COURSE NO
COURSE NAME
CE - 452
Transportation Engineering Lab 2
Assignment no: - 01 Name of the Assignment: - Flexible & Rigid Pavement.
.
. Date of Perform: Date of Submit:-
18-10-09 Md. Mohiduddin Roll no:- 06.01.03.019 Section: -A 01-11-09 MD. Year: - 4th RAHAT KHAN Roll- no:-06.01.03.033 Semester: 2nd Section: A Session: - 2009,-Fall Year: - 2nd Semester: - 2nd Session: - 2006, Spring
Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for creating me and let me finish this report successfully. I am very much proud to be a student of Civil Engineering Department of AUST. I am deeply grateful to Ms. Ashfia Siddique, Lecturer of CE, AUST and for permitting me to under take this report. I am thankful to her for this most constructive suggestion through class lectures. I would also like to thank Mr. Rezaul Karim, Vice President IEB, and my honorable Thesis supervisor for his suggestions, directions and proper guide lines and also thanks to my friend Md. Zia Uddin Mobarak Bablo for his earnest help. I also express my gratefulness to my parents and my family members who encouraged me all the times. Finally I express thanks to my friends and well wishers.
Content
Page no
1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 2.1 Definition 2.2 Counting Method 2.2.1 Manual Count Method 2.2.2 Automatic Count Method 3. Methodology 4. Data Collection & Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Recommendation 7. References Appendix
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 8 8 8 9
List of Figures Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
– – – – – – –
1: 2: 3: 4 5 6 7
Mechanical Counting Board Electronic Counting Board Automatic Road Tube and Recorder New Market to science Lab % traffic New Market to science Lab % traffic Flow Rate in PCU % ADT vs Time
1. Introduction: Traffic volume studies are conducted to determine the number, movements, and classifications of roadway vehicles at a given location. These data can help identify critical flow time periods, determine the influence of large vehicles or pedestrians on vehicular traffic flow, or document traffic volume trends. The length of the sampling period depends on the type of count being taken and the intended use of the data recorded. For example, an intersection count may be conducted during the peak flow period. If so, manual count with 30-minute intervals could be used to obtain the traffic volume data.
2. Literature Review: A traffic study is conducted to evaluate the transportation system serving an area and to identify any improvements necessary to accommodate existing or projected traffic volumes. The study consists of data collection, including existing traffic volumes and turning movement counts, projected traffic volumes, and the identification of required improvements such as traffic calming devices. Any identified improvements may include a feasibility analysis, including identification of impacted properties, impacted structures, alternate alignments, physical constraints and roadway design criteria to be used. 2.1 Definitions: ADT: Average daily traffic or ADT, and sometimes also mean daily traffic, is the average number of vehicles two-way passing a specific point in a 24-hour period, normally measured throughout a year. ADT is the standard measurement for vehicle traffic load on a section of road, and the basis for most decisions regarding transport planning, or to the environmental hazards of pollution related to road transport. Road authorities have norms based on ADT, with decisions to expand road capacity at given thresholds. AADT: Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. It is the total volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is. It is also sometimes reported as "average annual daily traffic". Hourly Expansion Factor (HEF):
Total 24 hours volume Volume for particular hour
Daily Expansion Factor (DEF):
Avg. total weekly vo lume Avg. volume for particular day
Monthly Expansion Factor (MEF) :
AADT ADT for particular month
2.2 Counting Method: Two methods are available for conducting traffic volume counts: (1) manual and (2) automatic. Manual counts are typically used to gather data for determination of vehicle classification, turning movements, direction of travel, pedestrian movements, or vehicle occupancy. Automatic counts are typically used to gather data for determination of vehicle hourly patterns, daily or seasonal variations and growth trends, or annual traffic estimates. The selection of study method should be determined using the count period. The count period should be representative of the time of day, day of month, and month of year for the study area. 2.2.1 Manual Count Method Most applications of manual counts require small samples of data at any given location. Manual counts are sometimes used when the effort and expense of automated equipment are not justified. Manual counts are necessary when automatic equipment is not available. Manual counts are typically used for periods of less than a day. Normal intervals for a manual count are 5, 10, or 30 minutes. Manual Count Recording Methods: Manual counts are recorded using one of three methods: tally sheets, mechanical counting boards, or electronic counting boards. Tally Sheets: Recording data onto tally sheets is the simplest means of conducting manual counts. The data can be recorded with a tick mark on a pre-prepared field form. A watch or stopwatch is necessary to measure the desired count interval. Mechanical Counting Boards: Mechanical count boards consist of counters mounted on a board that record each direction of travel. Common counts include pedestrian, bicycle, vehicle classification, and traffic volume counts. Typical counters are push button devices with
three to five registers. Each button represents a different stratification of type of vehicle or pedestrian being counted. The limited number of buttons on the counter can restrict the number of classifications that can be counted on a given board. A watch or a stopwatch is also necessary with this method to measure the desired count interval. See Figure - 1 for an example mechanical counting board. Electronic Counting Boards: Electronic counting boards are batteryoperated, hand-held devices used in collecting traffic count data. They are similar to mechanical counting boards, but with some important differences. Electronic counting boards are lighter, more compact, and easier to handle. They have an internal clock that automatically separates the data by time interval. Special functions include automatic data reduction and summary. The data can also be downloaded to a computer, which saves time. See Figure - 2 for an example electronic counting board. There are three steps to a manual traffic volume count: 1. Prepare. Determine the type of equipment to use, the field procedures to follow, and the number of observers required. Label and organize tally sheets. Each sheet should include information about the location, time and date of observation, and weather conditions. 2. Select observer location(s). Observers (data collectors) should be positioned where they have a clear view of traffic and are safely away from the edge of the roadway. 3. Record observations on site. 2.2.2 Automatic Count Method The automatic count method provides a means for gathering large amounts of traffic data. Automatic counts are usually taken in 1-hour intervals for each 24-hour period. The counts may extend for a week, month, or year. When the counts are recorded for each 24-hour time period, the peak flow period can be identified. Automatic Count Recording Methods : Automatic counts are recorded using one of three methods: portable counters, permanent counters, and videotape. Portable Counters: Portable counting is a form of manual observation. Portable counters serve the same purpose as manual counts but with automatic counting equipment. The period of data collection using this method is usually longer than when using manual counts. The portable counter method is mainly used for 24-hour counts. Pneumatic road tubes are used to conduct this method of automatic counts (see Figure 3).
Permanent Counters: Permanent counters are used when long-term counts are to be conducted. The counts could be performed every day for a year or more. The data collected may be used to monitor and evaluate traffic volumes and trends over a long period of time. Permanent counters are not a costeffective option in most situations. Few jurisdictions have access to this equipment. Videotape: Observers can record count data by videotaping traffic. Traffic volumes can be counted by viewing videotapes recorded with a camera at a collection site. A digital clock in the video image can prove useful in noting time intervals. Videotaping is not a cost-effective option in most situations. Few small jurisdictions have access to this equipment.
There are three steps to a traffic volume study using automatic counting equipment: 1. Prepare. Coordinate data activities with appropriate state and local officials. For example, you may need to coordinate traffic control activities. Assemble and inspect tools, supplies, and equipment. Test all equipment. 2. Deploy and calibrate data collection equipment. Provide traffic control to protect workers in lanes of traffic. After the equipment is placed, make sure it is functioning properly. Secure it in place. 3. Check data and retrieve equipment.
3. Methodology: There are two ways of counting system • Long term count • Short term count We use the short term method in this traffic study. This method also divided into two methods • Direct Method. • Indirect method. We use the direct method dummy on the traffic volume study survey. We were divided in two group. One were counting the vehicles which were passing from New Market to Science Lab, and that is group no 1,2,3 from 9 am to 11:30 am and the other group numbered 4,5,6 counted the vehicles which were passing from science lab to new market from 12:00 pm to 2:30 pm.
4. Data Collection & Analysis: •
General Traffic Volume study
Table 1: New Market to science Lab Time 9:009:30 10:0010:30 11:0011:30 Total %
Bus 13
Truck 2
LV 365
AR 129
SPT 0
MC 55
Total 564
17
0
479
181
3
54
734
13
0
373
230
0
29
645
43 2.213 %
2 0.103 %
3 0.154 %
138 7.102 %
1943
F ig : N e w M a rk et to S c ie n c e L a b
1217 540 62.635 27.792 % %
% 29.027 % 37.777 % 33.196 %
B us
Bus
Truc k
Truck
LV
LV
AR
AR
SPT
SPT
MC
MC
Fig: Science Lab To New Market
Table 2: science Lab to new Market Time Bus Truck LV
AR
SPT
MC
12:0012:30 01:0001:30 02:0002:30 Total
24
2
344
169
1
41
Tota l 581
17
0
379
180
0
45
621
26
0
584
252
4
54
920
67
2
1307
601
5
140
212 2
%
3.157 %
0.094 %
61.593 %
28.322 %
0.236 %
6.598 %
% 27.380 % 29.265 % 43.355 %
•
Traffic Volume considering PCU unit Bus = 1.99 Truck = 2.12 Light Vehicle = 1.53 Auto rickshaw = 0.41 Small public transport = 0.51 Motor cycle = 0.03
Table 3: New Market to Science Lab Time Bus Truck LV AR 9:0010:00 10:0011:00 11:0012:00
51.7 4 67.6 6 51.7 4
8.48
1116.9
0
1465.7 4 1141.3 8
0
105.7 8 148.4 2 188.6
Table 4: Science Lab to New Market Time Bus Truck LV AR 12:0095.52 8.48 1052. 138.5 1:00 64 8 1:0067.66 0 1159. 147.6 2:00 74 2:00103.4 0 1787. 206.6 3:00 8 04 4
SPT
MC
Total
%
0
3.3
1286.2
3.06
3.24
0
1.74
1688.1 2 1383.4 6 4357.7 8
29.515 % 38.738 % 31.747 %
SPT 1.02
MC 2.46
0
2.7
4.08
3.24
Total 1298. 7 1377. 7 2104. 48 4780. 88
% 27.164 % 28.817 % 44.019 %
Surface flow rate (New Market to Science Lab) = 1688.12 PCU Surface flow rate (Science Lab to New Market) = 2104.48 PCU % flow rate in PCU (New Market to Science Lab) = 1688 .12 ×100 % = 44 .51 % 1688 .12 + 2104 .48
% flow rate in PCU (Science Lab to New Market) =
2104 .48 ×100 % = 55.49 % 1688 .12 + 2104 .48
New Market to Science Lab
44.51
Science Lab to New Market
55.49
Fig: Flow Rate in PCU
Figure - 6: Flow Rate in PCU Calculation of AADT: 24 hrVolume (Monday) = [PCU
Grp 1
× HEF 9-10 am + PCU
GRP 2
× HEF
10 -11 am
+ PCU
GRP 3
× HEF
11-12 Pm
]
3 1286 .2 ×18 .8 +1688 .12 ×17 .11 +1383 .46 ×18 .52 = 3
= 26228.66 Total 7 day volume = 24 hr volume × DEF = 26228.66 × 7.012 = 183915.3
Monday
Total 7 day volume 7 183915.3 = 7
Average 24 hour volume
=
= 26273.6 AADT = Avg. 24 hr volume × MEF April = 26273.6 × 1.482 = 38937.5 PCU Calculation of ADT: Time 09:00-10:00 10.00-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-01:00 01:00-02:00 02:00-03:00
50.00% % ADT
40.00%
% ADT 29.515% 38.738% 31.747% 27.164% 28.817% 44.019%
% ADT
30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 9.00 - 10.00
10.00 11.00
11.00 12.00
12.00 - 1.00 1.00 - 2.00 Time
Fig: %ADT vs Time
2.00 - 3.00
Figure - 7: % ADT vs Time 5. Conclusion: The results of the first post-study indicate that the traffic volume within the neighborhood has generally improved. We determined the vehicle proportion of these roads and also to understand what is the tidal flow occurs. Though we have done the survey manually there is possibility of some mistakes which were not done intentionally. It would be more accurate if video camera is used. Basically the survey time recommended is 24 hours but it is not possible. So we convert 30 minutes survey to 1 hour survey. Because it provides effective and helpful information, so such information is needed for traffic system improvement in our country. 6. Recommendation: The traffic survey can be efficiently used for traffic monitoring, traffic control & management, traffic enforcement, traffic forecasting, model calibration and validation. The result of the study indicates that traffic control system have to improve as well as using canalization, signal, sign etc. The survey data & result may be used for further future survey. 7. References: http://www.orangecountyfl.net/cms/DEPT/pw/traffic/default.htm http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/LTAP/Tech_News/2004/novdec/data_collection.htm
APPENDIX
Monthly Expansion Factor Month MEF January 1.756 February 1.976 March 1.635 April 1.482 May 1.395 June 0.948 July 0.578 August 0.521 September 0.632 October 0.948 November 1.186 December 1.355
