Translatic Theory - Tou

The Translatics of Translation1

Asruddi nBaror  Yogyakarta S Unversity

Absact The project on wch his paper s based oers anslacs anslacs as a teory of aslatio whc s desgned and developed as an alternatie that challeges the maseam vews crety held w alatio  stdes o  o faiiar faiiarize ize the readers wt aslacs a attemt wi  be made to povide and descrbe ts fodaoal key concepts and eares paclarly in cotrast wt e coeps ad featres that ae characterisc o the asea transr/equivalencebased ad hermeeuticsbased heories of asaion.  partiar one concept of citical motance that wi  be described a udame udametall tally y dsingshes Traslatics rom te masream perspectves is ccerned wh its defned noo of anan as translaoal oti councaon I and in s  as measemtc Beg SFLnspied he defned talaon a T and  tr as e  an aba em em oep w  me absat pa an Ma Han cnnave cnna ve s s Th am N Npa ea ng and at is twd   ode Trasacs as a new wa  eang the same ime o cobte to te broadeg  te acadeic orizos of readers who are terested i aslao sudes as a asdscilar stdy of anlaonal semo peomea Key words: Translatcs, translato traslatal translational  semiotic conica conicaon on TSC) metasemo metasemo  semotic ealisaton,  seiotc knole knoledge dge resoce SR), cootatie cotexua) and denotative (textal) semiotic systes and repesetaton (CDS  systems and representaons)

Intrutin le terature  terature on trasa tn tes   remoe hio of ansation   li o humankd. Howeer, whe  ma be true hat trasaio has a An ArticLe, Jounal  Moen anguages fauly  angge nd ingitk Unvey o Maaya Pani Vaey  Kaa upur, y.

6

 F 

GU

 distan history no one can figure out te recise length of translation exisence in human history One of the roblems in determining the me frame of translaion existence lies  he questio o translation itself. holars' iws i ws o sationare sation are obsevable in their various statements statements on the time frame of ranslaon exisence i history Savoy 6 3 for eamle suggests that "translaon "translaon  alm a old as orgina auhorshi  while Rabasa 4 2  a similar tone tells us ha "translation is almost as old as language certainly as old as the contac of a language with alien  seakers n Rabasa's statement ranslation is exlcitly associated wth  anguage in the first 1ace and i t8 contact with foreign seaers s eaers he word "almos in hs statement imlies tat language language comes into being frst frs t and ten trasation olows no long after tha n tis res ect the time frame of ransation is measured on the basis that translaton is somehig lingual  sefcally interlingua tat involves i nvolves at least one native language and one non-native language Th Thee sense of ansation as somehing lingual and nterlingual that involves at leas two inguistic exts in two languages aearing nonsimltneously ext 1 in  first as the source then ext 2 in L2, as the target he ransltion is clearly observabe in various  scholars' statements for for examle in Kol1er'sstatement Kol1er'ss tatement inw inwic ich h e defnes ranslation to be: {

"The result of a te xx-p pcess cessing ing aviy aviy,, by me means o whi whih h a  souelanguage tex s t  souelanguage tan anspose sposed d in int t a t a ge gelangua language ge tex. Between he esa ex   (e ag agetangage etangage e) an th the e  soe t tt t   t the he sue-la sue-langu nguge ge tet tee eis a eaonshp, whih an be desgnated as a anslatinal, Of eqiaene elat KUe 995 

us if one adots this view one wil sugges that translation is the same age as the frs conact of a language with seakng humans who seak a  dfferent  dffe rent language indcating tha ransation is as o1d as interlingu interlingual al communcation  ths resect  is bo firs and 2 s bo ateards then the different language communites come in contact or te rst time  but they do not understand eah others language and that they use u se one o the languages as a 'linga franca for communicaton from which ranslati ran slation on comes into being. he traditional views of ran ranslat slaton on in te t e context of ranslaton istory above are associated with the view that ranslation is not only something lngual bu also something grahic in the sense that translation is also concerned with something in written' form. n this sense the birth of translation is related o he deveoment o human civlization in secic referece to te invenon o aically chaeed orms of language or his is resec referring to Dalnoy's  socalled "langage writing sysems" sysems"  h reort ' Delisle and Clouer 5  oino oinouha uhahe he earies earies form of

   

7

age wtg sstem ume uefo , was o i Msootama aout 0 eas a and e ahaeolgs disove of he4yea-old-Sumeria-Eblaite-vabula liss iribed i the clay blets is see by many as evidene ha marks the bgiig of rsl io ise. hus in is view anlon whh is regaded as par of lngual heoma - pecificlly par of interligul pheomena usig graphic haels (or wrien' forms of interangage)  ame to exisence bou 45 yers ago,,5yes afer e brh o writenlguageeve rorded e sense o ransltion as something in wrien fom is also indicaed by ny oher sholars in heir deined noions of anslaton or example Wlss (1982: 12) who suggess that "Tr�laio is a procedure which  ds om a wr SLT to  optmy eqivaen " emphsis dded)  Basne and eevere (995 vii) who sa ha ranslon is of ourse a rewiing o an original ext" (emphasis dded) Interesingly however, if one follows hultes ad Bgene's heeneucbsed vew of rasaion 99 9) who quote Gdmer suesting ha all acs o commucation ae ats of transltion and laguage iself is /alredy] a ranslion one would olude tha tslao is oously as rote ad old as omma ad aguage sjusoe kd of o t sesmuto, wse exstene is seaae fom h stee tsef n othe wods tasato ste s as emot nd od asmmuion exste,ad eoe mo exise   m isas remoe d old as human exstee, or n oe cn imagine human exstee without ommuncation Thus reg to the suggesed fgure above, ranslation exisee which implies mmUicaon exsce d hman existen would be much more dist a older han ,5 or 60 years whatever the figure may be. Jf hs s  eped,theuesionis how old is translation exisene ommuncaion isce,or human exitence?" I theaboverespegeticsts suggesthathe lgh o human hso ssome2 years whereas paleontologsts age ha the igue isoser to  000,0 yers (Hallday 199, and oher hols like Delsle and Cloier (995   preer a greaer figure by suggesig ha human beings hve been lving and dying forsome000 yeas whie Halliday (993 ) sgges ht human exisence  prtculary in he sese o human sioti existence  has been evolVg or at least 00 geeraions or 00 years  he oher hand reerences tht he believers follow and iologis in religious studies are amili wih suest ha he irs as were created d taught toname thngsy  d he lived in Paadse efore omig dow to eath n whh hmavoved mmuato ats and thus han-voved tnsaon ts ae th med to ve k ae  thatOhe odedess of whethe ths  whh is ud be regded assmethg hg seultve

   

nothe ueston. Fo s see for example Qu (2 3-38) n Ala and Khan [ts.] (994: 810) Although tere s no tme fme of humn exstece ndcted here humn stoy (communcatontnslto hstory mpled must be moe remote ha whtm y hve been ecoded senfcay By the me toke communaonstoy (aaton hstoy mpled heen woud even be  ot moe dstt f commucton acts nvolvng other ceaed begs (e.g. socalled angels nd te Creto as prtpats (for those who beleve wee taken s he bass whch took plce beoe the ceaon of humknd (e.g Qun2 30 n A- and Khan trs 994 8

Studies of Translaton in Thoy As was ndced erler anslaton n the sese of praccl tanslon atvy has  long hstoy Whe scholrs began searchng fo aswes to taslato poblems and made saemens d cms on the subect taslaton n te heoec sense ws bo. The tansaton pnples ntoduced by Cceo n the frst centuy BC whch departed from he tadtonl wodowod translon prcples may be regarded as a represenaton of taslon theoy' No ut ntepessed  oao Mou 96 24) he theoy' h was offeed ws Cceos ctcal response to the exsng tdoal vews of tnslton. he wod eoy hee s pu n veted comms to ndcte tht Ceo's dea o ay othe scholas dea of sma knd cno acually be egaded s  theoy yet For dscusson of the semotc hstoy o tanslatontrnsaon studes see for example tene (195: 36-95) Bassnet-McGue (99 39-75), d else nd Woodworth (1995) he remote hstoy that may be tbuted to taslton estece patculaly n the le o humn socey s one tng; systemc knowledge of tsaton phenomena s anohe thng As efeences te u  n the thrd ate of the twenteh cenuy scholrs  ranslaon sudes eded to be more nteested n provdng us wh e pessons o cocen dsppontment and deperon o the subect couped wth expresons of bmg ech othe rthe th oeng ntesubecvely vd woks to solve the poblem  ths espec to meno but  ew see o exmpe Levy (1969: 3) avoy 968 490), tener 975: 2389 Kely 979 Wss (982 , 65), (awley 98: 59-60) Holmes 988 00), (Losche 989:  57) de Wadnd da (986: 85,neoby (988 316 31), Bake (1992 4 99 99, 998 xv ad (tene 996  o bef evews o schols' deas nd sttements on tnsontaslaton studes see fo exmpe To 1997 25-99 007b 30) f one craly obseves cdemc dscoses on tnsto stdes more ofte th ot one wll soon dscove tht wht s camed to be a

THE TRANSC OF ANSLAON



 is notreally a theory A sholarsworkwitha title suh as  anslation  eoryor  like ay notpresent any teory of nlation Itay siply  ontin vaious scholars conceptual stateents or rUing coentaries e  partiular issues that are copiled into a book or soe other or of ork, for exaple their discourses on the possibility (or else ipossibility f intlngualand/or intercultural orrespondene orsiilariy as regards  ealisation, inter lingual and/or intercultural equivalence as regard s  enng, interlingual and/or intercultural transfer, interrelatedness of  sorce and rget texts/languages ad the ike. Tollustate this, one ay sily fid expressions in the literature on translation studies/theory  soething like the following, puttng aside the nuances of blaing each oer aong scholars iplied in the stateents Wa s Q namll a? Is i  a  o sla? No Qin a  pssibility aslaon  osd   s s idni oss nisi ssms Gand  s s a s dn is and is no ossb b   s  omm on idi o a ssm amn o  o o sion O d Jod az's s ad ind d smi mn  o slaon. s i  a o o slo? o i   a og ns  of  ossibi o bso snonm os gg s a is  sl o a o o ansaio b onl mo odd o  o  o is g amm Fal : 

e 2P� ceny has just begun ad patialy i the ast two dcades  e have been ore and ore works of translation in theory and practice ountless research activities and repor, books, articles, papers and other ors of work and activity by translatioists (translation sholars) and trnslators (translation practitioners, interpreters iplied have been rodued ad/o pblished Intitioally ore and e atona and  te tional organisations and associations of translationi sts and nslators have eeed. Inteationally, one widely known oaisation  s teational Federation of ranslators LT) wich was founded in  (lisle and Woodsworth 995 xiii Tee of intetionally circulated ls o ranson/rasaon sdi are abl Me d ae   re also special series published, for exaple ranslation Studies whch s established in ondon  the 98  with Susan Bassnett and Andre evere as the general editors, who clai that "he growt of ranslation  studies as a separate discipline is a success story o the 8 (in Venuti 995 v Futherore, oy 995: 7  epots that several uivsites i Europe have renaed their transation departents eprtents o ranslation Studies However, despite the eergence and inoduction of the institutional  na ht are assocated or affiliated with talation/anslaton studies  nd clais have been ade by scholars hat ansation studies/ theoy is

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OUNA  O MON ANUA

 uoomous dscple, oe sll eeds o be pe wg e emergece of more wors  slo sudes  eory s ou 99  observes, e suos  queso re s more eresed  vesg "mos of er me d eergy  e ecg d eersg of rso ludg erpreg s  skl rer   reserc" us  s respec leers  erry suos le o g rslo experece s  sll oug rslo rg w  orerm gol o erg  prepres eers o be slfu rslo prctoers  wc e erers re rdly gve y opporuy o g sysemc kowledge d eperece of rso roug rslo educo w  og erm go o leg  prepres em o be rslo scors d reserces Ts s o o dey e c  sce e 'dcro' of e success soy o slo sudes  980s erry suos ve bee coducg more reserc cvtes  rslo rog e ewly esbsed deprmes dor progrms of soslo sudes  e posgrdue leve. ll  my erry suto segs e reserc cves  queso re mosy oreed o prcc-ppled reserc cves  rso, deqely sercg or d developg eoretcfoudol sudes of sto by wc rslo prctces re descrbed, epled, epreed d evlued   cdemcy resposble mer  geer,   e me-evel of rs o scors' wors d perspecves  rslo sdes eed o be crcly evewed. Te so lled dscpebsed, ddveegve erdscpebsed d mudscpebsed pespectves  re geerlly doped d ppled  rslo sudes, wc re  prple mpled e eed o m ec voved dscple s e locus o eecul cvy  e frs pce d regrd e dscpe  queso s  d of selcoed reguory e  o  'respeed'   ve prove o oy effecve bu lso elusve d de 968: 6, Hle 976  Wlss 98 6, de Wrd d d 986 8 SeHorby 988 6, orscer 989 7 Tou 997 6-7 er 992 , 996 9, 998 xv my  ese perspecves  e obeclevel o rso e semoc sysems d represeos  my be volved  rslto woud  pcpe  looked  d eed s sel-coed regulg sysems d represeos w cler-cu bodres  er ow rg  dscplebsed perspecves re doped d olmes' bsc mp of rslto sudes s e   bss Holmes 988 78 rslo sudes s  dsple wll dvde sef o oomes  coucto  w s dvded dom sy we ve slo stdes s  dscpe,  wc s e spl o wo mor sub-dscpes 'pure' rslo sudes d ppled rso sdes e 'pure' rslo sudes s  sub dsple s sp o sub-sb-dscples eoretcl rslo sdes d descrpve rso sdes e o wc s sp frer o more

THE TRANSLAICS OF TRANSLA TlON

21

 d more lal sub-dsplnes Then traslaton studes as another sub dsplne s splt further nto sub-sub-dsplnes taslator tang trslaton ads andtranlaon tsm s human lfe onearth develops  nd beomes more omplexhuman was of meanng n ommunaton trslaon lso develop and beome more omplexand  do huma was f sstemaal sdng them Theompex assfon of the dplne ad traslaton stud nto varous sub-dsplnes that represt hghl spealsed areas of sstemat nowledge wtn tranlaton studes s an  ttempt to adjust traslaton studes as a dplne as suh that t n ble lf to t theneed of teemerng omplt of h vlizaon as ts obt of nvestgaton The podut of dsplne-bad perspetves able  as map of traslaton studes (d. Holmes 1988: 78 and Tour 99 0 Tanslation stdies

 'Pue' translaion stdies (a). heoretial translaion stdes (i). General  Patal (1) edium resrited () Area resited 3) Ran restrited 4 ext-ty restrted 5 Time resried 6 Prolem restrited  Desrte translation stdies (i) Produt oriented (ii) Proess oriented (iii Fio orieed

 Aled translation studies (a). Translator \eaing, eduaion traing ().Transaion aids ) r!lato sm

 understandng tranlaton phenomena under stud wthn wh aslaton studes s dhotomous dvded nto varous sub-diiples  of whh  eated as the lous of ntelletual avt s observale for ample n the table below nonastat the meta-level a as-dplnebad pesve whh  a perspetve that  atuall needed  translaton studes and adopted  thspaperwould not s and eat dsplnes as the lus of nteletual atvt and regard them as self-ontaned regulator entes bu t t would regard and treat the dplnes as themati meta-level resoures or use n partular ontexts   wh the ma  superseded wherever relevant  sfomg them ntonewleated oms of avt that are thema n

JOURNAL OF MODER ANGAES

natue, n whh metaeve and oject-eve phenomena ae defed not y content ut y aspect o pespectve f Tou 99·386 , 20 Foowng s, at the oect-eve of nslaton e semoc systems nd epesetons that may e nvoved n tansaton ae ed at and teated not as sef contaned eguang systems and representatons wh cea-cut odaes n the own ght,  they wod  n dspne-ased pespectves, ut as elatvey stae systemc esouces and eatey dynamc functona esouces of seotc whch ae nteconnected wth each othe Ths appes to oth the lgual nd/ o nongual semoc sysm nd epenons epesentng the denotatve o texta semotc as a whoe at the lowe leve semotc  the ovea semoc space of hman/hmnvolved anslaon as we as the stuatona, cua, deooga and  semotc systems nd epesenons epesentng e onoatve o contextual semoc as a whoe at the hghe eve semotc wthn whch the owe eve semotc s emedded

Tanslatics Famwok: TSC Modl he theoetca nadequacy o tansaton s a chalenge as wel as an oppotny fo shoas to fnd a theoetcal eathough to tansaton lteacy Tanslatcs as ths study cas  s desgned and deveoped as an altenatve to the tadtonal tansfe equvaence-ased famewos Tou 99 20. t s a tans dscplnay famewok fo he stdy o tansaton phenomena on whch a model o ansaon anayss s ased,as a efeence tht ofers a declaave knowedge of anslaon n a new and wde hon. It s S-nsped, n whch the pespectve that t adopts s not one of dscpnay ntedscpnay o mutdscpnay natue ut one of tans dscplnay natue. n ths ts oentatn pvdes semotc space fo supesedg exs tng dcpnes wheeve elevant,cea tng new foms of actvty whch ae thematc athe than dscpnay n the oentaton, n whch a theme s defed not y content ut y aspect, pespectve o pont of vew oowng ths, Tansatcs posts that tanslaton does not exst ut ocus Tansaton s nehe an ogansm, a physca oect, a sef contaned popety o a pe-exstng ent, nor s t somethng wang around to e made ansacs woud egd questons such as "does tansaon exst? o "what ds ansaton mean?" ecessay The eevant queston woud e "how and why does anslaon happen" o "how and why does tansaton mean what t does"? The shot answe woud e that tansaon s as t s ecause of what t has to do; t happens ecause of he functons t has to seve  human/hmannvolved socet, and t means what t ds y ve of semotc systems and epesentons that realse and nstantate t

 TH TTIC F TTI



Diagram 1 Translatcs-based TSC Mode: Trans at on as TSC as eaoc w  strafed C reasaon sysms and reprenaons

Fundamenay, n Tansacs nsn phenmena are vewed and nerpreted as  phenomena n he frst pace, and ansaton (ereafer T penomena n ther  are vewed and ntrpreted as metseoic  enomena. oowng ths Transat pos thatTSC does not exst bt cc C s not a preexsng eny an organsm a physca object a fcontaned property, or somehng wang arond to  made hs Transa wod regard qesons sch as "does TSC exst? o what es SC mean? nhepf he reevant qeston s how and why does T occr or happen or how and why dsTSC mean? In ths respect e bef answer s that SC occrs becase of what t has to do; t appens ease of he fncons t has to srve n hman/hmaninvoved socey an  means whatt d byvteof connotatve conexa) and denove teta) semotc systems and epresentatons (CS systems and sentaons) atrease and nstanate  systmcay and fnconay  her words, te' content ofTSC d not exst t s eated by he actvty f tsef [t d not mater what t s that one s meanng n T As ong as one means  systcay and fnconay by vrte of CS systms and presentatons hat rease and nstantate TSC one s dong TSC To undestand C as an actvy of meanng thngs byvre of CS systems an representaons that rease and nstanae TSC an ovea TSC s defned n terms of an ovea TSC acvty system of systems and resentaos whereby   ef nto reaty n he overa semoc

ORNA O ER ANAES

sa of TC  s n s sns hat transaton mrgs as TC an n ts u as mtasmot an abstat smo hnomnon rsng n s rs wtn whih CD sstms an rsntatons as h rasng an nstantang smos v an ma mang h n noon of trasaon as  an n ts m as masmots obsrvab n Dagram 1 bow or rvant susson of CDs n Marn's Hjmsan sns s for am Martn 984).

Compaav Noos of Taslao Pocess or urpos o omason n aruar  us now n rata trms ro wth h ommon sours whn shoars ak abou transaon th nrpratons o trasaon n hs rgar on w soon so tha hr ar as man ntrrtatons o ransaton as thr a shoars to nrr t To mnon but a fw s for amCaf or (1965: 20), ao 968 3), Na an abr 99 2), Hatman an tor 19 713) Wss 982 12), Larson 98 3), raw 984 160-) Nwmar 988 2) Pagaa an hub 1988 11), Tour 1995: 56) an Kor 99 96)

O th varous notons o ansaon as oss hat ar ofr b shoars o ma   nrraon o ransaon ross o b Larson 983) as a as n on whh s w unrstoo an atona shar b horss an aonrs ak an t ma b sn o rrsnt h maistam asfr/qvanbas vws of ansaon ross gnra " translaton coiss o asg he eag  of e soue  languag jno th po aguag. Ths s don by gog fom the om o h t aguag o h  o a cond aguag  wa o semani suu 1 j hh js ing ansd and mus e  onan Only h hangs (Lon 8  as a  ogna),

orm maning om

In h abov satmnts ransaon oss s a as a ross whh rstts ts o th foowng fatr hat a harars  i whh transaton oss s  or m sn as ) a kn of ngua ross sa an intrgua ross 2) a gua mang trasr oss sfa an intrngua mang ransr ross from on anguag tratona rrr to as a sour anguag nto anoth angag (ta tona fr o as a ror /argt angag an 3 a sour mang transfr ross n whh a sour mang n a sour x n a sour anguag shou b transfrr no an  onstan (quant) n a rtor/arg t  a to/targt anguag

TH TRANSATICS O TRANSATION



he defined noons of tansaon by he schoas menoned aboe icate fo man feaes of ansation, thogh not a he fo feates ay nessay be shaed by a the defnions, and they can be eatd as foows: 1





4

ansaton s expcty o mpy teated as beng eqaent to tansatng n the snse that t epesents a knd of pocess" o acty fo ssion of transaon and ansatng, fo exampe Be 1991 3 and o 27 2730 ansaton pocess s typcay f not obgatory assocated wth a nd of nga pocess, patcary that of ntenga pocess ansaon pess s sen as a pocess of dong something agan semotcay, be t n the sense of socaed ecodfcaton, e podcton, recreaion, rewodng, ecostctio, ewing o e  expesson  wch ndcates that thee mst hae ben something  occing typcay, a text n a angage befoe anothe thng occs typcay, anothe text in anothe angage Cosy aied to the pont aboe, tansaton pocss s conceed with a pocess of semotc tansfe and change, specfcay n tems of meanng tansfe and fom change fom one peosy occng textto anothe text and typcay m on angage to anotheangag  o possby fm one erbangsc semotc angage to one noneba/nonngstc semoc nonangage o ce esa

 geneay ndesood inteeaon of ansaon pocess as  efected  Lasons statements aboe 19  ca be epesented n a dagram as s shown n agam   beow

iagam a ansfe eqaencebased ntepeaton of tansaton cess d Lason 19 4 Translato process ure anguages

Receptor angages Tansated tet: Reepo ext

ext to be ransaed: Soe et

Disover the meajng

Re-express te Meanng

OA O O AUA

e pons sated eare and those n he dagam aboe can be organsed moe ceay as are obseabe n agram b beo

Traslo oes Lgge  So gge

guge : ret gge Te 2 Tget te (Tro)

Te  Soe te �e ross �ea 

e eg

l- ·�·· t sa/ee

�g :

Mening eexp so

. '

Mei rse

agram 2b ansfer/eaencebased ntepetaton of ransaton pocess ef. arson 1984: 4 f the for enmeaed eatues pesented eae and the pontshonn agams 2a nd 2b aboe here ae to cca commen o be made hee rs, as ar as apped each n ransaon sdes s conceed eferences te s at so fa schoars he hady caed ot any genne nesgaton on socaed "nesemoc tansaton  tansaton om erba/ngstc semoc anguage to noneba/nonngustc semoc nonangage o nguanonnga ansaton  apat om the heoeca recognton o s estence thogh schoas theoreca satemens on the sse hat s theosed has not acta been eased n apped erms As to agrams 2a and 2b aboe, hee s een no eemen that shos the ecognton o s es ence or podes oom o the possb of ts occence  nsaon process Sch anayca constrcts of ransaon pocess are too parta and esced as concepta modes fo genera se n tansaon anayss. Second,  he e hat sees ansaontrasang process as a process o "dong sometng agan semocay" ee adopted one od fnd t dct o epan ransaton acts hat noe semoc texts that are at the partcpants at the same me, c epresent socaed smneous tansaon, n h the concept of "dong someng agan semotcay n te defned sense oud no onge be eeant ha s to sa y concepa expessons sch as text "eceaon" o reepresson, ansaton "sh

 H TRANSLAICS O TRANSATION

27

(e.g meaning shift, realsaon shft), meaning "transr" and reasaton cage" are only applable to ases n whh translaon ats represent multanus ansaon a. They are not applabe to ases n whih aslaton ats represent simultaneous anslation a in whh the texts vlved eah the parpants at the same time as suh that no text an be  and/or nessaiy tread as a prevously ug text (soure xt) n the gven ontext Thus, as far as Dagrams 2a and 2b above are Cerned, the transfer/equvalene·based nterpretatons apparently reresent reduonst nterpretatons of translaton proess, n that raslaon s regardd smply as a kind of lngual proess, spefiall y an rlngual proess of meang ansfer and realsaon/ form hange of a scaled soure text n a soure language n a soalled reeptor/target xt a repr/tagetlanguage, wth all  mplions and onsequenes Sgfanty in ontrast to the transfer/equvalene-based perspetve, t s rt mentionng sholars' hermeneut-based vews of translation  rs repeseng another hl of thought  anslation studies In is Siner (192: x for example ptulates that "translaton is  mplt  r at of omuniaton" (tas as orgal), n eah reeptve and  rdute mode of meanng, "be t  the wdest semo se or n more sefally verbal ehanges" As was pOnted out earler, Shul and Bguenet (92 9) suntly suprt ths by quotng Gadamer suggesting tha" U ats of ommuaton are ats of translaon" and sne "language el  a translaon" and "reading s aready ranslaton, "the at of eeag language through the readng proess onsttutes another form  f anslaon" In oher words, the hermeneuts would regard he "xt to be slated" or soalled "soure xt" n te transfer/equvalenebased aewor as "transation" and they would treat the "translaon" or so  led "target xt" as "ranslaon for the seond tme" or "anslaon of nsaton" In Pazs words: Eah tet is uique, yet at the sae tie it is he tansatio of aothe tet o tet can e coplete oigal ecase laguage itsef is aeady a taslato-fist fo the oea wold and then, ase each sgn and each phase  a tasato of anohe  sign, aothe phase (az 1992; 1).

Te bas nterpretaton of translaton proess assoated wth mmation press i the hermeneut-based framewor whh s reed expltly and mptly n the stamen ave ane elarated adbrought to vew in the form of a diagram as s observabe n Dagram 3below

ONA  MODER ANA

gm : emeneutcssed nerpeton o tnslton pocess

 

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

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Traslaon proces Cmm unan prss st im tanaton/ commnaton prss

Verba/ nonral smt  a an rr t Va/nnral �ot Vrl/nna1 tet . ranslaon o pro txt Tranan  al nnrba wrd 

a1/nva m 2: mayr mayn fr  Vra/nnrbal - -   £   Vral/noneral txt  ranslaton o aslan ann  a nnal tet 

raslaon pc mmnaton pross 2nd m aan! cmmcat oss As Dgm 3 epciy nd mpcy sggess e emenetcssed nepeon o nslon pocesscn ey e desced s folow 1

2

A nson pocess s dened no s  pocess o dscoveng  so cled soce menng n  souce e n  soce nguge nd nseng nd eepessng  nto  soclled ge e n  tge nguge s e nsfe /evencesed pespecve de nes .  s  pocess o emtng d ecevng meng n ve/nonverl comuncon n te st nsnce A nslon process  goly  tofod pocess e fst mo pocess nvolves vel/nonve pocesses o emtng nd eevng menng n  eend-now ve/nonvel semoc wc s edy  nson (e nslon ,  nson o e st me  tnson of  soced 'mgned vel/nonverl wod e nse /eq vencesed ntepetton wo d refe to s emenetcssed sense o on" s n oign/source tex no  nslon e second mjo pocess nvolves ve/onve pocesses o emtng nd ecevng menng n  receted ver/ none semoc wc s  nson o e gven eendnow venone emoc (.e nston 2  nson o  non  ton o e second me e nsfer/euvlene sed nepeon wod efe to ts s  tnson no  nslton o  nlon

THE TRANSLAICS OF RASAnON

9

Followg asacs oto of tasato as SC a  t as etasemotc pesete in Dagam 1 asatcs asc tepetato of aslato pocess s pete  Dagam 4a tat moes a aytcal osct of geeal SC pocess  wc CDSs tat ealse SC pocess  statfe  te fst place e ee fo stafe semotc ealsato of T s stmetal to oe's estag of oe of te ctcal semotc atttes at caacteses semotc, tat s tat semotc as egt  ms of meag a coseqetly also  tems of te system t at makes a ealses meag a wt wc meag also eses, a to ease a cate fo te egt of meag a  ts ocato  te system e s to statfy semotc agam 4a: aslatcs tepetato of taslato pocess Statfe smotc easato pocess of taslato as SC as metasemotc

 Etry po i TSC vese  

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oces: TSC ocss: Mtasmot s

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 omtaiv s mioi:

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

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SK

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Statfed emiot alatio

Di dology  Cutu Stuato eotai v smot; Lua/Noaua

�  Commotat e semt

Di dogy  Culu Stuatio Dotaive semo ua/Noaua

S oss

Wt efeece to Dagam 4a aove, po oes aval a t a ety pot to T vese as to SC pocess oe wol ee to ese wete o ot  semoc kowege esoces SKRs ae taceale fom wc SC eves ts esoces fo meag mag SKR  a astact cocept tat  to maea/omateal ealty  ts west o specfc sese tat teally  ef to fomao a ecomes owege  wateve  ptao t may e clg oes epeece of  l wol g

URAL  MDER ANUAES

ise ino inoaion and ecoing noedge c is in is un poenia y consed io eanng S or aea/nonaeia eaity a urns ise ino nfoaon and ecoes nedge ic is en consrued ino eanng is eaised y and in CDS syses I is a e CDS ees S syse as a easeoc syse nds is epession eey i coes ino eing and eaises ise ino CDS syses In is espec e eaon eteen SC syse and COS syses s oe o seioc eaisaton c is ineseiotic and eica in nae see ou 2004 Te straed seoc eaon p of  pocess noes m and/o ideoogica cuua and suaion seioc pocesses a e CS ee as e as nguisc and/o nonnguisic seioic pocesses a e S ee Speciay in e oca seioc egion a e OS ee e saied CDS pocesses a eaise TSC pocess in ueson ay e eased y and n ngusic and/o noninguisic seioic syses poenias and epesenaions insances n Diagra 4a aoe e seioic eaisaon pocess o TSC pocess a e OS ee a inoes poenia denoae seioics as seioic coices are indicaed y e es "anguage/ nonanguage e epession poenia denoaie seoics ee indicaes a an y denoaie seioic nguage and/o nonanguage is possie o b aken s an enang OS coce o e seioc eaisaon o SC in esion in e gien spaia and epoa seoic ocaion o SC  e one a s acuay aken depends on a SC anaysis o e gien cones Diaga 4 specicay pesens an anayica consc 0 SC pocess in c e poenia denoatie seioic as an enaing OS coce a is acuay aken asa case in poin a eaisesSCpocess a e OS ee is ingustc seioc anguage ic ssysecay specfied as a isaa ingisic syse a copises seancs at deas i eaning eicogaa a deas i odng and ponoogygapoogy a deas i sodg/tng Te anguage a i s possie o e an enang ngisc seioic coice o e seioic easaion o TSC in uesion i e! open fo opng n a i s no speciied In genea oee as a denoaie seoc any anguage jus ike any nonanguage in e nse o noninguisc seioc innsicay as e aiy o ease SC. gain ee o no a paicuar anguage is acuay aen as a seoc coice o eaise a TSC depends on a TSC anayss o e gien cones. o ue discussion o TSC as easeoic see aso Tou (2004

E RANSATICS O RANSLAT ON



Dg 4 satcs tepetao of tasato pocess Stafe oc lsao ps of aslao as 1C as metamotc guage s OS elsato of 

r-, Ey o  ______

ess:

 ess:

Measemi ess

<





ae sem:



m ealsa ss

De elgy  Cle Suat Deae sem guage (Dsuse) sms: xgamma wdg Phlgy Gahogy' sudg/wg

_

SKRs



�  Cmma e sem

De Idelgy ule Sua Dee sem (Dsuse1 sms: Meag ogamma wdg Phgy sdg/wg ess

 ttesemoc coectg les wt o potg aows ae   Dgams 4a a 4 to cate te ymc atu o  pocess  c CDS pocesses tat ealse t move vetcally upwa o owwa  ozotlly sew to te eft o to te gt wc offe a sow ous possle coces of teelatg semotc vaales o te same o t s) ao of te same o ffeet semotc leves   te same  feet semotc egos e semoc vaales ae ot um ee to o e posslty of SC tat s eotatvely ealse y a  oe ove sotc of a pacua  ae  two omo e fo eample by   gustc semotc ate ta olgusc semotc, a  cly volves oly oe lgustc semotc ate ta two o moe  ote wos ee may e a  actwose S lsato s epesete y   laguge ate ta olaguage   volves oly oe laguage te ta wo o moe lagages

2

ORA O MOER AUAES

o su up te pois  Dagas a a b epeseg e asea taser equiaecebase pespece o asato  cotast  tose  Daga  3 represetig e ereeicsbase perpecte a ose  Digras a a b epeseg e raa bae pespecte obsere e abe beo as egas tee crca ers ta ae geeray use  rasatio s es. Tabe : Perspeces o tasao No.

ems geneay used n asaion sdies

1

 sorce

A eoreia o origna term ex commony sed; a ex from wich a eeptor or aget tet o a ranslatio is based o oginated

A ten

o e aen no a heoetica ten, o sed n  model

2

A receptor

A en commony avoded, o ardy or aey ued, oghy 'synonymos wth a t ransaon o a ransao

No equvaet no a heorea em, o sedin SC mde

 em

 tem deined o mean a SC, a metasemiotc ta has no evaet i 1 ad 2 a asaion s a C as a metasemoc, whi does o exs  ocrs wose ouence s reased y ad n  sysems poeals ad ereeaons sanes, ets

or aget

Perspece 1 anse/ equiaence ased

eoetal erm ommony e sed synonymos with a trasation A



 oreia traslao erm as a e] commony used syoymous w a eceor o ta et e a repo uced, eeesed eeaed or reconcted ext a translated te or a seond or foreign tet

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o tems  thee epee 2 Persectie  Hemnets- rasasased based

ommony aoded o hady o raey used oughy Isynoymos w a ransao

commoly used, ogy syonymous wh a so-caled sore or origna ex i e anser / euaence ased sese o te ten "oce or oigia tex

TE TRASATICS OF TRANSLAION



o ae a ceare pcte of SC as metasemotc oe may eed to oo at  strato of a acta  eet ad ow t s anaysed  SC mode  data sow  ae 3 eow ae dered from preosy occng gsc data at were prodced ad reeased y te Press Reease of Bts Emassy  Jaarta o 3 erary 4 ere are adjstmets as to  fot type ad szespace orderg of ypg mer of es  ot � er of paragraps ad te ocato es of te grapcay eed ets Apar from tese adjstmets all oter aspecs of e eosy occrrg grapc tets are mataned as tey were cdg gstc semotc errors of ay d eg errors  speg es gramatcaty areatos etc be 3 Semotc reasato of a SC at te S ee y ad  gsc seocs P4

Jaaa 3 Febay 19

R 

Jakaa, 3 ebai94

BIISH MSSD    MIS C Y

D S IGGIS  MMG  MI MS

e Biis Abassao, M Roe Caic, wi stat e Anna Jaata Mos Motoca Ray fo te Bis Ebassy on Snay e 6 ebay a 08 s

a Besa neis, apa Roe ai aan ebeanaan Ray Mobi Mois anan akata a Keaan Besa neis paa ai Min tana 6 ai p 0830

e Moto Ray w ae e 7  fo e Bs bassy o Seabintana, Sabi Te Ray i onsis of soe 4 Mois . M Mkes an Mois Mino 0's. Nte  e rs Y ae ost weoe o oe is een

Ray Mobi ni beaa 7  ar Keaan Besa Ineis e Seabinana, Sabi Ray ini aan iiki sekta 0 Mos Mni, Mini Mes an Mois Mino 0

 GI DSI Kai ennan ana nk eipt ebeanatan ni

 te SC prmay speaer ares at te etry pot to SC erse as to T process s/e aces e SRs for meag mag  semotc systems d representaos e SC prmary speaers aayss as a metasemotc aayss rests  te semotc coce at s tae  wc te ma wer to mea s reased o te ma power to asate y rte o f e C systems ad represeatos at dsposa  eg te case at te S



JORN OF MODERN LNGUGS

eve Trnsltcs interprets te ingsic dt in Tbe  3 bove s to lingistic semioc representtions instnces exts) in o lngisc semioics (ngges t denottivey rese  pricr nd o TSC event ct representon or instnce Specificly te to ligisc tes n te o lngges bove denottiely reise e TSC event ct representtion o instnce (text n te first plce no o. In oter ords e ngisic d on te ef nd rigt coms represent one SC text one mesemotc ex ic is denovely resed by nd in o ingistic es in o ngges For prcicl esons ths sese of one TSC een s one TSC tex relised by nd n to ing sic exts n to nges my biey be epessed s  on-oneTC ex Ftemore e to ingsic texts n e to lngges simneoy rese te SC ex in t e to reising ngsic exs in e o lngges come o e pricpns n e sme temporl oction of  TSC event o tet nd even so n te sme spi locton) More specficly, s simlneos ingistic semioic reist ion o  SCex is bnglly relsed by nd none Engis et nd one Bs Indoesi BI) e  occr nd grpicy rec te prtcipnts reders) t te sme time (nd even so in e sme pce At te CS leve te biingy relsed TSC text by nd n te sitneosly occrring Englis nd BI exs re connotively relised by nd in e Englis nd Idonesn CS sition, ctrl, ideologc) systems nd representons ic lie bove nd motvte te occrrng Engs nd BI tes. A te CS evel o iepreton  is e Eng ls CS poer tomen in e ngliscone t s determiisic of e Engis  poer to men  te given Engs text  s ypicl ingistc eres is ods tre it e donesn CS poer o men n te ndonesin cone  is deeminisic of te BI DS poer to men n e given B text t s ypic ingistc fees A e TSC evel o nterpreion it is e TSC poer o men in te TSC context ove te Englis nd Idonesin reising contexts  is deermnsc o e TSC e ose occrrence is mde posble by vrte of e occig Engis nd BI exts s e resing es. I e TSC et th is resed by nd n e Engis nd BI tes i is e SC conex t s deermnisc o t nd  not  o men, o o men  d y A Trnsics-bd ntepreion of  TSC penomenon represnted by lngistc dt sc s ose in Tble 3 n c Engis nd BI tets biingly reise  TSC ext od cricly loo t te TSC conext over e Engs nd ndonesn cones of e cring exs  e rst plce In Trnsics one cricl TSC contex vrible  ies behind nd movtes  ct is cled TSC gol, c represents te commnicve need o TSC c Unorntey or resons  spce or d iscorse on this nd oer concepts ithin e rnscs fmeor nd  is SC model of nysis i ve to te plce eseere n some oter orm be 4 beo  st  brief Trnstcsbsed descripion of e SC even bove t smmrises te poins

T TRASATCS OF TRASATON

35

Table 4  system and reprtaon (tc, tex) denotavely reased b ad  linguistc semioc systems and representaons (instances exts)  poi  ivese

io eaisaio esipion o T: Tpe o seioi easaton oie aen a e  eve

esipon o  pe: Tpe o T sse an epesenaion (e) base o pe o seio eaisaion oie aen a

Lings seioi sses an epesenaons (es) as seioi oie o  eaisaton o 

inga : Linga eaise T sse an epesenaion (e)

engis seio sses an epesenaions (es)  seioi oie o  eaisaton o 

neinga : neiga ease  sse an epesenaion (e)

Bingisi seioi sses an epenaions (es) as seoi oie o  easaon o 

Bnga  Bnga eai T sse an epesenaon (e)

EngisB seioi sses an epesenaions (es) as seo oie o  esaion o 

EngisB T: ngisB eaise  sse an epesenaion (e)

 anig   ee

3

oncusion  geera, some crtical aspec and dmensions of translational semioc peomena have een addressed, wthn he confnes of te given spatial ad epol laon of ou foum. It is oped tat wat has een presened  tis paper will cotiute to te development of ranslaion sudies not oy in theoy ut also and no less imporanty n practce and appcaion  tat - as Haliday 185) puts it  "e value of a heoy es in te use a ca e made of it e teoretica underpinig is designed ad eeloped to e an academcaly esponsie and effectve way of no so uc aout wa to mean and w at not to mean as how to mea n and why to ean in our discourse on ansation as regards e vaious aspects and iesions at te teoeical, descriptive explanaory, interpretative ealuative and applied levels of study on the penomena under iesigao.

OUNA  OEN ANAE

In partcla an aempt has been made to intodce ansatcs as  heoy of trasation n which tanslation is ntepreted as  and TSC  its tn is interreted as metasemotc patcay n contrast with th€ manstream tansfe/eqivaence-based and hemenecsbase theoe of tansaton, and to show the seioic reatons o SC as metasemot system and repesentaon on the one hand and artin's jemslevian conotative (contextual) and denotatve textual semotc system an repesenatons on the other he terminology that i heavily semoc and systemc ints orientaton may have ausd problems o nderstanding o reades n geneal especially fo readers who are namiar wih those styes o dscose he necessity for elaborative descrption and urther discsson of the dstinctve aspects and feaes of te theoy and mode o anaysis is obvious Unortnaely, as was ndcated earier partcaly fo easons of spae that necessty n eston canot be met inone go hee and now oweve, the brie desciptons o ranslatcs-based ondatona key oncepts and eates particualy n conrast wih the anstream transer/vaence-based and hermenetcs-based distncve conepts and eatus as a case n pont ae believed to have been adequate toh e task  acheng what this paper s expected o acheve: o inodce rasatcs as a theory o translaon ha ofers an ateate to he mainstream vews crently hed witn tansaon stdies and at the same tme o conb o he broadenng of the academc horions  eaders who are ntersted in translaton stdies as a transdscipinay sdy o transationa semot phenomena win the connes o the gven spatial and tempoal oaon of ou oru

Rfcs Bake M 992 In Other Words: A Coebook on Tranlaion. L  w rk Rg Baker, M. 6 gt & C t C  Cg Paradgs n raatn Suds? e , Gz Arbogast, H, Haer J and See, E. [] Uertzungwncaf m much Tg. G N Veag bngen 9- Baker M 198 troduction Bk,   Makkae, K .. Rout Enyp  ranatn Stu Lndn ad Ne rk udge xi Basn!t S  eeere, . 5 Gra Edo   L Th Trnator' nvty A Htry o ranaton T t   ad New Yk Rtg -  R.T  rnaon an Trnan heory an Practce   Nw Y g G UK t

d Waard,  and Nda, EA. 1986. From Oe Language to Another' Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating Nasve: Neson Faley W 1984 Proegomenon to a Teory of ransaton rawey, W [ed) Translation itera, inguistic, and Philosophical Perspectives. London and Toronto Unversy of Delaware Press. Newark and Assated Unversity Presses 159-75 zer, E 993 Contemporary Translation Theies, onon and New York Routedge Hday, MAK. 985. Sysemc Background Benson J and Greaves, WS eds] Semic Perspectives on Discourse Vol 1: Selected Theoretical apers fom the 9" International Systemic Worksho York Unversty Toronto. Augus 1982. Norwood Abex Pubsng Corporaton -15 alliday M.A 1992 Towards a anguageBased Theory of Learning Symposium on anguage Acquisition Tokyo 3' October 1992. Tokyo ' Poneic Socety of Japan. Haliday, MAK 1993. owars a anguage-based heory of eang Linguistics and ducation A Journa of Lngustcs ad Educaton 5 -16 Ha B 2001 Teaching and Researhing Translation Appied gustcs n Acton Series Essex Pearson Educaon mited Hmes, J5. 1988. van den Broeck,  [ed.) Translated! Papers on terary ranslatioM ad Traslation Studies: A Collection of 10 ssays nd Papers by the e Holmes S [1924  986 [with an ntroduction by van den Broeck, R. [./ Amserdam Edtions odop BV ely, G 979. Te True Inerpreter A History of Translation, Theory and Pratice in the West. Oxford. Bas Backwe d er, W 995. Te Conept of Equvaence and e Obect of Transaton Studes Target An Inteatona ourna o Transaion Studes 72 Amsedam and Piladepia Jon Benjamns Pubsng Company 19-222. Larson, M. 1984 eaning-Based Translation A Guide to Cro-anguage quialence anam Universty Press  Amerca nc. Levy J 1969 ie iterarische Ubersetzug' Theorie einer Kstgattug, rankfurt Atenaum rscer W 1989 odes of te ransaton Process aim and eaty Tget. An Inteatona Joua of Transaton Studes 11 Amsterdam and Padepa John Benjamns Pubsng Company 3-68 arn, J 1984. anguage, egister and Gee Crste,  [ed Children riting Reader Vctoa eakin Unvesity Press 2130

OR Of MODR S Neubert, A. dan Sheve, GM 1994 Forewod "A House of Many Roos: The Rage o raslation Studies Kadishi, D and Massardier-Keney, F (eds} Translation Save: Gnd & Rac in Fnh Wmn' Wing, 783-18 Oho et State Uiversity Pes ii-x az O 1992 rasation Literature and Ltters Scht R and Biguenet, J [eds] Thoi f anslan An Anhology of Eays f Dydn  Dia Chiago and ondon he niversity o Chiago ress Ltd 52-62 Rabassa, G 98 "I This Be reaso ransation and Its ossibiities rawey W (ed] nlaion iay nuiic and Philophical Ppci odo ad oroto Uniersity o eaware ress ewark and Assoiated niersity resses 29 Saory,  968 Th A ofTanlain Londo Jonathan Cape Ltd. Schute, R and Biguenet, J 992 Itrodutio Shute, R ad igueet J ed Tho f Tanlaion: An Anhlgy f ssays fm yn  ida Chago and London The Uniersity o Chiago ress Ltd lID.

Steiner, G 97 Af Babl Aspcs of anag and Tanslain London, ew York and oroto Oxord niersity ress Steier  99 An trodution to inguistis and ransatio Studies Opeing Rears o a Leture or egining Students auer, A, Gerymsh-Abogas, , aer, J and Steiner, E eds  Uzungswinhaf m mh h f Wlfam Wi/s Tubingen Gunter arr Verag 3-8 Tu A 99 Tanslaiona Smic Cmmuniaion A ansdsilna Psci A h Dissertatio, Sydney' Maquare iesity To A  euary 200a owards Transatis A Framework o rasatioa Seioti Comuniation KAAN lS A Jora o nguists r  SS 93-0 Medan Linguistis Aui Assoiatio in Assoiation with igstis epartmet ostgraduate Shoo orth Suatra Uiversty 1-28 Tou AB May 200b Memaknai eaanan Fenomena ransasiona daa erspekti oukasi Semiotik Traasiona JL jn ingk HS) A orna o Lnguistis 2 SS 12-03 Surkarta ostgraduate Shoo Sbeas Maret Uniersity 30 ou A oember 20 Appying CC to EL Edaton in donesia Competny-based ad Genre-based Modes in Cotat ingis Tapan A oual o Appied Linguistis 22 SS 216-139 Meda ostgraduate Shoo Medan State Uniersity 978 Tou AB oveb 2 An SF-inired Fraework o ransation A rasatioa Seiot Conicatio Mode h 1 Asian f Sym uional inguii fdona (I Smna and Wohop akarta State iersity 9 oeber 200 Jakata Idoesian SysteiFuntioa Linguistis Assoiation in Assoiato with the Fauty o Laguages ad Arts Jakarta State Uniersity

TH TRASATICS O TRASLATO

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Tou AB anuary 2007a ransaton 'dan nterpretng daam Kajan ransas NGUE A oua of anguage and teratu 5: SSN 63-384 Medan Centre for anguage and terary Sud Koperts aya  NA  Sumut 6-5. ou. AB anuary 2007b e Queston of ransaton and ransaton Sudes Journal of ode gages 17 SSN 65-56X. A oua of Modern anguages Kuaa umpur acuy of anguages and Lnguisis Unverst Maaya abatan enerbtan Unversit Maaya 5063 1-5

Venu, L. 5  rasators nvisibiity A istory of ranslation ondon and New York outedge ss  8 he cice of ransati Problems ad ethods ubngen Gunter Na Verag