops at seven.
Dükkân-lar saat yedi-de yedi-de kapa-at- ıl-ır . (Passive) (dük*kân* kân*lar / sa*at sa*at / / ye*di* ye*di* d e / / ka*pa ka*pa* t t ı*l ır ır ↷) The shops are closed at seven. Renk-ler sonbahar -da -da değiş-ir . (Intransitive) (renk*ler (renk*ler / s o n *ba* ba*har*da / de*ği* şir ↷) Colors change in the the autumn. autumn. (O) giysi-ler-i giysi-ler-i-/n/i değiş-tir-i.yor . (Transitive.) (o ~/ giy*si giy*si *le* r r i* i* n i / de*ğiş*ti* r r i*yor i*yor ↷) He is He is changing his his clothes clothes.. mutfak-ta -ta yemek yemek piş-ir-i.yor . (Turkish transitive) Şimdi mutfak (şim*di / / mut*fak*ta mut*fak*ta / / ye* ye* m e k / pi* şi* r ri*yor i*yor ↷) She is cooking in the the kitchen kitchen now now.. (English intransitive) O, balık piş-ir-i.yor . (Transitive) (o / ba* ba* lık / pi* şi* r r i*yor i*yor ↷) lık / pi* She is cooking fish. Yemek piş-ti -ti.. (Intransitive) (ye*mek (ye*mek / piş / piş**t i ↷) The meal has cooked. cooked.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Meyve-ler olgun-laş-ın.ca ağaç-lar -dan -dan düş-er . (Intransitive) (mey*ve*ler (mey*ve*ler / / ol*gun*la* şın*ca / a*ğaç a*ğaç *lar*dan / lar*dan / dü* şer ↷) Fruits drop drop from from trees when they ripen ripen.. Kalem-i Kalem-i-/n/i düş-ür -dü. (Transitive) (ka*le (ka*le**mi* n i / / dü* şür *dü ↷) She dropped her pencil. pencil. nehir-ler yaz yaz--ın kuru-ur . (Intransitive) Bazı nehir-ler r u r ↷) (ba* ba*zı / zı / ne*hir ne*hir *ler / / ya* ya* z zın ı n / ku* r Some rivers dry up in the summer .
El-ler-in El-ler-in-i -i ben-im havluhavlu-um um-da -da kuru-la-ma kuru-la-ma.. (Transitive) (el*le* (el*le* r r i*ni i*ni / be* be* n hav*l um*da l ku*ru* l ku*ru* l a *ma *ma ↷) n i m / hav*l Don’t dry your hands hands on my towel.
Savaş son-a er-di. er-di. (Intransitive) (sa*vaş (sa*vaş / so* so* n n a / er*di ↷) The war The war ended ended..
Savaş-ı son-a er-dir-di-ler er-dir-di-ler . (Transitive) (sa*va (sa*va**şı / so* so* n n a / er*dir*di*ler ↷) They ended the the war. war. Bir bomba bomba patla- dı. (Intransitive) (bir / b o m *ba / pat*la*dı / pat*la*dı ↷) A bomb exploded exploded.. Bir bomba patla-at- tı-lar . (Transitive) Bir bomba (bir / b o m *ba / pat*l / pat*l at *tı* *tı*lar ↷) They exploded They exploded a bomb.
İnekler tarla-da tarla-da besle-en-i.yorbesle-en-i.yor-lar lar . (Reflexive) (i*nek (i*nek *ler / tar*la* tar*la* d a / / bes*le* ni*yor *lar ↷) The cows The cows are feeding (grazing grazing)) in the field. im-i -i her sabah besle-erbesle-er-im im.. (Transitive) Köpek-im (kö* pe* ğ ği* i* mi / / h e r / sa*bah sa*bah / / bes* l * * r r im im ↷) l e e I feed my my dog dog every morning. morning. Sokak-lar kış-ın çamur -la -la dol-ar . (Intransitive) (so*kak (so*kak *lar / kı* şın / ın / ça* m u r *la / *la / do* do* l lar ar ↷) The streets fill up with mud in winter .
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Kalem-im Kalem-im-i -i siyah mürekkep-le dol-dur . (Transitive) (ka*le (ka*le**mi* mi / si* si* y ah / mü*rek *kep*le / kep*le / dol *dur ↷) Fill my my pen pen with black black ink. ink.
İş henüz bit-me-di bit-me-di.. (Intransitive) (iş / he*nüz / b i t *me*di ↷) iş / he*nüz The work hasn’t finished yet yet.. im-i -i henüz bit-ir-me-dibit-ir-me-di-im im.. (Transitive) İş-im t i r *me*d i (i* (i* şi *mi / he* he*nüz / / bi* t i m ↷) I haven’t finished my my work work yet yet..
Kuş-lar hava-da hava-da uç-ar . (Intransitive) (kuş*lar / / ha*va* ha*va* d a / u*ç ar ar ↷) Birds fly in the sky. -ur-u.yor-lar lar . (Transitive) Çocuk-lar uçurtma uç-ur-u.yor(ço*cuk *lar / / u*çurt* u*çurt* m a / / u* ç ç u* u* r r u*yor*lar u*yor*lar ↷) The boys are flying kites. flying kites. Patates-ler kızar -ı.yor . (Intransitive) (pa*ta (pa*ta**tes* tes*ler / / kı* z za* a * rı *yor ↷) rı *yor The potatoes are frying. frying . O, balık kıza-art-ı.yor . (Transitive) (o~ / ba* lık / kı* zar* lık / o~ / ba* zar* t tı*yor ı *yor ↷ ) She is frying fish. frying fish. Pamuk Adana’da yetiş-ir . (Intransitive) (pa*muk (pa*muk / a*d a *na* na*da / da / ye*ti *şir ↷) Cotton grows in Adana Adana.. Adana’da pamuk yetiş-tir-ir-tir-ir-ler ler . (Transitive) (a*da (a*da**na* na*da / pa* pa* m u k / ye*tiş*ti* r r ir*ler ir*ler ↷) They grow grow cotton cotton in Adana Adana..
Kapı-/ -/n n /ın arka-/ arka-/s s /ı-/ -/n n /a sakla-an-ı.yor . (Reflexive) (ka* pı* pı*nın / ar*ka ar*ka**sı* na na / sak*l a* nı*yor ↷) He is hiding behind the door . (He is hiding himself.) Mektup-lar -ı-/ -/n n /ı sakla-ar . (Transitive) (mek*tup (mek*tup**la* r rı*nı / ı*nı / sak *lar ↷) She hides She hides her letters. letters.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Zorluk-lar -ım.ız art-ı.yor . (Intransitive) (zor*luk*la (zor*luk*la**r ı* ı* mız / / ar* t *yor ↷) t ı *yor Our difficulties Our difficulties are increasing. increasing.
Hız-ın-ı art-ır -ma. -ma. (Transitive) (hı* z t ır *ma zı *nı / nı / ar* t *ma ↷) Don’t increase your speed. -ler sabah sabah-le.yin -le.yin aç-ar . (Intransitive) Çiçek-ler (çi*çek *ler / sa*b ah *le* le*yin / yin / a*ç ar ar ↷) Flowers open in the morning morning.. Sabah-le.yin pencere-ler-i Sabah-le.yin pencere-ler-i aç-ar-ız. (Transitive) (sa*bah (sa*bah**le*yin / pen*ce pen*ce**re* re*le* r r i i / / a*ç a *rız *rız ↷) a We open We open the the windows windows in the morning. (The morning. (The verb "aç" is used both transitively and intransitively in Turkish as it is used in English.) At-lar yarış-ı.yor . (Intransitive) (at*lar (at*lar / ya* rı* rı* şı *yor *yor ↷) The horses are racing. racing . At-lar-ı yarış-tır -ı.yor -lar . (Transitive) (at*la* (at*la* r r ı*yor*lar ↷) r ı / ya*rış*tı* r They are They are racing the the horses. horses. Elma-lar sıcak hava-da hava-da olgun-laş-ır . (Intransitive) (el*ma (el*ma**lar / / sı* c a k / ha*va ha*va**da / da / ol*gun*la* ol*gun*la*şır ↷) Apples ripen in warm weather . Note: "Ol "Ol"" is a verb root, root, "ol-gun "ol-gun"" is an adjective stem, stem, "ol-gun"ol-gun- laş" is an intransitive verb frame, frame , "ol-gun"ol-gun-laş-tır " is a transitive verb frame. frame .
Sıcak hava hava elma-lar elma-lar- ı olgun-laş-tır -ır . (Transitive) r ır ↷) (sı*cak / / ha*va ha*va / / el*ma el*ma**la* r r ı / ol*gun*laş*tı* r Warm weather weather ripens ripens the the apples. apples. Zil çal-ı.yor . (Intransitive) (zil / / ça* l *yor ↷) l ı ı *yor The bell is ringing. ringing. Zil-i çal. (Transitive) (zi*l (zi*l i i // çal ↷) Ring the the bell. bell.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS ("Çal" and "ring "ring"" verbs are used both transitively and intransitively in Turkish and in English.) Bazen kaya-lar tepe-ler -den Bazen kaya-lar -den aşağı yuvarlan-ır . (Reflexive) (b a: *zen / ka*ya ka*ya**lar / te* pe* pe*ler *den / a*şa a*şa**ğı / yu*var*la* nır ↷) Sometimes rocks Sometimes rocks roll down the hills.
Bazı kimse-ler tepe kimse-ler tepe--den aşağı kaya-lar- ı yuvarl yuvarla a-ı.yor -lar . (Transitive) (ba:* zı / zı / kim*se kim*se**ler / / te* pe* pe*den / den / a*şa a*şa**ğı / ka*ya ka*ya**la* r / yu*var* l lı* ı* yor*lar yor*lar ↷) r ı / Some people are rolling rocks rolling rocks down the hill hill..
Bazı kız-lar -lar nehir nehir -de -de yüz-ü.yor . (Intransitive) (b a :*zı :*zı / kız*lar / / ne*hir* ne*hir* d e / / yü* z zü* ü * yor yor ↷) Some girls are swimming in the river .
Çocuk-lar model kayık-lar-ı- /n/ı /n/ı yüzdür -ü.yor . (Transitive) / mo* mo* d el / ka*yık ka*yık *la* r (ço*cuk *lar / rı*nı / ı*nı / yüz*dü* r rü* ü* yor yor ↷) The children are sailing their modal modal boats. Yer sarsıl-ı.yor . (Reflexive) (y er / sar*sı* sar*sı* l lı *yor ↷) The ground is shaking. shaking.
İlaç-ı iç-me-den önce şişe-/y/i çalkala (sars (sars). ). (Transitive) (i*la (i*la**c ı / iç *me* me*den / den / ön*ce / şi*şe* şe*yi / / çal*ka* l a ↷) Shake the bottle before you you take take the the medicine. medicine.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı /n /n /-da birçok gemi bat-tı. (Intransitive) (i*kin (i*kin**ci / dün*y a: / sa*va sa*va**şın* *çok / ge*m i / bat*tı ↷) şın*da / bir *çok A lot of ships of ships sank during The Second World War.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı/n /-da birçok gemi bat-tır -dı-lar . (The “t-t” combine.) (i*kin (i*kin**ci / dün*y a: / sa*va*şın sa*va*şın**da / da / bir *çok / ge* ge* m i / ba*t ba*t ır*dı*lar ır*dı*lar ↷) They sank a lot of ships ships during The Second World War. (Transitive) War. (Transitive)
Gömlek-im im-e -e çay dök-ül-dü. (Reflexive) (göm*le* ğ ği* i* me / çay / dö* k k ül*dü ül*dü ↷) Tea spilled on my shirt shirt.. Seyhan Nehri Akdeniz Akdeniz-e -e dök-ül-ür . (Reflexive) (s ey *han / han / neh*ri neh*ri / a k * de*ni* de*ni* z ze / dö* k k ü*lür ü*lür ↷) The Seyhan River pours River pours into the Mediterranean Sea. Limonata- /y/ı -e dök-tü-üm. (Transitive) /y/ı yer -e r e e / dök*t üm ↷) (li*mo (li*mo**na* na*ta* ta*yı / ye* ye* r I have spilled (spilt spilt)) the the lemonade lemonade on the floor .
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Araba-lar dur-du.. (Intransitive) Araba-lar dur-du (a*ra (a*ra**ba*lar / / dur* d u ↷) The cars stopped stopped.. Polis araba-lar- ı dur-dur-du dur-dur-du.. (Transitive) (po*lis (po*lis / / a*ra a*ra**ba*la* r r ı / dur*dur* d u ↷) The police officer stopped officer stopped the the cars. cars. Tekerlek-ler dön-ü.yor . (Intransitive) n ü *yor (te*ker (te*ker *lek*ler / / dö* n *yor ↷) The wheels are turning. turning. Motor tekerlek-ler-i dön-dür -ür . (Transitive) r i i / dön*dü* r (mo*tor (mo*tor / te*ker te*ker *lek *le* r rür ür ↷) The engine turns the the wheels. wheels. ParmakParmak-ı-/ -/n n /a bir iğne bat-tı. (Intransitive) (par*ma (par*ma**ğı*na / ğı*na / bir / iğ* n e / / bat*tı ↷) A needle stuck in her her finger. finger. ParmakParmak-ı-/ -/n n /a bir iğne bat-tır -dı. (The “t-t” combines and verbalizes as “ t”.) (par*ma* (par*ma* ğ ğı*na / ı*na / bir / iğ* n e / / ba* t t ır*dı ır*dı ↷) She stuck a needle into her her finger finger . (Transitive) Bu pul iyi yapış-m -ma a-ı.yor . (Intransitive) pış* mı*yor ↷) (bu / bu / pul pul / i*yi i*yi / ya* This stamp doesn’t stick well well.. Mektup-un Mektup-un üst-ü-/n/e -/n/e bir pul pul yapış-tır . (Transitive) (mek*tu (mek*tu: * bun / üs*t ü*ne / bir / p u l / ya*pış*tır ↷) Stick a stamp on the letter .
SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES (Dİ’li Geçmiş Zaman ) Both The Simple Past Past and The Present Perfect Perfect tenses of the English Language are expressed in The Simple Past Tense in Turkish. Turkish. In other words, the “Turkish Simple Past Tense” covers these two English tenses. The time morpheme of this tense is [Dİ], which has eight allomorphs: ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu]. One of these allomorphs is used attached to verb roots, stems or frames in accordance with the Turkish vowel and consonant harmony rules. The verbs ending with vowels and vowels and voiced consonants are consonants are
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS followed by the allomorphs written in bold face; face; and the verbs followed by unvoiced consonants consonants are written in regular type. The compulsory personal allomorphs are as follows: ben sen o biz siz onlar
♫ [im, [im, ım, üm, um ] ♫ [in, [in, ın, ün, un ] [ Ø] ♫ [ik, [ik, ık, ük, uk ] n.uz]] ♫ [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz [Ø] or ♫ [ ler, lar ]
Naturally, as all the allomorphs of the [ Dİ] morpheme ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu] end with vowels, and the personal allomorphs ♫ [“im, ım, üm, um”; “in, ın, ün, un un”; “ik, ık, ük, uk uk”; “in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz un.uz”] start with vowels, the first first vowels of the personal allomorphs allomorphs coincide with the allomorphs of i m)”, “dı-ım" (d ım ), “d üthe morpheme [Dİ] and combine, such as in “ di-im (d ( d i ( d ı u m), “t i m)”, "t ı-ım" (t ı üm" (d ü ü m), “du-um" (d u ım ), "tü-üm" (t ü ü m), "tu “ ti-im (t i "tu-um" (t u "di-in" (d (d i "ti-in" (t (t i "ti-ik" (t (t i k ), ), "di "di-in.iz n.iz"" (d (d i * niz ), ), "ti "ti-in.iz n.iz"" (t i i * *n iz ). ). u m); "di i n), "ti i n), "ti i k i * im-i -i bit-ir-dibit-ir-di-im im.. İki saat önce iş-im (i* (i* k i / sa*at sa*at / / ön*ce / *ce / i*ş i*şi* mi / bi* t t ir*d ir*d i i m ↷) I finished my my work work two hours hours ago ago..
İş-im im-i -i bit-ir-dibit-ir-di-im im.. (i* (i* şi* mi / / bi* t t ir* ir* d i m ↷) I have finished my my work. work. (My (My work is ready now.) Onlar geçen hafta sinema-/ sinema -/y y /a git-ti git-ti.. (on*lar (on*lar / ge*çen / haf*ta haf*ta / si*ne si*ne**ma* ma*ya / ya / git*ti ↷ ) They went They went to the cinema last week week.. Onlar sinema-/ Onlar sinema -/y y /a git-ti git-ti.. (on*lar (on*lar / si*ne si*ne**ma* y a / git*ti ↷) They have They have gone to the cinema cinema.. (They are at the cinema or on the way to the cinema.) O kitap-ı geçen sene oku-du oku-du--um um.. çen / se*ne (o / ki*ta ki*ta**bı / ge* ge* çen se*ne / / o*ku*d um ↷) I read that that book book last year . Kitap-ı oku-duoku-du-um um.. (ki*ta (ki*ta**bı / o*ku* o*ku*d u m ↷) I have read the the book. book. (I have finished reading it.)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Biz-e inan-ma- dı-ın.ız. Biz(bi* (bi* z ze / i* n an *ma*dı* nız ↷) You didn't You didn't believe us. believe us.
Bulaşık-lar yıka-an-dı bile bile.. (bu*la (bu*la**şık *lar / yı*k an* dı dı / bi*le ↷) The dishes have already already been been washed. washed. (The dishes are clean now.)
Negative: The negative making allomorphs [me, ma] verb roots, roots, stems making allomorphs ♫ [me, ma] are put after verb or verb verb frames, frames, and then they are followed by the ♫ [ di, dı ] time allomorphs, time allomorphs, which are followed by the personal personal allomorphs respectively. allomorphs respectively. The other time allomorphs, such as ♫ [dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu] are used in positive forms. forms. They are not used here as a result of the ♫ [me, [me, ma] ma] negative making allomorphs making allomorphs::
Fatma’- /y/ı /y/ı pazar -dan -dan beri gör -me me-di -di--im im.. i (fat*ma (fat*ma**yı / yı / pa*zar pa*zar *d an / be*ri be*ri / / gör *me*d *me*d i m ↷) I have not not seen seen Fatma Fatma since Sunday Sunday..
Fatma’- /y/ı /y/ı bir dır gör gör -me bir hafta hafta--dır me-di -di--im im.. (fat*ma (fat*ma**yı / b i r / haf*ta haf*ta**dır / / gör *me*d *me*d i i m ↷) I haven’t seen Fatma for a week week..
Fatma’- /y/ı /y/ı geçen hafta gör -me me-di -di--im im.. (fat*ma (fat*ma**yı / yı / ge*çe ge*çen n / haf*ta / haf*ta / gör *me*d *me*d i im ↷) I didn’t see Fatma last week week.. Daha ev ödev-im im-i -i yapyap-ma ma--dı-ım. (Liaison) (da*ha (da*ha / / e *v ö*de* de*v i i *mi / / y a p *ma*d ım ↷) I haven’t done my my homework homework yet yet..
Dün bu /y/ı temizlebu oda oda- /y/ı temizle-me me-di -di--ler . (dün / bu / bu / o*da o*da**yı / te*miz *l e *me*di*ler ↷) They didn’t clean this this room room yesterday yesterday..
/y/ı üç gün-dür temizleBu oda- /y/ı Bu odatemizle-me me-di -di--ler . (bu / o*da o*da**yı / yı / üç / gün*dür / te*miz *l e *me*di*ler ↷) They haven’t cleaned this this room room for three days days.. hafta futbol futbol oynaoyna-ma ma--dı-ık. Geçen hafta (ge*çen / haf*ta haf*ta / / fut*bol / / oy *n a *ma*d *ma*d ık ↷ ) We didn't play football play football last week week..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Kayıp çocuk daha bul-unbul-un-ma ma--dı. (Passive) (ka*yıp (ka*yıp / ço*cuk / / da*ha da*ha / / bu* l l u n *ma*dı ↷) The lost child hasn’t been found yet yet.. Positive question: The question allomorphs ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu ], which are separately written, are used either after the verbs, or they may be used after the stressed words in sentences. They are interrogative adverbs that add add interrogatve concepts to concepts to verbs verbs and and nouns. Ahmet mi okul okul-a -a otobüs-le git-ti git-ti? ? (ah*m et ↝ / mi / o*ku o*ku**l a / o*to o*to**büs* büs*le / le / git*ti ↷) Has Ahmet gone to school by bus bus? ? Ahmet okul okul-a -a otobüs-le mi git-ti git-ti? ? (ah*met (ah*met / / o*ku o*ku**l a / o*to o*to**büs↝le / le / mi / git *ti ↷) Has Ahmet Has Ahmet gone to school by school by bus? Ahmet otobüs-le -le okul okul--a mı git-ti git-ti? ? a ↝ / mı / git*ti ↷) (ah*met (ah*met / / o*to o*to**büs*le∼ /o*ku /o*ku**l a Has Ahmet Has Ahmet gone to school school by by bus bus? ? Ahmet okul okul-a -a git-ti mi mi? ? (ah*met (ah*met / o*ku o*ku**la / la / git* t i / mi ↷) Has Ahmet gone to school school? ? (All the sentences are “yes-no” questions.) If the last syllable in a sentence is used with a rising intonation ( ↝), the
sentence means, “I am surprised to hear it”, or “I could not hear you well”. If it is used with a falling intonation (↷), the question is a “yes -no” question. Mektuplar Mektuplar -ı at-tı-ın mı? t ı n n ↝ / (mek*tup (mek*tup**la* r r ı / at* t / mı ↷) Have you you posted posted the the letters? letters?
Pazar günü futbol maç-ı-/ -/n n /a git-tigit-ti-in in mi mi? ? t i n n ↝ / mi (pa*zar (pa*zar / / gü*nü / nü / fut *bol / / ma*ç ma*ç ı*na / ı*na / git* t / mi ↷) Did you you go go to the football match on Sunday?
Pazar günü futbol maç -ı-/ -/n n /a mı git-ti git-ti-in in? ? (pa*zar (pa*zar / / gü* gü*nü / nü / fut*bol / / ma* ma*ç ı* ı* n a ↝ /mı /mı / / git *t i i n↝ ) (I am surprised.) Did you you go go to the football match on Sunday Sunday? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Köpek-i yıka-dı-ın.ız mı? (kö* pe* pe*ğ i / yı*ka*d ı*n ız ↝ ↝ / mı ↷) Have you washed the doğ? Araba-/y Araba-/ y /ı mı yıka-dı-ın.ız? (a*ra (a*ra**ba* yı ↝) (I am surprised.) yı ↝/ mı / yı*ka*d ı* nız ↝ Have you washed the car? (I car? (I didn’t want you to wash the car; you should have washed the dog instead.)
Çiçek-ler-i sula-dı-ın mı? n ↝ / mı ↷) (çi*çek *le* *le* r r i i / / su*la* su*la*d ı n Have you Have you watered watered the the flowers? flowers? Patates-ler-i soy-dusoy-du-un un mu mu? ? (pa*ta (pa*ta**tes*le* r r i i / / soy *d u n ↝ / / mu ↷) Have you you peeled peeled the the potatoes? potatoes? In the negative the negative question form, the form, the ♫ [me, ma] ma] allomorphs are attached to the verbs verbs first, first, and then the ♫ [di, dı ] time allomorphs (the others are not used as a result of the ♫ [me, ma] ma] allomorphs) are used, and finally, the above-mentioned personal allomorphs follow allomorphs follow them. The ♫ [mi, mı] question allomorphs are separately written. They are words words because they are separately separately written; they are allomorphs because they follow the vowel harmony rules: rules:
Pazar gün-ü futbol oynaoyna-ma ma--dı-ın.ız mı? (pa*zar (pa*zar / / gü* nü / fut*bol / oy* n a ↝ ma*d ı* nız / / mı ↷) ↝ ma*d * *
Did you not not play play football football on Sunday? (Negative Sunday? (Negative question) Ahmet daha daha ev ev-e -e gelgel-me me-di -di mi mi? ? (ah*met (ah*met / da*ha da*ha / / e*v e*v e / g el ↝ me*di me*di / mi ↷ ) Hasn’t Ahmet Ahmet come come home yet yet? ? * *
Aynı yanlış-lık-ı tekrar tekrar yapyap-ma ma--dı-ın mı? (ay *nı / yan*lış* lış*lı* ğ ğı / tek *rar / y ap ↝ ma*d ma*d ın / mı ↷) Haven’t you you made made the same same mistake mistake again again? ? * *
di’li”” past tense are also used in place of The verb “git” and the same “di’li “have (has) been to ”: Ben birkaç kez Londra’/y /a /a git-ti git-ti-im im.. (ben / ben / bir*kaç bir*kaç / / kez / / l o n *dra* dra*ya / ya / git *t i m ↷) I have been to London several times times..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ben hiç Tokyo’-/ -/y y /a gitgit-me me-di-di-im im.. (ben / ben / hiç / / tok*yo*ya / tok*yo*ya / g i t *me*d i im ↷) I have never been been to Tokyo. Sen hiç Paris ’-e git-ti git-ti--in mi mi? ? n ↝ / (sen / sen / hiç / / p a *ri *se / git *t i n / mi ↷) Have you ever ever been been to Paris?
Bugün nere-/ nere-/y y /e /e git-ti git-ti-in in? ? (bu / gün / gün / n e ↝re*ye / re*ye / git *t i i n↝) Where have Where have you you been been today today? ? In Turkish, The Simple Present is also used in place of “have (has) had”: Bu araba-/ araba-/y y /a beş yıl-dır sahipsahip-im im.. ( bu / bu / a*ra*ba*ya a*ra*ba*ya / / ben / beş / yıl*dır / / sa:*hi* sa:*hi* bim ↷) I have had this this car car for five years years.. Bu araba-/y araba-/y /a /a ne kadar zaman kadar zaman--dır sahip-sin sahip-sin? ? (bu / a*ra a*ra**ba* ba*ya / ya / n e ↝ / ka*dar ka*dar / / za*man za*man**dır / / sa:*hip*sin ↝) How long have long have you you had had this this car? car? All the question words can be used in the “di’li” past tenses as they are used in others, but in doing this, the sentence order should be taken into account. count. In English, after the question words, the question order of a sentence is kept in question form, form , but in Turkish, when the question words are words are used, the rest of the sentence is not in question form form::
“Ne zaman Ankara’ya gittin?” In this sentence, the underlined part of the sentence is not a question. question. However, in the English sentence “When did you go to Ankara?”, the underlined part of the sentence is a question. This question. This rule is applied to all the interrogative sentences containing question words in Turkish. Onu dün gördün. Onu ne zaman gördün?
“ gördün”” do not change al As it is seen in the sentences above, the verbs “gördün though the second sentence is a question. This shows us that when someone uses a question word word in a Turkish sentence, the sentence is automatically changes into an interrogative sentence concept without the positive or negative sentence order being order being changed.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS O-/n/u ne zaman gör -dü-ün? (onu … gördün) (o*nu (o*nu / / n e ↝ / za*man za*man / / gör*d ün↝ ) When did you see see her? her? Sen-i kim gör -dü? (sen-i … gördü) (se*n (se*ni / / k i m ↝ / gör *dü↝ ) Who saw saw you? you?
When the question word “who” asking for the subject subject is is used, the sentence order in English is the same as it is in Turkish. Sen kim-i gör -dü-ün? (sen … gördün) Sen kim-i (sen / sen / ki*m i ↝ / gör*d ün↝ ) Whom (who) did you see see? ? (The [i [i] in "kim-i "kim-i" is the defining allomorph, so “kim-i” asks for the object.) object.) Onlar toplantı- /y/ı ertele-di--ler ? (onlar toplantıyı … ertelediler) /y/ı niçin ertele-di (on*lar (on*lar / / top*lan top*lan**tı* tı*yı / n i ↝*çin / er*te*le*di*ler ↝ ↝) Why did they postpone the the meeting? meeting? Bu kahve-/y/i kim yap-tı? (bu kahveyi … yapti) Bu kahve-/y/i ( bu / bu / kah*ve kah*ve**yi / / k i m ↝ / yap* yap*tı↝ ) Who has made this this coffee? coffee?
Niçin patates-ler-i soysoy-ma ma--dı-ın? (… patatesleri soymadın) (n i ↝*çin / pa*ta* ta*tes* tes*le* le*r i i // s o y *ma*d ın↝) Why haven’t you peeled the the potatoes? potatoes? /n/ı ödünç al-dı-ın? (… arabsını ödünç aldın) Kim-in araba-/s/ı- /n/ı Kim-in araba-/s/ (ki*m i n ↝ / a*ra a*ra**ba*sı* ba*sı*nı / nı / ö* dünç / dünç / al*d ın↝) Whose car Whose car did you you borrow borrow? ? Onlar nere-de Onlar nere -de bul-uş-tu -tu--lar ? (onlar … buluştular) ↝) (on*lar (on*lar / / n e r ↝ de de / bu* l luş*tu* u ş*tu* lar lar ↝ Where did Where did they meet meet? ? * *
Amerika’-da ne kadar kalkadar kal-dı-ın? (Amerika’da … kaldın) (a*me (a*me**r i *ka* ka*da / da / n e ↝ / ka*dar ka*dar / / kal *d ın↝ ) How long did you stay in The U.S.A U.S.A..? Anne-en Anne-en--le le baba baba-an an--ı ne sıklık-ta ziyaret et-tiet-ti -in in? ? (Annenle babanı … ziyaret ettin)
(an*n (an*nen*le / le / ba*b ba*ba*nı / n e ↝ ta / zi*ya: *ret / et*t i i n↝ ) ↝ / sık*lık *ta / How often did you visit your parents? parents?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ne de-di de-di--in in? ? (… dedin) (n e ↝ / de*d i i n↝) ↝ / What did you you say say? ? If noticed, when the question words are taken out of all the Turkish interrogative sentences, the remaining parts are good grammatical positive or negative sentences. For instance: instance: Onu ne zaman gördün? Onu gördün. Onlar toplantıyı niçin ertelediler? Onlar toplantıyı ertelediler. Likewise, one can also produce interrogative sentences by inserting question words in words in all Turkish positive or negative sentences: Onlar toplantıyı ertelediler. Onlar toplantıyı niçin ertelediler?
Sen İstanbul’a gideceksin. Sen İstanbul’a nasıl gideceksin? Onu gördün. Onu nerede gördün? Bu kitabı satın alacaksın. Bu kitabı ne zaman satın alacaksın? Londra’ya gittin. Londra’ya kaç kez gittin?. Bizi ziyaret etmedin. Bizi niçin ziyaret etmedin? The places of the interrogative words are changeable in Turkish, but this characteristic of the Turkish language does not exist in English: English:
↝) Niçin onlar maçı ertelediler? (n i ↝* çin / / on*lar on*lar / / ma*çı ma*çı / / er*te*le*di*ler ↝) ↝* çin Onlar niçin maçı ertelediler? (on*lar / n i ↝* çin çin / / ma*çı ma*çı / / er*te*le*di*ler ↝)
Onlar maçı niçin ertelediler? (on*lar (on*lar / / ma*çı ma *çı / / n i ↝* çin / / er*te*le*di*ler ↝) ↝* çin Onlar maçı ertelediler. Niçin? (on*lar (on*lar / / ma*çı ma*çı / / er*te*le*di*ler ↷) (n i ↝*çin↝) There is only one English equivalent of the above first three three Turkish interrogative sentences: Why did they postpone the the meeting? meeting?
mu ” question words can also be put into the positive or The ♫ “mi, mı, mü, mu” negative sentences without changing the sentence order as the other question words: Onlar toplantıyı ertele-di ertele-di--ler . Onlar mı toplantıyı erteledi ertelediler ler ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Onlar toplantıyı mı erteledi ertelediler ler ? Onlar toplantıyı ertelediler ertelediler mi mi? ? Onlar toplantıyı erteleertele-me me-di -di--ler . Onlar mı toplantıyı ertele erteleme medi diler ler ? Onlar toplantıyı mı ertele erteleme medi diler ler ? Onlar toplantıyı ertele erteleme medi diler ler mi mi? ? The [Mİ] interrogative morpheme can morpheme can also be used accordingly in all other Turkish sentences.
“MİŞ’Lİ” PAST TENSE (Miş’li Geçmiş) Rumor & Inference This tense does not exist in English. The concept of this tense is inferred from the context in which it is used. The inference allomorphs of this tense are ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş ], which are followed by the personal morphemes:: (ben) morphemes ben) ♫ [im, ım, üm, um ]; (sen) sen) ♫ [sin, sın, sün, sun]; (o) [Ø]; (biz) biz) ♫ [iz, ız, üz, uz uz]]; (siz) siz) ♫ [sin-iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz n.uz]]; (onlar ) [ Ø] or ♫ [ler , lar ]). ]). Compare the Turkish with the English sentences to understand the difference: difference :
miş.. “They say (that) he has gone” or “ I am surprised to see (hear) O git-miş that he has gone”. They say (that) say (that) he went. I think (that) think (that) he has gone. He says (that) he has gone. Somebody says says (that) he has gone. He is said to have gone. All these English sentences are expressed in the Turkish miş”. ”. In such sentences the origin and sentence “O git git--miş and the time of the rumor is unknown, but but inferred: inferred: Sen sınav-ı geç-miş-sin sin.. People say that you you have have passed the examination. İş- /n i /n /-den kov kov--muş-lar . People People say, say, or he or he himself says that says that they (have) fired him. fired him. İş- /n i /n /-den kov-ul kov-ul--muş. (ko*vul *muş) muş) They They say that he has been fired, fired, or was fired. fired. (He himself says (that) says (that) he has been fired, fired, or was fired.) fired.) When one of the ♫ [dir, dır, dür, dur, tir, tır, tür, tur ] allomorphs is attached to one of the allomorphs of [MİŞ], the verb composition gains the meaning of “possibility” or “certainty “. Consider the following: following: Bu film-i gör -müş-sün-dür . Bu film-i (bu / bu / fil*m fil*mi / i / gör *müş*sün* sün*dür ↷) You are You are likely to to have have seen this this film. film. (Possibility) (Possibility) You must You must have seen this this film. film. (Certainty) (Certainty)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Zil çal-mış-tır . (Possibility or certainty) (zil / / çal* mış* tır ↷) mış* tır The bell must (may) have rung. rung. AnneAnne-em ev ev-den -den çık-mış-tir tir bile bile.. (Certainty) (an*nem (an*nem / / ev*den ev*den / / çık* mış bi*le ↷) mış*tır / bi*le Mother must must have already left left home. home. Yeni ders-i öğren-miş-sin.iz Yeni ders-i sin.iz--dir . (Certainty) miş*si* niz*dir ↷) (ye*ni (ye*ni / der*s der*si / öğ*ren* miş You may You may or must must have learned the new new lesson. lesson. Ben-i anla-mış-sın-dır . ( be* be* ni / an*la* mış ) ↷ mış*sın*dır ↷ You must You must (may) have understood me. understood me.
Anlamış” is subject complement in Ben-i anla-mış ol-ma.lı-sın. (“ Anlamış” complement in Turkish) mış / ol*ma*lı*sın ↷) (be*ni (be*ni / an*la* mış You must You must have understood me. understood me. complement.) Otobüs geç kal-mış ol-ma.lı. (“Geç kalmış” is subject complement.) (o*to*büs (o*to*büs / / geç / kal* mış mış / ol*ma*lı ↷) The bus must have been late late.. (“Late” is subject complement.) complement.) Program-ı iptal et-miş-ler -dir . (prog*ra* (prog*ra* mı / ip*ta:l / et*miş*ler*dir ↷) They must They must (may) have canceled the the program. program. O-/n/u yanlış anla -mış-ım-dır . (o*nu (o*nu / / yan* yan* lış lış / an*la*mı* şım*dır ↷) I must (may) have misunderstood it. misunderstood it. O-/n/u gör -me-me-miş-sin sin--dir . (o*nu (o*nu / gör *me*miş*sin*dir *me*miş*sin*dir ↷) You may not have seen him. seen him. O-/n/u gör -müş ol ol-a.maz a.maz--sın. (o*nu (o*nu / gör*müş / o* l *maz*sın *maz*sın ↷) l a You can You can not not have have seen her. seen her.
Yılan-ı öldür -müş-ler -dir . (yı*la* nı / öl*dür*müş*ler *dir *dir ↷) They must They must have killed the the snake. snake.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
İş- /n i /n /-den /-den kov-ul kov-ul-muş-tur . (i*şin*den (i*şin*den / ko* v v ul* ul* muş muş*tur ↷) He must He must (may) have been fired. fired .
Negative: After the verb verb roots, stems or frames, one of the ♫ [me, ma] ma ] negation allomorphs is used; and then only the ♫ [miş, mış] allomorphs follow them according to the vowel harmony rules, and finally the personal allomorphs are added:
Çalış-ma-/ ma-/y y /a başla-ma-mış bile bile.. (ça*lış* ça*lış*ma* ma*ya / baş* l a *ma*mış *ma*mış ↷ / bi*le ↷) They say They say he hasn’t started work work-ing -ing yet yet.. (Astonishment and complaint)
Sınav-ı geç-me-miş-sin sin.. (sı*na* na*v ı / / geç *me*miş*sin *me*miş*sin ↷) They say They say you didn’t pass pass,, or haven’t passed the the examination. examination. Oğul ul--un dün okul okul-a -a git git--me me--miş. (oğ*lun / lun / dün / o*ku* o*ku* l la / g i t *me*miş ↷) They say, They say, or or I heard I heard that that your your son son didn’t go to school yesterday yesterday.. Mektup-u at at--ma ma--mış. (mek*tu (mek*tu**bu / at *ma*mış ↷) I heard heard that that he hadn't posted the posted the letter. Teklif-i kabul et-me et-me--miş-ler . (tek*li (tek*li : f i / ka*bû ka*bû: I / / et *me*miş*ler ↷) : * f I heard heard that that they hadn’t accepted the the proposal. proposal. (Ben Ben-im) -im) oğul-um dün okul okul-a -a gitgit-me me--miş. (be*nim / oğ*l um / um / dün / dün / o*ku*la o*ku*la / / g i t *me*miş ↷) I heard heard that that my son didn’t go to school school yesterday yesterday.. This type of verb structure is also used to express surprise: Kedi papağan-ım-ı ye ye--miş! m ı / (ke*di (ke*di / pa*pa*ğa* pa*pa*ğa* nı* m / ye*miş~) ye*miş~) The cat has eaten up my my parrot! parrot! (Astonishment (Astonishment and anger) Kek yan yan--mış! (kek / / yan* mış mış~) The cake has been burned (burnt) (burnt)!! (Astonishment) (Astonishment)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Positive question: In positive questions, ♫ [mi mi-- /y /y /im, mı- /y /y /ım, mü- /y /y /üm, mu mu-- /y /y /um /um]; ]; [mi mi--sin sin,, mı-sın, mü-sün, mu mu--sun sun]]; [mi, mı, mü, mu ]; [mi mi-- /y /y /iz /iz,, mı- /y /y /ız, mü- /y /y /üz, mu-- /y mu /y /uz /uz]]; [mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz,, mı-sın.ız, mü-sün.üz, mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz]] and [ler ler mi mi,, lar mı] words are separately used in accordance with the harmony rules:
Oğulul-un dün maç-a git git--miş mi mi? ? (oğ *lun / lun / dün / dün / ma*ç ma*ç a / git* miş miş / mi ↷) Tell me whether your your son son went to the football match yesterday match yesterday..
Kapı- /y/ı /y/ı kilitle kilitle--miş mi mi-- /y /y /im /im? ? (ka* pı* pı*yı / ki *lit *le* le*miş / mi *yim ↷) Tell me whether I I have locked the the door. door. (The /y /y/ glides are inserted between the successive vowels.) Yen-il-miş-ler mi! Yen-il mi! (ye* nil*miş* il*miş*l er ↝ / / mi ↝) Have they been beaten! beaten! (Astonishment) (Astonishment) ArabaAraba-am am tamir tamir et-il et-il-miş mi mi? ? (a*ra (a*ra**bam / ta: *mir / e* d dil i l *miş / mi ↷) Do they they say say (have you heard) that heard) that my car car has has been repaired? repaired? (Passive)
Negative question: In negative questions, the ♫ [me, ma] ma] negation allomorphs are attached to verb roots, stems or frames: frames: kilit-le-me me--miş-ler ler mi mi?! ?! Kapı- /y/ı /y/ı kilit-le(ka* pı* pı*yı / ki*lit *l e ↝ me*miş*ler / mi ↝) ↝ me*miş*ler shocked to hear that.) Do they they say say that that they didn't lock the the door door ? (I’m shocked * *
Ben-i gör -me me--miş mi mi? ? (be*n (be*ni / / gör ↝ me*miş / mi ↝ ) ↝ me*miş / Does he Does he say say that he didn't see me? see me? (I can't believe!) (Incredible!) * *
Ev ödev-i-/n/i yapyap-ma ma--mış mı? (ev / ö*de* de*v i*ni~ / i*ni~ / y ap ↝ ma*mış ma*mış / mı↝ ) * *
Does he he say say that that he hasn't done his his homework? homework? ( ( Anger Anger and astonishment) Daha kalkkalk-mama-mış mı? (da*ha (da*ha / / kalk ↝*ma*mış / mı↝) (Surprise) Do you you say say that that he hasn’t got up yet yet? ? (How lazy he is!)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Oğulul-un Türkçe bilbil-m me-i.yor -i.yor mu/ mu/y y /-muş? (oğ*lun / türk*çe / türk*çe / b i l ↝ ↝ mi*yor / muy*muş ↝) Do you you say say that that your your son son doesn’t know Turkish? * *
Ben-i tanı-ma-ı.yor mu/ mu/y y /-muş? Hayret bir şey! (be* be*ni / / ta* nı / muy *muş↝) (Hay* ret bi*şey~)) r et / bi*şey~ nı ↝*mı*yor / Does he Does he say say that that he doesn’t know me? me? Unbelievable! Ridiculous!
SIMPLE FUTURE AND BE GOING TO Gelecek Zaman The two different English time concepts above are expressed in [ e.cek e.cek,, a.cak] time allomorphs in Turkish. The compulsory subject personal allomorphs follow allomorphs follow these two time allomorphs as usual, such as: (ben ben)) ♫ [im, ım]; (sen sen)) ♫ [sin, sın]; (o) [Ø]; (biz biz)) ♫ [iz, ız]; (siz siz)) ♫ [sin.iz sin.iz,, sın.ız]; (onlar ) [Ø] or ♫ [ler, lar ] in Turkish. The same concepts can also be expressed in The Present Continuous Tense (Şimdiki Zaman), as well. Consider the following : Yeni bir araba araba satın al-a.cak-ız. (ye*n i / / bir / a*ra a*ra**ba / ba / sa* sa* tın / tın / a* l la*ca* a*ca* ğ ğız ız ↷) We are going to buy a new new car. car. We We will will buy a new car. new car. .
Bir gün ben-i anla-/y/a.cak- sın. (bir / gün / be*n be*ni / / an*la*ya* an*la*ya*c ak *sın ↷) You will You will understand me understand me some day. (The /y /y/ glide is inserted between the successive “a-a” vowels.) ParaPara-am ol ol-un.ca -un.ca sana yardım et-er-er-im im.. d e (pa*ram (pa*ram / / o*l o*l un*ca un*ca / sa*na sa*na / / yar*dım yar*dım / / e* d * *r r im im ↷) I will help you help you when I have enough money. (The /t /t/ consonant changes into the voiced / voiced /d d/.) (Promise) Para-am ol Paraol-un.ca -un.ca sana yardım et-e.cek-e.cek-im im.. (pa*ram (pa*ram / / o*l u n * ca c a ~/ sa*na sa*na / / yar*dım yar*dım / / e* d d e*c e * *ğ ğ im im ↷) I will certainly certainly help help you you when I have enough money money.. (Strong promise) The underlined /t /t/ and /k /k/ unvoiced consonants above change into the voiced /d /d/ and /ğ/ consonants respectively.
Bazı hayvan-lar bir gün yok yok ol-a.cak ol-a.cak.. (Liaison) (ba:* zı / zı / hay*van*lar hay*van*lar / / bir / gün / gün / y o * k k o* o* l l a*cak a*cak ↷) Some animals will be extinct some day day..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
/y/ı) ben aç-ar-ım. (Liaison) (Kapı- /y/ı (ka* pı* pı*yı / yı / be*n be*na*ç a * *r r ım ım ↷) a I’ll open (the door). (One can use this form as soon as one hears the doorbell.) (Telefon Telefon-a -a)) ben cevap ver-ir-im ver-ir-im.. (te*le (te*le**fo* na / ben / ben / ce*vap ce*vap / / ve* r * r r im im ↷) r i i * I’ll answer (the (the phone phone). ). (This expression is used as soon as one hears the telephone ring.) Mr. Brown yarın üniversite-de bir konferans konferans ver-e.cek ver-e.cek.. (ve* r r e*cek e*cek ) Mr. Brown is Brown is going to give a lecture at the university tomorrow university tomorrow..
Negative: The negative making allomorphs of allomorphs of this tense are ♫ [me me]] or [ma [ ma]], which are followed by ♫ [e.cek e.cek]] or [a.cak a.cak]] allomorphs. When "me "me-- /y /y /e.cek /e.cek" " or "ma ma- /y / y /a.cak /a.cak" " allomorphs follow one another, the successive /e /e/ or /a /a/ vowels are linked by the /y /y/ glides to maintain the harmonious link between these vowels:
Toplantı -/ -/y y /a gitgit-me me-/y/e.cek-/y/e.cek-im im.. (top*lan (top*lan**tı*ya / g i t *me*ye*ce* ğ ğ im im ↷), or impolitely, (g i t *miy*cem↷ ) I won’t go to the meeting. (Refusal). meeting. (Refusal). The /y/ glide is inserted between the successive “e-e” vowels, and the unvoiced consonant /k /k/ changes into the voiced form /ğ/. Onlar -ın teklif-i teklif- i-/n/i kabul et-me et-me-/ -/y y /e.cek /e.cek-iz iz.. (on*la (on*la**r ın / ın / tek*li tek*li : fi*ni / i *ni / ka*bûl ka*bûl / / et *me*ye*ce* ğ ğiz iz ↷) : * f We will We will not not accept accept their proposal. proposal. (The /n /n/ and /y/ are the glides inserted between the successive “i-i” and ”e-e” vowels. The /k/ unvoiced consonant in “ecek” changes into the voiced /ğ/.)
Yağmur yağ Yağmur yağ-ma ma-/y/a.cak -/y/a.cak.. (yağ*mur / / yağ *ma*ya*cak *ma*ya*cak ↷) It is not going to rain It is rain.. (The /y /y/ glide is inserted between the successive “a-a” vowels.)
Positive question: In positive questions, “mi mi-- /y /y /im /im? ?”, “mi mi--sin sin? ?”, “mi mi? ?”, “mi mi-- /y /y /iz /iz? ?”, “mi mi-sin.iz? sin.iz ?”, “( ler ) mi mi? ?” or their allomorphs are separately used: used:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Bu mektup-lar-ı daktilo et-e.cek mi Bu mektup-larmi--sin sin? ? (bu / bu / mek*tup mek*tup**la* r r ı / dak*ti*lo dak*ti*lo / / e* d de* e* c ek ↝ / mi*sin ↷) Are you you going going to to type these these letters? letters?
Yarın git-e.cek mi Yarın git-i.yor mi--sin sin?, ?, or “ Yarın git-i.yor mu mu--sun?” rın / gi* d (ya*rın / gi* d de* e* c ek / mi*sin ↷) (ya* rın *yor *yor / / mu*sun ↷) d i Are you you leaving leaving tomorrow tomorrow? ? (The /t/ changes into /d /d/.) Onlar biz-i biz-i ziyaret et-e.ceket-e.cek-ler ler mi mi? ? (on*lar (on*lar / / bi* bi* z zi i // zi*ya zi*ya: *ret / e* d de*cek e*cek *l e r ↝ / mi ↷) Are they Are they going to visit visit us? us? Note: Although the [mi, mı, mü, mu ] adverbial adverbial interrogative interrogative allomorphs and the [me, [me, ma]] adverbial ma adverbial negative negative making allomorphs are written in green, they will be written in red from now on as they are the allomorphs of the verb compositions in compositions in Turkish, and difficult to write them in different colors.
In polite polite requests, geniş zaman (The Simple Present Tense) is used in Turkish in place of The Simple Future Tense (will (will)) of the English language: language: Bu mektup-lar-ı ben Bu mektup-larben--im için lütfen daktilo et-er mi mi--sin sin? ? d er ↝/ mi*sin ↷) (bu / bu / mek*tup mek*tup**la* r r ı / be*n be*nim / im / i*çin i*çin / / lüt *fen *fen / dak*ti dak*ti *lo / lo / e* d Will you please please type type these these letters letters for me me? ? (Polite request) Lutfen ben ben--im için bir fincan fincan kahve yap-ar kahve yap-ar mı-sın? (lüt *fen *fen / be*n be*nim / im / i*çin i*çin / bir bir / fin*can fin*can / / kah*ve kah*ve / / ya* p / mı*sın ↷) p ar ↝ / Will you please please make make a cup of coffee coffee for me me? ? (Polite request) x
Negative question: In the negative question form, ♫ [me [me]] or [ma [ma]] negation allomorphs follow the verb roots, verb roots, stems or frames: frames: Biz-im-le gel-me-/y/e.cek miBiz-im-le mi-sin sin? ? (bi*z (bi*z im* im*le / le / g el ↝ *me*ye*cek *me*ye*cek / mi*sin ↷) Won’t you you come come with us us? ? (The /y /y/ glide links the successive /e /e/ vowels.) When the question words are involved, “ mi mi-/y/ -/y/im im”, “ mi mi--sin”, etc. are not used: used:
Saat kaç-ta ev ev-e -e dön-e.cek -e.cek--sin sin? ? (sa*at (sa*at / / kaç* t a ↝/ e*v e*v e / dö* ne*cek*sin ↝ ) What time will you come back home home? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Yarın nere nere-/ -/y y /e git-i.yor -sun sun? ? (The /t /t/ changes into /d /d/.) (ya*rın / n e ↝ re*ye / gi* d di*yor*sun i*yor*sun ↝) ↝ re*ye / Where are you going tomorrow tomorrow? ?
Yarın hava nasıl ol-a.cak ol-a.cak? ? (ya*rın / ha*va / / o* l ↝ ) va / n a ↝* sıl / l a*cak a*cak ↝ What is the weather going weather going to be like tomorrow tomorrow? ? SoruSoru-um um-a -a kim cevap ver-e.cek? ver-e.cek? ↝ ) (so*ru (so*ru**ma / k i m ↝/ ce*vap ce*vap / / ve* r r e*cek e*cek ↝ Who is going to answer answer my my question? question? SoruSoru-um um-a -a sen mi cevap ver-e.cekver-e.cek-sin sin? ? (so*ru (so*ru**ma / s en ↝/ mi / / ce*vap ce*vap / / ve* ve* r r e*cek*sin e*cek*sin ↷) Are you going to answer answer my my question? question? (If this question is asked with a rising ( ↝) intonation, it becomes sarcastic.) nere-de yap.a.cak yap.a.cak..lar ? Toplantı - /y/ı /y/ı nere-de (top*lan (top*lan**tı*yı / n e ↝*re* de de / ya* pa*cak*lar p a*cak*lar ↝ ↝ ) Where are they they going going to to hold the the meeting? meeting? Bu kim-in kim-in kitap kitap-ı? (bu / ki* m m i n ↝/ ki*ta* bı↝) Whose book Whose book is this this? ? (The /p/ transplaces, and changes into the voiced /b/.) Siz-e nasıl yardım et-e.bil-ir -im Siz-e im? ? (“ Yardım et” is intransitive.) intransitive .) (si*ze (si*ze / n a ↝*sıl / yar*dım yar*dım / / e* d d e*bi* e*bi* l li* i * r r im im↝ ) How can I help help you? you? (“Help” is transitive. Therefore, “siz siz--e” is an adverb adverb,, but “you” is an object.) object.)
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Şimdiki Zaman’ın Hikâyesi This tense is used like The Past Continuous Tense of the English Language. The time morpheme of this tense is a combination of [İ.YOR] morpheme followed by the [Dİ] morpheme, which are followed by the usual personal allomorphs allomorphs.. The allomorphs of these morphemes are simultaneously chosen by the phonological component in accordance with the Turkish harmony rules as usual. usual. The allomorphs of [İ.YOR] are ♫ [i.yor, ı.yor, ü.yor, u.yor ] as they are in The Present Continuous Tense. As all the allomorphs of the [İ.YOR] mor-
50
TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS pheme end with “yor ” syllables, only the [du [du]] allomorph of the morpheme [Dİ] is used after the allomorphs of [İ.YOR]. For instance: instance: i.yor-du, ı.yor -du, ü.yor -du, -du, u.yor-du. Although the personal morphemes are morphemes are [İM], [İN], [Ø], [İK], [İN.İZ], and [LER [LER-Dİ], only their allomorphs [u [um], [un], [Ø], [uk], [un.uz n.uz]] and [lar [lar -dı] are used due to the [d [du] past time allomorph. As the vowels of the [d [du] allomorphs coincide coincide with the vowels of the personal allomorphs, allomorphs, they combine combine and verbalize as verbalize as single vowels: (ben ben)) [du-um] (d u sen)) [du-un] (d u du); (biz biz)) [du-uk] (d u u m); (sen u n); (o) [du] (du) u k ); (siz siz)) [d [du-un.uz n.uz]] (d (d u (onlar ) [du [du]] (du (du)) or [lar [lar -dı] (lar*dı). (lar*dı). u * nuz ); (onlar As all these allomorphs are attached to [i.yor-du i.yor-du]] allomorphs, allomorphs, they become “i.yor-d i.yor-du u-um”, “i.yor-d i.yor-du u-un”, “i.yor-du”, “i.yor-d i.yor-du u-uk”, “i.yor-d i.yor-du u-un.uz”, “i.yor dı””: lar -dı Ankara’-/ -/y y /a git-i.yor-du git-i.yor-du--um um.. u m ↷) (an *ka* ka*ra* ra*ya / ya / gi* d di*yor i*yor *d u I was going to Ankara. Onlar biz-e Onlar biz -e yardım et-i.yor-i.yor-lar lar -dı. (on*lar (on*lar / / bi*z bi*z e / yar * * dım di*yor*lar*dı i*yor*lar*dı ↷) dım / e* d They were helping us. helping us. Televizyon seyret-i.yor-duseyret-i.yor-du-un un.. (te*le (te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* d di*yor*d i*yor*d u u n ↷) You were You were watching television. watching television.
Arkadaş-lar-ım.ız-ı ar a-ı.yor -du-uk -du-uk.. (The double underlined “a” drops.) (ar*ka (ar*ka**daş* daş*la* r r ı*mı* z / a* r rı*yor*d ı*yor*d u z u k ↷) ı ı / We were looking for our our friends friends.. Bir problem problem çöz-ü.yor -du-um -du-um.. (ben / bir / prob* prob* l em / çö* z z ü*yor*d ü*yor*d u u m ↷) I was solving a problem. Onlar -ı bekl bekle e-i.yor-du-i.yor-du-uk uk.. (The double underlined “e” drops.) (on*la* (on*la* r li*yor*d i *yor*d u r ı u k ↷) ı / bek* l We were We were waiting for them them.. O ben-i sev-i.yor-du sev-i.yor-du.. (o / be* n v i*yor*du i*yor*du ↷) n i / se* v She was She was in love with me me..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Öğrenci-ler öğretmen-ler-i -ler-i-/n/i dikkat-le dikkat -le dinl dinle e-i.yor-i.yor-lar lar -dı. (öğ*ren* ren*ci*ler / öğ*ret *men* men*le* r ri*ni i*ni / dik* dik* k at *le / *le / din* l l i*yor*lar*dı i*yor*lar*dı ↷) The students students were were listening to their their teacher teacher carefully carefully.. (The double underlined /e/ drops and the /l /l/ attaches to /i/i/.) Uyu-u.yor-duUyu -u.yor-du-uk uk.. (The /u/ drops, the /y /y/ attaches to /u /u/, and the “u-u” y u *yor*d uk ↷) combine.) (u* (u* y We were sleeping. sleeping .
Negative: Although the t he negative negat ive making m aking allomorphs of this t his tense are ♫ [m [ me] and [m [ma], their last vowels drop when drop when they are attached to the allomorphs of [İ.YOR]: Gel-me-i.yorGel-m -i.yor-lar lar -dı. (One word) (The / (The /e e / drops, / drops, and the /m /m/ attaches to /i /i/.) (g el * mi*yor*lar*dı ↷) They were not not coming coming.. (Four words) Onlar-ı beklebekle-m me-i.yor-du-i.yor-du-uk uk.. (Two words) (“Bekle” is transitive in Turkish.) u k ↷) (on*la* (on*la* r r ı / bek* / bek* l e * * mi*yor*d u We were not not waiting waiting for them. them. (Six words)(“Wait” is intransitive in English.) O ben-i sev-m sev-me e-i.yor-du -i.yor-du.. (o / be* be* ni / / s ev * mi*yor*du ↷) She wasn’t in love with me. (“In In love love” is a subject complement.) complement.) O ben-i anla-m anla-ma a-ı.yor -du. -du. (O ben-i anla-ma-dı.) (o / be* be* ni / an* l a * * mı*yor*du ↷) She didn’t understand me. Uyu-ma-u.yor-duUyu-ma -u.yor-du-um um.. (One word) (u* y u * mu*yor*d u u m ↷) I wasn't sleeping. sleeping. (Three words)
Positive question: The question allomorphs allomorphs of this tense are [mi, mı, mü, mu ]. Each one of these allomorphs may be separately used after any stressed stressed word in a sentence: sentence: Ahmet okul-a Ahmet okul -a otobüs-le mi git-i.yor-du git-i.yor-du? ? büs↝le*mi / (ah*met (ah*met / / o*ku o*ku**l a / o*to* o*to* büs / gi* d d i*yor*du i*yor*du ↷) Was Ahmet going to school by bus?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ahmet otobüs-le -le okul okul-a -a mı git-i.yor-du git-i.yor-du? ? (ah*met (ah*met / o*to o*to**büs*le büs*le / / o*ku o*ku**l a di*yor*du i*yor*du ↷) a ↝ ↝ mı / gi* d Was Ahmet Was Ahmet going to school by school by bus? Ahmet okul-a Ahmet okul -a otobüs-le -le git-i.yor git-i.yor mu mu / /y y /-du /-du? ? (ah*met (ah*met / / o*ku* o*ku* l la / o*to*büs*le o*to*büs*le / / gi* d * yor / / muy*du ↷) d i ↝ ↝*yor Was Ahmet going to school by school by bus? Uyu-u.yor mu/ mu/y y / /-dudu-un.uz un.uz? ? (The [mi, mı, mü, mu] are queston allomorps.) allomorps.) (u* y y u↝ *yor *yor ↝ / muy*du muy*du*nu *nuz ↷) Were you you sleeping sleeping? ?
Çalış-ı.yor mu/ mu/y y / /-dudu-uk uk? ? (ça*lı* şı * yor / / muy*d u ↝*yor u k ↷) şı ↝ Were we we working working? ? When the verb verb is stressed, the question allomorph [mu mu]] attaches to [du [du]] followed by the personal allomorphs: personal allomorphs: "Gidiyor Gidiyor mu/ mu/y y//-d du-um?" "Bekliyor "Bekliyor mu/ mu/y y//-du du--un un?" ?" "Çalışıyor mu/ mu/y y//-du du?" ?" "U "Uyuyor mu/ yor mu/y y//-d du-uk?" "Koşuyor mu/ mu/y y//-d du-un-uz n-uz?" ?" "Gülüyoryor-lar lar mı/y/-dı?"
Negative question: The [me, [me, ma] ma] negative allomorphs are used in negative questions as usual: Onlar otobüs-le gitgit-me me-i.yor-i.yor-lar lar mı/y /-dı? (on*lar (on*lar / / o*to o*to**büs*le büs*le / g i t * mi*yor*lar / mıy*dı ↷) Were they Were they not going by bus? The double underlined /e / / drops, the /m /m/ attaches to /i/ and the /y/ glide is inserted between [mu [mu]] and [du [du]]. Instead of “Gitmiyor -lar mıydı?”, “Gitmiyor muydular?” is often heard. heard. When the question words are words are involved, the [mi, mı, mü, mu] allomorphs are not used, used, and the verbs are in positive form: form : Ne yap-ı.yor -du-du-un un? ? (n e ↝ ↝ / u n↝) / ya* pı*yor*d p ı*yor*d u What were you doing doing? ?
Yardım etmek” is intransitive in Turkish.) Sana kim yardım et-i.yor-du t-i.yor-du? ? (“ Yardım (sa*na (sa*na / / k i m ↝/ yar *dım *dım / e* d di*yor*du i*yor*du↝) Who was helping you? helping you? (“Help” is transitive in English.)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Nere-/ Nere-/y y /e git-i.yor-du git-i.yor-du--un un? ? (n e ↝re* re*ye / ye / gi* d d i*yor*d i*yor*d u u n↝) Where were you going going? ? The /t /t/ changes into the voiced /d /d/, and the /u /u-u/ vowels combine. Cadde-de Cadde-de bir kadın niçin koş-u.yor-du -u.yor-du? ? (cad*de*de (cad*de*de / / bir / ka*dın ka*dın / / n i ↝çin / çin / ko* ko* şu*yor*du ↝) Why was a woman running along the street street? ? The intonation patterns of the Turkish and English interrogative sentences are different when the question words are involved. In the Turkish sentences, the stress is on the question words, words, but in English, the stress is on the verbs verbs:: (n e ↝*re*ye / re*ye / gi*di*yor*sun ↝); (where (where / / are / are / you / you / g o ↝ wing wing ↷)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Şimdiki Zaman’ın Hikâyesi The past continuous verb continuous verb structure of the Turkish language is also used in place of the the Past Perfect Continuous Tense Tense of the English language. Consider and compare the following sentences: sentences: Ahmet gel gel-dik -dik--i/ i/n n / /-de de ben ben onu onu bir bir saat saat-tir -tir otobüs durakdurak-ı /n /n /-da bekl bekle e-i.yor-du -i.yor-du--um um..
ın*da /bek* l l i*yor*d in* d e ~/ ben / o*nu / i* k i / sa*at *tir / / o*to*büs / du*ra *ğ ın i*yor*d u u m ↷) (ah*met / gel*di *ğ in* I had been waiting for Ahmet at the bus stop for an hour when he arrived arrived..
son-a er-diker-dik-i/n/i/n/-de de iki saat-tir saat-tir soru-lar -a cevap -a cevap ver -me-/ -me-/y y /e çalışSınav son-a ı.yor -du du--um um.. I had been trying to answer the the questions for two hours when the exam ended ended.. (“er -dik -dik” and “ver -me -me” are infinitives.)
Işıklar sön Işıklar sön-dük-ü/n / /-de de iki saat-tir saat-tir ev ev ödev-im im-i -i yap-ı.yor -du-du-um um.. (ı*şık*lar / / sön*dü* ğ ğün* ün* d e / / i*ki i*ki / / sa*at*tir sa*at*tir / / e v / ö*de* v v i* i* mi / / ya* pı*yor*d p ı*yor*d u u m↷) When the lights went off , I had been doing my my homework homework for two hours.
Otobüs durak - /n ı/n /-da bekl bekle e-i.yor-du-i.yor-du-um um.. (o*to* (o*to* büs du*ra* ğ ğın*da / ı n*da / bek* l li*yor*d i *yor*d u u m ↷) büs / du*ra* I was waiting at the bus stop. stop. (Past Continuous)
Otobüs durak- /n/-da ı/n/-da iki saat-tir saat-tir bekle bekle-i.yor-du-i.yor-du-um um.. (o*to*büs (o*to*büs / / du*ra* du*ra* ğ / sa*at*tir sa*at*tir / / bek* l u m ↷) ğın*da / ın*da / i* k i / li*yor*d i *yor*d u I had been waiting at the bus stop for two hours hours.. (Past Perfect Continuous) Sabah-le.yin kalk Sabah-le.yin kalk--tık-ım-da -da saat-ler saat-ler -dir -dir yağmur yağ-ı.yor -du. -du. (sa*b ah *le*yin / *le*yin / kalk*tı* ğ ğım*da / ım*da / sa*at* sa*at* l e r *dir / yağ*m u r / ya* ğ ğı*yor*du ı*yor*du ↷) It had It had been raining for hours hours when I got up in up in the morning.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS As it is seen in the examples above, only The Past Continuous Tense is used in Turkish to express both The Past Continuous and The Past Perfect continuous Tenses of the English language.
WAS (WERE) GOING TO
Gelecek Zaman’ın Hikâyesi This tense expresses an action that was going to be done in the past, but was interrupted for some reason. The same tense exists in the English language, as well. To form this tense in Turkish, the ♫ [e.cek e.cek]] or [a.cak a.cak]] allomorphs are attached to verb verb roots, roots, stems or f rames first, and then they are followed followed by ♫ [ti, tı] past allomorphs, and finally personal subject allomorphs (ben ben)) ♫ [im im,, ım]; (sen sen)) ♫ [in in,, ın]; (o) [Ø]; (biz biz)) ♫ [ik, ık]; (siz siz)) ♫ [in in..iz, ın.ız]; (onlar ) ♫ [ler -di di,, lar -dı] are added: added: im-i -i yap-a.cak yap-a.cak-tı-ım, ama birden ama birden elektrik-ler elektrik-ler sön-dü. Ev ödev-im (ev / / ö*de* de*v i i *mi / ya* pa p a*c ak *t ı ~/ bir *den *den / e*lek e*lek *trik *l er / sön*dü ↷) ı m / a* m a ~/ I was going to do my my homework, homework, but suddenly suddenly the the lights went out out.. Tam öğretmen-in sorusoru- /s /s /u /u-/ -/n n /a cevap ver-e.cek-ti-im ver-e.cek-ti- im,, ama zil çal-dı. (t am r e* e* c ek *t i m / a*m a / z i l / çal*dı↷ ) am / öğ*ret *me*nin / so* ru*su*na / ce* vap / ve* r i ’s question, but the I was was just just going going to answer answer the the teacher ’s the bell bell rang rang.. Tam uyku- /y Tam uyku /y /a dal-a.cak- tı-ım, telefon çal-dı. (t am / uy*ku*ya uy*ku*ya / / da* l l a* a* c ak *t ı te*le* f o n / çal*dı ↷) ı m~/ te*le* Just as I was going to sleep sleep,, the the telephone telephone rang rang.. This tense is also used in conditional unreal past tenses in Turkish: Turkish: Bilet bul bul-sa/ -sa/y y /-dı-ım, tiyatro-/ tiyatro -/y y /a /a git-e.cek-ti git-e.cek-ti-im im.. (bi*let (bi*let / / bul *s ay *d ı ti* y at *ro*/ i m ↷) ı m~/ ti* ro*/y y /a / gi* d d e*cek*t e*cek*t i If I I had found a ticket, I would have gone to the theatre theatre.. (“If ” is a subordinating conjunjtion.) yakala--mama-sa/ sa/y y /-dı, tüm soru-lar -a ceÖğretmen ben-i kopya çek-er-ken yakala vap ver-e.cek-ti-im ver-e.cek-ti-im.. I would have answered all the the questions if the teacher hadn’t caught me cheat cheat--ing ing..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
USED TO
Geniş Zaman’ın Hikâyesi The equivalent of the expression of “used to” is used in Turkish as it is used in English. To form this expression, the simple present tense allomorphs of [İR], ♫ [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ], ], are used followed by ♫ [di, dı, dü, du ] past allomorphs; and finally, (ben (ben)) ♫ [im, ım, üm, um ]; (sen sen)) ♫ [in, ın, ün, un]; (o) [Ø]; (biz biz)) ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk ]; (siz siz)) ♫ [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz n.uz]]; (onlar ) ♫ [ler -di di,, lar -dı] personal subject allomorphs are added. The identical “i-i”, “ı-ı”, “ü-ü”, “u-u” vowels combine and combine and verbalize as verbalize as single vowels: -da/y y /-ken /-ken futbol futbol oyna-ar-dı-ım. Onsekiz yaş-ım-da/ n a r r *d ı ı m ↷) (o n *se*kiz / / ya*ş ya*şım* ım*day*ken / day*ken / fut*bol fut*bol / oy* n I used to play play football football when I was eighteen.
Biz her akşam televizyon seyret-er-di seyret-er-di--ik ik.. (biz / / h er / ak*şam ak*şam / / te*le te*le**viz* y o n der*d er*d i k k ↷) / sey*re* d i We used We used to watch watch television television every evening evening..
Negative: The negation allomorph, allomorph, which is used without the /z /z/ consonant for the first
person in The Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman) negative, is used with the phoneme /z /z/ in negative “used to” tenses, such as “git git--mez”, “oku oku--maz”. After this, the t he allomorphs allom orphs of the morpheme m orpheme [Dİ] and the personal allomorphs follow: follow:
Genç-ken -ken ( (ben ben)) basketbol oynaoyna-maz maz--dı-ım. (genç *ken / ken / bas* bas*ket *bol / / oy*na* oy*na*m az *d ı ı m ↷) I didn’t use(d) to play play basketball basketball when I was young young.. Okul-a otobüs-le gitOkul-a git-mez mez-di -di--ik ik.. i (o*ku (o*ku**l a / o*to o*to**büs*le / le / git *m e z *d *d i k ↷) We didn’t use(d) to go to school school by by bus bus.. Baba-am gözlük-ler-i Baba-ler-i-/n/i tak tak-ma -ma--am am-a -a izin ver-mez ver-mez--di di.. (ba*bam (ba*bam / göz*lük *le* r ri*ni / i*ni / tak *ma * *m a / i*zin i*zin / ver* m ez *di ↷) My father didn’t use(d) to let me wear wear his his eyeglasses.
Positive question: To produce a positive question, one of the Simple Present Tense allomorphs is attached to a verb root, stem or frame, frame, and then, as a separate word, one of the question allomorphs ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu ], and one of the
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Simple Past Tense allomorphs ♫ [di, dı, dü, du ] is linked to the question allomorphs by the /y/ glides, and finally a suitable personal subject allomorph follows morph follows them: them: Siz her gün İngilizce çalış-ır mı/ y /-dı-ın.ız?, or (Çalışıyor muydunuz?) (siz / / h e r *gün / in*gi in*gi *liz*ce / liz*ce / ça* ça*lı* lı* şır ↝ / mıy*d ı *n ız ↷) ı * Did you use(d) to study study English English every day? (The /y /y/ glide is inserted between [mı] and [dı].) Mutfak-ta Mutfak-ta anneanne-en en-e -e her gün yardım et-er mi/y mi/ y /-di /-di--in in? ? (mut*fak*ta (mut*fak*ta / / an*n an*ne *ne / h e r / gün / yar*dım yar*dım / / e*d er ↝ / miy*din ↷) Did you use to help help your your mother mother in in the kitchen every day day? ? Sen genç-ken kız-lar futbol oyna-ar mı/y /-dı? (sen / sen / genç *ken / *ken / kız*lar / / fut *bol / / oy* n mı/y /*dı ↷) n a r r ↝/ mı/ Did girls used to play play football football when you were young young? ? This verbal composition is also used in conditional sentences conditional sentences::
/n/ü dinle-er-diSen-in yer -in Sen-in in--de ol ol-sa-sa-am am baba baba-am am--ın öğüt -ü- /n/ü dinle-er-di-im im.. (se*n (se*nin / in / ye*r ye*r in* in*d e / ol*sa m / ba*b ba*ba *mın / ö*ğü* ğü*d ü*nü / nü / din* l m ↷) l e e r r *d i i If I were you you,, I would listen to listen to my father’ s advice. (Advice) advice. (Advice) Jack bura bura--da ol ol-sa, -sa, biz biz-e -e yardım et-er-di -er-di.. d e r *di ↷) (Jack / / bur * *d a / / ol*sa~ / ol*sa~ / bi*z bi*z e / yar* dım dım / e* d If Jack were here here,, he he would would help us. us.
RUMOR FORMS OF THE SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS TENSES The rumor forms of The Simple Present, Present, The Present Continuous, Continuous, The Simple Future, Future, and the modals modals such as must must,, mustn't mustn't,, can can,, can't can't,, and double rumor forms are also possible in Turkish. To form these tenses, one of the allomorphs of The Simple Present Tense ♫ [ ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ], the allomorphs of The Present Continuous ♫ [i.yor, ı.yor, ü.yor, u.yor ], The Simple Future ♫ [e.cek, a.cak] a.cak], and the modal morphemes ♫ [me.li me.li,, ma.lı], ♫ [e.bil, a.bil], a.bil ], and their negative negative forms, and additional rumor suffixes ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş ] can be attached to verb verb roots, stems or frames, which are followed by personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: (ben ben)) ♫ [im, ım, üm, um ]; (sen sen)) ♫ [sin, sın, sün, sun ]; (o) [Ø]; (biz biz)) ♫ [iz iz,, ız, üz, uz ]; (siz siz)) ♫ [sin.iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz n.uz]]; (onlar ) ♫ [ler [ler , lar ]:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS say that I work work.. Çalış-ır -mış-ım. (ça*lı* şır*mı* şım ) They say that -maz--mış-ım. (ça*lış*maz*mı* şım ) They say that I don't work . Çalış-maz say that I work work? ? Çalış-ır mı/y /-mış-ım? (ça*lı* şır / mıy*mı* şım ) Do they say that say that I don't Çalış-maz mı/y /-mış-ım? (ça*lış*maz / mıy*mı* şım ) Do they say that work?
Gül-er-miş-sin-iz sin-iz.. (gü* l say that you you laugh laugh.. l er er *miş*si* niz ↷) They say that Gül-mez-miş-sin-iz sin-iz.. (gü* m ez *miş*si* niz ↷) They say that say that you don't laugh. laugh. *miş / mi*si* niz ↝) Do they say that Gül-er-miş mi-sin.iz mi-sin.iz? ? (gü* l say that you you laugh laugh? ? l er er ↝ *miş *miş / mi*si* niz ↝ Gül-mez-miş mi-sin.iz mi-sin.iz? ? (gül* m ez ↝ *miş say that you don't laugh ↝) Do they say that laugh? ? Sat-ı.yor -muş-um um.. (sa* t ı ı*yor*mu* *yor*mu* şum↷) They say that say that I am selling. selling. t Sat-ma Sat-m a-ı.yor -muş-um um.. (s at * mı*yor*mu* şum↷) They say that say that I am not selling. selling. * yor / Sat-ı.yor mu/y mu/y//-mu muş-um um? ? (sa* t ı ı↝ ↝*yor / muy*mu* şum↝) Do they say that say that I am selling? selling? t *yor / Sat-ma Sat-m a-ı.yor mu/y mu/y//-mu muş-um? (s at * mı↝ *yor / muy*mu* şum↝ ) ... that I am not selling? selling? d e* e* c ek *mi* şiz ↷) They say that Git-e.cek-miş-iz Git-e.cekiz.. (gi* d say that we will go. go. *me*ye*cek*mi* şiz .↷) They say that Git-me-/y/e.cek--miş-iz Git-me-/y/e.cek iz.. (g i t *me*ye*cek*mi* say that we will not go. go. d e* e* c ek ↝ / miy*mi* şiz ↝) Do they say that Git-e.cek mi/y/-mi mi/y/-miş-iz iz? ? (gi* d say that we will go? go? *me*ye*cek / Git-me-/y/e.cek mi/y/mi/y/-mi miş-iz iz? ? (g i t ↝ *me*ye*cek / miy*mi* şiz ↝) we will will not go? go? ↝) ... that we
In all ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş] sentences the origin and origin and the time of time of the rumor are either unknown or unknown or unimportant. unimportant . me* me* l i y *mi* şim↷) They say that Bekle-me.li/y/Bekle-me.li/y /-mi miş-im im.. (bek*le* say that I I must wait. wait. *me*me*liy*mi* şim↷) They say that Bekle-me-me.li/y Bekle-me-me.li/ y//-mi miş-im im.. (bek* l e *me*me*liy*mi* say that I mustn't wait. wait. Bekle-me.li mi/y mi/y//-mi miş-im im? ? (bek*le*me*l i / / miy*mi* şim↝ ) Do they say that say that I must wait? wait? *me*me*li / Bekle-me-me.li mi/ mi/y y//-mi miş-im im? ? (bek* l e *me*me*li / miy*mi* şim↷) Do they say I mustn't. r e*bi* e*bi* l *mi* şim↷) They say that I can finish. Bitir-e.bil-ir -miş-im im.. (bi*ti* r finish. l i r *mi* *mez*miş*sin) They say that Bitir-e.mez--miş-sin Bitir-e.mez sin.. (bi*ti* r e *mez*miş*sin say that you can't finish. finish. *mez *mez / Bitir-e.mez mi/y mi/y//-mi miş-im im? ? (bi*ti* r / miy*mi* şim↝) Do they say I can't finish? finish? r e e Çalış-a.maz -a.maz--lar mı/y/-mış? (ça*lı* şa* maz*lar / / mıy*mış↝) ... that they can't work? work? Jack bir Rus kız-ı- /n/ı /n/ı mı sev-i.yor -muş? jack~ / bir / rus / kı*z ı* ı* nı nı ↝/ mı /se*vi*yor* muş ↝) (Surprise) ( jack~ Do they say say that that Jack is (was) in love with a Russian girl? Jack'e aşık-mış-mış. Bütün kızlar Jack'e (bü*tün / kız*lar / şık *mış*mış ↷) / ja* k / / a:* şık k e
Jack says says ( (or or II have heard) heard) that all girls are in love with him him,, which is which is unbelievable.. unbelievable "Miş miş", "mış mış", "müş müş", "muş muş" express unbelievable rumor. Ben-i tanı-m -ma a-ı.yor mu/ mu/y y /-muş? Daha neler! *mı*yor / / ne*ler ↷ nı *mı*yor ↷) (be*ni / / ta* nı / muy*muş↝) (da* h a / Does he (she) say say that that he he ( (she she)) doesn't know me? know me? (Ridiculous Ridiculous!) !)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Jack bekâr mi/y/y/-miş? bekâr değil değil mi/ jack / ( jack / be*kâr / / de*ğil de*ğil / / mi /y /*miş↝) Have you heard that heard that Jack Jack isn't isn't bachelor ? Patron bugün çok meşgul-muş. gün / çok / (pat*ron / bu* gün / meş*gul*muş↷) They say say that that the boss is very busy today today..
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
Miş’li Geçmiş’in Hikâyesi This tense is generally used in complex sentences. To form this tense, one of the allomorphs of ♫ [miş, mış, müş, or muş] is used after a verb verb root, stem or frame, then one of the ♫ [t [ ti, t ı, t ü, tu t u] past allomorphs is added, added, and finally they are followed by one of the personal subject allomorphs. allomorphs. As the following sentences are complex sentences, the main clauses are clauses are red red,, the noun clauses clauses are black, black, and the English adverbial clauses and the Turkish adverbial phrases are green green.. The personal subject allomorphs used allomorphs used in this tense are: (ben (ben)) ♫ [im, ım, sen)) ♫ [in, ın, ün, un]; (o) [Ø]; (biz biz)) ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk]; (siz siz)) ♫ üm, um]; (sen [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, u n.uz n.uz]]; (onlar ) [Ø] or ♫ [ler -di di,, lar -dı]. All these suffixes follow the vowel and consonant harmony rules while they are being suffixed. As the last las t vowels of the past pa st allomorphs and the first firs t vowels of the personal allomorphs coincide, coincide, they combine and combine and vocalize as vocalize as single vowels: vowels: Yat-ma Yatma-dan önce ev ödev-in in-i -i bitir bitir- miş mi/ mi/y y /-di /-di-in in? ? (y at *ma*dan / ma*dan / ön*ce / ev / / ö*de* de*v i i *ni / bi*tir *miş / miy*d i n ↷) i Had you you finished finished your homework homework before you went went to to bed bed? ? Misafir-ler gel--me Misafir-ler gel me--den önce akşam yemek-im.iz im.iz--i ye-miş-ti-ti-ik ik.. i k ↷) miş*t i (mi*sa (mi*sa:* :*fir*ler fir*ler / / g el *me* me*den / den / ön*ce / ce / ak*şam ak*şam / ye*me ye*me**ğ i i *mi* z zi / ye* miş We had We had eaten our lunch lunch before the visitors arrived arrived.. Birisi babababa-am am-a -a telefon et-tiket-tik -i/n/i/n/-de de babababa-am am ev ev-den -den yeni çık-mış-tı. (bi*ri (bi*ri *si / / ba*b ba*ba * *m a / te*le te*le**f o n / et*ti *ğ in*de~ in*de~ / ba*b ba*ba m / ev*den ev*den / / ye* ye* n i / çık *mış* mış*tı ↷) When somebody telephoned my father, he he had had just just left left home. (Ben-im Ben-im)) hava alan-ı- /n /n /a var-dık-ım-da uçak havalan-mış-tı bile noun + infinitive infiniti ve compound - da adverbial phrs of time
subject
verb
adverb
When I arrived arrived at at the airport airport,, the plane plane had had already already taken taken off .
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS (O) (ben-im ben-im)) hangi ülke-ler -e -e git git-tik-tik-im im-i -i öğren-mek iste-di iste-di.. subj
“öğrenmek” (noun compound) ob ject of “öğrenmek” definite object
object of “iste”
verb
He wanted He wanted to know which which countries countries I had been to to.. ol-duk-duk-u u-/n/u söyle-di. Daha önce (kendi-/s/i (kendi-/s/i-/n/in -/n/in)) ben-im ben-im-le -le karşılaş-mış ol mış / ol*du* ğ (da*ha (da*ha / / ön*ce / *ce / be* be * nim*le / im*le / kar*şı*laş* mış ğ u*nu / u*nu / söy*le*di ↷)
He said He said that that he had met me met me before before.. The /k /k/ phonemes in ♫ [dik, dık, dük, duk] change into the voiced /ğ/ phonemes.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense expresses an action going on at a certain time in the future. To compose this tense, one of the progressive allomorphs ♫ [i.yor, ı.yor, ü.yor, or u.yor u.yor ] is attached to verb verb roots, roots, stems or frames first, and then, as a separate word, the verb “ol” is used attached to [a.cak [a.cak]] allomorph, which is followed by one of the personal subject allomorphs allomorphs::
Yarın saat sekiz-de sekiz-de sen-i bekl bekle e-i.yor ol-a.cak- ım. (ya*rın / sa*at / / se*kiz se*kiz *de / de / se*n se*ni / / bek* l *yor / / o*la*ca* ğ ğım ım ↷) l i i *yor I will be waiting for for you you at eight eight tomorrow tomorrow.. The double underlined /e /e/ drops, and the /k /k/ in “ol-a.cak -a.cak” changes into its voiced form /ğ/, and the single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the first syllables of the following inflectional allomorphs:
ın bu saat-te Yar ın saat-te çalış-ı.yor ol-a.cak- ım. (ya* ya*rın / rın / b u / sa*at sa*at *te / te / ça*lı* şı *yor *yor / o* l la*ca* a *ca* ğ ğ ım ım ↷) I will be working at this hour tomorrow. tomorrow. (The /k /k/ changes into /ğ/.) Yarın bu saat saat-te -te ne yap-ı.yor ol-a.cak ol-a.cak--sın? (y a *rın / *rın / b u / sa*at*te sa*at*te / / n e ↝ / ya* pı*yor p ı*yor / / o* l la*cak a*cak *sın *sın↝ ) What will you be doing at this hour tomorrow? tomorrow? The same same verb composition above can also be used in Turkish when The Future Perfect Continuous Tense verb Tense verb expression is needed: needed: Gel-e.cek yıl bu zaman bir yıl-dır -i.yor ol-a.cak ol-a.cak--ım. dır Türkçe Türkçe öğren-i.yor (ge* (ge* l l e*cek / yıl / bu / bu / za*man za*man ~/ ~/ b i r / yıl*dır / / türk *çe / öğ*re* ni*yor / o* l la*ca* a*ca* ğ ğım ım ↷) I will have been studying studying Turkish Turkish for a year by by this time next year .
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Misafir-ler gel-dik-in-de eş-im üç saat-tir -tir mutfak-ta mutfak-ta yemek pişir-i.yor r-i.yor ol-a.cak ol-a.cak.
My wife will have been cooking in the kitchen for three hours by the time the visitors arrive.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (miş ol-acak l-acak)) Both in English and Turkish, this tense expresses an action that will have been finished before a certain time in the future. To form this tense, one of the ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş] allomorphs is attached to a verb root, stem or frame, and then, as a separate word, one of the ♫ [e. e.cek cek or a. a.cak cak]] allomorphs is attached to the “ol” verb root, and finally the verb composition is ended with one of the personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: Saat beş-te iş-im im-i -i bitir-miş ol-a.cak -a.cak--ım. (sa*at (sa*at / / beş*te / te / i* i* şi *mi / / bi *tir* miş la*ca* a*ca* ğ ğım ım ↷) miş / o* l I will have finished my my work work by five five.. (The underlined /k /k/ is replaced by its voiced form /ğ/.) Televizyon -da ben Televizyon-da ben--im favori programprogram-ım başla-dık- /n ı/n /-da /-da ( (ben ben)) ev odevodevim--i yap-mış ol-a.cak-ım. im I will have done my my homework homework by the time my favorite program starts on TV TV.. Hava alanalan-ı-/ -/n n /a var -dık-ın-da uçak havalan-mış ol-a.cak. (sen / ha*va ha*va / / a*la* a*la* nı* na / na / var*dı* ğ ğın*da ın*da / u*çak u*çak / / ha*va* l an *mış / *mış / o* l la*cak a*cak ↷) The plane will plane will have taken off by off by the time you arrive arrive at at the airport.
MODALS PRESENT MODALS While English modals are made of auxiliary verbs, Turkish modals are made either of morphemes, or morphemes, or of words, or words, or of both. They both. They convey nearly the same concepts as they do in English. Therefore, instead of giving detailed boring explanations of the Turkish modals, we prefer giving English equivalents of them, which we think, might be more useful. Moreover, the English sentences given as the equivalents of the Turkish modals can be considered more satisfactory and precise than detailed English explanations of them, which may lead to misunderstanding.
(can can)) (may (may)) ♫ [e.bil, [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil ] The ♫ [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil] allomorphs convey ability, possibility or possibility or permission as permission as “can” do in English. To form the Simple Present Tense concept of this
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS modal morpheme, one of its allomorphs "[e.bil "[e.bil]] or [a.bil a.bil]" ]" is attached to a main verb verb followed only by [ir [ir ] Simple Present Tense time allomorph. allomorph. The other Simple Present Tense allomorphs are not used after [e.bil [e.bil]] or [a-bil a-bil]] allomorphs due to the vowel harmony rules. The time allomorphs are naturally followed by suitable personal suject allomorphs: allomorphs: Yemek piş-ir-e.bil-ir -im im.. (Ability) (ye*mek (ye*mek / pi*şi*re*bi* / pi*şi*re*bi* l i *rim ↷) I can cook. cook. Bilgisayar- ım-ı kullan-a.bil-ir -sin. (Permission) (bil*gi (bil*gi *sa*ya* sa*ya*rı*mı / rı*mı / kul*la*na*bi* l i r *sin ↷) You can (may) use my my computer. computer.
Bazı soru-lar zor ol-a.bil-ir . (Possibility) (b a *zı / so*ru**lar / z o r / o*la*bi*lir ↷) *zı / so*ru Some questions may be difficult difficult.. Siz-e yardım et-e.bil-ir -iz Siz-e iz.. (Ability or possibility) (The /t /t/ changes into /d /d/.) (si*ze (si*ze / / yar*dım yar*dım / / e*de*bi* l i *riz *riz ↷) We can help you. help you.
Dışarı-/ -/y y /a çık-a.bil-ir -sin sin.. (Permission) (dı*şa* şa*rı / çı*ka*bi* l i r *sin ↷) You can You can go out out.. To change the ♫ [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil ] allomorphs into the the negative negative concept, concept, [e.mez, a.maz] a.maz ] allomorphs are used in place of them with some phoneme ♫ [e.mez, removals and changes. They convey the concepts of inability, impossibility or lity or prohibition: Piyano çal-a.ma -a.maz z-am am.. (Inability) (pi*ya (pi*ya**no / no / ça* l a *m *ma m ↷). I can’t play the the piano. piano. (The double underlined /z /z/ drops and the identical “aa” vowels combine .)
Bu küçük harf-ler harf-ler -i -i gözlük-süz gör -e.mez -e.mez-em em.. (Inability) (bu / kü*çük / / harf*le*ri harf*le*ri / göz*lük *süz / / gö* gö*r e *m *me m ↷). I can’t see these small small letters letters without glasses glasses.. Bekle-/y /e.me Bekle-/y /e.mezz-em em.. (Impossibility or inability) (bek*le* bek*le*y e *m *me m ↷) I can’t wait.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS In the sentences above, the /y/ glide is put between the successive / successive /e e/ vowels. (Impossibility) Bu leke sabun-la Bu leke sabun-la temiz-le-en-e.mez temiz-le-en-e.mez.. (Impossibility) (Passive) (bu / le*ke / / sa*bun*la sa*bun*la / / te*miz*l e e bu / le*ke * *n e *mez *mez ↷) This stain can’t be cleaned with soap. Bura-da Bura-da bekle-/ bekle-/y y /e.mez /e.mez--sin sin.. (Prohibition) (bur*da (bur*da / / bek*le* bek*le*y e *mez*sin *mez*sin ↷) You can’t wait here here.. Bakteri-ler çıplak göz-le gör -ül-e.mez -e.mez.. (Impossibility) (Passive) (bak*te (bak*te**ri *ler / çıp*lak / / göz*le / gö*rü* l e *mez *mez ↷) Germs can’t be seen with the naked eye eye.. -e.mez-em em.. (Impossibility) Yarın sen-i gör -e.mezr e (ya*rın / se*n se*ni / / gö* r *m *me m ↷) I can’t see you tomorrow tomorrow.. Ev-de ol-a.maz Ev-de ol-a.maz.. (Impossibility) l a (ev*de (ev*de / / o* l *maz *maz ↷) He can’t be at home home.. oyna-u.yor ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (Impossibility) Çocuk-lar bahçe-de oyna-u.yor (ço*cuk *lar / / bah*çe* bah*çe* d e / oy* oy* nu*yor / / o* l *maz *maz ↷) l a a The children can’t be playing in the garden garden.. The same [e.bil e.bil]] modal concept can also be used with The Present Continuous [İ.YOR] morpheme. In order to form this modal composition, [e.bil e.bil]] or [a.bil [a.bil]] allomorphs are attached to main verbs followed by the [i.yor [i.yor ] and the personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs:
/y/ı gör -e.bil-i.yor Kara tahta- /y/ı -e.bil-i.yor -um um.. Tahta-/y/ı gör -ü.yor .yor -um um.. (Ability) (ka*ra (ka*ra / / tah*ta tah*ta**yı / gö* gö* r r e*bi* e*bi* l *yo* r rum um ↷) l i i *yo* I can see the the blackboard blackboard.. The Simple Present Tense of Tense of this modal m odal form does not express ability. If it is used, it expresses possibility: Sen-i yarın gör -e.bil-ir -e.bil-ir -im im.. (se* se*ni / / ya*rın / gö* r re*bi* e*bi* l * *r r im im ↷) l i i I can see you see you tomorrow tomorrow.. (Possibility)
/y/ı gör -e.bil-ir-im Kenar -a -a çekil-ir -se-en -se-en karatahta karatahta- /y/ı -e.bil-ir-im.. (Possibility) (ke*na (ke*na**r a / çe* çe*ki* l n~ / ka*ra ka*ra**tah* tah*ta* ta*yı / yı / gö* r re*bi* e*bi* l * r r im im ↷) l i r *se l i i * If you move move aside aside,, I I can can see the the blackboard blackboard..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS In the negative forms of The Present Continuous modal tenses, the [e.me [e.me]] or [a.ma a.ma]] negative making allomorphs are used followed by the [i.yor, ı.yor ] progressive allomorphs, and naturally suitable personal allomorphs allomorphs are attached to them: them: Sen-i anla-/y/a.m anla-/y/a.ma a-ı.yor -um um.. (se*ni (se*ni / / an*la* y a *mı*yo*rum *mı*yo*rum ↷) I can’t understand you. The /y /y/ glide is placed between the successive /a /a/ vowels. vowels. (Inability) (“Seni anlayamam ” is impossible here. It can be used in conditional sentences) sentences): Daha yüksek ses-le ses-le konuş-maz -maz-sa-sa-an an sen-i sen-i anla./y/a.maanla./y/a.ma-am am.. (da*ha (da*ha / yük*sek / / ses* ses*le / le / ko*nuş* m az *sa n / se*n se*ni / / an*la* y a *m *ma m ↷) I can't understand you unless you speak speak louder louder . Sen-i işit-e.m -e.me e-i.yor -um um.. (se*ni (se*ni / / i*şi* t e *mi*yo*rum *mi*yo*rum ↷) I can’t hear you. you. (The double underlined /e /e/ drops as it is in “şimdi zaman” .) (Inability) Bekle-/y/e.m e-i.yor -um Bekle-/y/e.me um.. (bek*le* y e *mi*yo*rum *mi*yo*rum ↷) I can’t wait. (Inability) Bekle-/y/e.me -em Bekle-/y/e.meem.. (bek*le* y e *m *me m ↷) I can’t wait. It is impossible for me to wait. (Impossibility) Sen-i gör -e.me -e.me-i.yor -um um.. (Inability) (se*ni (se*ni / / gö* r e *mi*yo*rum *mi*yo*rum ↷) I can’t see you. -dik-ler -in anla-şıl-m -ma a-ı.yor . (Passive) Söyle-dik(söy *le*dik*le* *le*dik*le* r r in in / an*la* şıl * mı* yor yor ↷) şıl * What you What you are saying isn't understood. understood. The [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil ] modal allomorphs followed by the allomorphs of the morpheme [İ.YOR] are used attached to verbs in question forms, and finally “mu mu-- /y /y /um? /um?,, mu mu--sun? sun?,, mu? mu?,, mu mu-- /y /y /uz? /uz?,, mu mu--sun.uz? sun.uz?,, lar mı?, etc” are separately added:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Gözlük-süz televizyon seyret-e.bil-i.yor mumu -sun.uz sun.uz? ? (göz*lük *süz / / te*le te*le**viz *yon / yon / sey*re* d d e*bi* e*bi* l yor / mu*su* nuz ↷) l i i ↝ ↝ yor / Can you watch watch television television without glasses? (The /t /t/ changes into /d /d/.) (Ability) When the intention of request request is involved, The Simple Present Tense allomorphs of [İR] are used after [e.bil [e.bil or a.bil a.bil]] allomorphs, and finally, “mi mi- /yim?”, “ mi mi--sin?”, “mi?”, “mi mi-- /y/iz /y/iz?”, “ mi mi--sin.iz?”, “ ler mi?” question allomorphs are separately said or written.
(“Yardım et” et” = “help”) Bana yardım et-e.bil-ir mimi -sin.iz sin.iz? ? (“Yardım (ba*na (ba*na / / yar*dım yar*dım / e*de*bi *lir ↝ / mi*si*niz ↷) Can you help help me? me? (Request) (Request) Siz-e yardım et-e.bil-ir miSiz-e mi - /y/im? /y/im? (si*ze (si*ze / yar*dım yar*dım / / e*de*bi *lir ↝ / mi*yim ↷) Can I help you? you? (Request) Ben-i gör -mek için yarın büro-um Ben-i um-a -a gel-e.bil-ir mimi -sin-(iz) sin-(iz)? ? (Request) (be*n (be*ni / / gör *mek / / i*çin i*çin / y a *rın / bü*ro*m *ro*ma / ge* l l e*bi e*bi *l i r ↝ / mi*sin ↷) Can (could) you come to my office to see see me me tomorrow tomorrow? ? The Turkish equivalents of “wh” question words words of English can also be used with [e.bil [e.bil], ], [a.bil [a.bil]] allomorphs: allomorphs:
”) Bu soru soru-/y/a -/y/a kim cevap ver-e.bil-ir ? (“Cevap ver ” = “answer ”) (bu / so*ru so*ru**ya / ya / k i m ↝/ ce*vap ce*vap / / ve*re*bi* lir l ir ↝) Who can answer this answer this question? question? (Ability) (Ability) Nere-de öğle yemek-i ye-/y/e.bil-ir Nere-de -i ye-/y/e.bil-ir -iz iz? ? (Possibility) (n e ↝*re*de / öğ*le / le / ye*me* ye*me* ğ ği i / / yi*ye*bi* l li i * * r i z r ↝) Where can we have have lunch? lunch? (*"Nerede öğle yemeği yiyebiliyoruz?" is not possible in Turkish. Turkish.)
Nasıl başar -a.bil-ir -a.bil-ir -im im? ? (n a ↝*sıl / ba*şa* r r a*bi* a*bi* l li* i* r r i m ↝) How can can I I succeed succeed? ?
must [me.li, ma.lı] This morpheme has two allomorphs; [me.li [me.li]] and [ma.lı], which can be attached to verb verb roots, stems or frames followed by personal subject allomorphs.. When it is used with the verb "be”, it conveys the concepts of allomorphs certainty or probability, probability, but when it is used with action verbs verbs like “go”, “write”, “do”, “help”, etc., it implies obligation imposed by the speaker:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Sınav-lar -da -da başarı-lı ol ol--mak için daha çok çalış-ma.lı-sın. (sı*nav*lar *da / ba*şa ba*şa**rı* lı i*çin / çok / ça*lış*ma*lı*sın ↷) lı / ol*mak / i*çin You must study harder You must harder to to succeed in the examinations. (Strong advice or obligation imposed by the speaker) AnneAnne-en en-e -e ev ev iş-ler - /n/-de i/n/-de yardım et-me.li-me.li-sin sin.. d (an*n (an*ne *ne / ev / iş*le*rin* *le*rin*de / yar * *dım ım / et*me*li*sin ↷) You must You must help your mother mother with the housework. (Obligation imposed by the speaker or strong advice)
/y/ım. (Liaison) Ev ödev-im im-i -i bitir -mek için geç vakte kadar otur otur-ma.lı- /y/ım (e *v ö*de* de*v i i *mi / bi / bi *tir *mek / / i* i* çin çin / geç / vak*te vak*te / ka*dar ka*dar / / o*tur*ma* o*tur*ma*lı * */ y /ım↷) I must sit up late to finish my my homework. homework. (Internal (Internal obligation) -ler trafik kural-lar- ı-/n/a uy-ma.lı-dır . (Obligation) Sürücü-ler trafik (sü*rü* rü*cü* cü*ler / tra*fik tra*fik / ku*ral*la* ku*ral*la* r r ı*na / na / uy*ma*lı *dır *dır ↷) Drivers must Drivers must obey the the traffic traffic rules. Yorgun ol-ma.lı-sın. (yor*g u n / ol*ma*lı*sın ↷) You must You must be tired tired.. (I am sure you are tired tired.) .) Sabah-le.yin Sabah-le.yin erken kalkerken kalk-ıl-ma.lı. (sa*bah*le*yin (sa*bah*le*yin / / er*k en / kal* k k ıl*ma*lı ıl*ma*lı ↷) It is It is necessary to get up early in in the the morning. (Passive shaped intransitive)
Önem-lili evrak-lar evrak-lar kasa-da kasa -da saklan saklan-ma.lı. (ö*nem* l i / ev*rak*lar ev*rak*lar / / ka*sa* ka*sa* d a / sak*lan*ma*lı ↷) Important documents must be kept in a safe. (It is necessary to keep…) AnneAnne-en öfkeli ol-ma.lı. (I am sure she is angry angry.) .) (an*n (an*ne n / öf*ke* l i / / ol*ma*lı ↷) Your mother Your mother must be angry angry.. (Very probability or certainty) Matematik sıkıcı ol-malı. (I am sure it is boring boring.) .) (ma*te (ma*te*ma* *ma*tik tik / / sı*k ı* ı* cı cı / ol*ma*lı ↷) Mathematics must be boring boring.. The negative form of [me.li, ma.lı ] is [me-me.li [me-me.li,, ma- ma.lı] (must (must not), not), which conveys the concept of prohibition: Ben-im-le böyle konuş-ma-ma.lı-sın. Benimle böyle konuş -a.maz-sın. Ben-im-le (be*n (be*nim* im*le / böy*le / ko* nuş nuş*ma*ma*lı*sın ↷) You mustn’t (can’t) talk to me like that. (Prohibition) that. (Prohibition)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Kız kardeş-in /s/ı- /n/ı /n/ı engel-le-me-me.liin--in ödev yap yap-ma -ma-- /s/ı engel-le-me-me.li-sin sin.. (kız / / kar*de kar*de**şi *nin / in / ö* d e v / yap*ma*s yap*ma*sı*nı ı*nı / / en*gel* l e *me*me*li*sin *me*me*li*sin ↷) You mustn’t prevent your sister sister from do do-ing -ing her homework. (Prohibition) homework. (Prohibition) /n/ı boşa harca-ma-ma.lı-dır . Bir öğrenci televizyon izle izle-/y/e.rek -/y/e.rek zaman zaman-ı- /n/ı (bir / öğ*ren* ren*ci / / te*le te*le**viz *y o n / iz*le*ye*rek / / za*ma:* za*ma:* nı*nı / bo*şa bo*şa / / har* c a* ma*ma*lı*dır ↷) A student mustn’t waste time watching television. television . Another negative negative form of [ol[ol-ma.lı] (must be) be) is “ol-a.maz” (can’t be).This form is used with the verbs *be *be” in sentences. Consider the following: ol-a.maz;; okul-da ol-ma.lı. Oğlum sinema-da ol-a.maz (oğ*lum / si*ne si*ne**ma* ma*da / da / o* l a *maz *maz ↷ / o*kul o*kul *d a / ol*ma*lı ↷ ) My son can’t be at the cinema; cinema; he must be at school. school. (Impossibility; certainty) Matematik ilginç ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; sıkıcı ol-ma.lı. (ma*te (ma*te**ma* ma*tik / / il*ginç il*ginç / / o* l *maz *maz ↷ / sı*kı*cı / / ol*ma*lı ↷) l a a Mathematics can’t be interesting interesting;; it must be boring boring.. (Impossibility; certainty) Mehmet hasta ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; rol yap-ı.yor ol-ma.lı. (meh*met (meh*met / / has*ta has*ta / / o* l a *maz *maz ↷ / r o l / ya*pı*yor / / ol*ma*lı ↷) Mehmet can’t be ill ill;; he must be pretending pretending.. (Impossibility; certainty) Jack ders çalış-ı.yor ol-a.maz ol-a.maz,, futbol oyna-u.yor oloyna-u.yor ol-ma.lı ( jack jack / / ders / ça*lı*şı*yor / / o* l a *maz *maz ↷) (f u t *bol / / oy*nu*yor / ol* ma*lı ma*lı ↷) Jack can’t be studying studying;; he must be playing football. football. Kardeş-in ciddi ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; şaka yap-ı.yor ol-ma.lı. (kar*de (kar*de**şin / şin / cid*di: cid*di: / / o*l a *maz *maz ↷ / şa*k a / ya* ya* pı* pı*yor / / ol*ma*lı ↷) Your brother can’t be serious serious;; he must be joking be joking.. Bu hediye ben-im için ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; siz-in için ol-ma.lı. (bu / bu / he*di he*di *ye / ye / be*nim be*nim / / i*çin i*çin / o* l a *maz *maz ↷ / si* si* zi i*çin / / ol*ma*lı ↷) zi n / i*çin This present can’t be for me; me; it must be for you. you.
Ciddî ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. Rol yap-ı.yor ol-a.maz mı? : / o* (cid*dî (cid*dî : o*l a *maz *maz ↷ / rol / rol / ya*pı*yor / / o* l a *maz *maz / / mı ↷) He can’t be serious serious.. Can't he be pretending pretending? ?
Bu portre gerçek ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; kopya ol-ma.lı. (bu / bu / por *tre / *tre / ger*çek ger*çek / o* l *maz *maz ↷ / kop* kop* y a / ol*ma*lı ↷) l a This portrait can’t be genuine genuine;; it must be a reproduction. reproduction.
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have to (verb verb-[mek, -[mek, mak] + zorunda zorunda--pers pers)) This modal form expresses obligation imposed by an external authority or circumstances: git--mek için her her sabah sabah saat altı-da kalk kalk-mak -mak zorunda zorunda-- /y/ım İş-e git /y/ım. (i*şe / git *mek / / i*çin i*çin / / h e r / sa*bah sa*bah / sa*at sa*at / / al*tı* al*tı* d a / / kalk*mak / / zo*run*da*yım ↷) I have to get up at six o’clock every morning to morning to go go to to work. (The /y/ glide is inserted between /a/ between /a/ and and /ı/ vowels.) (External obligation) Patron-la Patron-la konuş-ur.ken dikkatli ol ol-mak -mak zorunda zorunda--sın. (pat*ron*la (pat*ron*la / / ko*nu* şur *ken / dik*kat dik*kat *l i / ol*mak / / zo*run*da*sın ↷) şur *ken You have You have to be careful when you are talking to talking to the boss. (external obligation) Bu yazı dikkat-le dikkat-le yaz yaz-ıl-mak zorunda zorunda.. (bu / ya*zı / / dik*k at *le / ya* / zo*run*da ↷) bu / ya*zı ya*zıl* mak mak / This text text has has to be written carefully written carefully.. (Passive; external obligation) Oda-am Oda-am--ı tertiple tertiple-mek -mek zorunda zorunda-/y -/y /ım. (o*da (o*da**mı / mı / ter *tip* tip*le* le*m ek / zo*run*da* /y /ım ↷) I have to tidy my my room. room. (External obligation) Bu cümle-ler-i öğren-mek zorunda mı- /y/ım /y/ım? (bu / cüm*le*le* r r i i / / öğ *ren* *ren* m ek / zo*run*da / zo*run*da / mı*yım ↷) Do I Do I have have to learn these these sentences? sentences?
“needn’t needn’t”” or “don’t (doesn't) have to” to” needn’t”” or “don’t “don’t (doesn’t) have to” to ” is expressed in Lack of necessity “needn’t Turkish with a negative making allomorph "[me "[me,, or ma ma]" ]" attached to a verb root, stem or a frame such as, “git-me”, “yaz-ma”, “satın al-ma”, “çalış-ma”, "te-mizle "te-mizle-en-me", and then one of the [e.bil [ e.bil,, or a.bil a.bil]] allomorphs is attached to the preceding [me [me,, ma ma]] negation allomorphs. allomorphs. After the [e.bil [e.bil or a.bil a.bil]] allomorphs, allomorphs , The Simple Present Tense allomorph [ir ] is used, and finally personal subject allomorphs are added: added: Okul-a git-me-/y/e.bil-irOkul-a git-me-/y/e.bil-ir-im im.. e*ye*bi *li* * li* (o*ku (o*ku**la / la / g i t * me*ye*bi m rim rim ↷) I needn’t (don’t have to) go to school school.. (Lack of necessity) necessity)
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Şimdi başla-ma-/y/a.bil-ir-ma-/y/a.bil-ir-iz iz.. (şim* şim*di / / baş* baş* l a *ma*ya*bi* *ma*ya*bi* l i *riz ↷) We needn’t (don’t have to) start now now.. (Lack of necessity) Sabah-le.yin Sabah-le.yin erken kalk-ma-/y/a.bil-irkalk-ma-/y/a.bil-ir-im im.. (sa*bah (sa*bah**le* le*yin / yin / er*ken er*ken / / kalk *ma*ya*bi* *ma*ya*bi* l i *rim *rim ↷) I needn’t get up early in the morning morning.. (Lack of necessity) necessity)
Bugün büro temizle-en-me-/y/e.bil-ir . (bu / bu / gün / bü*ro / ro / te*miz* l e n *me*ye*bi* l i r ↷) The office needn’t be cleaned today today.. (Passive) Git-me-/y/e-bil-ir -iz iz.. (g i t *me*ye*bi*li*riz ↷) We needn’t go .
“Gitmesem de olur”, “başlamasak da olur”, “kalkmasam da olur”, "kalkmama gerek yok", "gelmene gerek yok" expressions can also be used as alternatives to the sentences above: above: Sabah-le.yin erken kalk Sabah-le.yin kalk--ma ma-sa-sa-am am da da ol-ur ol-ur . (sa*bah (sa*bah**le* le*yin / yin / er*ken er*ken / / kalk *ma* ma*sam / sam / da / da / o*lur ↷) I needn't get up early in the morning morning.. (Lack of necessity) necessity) When a question is asked with [me.li, ma.lı ], the answer to this question may be as follows:
“Konser -e .” “Git-me-/y/e.bil-ir -sin.” -e git-me.li mi mi--/y/im?” “Git-me Git-me--se-en de ol-ur .” “Must I go to the the concert concert?” “No No,, you needn’t."
“should” or “ought to” (Gerek Gerek-ir -ir ) (Advice) In order to compose this modal concept, one of the personal possessive allomorphs is attached to the owned part part of a “noun + infinitive” compound. In the second parts of this compound, the second type of infinitives are infinitives are used, which are made by attaching [me, [me, or ma] ma] allomorphs to verb roots, stems or frames, such as: verb as: “git git--me”, “bekle bekle--me”, “bekle-en bekle-en-ezberle--me”, “ezber-len ezber-len--me”, me”, “satın “satın al-ma”, “satın “satın al-ın-ma”, “ezberle “süpür -ül-me”, etc. The personal possessive allomorphs allomorphs attached attached to the infinitive parts of parts of the list: “noun + infinitive” compounds are in the following list:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS (ben-im) (sen-in) (o-/n/un o-/n/un)) (biz-im) (siz-in siz-in)) ın)) (onlar-ın
♫ [em, am] am] ♫ [en, an] an] ♫ [ /s/i, /s/i, /s/ı] ♫ [em.iz, am.ız] ♫ [en.iz, an.ız] ♫ [ /s/i, /s/i, /s/ı] or [leri, ları]
(bekle bekle-me-me-em em)) ( koş-ma-am -ma-am)) (bekle bekle-me-me-en en)) (koş-ma-an -ma-an)) (bekle bekle-me-me-si si)) (koş-ma-sı) (bekle bekle-me-me-em.iz em.iz)) (koş-ma-am -ma-am.ız) (bekle bekle-me-me-en.iz en.iz)) (koş-ma-an -ma-an.ız) (bekle bekle-me-me-si si)) (koş-ma-sı)
In short, “bekle bekle-me-me-em em” means “ ben ben-im -im bekle-me-em bekle-me-em” because the “em” attached to “bekle bekle-me -me” means “ ben ben--ım”. Therefore, the possessive pronoun “ben-im” is generally ignored. ignored. Finally, after the above “possessive pronoun + infinitive” compounds “gerek-ir ” verb is used as a separate word: word: -ma--an an gerek-ir gerek-ir . (Turkish (Turkish and English sentence structures Daha çok çalış-ma are different.) different.) (da* (da* h a / / çok / / ça* ça*lış* ma n / ge*re*kir ↷) You should You should (ought to) study harder . (Advice)
“Sen Sen--in çalış-ma-an -ma-an” is a “noun + infinitive” compound, and “ daha çok” is an adverial.
Öğrenciler -in yeni yeni kelime-ler-i kelime-ler-i ezberle ezberle-me -me-/s/i -/s/i gerek-ir . (Advice) (noun compound) subect
verb
The students should memorize the new new words words.. (The /s/ glide is used between /e /e/ and /i /i/.)
/n/ü (sen-in (Sen-in Sen-in)) baba-an baba-an--ın öğüt-ü- /n/ü sen-in)) iyi düşün-me me--en gerek-ir . definite chain noun comp obj of “düşün” subject
(noun comp) subj
verb
(ba*b (ba*ba *nın / ö*ğü* ğü*dü*nü / dü*nü / i* i* y i / dü*şün*m e n / ge*re*kir ↷) You should think well about your father’s advice.
Sınav sonuç-lar -ı- /n/ın /n/ın bekle-en bekle-en-me-/ -me-/s/i s/i gerek-ir gerek-ir . (Passive) e (sı*nav / / so*nuç*la*rı*nın so*nuç*la*rı*nın / / bek*l e n* n* m e *si *si / / ge*re*kir ↷) The examination results should be waited. waited. To make a negative advice, the [me [me]] or [ma [ma]] negative making making allomorphs are inserted between verb verb roots, stems or frames and the [[me, me, ma] ma] infinitive making allomorphs: making allomorphs:
Çok para harca harca--ma ma--ma ma--an gerek-ir . (Advice) (çok / / pa*ra pa*ra / / har* c a *ma*m *ma*ma *lı*sın↷) You shouldn’t spend much much money. money.
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/n/ın çocuk-lar-ı- /n/ı /n/ı ihmâl et Bir baba baba- /n/ın et--meme-me me-- /s/i gerek-ir /s/i gerek-ir . (Advice) (bir / ba*ba ba*ba**nın / ço*cuk *la*rı*nı / la*rı*nı / ih*ma ih*ma: l / / et *me*me*si / / ge*re*kir ↷) A father shouldn’t neglect his his children. children. Vergi öde-me me-- /n/in /n/in ertele-en ertele-en--me me-me-/s/i -me-/s/i gerek-ir . (Advice) (Passive) (ver*gi (ver*gi // ö*de* / ge*re*kir ↷) de*me* me*nin / er*te* l en *me*me*si / Pay--ing tax shouldn’t be postponed . Pay In the senentence above, the /n /n/ glide is used between the first "e, i", and the /s/ glide is used between the last "e and i". and i".
“May” and “can” are both expressed in ♫ [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil] allomorphs in Turkish. Therefore, they can be used with the question tag “mi” in questions. Compare the following sentences: Haber doğru ol-a.bil-ir . (ha*ber (ha*ber / / doğ*ru / o*la*bi* l i r ↷) The news may (can) be true. Haber doğru ol-a.bil-ir mi mi? ? (ha*ber (ha*ber / doğ*ru / ru / o* l la*bi a *bi * * l i r ↝ / mi ↷) l Can the news news be be true true? ? (In question forms “ may” cannot be used in English).
Çocuk-lar -lar ev ev--de ol-a.bil-ir . (ço*cuk *lar / ev*d e / o*la*bi*lir ↷) The children may (can) be at home home..
Çocuklar ev ev--de ol-a.bil-ir mi mi? ? (ço*cuk *lar / ev*de ev*de / / o*la*bi* l i r ↝ / mi ↷) Can the children children be be at at home home? ?
Haklı ol-a.bil-irol-a.bil-ir-sin sin.. (hak*lı (hak*lı / o*la*bi *l i r *sin ↷) You may You may (can) be right right..
Haklı ol-a.maz mı- /y/ım /y/ım? l a a (hak*lı (hak*lı / / o* l * maz / / mi*yim ↷) ↝ ↝*maz Can't I be right right? ?
Bekle-i.yor ol-a.maz-lar ol-a.maz-lar mı? (bek*li*yor / / o*l a ↝ ↝*maz*lar *maz*lar / mı ↷) Can't they they be be waiting waiting? ?
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Tercüme yanlış ol-a.bil-ir . (ter*cü*me / yan*lış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) The translation may be incorrect .
PAST MODALS Could “Could” expresses ability in the past . To express the same concept in Turkish, verb -[e.bil, a.bil ]-[i.yor ]-[du]-[pers]” verb composition should “main verbcomposition should be used: Yedi yaş-ım-da/y/-ken yüz-e.bil-i.yor-du-e.bil-i.yor-du-um um.. l i i *yor*d u m ↷) (ye*d i / / ya*ş ya*şım* ım*day *ken / yü* z ze*bi* e *bi* l *yor*d u I could swim when I was seven years old. old. (Ability (Ability in the past) Ahmet okul okul-a -a git git-me-me-den önce oku oku-/y/up -/y/up yaz-a.bil-i.yor-du yaz-a.bil-i.yor-du.. (ah*met (ah*met / o*ku o*ku**l a / git *me* me*den / ön*ce / ce / o*ku o*ku**yup / ya* z za*bi* a *bi* l li*yor*du i *yor*du ↷) Ahmet could read and write and write before he went went to to school school.. The negative negative form of this modal verb is “verb verb--[e.m e.me e, a.ma a.ma]-[İ.YOR]-[du du]][pers pers]]”, which expresses both the negative of "could could" " and "was able to": to ": Ben okul-a okul-a git git-me-me-den önce oku oku-/y/up -/y/up yaz-a.m yaz-a.ma a-ı.yor -du-um -du-um.. (ben / o*ku*la o*ku*la / git*me*den / git*me*den / ön* ce ce / o *ku*yup / ya*za*mı*yor*dum ya*za *mı*yor*dum ↷) I couldn't read and write before I went went to to school school..
İş-im im-i -i bitir-e.me-dibitir-e.me-di-im im.. i m↷) (i*şi (i*şi *mi / bi*ti* / bi*ti* r e *me*d *me*d i I couldn't finish my my work. work. (I wasn't able to finish my work.)
Yeni ders-i anla-/y/a.bil-dianla-/y/a.bil-di-in in mi mi? ? (ye*n i / der *si *si / an*la*ya*bil* d i n / mi ↷ ↷ ) Were you Were you able able to understand the new new lesson? lesson? ( (“Could” is not used.) -a.bil-di-in.iz in.iz mi mi? ? Güçlük-ler-i aş-a.bil-di(güç*lük*le*ri / / a*şa*bil*d i / mi ↷) i * n i z ↝ ↝ / mi Were you Were you able able to overcome the the difficulties? difficulties?
Tasarı- /y/ı /y/ı bitir-e-bil-dibitir-e-bil-di-in.iz in.iz mi mi? ? ↝ / / mi ↷) (ta*sa*rı*yı (ta*sa*rı*yı / / bi*ti*re*bil*di*niz ↝ Were you you able able to finish the the project? project?
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was (were) able to ( to (verb verb-- ♫ [me-/y/i, ma- /y/ı] /y/ı] başar -dı-ım) When a a past success success is implied, the verb “başar ” is used in Turkish in place of the “was able to”, the “succeeded in”, or the “managed to” expressions of the English language: language:
Sınav-da /y/ı başar -dı-ım. -da iyi iyi bir not not al al-ma-ma- /y/ı dım↷) (sı*nav *da / i*y i / bir / not / al *ma* ma*yı / yı / ba*şar* dım I was able to get a good grade in the examination. (I succeeded in getting a good grade.) (I managed to get a good grade.) Bizim takım, misafir takım -ı yen yen-me-/y/i -me-/y/i başar -dı. (bi*zim (bi*zim / / ta*kım~ ta*kım~ / mi*sa mi*sa: * f i r / ta*kı*mı ta*kı*mı / yen*me* yen*me*yi / / ba*şar* dı dı ↷) Our team succeeded team succeeded in beat beat-ing -ing the the visiting visiting team. (The /y /y/ glide is inserted between /e /e/ and /i /i/.)
İş-in in-i -i bitir -me-/y/i -me-/y/i başar -dı-ın mı? or “İş-in in-i -i bitir-e.bil-di bitir-e.bil-di--in mi?” (i*şi* (i*şi* ni ni / bi*ti*re*bil* d i n / mi ↷) Were you Were you able to complete your work? work? (The /y/ glide is used between [me [me]] and [i [i].) As an alternative to the above sentence types, “[verb]verb-[[e-bil, a-bil]-[ a-bil]-[di di][pers pers]]” verb composition could be used: used: En son-u/n/-da son-u/n/-da (en nihayet) iş-im im-i -i bitir-e.bil-dibitir-e.bil-di-im im.. (en / so*nun so*nun**da / da / i*şi* i *şi* mi mi / / bi*ti*re*bil* d i m ↷) I was able to finish my my work work at at last. last.
“verbverb-[[e.me, a.ma] a.ma ]-[di, dı ]-[pers pers]]” verb composition can be used in place of "couldn't”, “wasn't able to” or “ didn't succeed in in": ": Maç-ı kazan-a.ma-dı-ık. (ma*çı (ma*çı / / ka*za* n a *ma*d *ma*d ı ık ↷) We couldn't We couldn't win the the match. match. Bu problem-i çöz-e.me-diBu problem-i -e.me-di-im im.. (bu / bu / prob*le*mi prob*le*mi / / çö* ze ze *me*d i i m ↷) I couldn’t solve this this problem. problem. As “could” is used in English conditional clauses, so “ verb verb-[ -[E-BiL E-BiL]-[ ]-[ir ir ]-di ]-di-[pers]” verb composition is used in Turkish conditional sentences: sentences:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Yeter-in.ce vakitvakit-im ol ol-sa -sa sana şimdi yardım et-e.bil-ir-di-e.bil-ir-di-im im.. (ye*te (ye*te**r i n *ce / ce / vak*tim vak*tim / ol*sa / şim* şim*di / sa*na sa*na / / yar*dım yar*dım / / e*de*bi* l i r *d i m~) m~) i If I had enough time, I could I could help you now now.. (The /t/ in “et” changes into the voiced / voiced /d d /.) /.) Hava daha iyi ol ol-sa -sa piknik piknik-e -e git-e.bil-ir-di git-e.bil-ir-di-ik ik.. (ha*va (ha*va / da* da*h a / i*yi i*yi // ol*sa / ol*sa / pik*ni pik*ni *ğe / ğe / gi*de*bi* l i r *d i k ~) i k We could go for a picnic if picnic if the weather weather were were (was) better .
Would or could could (Polite request)
“verbverb-[[İR]-[Mİ]/y/ ]/y/--[Dİ]-[pers ]” verb composition is used to express a polite request in Turkish: In this verb composition, “V” symbolizes a verb root, root, a verb stem or a verb frame. frame . [İR] is a morpheme that includes all the allomorphs of the Simple Present Tense ♫ [ ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ]. [Mİ] includes all interrogative allomorphs ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu ]. [Dİ] represents the simple past tense allomorphs ♫ [di di,, dı, dü, du ]; and [pers [pers]] symbolizes all the personal subject allomorphs. allomorphs. Consider the following sentences: sentences: Bir saniye ben-i dinle-er Bir saniye ben-i dinle-er mi /y /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? i *niz ↷) (bir / / sa: sa:*ni*ye / be*ni be*ni / / din* l er ↝ / miy*d i Would you you listen listen to me for a second second? ? In fact, this sort of request is the second part of a conditional sentence: Rica et et-se-se-em em, bir bir saniye saniye ben-i dinle-er ben-i dinle-er mi /y /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? i (ri*ca: (ri*ca: / / et *se m / bir / / sa:*ni*ye sa:*ni*ye / / be*ni be*ni / / din* din*l e r ↝ / / miy*d i *niz *niz ↷) Would you you listen listen to me for a second if I asked? Ben-im-le bir fincan çay iç-er mi /y Ben-im-le /y /-di /-di-in-iz in-iz? ? (miy*d i *niz ) i *niz Would you you have have a a cup cup of tea with with me? me? BavulBavul-um um--u taşı-mama-am am-a -a yardım et-er mi /y /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? (ba*vu (ba*vu**lu*mu / ta* ta*şı* şı*ma* ma*ma / yar*dım yar*dım / / e e**d e r ↝/ miy*d i i *niz ↷) Would you you help help me to carry my my suitcase? suitcase? In the last example above, the /t /t/ in “et” changes into /d /d/, and the /y/ glide is inserted between [mi [mi]] and [di [di]. ]. If someone wishes to be politer, he can add the [E.BİL] and [İR] morphe m orphemes mes to the verb composition above: above:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ben-i bir bir saniye saniye dinle-/y/e.bil-ir mi /y /y /-di /-di-in-iz in-iz? ? (be*ni (be*ni / bir / bir / / sa: sa:*ni *ye / ye / din*le*ye*bi* lir *niz *niz ↷) l ir ↝/ miy*d i i Could you Could you listen listen to me for a second second please please? ? The [İR] Simple Present, and [Dİ] Simple Past Tense morphemes are also used together in Turkish conditional sentences: sentences: BuraBura-da ol ol-sa -sa biz biz-e -e yardım et-er-di -er-di.. (bur*d a / / ol*sa ol*sa / / bi*ze bi*ze / / yar*dım yar*dım / / e* d e r *di ↷) If he were here here,, he would help us. (The /t /t/ changes into the /d /d/ voiced consonant.)
/y/ı sat-ar-dı-ım. (Advice) Sen-in yer -in Senin--de ol ol-sa-sa-am am bu eski eski araba araba- /y/ı (se*n i n / ye* rin*de / / o l *s am / b u / es*k i / a*r a *b a *yı / / sa*tar *d *d ı ım ↷) If I were you you,, I would sell this old car. old car. Öğretmen sen-i gör -se/y/-di -se/y/- di kız-ar-dı. (öğ*ret*men / ret*men / se*ni se*ni / gör* s e y *di / kı* za za r *dı ↷) If the teacher saw teacher saw you, he would get angry angry..
PERFECT MODALS must have “verb - ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş ] + [ol-ma.lı]-[pers pers]]” This perfect modal verb composition conveys a past concept of certainty. certainty. Consider the following: following:
Görev-i-/n/i bitir -miş ol-ma.lı. (“Bitirmiş” is is subject subject complemen com plementt in Turkish.) (gö*re*vi *ni / bi*tir bi*tir *miş / ol*ma*lı ↷) He must have finished his his duty. duty. (I (I am sure he has finished it.) Ev-den ayrıl-mış ol-ma.lı. Ev-den (ev*den (ev*den / ay*rıl ay*rıl *mı *şol*ma*lı *şol*ma*lı ↷) He must He must have left home home.. (I am sure he has left home.)
Uçak in in--miş ol-ma.lı. (Liaison) (u*çak (u*çak / / in* in*m i *şol*ma*lı ↷) The plane must have landed. landed. (I am sure it has landed. ) Ben-i anla Ben-i anla--mış ol-ma.lı-sın. (Liaison) (be*ni (be*ni / an* an*la* la*mı *şol*ma*lı*sın *şol*ma*lı*sın ↷) You must have understood me. understood me. (I am sure you (have) understood me.)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS O-/n/u bir bir yer yer -de -de gör -müş ol-ma.lı- /y /y /ım. (Liaison) (o*nu (o*nu / / bir / yer*de yer*de / / gör *mü *şol*ma*lı*yım *şol*ma*lı*yım ↷) I must have seen her seen her somewhere somewhere.. (I am sure I saw her somewhere.) Both certainty certainty and possibility possibility concepts can also be conveyed by composition: “verb-[MİŞ]-[DİR]” verb composition:
Görev-i-/n/i bitir-miş-tir . (gö*re* re*vi*ni / bi*tir* miş miş*tir ↷) He must He must (may) have finished his his duty. duty. Ev-den ayrıl-mış-tır . Ev-den mış*tır ↷) (ev*den (ev*den / / ay *rıl* mış He must He must (may) have left home. left home. Haber-i duy-muş mu mu-dur -dur ? muş / mu*dur ↷) (ha*be (ha*be**ri / / duy* muş Is he Is he likely to have heard the news? Haber-i duy-ma-mış-tır . (ha*be*ri (ha*be*ri / / d u y *ma*mış*tır ↷) He can’t (couldn’t) have heard the the news. news. Haber duy-ul-ma-mış-tır . (ha*ber (ha*ber / du* y u l *ma*mış*tır ↷) The news The news may not have been heard. heard . (Passive) Bu saa saat-te t-te yat-mış-tır bile bile.. (bu / bu / sa*at sa*at *t e / yat* mış mış*tır / bi*le ↷) He must have already gone to bed at this hour .
Yağmur dur dur-muş mu mu-dur -dur ? (yağ*mur / dur* muş / mu*dur ↷) muş / mu*dur Is it likely to have stopped rain rain-ing? -ing? The same verb composition may be used in conditional sentences, as well: well: Paris’-e git-ti /y /y /-se /-se,, Eyfel Kulesi’ -/ -/n n / /ii gör -müş-tür . (p a *ri *se / se / git *t i y *se / *se / ey *fel / / ku*le ku*le**si*ni / gör* müş müş*tür ↷) If he went went to to Paris, he he must must have seen the Eiffel Tower. Bir yanlışlık yap yap--tı/y /-sa özür dile -miş-tir . (bir / yan*lış yan*lış**lık / / yap* yap*tıy *sa *sa / ö*zür / di* le*miş*tir le*miş*tir ↷) If he he made a mistake mistake,, he he must must have apologized. apologized .
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Note: “git git--ti /y /y /-se” means “if he went”, but “ git-se/ git-se/y y / /-di di” means “if he had gone”: Paris’-e git git-se/ -se/y y / /-di di Eyfel Kulesi’ -/ -/n n / /ii gör -ür -dü. (p a *ri *se / git *s e y *di / / e y *fel / ku*le*si ku*le*si *ni / / gö* gö* r *dü ↷) r ür ür *dü If he had gone to gone to Paris, he he would would have seen the Eiffel Tower. (He didn’t go, and he didn’t see.) Yeter-in.ce çalış-sa/ -sa/y y /-dı kötü bir bir not not al-maz al-maz-dı. (ye*te (ye*te**r i n *ce / *ce / ça* ça*lış* lış*s a y *dı / kö*tü / bir / not / al* m az *dı ↷ ) If he had studied hard studied hard enough, enough, he wouldn’t have got a poor poor mark. mark.
(He didn’t study, so he got a poor mark.) Oyun-u Oyun-u seyret seyret-se/ -se/y y / /-di di--in hoşlan-ır -dı-ın. (o*yu (o*yu**nu / nu / sey*ret *s ey *d i ho*şu* n a / gi *der*di ↷) i n / ho*şu* If you had watched the play play,, you you would would have enjoyed it it..
can’t have “verb verb-- [miş, mış, müş, muş ] + ol - [a.maz a.maz]] - [pers pers]]” The verb chain above is used to form a verb composition to convey past impossibility. impossibility . In doing this, when [a.maz [ a.maz]] negation allomorph is attached to the first person personal allomorph [am [am], ], the /z /z/ consonant drops, the /a /a-a/ vowels combine, and verbalize as a single vowel:
Gör -müş ol-a.mazol-a.maz-am am.. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *mam *mam ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*sın *maz*sın ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz *maz ↷ ) Gör -müş ol-a.ma /y/ız. (gör*müş / ol-a.ma-- /y/ız gör*müş / o* l a *ma*yız *ma*yız ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın.ız. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*sı*nız *maz*sı*nız ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--lar . (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*lar *maz*lar ↷) Example sentences: O-/n/u yanlış anla anla--mış ol-a.ma ol-a.mazz-am am.. (The purple underlined words are adjectives are adjectives.) .) (o*nu (o*nu / yan*lış / an*la* mış mış / o* l a *m *ma m ↷) (o*nu (o*nu / yan* lı * şan*la* mı* mı* şo* şo* l a *mam *mam ↷) (Liason) lı * I can't (couldn’t) have misunderstood it. Sen-i yanlış anla anla--mış ol-a.maz mı? (se* (se* ni ni / / yan*lış / an*la*mış an*la*mış / / o*la* maz / mı ↷) maz Can’t he have misunderstood misunderstood you? you?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Sen-i işit-miş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (se*n (se*ni / i *şit *miş / miş / o* l a *maz *maz ↷) (se*ni (se*ni / i*şit* mi*şo mi*şo*l a *maz *maz ↷) (Liaison) He can’t (couldn’t) have heard you Lastik-i Lastik-i patla patla--mış ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (las*ti (las*ti *ği / pat *la la**mış / o* l a *maz *maz ↷) He can’t (couldn’t) have had a flat tire. flat tire.
Tüm soru-lar -a -a cevap ver -miş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın. (tüm / so*ru so*ru**la la**ra ra / / ce*vap ce*vap / / ver *miş miş / / o* l a *maz*sın *maz*sın ↷) You can’t (couldn’t) have answered al alll the the questions. questions.
Fenerbahçe yen-il yen-il--miş ol-a.maz mı? (fe* (fe*n er *bah*çe bah*çe / / ye* nil*miş / il*miş / o* l *maz *maz / mı ↷) l a a Can’t Fenervahçe have been beaten? beaten?
should have (ought to have) have ) “noun + infinitive + gerek-ir-di ” This perfect modal composition is used to express a past obligation or expectation that was not carried out: (Sen-in (Sen -in)) ev ödev-in in--i yap yap--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. noun + infinitive compound (subject)
(ev / ö*de*vi *ni / / yap* m an / ge*re*kir*di ↷) That you That you had done your your homework homework was necessary necessary.. ( You You should have done your homework.) homework.) (But you didn’t.) Bu araba-/ araba-/y y /ı satın al-mak için daha çok para biriktir -me me--en gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (bu / a*ra*ba a*ra*ba**yı / yı / sa*tın sa*tın / / al *mak / / i*çin / da*h a / / çok / pa*ra pa*ra / bi*rik*tir *me n / ge*re*kir*di ↷) You should have saved more more money money to buy this car . (But you didn’t.)
Sınav-da daha dikkat dikkat--li li ol ol-mama-am am gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (sı*nav *da / da / da*h a / dik*kat dik*kat *li / / ol *ma m / ge*re*kir*di ↷) I should have been more careful in the examination. (But examination. (But I I wasn’t.)
Dün bana telefon etet-me me--en gerek-mez mi /y /y /-di /-di? ? (dün / dün / ba*na ba*na / / te*le te*le**f o n / et *me n / ge*rek *mez * mez / miy*di ↷) Shouldn't you you have have telephoned me telephoned me yesterday yesterday? ?
Ödev-in in--i yap yap--ma ma--an gerek-mez mi /y /y /-di /-di? ? (ö*de*vi*ni / de*vi*ni / yap*ma n / ge*rek / ge*rek *mez / miy*di / miy*di ↷) * mez Shouldn't you you have have done your homework? homework? (You haven't done your homework. Why?)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS To change the above modal composition into the negative form, the ♫ [me me]] or [ma ma]] negative making making allomorphs are put after the verb roots, stems or frames, and then the ♫ [me] me] or [ma [ma]] infinitive infinitive allomorphs follow them preceding the personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: Ekmek al al--ma ma--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. noun + infinitive compound
(se*nin (se*nin / / ek*mek ek*mek / / al *ma*ma n / ge*re*kir*di ↷) You shouldn’t (needn’t) have bought bread. (But you did.) (Advice)
Kız kardeş-in in-e -e bağır -ma ma--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (kız / / kar*de kar*de**şi *ne / ne / ba* ba* ğır *ma*ma n / ge*re*kir*di ↷) ğır *ma*m You shouldn’t have shouted at your your sister sister . (But you did.) (Advice) Yalan söyle-me me--me me-- /s /s /i gerek-ir-di. (o*nun (o*nun / / ya*lan ya*lan / söy* l e *me*me*si *me*me*si / / ge*re*kir*di ↷) He shouldn’t have told a lie. (But lie. (But he did.) Mehmet’-in sınav-da kopya çek-me me--me-/ me-/s s /i gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (meh*me (meh*me**din / sı*nav *da / kop*ya kop*ya / / çek *me*me*si *me*me*si / ge*re*kir*di ↷) Mehmet shouldn’t have cheated in the examination examination.. (But he did.)
may have “verb verb - [miş, mış,
pers]]” müş, muş] + ol-a.bil-ir -[pers
This modal form adds possibility to verb verb roots, roots, stems and frames:
Dışarı-/ -/y y /a çık-mış ol-a.bil-ir . (The purple underlined words underlined words are adjectives adjectives.) .) (dı*şa* rı mış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) rı / çık *mış / He may have gone out out.. (Perhaps he has gone out.) -/y y /a çık-mış-tır . Dışarı-/ rı / çık*mış*tır ↷) (dı*şa* rı He must have gone out out.. (I (I am sure he has gone out out.) .)
Otobüs-ü kaçır -mış ol-a.bil-ir . (o*to (o*to**bü* bü* sü ka*çır*mış / çır*mış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) sü / ka* He may have missed the the bus. bus. ( ( I am sure he has missed it.) missed it.)
İş-i-/n/i bitir -miş ol-a.bil-ir. * lir / mi ↷) (o*to (o*to**bü*sü / ka*çır*mış / o*la*bi *lir He may He may have finished his his work. work.
Sen-i yanlış anla anla--mış ol-a.bil-ir . (se*ni (se*ni / yan* yan*lı* şan* an*la* la*mı* şo şo*la*bi*lir ↷) (Liaison) She may have misunderst misunderstood ood you. you. (Perhaps (Perhaps she misunderstood you.)
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Büro temizle temizle--en en--miş ol.a.bil-ir . (bü*ro bü*ro / te*miz*l e n*miş / o*la*bi*lir ↷) e The office may have been cleaned cleaned.. (Perhaps it has been cleaned.) Haber-i işit-miş ol-a.bil-irol-a.bil-ir-ler ler mi mi? ? (ha*be (ha*be**r i i / / i *şit *miş / miş / o*la*bi*lir* ler l er / mi ↷) Are they likely to have heard the the news? news? Vazo-/y/u kedi kır -mış ol-a.bil-ir mi mi? ? (v a *zo*yu / *zo*yu / ke*d i / kır*mış / o* l l a*bi*lir a*bi*lir / mi ↷) Is the cat likely to have broken the the vase? vase? Bir anlaşma-/ -/y y /a var -mış ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir-ler. ler. l er ↷) (bir / an*laş an*laş**ma*ya / ma*ya / var* mış / mış / o*la*bi*lir* ler They may They may have reached an agreement. agreement.
might have “verb verb-- [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil ]-[ir ]-[di di]]-[pers pers]]” Kaza geçir -e.bil-ir-di-e.bil-ir-di-ik ik.. i k ↷) (ka*za : / ge* çi*re*bi* çi*re*bi* lir*d lir*d i We might We might have had an an accident. accident. (It was probable, but we didn’t.) Pencere-/y/i kır -a.bil-ir-di-in -a.bil-ir-di- in.. (pen*ce (pen*ce**re* re*yi / kı*ra*bi* l i r *d i n ↷) i You might You might have broken the the window. window.
(It was probable, but you didn’t.)
Maç kaybet-il-e.bil-ir-di kaybet-il-e.bil-ir-di.. (It was probable, but it wasn’t lost.) (maç / / kay*be*di*le*bi* l i r *di ↷) The match might have been lost. lost. (The /t /t/ changes into /d /d/.) (Passive) de-ki -ki araba araba-/ -/y y /a çarp-a.bil-ir-di-a.bil-ir-di-in. in. Ön-ün-de i n ↷ ) (ö*nün* nün*de* de*k i / a*ra a*ra**ba* ba*ya / çar*pa*bi* l i r *d i You might You might have hit the the car car in front of of you. you. (But (But you didn't hit it.) de-ki -ki araba araba-/ -/y y /a carpcarp-ma ma-/ -/y y /a.bil-ir-di /a.bil-ir-di-in in.. Ön-ün-de i n ↷) (ö*nün*de* nün*de*k i / a*ra a*ra**ba* ba*ya / ya / çarp*ma* ma*ya* ya*bi *l i r *d i You might You might not have hit the the car car in front of you. of you. (But you hit it.)
-[e, a] a] + gerek yok-tu gerek yok-tu” needn’t have “noun + infinitive-[e, This modal composition is used to express absence of obligation or necessity. The noun compounds used in the following sentences are showed between inverted commas.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
“Ayşe’-/ -/n n /in acele et et--meme- /s /s /i”-/ -/n n /e /e gerek yok-tu gerek yok-tu.. noun + infinitive comp - [e] (adverbial)
(ay*şe (ay*şe**nin / a*ce a*ce**l e / et*me*si*ne / et*me*si*ne / ge*rek ge*rek / y o k *tu ↷) Ayşe needn’t have hurried hurried.. (But she did.)
“Bütün soru-lar -a -a cevap ver-me ver-me--en”-e -e gerek gerek yok-tu yok-tu.. (bü*tün / so*ru so*ru**la*ra / la*ra / ce*vap ce*vap / / ver *me *ne / ne / ge*rek ge*rek / / y o k *tu ↷) You needn’t have answered all the questions. the questions. (But (But you did.) “Maç-ı ertele ertele--me me--ler -i -i”-/ -/n n /e gerek yok-tu yok-tu.. (on*la* (on*la* rın rın / ma*çı ma*çı / / er*te* er*te*le* le*me*le*ri*ne / me*le*ri*ne / ge*rek ge*rek / / y o k * tu t u ↷) (But they did.) They needn’t have postponed the the match. match. (But
“Çiçek-ler -i sula an.ız””-a sula--mama-an.ız -a gerek gerek yoktu yoktu.. (çi*çek*le* çek*le*ri / su* su*la* la*ma *nı*za *nı*za / ge*rek ge*rek / / y o k *tu ↷) You needn’t have watered the the flowers flowers.. (But you did.) “Üç çift ayakkabı al al--mama-an”-a -a gerek gerek yoktu yoktu.. (üç / / çift / a*yak a*yak *ka* ka*bı / al *ma *na / ge*rek ge*rek / / y o k *tu ↷) You needn't have bought three three pairs pairs of shoes. shoes.
Note: “git-me-se de olurdu”, “sula-ma-sa-lar da olurdu” sentence types can also be used as alternatives to the sentences above. The noun compounds in the sentences above above and below below are all showed between inverted commas.
didn’t need to “noun dı”” noun + + infinitive-[ infinitive- [e, a] a] + gerek kalkal-ma ma--dı This modal form is used to express unfulfilled necessity in necessity in the past: past:
“Uzun zaman beklezaman bekle-me me--em”-e -e gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. noun + infinitive comp -[e] (adverbial)
(u*zu n / za*man za*man / / bek *le* le*me *me *me / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) It was not necessary for me me to wait for a long time time.. I didn’ need to wait wait for for a a long time. time.
“Okul-a Okul-a yürü-/ -/y y /e.rek git git--meme-em.iz”-e -e gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (o*ku (o*ku**la / yü* yü*rü* rü*ye* ye*rek / git *me *mi *ze / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to walk to school.
“Çiçek-ler -in /ı””-/ -in sula-an sula-an--ma-/ ma-/s s /ı -/n n /a gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (çi*çek *le*rin / su*l a n*ma*sı* na na / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) a The flowers The flowers didn’t need to be watered. watered. (Passive infinitive) “Bir am.ız””-a gerek Bir araba araba kirala kirala--mama-am.ız gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (bir / a*ra a*ra**b a / / ki *ra: *la*ma *mı* *mı*za / za / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to hire a car.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
“Toplantı yap am.ız””-a yap--mama-am.ız -a gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (top*lan (top*lan**tı / yap*ma *mı*za / *mı*za / ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to hold a meeting.
“ Yardım iste iste--me me--em.iz”-e gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (yar*dım (yar*dım / is*te*me *mi*ze / *mi*ze / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to ask for help. help.
“Bekle Bekle--meme-em.iz”-e gerek kal gerek kal-ma ma--dı. (bek*le*me *mi*ze / *mi*ze / ge*rek ge*rek / / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to wait wait.. LINKING VERBS IN VERBS IN ENGLISH AND TURKISH Linking verbs verbs are the the verbs verbs that carry information about the subject describing who who,, what what,, how how,, and where where the subject is, was, can be, be, etc. The following are all linking verbs: verbs: is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, had been, must be, may be, etc. The information that the linking verbs carry to the subjects subjects are are called “subject complements”.
Present Positive: The compulsory subject allomorphs used allomorphs used with present “be” are as follows: (ben ben)): [im, ım, üm, um]; (sen sen)): [sin, sın, sün, sun]; (o): [ø]; (biz biz): ): [iz, ız, üz, uz]; uz ]; (siz (siz)): [sin.iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz n.uz]; ]; (onlar (onlar ): [(ø) (ler, (ler, lar )] )] The subject complements that complements that give information about the subjects subjects may may be “nouns”, “pronouns”, “adjectives” or “prepositional phrases”. They are as follows: 1.
Noun: (Ben Ben)) öğretmen-im n-im (öğ*r et *m e * n (Sen)) n i m ) I am a teacher. (Sen doktor-sun doktor-sun (dok*t o r * s u n ) You are a doctor. O bir doktor (dok*tor ). ). r u z She is a doctor . Biz Biz doktor doktor-uz uz (dok* (dok*t o * r ) We are are doctors doctors.. Siz bir öğretmen-sin.iz (s i z / öğ* r et *m e n * s i * n ) You are a teacher. Onlar n i z asker (on asker (on*lar / / as*k er ) They are are soldiers soldiers.. (No No time allomorphs are used when the linking verbs are are present in Turkish.)
2.
Adjective: (Ben Adjective: ( Ben)) tembel tembel--im im (tem* (tem*b e* l i m ) I am lazy lazy.. Sen çalışkan-sın hardworking.. O mutlu mutlu(dur) (dur) (o / mut*l u ). (ça*lış*kan*sın) You are hardworking She is happy happy.. Biz iyi iyi-- /y /y /iz (b i z / i*yi*yiz ) We are all right. right . Yorgun Yorgun-n u z sun.uz (yor*g u n * s u * n sun.uz ) You are tired tired.. Onlar isteksiz isteksiz.. They are unwilling.. unwilling
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS 3.
Postpositional adverbial phrases: phrases : The Turkish place allomorphs [de, da,, te, ta] da ta] are expressed in in English English in the prepositions of “in”, “at”, “on”, “behind”, “in front of ” such as, “ev-de”, “okul -da”, “sokakta”, “örnek -te”, “bura-da”, “alt -ın-da”, “yan -ın-da”, “ön -ün-de”, “arka-/s/ın-da”, “üst -ün-de” “yakın-ın-da”. These Turkish adverbials are ials are used as subject complements. complements. For example: evev-de (at home); home); okulokul-da (at school, school, in school); school); masamasa-da (on the table, table, at the table); table); kapı-da da ( (at at the door ); ); kutukutu-da da ( (in in the box); box); bahçede (in the garden); garden); hastanehastane-de (in hospital, hospital, in the hospital); hospital); uçak-ta (on the plane), plane), kapı-/ -/n n /ın ön-ü / /n n / /-de de (in front of the of the door ). ).
The other [e, [e, a] and [den, [den, dan, ten, dan, ten, tan] tan] allomorphs, which turn nouns into adverbials,, are not used with adverbials used with the linking verbs “be”; they are used together with action verbs like “go”, “come”, “wait“, “sleep”, “ jump jump ”, etc. When the subject complements complements above end with vowels, vowels, they are linked to the personal subject allomorphs by the / the /y y / glides:
Postacı kapı-da. The postman is at at the door . Onlar şimdi uçak-ta ta.. They are on the the plane now now.. Ben kapı-da -da-- /y /y /ım. I am at at the door . Sen Sen okulokul-da da-sın. You are You are at school. school. O mutfak mutfak-ta ta.. She is in the the kitchen kitchen.. Biz haklı- /y /y /ız. We are right right.. Çiçek-ler vazo -ler vazo-d -da a. The flowers are flowers are in the vase. vase. The [E [E], [DE [DEN]] morphemes are also used attached to “ön”, “arka”, DE]] and [DEN “yan”, “üst”, “karşı”, “sol”, “sağ”, “alt”, “bitişik” nouns, such as “ö n-e”, “arkaarka/y/a”, “yan-a yan-a”, “üst-e”, “karşı-/ -/y y/a”, “yukarı-/ -/y y/a”, “ön-de”, “arkaarka-da”, “yanyan-da”, “altalt-ta”, “üst-te”, “karşı-da”, “sağ-da”, “solsol-da”, “bitişik -te”, “ön-den”, “arkaarkadan”, “ yan-dan yan-dan”, “üst-ten”, “karşı-dan”, “sağ-dan”, “yakın-dan”. These words are all nouns when nouns when they are without suffixes; if they were not, the [E [E], [DE DE]] and [DEN [DEN]] morphemes would not be attached to them. When they are together with these suffixes, they function either as adverbials, or when the [de, [de, da, te, ta] ta] allomorphs are used with the verbs “be” they are used as subject as subject complements in complements in sentences. Consequently, as these words are all nouns, they are also used in noun compounds like the simple noun compounds such as “oda -/n/ın kapı-/ -/s s/ı”; “perde-/ -/n n/in arka-/ arka-/s s/ı”; “ayna-/n/ın ön-ü”; “vazo-/ -/n n/un yanyan-ı”; “yatak-ın altalt-ı” l ğın ı n / al* ın ın / bi*ti*şi* (ya*ta* (ya*ta* ğ al* t tı ); “bakkal-ın bitişik-i” (bak*ka* l bi*ti*şi* ğ ğ i i) ; “koltuk-un k-un ı); “bakkal-ın karşı-/ /ı”. ”. sağ-ı” (kol*tu* (kol*tu* ğ sa*ğ ı) -/s s/ı”; “ev-in v-in arka-/ arka-/s s/ı ğ u n / sa*ğ
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS When the [de, [de, da] da] allomorphs are attached to the noun compounds above compounds above,, they take the /n/ glides attached to the noun compounds to maintain a harmonious link between the noun compounds and the [de, [de, da] da] allomorphs. The noun compounds [de, da] compounds attached to the [de, da] allomorphs function as subject complements when “be” verbs are used. Compare and consider the following sentences: sentences: Kedi perde-/ perde-/n n / /in in arka-/ arka-/s s / /n ı/n / /-da da.. (per*de*nin (per*de*nin / / ar*ka*sı ar*ka*sı)) subj
noun compound - /n/da /n/da (subj complement) predicate
(ke*di (ke*di / per*de* per*de* n i n / ar *ka*sın*da *ka*sın*da ↷). The cat is cat is behind the curtain. curtain.
Gözlük-ler -im ayna-/ nın / ö*nü ayna-/n n /ın ön-ü / /n n / /-de de.. (ay*na* (ay*na* nın *nü) (göz*lük *le* r r im im / ay*na* ay*na* nın *nün*de ↷) nın / ö*nün*de am” TurkMy glasses are in front of the of the mirror . (The “im, ım, üm, um, em, am” ish possessive personal allomorphs all mean “ben ben-im -im”: “my”.) Terlikler -in in karyola karyola-/ -/n n /ın altalt- /n ı/n / /-da da.. (ter*lik (ter*lik *le* r r in / in / kar*yo*la kar*yo*la**nın / al* al* t tın*da ı n*da ↷) Your slippers Your slippers are under under the the bed. bed. (The “in, ın, ün, un, en, an ” allomorphs mean “sen ”.) sen-in -in”: “your ”. Ben-im ev Ben-im ev--im bakkal bakkal--ın bitişik- /n i /n / /-de de.. (bak*ka* (bak*ka* lın lın / bi *ti *şi*ği ) lın / bi*ti*şi*ğin (be*n (be*nim / im / e*v e*v im / im / bak*ka* bak*ka* lın bi*ti*şi*ğin*de *de ↷) My house is next to the grocer . Sen-in dükkân-ın bakkalSen-in bakkal-ın karşı-/ -/s s / /n ı/n / /-da da.. (bak*ka* (bak*ka* lın kar*şı*sı)) lın / kar*şı*sı (se*n (se*nin / dük*kâ* nın / ın / bak*ka* bak*ka* l *şı*sın*da ↷) l ın ın / kar *şı*sın*da Your shop Your shop is opposite the grocer .
İstasyon sol sol--da da.. (is*tas (is*tas**yon / yon / sol*d a ↷) The station is on the left left..
İstasyon bakkal lın / so*lu bakkal--ın sol sol--u / /n n / /-da da.. (bak*ka* (bak*ka* lın so*lu)) (is*tas (is*tas**yon / bak*ka* l so* l l ın ın / so* yon / bak*ka* lun*da u n*da ↷) The station is on on the the left of the grocer .
Karı-ım ev ev--de de.. ı m / ev* (ka*r (ka*r ı ev* d e ↷) My wife is at at home home..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Postane-/ Postane-/n n /in ön-ü/n / /-de de-- /y /y /im /im.. (The “im” means “ben”: “I”.) (ben / ben / pos*ta pos*ta: *ne* n i n / ö* nün*de*yim nün*de*yim ↷) I am in front of the post office. office. In the sentences above, there are no time morphemes morphemes attached to the arka-/ -/s s/ı/n//-da da”, “ön-ü/n//-de de”, “karşı -/ -/s s/ı/n//-da da”, “evev-de”, etc. The words “arka absence absence of these time morphemes morphemes in the sentences above the “∅” zero morphemes imply that the time is present present..
Present Negative: To change the positive “be” linking verbs into negative negative forms, the negative değil”” is used after a subject complement, making adverb “değil complement, such as: Mutlu değil-im im.. (mut*lu (mut*lu / / de* de* ği *lim) ği *lim) I am not happy happy..
İstekli değil-sin.iz. (is*tek*li ğil *si*niz (is*tek*li / de* / de* ğil *si*niz ) You are not willing willing.. (The “sin.iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz” personal subject allomorphs all mean “siz”: “you”.) “sin, sın, sün, sun” sun” personal allomorphs all mean sin.. (The “sin, Yakışıklı değil-sin singular “sen”: “ you”) /ya*kı*şık*lı /ya*kı*şık*lı / / de* ğil *sin) ğil *sin) You are You are not not handsome handsome.. EvEv-de değil-ler . (The “ler, lar ” personal allomorphs mean allomorphs mean “onlar ”: ”: “they”.) (ev*de (ev*de / / de*ğil* l er ) They are are not not at home. home. BabaBaba-am evev-de değil. (ba*bam (ba*bam / / ev*de ev*de / / de* ğil ğil ) My father My father is is not at home. home.
Present Positive Question: To turn the positive linking verbs into the positive question forms, the [mi, mı] interrogative allomorphs allomorphs are attached to the personal subject allomorphs, allomorphs, which are uses followed by the subject complements: complements: Deli mi mi-- /y /y /im /im? ? (de*l i / mi*yim) mi*yim) Am I Am I crazy crazy? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ev-de mi Evmi--sin sin? ? (ev*d e / / mi*sin) mi*sin) Are you at home home? ? Fatma- /n Fatma /n /ın göz-ler -i mavi mi mi? ? (fat*ma*nın (fat*ma*nın / göz*le*ri / ma* ma* v i / mi ) Are Fatma’s eyes blue blue? ?
“iz, ız, üz, uz” uz” personal allomorphs mean “biz”: “we”.) Dikkatsiz mi mi-- /y /y /iz /iz? ? (The “iz, (dik*kat* (dik*kat* s i z / / mi*yiz ) Are we careless careless? ?
Hazır mı Hazır mı-sın.ız? (ha* (ha* zır zır / mı*sı*nız ) Are you ready ready? ?
İyi-ler ler mi mi? ? (i*yi* (i*yi* l er / mi ) Are they Are they all right? right ?
Present Negative Question: To turn a positive linking positive linking verb form into a negative linking negative linking verb form, the değil”” is used after the subject complement: negative making adverb “değil complement:
Çalışkan değil mi mi-- /y/im? /y/im? (ça*lış*kan / lış*kan / de* ğil / mi*yim) mi*yim ) ğil / Am I Am I not hardworking hardworking? ? Sorumlu değil mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz? ? ğil / mi*si*niz ) (so*rum*lu (so*rum*lu / / de* ğil Aren’t you responsible responsible? ? AnneAnne-en en ev ev--de değil mi? (an*nen (an*nen / / ev*de ev*de / / de* ğil / mi) ğil / Isn’t your mother mother at at home home? ? degil-ler ler mi mi? ? İsteksiz degil(is*tek*siz (is*tek*siz / / de*ğil* de*ğil* l er / mi ) Aren’t they unwilling unwilling? ? mi-- /y /y /iz /iz? ? Hazır değil Hazır değil mi (ha*zır (ha*zır / / de*ğil / / mi*yiz ) Aren’t we ready ready? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Güzel değil mi mi-/ -/y y /im? (gü*zel / de*ğil / / mi*yim) mi*yim) Am I not beautiful beautiful? ? The Question Words Used With the Linking Verbs Nere-de-sin.iz Nere-desin.iz? ? EvEv-de de-- /y /y /im /im.. (One word) (ne*re*de*si*niz ) Where are you you? ? I am am at at home.
Nasıl-sın.ız? İyi- /y /y /im /im.. (n a *sıl*sı*nız *sıl*sı*nız ) How are you you? ? I am quite well. well.
Niçin hazır hazır değil değil- /s /s /in /in? ? (n i *çin / *çin / ha*zır / de* ğil *sin) ğil *sin) Why aren’t you ready ready? ? Kim-sin Kimsin? ? (Ben Ben)) Ahmet-im Ahmet-im.. (k i m *sin) *sin) Who are you you? ? I am Ahmet. Ahmet. Nerede- /y /y /iz /iz? ? İstanbul-da da-/ -/y y /ız.
(n e *re*de* *re*de* y i z ) Where are we we? ? We We are are in İstanbul.
English does not have any suffıxes or prefixes to turn adjectives adjectives into into verbs verbs.. Therefore, this deficiency is fulfilled by some linking verbs such as get get,, grow,, look grow look,, turn turn,, smell smell,, sound sound,, become become,, which are followed by nouns or adjectives (subject complements) complements). As some Turkish adjectives adjectives can be turned into verbs by attaching some suffixes to adjectives adjectives,, some English linking verbs are not used in Turkish. Turkish. Therefore, verbs are used instead. In the following examples, you can see how Turkish adjectives or nouns turn nouns turn into verbs by attaching some suffixes to them:
Güzel → güzel-leş, yaşlı → yaş-lan -lan,, soguk → soğu, uzun → uza uza,, kısa → kısal, yorgun → yorul hazır → → hazır -lan, yorul,, hazır -lan, sarı → sarar , sinirli → sinir-len, sıcak → ısın, şüphe → şüphe-len, sakin → sakin-leş, kırmızı → kızar, güç → güç-leş, koku → kok, sarı → sarar. Example sentences:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Yaşlan” is an intransitive verb which means “ grow old”.) Herkes yaşlan-ır . (“ Yaşlan
(h e r *kes / *kes / yaş*la*nır ) Everybody grows old old.. (“Grow” is a linking verb, “ old” is an adjective adjective.) .) Hava soğu-u.yor . (“Soğu” is an intransitive verb which means “ get cold”)
(ha*va (ha*va / so*ğu*yor ) It is getting colder . (“Get” is a linking verb , “cold” is an adjective.) Yorgun görün-ü.yor -sun sun.. (“Görün” is a reflexive verb , “yorgun” is an adjective ective))
(yor*g u n / gö*rü*nü*yor*sun) gö*rü*nü*yor*sun ) You look You look tired tired.. (“Look” is a linking verb ; “tired” is an adjective.) Yaprak-lar sonbahar Yaprak-lar sonbahar -da -da sarar-ır . (“Sarar ” means “turn yellow”.)
(yap*rak*lar (yap*rak*lar / / s o n *ba*har*da / *ba*har*da / sa*ra*rır ) Leaves turn Leaves turn yellow in the autumn autumn..
Çorba nefis kok-u.yor . (“Kok” is an intransitive verb; “nefis” is an adverb adverb.) .) (ço*ba / ba / ne*f i s / ko*ku*yor ) The soup smells delicious delicious.. (“Smell” is a linking verb; verb; “delicious” is an adjective adjective.) .)
Öğrenci-ler sessiz kal-dı-lar . (“Kal” is an intransitive verb; “sessiz” is an adverb.) (öğ*ren* ren*ci*ler / / ses* s i z / / kal*dı*lar ) The students remained silent silent.. (“Remain” is a linking verb; “silent” is an adjective adjective.) .) Kendim-i iyi hisset-i.yor -um um.. (“Hisset” is a transitive verb; “iyi” is an adverb adverb.) .) (ken*di*mi (ken*di*mi / i*y i / his*se*di*yo*rum) his*se*di*yo*rum ) I feel good good.. (“Feel” is a linking verb; verb; “good” is an adjective adjective.) .)
Aptallık et-i.yor -sun sun.. (“Et” is a transitive verb; verb; “aptallık” is its indefinite object .) (ap*tal* (ap*tal* lık / lık / e*di*yor*sun) e*di*yor*sun ) You are being foolish foolish.. (“Are being ” is a linking verb; verb; “foolish” is an adjective adjective.) .)
(“Üşü”” is intransitive; it means “ feel cold”) Üşü-dü/y/-se-en -se-en ceket-in-i ceket-in-i giy giy.. (“Üşü (ü*şü* düy *sen / ce*ke*ti* ce*ke*ti* n i / giy) düy *sen / If you feel cold cold,, put put your your coat on on.. (“Feel” is a linking verb; “cold” is an adj ,) Fatma gün-den gün-e güzel-leş-i.yor . (“Güzel-leş” means “get beautiful”.)
(fat*ma (fat*ma / gün*den / gü*ne / ne / gü*zel*le*şi*yor ) Fatma is getting more beautiful day day by by day. Bu yumurtalar pis pis kok-u.yor . (“pis” is an adverb because “kok” is an action verb.) verb.) (b u / yu*mur*ta*lar yu*mur*ta*lar / pis / pis / ko*ku*yor ) These eggs smell nasty nasty..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Proje-en ilginç gör -ün-ü.yor . (“İlginç” is used as an adverb Projeadverb in in Turkish.) (p r o *jen / *jen / il*ginç / / gö*rü*nü*yor ) Your project Your project seems seems ( (sounds sounds)) interesting interesting.. Note: Nearly all adjectives adjectives in Turkish can be used as adverbs adverbs without changing their forms. For instance: O iyi bir kız -dır . (adjective (adjective)) She is is a a good girl. (adjective (adjective)) O iyi yüz-er . (adverb adverb)) She swims well. well. ( (adverb adverb)) Bu yavaş bir arabaaraba-dır . (adjective (adjective)) This is a slow slow car car . (adjective (adjective)) Bu araba yavaş gider . (adverb (adverb)) This car goes goes slowly slowly.. (adverb (adverb)) O güzel bir kız -dır . (adjective (adjective)) She is is a a beautiful beautiful girl girl.. (adjective (adjective)) O güzel şarkı söyler . (adverb (adverb)) She sings beautifully beautifully.. (adverb (adverb))
LINKING VERBS Simple Past
[di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, The simple past tense allomorphs of the verb “ be” are [di, tu], tu ], which are attached to the personal subject allomorphs below: allomorphs below: (ben ben)) [im, ım, üm, um], (sen (sen)) [in, ın, ün, un], (o (o) [ ∅], (biz (biz)) [ik, ık, ük, uk], (siz (siz)) [in.iz, [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz un.uz], ], (onlar (onlar ) [ler, [ler, lar ]
Positive: EvEv-de / /y y / /-di di--im im.. (One word) (ev*d e y *dim) *dim) I was at home. home. (Four words)
Hazır -dı-ın.ız. (One word) (ha*zır *dı*nız) You were ready. (Three words) . Mutlu / /y y / /-du du--uk uk.. (mut*l u y *duk ) We were happy.
Sarhoş-tu tu--lar . (sar*hoş*tu*lar ) They were drunk drunk..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Öğrenci-ler neşeli /y /y / /-di di.. (öğ*ren*ci*ler / / ne*şe* ne*şe* l i y *di ) The students were cheerful cheerful.. ArabaAraba-am kapı-/ -/n n /ın ön-ü/n / /-de de / /y y / /-di. di. (a*ra*bam (a*ra*bam / / ka* pı* nın / ö*nün*dey*di ) nın / ö*nün*dey*di My car My car was was in front of the of the door .
Negative: To turn a positive linking verb into a negative statement, the negative making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement, complement, which is attached to past time and time and personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: Yorgun değil-di di--im im.. (yor*gun (yor*gun / / de* ğil *dim) ğil *dim) I was not tired tired.. (I wasn’t tired tired..) Sorumlu değil-di di--in.iz in.iz.. ğil *di*niz (so*rum*lu (so*rum*lu / / de* ğil *di*niz ) You were not responsible responsible.. (You (You weren’t responsible responsible.) .) Ev-de Ev-de değil-ler -di di.. (ev*de (ev*de / de*ğil* l er *di ) They were not at home. ( home. (They They weren’t at home.) di--ik ik.. Meşgul değil-di ğil *dik (meş*gul / / de* ğil *dik ) We were not busy busy.. (W (W e weren’t busy busy.) .)
Positive question: To turn a positive linking verb into a positive question form, one of the [mi [mi,, mı, mü, mu] question allomorphs is attached to time time and personal alloallomorphs separately: morphs separately:
Dün okul okul-da mı /y /y /-dı-ın? (dün / dün / o*kul* o*kul* d a / mıy*dın) mıy*dın) Were you at school yesterday yesterday? ? Miting kalabalık mı /y /y /-dı? lık / mıy*dı) (mi*ting / / ka*la*ba* ka*la*ba* lık mıy*dı) Was the meeting crowded crowded? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Yorgun mu / /y y /-du /-du--un.uz un.uz? ? (yor*g u n / muy*du*nuz ) Were you Were you tired tired? ? Sorular zor zor mu mu /y/-du /y/-du? ? (so*ru (so*ru**lar / / zo r / muy*du) muy*du) Were the questions difficult difficult? ?
Negative question:
değil”” follows the In negative question forms, the negative making adverb “değil subject complement as complement as they are in the following examples: okul-da değil mi /y /y /-di /-di--in in? ? Dün okul-
ğil / (dün / dün / o*kul*da o*kul*da / de* ğil / miy*din) miy*din) Were you you not not at at school school yesterday yesterday? ? (Weren’t you at school?) Masal ilginç değil mi/ mi/y y /-di /-di? ? (ma*sal (ma*sal / / il*ginç il*ginç / / de* ğil / miy*di ) ğil / Wasn’t the the story story interesting interesting? ?
Öğrenci-ler öğren-mek için istekli değil mi /y /y /-di /-di--ler ? (öğ*ren*ci*ler / / öğ*ren*mek / / i*çin / i*çin / is*tek*li / / de* ğil ğil / miy*di*ler ) Weren’t the the students students eager eager to to learn learn? ? Hazır değil Hazır değil mi /y /y /-di /-di--in.iz in.iz? ? (ha*zır (ha*zır / / de* de*ğil / / miy*di*niz ) Were’t you ready ready? ? Have been, has been, had been, will be
Kız kardeş-im on yıl-dır dır öğretmen öğretmen. (kız / / kar*de*şim kar*de*şim / / o n / yıl*dır / öğ*ret*men) *ret*men) My sister has has been a teacher for ten years.
dür çok çok soğuk. Hava üç gün-dür (ha*va (ha*va / / üç / gün*dür / / çok / / so*ğuk so*ğuk ) It has been very cold for three days days.. Oğul ul--um yakında doctor ol-a.cak ol-a.cak.. (oğ*lum / lum / ya*kın*da ya*kın*da / / dok*t o r / o*la*cak ) My son will be a doctor doctor soon soon..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Modal Verbs with Verbs with Liking Verbs Modal verbs can verbs can be used both with action verbs and verbs and liking verbs in English and Turkish. We will show only the modal verbs verbs that are used with linking verbs in verbs in the following example sentences.
Present Modals Positive: ol-[ ol -[a.bil-ir a.bil-ir ]-[personal ]-[personal subject allomorph ] = “can be” or “may be” Turkish modal verbs verbs are used followed by subject complements complements attached by one of the personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: (ben ben)) [im im], ], (sen sen)) [sin sin], ], (o) [ ], (biz biz)) [iz [iz], ], (siz (siz)) [sin-iz [sin-iz], ], [onlar [onlar ) [ler [ler ]: ]: Yorgun ol-a.bil-ir -im im.. (Possibility) (yor*gun (yor*gun / o*la*bi* l i * rim) rim) I may be tired tired.. Sorumlu ol-a.bil-ir -sin sin.. (so*rum*lu (so*rum*lu / / o*la*bi* l i r *sin) *sin) You may be responsible responsible.. Jack bahçe-de de ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir . ( jack jack / / bah*çe* bah*çe* d e / / o*la*bi*lir ) Jack may be in the garden garden..
Meşgul ol-a.bil-ir -iz iz.. (meş*gul / o*la*bi* l i *riz *riz ) We may be busy busy..
İsteksiz ol-a.bil-ir -sin.iz sin.iz.. (is*tek*siz (is*tek*siz / / o*la*bi* l i r *si*niz ) You may be unwilling unwilling.. Turist ol-a.bil-ir -ler . (tu*rist (tu*rist / / o*la*bi*lir* l er ) They may be tourists tourists..
Negative: ol-ma-/y ol-ma-/ y /a.bil-ir -[personal subject allomorph] allomorph ] = may not be
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ev-de ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -im Evim.. (ev*de (ev*de / / o l *ma*ya*bi* l i *rim) *rim) I may not be at home. Mutlu ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -sin sin.. (mut*lu (mut*lu / / o l *ma*ya*bi* *ma*ya*bi* l i r *sin) *sin) You may not be happy be happy.. Ankara-da hava güneşli ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir . Ankara-da (an *ka*ra*da / ha*va ha*va / gü*neş*li / / o l *ma*ya*bi* *ma*ya*bi* l i r ) The weather may may not be sunny in Ankara Ankara.. Okul-un ön-ü / Okul /n n / /-de de ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -iz iz.. (o*ku*lun (o*ku*lun / ö*nün*de / nün*de / o l *ma*ya*bi* l i *riz *riz ) We may not be in front of the the school school..
Haklı ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -sin.iz sin.iz.. (hak*lı (hak*lı / / o l *ma*ya*bi* l i r *si*niz ) You may not be right right..
Hoşlan-mış ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -ler . (hoş*lan*mış / lan*mış / o l *ma*ya*bi*lir *ma*ya*bi*lir *ler ) * ler They may not be pleased pleased..
Positive question:
“Can”” is used in question forms in English In place of “ may”: “Can Başarılı ol-a.bil-ir mi mi- /y /y /im /im? ? (ba*şa*rı*lı (ba*şa*rı*lı / / o*la*bi* l i r / mi*yim) mi*yim) Can I be successful successful? ?
Yarın büro-um um--da ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir mi mi--sin sin? ? (ya*rın (ya*rın / bü*rom*da / rom*da / o*la*bi* o*la*bi* l i r / / mi*sin) mi*sin) Can you be in my office tomorrow tomorrow? ? AnneAnne-en öfkeli ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir mi mi? ? (an*nen (an*nen / / öf *ke*li *ke*li / o*la*bi* l i r / mi ) Can your your mother mother be be angry angry? ?
Saat beş-te hazır ol-a.bil-ir mi mi-- /y /y /iz /iz? ? (sa*at (sa*at / beş*te / te / ha*zır ha*zır / o*la*bi* o*la*bi* l i r / mi*yiz ) Can we Can we be ready at five five? ?
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Dikkatli ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz? ? (dik*kat*li (dik*kat*li / / o*la*bi* l i r / mi*si*niz) Can you Can you be careful careful? ? Birazdan hazır ol-a.bil-irol-a.bil-ir-ler ler mi mi? ? (b i *raz*dan / *raz*dan / ha*zır ha*zır / / o*la*bi*lir* l e r / mi ) Can they they be be ready soon soon? ?
Negative question: To turn the “ol-a.bil-r ” modal form into negative, “ol-a.maz” modal form is used:
Haklı ol-a.maz mı-/ -/y y /ım? (hak*lı (hak*lı / / o* l a *maz *maz / mı*yım) mı*yım) right? ? Can’t I be right
Dürüst ol-a.maz mı-sın? (dü*rust / / o* l a *maz *maz / mı*sın) mı*sın) Can’t you you be be honest honest? ? Jack futbol futbol oynuyor oynuyor ol-a.maz ol-a.maz mı? ( jack jack / / fut*bol / / oy*nu*yor / / o* l a *maz *maz / / mı) mı) Can’t Jack be playing football football? ?
Suçsuz ol-a.maz mı- /y /y /ız? (suç*suz / o* l a *maz *maz / / mı*yız ) Can’t we be innocent innocent? ? Dikkatli ol-a.maz mı-sın.ız? (kö*şe*de / şe*de / de* ğil / mi*si*niz ) ğil / Can’t you be careful careful? ?
Sabırlı ol-a.maz ol-a.maz-lar -lar mı? (sa*bır*lı (sa*bır*lı / / o* o* l a * maz*lar maz*lar / / mı) mı) patient? ? Can’t they be patient
Ol-ma.lı = must be Positive: To arrange a “must be” model form in Turkish, a “subject complement + ol-ma.lı-[personal -[personal allomorph]” verb phrase should phrase should be used, which expresses either certainty or certainty or necessity or necessity or both. both. Here are some example sentences:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Hazır ol-ma.lı-sın. (Certainty or necessity) (ha*zır / / ol*ma*lı*sın) ol*ma*lı*sın) You must be ready ready.. (Certainty or necessity) The Turkish and English sentences above are ambiguous because they may
both mean “I am certain that you are ready” or “It is necessary for you to be ready”. O-/ -/n n /a inan inan--dık-ım için aptal ol-ma.lı- /y /y /ım. (Certainty) (o*na (o*na / / i*nan*dı* ğım i*çin / / ap*t a l / ol*ma*lı*yım) ol*ma*lı*yım ) ğım / i*çin I must be stupid to believe him. (I him. (I am sure that I am stupid.) Sinirli ol-ma.lı-sın. (Certainty) (si*nir* (si*nir* l i / ol*ma*lı*sın) ol*ma*lı*sın) You must be nervous nervous.. (I am sure that you are nervous.) Baba-an dahi ol-ma.lı. (Certainty) Baba(ba*ban (ba*ban / / d a *hi *hi / / ol*ma*lı) ol*ma*lı) Your father Your father must must be genius genius.. (I am sure your father is genius.) Dikkatli ol-ma.lı- /y /y /ız. (Necessity) (dik*kat* (dik*kat* l i / / ol*ma*lı*yız ) We must be careful careful.. (It is necessary for us to be careful.) Cesur ol-ma.lı-sın.ız. Cesur ol(ce*s u r / ol*ma*lı*sı*nız ) You must be brave brave.. (I am sure you are brave, or I want you to be brave.)
Sabırsız ol-ma.lı-lar . (Certainty) (sa*bır* (sa*bır* sız sız / ol*ma*lı*lar ) They must be impatient impatient.. (I am sure that they are impatient.)
Negative: In the negative form, the negative making allomorph [ma ma]] attaches to the verb “ol”:
Sabırsız olol-ma ma--ma.lı- /y /y /ım. (Necessity) (sa*bır*sız (sa*bır*sız / / o l *ma*ma*lı*yım) *ma*ma*lı*yım ) I mustn’t be impatient mpatient..
Üzgün olol-ma ma--ma.lı-sın. (I want you not to be sorry.) (Necessity) (üz*gün / gün / o l *ma*ma*lı*sın) *ma*ma*lı*sın ) You mustn’t be sorry sorry..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Üzül-me-me.li -me-me.li--sin sin.. (I advise you not to be sorry.) (Necessity) (ü* zül *me*me*li*sin ) zül *me*me*li*sin) You mustn’t feel sad sad.. Tertipsiz ol-ma-ma.lı. (Necessity) (ter*tip*siz (ter*tip*siz / / o l *ma*ma*lı) *ma*ma*lı) He mustn’t be untidy untidy.. Dikkatsiz ol-ma-ma.lı- /y /y /ız. (Necessity) (dik*kat*siz (dik*kat*siz / o l *ma*ma*lı*yız ) We mustn’t be careless careless..
Kayıtsız ol-ma-ma.lı-sın.ız. (Necessity) (ka*yıt*sız (ka*yıt*sız / / o l *ma*ma*lı*sı*nız *ma*ma*lı*sı*nız ) You mustn’t be indifferent indifferent..
Geç kal-ma-ma.lı-lar. lar. (Necessity) (geç / k al *ma*ma*lı*lar) They mustn’t be late late.. Positive question: In question forms, the [mı] interrogative allomorph attaches to the personal allomorphs,, and they follow the [olallomorphs [ol-ma.lı] verb together as a separate word:
Hazır ol-ma.lı mı- /y/ım /y/ım? (Is it necessary?) (ha*zır (ha*zır / / ol* m a *lı / *lı / mı*yım) mı*yım) Must I be ready ready? ? Sabah-le.yin Sabah-le.yin okul okul--da ol-ma.lı mı-sın? (Is it necessary?) (sa*b ah *le*yin / *le*yin / o*kul*da o*kul*da / ol*ma* lı mı*sın) lı / mı*sın) Must you be at school in the morning morning? ?
Balıklar kızar Balıklar kızar -mış mı ol-ma.lı? (Is it necessary?) (ba*lık (ba*lık *lar / kı*zar* mış mı / ol*ma*lı) ol*ma*lı) mış / mı / Must the fish be fried fried? ?
Sabırlı mı ol-ma.lı- /y /y /ız? (Is it necessary?) (sa*bır* (sa*bır* lı / mı / mı / ol*ma*lı*yız ) lı / Must we Must we be be patient patient? ?
Kuşkulu ol-ma.lı mı-sın.ız? (Is it necessary?) (kuş*ku*lu / ku*lu / ol*ma* ol*ma* lı lı / mı*sı*nız ) Must you be doubtful
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Uçak-ta ol-ma.lı-lar mı? (Is it necessary?) (u*çak*ta (u*çak*ta / / ol*ma*lı* l a r / mı) mı) Must they they be be on the plane plane? ?
Interrogative Words Used with Linking Verbs: Verbs : Question words can be put in the beginning of all interrogative sentences using linking verbs verbs in Turkish and English. Additionally, the modal verbs change their places and they are put before the subjects in English. In Turkish, the rest of the sentences are either in positive or negative form as they are in the example sentences below: Ne zaman hazır ol-ma.lı- /y /y /ız? (n e / za*man za*man / / ha*zır ha*zır / / ol*ma*lı* yız yız ) When must we be ready ready? ? Nere-de ol-ma.lı-lar ? (n e *re*de / *re*de / ol*ma*lı* l a r ) Where must they be be? ?
ol-a.ma(z) = ol-a.ma(z) = can’t be (Impossibility) When the personal allomorphs attach to the “ol-a.ma(z)” modal verbs, they change as follows: m ), (sen (ben ben)) ol-a.maol-a.ma-am (o*la*m a m sen)) ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın (o*la*maz*sın), (o) ola.maz (o*la*maz ), ), (biz biz)) ol-a.ma ol-a.ma-- /y /y /ız (o*la*ma*yız ), ), (siz siz)) ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın.ız (o*la*maz*sı*nız ), ), (onlar (onlar ) ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--lar ( (o*la*maz*lar ).
(Ben) sen sen--siz ol-a.maol-a.ma-am am.. (sen*siz / / o* l a *mam) *mam) I can’t be without you you.. Ciddi ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın; şaka yap-ı.yor ol-ma.lı-sın. (cid*di (cid*di / / o* l a *maz*sın *maz*sın↷ / şa* k a / / ya*pı*yor / / ol*ma*lı*sın ↷) You can’t be serious serious;; you must be joking be joking.. Jack ders çalış-ı.yor ol-a.maz ol-a.maz;; futbol oyna-u.yor oyna-u.yor olol-ma.lı. ( jack jack / / ders / ça*li*şi*yor / / o* l a *maz *maz ↷/ şa*k a / / ya*pı*yor / / ol*ma*lı) ol*ma*lı) Jack can’t be studying studying;; he must be playing football.
Hatalı ol-a.ma ol-a.ma-- /y /y /ız. (ha*ta*lı (ha*ta*lı / / o* l a *ma*yız *ma*yız ) We can’t be wrong wrong..
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Sabırlı ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın.ız. (sa*bır*lı (sa*bır*lı / / o* l a *maz*sı*nız *maz*sı*nız ) You can’t be patient patient..
İsteksiz ol-a.maz ol-a.maz-lar. lar. (is*tek*siz (is*tek*siz / / o* l a *maz*lar *maz*lar ) They can’t be unwilling unwilling..
Question: /y /ım? İyi bir yüzücü bir yüzücü ol-a.maz mı- /y (i*yi (i*yi / / bir / yü*zü* zü*cü / cü / o*l a *maz *maz / / mı*yım) mı*yım) Can’t I be a good swimmer?
Yardımcı ol-a.maz mı-sın.ız? (yar*dım*cı (yar*dım*cı / / o* l a *maz *maz / / mı*sı*nız ) helpful? ? Can’t you be helpful
Söyle-dikdik-i doğru ol-a.maz mı? (söy*le*di*ği / doğ*ru / o* l a *maz *maz / / mı) mı) Can’t what he what he s aid be true true? ? Başarılı ol-a.maz mı-/ -/y y /ız? (ba*şa (ba*şa**rı*lı / rı*lı / o* o* l a *maz *maz / / mı*yız ) Can’t we be successful successful? ?
Büro-da ol-a.maz mı-sın.ız? (bü*ro* da / da / o* l a *maz / / mı*sı*nız ) Can’t you be in the office? Sorumsuz ol ol--a.maz a.maz--lar mı? (so*rum*lu (so*rum*lu / / o* la la *maz*lar / / mı) mı) irresponsible? ? Can’t they be irresponsible
Perfect Modals should have been Although past m odals are used with action verbs, verbs, they are not much used with linking verbs. verbs. However, perfect modals may modals may be used with linking verbs as follows.
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
Positive: (Sen Sen)) daha dikkatli ol-ma.lı/y /-dı-ın. subj subj complement
verb
(da*h a / dik*kat*li / dik*kat*li / ol *ma*lıy*dın) ma*lıy*dın ) You should have been more careful careful.. Saat sekiz-de sekiz-de okul okul--da ol-ma.lı/y /-dı-ın. (sa*at (sa*at / / se*kiz*de se*kiz*de / / o*kul* o*kul* d a / / ol*ma*lıy*dın) ol*ma*lıy*dın ) You should have been at scool at eight eight..
Geç kal-a.bil-ir-dikal-a.bil-ir-di-in in.. din) (geç / / ka*la*bi* l i r * din You might have been late late..
Some sensory verbs are verbs are used in English as linking verbs: verbs : Jack is looking tired tired.. Jack yorgun gör -ün-ü.yor .
In the Turkish sentence above, the verb “ gör ” (see see)) is used in place of the verb “look” ( bak), and the verb “ gör ” has turned into “gör-ün” verb, which is a reflexive verb in verb in Turkish. This cake smells delicious delicious.. Bu kek lezzetli kokuyor .
The verb “smell” is both a linking and an action verb in English. For instance, in the sentence “ Jack is smelling the the cake”, the verb “smell” is an action verb. However, in the sentence “The cake smells delicious ”, the verb “smell” is a linking verb. verb. Although the verb “smell” is both an action verb and a linking verb in English, there is a verb that is only used as a liking verb “ kok” “smell” in Turkish, and there is another action verb “kokla” (smell smell)) in Turkish too. Jack is smelling the cake. Jack pastayı kokl kokla a-u.yor . (kok*lu*yor) This cake smells delicious This cake delicious.. Bu pasta Bu pasta lezzetli kok-u.yor . (ko*ku*yor) As a general rule in Turkish, when a verb ends with a vowel, this last vowel drops, drops, and the consonant preceding the vowel detaches from its syllable, and attaches to the following vowel. In the verb “ kokl ”, the last vowel kokla a-u.yor ”, of the verb root is “a”, which is double underlined, drops and the single un-
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
derlined “l” detaches from its syllable and attaches to the vowel “u” to form an oral sequence. In short, “kokl kokla a-u.yor ” becomes ( kok*lu*yor ) in speech. Additionally, if a word ends with a consonant, this last consonant also detaches from its syllable and attaches to the first vowel of the following word or allomorph. Therefore, in “ kok-u.yor ”, ”, the single underlined consonant “k” detaches from its syllable and attaches to the following vowel “ u” when the Turkish sound system produce an oral sequence. In short, “ kok-u.yor ” becomes (ko*ku*yor (ko*ku*yor ) in speech. Although there t here are a limited lim ited number num ber of adjectives that t hat can turn into verbs by by attaching suffixes in English, most of the Turkish adjectives can be turned into verbs by attaching several allomorphs to these adjectives. These verbs are used in place of the linking verbs of verbs of the English language. There are some linking verbs that verbs that are used both as linking verbs and verbs and action verbs in English. These linking and action verbs and their Turkish equiverbs valents are as follows: Grow: My uncle grows grows vegetables. vegetables. (Action (Action verb) AmcaAmca-am am sebze sebze yetiştir -i.yor -i.yor . (Action verb) Everything is growing difficult difficult.. (Linking verb) Herşey güçleş-i.yor . (Action verb) Look: Jack is looking at looking at Mary. Mary. (Action (Action verb) Jack Mary-/y/ Jack Mary-/y/e e bak-ı.yor . (Action verb) Mary always always looks looks beautiful beautiful.. (Linking verb) Mary hep Mary hep güzel gör -ün-ür . (Linking verb is a reflexive verb in verb in Turkish.) Turn: The engin turns the the wheels. wheels. (Action verb) Motor tekerler-i tekerler-i döndür -ür . (Action verb) Leaves turn yellow in october . (Linking verb) Yaprak-lar sonbahar Yaprak-lar sonbahar -da -da sarar-ır . (Action verb)
In place of the “linking verb + verb + adjective ” formation of the English language, the verb forms of forms of the adjectives djectives are are used in Turkish instead. Most English linking verbs help verbs help to produce action concepts when concepts when they are used together with adjectives adjectives.. You can see a list of common Turkish linking Turkish linking verbs and verbs and their English equivalents in the following pages:
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
adjective
verb
adjective
Aç
acık
hungry → get (feel) hungry
Aptal →
aptallaş
foolish → become confused
Bulutlu →
bulutlan
cloudy → cloud cloud,, get cloudy
Çirkin →
çirkinleş ugly
→ get ugly
delir
→ go crazy
Deli
→
→
Değerli →
değerlen precious → increase in value derinleş deep
→ get deep deep,, deepen
dikkatli →
dikkat et careful
→ be careful
Düzgün→ Düzgün →
düzelt
Derin
→
crazy
verb + adjective
straight → correct, fix
Eğri
→ eğril
bent
→ bend
Ekşi
→
ekşi
sour
→ turn turn sour sour
Fakir
→
fakirleş
poor
→ become (get) poor
Genç
→ gençleş young
Gerçek →
gerçekleş true
→ get younger → come true come true
Güç
→ güçleş
difficult → grow difficult
Güçlü
→ güçlen
strong
Güzel
→ güzelleş
beautiful → become beautiful
Hazır
→ hazırlan
ready
Islak
→ ıslan
wet
İyi
→ iyileş
good, well → get better
Kaba
→ kabalaş
impolite → become impolite
→ grow stronger , strengthen
→ get get ready ready → get get wet wet
get crowded crowded Kalabalık → kalabalıklaş crowded→get
Karanlık → karar
dark
→ get dark
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
adjective
verb
adjective
verb + adjective
Kaygılı
→ kaygılan worried →
worry,, feel anxious worry
Kirli
→ kirlen
become (get) dirty
dirty
→
Kırmızı → kırmızılaş, kızar red → redden, blush Kısa
→ kısal
short
→ get shorter , shorten
Kıskanç → kıskan
envious
→
envy
Kızgın
→ kız
angry
→
be angry
Kolay
→ kolaylaş easy
→ get easy
Kötü
→ kötüleş
bad
→
grow worse grow worse
Kuru
→ kuru
dry
→
dry
Küçük
→ küçül
small
→ decrease decrease,, become smaller
Mor
→ morar
purple
Neşeli
→ neşelen
cheerful → cheer up
Olgun
→ olgunlaş
ripe
Pahalı
→ pahalan
expensive → become more expensive
Parlak
→ parla
shiny
Rahat
→ rahatla
comfortable → relax
Renkli
→ renklen
colorful → become colorful
Sakin
→ sakinleş
calm
→
Serin
→ serinle
cool
→ become cooler
Sert
→ sertleş
solid, hard → become hard hard,, harden
Sinirli
→ sinirlen
nervous, angry → get angry
→ become purple
→ ripen
→ shine
calm down
Sıkılmış → sıkıl
bored
→
be bored be bored
Soğuk
cold
→
become (get) cold
→
soğu
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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS
adjective Tembel
verb
→ tembelleş
Umutlu → umutlan
adjective lazy
→
hopeful →
verb + adjective grow lazier
become hopeful
Uslu
→ uslan
well-behaved → become well-behaved
Uzun
→ uza
long
→
get (grow) longer (grow) longer , lengthen
Üzgün
→ üzül
sorry
→
be (feel) sorry
Yanlış
→ yanıl
wrong
→ be mistaken
Yaramaz → yaramazlaş naughty → get naughtier
Yaşlı
→ yaşlan
old
→ grow older
Yeşil
→ yeşillen
green
→
turn green
Yoksul
→ yoksullaş
poor
→
get poor
high
→
rise
Yüksek → yüksel Zayıf
→ zayıfla
weak
→
lose weight
Zengin
→ zenginleş
rich
→
get rich
Zor
→ zorlaş
difficult → get difficult
or nouns that verbs are Note: The adjectives adjectives or nouns that are used following the linking verbs are called subject complements.
Yüksel Göknel
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