Suffixes
[email protected] Suffixes are used very widely in the Turkish Turkish language and are often added on to words where in the equivalent English language they would be a seperate word. n most suffixes the rules of vowel harmony apply harmony apply and therefore the vowels in it might have to change !e.g "-ler#lar" - choose "-ler" if the last vowel in the base words is either "e#i#$#%" and "-lar" of the last vowel is either "a#&#u#o". f the suffix contains a !y' or !n'( it is only used if the last letter is a vowel. f the suffix contains a !i'( it is only used if the last letter is a con sonant. Here are some of the most common suffixes;
"-ler#lar" ) "s" !kediler ) cats' "-de#da" ) "in#at#on" !evde ) in the house( evlerde ) to the houses' "-den#dan" ) "from" !evden ) from the house' "-!y'e#a" ) "to" !eve ) to the ho use' "-si*#s&*#su*#s$*" ) "without..." !s$ts$* ) without milk' "-li#l&#lu#l$'" ) "with#containing..." !+ekerli ) with sugar' "-le#la" ) "with..." !annemle ) with my mum' "-!n'in#n#un#$n" ) "s#of !annemin evi ) my mums house' "-!i#&#u#$'m" ) "my" !kedim ) my cat' "-!i#&#u#$'yorum" ) "i am....ing" !gidiyorum ) i am going' "-!i#&#u#$'yordum" ) "i was....ing" !gidiyordum ) i was going' "-!y'im#&m#um#$m" ) "i am.." !mutluyum ) i am happy' "-!y'dim#d&m#dum#d$m" ) "i was..." !i was happy ) mutluydum' "-!y'ece,im#aca,&m" ) "i will..." !i will go ) gidece,im' "-meyece,im#mayaca,&m" "-meyece,im#mayaca,& m" ) "i " i will not..." !i will not go ) gitmeyece,im' "-mem" ) "i don"t" !i don"t go ) gitmem' "-emem" ) "i can"t" !i can"t go ) gidemem' "-!y'ebilirim ) "i can" !i can go ) gidebilirim' "-mi+im#m& +&m#mu+um#m$+$m" ) "apparently i.." !apparently i went ) gitmi+im' "-!y'elim ) let"s..." !let"s go ) gidelim' "-sem" ) "if i..." !if i go ) gitsem' "-den#dan beri" ) "since" !i+ten beri ) since work' "-dikten sonra" ) "after...i "after...ing" ng" !geldikten sonra ) after coming' "-den#dan sonra" ) "after" !i+ten sonra ) after work' "-den#dan %nce" ) "before" !i+ten %nce ) before work' "-meden#madan" ) "without" !gelmeden ) without coming' "-!y'erek#arak" ) "by...ing" !y$r$yerek ) by walking' "-ince#&nc&#uncu#$nc$" ) "on...ing" !gidince ) on going' "-ken" ) "whilst...ing" "-meyi#may&" ) "to...." !y$*meyi seviyorum ) i love to swim' "-meye#maya" ) "to...." !ya*maya ba+lad&m ) i started to write' "-!y'e#a ihtiya var" ) i need... "-meli#mal&" ) must !gelmeliyim ) i must go' "-en#an" ) "the one who#...who..." !giden ) the one who goes' "-di,i" ) "....which..." !sevdi,i adam ) the man which she loves'
Other suffixes
"-di,i gibi" ) ust as#like "-di,i halde" ) although "-di,i iin" ) due to#because "-di,i kadar" ) as far as "-di,i *aman" ) when "-di,inde" ) when "-di,inden ba+ka" ) apart from "-!y'e#a g%re" ) according to "-mektense#maktansa" ) "rather than" "-in alt&nda" ) under "-in %n$nda" ) in front of -"in arkas&nda" ) behind "-in yaninda" ) beside
Turkish Language - Basic Suffixes • •
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Turkish Language - The Main Suffixes Suffixes are sometimes called postpositions in grammar. In Turkish they are suffixed directly to the noun that they modify thus forming new complete words. In English prepositions, in, on, of, by, etc. are placed separately in front of the word they modify.
Suffixes and /o+el 0ar1on2 In English we have many words which agglutinate (extend to form other words. Taking the simple word ! argue, it can be modified to argu1ent by the addition of a -1ent suffix. "e can further extend this word with other suffixes ! -ati3e producing argu1entati3e, and even more to argu1entati3el2 by adding -l2 suffix. This then is the way of Turkish. Even the little words like in, on, at, from are suffixed to their noun thus producing extended words with different meanings. 4or Exa1ple5 the addition of suffix -de ! in, on, at and suffix -den ! from ! to an E6otted /o+el 4or1 ! E 7 8 9 e3 ! house e3de #ev!de$ ! in the house e3den #ev!den$ ! from the house %ost suffixes follow the :ule of /o+el 0ar1on2, so similarly adding suffix -da ! in,
on, at to an *-!n6otted /o+el 4or1 ! * I O ! oda ! room odada #oda!da$ ! in the room odadan #oda!dan$ ! from the room
The Six ;oun
The suffixes of the ;oun
(1) Subject Condition:
The noun in its root form without a suffix. The Sub&ect 'ondition is the sub&ect of a sentence. (called the nominative in classical grammar) •
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(2) Object Condition:
Suffix -i=->=-u=-? or -2i=-2>=-2u=-2? when affixed to words ending in a vowel or -ni=-n>=-nu=-n? when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel. The +b&ective is the direct ob&ect of a verb, it euates to the in English (the accusative) •
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(3) Movement o!ards Condition:
Suffix -a=-e or -2a=-2e when affixed direct to word ending in a vowel or -ne=na when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel. %ovement Towards euates to to, to!ards in English. (the dative) •
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(") Static #osition Condition: Suffix -da=-de ! an$ suffi% a&&ended to a soft !ord ending must begin !ith a soft consonant -d ! according to 'onsonant %utation rules or -ta=-te ! an$ suffi% a&&ended to a hard !ord ending in (p ç t k s ş h f) must begin !ith a hard consonant -t ! according to 'onsonant %utation rules
or -nde=-nda when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel. The Static is the condition of place euates to in, on, at in English. (the locative •
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(') Movement !a$ Condition: Suffix -dan=-den ! as an$ suffi% a&&ended to a soft !ord ending must begin !ith a soft consonant -d ! according to 'onsonant %utation rules or -tan=-ten ! as an$ suffi% a&&ended to a hard !ord ending in (p ç t k s ş h f) must begin !ith a hard consonant -t ! according to 'onsonant %utation rules
or -nden=-ndan when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel. The %ovement -way suffix euates to from, b$, via in English. (the ablative)
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()O!nershi& Condition:
Suffix -in=->n=-un=-?n or -nin=-n>n=-nun=-n?n when affixed plain or extended words ending in a vowel The +wnership suffix signifies that the noun owns something. (the genitive)* his suffi% e+uates to of [of Mehmet] or s [Mehmet's]
There are three other suffixes +hich can e applied to nouns5 •
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(-) .ith Condition:
Suffix -le=-la or -2le=-2la after vowels #It can also stand alone as a separate word ! ile$. This suffix means together !ith, and, also, •
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(/) .ithout Condition (lac0ing):
Suffix -si@=-s>@=-su@=-s?@. This suffix gives the sense of lacking. This suffix euates to !ithout [without sugar] and the various negating prefixes and suffixes of English un, dis, non, less [unfair, dishonest, nonsense, hopeless] •
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() Containing Condition (urnished !ith, Containing, 4elonging to, #lace of):
Suffix -li=-l>=-lu=-l? gives the sense of belonging to somewhere or being contained in something. It euates to !ith [with sugar] and various additional and augmenting suffixes and prefixes in English. #leafy, salty, coloured, numbered$
The SuAect
! ea is e%&ensive a2 soCuk ! he tea is cold araa caddede ! he car is in the road The sub&ect can be non!specific or made specific in English with insertion of the definite article the
The OAect =-u=-?D -2i=-2>=-2u=-2?D -ni=-n>=-nu=-n? "hen the noun is an ob&ect of a verb as in Mehmet mended 5the radio5 Turkish does use an ob&ective (accusative suffix the. The sub&ect definite article the does not, as a word, exist in Turkish but it does exist as a suffix to specify the ob&ect of a verb. In English we make both the sub&ect and ob&ect of a sentence substantive by the use of the same definite article the. -n example0 *da1 kap>2> (kap1! $6 kapatt> ! he man closed the door . 2ecause the sub&ect is already understood as substantive in Turkish it does not need a definite article. There is no he man as the sub&ect definite article the
is already understood in context. )owever there is an ob&ect definite article the in Turkish which appears as the suffix -(2)i, according to vowel harmony0
4or1ation of the OAecti3e The ob&ect specifier has the form of a suffix (governed by vowel harmony0 -i=->=-u=-? is used with root nouns which end in a consonant or used with extended #already suffixed$ nouns which end in a consonant -2i=-2>=-2u=-2? #buffer letter -2$ is only used with root nouns which end in a vowel. -ni=-n>=-nu=-n? #buffer letter -n$ is only used with extended #already suffixed$ nouns ending in a vowel. The /irect +b&ect 3ointer suffix -iD ->D -uD -? is suffixed directly to all root words which end in a consonant0 e3 ! house, the house ! e3i #ev!i$ ! the house (obj*) sokak ! street, the street ! sokaC> #soka4!1$ ! the street (obj*) ! #sokak shows -k to -C consonant mutation here$ g?l ! rose, the rose ! g?l? #g5l!5$ ! the rose (obj*) It takes buffer letter -2 to become -2iD -2>D -2uD -2? ! when added to a root word which ends in a vowel0 kedi ! cat, the cat ! kedi2i #kedi!yi$ ! the cat ! as an ob&ect of a verb anka ! ban0, the ban0 ! anka2> #banka!y1$ ! the ban0 (obj*) kutu ! bo%, the bo% ! kutu2u #kutu!yu$ ! the bo% (obj*) The buffer letter -2- is only used with simple nouns ending in a vowel which have not already been suffixed. It is also suffixed to extended (already suffixed nouns which end in a consonant0 e3i1 ! m$ house ! e3i1i #ev!im!i$ ! m$ house (obj*) sokaC>n ! $our street ! sokaC>n> #soka4!1n!1$ ! $our street (obj*) g?ller ! roses ! g?lleri #g5l!ler!i$! the roses (obj*) 2ut it takes buffer letter -n- to become -niD -n>D -nuD -n? when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun. kedisi ! his7her cat ! kedisini #kedisi!n!i$ ! his7her cat ! as an ob&ect ankas> ! his7her ban0 ! ankas>n> #bankas1n1$ ! his7her ban0 ! an ob&ect. This shift of buffer letter ! 2 to n ! enables the listener to discern that the word is already agglutinated (extended by previous suffixes. To reiterate0 The buffer letter -nis only used on already extended (suffixed nouns.
;ouns oth are and extended ending in a consonant# *da1 kilidi (kilid!i kapatt> ! T0E man loc0ed T0E loc0 The -i suffix makes the bare noun ! 89 OC; ! substantive as a 6irect OAect *da1 kilidi1i (kilid!im!i kapatt> ! T0E man loc0ed M loc0 The -i suffix makes the extended noun ! M< OC; ! substantive as a 6irect OAect ;ouns oth are and extended ending in a 3o+el *da1 kap>2> (kap1!y1 kapatt> ! T0E man closed T0E door The -2> suffix makes the bare noun ! 89 =OO> ! substantive as a 6irect OAect *da1 kap>s>n> (kap1!s1!n1 kapatt> ! T0E man closed 0IS door The -n> suffix makes the extended (already suffixed noun! 8?S =OO> ! substantive
as a 6irect OAect The /irect +b&ect Suffix which makes the ob&ect substantive is one of the most difficult hurdles for English speakers to surmount when talking, reading, listening and understanding The Turkish 6anguage.
Motion To+ards n ! $our street ! sokaC>na #soka4!1n!a$ ! to $our street g?ller ! roses ! g?llere #g5l!ler!e$! to the roses 2ut it takes buffer letter -n- when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun ! thus taking the form -neD -na. kedi ! cat, the cat ! kedisi #kedi!si$ ! his cat ! kedisine #kedi!si!ne$ ! to his cat aa ! father, the father ! aalar> #baba!lar1$ ! their father ! aalar>na #baba!lar1! na$ ! to their father This shift of 2uffer 6etter -2 to -n helps the listener to discern that that noun has already been extended by a previous suffix. To reiterate0 The buffer letter -n- is only used on already extended (suffixed nouns.
Exa1ples of Motion To+ard Suffix 5 ada1a ! #adam!a$ ! to the man ada1lara ! #adamlar!a$ ! to the men kedi2e ! #kedi!ye$ ! to the cat kedi ! cat ! ends in a vowel so kedi!y!e is used ! #kedi!e$ ! would be incorrect. kedilere ! #kediler!e$ ! to the cats e3e ! #ev!e$ ! to home e3lere ! #evler!e$ ! to the houses kap>2a ! #kap1!ya$ ! to the door
kap> ! door ! ends in a vowel so kap1!y!a is used ! #kap1!a$ ! would be incorrect kap>lara ! #kap1lar!a$ ! to the doors
Static ,osition
odada2>1 ! #oda!da!y1m$! ? am in the room *li e2D e3de21iG# !#ev!de!ymi8$ ! li be$ must be at home #-imiş - inference$ ada1da ! #adam!da$ ! on the man ada1larda ! #adamlar!da$ ! on the men kedide ! #kedi!de$ ! on the cat kedilerde ! #kediler!de$ ! on the cats e3de ! #ev!de$ ! at home e3lerde ! #evler!de$ ! at the houses kap>da ! #kap1!da$ ! at the door kap>larda ! #kap1lar!da$ ! at7b$ the doors kHpr?de ! #k9pr5!de$ ! on the bridge kHpr?lerde ! #k9pr5ler!de$ ! on the bridges odada ! #oda!da$ ! in the room odalarda ! #odalar!da$ ! in the rooms 7or the plural we have added two suffixes -ler (3lural Suffix and -de (Static 6ocation Suffix or -lar and -da and tagged them together to make one word in Turkish. n$ suffi% a&&ended to a hard !ord ending in (p ç t k s ş h f) must begin !ith a hard consonant -t • •
kitap ! boo0 kitapta #kitap!ta$ ! in the boo0 ! but in the plural ! kitaplarda #kitap!lar!da$ ! in the boo0s
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kita>1da #kitab!1m!da $ ! in m$ boo0 ! but in the plural ! kitaplar>1da #kitap!lar 1m!da$ ! in m$ boo0s
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raf ! shelf
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rafta #raf!ta$ ! on the shelf ! plural ! raflarda #raf!lar!da$ ! on the shelves
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(onun raf>nda #onun raf!1!nda$ on his shelves ! plural ! onun raflar>nda #onun raf!lar!1!nda$ ! on his shelves
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g?nah ! sin
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g?nahta #g5nah!ta$ ! in the sin ! plural ! g?nahlarda #g5nah!lar!da$ ! in the sins
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(benim g?nah>1da #g5nah!1m!da$ ! in m$ sin ! plural ! g?nahlar>1da #g5nah!lar!1m!da$ ! in m$ sins
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giriG ! entrance
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giriGte #giri8!te$! in the entrance ! plural ! giriGlerde #giri8!ler!de$ ! in the entrances
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(onlar1n giriGlerinde #giri8!leri!nde$ ! in their entrance ! plural ! giriGlerinde #giri8!leri!nde$ ! in their entrances (no change as -ler suffix is not reduplicated in Turkish, so the meaning has to be understood from the sentence context.
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do1ates ! tomato do1ateste #domates!te$ ! on the tomato ! plural ! do1ateslerde #domates!ler! de$ ! on the tomatoes (senin do1atesinde #domates!in!de$ ! on $our tomato ! plural ! do1ateslerinde #domates!ler!in!de$ ! in $our tomatoes
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kaG>k ! s&oon
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kaG>kta #ka81k!ta$ ! in the s&oon ! plural ! kaG>klarda #ka81k!lar!da$ ! in the s&oons
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(bi:im kaG>C>1>@da #ka814!1m1:!da$ ! on our s&oon ! plural ! kaG>klar>1>@da #ka81k!lar!1m1:!da$ ! in our s&oons )ard -k softens to soft -C when followed by a vowel.
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ilet ! tic0et
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ilette #bilet!te$ ! on the tic0et ! plural ! iletlerde #bilet!ler!de$ ! on the tic0ets
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(si:in iletini@de #bilet!ini:!de$ ! on $our (formal tic0et ! plural ! iletlerini@de #bilet!ler!ini:!de$ ! on $our (formal tic0ets
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ka@an ! &rofit, gain
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ka@anta #ka:an;!ta$ ! in the &rofit ! plural ! ka@anlarda #ka:an;!lar!da$ ! in the &rofits
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(onun ka@anc>nda #ka:anc!1!nda$ ! in its &rofit ! plural ! (onun ka@anlar>nda #ka:an;!lar!1!nda$ ! in its &rofits ()ard - softens to soft -c>nda when followed by a vowel.
Mo3e1ent *+a2 Suffix (*lati3e) F-den=-danD -ten=-tanD -nden=-ndanF The suffix -den or -dan ! from, b$, via, through. This suffix show movment from a location. (n$ suffi% a&&ended to a soft !ord ending must begin !ith a soft consonant -d )
ada1dan ! #adam!dan$ ! from the man ada1lardan ! #adamlar!da$ ! from the men kediden ! #kedi!den$ ! from the cat kedilerden ! #kediler!den$ ! from the cats e3den ! #ev!den$ ! from home e3lerden ! #evler!den$ ! from the houses kap>dan ! #kap1!dan$ ! from the door kap>lardan ! #kap1lar!dan$ ! from the doors kHpr?den ! #k9pr5!den$ ! from the bridge kHpr?lerden ! #k9pr5ler!den$ ! from the bridges odadan ! #oda!dan$ ! from the room odalardan ! #odalar!dan$ ! from the rooms 7or the plural we have added two suffixes -ler (3lural Suffix and -den (%ovement -way Suffix or -lar and -dan and tagged them altogether to make one word in Turkish. n$ suffi% a&&ended to a hard !ord ending in (p ç t k s ş h f) must begin !ith a hard consonant -t • •
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kitap ! boo0 kitaptan #kitap!tan$ ! from the boo0 ! but in the plural ! kitaplardan #kitap!lar! dan$ ! from the boo0s kita>1dan #kitab!1m!dan $ ! from m$ boo0 ! but in the plural ! kitaplar>1dan #kitap!lar 1m!dan$ ! from m$ boo0s
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raf ! shelf
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raftan #raf!tan$ ! from the shelf ! plural ! raflardan #raf!lar!dan$ ! from the shelves
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(onun raf>ndan #(onun raf!1!ndan$ from his shelves ! plural ! (onun raflar>ndan #(onun raf!lar!1!ndan$ ! from his shelves
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g?nah ! sin
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g?nahtan #g5nah!tan$ ! from the sin ! plural ! g?nahlardan #g5nah!lar!dan$ ! from the sins
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(benim g?nah>1dan #g5nah!1m!dan$ ! from m$ sin ! plural ! (benim g?nahlar>1dan #g5nah!lar!1m!dan$ ! from m$ sins
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giriG ! entrance giriGten #giri8!ten$! from7via the entrance ! plural ! giriGlerden #giri8!ler!den$ ! from7via the entrances (onlar1n giriGlerinden #giri8!leri!nden$ ! from7via their entrance ! plural ! giriGlerinden #giri8!leri!nden$ ! from7via their entrances (no change as -ler suffix is not reduplicated in Turkish, so the meaning has to be understood from the sentence context.
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do1ates ! tomato do1atesten #domates!ten$ ! from the tomato ! plural ! do1ateslerden #domates!ler!den$ ! from the tomatoes (senin do1atesinden #domates!in!den$ ! from $our tomato ! plural ! do1ateslerinden #domates!ler!in!den$ ! from $our tomatoes
;ote5 /omates (from
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kaG>k ! s&oon
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kaG>ktan #ka81k!tan$ ! from the s&oon ! plural ! kaG>klardan #ka81k!lar!dan$ ! from the s&oons
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(bi:im kaG>C>1>@dan #ka814!1m1:!dan$ ! from our s&oon ! plural ! kaG>klar>1>@dan #ka81k!lar!1m1:!dan$ ! from our s&oons )ard -k softens to soft -C when followed by a vowel.
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ilet ! tic0et
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iletten #bilet!ten$ ! from the tic0et ! plural ! iletlerden #bilet!ler!den$ ! from the tic0ets
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(si:in iletini@den #bilet!ini:!den$ ! from $our (formal tic0et ! plural ! iletlerini@den #bilet!ler!ini:!den$ ! from $our (formal tic0ets
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ka@an ! &rofit, gain ka@antan #ka:an;!tan$ ! from the &rofit ! plural ! ka@anlardan #ka:an;!lar! dan$ ! from the &rofits (onun ka@anc>ndan #ka:anc!1!ndan$ ! from its &rofit ! plural ! (onun ka@anlar>ndan #ka:an;!lar!1!ndan$ ! fromits &rofits ()ard - softens to soft -c>nda when followed by a vowel.
The Suffix of O+nership (%eniti3e n -?n -un ! of , belonging to*
* sole exception - su - water The word ! su ! !ater . The translation for ! of the !ater is not sunun, it is ! su2un with exceptional buffer letter -2 which is always used with the word su ! !ater . This exception also applies to the 3ossessed 'ase you cannot say for ruit @uice ! %eyve Susu as the buffer letter -2- is always used with the word su ! !ater conseuently Me23e Su2u is the correct way to say ! ruit @uice.
4or1ation of the O+nership Suffix The suffix -in=->n=-un=-?n is added to the noun. e3 ! house e3in ! #ev!in$ ! the houses, of the house e3i1in ! #ev!im!in$ ! m$ houses, of m$ house e3inin ! #ev!in!in$ ! $our houses, of $our house 1e1urun ! #memur!un$ ! the officials, of the official gH@?n ! #g9:!5n$ ! the e$es, of the e$e gH@leri1in ! #g9:ler!im!in$ ! m$ e$es, of m$ e$es akGa1>n ! #ak8am!1n$ ! the evenings, of the evening ta3uCun ! #tavu4!un$ ! the chic0ens, of the chic0en akkal>n ! #bakkal!1n$ ! the grocers, of the grocer The 3lural Suffix is added as first suffix. The 3ossessive -d&ective is added secondly, and finally the +wnersip indicating 3ossession. The O+nership Suffix - ;ouns ending in /o+els The Suffix changes to -nin=-n>n=-nun=-n?n ! of or belonging to ! using buffer -n- in order to keep two vowels apart kedinin ! #kedi!n!in$ ! of the cat, the cats kedilerinin ! #kedi!leri!n!in$ ! their cats, of their cat kedisinin ! #kedi!si!n!in$ ! of his cat, his cats ankan>n ! #banka!n!1n$ ! the ban0s
ankas>n>n ! #banka!s1!n!1n$ ! his ban0s kHpr?n?n ! #k9pr5!n!5n$ ! the bridges *li nin ! #-li!>n!in$ ! lis Londra n>n ! #6ondra!>n!1n$ ! ondons -ll suffixes are written apart from any 3roper ?ame which begins with a capital letter. The last two examples above show this accordingly The O+nership Suffix +ith Extended +ords (alread2 suffixed) The suffix -in ->n -?n -un ! of , belonging to always takes buffer letter -n- to become -nin -n>n -n?n -nun when added either to a root word or to an extended word which ends in a vowel. kedinin ! #kedi!nin$ ! the cat>s ! kedisinin ! #kedi!si!nin$ ! his cat>s ankan>n ! of the bank ! ankas>n>n ! of his bank araan>n ! the car>s ! araas>n>n ! his car>s.. *li nin ! -li >s ! *2Ge nin ! -yshe >s kHpr?n?n ! of the bridge ! kHpr?lerinin ! of their bridges The suffix -in always becomes -nin whether suffixed to a Simple ?oun or to an already suffixed noun.
The Jith le$ ! !ith Mehmet
gH@leri1 ile ! #g9:ler!im ile$ ! !ith m$ e$es or gH@leri1le ! #g9:ler!im!le$ ! !ith m$ e$es
do1u@la ! #domu:!la$ ! !ith the &ig or do1u@ ile ! #domu: ile$ ! !ith a (an$) &ig do1u@u2la ! #domu:!u!yla$ ! !ith the &ig or do1u@u ! #domu:!u ile$ ! !ith the &ig arkadaG>nla ! #arkada8!1n!la$ ! !ith $our friend or arkadaG>n ile ! #arkada8!1n ile$ ! !ith $our friend
!sing - ile - +ith +ords +hich end in a 3o+el "hen adding ! ile ! to words that end in a vowel the initial letter -i of -ile changes to a buffer letter -2 in order to keep two vowels apart ! thus the forms -2la and -2le are used. paltosu2la ! #palto!su!yla$ ! !ith his overcoat ir araa2la ! #bir araba!yla$ ! !ith a car kedi2le ! #kedi!yle$ ! !ith the cat kedisi2le ! #kedi!si!yle$ ! !ith his cat iske1le2le ! #iskemle!yle$ ! !ith the chair eli2le ! #el!i!yle$ ! !ith his hand elleri2le ! #eller!i!yle$ ! !ith his hands aas>2la ! #baba!s1!yla$ ! !ith his father If the suffixed form is used then it changes to -2le -2la after vowels. -s previously stated, whether to use ile as stand alone or as a suffi% is a free choice of the speaker or writer, but there is a change in the meaning0
Translation of - ile - and, also "hen it stands between two nouns the suffix ! ile ! can be used to translate and when the basic meaning is !ith, also* Even when it is suffixed as -le=-la or -2le -2la #when added to vowel$ it is still translated as and meaning also. Masada fincanla taaklar 3ar ! here are cu&s and &lates on the table* *li ile arkadaG> D oda2a girdi ! li and his friend entered the room* Mustafa ile Seli1 parti2e gitti ! Musta&ha and Selim !ent to the &art$* )owever if the suffix -le=-la does not come between the nouns then it is tranlsted as !ith, together !ith*
Beni1le Meh1et geldi ! Mehmet came !ith me* ! #6it0 "ith me %ehmet came.$ *li arkadaG>2la D oda2a girdi ! li entered the room !ith his friend* MustafaD Seli1 le parti2e gitti ! Musta&ha !ent to the &art$ !ith Selim* Expanation 5 If ile is in between two people or things as in *li ile arkadaG> Mustafa ile Seli1 then these sentences are translated into English by the con&unction and li and his friendsA Mustafa and Selim*
If ile does not in between two nouns it is translated by with ! li !ent to &art$ !ith his friend*
Toplant>2a sekreteri1le kat>ld>1# ! ? attended the meeting !ith m$ secretar$* ,atron ile ada1lar> aniden silahlar>n> ektiler# ! he boss and his men suddenl$ &ulled their guns*
?ote that in this type of sentence above 3e ! and, also could be used in place of ile *li 3e arkadaG> oda2a girdi# Mustafa 3e Seli1 parti2e gitti# Masada fincan 3e taak 3ar# 7or the other sentences we can not use ve in place of ile. Beni1le Meh1et geldi (ve can not be used @ *liD arkadaG>2la oda2a girdi# (ve can not be used.
The Lacking @ -s?@ -su@ - without, un-, non-, -less, disThis suffix gives the sense of lacking. In English it can be translated as un as in unavailable or less ! as in !orthless or dis as in distaste. ehli2et ! licence ! ehli2etsi@ ! unlicensed #ehli$etli ! licensed$ renk ! colour ! renksi@ ! colourless #ren0li ! coloured$ sa>r ! &atience ! sa>rs>@ ! im&atient # sab6rl6 ! patient$ iGaret ! sign ! iGaretsi@ ! unsigned #iBaretli ! signed$ ses ! noise ! sessi@ ! noiseless # sesli ! noisy$ Geker ! sugar ! Gekersi@ ! unsugared # Be0erli ! sugared, sweetened$ na1us ! honest$ ! na1ussu@ ! dishonest #namuslu ! honest$ Bir a2D Gekersi@ olsunD l?tfen# ! tea, no sugar, &lease* Sonsu@ ir 2olculuk gii2di# ! ?t !as li0e an endless journe$* Sensi@ gidi2oru1 ! ?m going !ithout $ou* 6eCersi@ ir saat ald>1# ! ? bought a !orthless !atch* 7kisi@ ir aile ga@inosuna gittik# ! .e !ent to a nonalcoholic famil$ restaurant* ?ote0 ikisi@ ! !ithout alcoholic drin0s ! #ie0 -lcohol is not served$ is seen on many 3ublic Signs
"e can form plural nouns by adding the -ler or -lar plural suffix to an ad&ective0 sa>rs>@lar ! the im&atient ones Gekersi@ler ! the unsugared ones renksi@ler ! the uncoloured7colourless ones
The -l? -luF The Suffix -li -l> -l? -lu - originating from, furnished with, place of, This suffix gives the sense of belonging to something or somewhere. It is used with place names ! especially to say where one is from. The -li suffix is not separated from a 3roper ?oun by an apostrophe as other suffixes generally are ! 6ondra>l1 would be incorrect ! Londral> is correct. Londral> ! #6ondra!l1$ ! a ondoner Londral>lar ! #6ondra!l1!lar$ ! ondoners 7stanullu ! #Astanbul!lu$ ! an ?stanbuli 7stanullular ! #Astanbul!lu!lar$ ! ?stanbulis 7ngiltereli2i1 ! #Angiltere!li!yim$ ! ? am from 9ngland Bolulu ! #2olu!lu$ ! a &erson from 4olu inli ! #Bin!li$ ! a Chinese Man (Chinaman) This suffix also gives the sense of belonging to something or somewhere, it is widely used with place names ! especially to say where one is from0 7ngiltereli2i1 ! ? am from 9ngland , Manesterli2i1 ! ? come from Manchester , ;erelisini@ ! .here (e%actl$) are $ou from *n *ctual Exa1ple of the "containing" suffix# )ere is a picture of a sandwich bar>s billboard showing the type of sandwiches available 0
kar>G>k ! mi%ed kaGarl> #ka8ar!l1$ ! containing hard cheese sucuklu #sucuk!lu$ ! containing ur0ish t$&e sausage sala1l> #salam!l1$ ! containing salami sosisli #sosis!li$ ! containing sausage )ere vowel harmony is operating on the suffix -li as it has three of it four forms in this picture. The meaning of ! 5furnished !ith5 ! is used to make attributive ad&ectives ! tu@ ! salt ! giving ! tu@lu ! salt$ ! is a prime example. Should you use sugar in your tea then you might ask for ! Gekerli a2 ! which can mean s!eet tea, sugared tea, sugar$ tea, ! according to context.
sa>r ! &atience ! sa>rl> ! &atient ku33et ! strength ! ku33etli ! strong 2aprak ! leaf ! 2aprakl> ! leaf$ i1en ! la!n ! i1enli ! having a la!n 2aG ! age ! 2aGl> ! old renk ! colour ! renkli ! coloured ses ! noise ! sesli ! nois$ 2atak ! bed ! 2atakl> ! furnished !ith a bed tu@ ! salt ! tu@lu ! salt$ Exa1ples Meh1et sa>rl> ir ada1d>r# ! Mehmet is a &atient man* *li ku33etli ir gen# ! li is a strong $outh* Bir 2aprakl> aCa# ! leaf$ tree* i1enli ir e3# ! ?t is a house !ith a la!n* aGl> ir at# ! ?t is an old horse* 7kili ir lokanta2a gittik# ! .e !ent to an alcohol serving bistro* ;ote5 ikili ! furnished !ith alcoholic drin0s ! #ie0 -lcoholic drinks are served$ "e can form plural nouns by adding the -ler or -lar plural suffix to an ad&ective0 sa>rl>lar ! the &atient ones ku33etliler ! the strong ones 2aGl>lar ! the aged
6ependent *d3ers These adverbs reuire that the preceding noun have the %otion Towards (dative -e=2eD -a=-2a ! to7to!ard suffix0
-e na@aran - compared with una na@aran ! com&ared to this unlara na@aran ! com&ared to these Guna na@aran ! com&ared to that Gunlara na@aran ! com&ared to those ona na@aran ! com&ared to that onlara na@aran ! com&ared to those 6?ne na@aran ug?n ha3a daha g?@el Com&ared to $esterda$, the !eather is better toda$*
%een 2>l urada Gark> sH2le2en sanat>2a na@aranD u akGa1 dinlediCi1i@ kad>n o kadar i2i deCildi. Com&ared to the singer that !e heard here last $ear, the lad$ !e listened to this evening !as not as good*
Sen ana 2ard>1 edeilen tek insans>n#
Modern 7ngili@ceNde FthatF diCer Frelati3e pronounF lara na@aran daha s>k kullan>l1aktad>r# ?n Modern 9nglish the relative &ronoun 5that5 is used more often com&ared to the other relative &ronouns 5!ho, !hich5*
:akiplerine na@aran ?cretsi@dir# Com&ared to the com&etitors it is &rice free*
4lash%ete na@aran iso dos2alar>n> indir1e s?recinde o@1a@# Com&ared to lashDet it does not s&oil
iso files !hile
do!nloading*
-e kadar - up to, until, as far as. Gi1di2e kadar# ! #8imdi!ye kadar$ ! u& to no!* *nkara2a kadar# ! as far as n0ara* %elecek pa@ara kadar ekle2eli1# ! et us !ait until ne%t Sunda$* arG>2a kadar gidi2oru1# ! ? am going as far as the sho&s* -e doCru - straight toward. anka2a doCru ! #banka!ya do4ru$ ! straight to the ban0 E3e doCru git ! Do staight homeE E3den okula doCru gidin# ! Do straight to school from home* -e gHre - according to, compared to ana gHre ! according to me sana gHre ! according to $ou Me1ede gHre ! according to Mehemet This has both or either the comå to and according to meanings in a sentence. eni plPna gHreD e3i1i@in arka ahesi k??lt?lecek1iG# ccording to the ne! &lan our bac0 garden !il be made smaller*
Seli1e gHre para pi2asalar> 2ar>ndan itiaren hareketlenecek1iG# ccording to Selim the mone$ mar0ets !ill &robabl$ move from tomorro! on!ards*
OkuduCun kitap eni1kine gHre daha kal>n gHr?n?2or# he boo0 that $ou are reading loo0s thic0er than mine* ! (compared to mine ! The example is making a comparison. Bu ga@ete2e gHre hi 2eni haeri daha >k1a1>G# ccording to this ne!s&a&er no more ne! ne!s has ha&&ened $et*
-e karG> - against du3ara karG> ! #duvar!a kar81$ ! against the !all r?@gara karG> ! #r5:gar!a kar81$ ! against the !ind %araA>n kap>s>na karG> isikleti1i >rak1>G>1# ! ? believe ? left m$ bic$cle against the garage door*
:?@gara karG> iGe2en oClan#
! ? leave this for $ou all to translateEE
-e raC1en - in spite of (in positi3e sentences)D despite (in negati3e sentences) una raC1en ! in s&ite of this , unlara raC1en ! in s&ite of these Guna raC1en ! in s&ite of that , Gunlara raC1en ! in s&ite of those ona raC1en ! in s&ite of that , onlara raC1en ! in s&ite of those In English there are many types of -e raC1en ! although, though, in s&ite of, des&ite, not!ithstanding, albeit etc* .In Turkish however thereare only two words0 -e raC1en or -e karG>n#. "hen using -e raC1en or -e karG>n the sentence should contain contrast, insistence, regret, tenacit$ or ho&e.
Exa1ples of contrast# 0er Ge2e raC1en aGarailirdik# ?n s&ite of ever$thing !e !ere able to succeed*
Bir s?r? Ge2 ol1uG 3e aGara1a1>Glar# (3i8manl1k C regret, remorse 0a3an>n karar1as>na raC1enD 2ollar>na hPlP 2?r?2erek de3a1 edi2orlard># =es&ite the !eather getting !orse, the$ still carried on !al0ing along the road*
0a3a karar1>G=a1a hPlP 2?r?1e2e de3a1 edi2orlar# (inat C stubboness, 1srar C persistence Odan>n 2eterince s>cak ol1as>na raC1enD (2ine de) ?@erindeki ka@aC> >kar1a1>Gt># lthough the room !as !arm enough, he did not ta0e off the jum&er that he !as !earing*
Oda s>cak=a1a ka@aC>n> hPlP >kar1>2or# (inat C doggedness, obstinacy *ile3Q sorunlar>n>n kafas>n> ok 1eGgul et1esine raC1enD derslerine al>G1a2a (>srarla) de3a1 etti# 9ven though famil$ res&onsibilities !ere 0ee&ing him bus$, he continued !or0ing at his lessons*
Sorunlar kafas>n> 1eGgul edi2or=a1a hPlP derslerini al>G>2or# (1srar ! insistency, inat C tenacity 9@erine doCrultulan silPhlara raC1en soCukkanl>l>C>n> hi o@1ad># 9ven !ith the guns &ointing directl$ at him, he never lost his nerve*
Silahlar doCrultul1uG=a1a hPlP soCukkanl># (:1tl1k C contrast, contrariness B?t?n u olu1su@ koGullara raC1en 2ine de aGarailiri@# =es&ite all these negative circumstances, he !as able to succeed again*
KoGullar olu1su@=a1a 2ine de aGarailirler . (umut C hope , :1tl1k C contrast 0a2at> o2unca gitar al1a2> HCren1ek iste1esine raC1en nedense i2i ir ke1an 3irt?H@? oldu# lthough he had !anted to learn to &la$ the guitar throughout his life, someho! he turned into a violin virtuoso*
Oldu1 olas> gitar al1a2> HCren1ek istediCi haldeD una karG>n g?@elce ke1anc> oldu# (:1tl1k C contrast, contrariness
*kGa1 saat RNden sonra 2e1ek 2e1enin saCl>Ca @ararl> olduCunu il1esine raC1enD her gece 2at1adan Hnce at>Gt>r1aktan kendini ala1>2ordu . (kendini alamamakC canDt help ?n s&ite of 0no!ing that eating after - ocloc0 in the evening is dangerous to health, he could not hel& ta0ing a snac0 before going to bed .
*kGa1 saat RNden sonra 2e1ek 2e1enin saCl>Ca @ararl> olduCu halde ile2erekD her akGa1 2at1adan Hnce 2e1ek 2er1iG# (inat C doggedness, obstinacy, pigheadedness -a raC1en - despite - (in negati3e sentences) Ben hiir suu1 ol1a1as>na raC1en piG1an>1D 2a sen ! =es&ite not being at fault, ? am sorr$, ho! about $ou
Kalan en@ini1i@in Gehre 3ar1a2a 2et1e2eceCi elli ol1as>na raC1enD >srarla 2ola de3a1 ettiler# ! =es&ite us not having &etrol left to get to to!n, the$ insisted on continuing on the road*
Explanation olma-ma-sı-n-a !
this is ?egative Infinitive of olmama(k ! to not be, with the addition of -(s)ı making it a specific definite noun #described by alan ben:inimi: ! which!remains petrol!our$ which is further suffixed with -(n)a to make it part of ra4men clause.
*n actual ne+spaper article - ,eugeot nun 'E+>su Fean 3hilleppe 'olin, kri:e ra4men T5rkiye>ye ili8kin yat1r1m pro&elerinin devam etti4ini, kompakt sedan s1n1f1 ara;lar1n T5rkiye>de 5retimi i;in fi:ibilite ;al18malar1 yapt1klar1n1 s9yledi. IST*;B!LD March (:euters) ! he C9O of rench car &roducer #eugeot @ean #hille&&e Colin has said that in s&ite of the crisis, that the investment &roject concerning the com&act sedan class vehicles &roduction in ur0e$ feasabilit$ studies are ongoing*
3eugeot kri:e ra4men (kri:!e ra4men T5rkiye>ye yat1r1m pro&esini s5rd5r5yor. ?n s&ite of the #eugeot crisis the investment &roject is still carr$ing on for ur0e$*
6ependent *d3ers +ith F-den=-danF These adverbs reuire that the preceding noun have the motion away -den=-danD -ten=-tan ! from suffix0 -dan dola2> ! because of* -dan aGka ! e%ce&t for, a&art from, other than* -dan eri ! since* -dan Hnce ! before (in time)* this is modern Turkish, and is the preferred form -dan e33el ! before (in time)* this is the older from from -rabic, but still often used -dan sonra ! after* Bundan dola2> ! because of this Meh1etin 2apt>klar>ndan dola2> asla aGara1a2>@ ! 4ecause of !hat Mehmet did !e !ill never be able succeed*
ondan aGka ! e%ce&t for that ,i2ano1dan aGka her Ge2i geri >rakacaC>1 ! 9%ce&t for m$ &iano ? !ill leave
ever$thing behind
Ondan eri ! since then saat ?ten eri ! since 3 ocloc0* ! (5;!ten beri saat ?ten eri si@i ar>2ordu1# ! ? have been loo0ing for $ou since three ocloc0 %een haftadan eri hasta2>1# (This means that I am still ill. ! ? have been ill since last !ee0*7? have been ill for a !ee0*
Gundan Hnce=e33el ! before that ! (in time Ma2>s a2>ndan e33el=Hnce 1?hendis olarak al>G>2ordu1# (or al>G1akta2d>1#) ! 4efore Ma$ ? !as !or0ing as an engineer*
Ondan sonra ! after that 0a@iran a2>ndan sonra e1ekli olacaC>1# ! fter @ul$ ? shall retire (from !or0)*
