Tripartite classification of authority
Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate political leadership, domination and authority: 1. charismatic authority ( familial familial and religious) religious), 2. traditional authority ( patriarchs, patriarchs, patrimonalism, patrimonalism, feudalism) feudalism) and 3. legal authority (modern law and state, bureaucracy bureaucracy). ). These three types are ideal pure types and rarely appear in their pure form. According to Weber, authority is power accepted as legitimate by those subjected to it. These three forms of authority are said to appear in an "hierarchical development order". States States progress progress from charismatic authority, authority, to traditional authority,, and finally reach the state authority the state of rational-legal authority authoritywhich which is characteristic of a modern liberal democracy. democracy. Char ismatic ismatic domi domi nation
Charismatic authority grows out of the personal charm or the strength of an individual personalit personality. y. It was described by Weber in a lecture as "the authority of the extraordinary and personal gift of grace (charisma)"; he distinguished it from the other forms of authority by stating "Men do not obey him [the charismatic [2] ruler] by virtue of tradition or statute, but because they believe in him." him. " Thus the actual power or capabilities of the leader are irrelevant, as long as the followers believe that such power exists. Thus, according to Weber, it is particularly difficult difficult for charismatic leaders to maintain their authority because the followers must continue to legitimize the authority of the leader. Charismatic domination is insofar different from legal-rational and tradition power as it does not develop from established tradition but rather from the belief the followers have in the leader. According to Weber, once the leader loses his charisma or dies, systems based on charismatic authority tend to transform into traditional or legal-ration legal-rational al systems.
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Tr aditional domin ation
In traditional authority, the legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition or custom; Weber described it as "the authority of the eternal yesterday" and [2] identified it as the source of authority for monarchies. In this type of domination, the traditional rights of a powerful individual or group are accepted by the subordinate, or at least not challenged. The dominant individual could be a clan leader, eldest, the head of a family, a patriarchal figure or dominant elite. Historically this has been the most common type of government. According to Weber inequalities are created and preserved by traditional authority. Should this authority not be challenged, the dominant leader or group will stay in power. For Weber, traditional power blocked the development of rational-legal authority. L egal domin ation
Legal authority, also known as legal-rational authority, is where an individual or institution exerts power by virtue of the legal office that they hold. It is the authority that demands obedience to the office rather than the office holder; once they leave office, their rational-legal authority is lost. Weber identified "rationally[2] created rules" as the central feature of this form of authority. Modern democracies contain many examples of legal-rational regimes. There are different ways in which legal authority can develop. Many societies have developed a system of laws and regulations and there exist many different principles of legality. With the development of a legal-rational system, the political system is likely to be rationalized similarly. Constitutions, written documents, established offices and regular elections are often associated with modern legalrational political systems. These in the past have tended to develop in opposition to earlier traditional systems such as monarchies, where the set of rules are not well developed. As these systems develop in a rational manner, authority takes on a legal-rational form. Those who govern have the legitimate legal right to do so and those subordinated accept the legality of the rulers. Albeit rational-legal authority may be challenged by those subordinated, it is unlikely to result in a quick change in the nature of the system. Such powerstruggles, according to Weber, may be based on nationalism, ethnicity and are mostly political struggles.
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Classif ication of author ity i n th e context of hi story.
Weber also notes that legal domination is the most advanced, and that societies evolve from having mostly traditional and charismatic authorities to mostly rational and legal ones, because the instability of charismatic authority inevitably forces it to "routinize" into a more structured form of authority. Likewise he notes that in a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a master can lead to a "traditional revolution". Thus he alludes to an inevitable move towards a rationallegal structure of authority, utilizing a bureaucratic structure. This ties to his broader concept of rationalization by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction. Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the social evolutionism theory. In traditional authority, the legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition, in charismatic authority from the personality and leadership qualities of the individual (charisma), and in legal (or rational-legal) authority from powers that ar e bureaucratically and legally attached to certain positions. A classic example of these three types may be found in religion: priests (traditional), Jesus (charismatic), and the Roman Catholic Church (legal-rational). Weber also conceived of these three types within his three primary modes of conflict: traditional authority within status groups, charismatic authority withinclass, and legal-rational authority within party organizations. In his view every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained elements that can be analyzed on the basis of the above distinction.
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Comparison table Charismatic
Traditional
Type of ruler Charismatic leader
Position determined by
Functional
Dominant personality
personality
routine
qualities
and
exceptional powers
Acquired
or
superiors
or
bureaucratic officials
Having a dynamic Established tradition or
Extraordinary Ruled using
Legal-Rational
inherited
(hereditary) qualities
Legally established authority
Virtue of rationally established norms, decrees, and other rules and regulations
General belief in the formal Victories Legitimized
success
and to
community
Established tradition or routine
correctness of these rules and those
who
considered
enact a
them
are
legitimized
authority
Interpersonal Loyalty
personal allegiance and devotion
Cohesion
Leadership
&
Emotionally
Based
on
traditional
allegiances
Feeling
of
common Abiding by rules (see Merton's
unstable and volatile purpose
Rulers
To authority / rules
theory of deviance)
and Established
forms
followers (disciples) social conduct
4
of
Rules, not rulers
