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Nf{dkf Grffkz Nf{dkf grffkz mkmlma nf{dkf zmcg kjgvcmimc vc{vi nfnfbmaimc
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=# nfcgmnojl ujljamc zmcg {fromji zmcg kmum{ kjufrdlfa umkm mm{ j{v {mcum nfnufram{jimc idcfivfcj if kfumc !urjcju “{mif wam{ zdv bmc gf{ cdw-„* ?# oframrmu omawm kfcgmc nfnjlja du{jnvn ldiml umkm f{jmu lmcgima mimc ofrmiajr kfcgmc du{jnvn gldoml# 2# Umkm f{jmu lmcgima kjufrdlfa du{jnvn ldiml#Ojlm mlgdrj{nm ofrmiajr, ij{m oframrmu du{jnvn ldiml nfchmkj du{jnvn gldoml# Wmrcjcg8 Du{jnvn gldoml oflvn {fc{v nfrvumimc dlvj du{jnvn !{fromji*, Wmrcjcg8 {f{muj vo.du{jnvn m{mv ufvkd.du{jnvn#
Mlmmc8
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Hmkj, umkm fomgjmc nmmlma mlgdrj{nm
grffkz {jkmi flmlv oframjl
nfnofrjimc dlvj zmcg du{jnml#
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umljcg fkjij{ nfcgmckvcg m{v idjc vc{vi f{jmu cjlmj# Ajnuvcmc dlvj8 {d{ml cjlmj idjc zmcg kjujlja {fum{ mnm hvnlmaczm kfcgmc cjlmj vmcg zmcg kj{vimrimc#
@vcgj flfij8 ujljalma idjc zmcg ofrcjlmj {fr{jcggj kmrj ajnuvcmc imckjkm{
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@vcgj dozfi{j` 8 hvnlma idjc zmcg kjgvcmimc kjgvcmimc njcjnvn#
Bdc{da8 !m* Idjc8 6, ;, 2, kmc = Vmcg V mcg zmcg kj{vimr > 7# Rdlvj kfcgmc mlgdrj{nm grffkz8 {jkmi du{jnml 7 > 6 ) = ) = ! 2 idjc* Rdlvj zmcg du{jnml8 7 > ; ) 2 ! ? idjc* !o* Idjc8 =5, 7, = Vmcg zmcg kj{vimr8 =6 Rdlvj kfcgmc mlgdrj{nm grffkz8 =6 > =5 ) = ) = ) = ) = ) = !0 idjc* {jkmi du{jnml Rdlvj zmcg du{jnml8 =6 > 7 ) 7 ) = !amczm 2 idjc* !b* Idjc8 =6, =5, kmc = Vmcg zmcg kj{vimr8 ?5 Rdlvj kfcgmc mlgdrj{nm grffkz8 ?5 > =6 ) = ) = ) = ) = ) = !0 idjc* {jkmi du{jnml Rdlvj du{jnml8 ?5 > =5 ) =5 !? idjc*
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b#
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B#
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[frkmum{ kvm dlvj ufckfim{mc urdgrmnm kjcmnj, zmj{v ufckfim{mc nmhv !`drwmrk m{mv vu.kdwc* kmc ufckfim{mc nvckvr !ombiwmrk m{mv od{{dn.vu*# =# Urdgrmn kjcmnj nmhv# Urdgrmn kjcmnj ofrgfrmi nvlmj kmrj {mamu =, {frv { frv nmhv if {mamu ?, 2, kmc f{frvczm mnumj {mamu c# _vc{vcmc ufvoma ifuv{vmc mkmlma q=, q?, †, qc#
?# Urdgrmn kjcmnj nvckvr# ‒ =, Urdgrmn kjcmnj ofrgfrmi nvlmj kmrj {mamu c, {frv { frv nvckvr if {mamu c ‒ =, c ‒ c ‒ ?, ?, kmc f{frvczm mnumj {mamu =# _vc{vcmc ufvoma ifuv{vmc mkmlma qc, qc. =, †, q=#
Idcfu kmmr kmmr urdgrmnm kjcmnj mkmlma fomgmj fomgmj ofrjiv{8
Ofrkmmrimc urjcju du{jnjmj Ofllnmc !=:65*8 Mc du{jnml udljbz am {af urdufr{z {am{ wam{fpfr {af jcj{jml kfbjjdc mrf, {af rfnmjcjcg kfbjjdc nv{ bdc{j{v{f mc du{jnml udljbz wj{a rfgmrk {d {af {m{f rfvl{jcg `rdn {af `jr { kfbjjdc#
Rvm{v nmmlma kmum{ kjomgj nfchmkj ofofrmum {mamu Kmlmn rmcgimjmc ifuv{vmc zmcg {flma kjmnojl, amjl kmrj nmjcg.nmjcg {frufcgmrva umkm amjl ifuv{vmc foflvnczm# foflvnczm#
_mcgimjmc ifuv{vmc ifuv{vmc zmcg kjmnojl nf{j nfnofc{vi ifojhmimc zmcg du{jnml du{j nml fbmrm ifflvrvamc#
Omgj {mamu ufrdmlmc zmcg nmja {frjm ij{m kjjxjcimc nfcgmnojl ifuv{vmc zmcg lmzmi {mcum {frgmc{vcg kmrj ifuv{vmc.ifuv ifuv{vmc.ifuv{vmc {vmc zmcg {flma kjmnojl foflvnczm ádu{jnjmj urjcju#
Urdfkvr ufnfbmamc nmmlma kmlmn urdgrmn kjcmnji kjlmivimc fbmrm rfivrj`#
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Ifivrmcgmc Nf{dkf kzcmnjb urdgrfnnjcg amczm m{v, nfndrj zmcg kjov{vaimc lfoja omczmi imrfcm mckm nfcggvcmimc nfnd# Iflfojamc nf{jkf kzcmnjb urdgrmnnjcg zmj{v8 m# Rflmlv ofcmr imrfcm nfcbdom fnvm hmlvr zmcg nvcgijc o# [rmkjcg nfndrz `dr uffk !.nfndrz )uffk* Bdc{da imv kfcgmc ufczflfmjmc nfcggvcmimc nf{dkf Grffkz kmc nf{dkf Kzcmnjb Urdgrmnnjcg#
Hfcj id{mi zmcg mimc kjujlja vc{vi kj nmviimc if id{mi zmcg ofmr8
Rflfmjimc kfcgmc nf{dkf grffkz grffkz kmc kzcmnjb urdgrmnnjcgurdgrmnnjcg=# Rdlvj kfcgmc nf{dkf grffkz d Nf{dkf grffkz 8 Nfnjlja lvm zmcg umljcg ofmr vc{vi nfckmum{imc lvm jm {frifbjl#
Lvm id{mi 8 26n q =6n > 6?6n ? Lvmr id{mi M > =? n ? Lvm id{mi O > =; n ? Lvm id{mi B > 1n ? Lvm id{mi K > =0n
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Ij{m mnojl lvm zmcg ofmr9
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d
Nf{dkf grffkz kfcgmc nfndkj`jimj id{miczm , kfcgmc nfnjlja lvm zmcg umljcg ofmr# m# Ij{m gmovcgimc ; id{mi K fajcggm {frofc{vi fufr{j kjomwma# Ij{m mcggmu id{mi kj omwma mkmlma id{mi F Id{mi F kfcgmc Lvm > 1n q 1n > 0;n
?
o# Nmviimc id{mi zmcg nvcgijc nmvi umkm id{mi zmcg ofrvivrmc 26 n q =6n# Ij{m nmviimc id{mi zmcg {flma kjgmovcgimc zmj{v id{mi F
b# Nfcggmovcgimc lmgj id{mi zmcg nvcgijc {frofc{vi vc{vi nfcgjj id{mi kjm{m zmcg oflvn {frjj# Ij{m mcggmu id{mi kj omwma mkmlma id{mi @ kfcgmc id{mi zmcg kjgmovcgimc mkmlma id{mi K kmc B# ?
Lvm id{mi @ > 1n q 0n > ;1n
k# Nfcgmnojl id{mi zmcg nvcgijc kmum{ kjnmviimc if id{mi zmcg iddcg kj m{m# Zmcg kmum{ ij{m mnojl amczm id{mi B# Lvm id{mi B > ;n q ?n > 1n
?
f# [jkmi mkm lmgj id{mi zmcg kmum{ kjnmviimc if kmlmn id{mi zmcg ? ofrvivrmc 26n q =6n > 6?6n fajcggm hvnlma id{mi zmcg nfcgjj id{mi {frfov{ mkmlma 26 id{mi# Kfcgmc ?; id{mi K kmc = = id{mi B# Rfkmcgimc Rfkmcgim c lvm id{mi zmcg {jkmi {frjj kmum{ kj aj{vcg 8 Lvm jm > lvm J ) lvm JJ ) ljm id{mi JJJ > != q =?* ) != q 26* ) !2 q ?* > =? ) 26 ) 0 ? > 62 n Rjmczm {jkmi du{jnml, j{vlma nfrvumimc ifivrmcgmc kmrj nf{dkf Grffz , omczmi omczmi ifnvcgijcmc ifnvcgijcmc zmcg ojm ij{m mnojl# ?# Rdlvj kfcgmc Nf{dkf Kzcmnjb Urdgrmnnjcg m# Nfnomgj kvm id{mi {frfov{ fufr{j {frljam{ umkm gmnomr ofrjiv{8
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b# Rflmchv{czm nfnomgj lmgj id{mi zmcg kj m{m fajcggm nfcofc{vi fufr{j zmcg kj omwma8
k# Nfcgjj id{mi kjm{m fvmj id{mi zmcg vkma kjgmovcgimc kfcgmc ofc{vi fufr{j kj omwma# Mcggmulma id{mi kj omwma mkmlma id{mi G #
Lvm id{mi G 8 7n q ;n > ?1
f#
Rflmchv{czm id{mi zmcg oflvn {frjj kj m{m kjomgj lmgj fajcggm {frofc{vi fufr{j umkm gmnomr ofrjiv{#
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Id{mi zmcg iddcg kj m{m kjjj id{mi G fufr{j {frljam{ umkm id{mi kj omwma
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a# Id{mi kj m{m {jkmi kmum{ lmgj kj jj id{mi , nmim ij{m kmum{ nfcgaj{vcg nfcgaj{vcg hvnlma id{mi zmcg {frjj umkm id{mi kj m{m zmj{v 27# 20 kjmc{mrmczm id{mi O kmc jmczm id{mi B# Kmc jmczm kmum{ kjaj{vcg fcmgmj ofrjiv{8 Rjm Lvm id{mi > Lvm J ) Lvm JJ > !; q =* ) !2 q2* >;): ? > =2 n Hmkj, ifjnuvlmcczm Nf{dkf Kzcmnjb Urdgrmnnjcg lfoja du{jnml kmrj umkm Nf{dkf Grffkz#
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