Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacijee Sorte i Pasmine Dalmacije

Impresum Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije Nakladnik Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj Za nakladnika Sandra Vlašić Louisa Vinton Sunakladnici Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode Javna ustanova ‘’Nacionalni park Krka’’ Zadarska županija Javna ustanova ReraSD za koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko - dalmatinske županije Dubrovačko - neretvanska županija Glavni i odgovorni urednici Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Autori Roman Ozimec Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Edi Maletić Zdravko Matotan Frane Strikić

Recenzenti Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger Veliku zahvalnost dugujemo iznimnom prirodoslovcu Martinu Schneideru (1956.–2012.) koji je svojim stručnim komentarima i savjetima sudjelovao u recenziji ove knjige. Martin Schneider bio je jedan od rijetkih biologa koji je još prije trideset godina upozoravao na ulogu i važnost tradicijskih sorti i pasmina u zaštiti prirode. Lektura Juliette Janušić Prijevod i lektura engleskog teksta Graham McMaster Autori fotografija Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan, Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić, Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar, Stanislav Štambuk Oblikovanje i priprema za tisak Kudos studio Idejno rješenje naslovnice Krešimir Kraljević

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T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E

Publication details Traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia Publisher United Nations Development Programme For the publisher Sandra Vlašić Louisa Vinton Co-publishers State Institute for Nature Protection Public Institution Krka National Park Zadar County Public Institution ReraSD for coordination and development of Split-Dalmatia County Dubrovnik-Neretva County Editors in-chief Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Authors Roman Ozimec Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Edi Maletić Zdravko Matotan Frane Strikić

Reviewers Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger We are greatly indebted to the outstanding naturalist Martin Schneider (1956-2012), who made a significant contributing to the reviewing of this book with his wellinformed comments and suggestions. Martin Schneider was one of the few biologists to draw attention, as long as thirty years ago, to the role and importance of traditional varieties and breeds in nature protection. Copy editing Juliette Janušić English translation and editing Graham McMaster Photographs by Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan, Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić, Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar, Stanislav Štambuk Design and prepress Kudos studio Original idea for the cover Krešimir Kraljević


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Ilustracija naslovnice Vedran Klemens Tisak Tiskara Zelina d.d. Naklada 1 000 primjeraka Priprema knjige u cijelosti je financirana od strane Programa Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-a) u Hrvatskoj i Globalnog fonda za okoliš (GEF-a), a u okviru provedbe COAST projekta (Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast through Greening Coastal Development – Project ID 00050301 PIMS 2439). Tisak publikacije financijski su potpomogli Javna ustanova „Nacionalni park Krka“, Zadarska županija, Javna ustanova ReraSD za koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija.

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Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP) svjetska je mreža UN-a za razvoj, organizacija koja zagovara promjene i povezivanje država sa znanjem, iskustvom te potencijalima kako bi se građanima omogućilo izgraditi bolji život. Djeluje u 177 država pomažući im da nađu vlastita rješenja za izazove globalnog i nacionalnog razvoja. Razvojem lokalnih kapaciteta

te se države oslanjaju na mrežu UNDP-ovih stručnjaka i širok raspon partnera. U ovoj publikaciji iznesena su mišljenja autora i nužno ne predstavljaju službeno stajalište UNDP-a. Umnožavanje ove publikacije ili njezinih dijelova u bilo kojem obliku, kao i distribucija, nisu dozvoljeni bez prethodnog pisanog odobrenja nakladnika. ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5 CIP zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 000901673.

Cover illustration Vedran Klemens Printing Tiskara Zelina d.d. Print order 1 000 copies The preparation of this book was fully financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Croatia and Global Environment Fund (GEF), as part of the COAST project (Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast through Greening Coastal Development – Project ID 00050301 PIMS 2439). The printing of this publication was financially supported by: Public Institution Krka National Park, Zadar County, Public Institution ReraSD for coordination and development of SplitDalmatia County and Dubrovnik-Neretva County.

UNDP is a world-wide UN network for development, an organisation that champions changes and the connecting of states with the knowledge, experience and potentials to enable their citizens to build at better life. It is at work in 177 states, helping them to find their own solutions for the challenges of global and national development. With the development of local capacities, the states can draw on the network of UNDP experts and a wide range of partners.

The opinions of the authors stated in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of UNDP. Reproduction of this publication or parts of it in any form and distribution of the same are not permitted without prior written approval from the publisher. ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5 CIP file available in the digital catalogue of the National Library in Zagreb, file number 000901673.


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Sadržaj/Contents Sadržaj/Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Predgovor (undp) / Foreword (undp)................................................................................ 12 Predgovor (dzzp) / Foreword (sinp)...................................................................................... 14 A tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije/ traditional varieties and breeds of dalmatia opći dio/ general part (R. Ozimec) ................................................................................ 16 A.1. Povijesne i geografske osnove Dalmacije/Historical and geographical foundations of Dalmatia ......................................................... 18 A.2. Geološka, hidrogeomorfološka i krajobrazna podloga Dalmacije/Geological, hydrological, geomorphological and landscape background of Dalmatia ................................................................. 24

72

A.11. Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske/ A physicogeographical ID of Dalmatia and Croatia ..........................

78

Literatura/References ....................................................................................................... 82 B tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije Specijalni dio ............................................................................................................................................. 86 Maslina (F.Strikić) .................................................................................................................................. 88 Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije .................................................................... 96

A.3. Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije/Climate and vegetation in Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 30

Bjelica ....................................................................................................................................................... 98

A.4. Stanišna i biološka raznolikost Dalmacije/ Habitat and biological diversity in Dalmatia ........................................................................... 36

Crnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 102

A.5. Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji/ Development of agriculture in Dalmatia .................................................................................................. 42 A.6. Genetička osnova i nastanak sorti i pasmina Dalmacije/ Genetic foundation and origin of varieties and breeds in Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 48

Buharica ................................................................................................................................................ 100 Drobnica ............................................................................................................................................... 104 Karbunčela ......................................................................................................................................... 106 Krvavica ................................................................................................................................................. 108 Lastovka ................................................................................................................................................ 110 Levantinka .......................................................................................................................................... 112

A.7. Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije/ Legislative background for varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ............................ 54

Lumbardeška ................................................................................................................................... 114

A.8. Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i važnost njenog očuvanja/ Overall agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia and the importance of its preservation ............................................................................... 60

Dužica ...................................................................................................................................................... 120

A.9. Povijesni pregled istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti Dalmacije/ Historical survey of research into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia ................................................................................... 66

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A.10. Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda/ Varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, the foundation of traditional products .........................................................................................................


Oblica ....................................................................................................................................................... 116 Grozdača ............................................................................................................................................... 121 Jeruzalemka ....................................................................................................................................... 122 Kosmača ................................................................................................................................................ 123 Murgulja ................................................................................................................................................ 124

Paštrica .................................................................................................................................................... 125

Maraština .............................................................................................................................................. 180

Piculja ....................................................................................................................................................... 126

Mladenka ............................................................................................................................................. 182

Sitnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 127

Muškat ruža ...................................................................................................................................... 184

Uljarica .................................................................................................................................................... 128

Ninčuša .................................................................................................................................................. 186

Velika lastovka ................................................................................................................................. 129

Palagružanka bijela ..................................................................................................................

Brindićanka ........................................................................................................................................ 130

Petovka ................................................................................................................................................... 190

Divljaka ................................................................................................................................................... 130

Plavac mali ......................................................................................................................................... 192

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 131

Plavina ....................................................................................................................................................

188

194

Pošip bijeli .......................................................................................................................................... 196 Vinova loza (J. Karoglan Kontić & E. Maletić) ........................................................ 132 Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 140

Prč ................................................................................................................................................................ 198 Vlaška ......................................................................................................................................................

200

Babica ........................................................................................................................................................ 142

Vugava bijela .................................................................................................................................... 202

Babić ........................................................................................................................................................... 144

Zlatarica blatska ........................................................................................................................... 204

Bogdanuša ............................................................................................................................................ 146

Zlatarica vrgorska ....................................................................................................................... 206

Bratkovina bijela ........................................................................................................................... 148

Žilavka ..................................................................................................................................................... 208

Cetinka ..................................................................................................................................................... 150

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................ 210

Cipar ........................................................................................................................................................... 152 Crljenak kaštelanski .................................................................................................................. 154

Voćne kulture (F. Strikić, dijelom R.Ozimec) ........................................................ 212

Crljenak viški .................................................................................................................................... 156

Žižula (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................... 220

Debit ........................................................................................................................................................... 158

Domaća žižula............................................................................................................................ 222

Dobričić .................................................................................................................................................. 160

Rogač........................................................................................................................................................... 224

Drnekuša ............................................................................................................................................... 162

Komiški ............................................................................................................................................ 226

Gegić ........................................................................................................................................................... 164

Šipanski ........................................................................................................................................... 227

Glavinuša ............................................................................................................................................... 166

Puljiški .............................................................................................................................................. 228

Grk ................................................................................................................................................................ 168

Boglić .................................................................................................................................................. 229

Krstičevica ............................................................................................................................................ 170

Medunac ......................................................................................................................................... 229

Kujundžuša ......................................................................................................................................... 172

Šipak ........................................................................................................................................................... 230

Lasina ........................................................................................................................................................ 174

Barski slatki ................................................................................................................................. 232

Ljutun ....................................................................................................................................................... 176

Dubrovački kasni .................................................................................................................. 233

Malvasija dubrovačka .............................................................................................................. 178

Glavaš ................................................................................................................................................. 234


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Konjski zub .................................................................................................................................. 235

Gorka naranča (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................... 272

Sladun ............................................................................................................................................... 236

Bajam ......................................................................................................................................................... 274

Zamorski ........................................................................................................................................ 237

Čarski kasni ................................................................................................................................ 276

Slatki tankokorac .................................................................................................................. 238

Knez črnomir ............................................................................................................................. 277

Šerbetaš ........................................................................................................................................... 239

Princeza smokvička ............................................................................................................ 278

Karaderviš ..................................................................................................................................... 240

Smokvički polumekiš ....................................................................................................... 279

Mojdeški krupnozrni ........................................................................................................ 240

Sutivanski ...................................................................................................................................... 279

Šipak crnog zuba ................................................................................................................... 241

Župski ................................................................................................................................................ 280

Murva (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................... 242

Nešpola (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ................................................................................. 282

Domaća crna i bijela murva ...................................................................................... 244

Domaća krupna nešpola ............................................................................................... 284

Smokva .................................................................................................................................................... 246

Oskoruša .(F. Strikić & R. Ozimec).............................................................................. 286

Bjelica ................................................................................................................................................ 248

Domaća oskoruša ................................................................................................................. 288

Petrovača bijela ....................................................................................................................... 249

Trešnja ...................................................................................................................................................... 290

Šaraguja ........................................................................................................................................... 250

Tugarka ............................................................................................................................................ 292

Termenjača .................................................................................................................................. 251

Gomilička ...................................................................................................................................... 293

Zamorčica ...................................................................................................................................... 252

Stonska ............................................................................................................................................. 294

Bružetka crna ............................................................................................................................ 253

Stonska duge peteljke ...................................................................................................... 295

Vodenjača ...................................................................................................................................... 253

Višnja maraska ................................................................................................................................ 296

Crnica ................................................................................................................................................ 254

Brač-2 ................................................................................................................................................. 298

Petrovača crna .......................................................................................................................... 255

Brač-6 ................................................................................................................................................. 299

Zimica ................................................................................................................................................ 256

Poljička ............................................................................................................................................. 300

Zlatna smokva .......................................................................................................................... 257

Recta ................................................................................................................................................... 301

Četrun (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) .................................................................................... 258

Sokoluša .......................................................................................................................................... 302

Domaći četrun ......................................................................................................................... 260

Pendula ............................................................................................................................................ 303

Limun (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 262

Visulja ................................................................................................................................................ 303

Mandarina ............................................................................................................................................ 264

Vodica ................................................................................................................................................ 304

Zorica rana ................................................................................................................................... 266

Jabuka (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 306

Naranča ................................................................................................................................................... 268

Žrnovska ......................................................................................................................................... 308

Kuparka ........................................................................................................................................... 270

Tršlja (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 310

Katarinka ....................................................................................................................................... 271

Domaća tršlja ............................................................................................................................ 312 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 314

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Povrtnice (Z. Matotan, dijelom R.Ozimec) ................................................................ 316

Domaći bob ................................................................................................................................. 354

Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 322

Grah (R. Ozimec) .......................................................................................................................... 356

Dinja (R. Ozimec) ........................................................................................................................ 324

Grah rogač .................................................................................................................................... 356

Paška dinja ................................................................................................................................... 324

Sjekirica .................................................................................................................................................. 358

Artičoka .................................................................................................................................................. 326

Domaća sjekirica ................................................................................................................... 358

Hvarska artičoka .................................................................................................................... 326

Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 360

Endivija ................................................................................................................................................... 328

Domaći krupnozrni slanutak .................................................................................. 360

Dalmatinska kopica ........................................................................................................... 328

Rajčica ...................................................................................................................................................... 362

Salata .......................................................................................................................................................... 330

Šibenski šljivar ......................................................................................................................... 362

Dalmatinska ledenka ........................................................................................................ 330

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 364

Brokula .................................................................................................................................................... 332 Župski kavulin .......................................................................................................................... 332

Ratarske i krmne kulture (R.Ozimec) ........................................................................ 366

Cvjetača ................................................................................................................................................... 334

Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 378

Trogirska srednje rana cvjetača ............................................................................. 334

Agava .......................................................................................................................................................... 380

Kupus (R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................................................... 336

Pitomi broć........................................................................................................................................... 382

Sinjski kupus .............................................................................................................................. 336

Domaći pitomi broć ........................................................................................................... 382

Žegarski kupus ........................................................................................................................ 338

Buhač ......................................................................................................................................................... 384

Raštika ...................................................................................................................................................... 340

Dalmatinski buhač .............................................................................................................. 384

Domaća raštika ....................................................................................................................... 340

Brnistra .................................................................................................................................................... 386

Blitva (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................................................................... 342

Djetelina rumena ......................................................................................................................... 388

Domaća blitva .......................................................................................................................... 342

Leća ............................................................................................................................................................. 390

Češnjak .................................................................................................................................................... 344

Domaća leća ............................................................................................................................... 390

Ljubitovački češnjak .......................................................................................................... 344

Lucerka .................................................................................................................................................... 392

Polački ozimi češnjak ....................................................................................................... 346

Mediteranska lucerka ....................................................................................................... 392

Kozjak ....................................................................................................................................................... 348

Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 394

Domaća ljutika ........................................................................................................................ 348

Domaći sitnozrni slanutak ......................................................................................... 394

Luk ................................................................................................................................................................ 350

Vučika bijela ...................................................................................................................................... 396

Dolačka kapulica ................................................................................................................... 350

Dalmatinska bijela vučika ........................................................................................... 396

Konavljanska kapula (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................... 352

Duhan ....................................................................................................................................................... 398

Bob ............................................................................................................................................................... 354

Ravnjak ............................................................................................................................................. 398


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Duhan kržak ...................................................................................................................................... 400 Ružić ................................................................................................................................................... 400

Aromatično, začinsko, ljekovito, medonosno, ukrasno i samoniklo jestivo bilje (R.Ozimec) ................................................................................ 428

Krumpir .................................................................................................................................................. 402

Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 438

Počiteljka ........................................................................................................................................ 402

Smrič obični ....................................................................................................................................... 440

Škuljevac ......................................................................................................................................... 404

Smilje ......................................................................................................................................................... 442

Ječam obični ...................................................................................................................................... 406

Indijska smokva ............................................................................................................................. 444

Domaći višeredni ječam ................................................................................................ 406

Kapar .......................................................................................................................................................... 446

Kostrika perasta ............................................................................................................................. 408

Riga .............................................................................................................................................................. 448

Kršin primorski .............................................................................................................................. 410

Dubrovačka riga ..................................................................................................................... 448

Kukuruz .................................................................................................................................................. 412

Divlja riga .............................................................................................................................................. 450

Domaći tvrdunac .................................................................................................................. 412

Lovor .......................................................................................................................................................... 452

Oštrica primorska ....................................................................................................................... 414

Oštrolisna šparoga ...................................................................................................................... 454

Pir pravi ................................................................................................................................................... 416

Mirta ........................................................................................................................................................... 456

Domaći pir .................................................................................................................................... 416

Ilirska perunika .............................................................................................................................. 458

Pšenica tvrda brkulja ................................................................................................................ 418

Sunovrat žuti ..................................................................................................................................... 460

Dalmatinska tvrda brkulja .......................................................................................... 418

Župski žuti sunovrat ......................................................................................................... 460

Raž ................................................................................................................................................................ 420

Komorač ................................................................................................................................................. 462

Domaća raž .................................................................................................................................. 420

Matar .......................................................................................................................................................... 464

Sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................................................ 422

Bosiljak .................................................................................................................................................... 466

Domaći sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................. 422

Murtela ............................................................................................................................................. 466

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 424

Kadulja ljekovita ............................................................................................................................ 468 Primorska kadulja ................................................................................................................ 468 Lavandin ................................................................................................................................................ 470 Budrovka ........................................................................................................................................ 470 Ružmarin ............................................................................................................................................... 474 Uspravni ružmarin .............................................................................................................. 474 Primorski vrisak ............................................................................................................................ 476 Planika ..................................................................................................................................................... 478 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 480

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Domaće životinje (R.Ozimec) .................................................................................................. 484 Prikaz najvažnijih pasmina Dalmacije ............................................................. 492

C tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije sažetak / summary (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 538

Konj ............................................................................................................................................................. 494 Dalmatinski bušak .............................................................................................................. 494 Magarac .................................................................................................................................................. 496 Primorsko-dinarski magarac ................................................................................... 496 Govedo ..................................................................................................................................................... 500 Buša ...................................................................................................................................................... 500 Sivo dalmatinsko govedo .............................................................................................. 504 Ovca ............................................................................................................................................................ 506

D tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije Prilozi/ Annexes .................................................................................................................................

550

Popis vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, tradicijskih sorti i pasmina Dalmacije / The list of species,subspecies, hybrids, traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ...................................................................................... 552 Kazalo vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, sorti i pasmina / The index of species, subspecies, hybrids, varieties and breeds ....................................

573

Dalmatinska pramenka .................................................................................................. 506 Dubrovačka ruda ................................................................................................................... 508 Paška ovca ..................................................................................................................................... 510 Koza ............................................................................................................................................................. 512 Hrvatska šarena koza ....................................................................................................... 512 Hrvatska bijela koza .......................................................................................................... 516 Svinja .......................................................................................................................................................... 518 Šiška ..................................................................................................................................................... 518 Pas ................................................................................................................................................................. 520 Dalmatinski pas ...................................................................................................................... 520 Tornjak ............................................................................................................................................. 522 Kokoš ......................................................................................................................................................... 524 Dalmatinska kokoš ............................................................................................................. 524 Puran .......................................................................................................................................................... 526 Dalmatinski puran .............................................................................................................. 526 Golub ......................................................................................................................................................... 528 Dalmatinska zimovka ...................................................................................................... 528 Medna pčela ....................................................................................................................................... 530 Mediteranska siva pčela ................................................................................................. 530 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 534


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Predgovor (undp) Drago čitateljstvo, Ujedinjeni narodi čuveni su po svojoj nepristranosti te se nadam da moj status bivše šefice Programa Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj u Hrvatskoj neće biti ugrožen kada kažem da je Dalmacija najljepše mjesto u ovoj zemlji nebrojenih čuda. Od prvog pogleda na more koje blista među stijenama i grmolikim raslinjem kada se spuštate od tunela Sveti Rok, krajolik je jedinstven te brzo primijetite da su takve i biljke i životinje, kultura i tradicija, hrana i glazba, čak i jezik i smisao za humor koji su tijekom stotina godina nastajali u ovom surovom okruženju. Ponosna sam što će UNDP podijeliti s vama iscrpan pregled poljoprivredne bioraznolikosti Dalmacije, ilustriran fotografijama koje pokazuju impresivnu raskoš ove regije. Knjiga je osmišljena kako bi se čitatelji upoznali s bogatstvom i raznolikošću prirode u Dalmaciji. Međutim, ona nije samo za gledanje unatoč izvanrednim fotografijama. Također, nije izričito ni znanstvena studija, iako se temelji na ozbiljnim istraživanjima. Ona je više od toga, to je poziv na zaštitu, revitalizaciju i promociju tradicijskih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životinja zbog kojih je Dalmacija tako raznolika i jedinstvena regija – i nad koju se sada nadvila prijetnja industrijalizirane poljoprivrede i klimatskih promjena.

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Ova opsežna publikacija pripremljena je uz potporu UNDP-a kao dio šireg, sedam milijuna dolara vrijednog projekta, koji je u razdoblju od 2006. do 2013. godine iznjedrio više od 100 zelenih poslova u Dalmaciji. Vodili smo se idejom stvaranja modela za obiteljska gospodarstva koji će uključivati tri cilja: očuvanje prirodnog okoliša i zaštitu bioraznolikosti, stvaranje održivih životnih uvjeta za lokalne poljoprivrednike kako bi se usporilo iseljavanje, te njegovanje specifičnih dalmatinskih tradicija, krajolika, hrane i kulture. Za regiju blagoslovljenu stotinama kilometara obale i kristalno čistim Jadranskim morem, zeleno poduzetništvo je trajnija alternativa “suncu i moru” kao glavnom turističkom adutu.

uzgojene masline, grožđe, smokve, višnje, ljekovito i začinsko bilje, posebno ako su ekološkog porijekla.

Na tim je temeljima i nastala knjiga Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije. Uz potporu UNDP-a, lokalni su poljoprivrednici među ostalim vratili u život autohtone vinske sorte grk i palagružanka, maslinu sorte krvavica i govedo bušu. Ovi napori nisu bili vođeni isključivo nostalgijom ili jednostavnom željom da se zaštite ugrožene sorte i pasmine osuđene na polagano izumiranje. Također su bili prisutni jaki gospodarski razlozi. Kao prvo, autohtone sorte i pasmine su otpornije i manje zahtjevne za uzgoj od komercijalnih i uvoznih kultivara i vrsta te su bolje prilagođene ekstremnim vremenskim uvjetima kao nesretnoj posljedici klimatskih promjena. Drugo, autohtone sorte i pasmine mogu dati vrhunske proizvode namijenjene kupcima koji cijene izvorne dalmatinske brendove. Naše je iskustvo pokazalo kako su kupci spremni platiti više za lokalno

Mi u UNDP-u se nadamo kako će ova publikacija poduprijeti zelenu viziju razvoja Dalmacije: onu koja će omogućiti napredak istovremeno čuvajući njezine prekrasne panoramske vidike– stada ovaca na ispaši koja su i zaslužna za ime Dalmacija još od vremena Ilira, maslinike i vinograde te jasan pogled na kamen i more – koje ostavlja neizbrisiv trag u umu i srcu svakog posjetitelja.

Bez sumnje, jedna je Dalmacija, no modeli zelenog poduzetništva uspostavljeni s lokalnim partnerima kroz projekt UNDP-a daju nadu svim regijama jedinstvenih ekosustava i prepoznatljivog lokalnog kolorita. Katalogizacija autohtonih sorti i pasmina koje određuju regiju samo je jedan od koraka prema njezinom zelenom razvoju, a ako će pomoći žiteljima i donositeljima odluka u razumijevanju važnosti nezamjenjivih prirodnih bogatstava koja ih okružuju, takav popis može biti i ključan poticaj za njihovo očuvanje i zaštitu.

Louisa Vinton Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u Hrvatskoj od 2010. do 2014. Sadašnja Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u Bivšoj Jugoslavenskoj Republici Makedoniji

Foreword (undp) Dear readers, The United Nations is renowned for its impartiality in world affairs, so I hope that it will not compromise my status as the former head of the UN Development Programme in Croatia to assert that Dalmatia is the most wondrous location in this country of uncountable wonders. From the first glimpse of the sea glistening among the rocks and scrub when you descend from the Sveti Rok tunnel, the landscape is unique and so, you soon realize, are the plants and animals, the culture and tradition, the cuisine and the music, even the language and sense of humor that have emerged over centuries in these rugged surroundings. It is with great pride that we at UNDP share with you this comprehensive inventory of the agricultural biodiversity of Dalmatia, illustrated with photographs that convey the breathtaking grandeur of the region. This book is designed to convey the richness and diversity of the Dalmatian natural environment to readers. But this is not just a coffee table book, however stunning the photos. And it is not just an academic study, however rigorous the science behind it. More than that, it is a call to action to protect, revitalize and promote the traditional varieties of crop plants and the breeds of domestic animals, that have made Dalmatia such a diverse and unique region – and that now face the threat of competition from industrialized agriculture and the ominous shadow of climate change.

This comprehensive publication was prepared with UNDP’s support as part of a broader USD 7-million project, which in the period from 2006-2013 helped create more than 100 “green businesses” in Dalmatia. The thinking here was to create a model for family businesses that would combine three goals: preserving the natural environment and protecting biodiversity; generating sustainable livelihoods for local farmers, and thus slowing outward migration; and cultivating specifically Dalmatian traditions, landscapes, cuisine and culture. For a region blessed with hundreds of kilometres of coastline and crystal-clear Adriatic waters, “green business” was also viewed as a more durable alternative to generic “sun and fun” tourism. Traditional varieties and breeds featured largely in this effort. With UNDP’s support, local farmers worked to reintroduce the Grk and Palagružanka grape varieties, the Krvavica olive variety and the Buša breed of cattle, just to name a few. These efforts were not driven by nostalgia, or by a simple desire to protect endangered varieties and breeds from the slow march to extinction. There were strong economic reasons, too. First, indigenous varieties and breeds tend to be more resilient and less resource-intensive than commercial and imported cultivars and species, and they are better suited to withstand the weather extremes that are an unhappy consequence of climate change. Second, native sorts and breeds can yield premium products that appeal to consumers seeking

distinctively Dalmatian brands. Our experience has shown that people are willing to pay more for genuinely local olives, grapes, figs, cherries and herbs, especially when they have an organic pedigree. There is only one Dalmatia, of course. But the green models established with local partners through the UNDP project hold great promise for any region with its own distinct ecosystem and its own distinct local character. Cataloguing the native varieties and breeds that define a region is just one step in building a rationale for a greener approach to development. But it if helps residents and policy makers alike to understand the irreplaceable natural treasures around them, such an inventory can serve as a crucial impulse to protection and preservation. Our hope at UNDP is that this publication will support a green vision of development for Dalmatia: one that brings prosperity while preserving the vistas – the grazing sheep that gave Dalmatia its name in Illyrian times, the olive groves and vineyards, the stark views of stone and sea – that leave such an indelible trace in the mind and heart of any visitor. Louisa Vinton,

UNDP Resident Representative in Croatia 2010-2014 Current UNDP Resident Representative in FYR Macedonia


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Predgovor (dzzp)

Veći dio bioraznolikosti kakvu danas nalazimo u Europi nastala je međudjelovanjem prirode i čovjeka. Danas je ruralni prostor Hrvatske suočen s depopulacijom, a time i gubitkom tradicijskih poljoprivrednih djelatnosti, što rezultira gubitkom tradicijskih, izvornih i udomaćenih, sorti i pasmina diljem cijele Hrvatske pa tako i na području Dalmacije. Te su pasmine i sorte najčešće nastale u lokalnim uvjetima, mijenjajući se tijekom stoljeća kako ih je čovjek birao i prilagođavao svojim potrebama, te su kao takve vrijedan izvor genetičke raznolikosti. S druge strane, već se desetljećima borimo protiv promjena u tradicionalnom, ruralnom krajobrazu, prije svega planinskih i otočnih pašnjačkih površina, gdje su izvorne pasmine savršeno oruđe za očuvanje prirodnih staništa i karakterističnih kulturnih krajobraza budući da su bolje prilagođene staništu od suvremenih, visokoprinosnih pasmina. Nažalost, upravo je ekonomski manja isplativost tradicijskih pasmina i sorti jedan od glavnih razloga njihovog nestanka, kao rezultat promjena u poljoprivrednoj praksi i zahtjeva suvremenog tržišta. Svjestan potrebe očuvanja izvornih i udomaćenih pasmina i sorti te njihove važnosti u ukupnoj bioraznolikosti, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode izdao je 2011. godine Zelenu knjigu izvornih pasmina Hrvatske, publikaciju koja na opsežan način obrađuje važnost tradicijskih pasmina u modernom društvu. Na jednom mjestu sažet je prikaz domestikacije, rasprostranjenosti, tradicijske uporabe i izvornosti domaćih životinja, njihov utjecaj na okoliš, krajobraze, staništa i bioraznolikost, kao i analiza te

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procjena ugroženosti svake pojedine pasmine. Također, donosi i pregled izumrlih i nedovoljno poznatih pasmina, što predstavlja i biokulturološko bogatstvo naše zemlje. Na tragu te edicije, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode priprema i publikaciju o izvornim sortama vinove loze u Hrvatskoj. Ova knjiga, koja obrađuje tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, predstavlja važan dio u inventarizaciji postojećeg stanja u Dalmaciji kao regiji s iznimno bogatom bioraznolikosti te približavanju važnosti tradicijskih pasmina i sorti široj javnosti. Na sveobuhvatan način donosi informacije o svim pasminama domaćih životinja te vrstama i sortama kultiviranih biljaka koje su se pokazale važnima za život čovjeka kroz stoljeća na ovom prostoru. Stoga sam siguran da će se pokazati kao neprocjenjiv dodatak svakoj biblioteci koja cijeni Dalmaciju, izvornost, tradiciju i bioraznolikost.

Matija Franković, ravnatelj Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode

Foreword (sinp)

Most of the biodiversity to be found in Europe today was created by way of interaction between man and nature. Today the rural space of Croatia is faced with depopulation, and accordingly with the loss of traditional farming, which has in turn resulted in the loss of traditional landraces, plant and animal, throughout Croatia, and no less so in Dalmatia. These breeds and varieties were created in local conditions, changing over the centuries as people selected them and adjusted them to their needs. They are thus a valuable source of genetic diversity. On the other hand, we have for decades been combating changes in the traditional rural landscape, above all in the pasturelands of the mountains and islands, in which the landraces are a perfect tool for the preservation of the natural habitats and the characteristic cultural landscapes, for they are better adjusted to such pastures than contemporary high-yielding breeds. Unfortunately, it is the lower profitability of the traditional breeds and varieties that is one of the main reasons for their disappearance, consequent upon changes in farming practice and the demands of the contemporary market. Very conscious of the need to preserve indigenous and domesticated breeds and varieties, and of their importance in overall biodiversity, the State Institute for the Protection of Nature issued in 2011 its Green Book of Landraces of Croatia, a publication that gave extensive coverage to the importance of the traditional breeds in modern society. In a single place there is a succinct review of the domestication, distribution, traditional use and indigenousness of domestic animals,

their effect on the environment, on landscapes, habitats and biodiversity. Also contained was an analysis and evaluation of the threat to each individual breed. In addition it gives a survey of extinct and insufficiently wellknown breeds, indicating something of the biocultural richness of the country. Following up this edition, the State Institute for the Protection of Nature is preparing a publication of indigenous grape vines in Croatia. This book, which deals with the traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia is an important part in the effort to inventory the existing state of affairs in Dalmatia, a region that is extremely rich in terms of biodiversity and in giving the general public the opportunity to be more familiar with the importance of the traditional breeds and varieties. It provides comprehensive information about all the breeds of domestic animals and species and varieties of cultivated plants that have been proved to be very important for the life of the people in this area over the centuries. Accordingly, I am sure that it will turn out to be an invaluable supplement to every library that values Dalmatia, originality, tradition and biodiversity.

Matija Franković, Director, State Institute for Nature Protection.


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Foto: Ivo Pervan 1 6


tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije opći dio

traditional varieties and breeds of dalmatia general part

Stado dalmatinskih pramenki s tornjacima na poplavljenom Vrgoračkom polju A flock of Dalmatian Pramenka sheep with Tornjak dogs on the flooded Vrgoračko polje T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E

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a.1 Povijesne i geografske osnove Dalmacije Historical and geographical foundations of Dalmatia

Suhozidna baština otočića Baljenac, šibenski arhipelag The dry stone wall heritage of the islet of Baljenac in the Šibenik archipelago Foto: Ivo Pervan

“Etimološki, Dalmacija znači postojbina Delmata, koji su ime dobili prema ilirskoj imenici delma što znači ovca.”

“Etymologically, Dalmatia is the homeland of the Delmati, who took their name from the Illyrian noun delma, which means sheep.”

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D

almacija (lat. Dalmatia; tal. Dalmazia; njem. Dalmatien; engl. Dalmatia) je tradicijski naziv za povijesnu regiju smještenu na sjevernom dijelu Sredozemlja, odnosno na jugu Europe. Dio je istočne obale i otoka Jadranskog mora, na potezu od masiva Velebita do Bokokotorskog zaljeva. Dalmaciju čini izdužen primorski pojas koji se sastoji od kontinentalnog i od otočnog dijela. Kontinentalni dio, duljine oko 400 km te do 70 km širine, pruža se u smjeru sjeverozapad – jugoistok. Otočni dio s mnogobrojnim otocima, otočićima, hridima i grebenima, većinom je istog smjera pružanja, uz širinu oko 150 km. Na sjeverozapadnom je dijelu Dalmacije kontinentalna granica najdublja te prolazi najvišim vrhovima planinskih lanaca Velebita (1 757 m), Dinare (1 831 m) i Kamešnice (1 810 m), točno po nekadašnjim granicama ljetnih pašnjaka dalmatinskih i bosanskih stočara. Prema jugoistoku, prirodna se kontinentalna granica Dalmacije približava neposrednom zaleđu priobalnog pojasa, dok kod Dubrovnika obuhvaća samo najuži primorski pojas do rta Oštra na sjeverozapadnom rubu zaljeva Boke kotorske. Geopolitički, Dalmacija se nastavlja na Kvarner i sjeverno Hrvatsko primorje te završava na granici s Crnom Gorom. Jadransko more se nakon teritorijalnih voda nastavlja međunarodnim vodama u pravcu Apeninskog poluotoka odnosno Italije, dok na kontinentu Dalmacija graniči s Bosnom i Hercegovinom te Crnom Gorom, točnije u sjevernom dijelu s Bosnom, u srednjem dijelu s Hercegovinom te u južnom s Hercegovinom i Crnom Gorom. Naziv Dalmacija prvi se put spominje u 1. stoljeću nakon Krista za vrijeme Rimskog Carstva, a odnosi se na područje između rijeka Krke i Cetine na kojem je obitavalo ilirsko pleme Delmati. Etimološki, Dalmacija

znači postojbina Delmata, koji su ime dobili prema ilirskoj imenici delma što znači ovca. Predstavljala je dio rimskog Ilirika – kako su širi prostor istočne obale Jadrana, nastanjen ilirskim plemenima, nazivali Rimljani. S vremenom se pojam Dalmacije širi i na dio Neretvanske kneževine, a danas i na područje nekadašnje Dubrovačke Republike. U prošlosti se prostorni opseg Dalmacije znatno mijenjao te je obuhvaćao primorske dijelove danas susjednih država Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne Gore i Albanije. Zanimljivo je da se i nekadašnji centar ilirske Dalmacije, grad Delminium (Županjac, Duvno, danas Tomislavgrad), nalazi na području današnje Bosne i Hercegovine. Suvremena Dalmacija dio je Republike Hrvatske i obuhvaća područje četiriju županija: Zadarske, Šibensko-kninske, Splitsko-dalmatinske i Dubrovačko-neretvanske, te se proteže od otoka Paga, južnog Velebita i rijeke Zrmanje na sjeverozapadu, do Konavala, odnosno rta Oštra na jugoistoku. Prostire se na površini od 12 673 km2 i obuhvaća oko 22,4% kopnene površine Hrvatske. Površina obalnog mora Dalmacije iznosi 23 107 km2 i ima udjel od gotovo 75% obalnog mora Hrvatske. Uobičajeno Dalmaciju dijelimo na tri podregije: Sjevernu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Zadarske i Šibensko-kninske županije; Srednju Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te Južnu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije, zapravo najveći dio područja nekadašnje gotovo tisućljetne Dubrovačke Republike. Dalmacija ima iznimno razvedenu obalu uz koju se nalazi čak 926 otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena – gotovo 74% od sveukupno 1 246 koliko ih se nalazi uz hrvatsku obalu Jadrana. Obalna linija Dalmacije sastoji se od obale kontinentalnog dijela Dalmacije, te obale

D

almatia (Latin, Dalmatia; Italian, Dalmazia; German, Dalmatien; English, Dalmatia) is the traditional name for a historic region located in the northern part of the Mediterranean and the south of Europe. It is part of the eastern coastline and archipelago of the Adriatic Sea, along the tract from the Velebit massif to the Bay of Boka Kotorska. Dalmatia consists of an elongated coastal zone composed of a mainland and an insular part. The mainland part is about 400 km long and 70 km wide; it extends in the north-west to south-east direction. The insular part, with its many islands and islets, rocks and reefs, on the whole extends in the same direction, with a width of about 150 km. On the north-west part of Dalmatia, the boundary with the inland is deepest, and passes over the highest mountain peaks of Velebit (1 757 m), Dinara (1 831 m) and Kamešnica (1 810 m), precisely over the former boundaries of the summer pastures of the Dalmatian and the Bosnian herdsmen. To the south-east, the natural inland boundary of Dalmatia approaches the immediate hinterland of the coastal zone, while at Dubrovnik, it covers only the southernmost coastal zone to Oštro Point on the north-west edge of the Gulf of Boka Kotorska. In geopolitical terms, Dalmatia is a continuation of the Bay of Kvarner and the northern Hrvatsko Primorje region; it ends on the border with Montenegro. The Adriatic Sea, after the territorial waters, continues in international waters in the direction of the Apennine peninsula, in other words, of Italy, while on the mainland, Dalmatia borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, to be precise, in the northern part with Bosnia, in the central part with Herzegovina and in the southern part with Herzegovina and Montenegro.

The name Dalmatia was first mentioned in the first century AD, during the Roman Empire, and referred to the area between the Krka and Cetina rivers, inhabited by the Illyrian tribe the Delmati. Etymologically, then, Dalmatia is the homeland of the Delmati, who took their name from the Illyrian noun delma, which means sheep. It was a part of Roman Illyricum, as the Romans called the general area of the eastern coast of the Adriatic settled by the Illyrian tribes. In time, the concept of Dalmatia was extended to part of the Princedom of Neretva, and to the area of the former Dubrovnik Republic. In the past, what was covered by the idea of Dalmatia varied considerably, and covered the coastal area of the currently neighbouring states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania. It is interesting that the former centre of Illyrian Dalmatia, the city of Delminium (Županjac, Duvno, today called Tomislavgrad) lies in the area of today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina. Contemporary Dalmatia is part of the Republic of Croatia and covers the area of four counties: Zadarska, Šibensko-kninska, Splitsko-dalmatinska and Dubrovačko-neretvanska. It extends from the island of Pag, southern Velebit and the Zrmanja River in the north-west, to Konavle, or Oštro point [Cape Oštro] in the south-east. It covers of an area of 12 673 square kilometres and occupies about 22.4% of the land area of Croatia. The coastal waters of Dalmatia cover 23, 107 square kilometres, or 75% of the whole of the coastal waters of the country. It is common to divide Dalmatia into three sub-regions: Northern Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Zadarska and Šibenkso-kninska counties; Central Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Splitsko-dalmatinska county and Southern Dalmatia, which occupies the

area of the Dubrovačko-neretvanska county, in other words, most of the territory of the one-time almost one thousand years old Dubrovnik Republic. Dalmatia has a very indented coastline, off which there are as many as 926 islands, islets, rocks and reefs – almost 74% of the all told 1246 islands lying off the Adriatic coast of Croatia. The coastal line of Dalmatia consists of the coast of the mainland part of Dalmatia and of the coasts of all the islands and islets, which come all told to 4 324 kilometres. Indeed this type of indented, island-dotted coastline is called in geographical studies the Dalmatian coastline type. The biggest Dalmatian islands are Brač (394.6 km2), Hvar (295.7 km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114.4 km2), Mljet (100.4 km2), Vis (88.3 km2), Pašman (63.3 km2), Šolta (58.2 km2), Ugljan (50.2 km2) and Lastovo (46.9 km2). Pag , with 284,6 km2, would be the third largest Dalmatian island, but does not belong to Zadarska county in its entirety. The islands cover about 1 770 square kilometres, or about 15% of the area of Dalmatia. The biggest peninsula is Pelješac (348 km2), the second largest peninsula in Croatia (after Istria), and stretches more than 70 km. Although the most frequent image of Dalmatia is that it has a highly Mediterranean character, in fact, Dalmatia has a considerable relief energy or vertical articulation, in which the chain of the Dinaric mountains are dominant, with their numerous mountain massifs, of the typically Dinaric north-west to south-east lie, like the whole of Dalmatia. From Velebit (1 757 m) at the extreme north of Dalmatia, leads on to: Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica and Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m), whose highest peak is Veliki Troglav (1 913 m) located in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and also Kamešnica (1 810 m), the


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svih otoka i otočića koja ukupno iznosi čak 4 324 kilometara, tako da je ovakav tip otočne razvedene obale u geografiji nazvan dalmatinskim tipom obale. Najveći su dalmatinski otoci: Brač (394,6 km2), Hvar (295,7

km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114,4 km2), Mljet (100,4 km2), Vis (88,3 km2), Pašman (63,3 km2), Šolta (58,2 km2), Ugljan (50,2 km2), Lastovo (46,9 km2) i drugi. (Pag je s 284,6 km2 također među najvećim otocima iako ne pripada u cijelosti Zadarskoj županiji, tj. Dalmaciji.) Otoci zapremaju oko 1 770 km2, odnosno oko 15% površine Dalmacije. Najveći poluotok je Pelješac (348 km2), po veličini drugi poluotok Hrvatske nakon Istre, a pruža se u duljini od gotovo 70 km. Iako je najčešća predodžba Dalmacije kao regije naglašeno mediteranskog karaktera, prisutna je znatna energija reljefa ili vertikalna raščlanjenost, koju tvori ulančano dinarsko gorje s brojnim planinskim masivima, tipičnog dinarskog smjera pružanja sjeverozapad – jugoistok, kao i cijela Dalmacija. Od Velebita (1 757 m) na krajnjem sjeveru Dalmacije nastavljaju se: Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica i Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m) s najvišim vrhom Velikim Troglavom (1 913 m) smještenim u Bosni i Hercegovini; te Kamešnica (1 810 m), čiji je najviši vrh Konj (1 855 m) također smješten na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Slijede: Promina (1 148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m), Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali Kozjak (779 m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara (863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić (920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), dok južnu granicu s Hercegovinom zatvara Sniježnica (1 234 m), a s Crnom Gorom masiv Bjelotine (1 089 m), pri čemu su oba ova masiva dio složene cjeline Orjena, čiji se najviši istoimeni vrh Orjen (1 894 m) nalazi u Crnoj Gori.

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Na području Dalmacije teče dvanaest stalnih rijeka: Zrmanja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72,5 km), Čikola (47,8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4,5 km), Žrnovnica (4,8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva (225 km), Ombla (0,03 km) i Ljuta (6 km). Iako uslijed krške podloge često velikim dijelom teku podzemno i ponekad su vrlo kratkog nadzemnog toka, ističu se količinom i kvalitetom vode. Za Omblu ili Rijeku dubrovačku često se navodi kako je sa svojih 30 m nadzemnog toka i prosječnim protokom od 2 390 l/s, koji u maksimalnoj fazi doseže i do 11 300 l/s, najkraća rijeka na svijetu, s estuarijem od oko 5 km. Iznimno je zanimljiva i ponorna rijeka Vrljika koja u svega 70 km toka, na razmeđi Hrvatske i BiH, čak devet puta mijenja ime. Izvire kao Culuša, a zatim nakon poniranja i ponovnog izviranja postaje: Ričina – Brina – Suvaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imotski) – Tihaljina – Mlada, te konačno kao Trebižat uvire u Neretvu. Iako je po duljini nadzemnog toka najdulja rijeka Neretva (225 km), u Dalmaciji se nalazi samo 22 km završne delte, dok je najdulja rijeka koja cijelom duljinom teče Dalmacijom rijeka Cetina sa 101 km duljine. Iako zbog krške podloge u Dalmaciji ne možemo očekivati veća jezera, upravo je Vransko jezero kod Biograda sa 30,7 km2 površine ujedno i najveće prirodno jezero na području Hrvatske. Ističe se i Crveno jezero kod Imotskog, ogromna urušena jama duboka 528 m i otprilike do polovice ispunjena vodom. Jezero je u stvari odušak snažne podzemne rijeke, a njegova razina ovisi o količini protoka i varira više od 30 m. Unatoč površini od svega 150x180 m, ovo jezero sadrži čak oko 16 milijuna m3 vode, što ga čini jednim od većih spremnika podzemne vode na svijetu. Uslijed male količine riječnih sedimenata koji se ulijevaju u Jadransko more te podizanja razine mora od posljednje oledbe, široka riječna delta u Dalmaciji je

rijetkost i prisutna je samo na ušću rijeke Neretve, dok su kod ostalih rijeka nastali riječni kanjoni – estuariji, primjerice Zrmanje, Krke i Cetine. Zbog okršene vapnenačke podloge, na dalmatinskom je području prisutno više tisuća speleoloških objekata od kojih velik broj, posebno na planinskim masivima, još nije istražen. Trenutačno je najdublja dalmatinska jama Mokre noge na Biokovu s - 842 m dubine, a najdulja je špilja Kotluša s 3 418 m duljine.

Na području je Dalmacije prema popisu iz 2011. godine živjelo 857 743 stanovnika ili 19,99% populacije Hrvatske. Prosječna gustoća naseljenosti niža je od hrvatskog prosjeka i iznosi oko 68 stanovnika na kvadratni kilometar. Premda je kroz dugo vremensko razdoblje centar Dalmacije bio Zadar, danas grad Split sa 178 192 stanovnika predstavlja geografski makrocentar s tri regionalna centra, gradovima Zadrom (75 082), Šibenikom (46 372) i Dubrovnikom (42 641). Dalmacija je krajobrazno i biološki, razmjerno svojoj veličini, jedno od najraznolikijih područja Europe s čak devet parkova, i to četiri nacionalna parka (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka i Mljet te pet parkova prirode (PP): jugoistočni dio Velebita, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Biokovo i Lastovsko otočje, a u pripremi je proglašenje dvaju dodatnih zaštićenih područja (vjerojatno regionalnih parkova) Delte Neretve i planine Dinare. U Dalmaciji nalazimo 19 posebnih rezervata – botaničkih, šumske vegetacije, ornitoloških, ihtioloških i geomorfološko-hidroloških, 10 park šuma, 36 značajna krajobraza, 38 spomenika prirode i 19 spomenika parkovne arhitekture. Zaštićena područja obuhvaćaju 2 060,4 km², odnosno više od 16% kopnene površine Dalmacije i nešto manje od 6% ukupne površine, računajući i obalno more.

highest peak of which is Konj (1 855 m) also located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then come: Promina (1 148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m), Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali Kozjak (779 m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara (863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić (920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), while the southern border with Herzegovina is closed by Sniježnica (1 234 m), and that with Montenegro by the Bjelotine massif (1 089 m), with the proviso that both of these massifs are part of the complex mass of Orjen, the highest peak of which shares the same name, Orjen (1 894 m), and lies inside Montenegro.

of its length in Dalmatia is the Cetina, 101 km in length. Although because of the karstic substrate in Dalmatia large lakes are not to be expected, Vransko Lake, by Biograd, which has an area of 30.7 km2 is also the biggest natural lake in Croatia. Also important is Crveno [Red] Lake by Imotski, a vast sinkhole 528 m deep and about half filled with water. The lake is in fact the outlet of a powerful subterranean river, and its level depends on the flow, varying more than 30 m up and down. In spite of having an area of no more than 150 x 180 m, this lake contains as much as 16 million m3 of water, making it one of the major reservoirs of subterranean water in the world.

Twelve permanent rivers flow in the Dalmatian area: the Zrmanja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72.5 km), Čikola (47.8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4.5 km), Žrnovnica (4.8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva (225 km), Ombla (0.03 km) and the Ljuta (6 km). The Ombla River, sometimes called Rijeka Dubrovačka, may be said, with its length above ground of a mere 30 m, and an average flow of 2 390 l/s, reaching as much as 11 300 l/s maximum, to be the shortest river in the world, with an estuary of about 5 km. Also exceptionally interesting is the disappearing river the Vrljika, which in its 70 km long course along the border between Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina changes its name nine times. It rises as the Culuša, and then after repeated disappearances underground and re-emergences becomes the: Ričina – Brina – Suvaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imotski) – Tihaljina – Mlada and finally the Trebižat, which runs into the Neretva. Although in terms of length above ground the Neretva is the longest watercourse (225 km), in Dalmatia there is only the 22 km-long concluding delta; the longest river that flows the whole

Because of the small quantity of riverine sediments delivered into the Adriatic and the rising of the sea level from the last Ice Age, a broad river delta is a rarity in Dalmatia, and is to be found only at the mouth of the Neretva River, while in other rivers the outlets have taken shape as canyons, as in the Zrmanja, Krka and Cetina. Because of the karstified limestone bedrock, there are several thousand cave and pothole features in Dalmatia, a large number of which, particularly in the mountain massifs, are still unexplored. The currently deepest known Dalmatian pothole is Mokre noge on Mt Biokovo, which is 842 m deep; the longest cavern is Kotluša, 3 418 metres in length.

Zadar, it is the city of Split, with its population of 178 192, that is the geographical macrocentre of the region, with three sub-centres, Zadar (75 082), Šibenik (46 372) and Dubrovnik (42 641). In proportion to its size, Dalmatia is one of the most diverse areas in Europe, in terms of landscape and

biology, holding nine parks, including four national parks (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka and Mljet and five Nature Parks (PP in Croatian): the southeast part of Velebit, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Biokovo and the Lastovo islands. Preparations are under way for making two more areas protected areas, probably to be classified as regional parks: the delta of the Neretva and Mt Dinara. There are 19 special reserves – botanical, forest, vegetation, ornithological, ichthyological and geomorphological and hydrological, 10 forest parks, 36 important landscapes, 38 monuments of nature and 19 monuments of park architecture. Protected areas occupy a total of 2 060.4 square kilometres, which is to say more than 16% of the land area of Dalmatia, and a little less than 6% of the total area if the coastal waters are taken into consideration.

According to the 2011 census, the population of Dalmatia was 857 743, that is, 19.99% percent of the population of the whole country. The average population density is lower than the Croatian average, coming to 68 persons per square kilometre. Although for a long period of time the centre of Dalmatia was


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a.2 Geološka, hidrogeomorfološka i krajobrazna podloga Dalmacije Geological, hydrological, geomorphological and landscape background of Dalmatia

Voda i kamen tvore osebujne krajobraze Nacionalnog parka Krka Water and stone create the distinctive landscapes of the Krka National Park Foto: Ivo Pervan

“Osobitost Dalmacije je izraziti krški reljef s istaknutim planinskim masivima, krškim poljima i brojnim drugim krškim pojavama uz otočni pojas od 926 otoka i otočića.”

“The distinctiveness of Dalmatia lies in its marked karstic relief with the prominent mountain massifs, karstic poljes and many other karstic phenomena, along with the island zone of 926 islands and islets.”

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eološka građa Dalmacije relativno je jednostavna. Uz dominantne kredne vapnence i dolomite, u manjoj su mjeri mozaičko prisutni vapnenci iz razdoblja trijasa i jure. Za poljoprivredu su najvažniji paleogeni flišni i vapnenački slojevi koje nalazimo na području Ravnih kotara, u priobalju od Trogira do Baćinskih jezera te na području Dubrovačkog primorja i Konavala, kao i delte Neretve s debelim riječnim nanosima i močvarnim staništima.

Geomorfologiju Dalmacije obilježava geotektonska cjelina Dinarida, vrlo zanimljive geneze. Naime u gornjem trijasu prije 220 milijuna godina, taloženjem drevnih morskih organizama na dnu plitkog mora, nastaje Jadranska karbonatna platforma, dio južne europske ploče. Putujući kroz prostor i vrijeme, od južnog do sjevernog ruba drevnog sredozemnog mora Tethis, platforma prolazi suše, poplave, oluje, uzdizanja i spuštanja biblijskih razmjera, danas vidljive u više od 2 km debelom sloju karbonatnih stijena dinarskih planina. Prije oko 49 milijuna godina, sjeverna se afrička tektonska ploča počinje utiskivati u Jadransku mikroploču, pri čemu se uzdižu Dinaridi, mlađe ulančano gorje koje se u duljini od oko 650 km prostire od Italije do Albanije, odnosno od jugoistočnih Alpa na sjeverozapadu sve do rijeke Drim, gdje se na jugoistok prema Grčkoj nastavljaju Tauridi. Širina Dinarida varira od 50 – 160 km te uz površinu od oko 72 000 km2 predstavlja najveće kontinuirano krško područje Europe. Vrhunac Dinarida je Maja Jezerces (2 694 m) u masivu Prokletija na granici Albanije i Crne Gore. Osobitost Dinarida naročito vidljiva u Dalmaciji jest krš – bezvodni, kameniti reljef bez ili sa vrlo plitkim slojem tla, koji prekriva topive vapnenačke stijene. Proces okršavanja započinje kad voda obogaćena s ugljičnim dioksidom (CO2) počinje trošiti kamenu podlogu kemijskim (korozija)

ili mehaničkim putem (erozija). Okršavanju bitno pomaže raspucanost stijena uslijed potresa i drugih tektonskih pomaka u Zemljinoj kori. Zahvaljujući protoku, ali i smrzavanju vode, pore i pukotine u stijenama se šire, a stijene se drobe i pucaju, pri čemu se stvaraju brojne krške pojave: krška polja, ponikve (vrtače), uvale, kamenice, škrape, ponornice i krške riječne doline, prirodni kameni mostovi, krški izvori, ponori i estavele. Na cijelom području Dalmacije prevladava krški reljef s istaknutim planinskim masivima, krškim poljima i brojnim drugim krškim pojavama. Planinski masivi pružaju se duž cijele obale, ponegdje strmo nad samu obalu, smanjujući mediteranski utjecaj Jadrana ponegdje na svega nekoliko stotina metara. U zaleđu priobalnoga planinskog niza srednje Dalmacije, između rijeke Krke i donjeg toka Neretve, pruža se oko 150 km dug krški pojas Dalmatinske zagore najvećim dijelom ogoljelog krša. Primorski karakter Dalmacije ojačan je velikim udjelom otočnog pojasa s 926 otoka i otočića. Po postanku i građi otoci su dio susjednog dinarskog kopna, nepotopljeni dijelovi reljefnih uzvišenja odnosno vrhovi planina koji su još prije oko 10 000 godina bili dio kopna. Podizanjem mora za oko 100 m, kopnene gorske uzvisine postale su otoci. Međutim, manji broj jadranskih vanjskih otoka: Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Palagruža i drugi, odijeljeni su od kopna još u razdoblju tercijara, odnosno glacijacija nije imala utjecaj na njihovo razdvajanje od obale. Otoci se pružaju paralelno s obalom i planinskim nizom u zaleđu, u tzv. dinarskom smjeru pružanja sjeverozapad – jugoistok. Dijelimo ih, sukladno podjeli Dalmacije, na sjevernodalmatinske: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman, Kornatsko otočje i drugi; na srednjodalmatinske: Brač,

T

he geological build of Dalmatia is relatively simple. Along with the dominant Cretaceous limestones and dolomites, also present to a smaller extent in a mosaic pattern are limestones from the Triassic and Jurassic. Most important for agriculture are the palaeogenic flysch and limestone strata to be found in the area of Ravni Kotari and along the very coast from Trogir to the Baćinsko lakes and in the area of Dubrovačko Primorje and Konavle, as well as the Neretva delta, with its rich riverine sediments and wetland habitats. The geotectonic unit of the Dinarides has left its mark on the geomorphology of Dalmatia. In the Upper Triassic, 220 million years ago, the Adriatic carbonate platform, part of the southern European plate, was formed by the sedimentation of ancient marine organisms on the bottom of the shallow sea. In its passage through time and space, from the southern to the northern rim of the ancient Mediterranean sea of Tethys, the platform knew droughts and floods, storms, emergence and submergence of Biblical proportions, visible today in the more than 2 km thick stratum of the carbonate rocks of the Dinaric mountains. About 49 million years ago, the northern African tectonic plate began to push into the Adriatic microplate; this elevated the Dinarides, a young mountain that for a length of about 650 km extends from Italy to Albania, in other words from the south-east Alps in the north-west, to the River Drin, where the Taurides go on in a south-easterly direction to Greece. The width of the Dinarides varies from 50 to 160 km, and, with an area of about 72 000 square kilometres is the greatest continuous karst area in Europe. The highest peak of the Dinarides is Maja Jezerces (2 694 m) in the Prokletija massif on the border between Albania and Montenegro. The particular

feature of the Dinarides very visible in Dalmatia is the karst – a waterless, stony relief without any or with a very shallow layer of soil, covering a soluble limestone rock. The process of karstification begins with water holding carbon dioxide (CO2) in solution starting to eat away the stone bedrock chemically (corrosion) or wearing it away mechanically (erosion). Karstification is particularly aided by the fissuring of the rocks as a result of earthquakes and other tectonic shifts in the Earth’s crust. Thanks to the flow of water, and the freezing process, the pores and cracks in the rocks expand, the rocks crumble and break, numerous karstic phenomena thus being formed: the karst plain, usually called polje after the Croatian, sink holes, valleys, karren, dolines, sinking streams, solution hollows, dry river valleys, natural stone bridges, karst springs, swallowholes and estavelles. In the whole area of Dalmatia it is karstic relief that prevails, with prominent mountain massifs, karst poljes and many other limestone landscape features. The mountain massifs stretch down the whole of the coastline, sometimes dropping sharply down to the very coastline, reducing the Mediterranean influence of the Adriatic in some cases to just a few hundred metres. In the hinterland of the coastal mountain range of Central Dalmatia, between the Krka river and the lower course of the Neretva, extends the cca 150 km long karst zone of Dalmatinska Zagora, which is mostly of bare karst. The maritime character of Dalmatia is enhanced by the great share of the island belt with its 926 islands and islets. In their origins and structure, the islands are a part of the neighbouring Dinaric landmass, unsubmerged parts of relief elevations, i.e. the tips of the

mountains that were still part of the mainland until about 10 000 years ago. When the sea rose by about 100 m, the mainland mountain tops became islands. However, a smallish number of the outer islands of the Adriatic - Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Palagruža and others - were separated from the land in the Tertiary, and it was not glaciation that was instrumental in dividing them from the coast. The islands extend in a direction parallel to the coast and the mountain range in the hinterland, in what is called the Dinaric direction, north-west to south-east. We can classify them, according to the division of Dalmatia, into the north Dalmatian islands: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman, the Kornati group and others; then the central Dalmatian group, including Brač, Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv. Andrija and the south Dalmatian islands of Korčula, Mljet, Lastovo, the Elaphite islands, Sušac and others. To the west of Vis island lie the open sea islands of Jabuka and Brusnik, and to the south of them, the Palagruža islands. All the outer islands are unlike the other limestone, islands, of volcanic origin. Hydrological relations in the Dinaric karst are extremely complex. The great depth of the limestone rocks enables the water to penetrate very deeply all the way down to the impermeable strata that stop the water, which then flows underground towards the Adriatic, coming to the surface again in the form of karstic springs, or under the sea in the form of the submarine springs known as the vrulja (the biggest of which is Vruja by Brela). In the area of Imotski town there are two karst phenomena that are world famed. One is Modro jezero/ Blue Lake, right alongside the city of Imotski, which took its name from the lovely blue of the water. It is


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Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv. Andrija i drugi te na južnodalmatinske: Korčula, Mljet, Lastovo, Elafitski otoci, Sušac i drugi. Zapadno od otoka Visa nalaze se pučinski otočići Jabuka i Brusnik, a južno od njih Palagruški otoci. Svi ovi pučinski otoci su za razliku od ostalih, vapnenačkih otoka, vulkanskoga porijekla. Hidrogeološki odnosi na području Dinarskog krša vrlo su složeni. Velika debljina vapnenačkih stijena omogućuje vrlo duboko poniranje vode sve do nepropusnih naslaga koje zaustavljaju vodu, koja tada teče podzemno prema Jadranskom moru gdje ponovo istječe na površinu u obliku krških izvora ili pod morem u obliku podmorskih izvora – vrulja (najveća je Vruja kod Brela). Na području grada Imotskog nalaze se dva svjetski važna krška fenomena. Jedan je Modro jezero – neposredno uz grad Imotski – koje je ime dobilo po prekrasnoj modroj boji vode. Dužine je oko 800, a širine oko 250 m. Duboko je do 90 m i omiljeno je kupalište Imoćana iako u najsušim godinama zna i presušiti. Još je impozantniji krški fenomen Crveno jezero smješteno 1,5 km sjeverozapadno od grada Imotskog. Već prvi pogled na okomite stijene koje se strmoglavo ruše prema tamnoj površini jezera odaje odakle je jezero dobilo ime; naime, veći sadržaj željeznih oksida daje stijenama karakterističnu crvenu boju. Uz jezero je vezana legenda o Gavanovim dvorima, propalima u bezdan zbog beskrajne oholosti gospodara. U Dalmaciji su u vrlo velikom udjelu prisutna izrazito skeletna tla, u najizraženijem obliku poznata kao goli ili ljuti krš, to jest tla dinarskih kamenjara i pašnjaka. U područjima gdje je došlo do razgradnje skeletne, kamene podloge građene od vapnenaca i dolomita, dolaze tla koja su se razvila pod prevladavajućim utjecajem

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litološkog sastava podloge. Najčešći predstavnik takvih tala je crvenica (terra rossa), nastala kao rezultat otapanja karbonatne osnove. U Ravnim kotarima i na potezu od Kaštelanskog zaljeva do Bačine nalazimo smeđa tla na vapnencima i nerazvijena tla na flišu. U delti Neretve prevladavaju aluvijalna tla, mlađi riječni nanosi sa slabo izraženim pedološkim svojstvima i karakteristikama močvarnih tala riječnih nizina. Iako navedena tla, s izuzetkom doline Neretve, nisu naročito bogata hranjivima i pogodna za poljoprivredu, predstavljaju najvažnija poljoprivredna tla Dalmacije i na njima je razvijena intenzivna poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Najveća i najvažnija krška polja Dalmacije su Imotsko polje (95 km2), od kojeg je oko 45 km2 u Hrvatskoj, za-

tim Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2), Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko polje (37 km2), polje Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje (34 km2), Kninsko polje (24 km2), te druga polja manja od 10 kvadratnih kilometara. Kako krške rijeke unose vrlo malu količinu sedimenata u more, sedimenti ostaju na području krških polja gdje čine nepropusne slojeve koji zadržavaju vodu. Zbog toga su krška polja ne samo ključna za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju na kršu, već su povremeno plavljena krška polja svojevrsne oaze bioraznolikosti, gdje je njihov hidrološki režim osnova održanja bioraznolikosti. Krajobrazi Dalmacije obuhvaćaju sljedećih pet osnovnih krajobraznih jedinica: sjevernodalmatinsku zaravan, zadarsko-šibenski arhipelag, Dalmatinsku zagoru te obalno područje srednje i južne Dalmacije sa zasebno izdvojenim krajobrazom donje Neretve. Na krajnjem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dalmacije, najsjevernija dalmatinska (Zadarska) županija obuhvaća još krajnji jugoistočni dio sa sljedeća tri krajobraza: vršni pojas Velebita, kvarnersko-velebitski prostor i Liku. Osim

što su osnovni elementi vizualne atraktivnosti prostora i nositelji raznovrsnih staništa s pratećom bioraznolikosti, pojedini krajobrazi Dalmacije imaju iznimnu arhitektonsku vrijednost, nastalu razvojem poljoprivrede na kršu. Izgradnja višenamjenskih suhozida i drugih strukturnih oblika antropogenog reljefa (kao što su dolci, torovi, stanovi, lokve i bunari) stvorila je jedinstvenu

krajobraznu vizuru kulturnih krajobraza, nepokretnog kulturnog dobra koje ukazuje na razvoj poljoprivrede, zajednice i pripadajućeg teritorija kroz povijest te definira kulturni i prostorni identitet Dalmacije. Neki su takvi prostori posebno vrijedni. Krajobrazna jedinica Donja Neretva izdvojena je kao zasebna upravo zato što su nizinski močvarni i kultivirani dijelovi s obiljem vode, okruženi brdovitim kršem i spojeni s morskom obalom i morem, krajobrazna posebnost ne samo u nacionalnim okvirima. Iz naplavljene ravnice mjestimice poput otoka izniču vapnenačke glavice ili se otvaraju potopljene jame – oka, što ukupnu krajobraznu sliku čini izuzetnom. Važan element krajobraza su poljoprivredne površine nastale jendečenjem, tradicionalnim stvaranjem plodnog tla u vodi kopanjem kanala i nasipanjem izvađenog mulja na novonastalu parcelu. Primoštenski vinogradi jedinstven su i atraktivan primjer zaštićenog poljoprivrednog kulturnog krajobraza te se nalaze na tentativnoj listi UNESCO-a. Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, nastalo u 4. st. pr. Kr., najbolje je očuvani grčki sustav podjele poljoprivrednog zemljišta na Mediteranu. Čini ga sačuvana antička podjela na 75 parcela (hora) s tradicionalnim mediteranskim kulturama vinovom lozom, maslinama i smokvama, kontinuirano u uzgoju od grčke kolonizacije. Polje je upisano na UNESCO-ovu listu svjetske baštine 2008. godine. Kulturni krajobrazi još nisu valorizirani u smislu gospodarskog korištenja iako imaju velik potencijal za ekološku poljoprivredu te ekološki i kulturni turizam.

about 800 metres long and 250 wide. It is 90 m deep and is a favourite bathing place for Imotski people, although in the driest years it will sometimes dry up. A still more impressive karstic phenomenon is Crveno jezero / Red Lake, some 1.5 km to the north-west of Imotski. At a first glance at the vertical rocks that plunge headily towards the dark surface of the lake, the source of the lake’s name is clear: the high quantity of iron oxide gives the rocks a characteristic reddish hue. Connected to the lake is the legend of Gavan and his mansion, which was said to have been swallowed up into the abyss because of the owner’s boundless pride. Very markedly skeletal soils are present to a great extent, known in their most highly expressed form as bare or ljuti [savage, harsh] karst. This is the soil of the Dinaric stony areas and pastures. In areas where the skeletal stone bedrock of limestone or dolomite has degraded, there are soils that have developed under the prevailing influence of the composition of the substrate. The most common representative of this kind of soil is terra rossa, red soil, which has been created as a result of the solution of the carbonate rock. In Ravni Kotari and along the stretch from the bay of Kaštela to Baćina, we find brown soil on limestone and undeveloped soil on flysch. In the delta of the Neretva there are mainly alluvial soils, young riverine sediments the pedological properties of which are weakly expressed, with characteristics of wetland soils of the river lowlands. Although these soils, with the exception of the valley of the Neretva, are not particularly nutrient-rich or suitable for agriculture, they do constitute the most important farming land of Dalmatia, and intensive agricultural production has developed on them.

The largest and most important karst poljes in Dalmatia are Imotsko polje (95 km2), of which about 45 km2 is in Croatia, and then Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2), Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko polje (37 km2), polje Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje (34 km2), Kninsko polje (24 km2) and other poljes less than 10 square kilometres in area. Since the karst rivers take very little sediment into the sea, the sediments remain in the karstic poljes, where they form an impermeable layer that retains the water. For this reason the karstic poljes are not only crucial for agricultural production in the karst, but the occasionally inundated karst poljes are in a sense oases of biodiversity, their hydrological regime being the basis of the maintenance of biodiversity. The landscapes of Dalmatia comprehend the following five basic landscape units: the north Dalmatian plateau; the Zadar and Šibenik archipelago; Dalmatinska Zagora and the coastal area of central and southern Dalmatia with the distinct landscape of the Lower Neretva. At the extreme north-west part of Dalmatia, the northernmost Dalmatian county (that of Zadar) also includes the extreme south-east parts of these landscapes: the peak zone of Velebit, the Kvarrner and Velebit area, and Lika. Apart from being the basic elements of the visual attractiveness of the space and support for various habitats with their accompanying biodiversity, the individual landscapes of Dalmatia have outstanding architectural value, created by the development of agriculture on the karst. The construction of the multipurpose dry stone walls and other structural forms of anthropogenic relief (such as the cultivated depressions, folds, shealings, pools and wells) has created a unique landscape vision of cultural landscapes, an immoveable cultural

property that indicates the development of agriculture, the community and the accompanying territory through history, and defines the cultural and spatial identity of Dalmatia. Some of these spaces are particularly valuable. The landscape unit of the Lower Neretva is set apart precisely because the lowland wetland and cultivated parts with their abundance of water are surrounded by rocky karst and are joined with the sea coast and the sea, a particular landscape feature in not merely national terms. Limestone hillocks sometimes rear out of the flood plain, or there will be submerged pits, which makes the overall image of the landscape exceptional. And important element of the landscape consists of the farm land created by dredging, the traditional way of creating fertile soil in water by digging out channels and piling the mud extracted on the newly created plot. The Primošten vineyards are a unique and attractive example of a protected agricultural cultural landscape, which is on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage List. The Stari Grad Plain, on the island of Hvar, created about the 4th century BC, is the best preserved Greek cadastre in the Mediterranean. It is formed by the still existing ancient division into 75 plots (constituting the chora) with traditional Mediterranean crops, the grape vine, the olive and the fig, under continuous cultivation since the Greek colonisation. This plain was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The cultural landscapes have not yet been evaluated in the sense of economic use, but they do have a great potential for ecological farming and ecological and cultural tourism.


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a.3 Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije Climate and vegetation in Dalmatia

Duga iznad Mosora – zlatne planine (Mons aureus) ponad Splita Rainbow over Mosor, or golden mountain, Mons Aureus, over Split Foto: Ivica Lolić

“Raspon od mediteranske do oštre visokoplaninske klime u Dalmaciji uvjetovao je jednu od vrstama najbogatijih europskih flora te vruću točku bioraznolikosti.”

“The climate in Dalmatia, which ranges from Mediterranean to severe high mountainous, has resulted in one of the most species-rich European floras, and a biodiversity hot-spot.”

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lima Dalmacije izrazito je raznovrsna, a njezin utjecaj je mozaički i gradijentno raspoređen. Na području otočne i obalne Dalmacije prisutna je sredozemna (mediteranska) klima koja zbog izraženo visokih obalnih planinskih masiva, ponekad već s povećanjem nadmorske visine od nekoliko stotina metara, prelazi u submediteransku klimu pa ubrzo i u planinsku, i tako sve do oštre visokoplaninske klime koju imaju neke dalmatinske planine u svom orografski najvišem dijelu. Biokovo i Sniježnica duguju svoje ime upravo snijegu koji na najvišim vrhuncima, vidljivim i s obale i iz zaleđa, ostaje i više od pola godine. Spuštanjem planina prema kontinentu u krška polja, pa ponovnim usponima i spuštanjima koja se višekratno ponavljaju, opada utjecaj Mediterana, a jača utjecaj kontinentalne i planinske klime pa govorimo o submediteranskoj klimi s vrlo raznolikim mikroklimatskim pojavama. Prema Köppenovoj klimatskoj podjeli, na području Dalmacije srećemo čak pet osnovnih tipova klime: semiaridna (Csa), mediteranska (Csax), submediteranska (Cfsa), planinska (Cfsb) i snježna, visokoplaninska (Dfsb). • Semiaridna klima ili klima masline obuhvaća samo naše pučinske otoke, odnosno viški, lastovski i palagruški arhipelag te najjužniji dio otoka Korčule. Odlikuje je izrazita vrućina i suhoća, dok su oborine prisutne samo u najhladnijem dijelu godine.

• Mediteranska klima proširena je južnije od Ravnih kotara i kanjona Krke, gotovo samo uskim obalnim pojasom i na otocima, uključujući i riječne doline, gdje utjecaj mediteranske klime nije spriječen planinskim masivima pa prodire daleko dublje u kopno. Slična je semiaridnoj, ali s bitno više oborina.

• Submediteranska klima proširena je cijelim područjem unutarnjih Ravnih kotara i Dalmatinske zagore, većim dijelom Imotske i Vrgoračke krajine, dijelom doline Neretve, zaleđem Dubrovačkog primorja i Konavala. Odlikuje je daleko veći utjecaj kontinentalne klime, dakle vruća ljeta i prilično hladne zime. • Planinska klima proširena je svim planinskim masivima Dalmacije iznad otprilike 1 000 m nadmorske visine, ali je naročito izražena na području masiva Velebita, Kremena, Poštaka, Dinare, Kamešnice, Svilaje, Biokova i Sniježnice. Disjunktno je prisutna na masivu Vidove gore na otoku Braču te na masivu Sv. Ilija na Pelješcu. • Snježna, visokoplaninska klima, prisutna je samo iznad otprilike 1 500 m visine, disjunktno raspoređena na najvišim vrhuncima Velebita, Dinare i Biokova. Odlikuju je svježa ljeta i vrlo hladne, snježne zime. Raznovrsnost klime u Dalmaciji možda je najupečatljivija na području Biokova. U listopadu se još možemo okupati u okolici Makarske i nakon toga uživati na snijegom prekrivenom Biokovu. Naime srednja godišnja temperatura kreće se od 15,5°C u Makarskoj do 3,9°C na najvišem vrhu Sv. Juri, uz izrazitu klimatsku razliku od čak 11,6°C na zračnoj udaljenosti od samo 5 km. Na Sv. Juri padne oko 2 500 mm oborina godišnje, ali se prema podnožju oborine smanjuju, tako da s kontinentalne strane Biokova padne oko 1 500 mm, a s primorske ne više od 1 300 mm oborina. U Dalmaciji puše osam glavnih vjetrova: sa sjevera tramuntana i bura; s istoka levant; s juga jugo i oštro, s jugozapada lebić, sa zapada pulenat, a sa sjeverozapada maestral. Najjači vjetrovi karakteristični za Dalmaciju

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he climate of Dalmatia is very diverse; its influence is however distributed in a mosaic and is gradient-dependent. In the area of island and coastal Dalmatia, there is the Mediterranean climate, which, because of the very high coastal mountain massifs, sometimes with an increase of height above sea level of several hundred metres, transits into the sub-Mediterranean climate, and then readily into the mountain and the severe high mountain climate that is characteristic of some of the Dalmatian mountains in their highest parts. Biokovo and Sniježnica owe their names precisely to the snow that is visible on their highest peaks from the coast and from the hinterland, and stays for more than half the year. As the mountains drop inland to the karst poljes, and rise again and fall again, which happens several times, the influence of the Mediterranean fades again, and that of the continental and mountain climate gains, and we talk of a sub-Mediterranean climate with very diverse micro-climatic phenomena. According to the Köppen climatic classification, in the area of Dalmatia we find five basic types of climate: semi-arid (Csa), Mediterranean (Csax), sub-Mediterranean (Cfsa), mountainous (Cfsb) and snowy, high mountain (Dfsb). • The semi-arid or “olive” climate covers only our open sea islands, that is, the archipelagos of Vis, Lastovo and Palagruža and the southernmost part of Korčula island. It is characterised by pronounced heat and dryness, while precipitation comes only in the coldest part of the year. • The true Mediterranean climate extends southwards of Ravni Kotari and the canyon of the

Krka River, almost only along the narrow coastal belt and on the islands, including the river valleys, where the influence of the Mediterranean climate is not hindered by the mountain massifs and penetrates deep into the mainland. It is similar to the semi-arid, but has much more rainfall. • The sub-Mediterranean extends over the whole area of the interior Ravni Kotari and Dalmatinska Zagora, most of the Imotski and Vrgorac areas (krajine), partially along the valley of the Neretva, in the hinterland of Dubrovačko Primorje and Konavle. It is characterised by a much greater influence of the continental climate, that is, by hot summers and fairly cold winters. • The mountain climate is found on all the mountain massifs of Dalmatia over about 1000 m above sea level, but it is particularly marked in the area of the massifs of Velebit, Kremen, Postak, Dinara, Kamešnica, Svilaja, Biokovo and Sniježnica. It is disjunctively present on the massif of Vidova gora on the island of Brač and on the massif of Sv. Ilija on Pelješac. • The snowy, high mountain climate is present only above about 1 500 m above sea level, is disjunctively distributed on the highest peaks of Velebit, Dinara and Biokovo. It has cool summers and very cold, snowy winters. The diversity of climate in Dalmatia is perhaps most striking in the area of Biokovo. In October we can still swim around Makarska, and after that revel in snowcapped Biokovo. The mean annual temperature ranges from 15.5 °C in Makarska to 3.9 °C on the highest peak of Sv. Jura, which is a very pronounced climatic

difference in only 5 km as the crow flies. About 2 500 mm of precipitation falls a year on Sv. Jura, but towards the foothills the rainfall decreases, and on the inland part of Biokovo 1 500 mm falls, and on the maritime side, no more than 1 300 mm. In Dalmatia, on the whole eight winds blow. From the north comes the tramontane and the bora; from the east, the levant; from the south the sirocco and the oštro; from the south west the lebić; from the west the pulenat, and from the north-west the maestral. The strongest winds characteristic of Dalmatia are the sirocco and the bora. The bora is a katabatic wind that gains in power and speed as it drops down a steep slope, and it is no surprise that the strongest such winds are those of Biokovo and Velebit. They blow from the north east, in gusts, and come without warning and in a short time can achieve huge velocity and power. The record speed for the bora is 308 km an hour, measured at Maslenica bridge, below Velebit. They say that it is impossible to make true Dalmatian cured ham (pršut) without the bora, for only that wind can cure it properly. The sirocco is a southern wind that comes off the sea, raising waves and halting shipping; it can reach hurricane speeds. Since the sirocco can blow for several days, it has an effect on the way people feel, and in Dalmatia they simply say južina, a southerly. The vegetation of Dalmatia, as a result of the parsimonious stone substrate is apparently very poor and quite often does not show any rapid alteration of plant communities, as in the area of the northern Dinaric region. However, the range from the semi-arid plant communities to the high mountain beech and fir forest associations in conjunction with the many micro-communities, has in fact formed the basis for the origin of one of the most species-rich European flora. Thus Dalmatia,


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su jugo i bura. Bura je gravitacijski vjetar koji dobiva na snazi i brzini kada se spušta niz strminu, zato ne čudi da je najjača velebitska i biokovska bura. Puše sa sjeveroistoka, na refule, odnosno mahove, a dolazi bez upozorenja i u kratkom roku može postići enormnu brzinu i snagu. Za sada je rekordna bura od 308 km/h izmjerena na Masleničkom mostu u podnožju Velebita. Kaže se da bez bure nema pravog dalmatinskog pršuta, jer ga jedino bura može najbolje osušiti. Jugo je južni vjetar koji dolazi s mora, diže valove i onemogućuje plovidbu, a može doseći orkansku snagu. Kad jugo puše nekoliko dana, loše utječe na psihičko stanje ljudi i u Dalmaciji se jednostavno kaže – južina. Vegetacija Dalmacije, uslijed škrte kamene podloge, naizgled je vrlo siromašna te često i ne pokazuje izrazito brzu izmjenu biljnih zajednica kao na području sjevernodinarske regije. Međutim, raspon od semiaridnih biljnih zajednica do visokoplaninskih zajednica bukovo-jelovih šuma uz brojne mikrozajednice, uvjetovao je nastankom jedne od vrstama najbogatijih europskih flora. Tako je Dalmacija, kao refugijsko područje flore za vrijeme oledbi, danas globalna vruća točka bioraznolikosti. Taksonomski status pojedinih biljnih vrsta, kao npr. biokovske jele do danas nije razriješen. Duž jadranske obale i na otocima dominira primorski, odnosno mediteranski pojas vegetacije, sastavljen od četiri glavna vegetacijska područja: • Šuma hrasta crnike: proširena je razmjerno uskim priobalnim područjem, a tipični predstavnici uz crniku (Quercus ilex) su: zelenika (Phyllirea sp.), mirta (Myrtus communis), planika (Arbutus unedo), lovor (Laurus nobilis), velika crnjuša (Erica arborea), tetivika (Smilax aspera), tršlja (Pistacia lentiscus) i

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brojni drugi. Unutar ovog vegetacijskog područja proširen je i alepski bor (Pinus halepensis), a na višim područjima i endemični dalmatinski crni bor (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica). • Šuma hrasta medunca i drugih hrastova s bjelograbom: proširena je cijelim brdskim područjem Dalmacije kao nastavak šuma hrasta crnike. Tipični predstavnici uz medunac (Quercus pubescens) i bjelograb (Carpinus orientalis) su: hrast sladun (Quercus frainetto), jasen (Fraxinus ornus), smrdljika (Pistacia terebinthus), pucalina (Colutea arborescens), smrič (Juniperus oxycedrus), šparoga (Asparagus officinalis), bodljikava veprina (Ruscus aculeatus) i brojni drugi. • Šuma hrasta medunca i crnograba: nastavlja se na viša brdska područja cijelom dužinom Dalmacije, kao nastavak medunca s bjelograbom. Tipični predstavnici uz medunac i crnograb (Ostrya carpinifolia) su: medunac dub (Quercus virgiliana), makljen (Acer monspessulanum), brekinja (Sorbus torminalis), drijen (Cornus mas), perasta kostrika (Brachypodium pinnatum) i drugi. • Primorska bukova šuma: proteže se na najviša planinska područja Dalmacije, kao granična zajednica primorske i kontinentalne vegetacije te ne obuhvaća prave mediteranske biljke. Tipični predstavnici uz bukvu (Fagus sylvatica) su: gorski javor (Acer pseudoplatanus), jarebika (Sorbus aria), gorski brijest (Ulmus glabra) te jesenja šašika (Sesleria autumnalis). U ovom području prisutne su i reliktne šume jele (Abies sp.) Unutar ovih glavnih vegetacijskih područja pojavljuje se mozaično veći broj biljnih zajednica i staništa: zajednice stijena, mediteranski pašnjaci i travnjaci,

zajednice priobalnih stajačica i tekućica, obalni pijesci, slanjače, antropogena staništa (maslinici, vinogradi) i drugo. Na velikim površinama prošireni su degradacijski stadiji šuma: čuvena dalmatinska makija, polumakija, bušici i drugo. Na području Dalmacije utvrđeno je 15 prirodnih i potencijalnih vegetacijskih pokrova koji se u idealnim uvjetima mogu razviti, sukladno edafsko-klimatskim čimbenicima: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

šume i makije hrasta crnike, šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim grabom, šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim jasenom, makija tršlje i divlje masline, jadranska šuma hrasta sladuna, šuma hrasta medunca i bjelograbića, šuma hrasta medunca i crnog graba, šuma hrasta lužnjaka i jasena, šuma hrasta lužnjaka i žutilovke, šuma poljskog jasena i kasnog drijemovca, klekovina, šuma bukve i jesenje šašike, šuma bukve i jele, subalpinska šuma bukve, trščaci.

as a refuge area for flora from the glacial period, is today a global biodiversity hotspot. The taxonomic status of some of the plant species, like the Biokovo fir, is still not properly determined. Along the Adriatic coast and on the islands, a maritime or Mediterranean vegetation zone dominates, composed of four main vegetation areas: • Holm oak forest: it is distributed over a relatively narrow coastal area, and typical representatives are, along with holm oak (Quercus ilex), evergreens of the genus Phyllirea, the myrtle (Myrtus communis), the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), laurel (Laurus nobilis), tree heath (Erica arborea), rough bindweed (Smilax aspera), mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and many others. Well distributed in this vegetation area is the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), and in higher areas the endemic Dalmatian black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica). • Pubescent oak and other oaks with oriental hornbeam forest: this goes on to high mountain areas the whole length of Dalmatia, a continuation of holm oak forest. Typical components are, along with pubescent oak and the oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis): Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), manna ash (Fraxinus ornus), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), bladder senna (Colutea arborescens), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycredrus), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and many others. • Pubescent oak and hop hornbeam: this continues on high mountain areas over the whole length of Dalmatia, a continuation of pubescent oak with

oriental hornbeam.Typical representatives with pubescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) are Quercus virgiliana, Montpellier mapble (Acer monspessulanum), wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis), European cornel (Cornus mas) tor grass (Brachypodium pinnatum) and others. • Maritime beech forests: these extend to the highest mountain areas of Dalmatia, bordering community between maritime and continental vegetation, and does not cover real Mediterranean plants. Typical examples along with the beech (Fagus sylvatica) are: the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), whitebeam (Sorbus aria), witch elm (Ulmus glabra) and autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis).Also to be found in this region are relict fir forests (Abies sp.)

• • • • • • • • • • •

Adriatic pubescent oak forest, pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam forest, pubescent oak and hop hornbeam forest, common oak and ash forest, common oak and gorse forest common ash and late snowflake forest, juniper scrub beech and autumn moor grass forest, beech and fir forest, subalpine beech forest, canebrakes / reed beds.

Within these main vegetation areas a quite large number of plant communities and habitats appear in a mosaic: rock communities, Mediterranean pastures and swards, communities of the coastal stagnant and running waters, coastal sands, haline soils, anthropogenic habitats (olive groves, vineyards) and others. Extending over very large areas are forest degradation stages: the famed Dalmatian maquis, semimaquis, garrigue and other kinds. Fifteen natural and potential vegetation covers have been determined in Dalmatia, all able to develop in ideal conditions, in line with the edaphic and climatic factors: • • • •

holm oak forest and maquis, holm oak and hop hornbeam forest and maquis holm oak and black ash forest and maquis, wild olive and mastic maquis,


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a.4 Stanišna i biološka raznolikost Dalmacije Habitat and biological diversity in Dalmatia

Biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus pumilio), endem Dalmacije Biokovo bells (Edraianthus pumilio), a Dalmatian endemic Foto: Ivo Pervan

“U Dalmaciji se sreću brojne endemične i reliktne vrste, a neke od njih obitavaju isključivo na pojedinim planinskim masivima ili otocima.”

“In Dalmatia, numerous endemic and relict species are encountered. Some of them are to be found only on the mountain massifs or on the islands of Dalmatia.”

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d ekoloških sustava na području Dalmacije prisutni su: šume, krš i podzemlje, močvare i vode, more, krški travnjaci, obala i otoci, s više stotina raznovrsnih staništa. Od kopnenih staništa ističu se obalna i slana staništa, obalne pješčane sipine, slatkovodna staništa, sklerofilne makije, prirodni i poluprirodni travnjaci, stjenovita staništa i špilje te šume, od kojih su za Dalmaciju tipične primorske vazdazelene šume i makije te primorske termofilne šume i šikare medunca. Od kultiviranih nešumskih staništa ističu se mozaične kultivirane površine te tradicionalni voćnjaci, vinogradi i maslinici. Velika je raznovrsnost podzemnih staništa: krške špilje i jame, morske špilje, anhijaline špilje te intersticijska podzemna staništa. Od morskih staništa prisutna su staništa morske obale koja se dijelom preklapaju s kopnenim staništima, zatim brojna staništa u moru te kompleksi staništa: estuariji, obalne lagune i velike plitke uvale i zaljevi. Kao centri endemizma Dalmacije i Hrvatske, gdje na relativno maloj površini srećemo brzu izmjenu raznovrsnih staništa, ističu se masivi Velebita i Biokova s vrlo velikim brojem endemičnih vrsta. Relativno dobra očuvanost staništa i pravovremena zakonska zaštita pojedinih područja u okviru čak četiri nacionalna parka i pet parkova prirode pridonijela je izraženoj biološkoj, stanišnoj i krajobraznoj vrijednosti Dalmacije. U Hrvatskoj raste 4 528 vrsta te 1 169 podvrsta, odnosno 5 018 biljnih svojti te je na 6. mjestu u Europi. Međutim, brojem vrsta po jedinici površine je na 3. mjestu, iza Slovenije i Albanije, a na osnovi prostorne rezidualne vrijednosti prva, s preko 542 vrste unutar jedne prostorne jedinice od 35 km2. Sama Dalmacija je s oko 3 500 svojti bilja, brojem vrsta po jedinici površine među prvim regijama Europe. Među

njima nalazimo mediteranske, submediteranske, balkanske, ilirske, srednjoeuropske, pontske, eurazijske, a na vrhovima najviših dalmatinskih planina alpske, čak i borealne biljne vrste. U Dalmaciji se sreću brojne endemične i reliktne vrste, a neke od njih nalazimo isključivo na planinskim masivima ili otocima Dalmacije. Osobito se ističu endemične vrste iz rodova: kozlinaca (Astragalus), zečina (Centaurea), zvončića (Campanula; Edraianthus), oštrika (Onosma), lazarkinja (Asperula), mrižica (Limonium), kaćuna (Ophrys; Orchys) i druge. Također, posebno su prepoznatljivi dalmatinski endemi: dalmatinski crni bor (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), dalmatinsko i biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), dubrovačka zečina (Centaurea ragusina), dalmatinska iglica (Geranium dalmaticum) i brojni drugi. Dalmacija je vrlo bogata životinjskim vrstama: kopnenim, slatkovodnim i morskim. Od 90 vrsta sisavaca Hrvatske, najugroženiji su šišmiši s 34 vrste, od kojih neke vrste dolaze samo na području Dalmacije. To su meheljev potkovnjak (Rhinolphus mehely) i veliki večernjak (Nyctalus lasiopterus), dok su blazijev potkovnjak (Rhinolophus blasii) i kolombatovićev dugoušan (Plecotus kolombatovici) nađeni na svega par lokacija izvan Dalmacije. U Dalmaciji obitavaju tri najveća kopnena predatora Europe: medvjed (Ursus arctos), vuk (Canis lupus) i ris (Lynx lynx). Selekcija pasa za potrebe uzgoja stoke na području Dalmacije (tornjak) provodi se prije svega za zaštitu stoke od velikih predatora. Vuk, ali u manjoj mjeri i medvjed i ris, direktno ovise o domaćim životinjama, koje su zamijenile nekadašnje divlje preživače Dalmacije, tako da bez opstanka tradicionalnog stočarstva nema ni opstanka velikih zvijeri. Također, prisutni su neki rijetki, endemični i ugroženi sisavci. Endemi dinarske Hrvatske

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cological systems in the area of Dalmatia include: forests, karst and the subterranean region, wetlands and waters, sea, karst grasslands, coastland and islands, with several hundred heterogeneous habitats. Particularly interesting of the land habitats are the coastal and salty habitats, coastal sand dunes, fresh water habitats, sclerophyll maquis, natural and semi-natural grasslands, rocky habitats and caverns and forests, typical of which for Dalmatia are the coastal evergreen forests and maquis, and the coastal thermophile forests and pubescent oak scrub. As for cultivated non-forest habitats, the mosaic ally cultivated surfaces and the traditional orchards, vineyards and olive groves stand out There is a great deal of diversity in the subterranean habitats: the karst caves and pits, the sea caverns, anchialine caves and interstitial underground habitats. Marine habitats include seashore habitats that are partially imbricated with terrestrial habitats, then numerous habitats in the sea as well as complex habitats – estuaries, coastal lagoons and large shallow bays and coves. Very distinct centres of endemism in Dalmatia and Croatia, where in a relatively small area we encounter a rapid alteration of diverse habitats, are the Velebit and Biokovo massifs, with a very large number of endemic species. The relatively good preservation of habitats and prompt statutory preservation of individual areas within the framework of as many as four national parks and five nature parks has contributed to the great biological, habitat and landscape values of Dalmatia. There are 4 528 plant taxa and 1 169 subspecies in Croatia, or 5 018 taxa in all, which is the sixth highest in Europe. In terms of species per unit of area, it is in 3rd place, after Slovenia and Albania, and in terms

of spatial residual value, first, with over 542 species inside a single spatial unit of 35 square kilometres. Dalmatia itself, with its approximately 3 500 taxa of plants is in terms of number of species per unit of area among the leading regions of Europe. Among them we find Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Balkanic, Illyrian, Central European, Pontic, Eurasian and, at

in Dalmatia (the tornjak) was carried out primarily to protect the animals from the large predators. The wolf, and to a lesser extent the bear and the lynx, are directly dependent on domestic animals, which replaced the former wild cattle of Dalmatia, and the large beasts of prey cannot survive without the traditional livestock rearing. Also present are some ra-

Dalmatia is very rich in animal species: terrestrial, fresh water and marine. of the 90 species of mammals in Croatia, the most endangered are the bats, 34 species of them, some of which only come to the area of Dalmatia; Mehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolphus mehely) and the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus), while Blasius’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) and Kolombatović’s long eared bat (Plecotus kolombatovici) are found in only a handful of places outside Dalmatia. Dalmatia is home to three of the biggest European terrestrial predators: the brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx). The selection of dogs for the purpose of livestock breeding

Some 390 species of bird inhabit Croatia, and 244 species nest here, most of them in Dalmatia too. Until recently there were four species of carrion bird flying here: the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus). For all these vultures, until the beginning of the 20th century, Dalmatia was one of the population centres in Europe, where they directly depended on the developed traditional livestock keeping. Their populations presented a kind of proof of the thousand-years of human management of the landscapes of Croatia, as well as a peak of biodiversity. After the decline of herding, particularly of sheep, and after a hundred years of poisoning and hunting, these vultures became extinct. Reintroduction of the

the tips of the highest Dalmatian mountains Alpine and even Boreal plant species. In Dalmatia, numerous endemic and relict species are encountered. Some of them are to be found only on the mountain massifs or on the islands of Dalmatia. Particularly to the fore are the endemic species from the genera: vetches (Astragalus), cornflowers (Centaurea), bellflowers (Campanula; Edraianthus), (Onosma), woodruffs (Asperula), sea lavender and marsh rosemary (Limonium), orchid (Ophrys; Orchys) and others. Especially distinctive are the Dalmatian endemics: the Dalmatian black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), Biokovo and Dalmatian bellflowers (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), Dubrovnik cornflower (Centaurea ragusina), Dalmatian cranesbill (Geranium dalmaticum) and many others.

re endemic and endangered mammals. Endemic to Dinaric Croatia are the Dalmatian garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), the Balkan snow vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi), the Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). As for marine mammals, the following are endangered: the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which was described in 1779 on the basis of a specimen captured alongside Cres island. Numerous Dalmatian marine caves, in which the Mediterranean monk seal once lived, are named after this sea she-bear.


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su: krški puh (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), dinarski voluhar (Dinaromys bogdanovi), balkanska divokoza (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). Od morskih sisavaca ugrožen je dobri dupin (Tursiops truncatus) te sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus), endem Mediterana, koja je opisana 1779. godine na osnovi primjerka ulovljenog uz otok Cres. Brojne dalmatinske morske špilje u kojima je sredozemna medvjedica obitavala dobile su ime po morskom medvidu.

europskih populacija obitavala je na širem području Neretve, uglavnom vezana za plitke močvare i periodički potopljena krška polja bogata ribom. Nažalost, danas je regionalno izumrla vrsta, zbog regulacije toka Neretve i isušivanja okolnih prostranih močvara te hidrotehničkih regulacija krških polja. Ipak, nad Dalmacijom još uvijek lete najveće europske grabljivice: suri orao (Aquila chrysaetos), zmijar (Circaetus gallicus) i sova ušara (Bubo bubo).

U Hrvatskoj obitava 390 vrsta ptica, a 244 vrsta i gnijezdi od čega većina i u Dalmaciji. Ovdje su donedavno letjele četiri vrste lešinara: crkavica (Neophron percnopterus), bjeloglavi sup (Gyps fulvus), kostoberina (Gypaetus barbatus) i sup starješina (Aegypius monachus). Za ove lešinare Dalmacija je sve do početka 20. stoljeća bila jedan od populacijskih centara u Europi, gdje su izravno ovisili o razvijenom tradicijskom stočarstvu. Njihove populacije predstavljale su svojevrsni dokaz tisućgodišnjeg ljudskog upravljanja krajobrazima Dalmacije, ali i krunu bioraznolikosti. Nakon smanjenja stočarstva, posebno ovčarstva te stogodišnjeg trovanja i lova, ovi su lešinari izumrli. Reintrodukcija lešinara, možda ponajprije na prostoru Nacionalnog parka Paklenica i Parka prirode Biokovo nije moguća bez upravljanja krajobrazima, pri čemu su jedini optimalni resurs autohtone pasmine domaćih životinja. Obnova tradicionalnog korištenja postojećih krajobraza ispašom domaće stoke ujedno će održati i svu ostalu prateću bioraznolikost, posebno travnjačkog bilja i pratećih beskralješnjaka. Drugim riječima, lešinari na nebu dokaz su iznimne bioraznolikosti na tlu! Kudravi nesit (Pelecanus crispus) opisan je 1842. godine prema ulovljenim primjercima s područja delte Neretve, a u svijetu je i danas poznat kao dalmatinski pelikan (Dalmatian Pelican). Jedna od većih

U Hrvatskoj živi 15 vrsta zmija, 17 vrsta guštera, 7 vrsta kornjača i 20 vrsta vodozemaca, od kojih neke srećemo i u moru, primjerice morsku kornjaču, najčešće glavatu želvu (Caretta caretta), ali i ogromnu dvometarsku sedmoprugu usminjaču (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmacija je domovina najotrovnije europske zmije – poskoka (Vipera ammodytes), ali i krajnja granica nekih južno proširenih gmazova kao što su zmija sljeparica (Typhlops vermicularis), turski dvoplaz (Blanus strauchi) i riječna kornjača (Mauremys rivulata). Velik je broj endemičnih gušterica na području Dalmacije: mosorska gušterice (Archaeolacerta mosorensis), brusnička gušterica (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), lastovska gušterica (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), jadranska primorska gušterica (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) i dubrovačka gušterica (Podarcis sicula ssp. ragusae). U Dalmaciji obitavaju čak četiri odvojene populacije čovječje ribice (Proteus anguinus), simbola dinarskog krškog podzemlja.


Biološko bogatstvo slatkih voda Dalmacije ogleda se u velikom broju endemičnih slatkovodnih riba jadranskog sliva, koje čine znatan udjel od 154 vrsta slatkovodnih riba Hrvatske. Po broju slatkovodnih vrsta riba, Hrvatska je nakon Turske najbogatija europska država. Od endemičnih vrsta ističu se mekousne pastrve (Salmothymus), gobice (Knipowitschia), gaovice

(Delminychthys), koje su ujedno i najstarije europske ribe te brojne druge endemske vrste. U Jadranu živi oko 450 vrsta morskih riba, odnosno preko 65% sredozemnih vrsta, po čemu je Jadran treće područje po bioraznolikosti morskih riba u Mediteranu. Daleko su najbrojniji i najčešći beskralješnjaci, među kojima se brojem vrsta ističu: kukci (Insecta), paučnjaci (Arachnida), rakovi (Crustacea), puževi (Gastropoda) s bezbrojnim vrstama endemičnim za Dalmaciju, a od morske faune: morske spužve (Porifera), koralji (Anthozoa), školjke (Bivalvia), ježinci (Echinoidea), zvjezdače (Asteroiedea), glavonošci (Cephalopoda) i brojne druge skupine. U okviru ogromne skupine beskralješnjaka, velik je udjel vrsta koje pripadaju pratećoj agrobioraznolikosti, kako fauna direktno vezana za dalmatinske sorte i pasmine (predatori, fitofagi, paraziti, napasnici, koprofagi, nekrofagi), tako i prateća fauna staništa travnjaka i krških lokvi. Pri spominjanju beskralješnjaka i faune uopće, valja posebno istaknuti vrlo bogatu dinarsku špiljsku faunu s velikim brojem endemičan i reliktnih vrsta. Ukupno je s dalmatinskog područja – iz preko 130 tipskih špiljskih lokaliteta – opisano više od 230 svojti, od kojih je najveći broj endemičan za Dalmaciju. Tek predstoji sustavno istraživanje faune tla (edafske faune) i faune krških pukotina (Mesovoid Shallow Substratum). Posebno bogatstvo i sigurno velik broj endemskih svojti očekuje nas i u carstvu gljiva (Fungi), koje su na području Dalmacije vrlo slabo istražene, dok su daleko bolje istraženi lišaji (Lichenes).

vultures, perhaps first of all in the area of the Paklenica National Park and of Biokovo Nature Park is impossible without management of the landscapes, in the context of which the only optimal resource consists of the indigenous breeds of domestic animals, the landraces. The revival of traditional use of existing landscapes with the pasturing of domestic livestock will also maintain all the other accompanying biodiversity, particularly of grassland vegetation and the pertaining invertebrates. In other words, vultures in the sky are a proof of great biodiversity down below on the soil. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) was described in 1842 from specimens caught in the Neretva delta. One of the larger European populations lived in the general area of the Neretva, primarily bound to the shallow wetlands and periodically flooded karst poljes rich in fish. Today alas it is a regionally extinct species, as a result of the regulation of the course of the Neretva and the draining of the surrounding spacious wetlands and the hydraulic engineering operations in the karst poljes. Still, the biggest European birds of prey still fly above Dalmatia: the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Fifteen species of snakes, 17 species of lizards, 7 species of turtles and 20 species of amphibians live in Croatia; some of them are to be found in the sea, for example, the sea turtles, particularly the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), as well as the vast two-metre long leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmatia is home to the most venomous European snake, the horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) and also the ultimate border of some reptiles widespread in the south such as the European blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis), the Anatolian

worm lizard (Blanus strauchi) and the Balkan pond turtle (Mauremys rivulata). There are a large number of endemic lizards in Dalmatia, such as the Archaeolacerta mosorensis, the Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), the Lastovo version of the same species (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), the Italian wall lizard, in its Dalmatian (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) and Dubrovnik subspecies (Podarcis sicula ssp. ragusae). In Dalmatia there are four separate populations of olm (Proteus anguinus), symbolic of the Dinaric karstic underground. The biological richness of freshwater in Dalmatia can be seen in the large number of endemic freshwater fish of the Adriatic drainage basin, comprising a considerable part of the 154 species of freshwater fish in Croatia. In terms of numbers of freshwater fish species, Croatia is the second richest (after Turkey) European country. Particularly prominent among endemic species are the Adriatic trout (Salmothymus), the gobies (Knipowitsschia) and fish of Delminychthus, the oldest European fish, and many other endemic species. About 450 species of marine fish live in the Adriatic, or over 65% of all Mediterranean species, making the Adriatic the third most biodiverse region for marine fish in the Mediterranean.

are connected with agrobiodiversity, fauna directly connected to Dalmatian varieties and breeds (predators, herbivores, parasites, napasnici, coprophages and necrophages), as well as the accompanying fauna of the karst pool and grassland habitats. While discussing the invertebrates and fauna in general, it is particularly worth pointing out the very rich Dinaric cavernicolous fauna, with the large number of endemic and relict species. Totally from the Dalmatian area – from over 130 cavern type localities, more than 230 taxa have been described, most of which are endemic to Dalmatia. Still to come is systematic research into soil or edaphic fauna and the fauna of the karstic fissures (MSS or the mesovoid shallow substratum). Particular richness and certainly a large number of endemic taxa await us in the kingdom of Fungi, which are very poorly investigated in the area of Dalmatia, while the lichens are much better researched.

Far the most numerous and common are the invertebrates, among which Insecta, Arachnida and Crustacea and Gastropoda are important in terms of numbers of species with numerous species endemic to Dalmatia. Sea fauna includes sponges (Porifera), corals (Anthozoa), shellfish (Bivalvia), urchins (Echinoidea), starfish (Asteroiedea), cephalopods (Cephalopoda) and many other groups. In the framework of this vast group of invertebrates, there is a large proportion of species that


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a.5 Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji Development of agriculture in Dalmatia

Ograđeni dolac sa stanovima i torovima iznad Basta u Parku prirode Biokovo An enclosed small karstic valley with shielings and folds over Bast in Biokovo Nature Park Foto: Roman Ozimec

“Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji započeo je oko 6 000 godine pr. Kr., čime nastaje krški poljoprivredni krajobraz s brojnim tradicijskim arhitektonskim elementima.”

“The development of agriculture in Dalmatia started about 6,000 BC, creating the karstic farm landscape with its many traditional architectural elements.”

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oljoprivreda je u Dalmaciji bila presudna za opstanak ljudi, a vinova loza, maslina, voće, povrće, žitarice te ovce, koze i goveda njen su temelj. Tradicijski stari maslinici, vinogradi, livade, pašnjaci, oranice, vrtovi, obrađene vrtače te izvorne sorte i pasmine od iznimne su važnosti za nastanak dalmatinskih krajobraza i staništa te očuvanje cjelokupne biološke raznolikosti Dalmacije. Poljoprivreda se počela razvijati krajem neolitika, prije oko 14 000 godina u okviru neolitske poljoprivredne evolucije. Pretpostavlja se da je poljoprivredna proizvodnja na području Dalmacije započela prije oko 10 000 godina, a prije otprilike 8 000 godina razvila se intenzivnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Tada se masovnije započinju krčiti šume, što se pojačava u brončano doba, prije oko 5 000 godina kada se preusmjeravaju vodotokovi, grade lokve, suhozidi, pastirske nastambe i drugi elementi poljoprivredne arhitekture. Razvojem poljoprivrede mijenjao se i razvijao poljoprivredni krajobraz. Naime za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju poljoprivrednik mora osigurati zemljište i objekte, te dodatnu hranu i vodu. Kako bi stvorio poljoprivredno zemljište, krševita površina je čišćena od kamenja od kojeg su građeni suhozidi i dolci, torovi, stanovi, bunje, lokve i bunari – osebujni elementi dalmatinskih krajobraza. Suhozidi su služili kao granica između porodica, dobra zaštita od bure, ali i staništa za pojedine biljke i životinje, dok su posebno visoki i nagnuti zidovi građeni kao zapreka za koze i ovce kako ne bi ulazile u dolce. Dolci su suhozidom ograđene pogodne vrtače koje na dnu imaju ravnu površinu koja se obrađuje. Ukoliko se dolac nikako ne može obrađivati, u njemu se kosi trava za stoku. Torovi su grube kamene građevine građene za smještaj stoke, a stanovi nešto bolje građeni za smještaj ljudi. Povremeno su

gradnjom skupina stanova nastajala prava sela u kojima su periodički živjele cijele obitelji. Slične su i bunje, suhozidnom tehnikom građene poljske kućice za smještaj i sklonište alata i ljudi. Lokve i bunari građeni su za održanje oborinske vode, kišnice i snijega. Za razliku od lokvi do kojih stoka može sama prići i napajati se, do vode u bunarima može samo čovjek te su zbog toga uz bunare redovita kamena ili drvena pojila. Na području Dalmacije prirodne lokve koriste se još od neolitika, dok se u željezno doba počinju graditi na pogodnim lokacijama te se tako kontinuirano koriste i više tisuća godina. Od početka poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Dalmaciji, poljoprivrednik je osuđen na korištenje pretežno nepoljoprivrednog zemljišta. Naime udjel poljoprivrednog zemljišta četiri dalmatinske županije iznosi svega oko 13%. Zato ne treba čuditi da Dalmacija duguje svoje ime upravo ovcama (delma = ovca), kojih je na području Dalmacije svojevremeno bilo više od milijun i koje su za pašu koristile škrte kamenite dinarske travnjake. Jedan od najvažnijih elemenata razvoja poljoprivrede je udomaćivanje ili domestikacija divljih vrsta biljaka i životinja i njihova introdukcija u poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Prve kulture koje su se počele uzgajati na području Dalmacije od srednjeg neolitika, prije oko 6 000 godina su: pirevi i pšenice (Triticum sp.), ječam (Hordeum vulgare), zob (Avena sp.), bob (Vicia faba), sjekirica (Lathyrus sativus), kupus ili raštika (Brassica sp.), vinova loza (Vitis vinifera), maslina (Olea europea), a od domaćih životinja uzgajaju se najprije pas (Canis familiaris), ovca (Ovis sp.), koza (Capra sp.) i govedo (Bos sp.). Pojavljuju se prva poljoprivredna oruđa: kameni žrvnjevi za mljevenje žita, primitivni kremeni srpovi, kamene motike i drugo.

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griculture was a crucial factor for the survival of human beings in Dalmatia. It is founded on the grape vine, the olive tree, fruit and vegetables, grains, sheep, goats and cattle. Traditional old olive trees, vineyards, meadows, pastures, ploughed fields, gardens, cultivated sinkholes and original varieties and breeds are exceptionally important in the origins of the Dalmatian landscapes and habitats as well as for the preservation of biological diversity as a whole in Dalmatia. Agriculture started to develop at the end of the Neolithic, about 14 000 years ago, within the context of Neolithic agricultural evolution. It is hypothesised that farm production in Dalmatia started about 10 000 years ago, and that more intensive agricultural production started about 8 000 years ago. At that time the forests started to be cleared on a large scale, which was stepped up in the Bronze Age, about 5 000 years ago, when the watercourses were redirected, precipitation pools or wells were built, dry stone walls, herdsmen’s dwellings and other elements of the farming architecture.

flat cultivable bottom, surrounded by dry stone wall. If no one could cultivate a dolac, then grass would be cut in it for the livestock. A tor or fold is a rough stone building meant for keeping the livestock in, while a stan is a little bit better building meant for people – a shieling. Occasionally the building of a group of shealings would lead to the rise of a real village in which, periodically, whole families would be living. The same thing holds for the bunja or beehive’shaped stone hut built in dry stone wall technique meant for keeping tools in and sheltering in the fields. Pools and wells were made to retain the surface water, rainfall and snow. A pool, or lokva, could be accessed by the livestock directly for drinking; only the farmer could draw water from the wells, and the wells are thus usually accompanied by stone or wooden drinking troughs. In Dalmatia natural pools have been used since the Neolithic, while in the Iron Age they started to be built at handy locations, and have been thus used continuously for several thousand years.

As agriculture developed, the agricultural landscape also changed and developed. For farm production, land and structures have to be provided, as well as additional food and water. In order to create agricultural land, the karstic, i.e. rocky, area is cleared of stone, which is used for the building of dry stone walls, depression gardens, folds, shealings, beehive huts, pools and wells – all particular elements of the Dalmatian landscapes. Dry stone walls were used as boundaries between families, for shelter from the north wind, as well as habitats for individual plants and animals. Especially high and sloped walls were built as obstacles against sheep and goats, to prevent them from entering the small patches of cultivation in the karstic funnel-shaped depressions. Dolci as they are called are suitable depressions with a

From the beginning of farm production in Dalmatia, man the farmer was condemned to use a nonagricultural land. The proportion of real agricultural land in the four Dalmatian counties is no more than 13%. For this reason it is no matter for wonder that Dalmatia actually owes is name to the sheep (delma – sheep), a million of which once grazed on the scanty stony Dinaric grasslands. One of the most important elements behind the development of agriculture is the domestication of wild species of plants and animals and their introduction into farming practice. The first crops began to be raised in Dalmatia from the Middle Neolithic, about 6 000 years ago. They were: spelt and wheat (Triticum

sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sp.), broad bean (Vicia faba), vetchling (Lathyrus sativus), cabbage and borecole (Brassica sp.), grape vine (Vitis vinifera), olive tree (Olea europea), while of domestic animals first to be domesticated were the dog (Canis familiaris), sheep (Ovis sp.), goat (Capra sp.) and cow (Bos sp.). The first farm tools appeared: stone querns for grinding grain, rudimentary stone sickles, stone mattocks and so on. In the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages, in the period from about 3,000 years BC to AD 100, farm production developed essentially, and alongside the already familiar crops came: millet (Panicum milliaceum) and rye (Secale cereale) as well as lentils (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisum sativum), the fig (Ficus carica) and many other fruit trees. The Delmats, Illyrians, who were dominant in this period, are known for their worship of cereals, which was their main branch of production and even had a special patron, Messer, deity of reapers. They were also known for their fondness of drinking wine. As for tools, they were familiar with the wooden plough, metal sickles and other things. They primarily raised sheep, goats and pigs, and horses and donkeys would also appear. The Delmat god of animal husbandry Silvanus regularly appears with a goat, while the northern Dalmatian Illyrian tribe of the Iapodi is known for raising swine. In the middle of the Iron Age, in the 8th century BC, the Greeks moved in, founding several colonies: Issa (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyra (Korčula), Tragurion (Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) and Salona (Solin). They brought new crops with them: olives, vines, figs, probably the myrtle too (Myrtus communis). During history the mistaken opinion took root that the ancient Greeks had brought both the olive and the grape vine


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U bakreno, brončano i željezno doba, u razdoblju od prije oko 3 000 godina prije Krista do 1. stoljeća, poljoprivredna proizvodnja se bitno razvija, a uz već poznate kulture pojavljuju se: (Panicum milliaceum) i raž (Secale cereale) te leća (Lens culinaris), grašak (Pisum sativum), smokva (Ficus carica) i brojne druge voćke. Iliri Delmati, koji dominiraju u tom razdoblju, poznati su po štovanju žitarica koje su im glavna proizvodna grana te čak imaju posebnog zaštitnika Messera, boga žetelaca, ali su također poznati i po sklonosti pijenja vina. Od alata poznaju drveno ralo, metalne srpove i drugo. Uzgajaju najviše ovce, koze i svinje, a pojavljuju se i konji i magarci. Delmatski bog stočarstva Silvan redovito se prikazuje s kozom, dok je sjevernodalmatinsko ilirsko pleme Japoda poznato po svinjogojstvu. Polovicom željeznog doba, u 8. stoljeću prije Krista, na područje Dalmacije doseljavaju Grci koji osnivaju više kolonija: Issu (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyru (Korčula), Tragurium (Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) i Salonu (Solin). Sa sobom donose i pojedine nove sorte svojih kultura: masline, vinove loze, smokve, a vjerojatno i mirtu (Myrtus communis). Kroz povijest se uvriježilo pogrešno mišljenje kako su stari Grci na područje Dalmacije donijeli kulture maslinu i vinovu lozu. No svakako su pokrenuli njihovu snažniju proizvodnju i uvelike obogatili poljoprivrednu raznolikost ovih kultura. Grci su uzgajali i stoku, posebice koze i goveda koje nalazimo na metalnom novcu grčkih kolonija Pharosa i Isse. Jedan od najznačajnijih grčkih poljoprivrednih spomenika je starogradski Agris na otoku Hvaru, ponajbolje očuvano grčko polje na području Mediterana, danas dio svjetske kulturne baštine.

(Prunus persica), agrumi (Citrus sp.), brojne povrtnice, među kojima artičoka (Cynara scolymus), riga (Eruca vesicaria), ali i mak (Papaver somniferum) i pinija (Pinus pinea) te neke danas zaboravljene kulture, lećasta grahorica (Vicia ervilia) i sjetveni podlanak (Camelina sativa). Od domaćih životinja povećava se uzgoj konja (Equus caballus), magaraca (Equus asinus), svinja (Sus scrofa), pčela (Apis mellifera) i golubova (Columba livia). Otok Brač čuven je po uzgoju koza, rimski veterani uzgajaju konje, a na tržnicama Rimskog Carstva prodaje se dalmatinski sir (caseus dalmaticus) i šoltanski med. U poljoprivredu se uvodi željezni plug, unaprjeđuju sustav proizvodnje i drugo. Dok je u kontinentalnoj, ilirskoj Dalmaciji bilo jače razvijeno stočarstvo i uzgoj žitarica, primorska je Dalmacija pod utjecajem Grka i Rimljana postala jedan od važnih proizvođača maslinova ulja i vina.

Za antike, od 1. stoljeća do 476. godine, u razdoblju dominacije Rimskog Carstva, u Dalmaciji se počinju uzgajati: bajami (Ammygdalus communis), breskve

Otkrićem Novoga svijeta u 15. stoljeću, postupno se do kraja 18. stoljeća pojavljuju nove kulture u Dalmaciji: krumpir (Solanum tuberosum), rajčica


Doseljavanjem Slavena u 7. stoljeću, Dalmacija je obogaćena novim kulturama, posebno novim sortimentom ratarskih kultura te voćkama kao što su jabuka (Malus domestica), kruška (Pyrus communis), dunja (Cydonia oblonga), šljiva (Prunus domestica), trešnja (Cerasus avium) i drugo, ali i novim pasminama konja, goveda, ovaca i pasa, vjerojatno i pčela, jer su Slaveni bili poznati kao vrsni pčelari. U srednjem vijeku u uzgoju se javljaju kulture kineskog odnosno dalekoistočnog porijekla kao što su: mandarina (Citrus reticulata), žižula (Zyzyphus jujuba), nešpola (Eriobotrya japonica) i druge, a uz razvoj svilarstva počinje se uzgajati dudov svilac (Bombyx mori).

(Lycopersicum lycopersicum), paprika (Capsicum anuum), kukuruz (Zea mays), grah (Phaseolus sp.), duhan (Nicotiana sp.), agava (Agave americana), od kojih su neke postale vrlo važne u poljoprivredi Dalmacije, posebno krumpir, kukuruz i duhan. Pojavljuju se i nove domaće životinje kao što je puran (Meleagris gallopavo), u Dalmaciji zvan „tuka“. Konačno, krajem 19. i tijekom 20. stoljeća u Dalmaciji se počinju uzgajati i neke autohtone vrste kao što su buhač (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), ružmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis), šafran (Crocus sp.), ali i neke introducirane kao što je lavanda (Lavandula sp.), te brojne ukrasne vrste. Razvojem poljoprivrede pojedine kulture evoluiraju, razvijaju se ili izumiru. Od trenutka kada su se pojavile, određene se kulture u Dalmaciji uzgajaju kontinuirano već više tisućljeća, neke tek stotinjak godina, a neke su možda i zauvijek nestale. Tako su primjerice sve žitarice koje su se u Dalmaciji uzgajale neprekidno više od 5 000 godina, danas gotovo potpuno nestale, kao i zajednica strnišnih korova. Broj konja, magaraca, goveda i svinja pao je na samu granicu opstanka, dok su neke kulture prisutne tek posljednjih nekoliko stotina godina, na primjer rajčica ili krumpir, postale karakteristične za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju na području Dalmacije. S druge strane maslinarstvo i vinogradarstvo se neprestano razvijaju od samih začetaka sve do 21. stoljeća, pa se danas Dalmacija diči upravo ovim dvjema perjanicama svoje poljoprivrede.

to Dalmatia. Certainly they did set off much more vigorous production and greatly enriched the agricultural diversity of these products. The Greeks also raised livestock, particularly goats and cattle, which we can find on the metal coins of the Greek colonies of Pharos and Issa. One of the most important Greek agricultural monuments is the Stari Grad Ager on the island of Hvar, the best preserved Greek cadastre in the Mediterranean, today inscribed on the World Heritage List. During the Roman period, from the 1st century AD to AD 476, during the period of the Empire, the following began to be grown in Dalmatia: almonds (Ammygdalus communis), peaches (Prunus persica), citrus fruits (Citrus sp.), numerous vegetables including the artichoke (Cynara scolymus), rocket (Eruca vesicaria), and poppy too (Papaver somniferum) and the pine (Pinus pinea) and some crops forgotten today such as bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) and false flax (Camelina sativa). As for domestic animals, there was an increase in the raising of horses (Equus caballus), asses (Equus asinus), pigs (Sus scrofa), bees (Apis melifera) and pigeons (Columba livia). The island of Brač was famed for its goats, Roman veterans raised horses, and on the markets of the Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese (caseus dalmaticus) and honey from Šolta. The iron ploughshare was introduced, production systems were improved. While in inland, Illyrian Dalmatia, cereal production and animal husbandry were better developed, maritime Dalmatia, under the influence of the Greeks and Romans, became an important producer of olive oil and wine. When the Slavs arrived in the 7th century, Dalmatia was enriched with some new crops: particularly with a new range of arable crops and with fruit trees,

such as, for instance, the apple (Malus domestica), pear (Pyrus communis), quince (Cydonia oblonga),plum (Prunus domestica) and cherry (Cerasus avium). Also coming with the Slavs were new breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and dogs, and probably of bees, for they were known as excellent apiarists. In the Middle Ages produce of Chinese or other Far Eastern origin appeared, such as the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulate), the jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and others and the rearing of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) started in conjunction with the development of the silk industry. When the New World was discovered in the 15th century, gradually, until the end of the 18th century, new crops appeared in Dalmatia: the potato (Solanum tuberaceum), tomato (Lycopersicum lycopersicum), bell pepper (Capsicum anuum), maize (Zea mays), bean (Phaseolus sp.), tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and agave (Agave americana), some of which became extremely important for Dalmatian agriculture, particularly the potato, corn and tobacco. Some new domestic animals also appeared, such as the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), called “tuka” in Dalmatia.

for thousands of years, some for just a hundred or so, some have perhaps vanished forever. Thus for example all the cereals that were grown in Dalmatia incessantly for over 5 000 years have almost vanished, as well as the community of stubble field weeds. The number of horses, asses, cattle and pigs has fallen to the very boundary of survival, while some crops have been present just for the last several hundred years and yet, like the tomato and potato, have become completely characteristics of agricultural production in the area of Dalmatia. On the other hand, olive growing and viticulture have been developing from their very origins, all the way down to the 21st century, and today Dalmatia

prides itself particularly on these two feathers in the cap of its agriculture.

Finally, at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century some indigenous species started to be cultivated: pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and crocus (Crocus sp.), as well as some introduced species such as lavender (Lavandula sp.) and numerous ornamental species. As agriculture develops, some crops evolve, develop or die out. From the moment when they appeared, some crops in Dalmatia have been reared uninterruptedly


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a.6 Genetička osnova i nastanak sorti i pasmina Dalmacije Genetic foundation and origin of varieties and breeds in Dalmatia

Plodne oranice u kršu Dalmacije, pokraj Vranskog jezera Fertile ploughland in the karst of Dalmatia, by Vransko Lake Foto: Ivo Pervan

“Dalmacija je sastavni dio mediteranskog centra poljoprivredne raznolikosti unutar kojeg su udomaćene ili domesticirane 84 kulture te unesene brojne alohtone vrste.”

“Dalmatia is a component part of the Mediterranean agricultural diversity centre, within which 84 crops have been domesticated and numerous alien species have been introduced.”

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almacija je domovina vrlo velikog broja sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životinja, čiji se ukupan broj penje na više stotina. Ovu izrazitu agrobioraznolikost Dalmacija zahvaljuje kako krajobraznoj raznovrsnosti tako i burnom povijesnom razvoju, te položaju na prijelazu srednje i južne te zapadne i istočne Europe. Posebno je značajan položaj u istočnom Mediteranu te utjecaj Dinarida, odnosno krška osnova. Čuveni ruski genetičar Nikolaj Vavilov (1887. – 1943.) desetljećima je istraživao raznolikost kulturnog bilja i skupio najveću svjetsku kolekciju sjemena sorti. Utvrdio je kako cjelokupna svjetska agrobioraznolikost biljnih kultivara potječe iz osam centara, a razvila se zbog osiguranja neophodnih proizvoda i sirovina te sigurnosti njihove proizvodnje. Ovi centri od istoka prema zapadu su: kineski, indijski s podcentrima hindustanskim i indomalajskim, centralnoazijski, bliskoistočni, mediteranski, abesinijski, meksičko-centralnoamerički te južnoamerički s podcentrima peruansko-ekvadorsko-bolivijskim, čileanskim i brazilsko-paragvajskim. Dakle Dalmacija je sastavni dio mediteranskog centra poljoprivredne raznolikosti unutar kojeg su udomaćene ili domesticirane 84 kulture, među kojima su najvažnije žitarice: brojne vrste pšenica i pireva (Triticum sp.), zobi (Avena sp.) te kanarska trava (Phalaris canariensis); mahunarke: grahorica (Lathyrus sativus), krupnozrni grašak (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus albus); krmne kulture: egipatska djetelina (Trifolium alexandrinum), bijela djetelina (Trifolium repens), inkarnatka (Trifolium incarnatum) i seradela (Ornithopus sativus); uljano i predivo bilje: lan (Linum usitatissimum), repice (Brassica napus), gorčice (Brassica nigra), maslina (Olea europaea); povrtnice: cikla (Beta vulgaris) repe (Brassica campestris, B. napus), kupusnjače (Brassica oleracea), salata (Lactuca sativa), šparoga (Asparagus oficinalis), celer (Apium

graveolens), cikorija (Cichorium intybus), pastrnjak (Pastinaca sativa), riga (Eruca vesicoria), rabarbara (Rheum officinale); te brojne aromatične biljke: kim (Carum carvi), anis (Pimpinella anisum), timijan (Thymus vulgaris), metvica (Mentha piperita), kadulja (Salvia officinalis), hmelj (Humulus lupulus) i brojne druge. Osim iz vlastitoga, mediteranskog, na područje Dalmacije unesene su brojne biljne kulture i pasmine domaćih životinja iz svih ostalih centara, osobito centralnoazijskog i bliskoistočnog. Kod nekih vrsta nije lako razlučiti jesu li izvorne ili unesene, je li se vrsta ikada i u kojem razdoblju u povijesti kultivirala odnosno je li arheofit ili neofit. Suradnjom znanstvenika, prije svega agronoma, biologa ekologa i genetičara, ali i povjesničara i arheologa, doći ćemo do daljnjih važnih spoznaja. Valja naglasiti kako su za posebno zahtjevno područje Dalmacije, a interakcijom genetičke osnove domaćih kultivara, želje i potrebe čovjeka te utjecajem okoliša nastale neke jedinstvene, krškom području prilagođene sorte i pasmine. Tako je naš plavac mali izvrsna sorta vinove loze za proizvodnju crnog vina posebno prilagođena krškim područjima. Dalmatinski magarac jedna je od najmanjih pasmina magaraca na svijetu, razmjerno veličini najjači i najizdržljiviji za prijenos tereta te s vrlo tvrdim kopitima, posebno prilagođenim krškom terenu. Sorta masline oblica prilagođena je na udare bure i ekstremne klimatske uvjete. Sve naše ovce pramenke imaju runo koje ne upija vodu, već se hladna kiša slijeva niz grube pramenove. Upravo je nevjerojatno u kakvim lošim edafskim i u sušnim uvjetima, mjesecima bez oborina, uspijeva rasti i dati odlične prinose dalmatinska raštika. Naša buša jedno je od najmanjih goveda na svijetu, ali sposobna opstati i na najvišim velebitskim, dinarskim i biokovskim vrhovima. Tvrde, durum pšenice centar svoje

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almatia is the homeland of a very large number of varieties of cropping plants and breeds of domestic animals, the total number of them rising to several hundreds. This marked agrobiodiversity is owing to Dalmatia’s landscape diversity, as well as to its agitated historical development, to its position at the transition from central to southern and from western to eastern Europe. Its position in the eastern Mediterranean and the influence of the Dinarides are particularly important, as is the karst substrate. Famed Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov (1887-1943) explored for decades the diversity of cultivated plants and collected the world’s biggest collection of seeds of varieties. He claimed that the whole of world agrobiodiversity of plant cultivars sprang from eight centres, and developed in order to ensure essential products and raw materials, as well as production centres. These centres, from east to west, are: the Chinese; Indian, with Hindustani and Indo-Malayan subcentres; Central Asian; Near Eastern; Mediterranean; Abyssinian; Mexican and Central American; South American, with the Peruvian-Ecuadoran- Bolivian, Chilean and Brazilian/Paraguayan sub-centres. Dalmatia, then, is a component part of the Mediterranean agricultural diversity centre, within which 84 crops have been domesticated, the most important of which are the cereals: numerous species of wheat and spelt (Triticum sp.), oats (Avena sp.) and Canary grass (Phalaris canariensis);legumes: goat pea (Lathyrus sativus), the pea (Pisum sativum), lupin (Lupinus albus); fodder crops: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), white clover (Trifolium repens), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum)and serradella (Ornithopus sativus); oil and fibre plants: flax (Linum usitatissimum), rape (Brassica napus), mustard (Brassica nigra), olive

(Olea europaea); vegetable plants: beet (Beta vulgaris), turnip (Brassica campestris, B. napus), the cabbages (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), asparagus (Asparagus oficinalis), celery (Apium graveolens), chicory (Cichorium intybus), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), rocket (Eruca vesicoria), rhubarb (Rheum officinale); and numerous aromatic plants: caraway (Carum carvi), anise (Pimpinella anisum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), mint (Mentha piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis), hops (Humulus lupulus) and many others. Not only are there indigenous Mediterranean plants and animals, but many other crops and breeds have been introduced from all the other centres, particularly the Central Asian and the Near Eastern. With some breeds it is not easy to tell if they are indigenous or introduced, whether a species was ever and in what period in history cultivated, i.e. whether it is an archaeophyte or a neophyte. Through the collaboration of scientists, particularly of agronomists, ecologists and geneticists, as well as of historians and archaeologists, we will arrive at further important information. It should be pointed out that for the particularly demanding area of Dalmatia, and via the interaction of the genetic stock of domestic cultivars, the wishes and needs of people and the impact of the environment, some unique landraces, plant and animal, adapted to the karst area, have been produced. Thus the Small Plavac is an excellent variety of grape vine for the production of red wine particularly adapted to karstic areas. The Dalmatian ass is one of the smallest breeds of ass in the world, but has extremely tough hoofs, and in proportion to its size, the strongest and most resilient for the transport of burdens. The olive variety oblica is adapted to the gusts of the north wind and extreme

climatic conditions. All our pramenka sheep have a fleece that will not absorb water, rather the cold rain slides down the coarse tufts of wool. It is quite remarkable in what poor edaphic and droughty conditions, with no rainfall for months, the Dalmatian borecole manages to grow and give excellent yields. The buša, one of the smallest cattle in world, is able to survive on the highest peaks of Velebit, Dinara and Biokovo. Hard durum wheat has the centre of its biodiversity precisely in the eastern Mediterranean. It was to look after and guard the flocks, to guard the boundaries and to hunt that the Dalmatian dog and the tornjak were developed. The marasca is probably the highest quality black cherry in the world (perhaps indeed a separate species, to be proved by further genetic research), and the Dalmatian honey bee creates world-quality honey. The great range of cultivars, of varieties of cultivated plants and breeds of domestic animals are an irreplaceable part of our historical tradition, cultural and natural history. Traditional varieties and breeds are at the same time one of the most important tools for the preservation of existing landscapes, habitats and biological diversity of Dalmatia, the importance and role of which was recognised by the UN Biological Diversity Convention, proclaimed in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The fame of Dalmatia was carried a few centuries ago by the spotted beauty the Dalmatian dog, while one of the oldest breeds of pigeon in the world is the golden Dalmatian zimovka. Zadar was known in the world at large as a city in which maraschino was produced, famed liqueur with a marasca black cherry fruit and leaf basis. The symbol of Dalmatia, the hardy, intelligent and indefatigable tovar or ass is today a threatened species on the edge of extinction. Somewhat contemptuously, Dalmatians


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bioraznolikosti imaju upravo na području istočnog Mediterana. Za držanje i zaštitu stada, čuvanje granica ili lov nastali su dalmatinski pas i tornjak. Maraska je vjerojatno najkvalitetnija višnja na svijetu (možda i zasebna vrsta, što će pokazati daljnja genetička istraživanja), a dalmatinska medna pčela stvara med svjetske kvalitete. Bogatstvo kultivara, sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životinja nezamjenjiv je dio naše povijesne tradicije, kulturne i prirodne baštine. Tradicijske sorte i pasmine ujedno su jedno od naših najvažnijih oruđa za očuvanje postojećih krajobraza, staništa i biološke raznolikosti Dalmacije čiji značaj i ulogu prepoznaje i UN-ova Konvencija o biološkoj raznolikosti proglašena 1992. godine u Rio de Janeiru. Stare sorte kulturnog bilja i pasmine domaćih životinja sastavni su dio krajobraza i staništa Dalmacije, čak tvore zasebna staništa, ali su ujedno i njen simbol. Slavu Dalmacije još je prije više stoljeća pronio pjegavi ljepotan dalmatinski pas, te jedna od najstarijih pasmina goluba na svijetu zlatna dalmatinska zimovka. Zadar je u svijetu bio poznat kao grad u kojem se proizvodi maraskino, čuveni liker na bazi ploda i listova višnje maraske. Simbol Dalmacije, ustrajan, inteligentan i neslomljiv dalmatinski tovar danas je ugrožena vrsta kojoj prijeti nestanak. Pomalo pogrdno, Dalmatinci se nazivaju „blitvarima“ po omiljenoj povrtnici – blitvi. Dubrovnik je u Domovinskom ratu (1991. – 1995.) gotovo izgubio svoju izvornu ovcu dubrovačku rudu, koju hitno treba revitalizirati, popularizirati i zaštititi, ali srećom nije izvornu župsku postranjsku crvenu brokulu. U okviru morfološki i genetički dosta raznovrsne populacije lokalnih kultura, uglavnom odabirom poljoprivrednika, ali i pod velikim utjecajem okolišnih uvjeta nastaju pojedine sorte, a kod domaćih životinja

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pasmine. Sorte i pasmine nisu taksonomska kategorija, već predstavljaju populacije osnovne vrste ili podvrste koje se odlikuju jedinstvenim fenotipskim i genotipskim osobinama, po kojima se razlikuju od drugih sorti i pasmina iste vrste ili podvrste te svoje osobine prenose na potomstvo. Kultivar je međunarodnim kodeksom (Utrecht, 1958.) usvojena oznaka prije svega za sortu ili odliku kulturnog, odnosno uzgojenog bilja i označava se kraticom cv. Tradicijski kultivari su osnova agrobioraznolikosti nekog područja. Oni su nastali na određenom području pa su izvorni ili autohtoni te ih zovemo domaći kultivari, ili su u prošlosti doneseni ili introducirani te su postali udomaćeni kultivari, primjerice: pšenica frassineto, raž petkus, kukuruz quarantin, duhan virginia, krumpir bintje, lubenica sugar baby, dinja ananas i medna rosa, rajčica volovsko srce, saint-pierre i rutgers, blitve srebrnolisna i lukulus, kupus ditmar, likoriški i futoški; paprika kurtovska kapia te brojni drugi. Za mnogo prisutnih kultivara porijeklo nije jasno, pogotovo zato što udomaćeni kultivari često vremenom dobiju domaća imena. Prisutna je i sinonimija kultivara, razna imena za istu sortu (primjerice oblica ima preko 30 sinonima), ali i homonimija, odnosno isto ime za različite sorte (tako sorte vinove loze zlatarica s Korčule i područja Vrgorca te crljenak s Visa i područja Kaštela zapravo nisu iste sorte). Zbog toga im dodajemo „geografske“ pridjeve: zlatarica blatska i zlatarica vrgorska, odnosno crljenak kaštelanski i crljenak viški. Buduća znanstvena istraživanja koja će uključivati i molekularne genetičke analize razlučit će porijeklo te nastanak pojedinih kultivara, ali i posložiti točnu sinonimiju i homonimiju. Dakle lokalni kultivari obično su i tradicijski, međutim tehnikama poljoprivrednog oplemenjivanja iz postojećih tradicijskih kultivara selekcionirale su se pojedine sorte novijeg datuma

koje su upisane na Sortnu listu kao novostvoreni kultivari, iako u stvari nose stare, izvorne gene pojedinih izvornih populacija. Tako su na području Hrvatske klasičnim metodama selekcije stvorene brojne sorte i hibridi naročito kod pšenice, kukuruza i drugih žitarica, ali i krmnog bilja te krumpira i drugog povrtnog bilja: brojne BC sorte pšenice i hibridi kukuruza, krumpir dalmatinka (1991.), goran (1984.), istra (1984.) i lika (1980.), pastrnjak podravkin bijeli (1981.), paprika botinečka žuta (1984.) i majkovačka žuta (1993.) te brojne druge. Većina ovih sorti selekcionirana je na osnovi populacija iz kontinentalne Hrvatske, ali u prijavnom postupku su i sorte rajčice s područja Dalmacije. Ipak, treba naglasiti kako je postupak oplemenjivanja izostao za brojne populacije kultura s područja Dalmacije. Za razliku od tradicijskih kultivara te klasičnog oplemenjivanja i selekcije bilja, suvremene industrijske sorte i hibridi ne nastaju in situ, već in vitro, dakle u laboratoriju primjenom suvremenih tehnika odabira (selekcije), od kojih je najkontroverznije genetičko preinačavanje (modificiranje; GM hibridi). Kod hibrida se zbog izražene heterozigotnosti poželjna svojstva roditelja pojavljuju kod vrlo malog broja potomaka, za razliku od sorti i pasmina koje su visoko homozigotne i daju potomstvo vrlo sličnih karakteristika. Kao posljedica, proizvođač ne može dalje sam umnažati kultivar, već mora svake godine kupovati sjeme te tako ovisi o sjemenskim kućama. Dugoročno, ovaj proces vodi do drastičnog smanjenja agrobioraznolikosti, ali i uvođenja monopola nad proizvodnjom hrane. Pojedine tradicijske sorte, posebno voćnih kultura, vinove loze, masline i drugih, ali i neke povrtnice (krumpir, kozjak, češnjak) u stvari su klonovi, genetički isti organizam koji se vegetativno razmnožava (kalemljenjem, odjeljivanjem ili kulturom tkiva) te se tako održavaju povoljna svojstva, davno uočena i odabrana.

are called blitvari, which is to say, chard-eaters, from their favourite green vegetable. In the Homeland War of 1991 to 1995 the people of Dubrovnik practically lost their landrace sheep the Dubrovnik ruda, which needs urgently revitalising, popularising and protecting, but luckily this was not the case with the landrace red broccoli from Župa. In the framework of the morphologically and genetically fairly heterogeneous population of local crops, individual varieties or in the case of domestic animals breeds come into being, primarily because of the selection process in farming, but also much impacted by environmental conditions. These landraces, plant and animal, are not taxonomic categories, but represent populations of the basic species or subspecies that are characterised by unique features of phenotype or genotype, which differentiate them from all other varieties and breeds of the same species or subspecies and are able to transmit them to the following generations. A cultivar is by the international code (Utrecht, 1958) the label adopted primarily for a variety or the characteristic of a cultivated plant, and is marked with the cv abbreviation. Traditional cultivars are the basis of the agricultural biodiversity of an area. They were created in a given area, and are thus landraces, and we call them domestic cultivars, and they were introduced n the past, and became domesticated cultivars, for example: Frassineto wheat, Petkus rye, the maize Quarantin, Virginia tobacco, the Bintje potato, the Sugar Baby water melon, the cantaloupe cultivars Ananas and Medna Rosa, the tomatoes Volovsko Srce, Saint-Pierre and Rutgers, the Srebrnolisna and Lukulus chard, the cabbage cultivars Ditmar, Likoriški and Futoški; the bell pepper

Kurtovska Kapia and many others. The origin of many cultivars is not clear, particularly because domesticated cultivars quite often take on other local names in the course of time. There is also the phenomenon of synonymy, with various names being used for the same variety (Oblica for example has more than 30 synonyms), and homonyms, that is, the same name for different varieties (for example, the Zlatarica grape is a different thing in Korčula and in Vrgorac, and Crljenak from Vis is not the same as the Crljenak from Kastela). For this reason we add on geographical modifiers: Zlatarica Blatska (from Blato) or Zlatarica Vrgorska, then Crljenak Kaštelanski and Crljenak Viški. Future scientific research including molecular genetic analysis will determine the origin and creation of individual cultivars, and will also put in order the synonymy and homonymy. The local cultivars are usually traditional as well, but with the techniques of agricultural enhancement, from existing traditional cultivars, individual varieties of a newer date that are entered into the variety list as newly created cultivars are selected, although they in fact bear the same old original genes of the individual original populations. Thus in the area of Croatian through classical selection methods various varieties and hybrids have been created, particularly in the cases of wheat, maize and other cereals, as well as with fodder plants, potatoes and other vegetable plants: the many BC varieties of wheat and maize hybrids, the Dalmatinka potato (1991), the Goran (1984), Istra (1984) and Lika (1980), the Podravkin Bijeli parsnip (1981), the Botinečka Žuta (1984.) and Majkovačka Žuta (1993) bell peppers. Most of these varieties were selected on the basis of populations from inland Croatia, but varieties of tomato from Dalmatia are in the registration process. Still, one has to admit that there has

been no improvement process for many populations of crops from the area of Dalmatia. Unlike traditional cultivars, and classical plant improvement and selection, modern industrial varieties and hybrids do not come into being in situ but in vitro, in the laboratory, with the use of modern selection techniques, the most controversial of which is genetic modification. In these hybrids, because of the marked heterozygosity the desirable parent characteristics appear in very few progeny. In consequence, the producers cannot themselves multiply the cultivar, but every year have to buy seed, thus becoming dependent on the suppliers. Over the long term, this is a process that leads to a drastic reduction of agricultural biodiversity, as well as to the introduction of a monopoly on the production of food. Some traditional varieties, particularly fruit crops, grapes, olives and others, as well as some vegetables (potato, scallions, garlic) are in fact clones, genetically the same organism, which reproduced in a vegetative way (grafting, division and tissue culture) and thus reflect the desirable qualities long ago noticed and selected.


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a.7 Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije Legislative background for varieties and breeds of Dalmatia

Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, najbolje očuvan grčki ager na Mediteranu Stari Grad Plain on Hvar island, the best preserved Greek ager in the Mediterranean Foto: Ivo Pervan

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običajen postupak službenog priznavanja sorte i pasmine uključuje objavljen opis, odnosno standard sorte ili pasmine te propisanu službenu proceduru prijave, koja se često mijenja s izmjenama zakonodavstva. Hrvatsko zakonodavstvo u području biljnih sorti i sjemenarstva usklađeno je sa zakonodavstvom Europske unije. Zakon o sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 140/05; 35/08 i 55/11) predstavlja zakonski okvir za uključivanje sorte u Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske. Upisom sorte u Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske, poljoprivredni reprodukcijski materijal sorte (sjeme ili sadni materijal) može se proizvoditi, prijaviti za stručni nadzor, te uvoziti i/ili staviti na tržište.

Za pasmine je tek 1998. godine objavljen prvi službeni Popis izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva domaćih životinja (NN 127/98), koji je naknadno više puta nadopunjavan, i to 2003., 2006., 2007. i 2009. godine (NN 73/03; 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). Popis se nadopunjava pasminama za koje se potvrdi izvornost, a sukladno Pravilniku o postupku priznavanja novih pasmina, sojeva i hibrida (NN164/04). Ovaj popis ne obuhvaća pse koje definira Zakon o veterinarstvu (NN 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) i Zakon o zaštiti životinja (NN 135/06), a službeni Registar pasmina pasa vodi Hrvatski kinološki savez (HKS). Sukladno navedenom Popisu te Registru, danas u Hrvatskoj imamo trenutačno prepoznate 33 pasmine životinja.

Priznate sorte popisane su u službenoj Sortnoj listi Republike Hrvatske koja je prvi put uspostavljena 1967. godine i sastojala se od dva dijela: Liste domaćih i udomaćenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja te Spiska novostvorenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja. Od 2011. godine Sortna lista sastoji se od sljedećeg: Nacionalne sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obuhvaća popis svih domaćih i udomaćenih stranih sorti, novostvorenih sorti te priznatih stranih sorti repa, krmnog bilja, uljanog i predivog bilja, žitarica, krumpira i povrća; Sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obuhvaća sorte navedenog bilja koje su priznate na temelju ispitivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti (DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) te ispitivanja gospodarske vrijednosti (VCU: Value Compare Unit), kao i sorte povrća na temelju DUS ispitivanja; te konačno Popisa sorti voćnih vrsta i Popisa sorti vinove loze. Administrativni postupak upisa u Sortnu listu te DUS i VCU ispitivanja provodi Hrvatski centar za poljoprivredu, hranu i selo, odnosno Zavod za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo u Osijeku.

Sortna lista odraz je trenutačnog stanja poznavanja sortimenta, dakle nikada ne obuhvaća sve sorte – tako da uvijek postoje one koje struka prepoznaje, ali formalno nisu uvedene na listu, npr. sorte masline brindićanka, divljaka i jeruzalemka; sorte vinove loze cipar, crljenak viški i krstičevica te brojne druge sorte. Isto tako na postojeću Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske nisu upisane ni postojeće sorte, odnosno populacije kulturnog bilja: domaća raštika, domaći plavi i domaći srednje dugi patliđan, domaći stogodišnji i domaći biserni luk, domaći luk kozjak (ljutika), domaći vlasac, domaći ozimi i jari češnjak, domaći hren, domaći sitnozrni i krupnozrni slanutak, domaći bob, domaći lisnati kelj, razne domaće buče, domaća leća i drugo. Pod ovim imenima krije se više tradicijskih sorti pojedine navedene kulture; drugim riječima, iz postojećih raznovrsnih populacija navedenih domaćih kultura nisu izdvojene sorte, kao što su primjerice iz domaćeg ozimog češnjaka izdvojene sorte brgudski i polački. Kako tradicijska agrobioraznolikost postupno nestaje, neke od ovih neistraženih sorti već su sigurno zauvijek izgubljene, dok je većina


ostalih sigurno u nekoj od kategorija ugroženosti. To se posebno odnosi na ratarske i povrtne kulture Dalmacije, a najviše na žitarice, mahunarke i kupusnjače. Konačno, usklađivanjem postojeće hrvatske Sortne liste sa zakonskom regulativom EU-a, sa sortne liste izbrisane su brojne voćne sorte. Tako su, sukladno Popisu sorti voćnih vrsta brisanih sa Popisa voćnih vrsta, od ožujka 2011. godine do danas izbrisane brojne introducirane, ali i naše izvorne tradicijske sorte, od kojih su mnoge navedene i u ovoj knjizi: masline krvavica, paštrica, velika lastovka, žabarka; bajam čarski kasni, knez črnomir, smokvički polumekiš, princeza smokvička; domaća krupna nešpola; domaća oskoruša; rogač komiški, korčulanski, medunac, puljiški, šipanski; višnja maraska pendula, poljička i visulja; brojne sorte smokava i drugo. Ove sorte mogu se naći u proizvodnji ili na tržištu sukladno stavku 3. članka 13. Pravilnika o upisu sorti u popis sorti voćnih vrsta (NN 98/09). Međutim, sukladno navedenom stavku, za većinu brisanih sorti proizvodnja i trženje bit će zabranjeni od 30. lipnja 2014., a za sve ostale od 30. lipnja 2015. godine. Očuvanje postojećih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životinja naša je obaveza, i to ne samo prema nama samima već i prema međunarodnoj zajednici i nadolazećim generacijama. U tom smislu treba posebno istaknuti UN-ovu Konvenciju o biološkoj raznolikosti koju je Hrvatska potpisala 1996. godine. Prema Konvenciji, biološku raznolikost ne čini samo divlja flora i fauna, već i svojte koje je čovjek kroz svoju povijest na bilo koji način promijenio te uzgojem i odabirom određenih svojstava prilagodio svojim potrebama, odnosno to su pasmine i sorte kultiviranih životinja i biljaka. Dužnost svake potpisnice je inventarizacija vlastite biološke raznolikosti, te njeno očuvanje.

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he regular procedure for official acknowledgement of a breed or variety includes a published description, a standard for the variety or breed, and the required official registration or application procedure, which often changes in line with changes in legislation. Croatian legislation in the area of plant varieties and seed production is harmonised with EU legislation. The Law on Seeds, Plant Material and Recognition of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG, 140/05, 35/08 and 55/11) is the statutory framework for the inclusion of a variety in the Variety List of the Republic of Croatia. When a variety has been inscribed in the Variety List, the agricultural reproduction material of the variety (seed or seedling) can be produced, registered for expert supervision and introduced and/or marketed. Acknowledged varieties are listed in the official Variety List of the Republic of Croatia, established for the first time in 1967, and consisting of two parts: List of domestic and domesticated varieties of seeds of agricultural plants and the List of newly created varieties of seeds of agricultural plants. From 2011 the Variety List has consisted of: the National Variety List of the Republic of Croatia, which includes a list of all domestic and domesticated foreign varieties, newly created varieties, and recognised foreign varieties of turnip, fodder, oil and fibre plants, cereals, potatoes and vegetables; of the Variety list of the Republic of Croatia, which covers varieties of these plants that are recognised on the basis of the testing of the diversity, uniformity and stability (DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) and the testing of their value for cultivation and use (VCU: Value Compare Unit), and vegetable varieties on the basis of DUS testing; and finally the List of varieties of fruit species and List of varieties of grape vines. The administrative procedure for inscribing a variety on the Variety

List, and for DUS and VCU testing is carried out by the Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, or the Institute for Seeds and Seedlings in Osijek. For breeds, it was not until 1998 that the first official List of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals was issued (OG 127/98), subsequently supplemented a number of times (in 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2009; OG 73/03, 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). This list is supplemented with breeds confirmed to be authentic and in line with the Regulations on the recognition of new breeds, strains and hybrids (OG 164/04). This list does not cover dogs, defined in the Veterinary Law (OG 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) and the Law on Animal Protection (OG 135/06), while the official Register of Canine Breeds is kept by the Croatian Kinological Association (Kennel Club). According to this List and Register, today there are in Croatian 33 recognised breeds. The Variety List is a reflection of the current state of knowledge concerning varieties, and never covers all varieties, and so there are always those that the discipline recognises, but that are not formally put on the list; for example, there are the olive varieties called Brindićanka, Divljaka, Jeruzalemka; the grape vine varieties Cipar, Crljenak Viški, Krstičevica and many other varieties. At the same time, not only varieties, but whole existing populations of cultivated plants are inscribed on the existing Variety List of the Republic of Croatia: domestic borecole; domestic blue and domestic medium long aubergine, domestic hundred year old and domestic pearl onion, domestic scallion (ljutika), domestic chives, domestic winter and spring garlic, domestic horseradish, domestic small grained and large grained chickpea, domestic broad bean, domestic leafy kale, various domestic pumpkins, domestic lentils and so on. These names hide a number of traditional varieties of

the individually listed crops, that is, from the existing diverse populations of the said domestic cultures, the varieties have not been distinguished, such as, from the domestic winter garlic, the separate varieties that are called Brgudski and Polački. Since traditional agrobiodiversity is gradually vanishing, some of these uninvestigated varieties must have been lost forever, while most of the others are surely in one of the endangered categories. This holds particularly true for arable and vegetable crops in Dalmatia, primarily for cereals, legumes and brassicas. Finally, then the existing Croatian Variety List was harmonised with the EU legislation, several fruit varieties were dropped from the variety list. Thus, for example, in line with the List of Varieties of Fruit Species erased from the List of Fruit Species from March 2011 until this day, numerous introduced varieties as well as landraces have been deleted, many of which are listed in this book: the Krvavica, Paštrica, Velika Lastovka, Žabarka olives; the Almonds Čarski Kasni, Knez Črnomir, Smokvički Polumekiš, Princeza Smokvička; Domaća Krupna Nešpola or medlar; Domaća Oskoruša or service tree; the carobs Komiški, Korčulanski, Medunac, Puljiški, Šipanski; the marasca cherry Pendula, Poljička and Visulja; numerous varieties of fig tree and others. These varieties can be found in production or on the market in line with Paragraph 3 Article 13 of the Regulations on the entry of varieties into the list of varieties of fruit species (OG, 98/09). However, in line with this paragraph, there will be a ban on the production and marketing of most of these varieties from June 30, 2014, and for all the others from June 30, 2015. Preservation of existing varieties of cultivated plants and breeds of domestic animals is an obligation on us, not only for our own sakes, but for the international community


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Nasuprot prisutnoj eroziji ne samo tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, već i eroziji stečenog iskustva i znanja, danas u Dalmaciji postoji i pozitivna protuteža, zahvaljujući djelovanju više pojedinaca i udruga pa dijelom i institucija koje pokušavaju očuvati stečene vrijednosti i mogu predstavljati jezgru budućeg učinkovitijeg očuvanja mediteranskih krških kultiviranih krajobraza. Za praćenje stanja sorti i pasmina u svijetu zadužen je FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), krovna institucija Ujedinjenih naroda za strateško upravljanje hranom i poljoprivrednim resursima na globalnoj, regionalnoj i lokalnoj razini. Za razvoj i provedbu Globalnog akcijskog plana za očuvanje i održivo korištenje biljnih genetičkih resursa za hranu i poljoprivredu (The Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture) te Globalne strategije upravljanjem farmskim genetičkim resursima (The Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources) pri FAO-u, od godine 1995. odgovorna je Komisija za genetske resurse u poljoprivredi (CGRFA - Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture). Europska uredba (Regulation 2078/92) sadrži poljoprivredno-okolišne programe koji obuhvaćaju mjere za uzgoj izvornih pasmina i sorti, odnosno godišnje premije u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Globalni akcijski plan prihvaćen u okviru deklaracije na FAO međunarodnoj tehničkoj konferenciji za biljne genetičke resurse održanoj 1996. godine u Leipzigu (Leipzig Declaration on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture), definira da postojeća agrobioraznolikost biljnih resursa, u kombinaciji sa suvremenom tehnologijom, mora biti osnova održive poljoprivrede zbog očuvanja biljnih genetičkih resursa. Isto tako za ciljeve uspostavljanja i provedbe

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europske ekološke mreže NATURA 2000 iznimno je važno očuvanje staništa i vrsta koje se zasniva na dvije regulative: Direktivi o staništima (92/43/EEC) i Direktivi o pticama (79/409/EEC). Njihovom primjenom može se također utjecati na bolje očuvanje ugroženih sorti i pasmina. Poljoprivredne površine koje se nalaze unutar Natura 2000 mreže trebaju se obrađivati ekološkim i održivim metodama uključujući primjenu poljoprivredno okolišnih mjera, a treba istaknuti da su dosadašnji poticaji za izvorne pasmine u Hrvatskoj bili među najvišima u Europi. Isto tako, vrlo je važno izraditi plan upravljanja za očuvanje omjera kulturnih krajobraza i prirodnih staništa, u okviru Hrvatske ekološke mreže (CRO-NEN), odnosno europske mreže NATURA 2000. Agrobioraznolikost je osnova razvoja i opstanka poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji te preduvjet za stvaranje premijskih proizvoda – što može omogućiti otvaranje novih i perspektivnih ekonomskih niša. Međutim to naše bogatstvo tradicijskih sorti i pasmina danas ubrzano nestaje. Uz brojne i složene razloge, osnovni uzrok ugroženosti je sustavna industrijalizacija poljoprivrede koja se očituje prije svega u zamjeni tradicijskih kultivara s modernima, preciznije rečeno sintetskima. Pri tome se osigurava visoka produktivnost suvremenih kultivara, a njihova neprilagođenost okolišnim čimbenicima pokušava se ublažiti složenim i skupim tehnološkim zahvatima (sofisticirana mehanizacija, fertilizacija, kemizacija, genetički inženjering). Posljedično, dolazi do narušavanja ravnoteže u agroekosustavima, kao i u ostalim pratećim ekosustavima (naročito travnjacima, šumama i vodama), uz znatno povećanje ukupnih realnih troškova proizvodnje. No isto tako treba jasno naglasiti da neprikladno zakonodavstvo predstavlja velik problem i kočnicu boljem očuvanju agrobioraznolikosti.

Naime, tek je dio ove bogate bioraznolikosti službeno prepoznat, dok se brojne autohtone sorte i pasmine Dalmacije ne nalaze na službenoj Sortnoj listi Republike Hrvatske, odnosno na službenom Popisu izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva domaćih životinja. Nažalost, prema novom Zakonu o sjemenarstvu, opstanak svake sorte na Sortnoj listi ovisi o službenom održivaču, koji se brine o održavanju njenog genetskog identiteta, ali što je u praksi i važnije, plaća godišnju pristojbu Zavodu za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvu za njen ostanak na listi. Budući da službena i nadzirana proizvodnja sjemena navedenih tradicijskih sorti ne postoji, velika je vjerojatnost da se zbog nepostojanja održivača, jednostavnom primjenom zakona, svi navedeni tradicijski kultivari automatizmom brišu sa Sortne liste. Posljedica je nemogućnost legalnog prometovanja njihovim sjemenom i vegetativnim materijalom. Stoga za tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje nisu na Sortnoj listi i na Popisu izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina treba osmisliti model njihove registracije, a za sve tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije pronaći model održavanja, ali i razvoja izabranih i gospodarski potencijalno vrijednih kultivara. Uspostavljanje upisnika održivača sjemena tradicijskih kultura i matičnih grla tradicijskih pasmina upotpunit će sustavnu brigu o očuvanju tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, naše tradicijske baštine.

and the generations to come. From this point of view the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by Croatia in 1996, needs particular focus. According to the Convention, biological diversity is not vested only in wild flora and fauna, but also in the taxa that people have throughout history changed in any way, and that they have by breeding and selecting certain characteristics adjusted to their needs, that is, breeds and varieties of animals and cultivated plants. It is the duty of each signatory to make an inventory of its own biological diversity, and to preserve it. As against the omnipresent erosion of not only traditional varieties and breeds, but of acquired experience and knowledge, there is today a positive counterweight, thanks to the activity of several individuals and associations, partially too of institutions that are attempting to preserve acquired values and that might constitute the core of a more effect and better preservation of the Mediterranean and karstic cultivated landscapes. Charged with monitoring the state of varieties and breeds the world is FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), the UN umbrella institution for strategic food and agricultural resources management at global, regional and local levels. Since 1995, FAO’s CGRFA - Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture has been responsible for the development and implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources. European Regulation 2078/92 contains agricultural and environmental programmes that cover measures for the rearing of landraces, animals and plants, i.e., annual premiums for agricultural production. The Global Plan of Action was accepted within the outline of a declaration at an international conference for plant genetic resources held in Leipzig in 1996 - Leipzig Declaration on Conservation

and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and says that the existing agricultural biodiversity of plant resources, in combination with modern technology, has to be the foundation of sustainable agriculture because of the need to preserve plant genetic resources. Exceptionally important for the aims behind the establishment and implementation of the European Ecological Network NATURA 2000 is the preservation of habitats and species, founded on two directives: Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Directive (79/409/EEC). If they are implemented, they can also have an effect on the better preservation of endangered varieties and breeds. Farm land inside the Natura 2000 network has to be cultivated with ecological and sustainable methods, including the application of agricultural environmental measures. It should be pointed out that grants for landraces in Croatia have been among the highest in Europe. Also, it is very important to work out a management plan for the preservation of the ratios of cultural landscapes and natural habitats, within the framework of the Croatian Ecological Network CRONEN and the European network NATURA 2000. Agricultural biodiversity is the basis for the development and survival of agriculture in Dalmatia, and a sine qua non for the creation of premium products that might enable the creation of new and promising economic niches. But the richness of Croatian traditional varieties and breeds is today vanishing at great speed. Along with many other complex reasons, the basic cause of the threat is the systematic industrialisation of agriculture, which is manifested primarily in the replacement of traditional by modern, synthetic cultivars. The high yields of modern cultivars are thus ensured, while their unsuitability for the environmental factors is palliated with complex and expensive technological operations (mechanisation, fertilisation, chemistry, genetic

engineering). In consequence, the balance in the agroecosystems is disturbed, as it is in the other accompanying ecosystems (primarily in the grasslands, forests and waters), with a considerable enlargement of the total real costs of production. But it has also to be said clearly that the inappropriate legislation is a big problem and a brake on the better preservation of agrobiodiversity. For only a small part of all this wealth of biodiversity is officially recognised, while many Dalmatian landraces are not on the official Variety List of the Republic of Croatia or the official List of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals. Unfortunately, according to the new Seed Production Law, the survival of every variety on the List depends on the official maintainer, which takes care of the maintenance of its genetic identity, but, which is in practice even more important, involves the payment of an annual fee to the Seeds and Seedlings Institute to keep it on the list. Since there is no official and controlled production of seeds of these traditional varieties, the great probability is that because of the absence of a maintainer, by simple application of the law, all these traditional cultivars will be automatically dropped from the Variety List. The result will be that it will be impossible to trade legally in their seeds and vegetative material. Accordingly registration model needs to be devised for traditional varieties and breeds that are not on the Variety List or the List of Original and Protected Breeds, and for all the traditional breeds and varieties of Dalmatia, a maintenance model needs finding, as well as the development of selected and economically valuable cultivars. The establishment of a register of maintainers of seeds of traditional crops and breeding heads of the traditional breeds will be a complement to systematic care for the preservation of traditional varieties and breeds, our traditional heritage.


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a.8 Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i važnost njenog očuvanja Overall agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia and the importance of its preservation

Bunari kod Ciste Velike na lokalitetu Crljivica, Dalmatinska zagora Wells by Cista Velika at Crljivica, Dalmatinska zagora Foto: Ivo Pervan

“Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji, temeljen na uzgoju tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, doveo je do nastanka brojnih novih staništa uz iznimnu prateću bioraznolikost gljiva, flore i faune.”

“The development of farming in Dalmatia, based on the cultivation and rearing of traditional varieties and breeds, led to the creation of many new habitats, with an exceptional accompanying biodiversity of fungi, flora and fauna.”

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A

grobioraznolikost je dio cjelokupne bioraznolikosti, a možemo je podijeliti na dvije osnovne grupe: uporabne organizme ili agrobioraznolikost u užem smislu te neuporabne organizme ili agrobioraznolikost u širem smislu.

A. Agrobioraznolikost u užem smislu (Uporabni organizmi) 1. Tradicijski kultivari: udomaćene (domesticirane) svojte, uglavnom bakterija, gljiva, biljaka i životinja, koje su stvorene ljudskom selekcijom tijekom tisućljeća u uvjetima tradicijske poljoprivrede, odnosno uz paralelnu prirodnu selekciju te selekcionirane u raznovrsne sorte i pasmine. To su svi kultivari obrađeni u ovoj knjizi. Mogu biti autohtone ili alohtone svojte te su genetički raznoliki kultivari. 2. Suvremeni kultivari: kultivari stvoreni suvremenim selekcijskim metodama (standardna genetička selekcija, križanje u srodstvu, genetički modificirani organizmi, kloniranje). Postoje novi kultivari nastali selekcijom postojećih izvornih, hrvatskih populacija kultura, ali većinom su to uvozni kultivari, plod tuđeg genetičkog nasljeđa i stručnog rada. Mogu biti autohtone ili alohtone svojte te su genetički uniformni (neraznoliki) kultivari. Kao primjer u Dalmaciji možemo istaknuti najnovije hibride rajčica (Hector F1, Belle F1) nizozemske selekcije, dok od domaćih selekcija imamo primjer domaćih sorti krumpira (dalmatinka, istra, lika, goran). 3. Izvorne (nativne, samonikle) ili autohtone svojte: dio su opće bioraznolikosti koju standardno koristimo u prehrani i za druge namjene, a u budućnosti bi mogli prijeći u prve dvije kategorije. U Dalmaciji

je vrlo velik broj ovih svojti; više od stotinu biljnih vrsta koristi se u prehrani i za druge namjene (divlje šparoge, kostriš, kadulja, planika, mirta itd.), kao i veliki broj životinja ( puževi, žabe, slatkovodne i morske ribe, brojne ptice itd). Genetički su to raznoliki organizmi.

B. Agrobioraznolikost u širem smislu (Neuporabni organizmi) 4. Divlji srodnici: obuhvaćaju dio bioraznolikosti samoniklih populacija i populacija izvan kulture („podivljalih“) koje su u srodstvu s kultivarima. Oni se vjerojatno nikada neće koristiti kao uporabni, ali imaju potencijal za korištenje u selekciji kultivara. To su redovito autohtone svojte, a treba istaknuti više divljih kupusa (Brassica), lukova (Allium), veći broj divljih ječmova (Hordeum) i drugih, iznimno prilagođenih na sušu, a čija se svojstva mogu koristiti u budućoj selekciji. 5. Divlje (nedomesticirane) svojte agroekosustava: živi organizmi koji su izravno vezani uz agroekosustave, odnosno svojte koje obligatno pripadaju agroekosustavima (mikro- i makrobioti tla, oprašivači, specijalizirani štetnici, korovi, napasnici, paraziti, predatori štetnika). Ove se svojte ne koriste, ali izravno utječu na uspješnost poljoprivredne proizvodnje bilo pozitivno bilo negativno. Postoji mogućnost da i ove svojte budu predmet selekcije i proizvodnje kao mjera poboljšanja u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, kao što se primjerice već selekcioniraju i razmnožavaju kulture bakterija dušičnih fiksatora, bumbara i solitarnih pčela, raznih predatora biljnih štetnika itd.

A

grobiodiversity is part of overall biodiversity, and can be divided into two basic groups: use organisms or agrobiodiversity in the strict sense and non-use organisms, or agrobiodiversity in the wider sense.

A. Agrobiodiversity in the strict sense (use organisms) 1. Traditional cultivars: domesticated taxa, primarily bacteria, fungi, plants and animals created by human selection over the millennia in the conditions of the traditional agriculture, that is, with parallel natural selection and selection into diverse varieties and breeds. These are all the cultivars discussed in this book. They can be native or introduced species, and are genetically diverse cultivars. 2. Modern cultivars: cultivars created with modern selection methods (standard genetic selection, crossing in relatives, genetically modified organisms, cloning). There are modern cultivars that were created by the selection from existing populations of Croatian landraces, but most of them are imported cultivars, the fruit of alien genetic heritages and expertise. They can be introduced or native taxa and are genetically uniform (non-diverse) cultivars. For example, in Dalmatia we can refer to the modern tomato hybrids Hector F1, Belle F12, selected in Holland, while domestic varieties of potato Dalmatinka, Istra, Lika and Goran are the results of domestic selection. 3. Native or landrace taxa: these are part of the general biodiversity that we use as standards in food or for other purposes, and in future might be moved

into the first two categories. In Dalmatia there are many such taxa: more than a hundred plant species are used for food or other purposes (wild asparagus, sage, sow thistle, strawberry tree, myrtle) and a large number of animals (snails, frogs, fresh- and saltwater fish, birds). These are genetically diverse organisms.

B. Agrobiodiversity in the wider sense (Non-use organisms) 4. Wild relatives: these cover part of the biodiversity of the wild populations and populations escaped from cultivation (gone wild) that are relatives to cultivars. They will probably never be used as useorganisms, but do have a potential for use in the selection of cultivars. These are regularly native taxa, and one ought to particularly mention several wild representatives of the genus Brassica, Allium and a number of wild barleys (Hordeum) and others, exceptionally well adapted to drought, the properties of which could be used in future selection. 5. Wild (undomesticated) taxa of the agroecosystem: live organisms directly related to the agroecosystem, or taxa that necessarily belong to agroecosystems (micro and macrobiotes of the soil, pollinators and specialised pests, weeds, napasnici, parasites and pest predators). These taxa are not used, but do have a direct effect on the success of agricultural production, negatively as well as positively. It is possible for these taxa to be the object of selection and production as measure for improvement in agricultural production, as for example the following are already selected and reproduced: cultures of bacteria of nitrogen fixers, bumblebees and solitary bees, various predators of plant pests.

6. Accompanying biodiversity: taxa that primarily belong to accompanying ecosystems, above all to the habitats of grasslands, forests and aquatic ecosystems, and are only optionally related to domesticated taxa and agroecosystems: larger predators, coprophages and necrophages. In conditions of the disappearance or degradation of accompanying habitats and ecosystems, these taxa can become dependent only on agroecosystems, as is the wolf in Dalmatia, the griffon vulture on Cres, a large number of coprophagic fungi, insects and so on.

Particularly important for landscapes and the biological diversity of Dalmatia are the karst grasslands, i.e. the pastures and hay meadows. When the grasslands are created and maintained, numerous fungi, plants and animals also subsist, whole plant communities even, particularly rich in species. Thus the community of the karst grassland has a number of species several times larger than a forest community in the same region, and accordingly a larger fauna community. Today the grasslands are disappearing as a result of natural succession, i.e. because they become overgrown, but also because of the omnipresent development and urbanisation. Livestock grazing prevents the succession and maintains the grassland habitat, and it is also useful to keep down maquis vegetation, encouraging the establishment of forests. When livestock is absent, the maquis expands, becoming impassable, which helps forest fires to spread, and leading to the disappearance of many plant species that cannot tolerate so much shade. It is important to optimise pasturing, for moderate livestock raising maintains greater biodiversity as against the climazonal vegetation, although excessive grazing will devastate it, as can be seen in history in many areas of Dalmatia and the Mediterranean.


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6. Prateća bioraznolikost: svojte koje primarno pripadaju pratećim ekosustavima, prije svega staništu travnjaka, šuma i vodenih ekosustava te su samo fakultativno vezane uz udomaćene svojte i agroekosustave: veći predatori, koprofagi i nekrofagi. U uvjetima nestanka ili degradacije pratećih staništa i ekosustava, ove svojte mogu postati ovisne isključivo o agroekosustavima; takvi su vuk u Dalmaciji, bjeloglavi sup na Cresu, veliki broj koprofagnih gljiva, kukaca i slično.

ostaci plijena predatora kao i jedinke uginule uslijed bolesti, pri okotu, zbog pada s litica, ugriza zmije i drugih uzroka, hrana su za lešinarske vrste. Naš ornitološki ponos, bjeloglavi sup ne može opstati bez stada ovaca pa su nestankom stada, nestali i supovi, a drugi lešinari Dalmacije poput crkavice, kostoberine i supa starješine, još davno prije. Strvinama se hrane kukci, kornjaši iz obitelji strvinara (Silphidae), osobito rod grobara (Necrophorus) te muhe zujare (Calliphoridae) i mesaruše (Sarcophagidae), koje u njih polažu jaja.

Posebno su za krajobraze i biološku raznolikost Dalmacije važni krški travnjaci, odnosno pašnjaci i livade košanice za sijeno. Stvaranjem i održanjem travnjaka opstaju brojne gljive, biljke i životinje, čak cijele biljne zajednice koje se ističu bogatstvom vrsta. Tako zajednica krškog travnjaka ima nekoliko puta veći broj vrsta bilja, a time i prateće faune, od šumske zajednice istog područja. Danas travnjaci nestaju uslijed prirodne sukcesije odnosno zarastanja, ali i sveprisutne izgradnje i urbanizacije. Napasanje stoke sprječava sukcesiju i održava staništa travnjaka, ali je korisno i vegetaciji makije, gdje potiče podizanje šume. Nestankom stoke makija se širi i buja do neprohodnosti, što pogoduje širenju požara i nestanku brojnih biljnih vrsta koje ne podnose zasjenjenost. Važno je optimizirati napasivanje, jer umjereno stočarstvo održava veću bioraznolikost u odnosu na klimazonalnu vegetaciju, no prekomjerna ispaša je devastira, što se kroz povijest već događalo u mnogim područjima Dalmacije i Mediterana.

Domaće životinje domaćini su brojnih parazita: metilja, trakavice, glista, buha, uši, krpelja, štrkova, te napasnika: muha, komaraca, obada, pijavica. Biljni su kultivari domaćini brojnih parazitskih i saprofitnih gljiva, virusa, bakterija, paučnjaka, kukaca, a njihovi plodovi i drugi dijelovi biljaka osnova ili važan dio prehrane brojnih viših vrsta životinja, ponajprije ptica i sisavaca. Iako se, osobito poljoprivrednicima, čini da bi ovu „štetnu“ bioraznolikost vezanu uz domaće životinje i poljoprivredno bilje trebalo trajno istrijebiti – i ove su vrste dio bioraznolikosti Dalmacije te hrana drugim parazitskim i predatorskim vrstama gljiva, virusa, praživotinja, kukaca, ptica i sisavaca, posebno šišmišima.

Stoka je dio prehrambenog lanca naših najvećih predatora, u Dalmaciji najviše vuka. Janjad, kozlad, perad, kunići, golubovi, plijen su manjih predatora: čaglja, divlje mačke, lisice, tvora, kune, lasice, orla i drugih. U tradicijskom sustavu držanja domaćih životinja,

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Za biljke je balega domaćih životinja najbolje gnojivo, a neke životinje i gljive bez njega ne mogu opstati. Rod kornjaša zujaka (Geotrupes) kopa podzemne hodnike koje puni balegom i u nju polaže jaja. Čuveni sveti kotrljan (Scarabeus sacer), obožavan u drevnom Egiptu, iz izmeta formira kuglicu koju kotrlja stražnjim nogama do pripremljene rupe, zakapa i u nju polaže jaja. Konkurencija su im muhe balegarke (Scatophagidae) koje u izmet polažu jaja, u skladu s poslovicom „k’o muhe na balegu“. Na izmetu rastu neke zanimljive vrste gljiva, primjerice rijetka vrsta

Poronia punctata i halucinogena gnojištarka Panaeolus sphinctrinus, a novijim su istraživanjem na području Biokova utvrđene čak i neke za znanost nove vrste koprofilnih gljiva. Domaće životinje prenose sjemenke, plodove ili druge dijelove biljke, te ih tako proširuju, što zovemo zoohorija. Neke sjemenke se kukicama hvataju za krzno (epizoohorija), dok ih druge životinje pojedu s plodovima te ih šire svojim izmetom (endozohorija). Migracija ovaca iz Dalmacije i Bosne u Štajersku pogodovala je ekspanziji divljih orhideja, primjerice jadranske kozonoške (Himantoglossum adriaticum). Nakon prestanka migracija populacije su kolabirale i samo još nekoliko biljaka u Štajerskoj uz granicu s Hrvatskom bori se za opstanak! Otkad se ovce ne odvoze na ispašu na izolirani vulkanski otočić Brusnik, s njega je nestalo 17 vrsta vaskularnog bilja! Medna pčela, po kojoj je Dalmacija bila čuvena u razdoblju antike, osim što sakuplja nektar i proizvodi med, ujedno oprašuje biljke, a korist od oprašivanja višestruko je veća od vrijednosti svih pčelinjih proizvoda: meda, voska, peludi, matične mliječi i drugog. Staništa lokvi su posebno značajna jer uz njih raste močvarno bilje, domaćin gusjenicama leptira i drugim biljojednim kukcima, a lokve su dom za kopnene i vodene kornjače, zmije, vodenjake, žabe, kornjače, vretenca, vodencvjetove, tulare, puževe i druge vrste koje na tom području ne mogu opstati bez vode. Tako je od 74 vrsta vretenaca (Odonata) utvrđenih za Hrvatsku veliki broj vezan za krške lokve te druga antropogena poljoprivredna vodena staništa, kanale i manje akumulacije vode za navodnjavanje.

Livestock is part of the good chain of the greatest predators, primarily the wolf. Lambs, kids, poultry, rabbits and pigeons are the prey of the smaller predators: of jackals, wild cats, foxes, stoats, martens, weasels, eagles and so on. In the traditional system in which domestic animals are kept, the remains of the prey of predators and individuals that have died from sickness, during littering, falling from a cliff, snakebite and other causes are the food of scavengers. The pride of Croatian ornithology, the griffon vulture, cannot exist without flocks of sheep, and when the sheep vanished, so did the griffon vultures, and did other vultures of Croatia, such the Egyptian vulture, the bearded vulture and the cinereous vulture long before it. Also feeding on carrion are insects, beetles from the carrion beetles, Silphidae, particularly from the Necrophorus or burying beetle genus and blow flies from the Calliphoridae as well as the flesh flies, Sarcophagidae, which lay their eggs in carrion. Domestic animals are hosts to numerous parasites: to liver flukes, tapeworms, worms, fleas, lice, ticks and bots, as well as gadflies, mosquitoes, leeches. Plant cultivars are hosts to numerous parasitic and saprophytic fungi, viruses, bacteria, arachnids, and insects; and their fruits and other parts of the plants are the basis for or an important part of the food of many higher species of animal, primarily of birds and mammals. Although it would seem, particularly for famers, that this “harmful” biodiversity related to domestic animals and agricultural plants should be eradicated forever, these species too are parts of the biodiversity of Dalmatia, and are food for other parasitical or predatory species of fungi, viruses, protozoans, insects, birds and mammals, bats in particular.

For plants, the dung of domestic animals is the best fertiliser; some animals and plants cannot survive without it. The genus of dor beetles (Geotrupes) dig underground corridors that they fill with dung in which they lay their eggs. The famed scarab (Scarabeus sacer), worshipped in ancient Egypt, forms little balls from excrement that it rolls with its rear legs to a ready-prepared hole, buries and in it lays its egg. It has competition from the dung flies (Scatophagidae) that also lay eggs in dung, in line with the proverb “like flies onto dung”. Several interesting species of mushroom, for example, the rare species Poronia punctata and the hallucinogen petticoat mottlegill or Panaeolus sphinctrinus. New research in Biokovo has established some species of coprophile mushrooms previously unknown to science.

The habitats of pools are particularly important, for alongside them grow marsh plants, hosts to the caterpillars of butterflies and other herbivorous insects; the pools themselves are home to turtles and tortoises, snakes, newts, frogs, dragonflies, mayflies, caddis flies, snails and other species that cannot survive in the area without water. Of the 74 species of dragonfly (Odonata) established in Croatia, a large number are bound to the karstic pools and other anthropogenic agricultural aquatic habitats, channels and small accumulations of water for irrigation.

Domestic animals carry seeds, fruits and other parts of the plants, and thus disperse them, which is called zoochory. Some plants are caught onto the coats of animals with little hooks or barbs (epizoochory) and other animals eat them in the fruit and so transport them via their excrement (endozoochory). The migration of sheep from Dalmatia and Bosnia to Styria helped the expansion of wild orchids, for example of the Himantoglossum adriaticum. After migrations stopped, the populations collapsed and there are only a few plants in Styria, bordering on Croatia, fighting for their existence. Since sheep stopped being transported to the isolated volcanic island of Brusnik, 17 species of vascular plant vanished from it. The honey bee, for which Dalmatia was famed in antiquity, apart from collecting nectar and producing honey, also pollinates the plants, and this service is much more valuable than all the various products of bees, of honey, way, pollen, royal jelly and so on.


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a.9 Povijesni pregled istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti Dalmacije Historical survey of research into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia

Vinogradi na brdu Bucavac kod Primoštena, kandidat za listu UNESCO-a Vineyards on Bucavac Hill by Primošten, a candidate for the UNESCO WHL Foto: Ivo Pervan

“Istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti Dalmacije provode se u okviru biologije, ekologije, poljoprivrede, biotehnologije, veterine, farmacije, šumarstva, ali i etnologije.”

“Research into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia is carried out within the confines of biology, ecology, farming, biotechnology, veterinary science, pharmacy, forestry and also ethnology.”

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osadašnja istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti Dalmacije nikada nisu provođena integralno, već se u okviru agrobioraznolikosti u užem smislu najviše provode istraživanja tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te donekle samoniklog uporabnog bilja, a u okviru agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu uglavnom istraživanja pratećih štetnika i korova. Divlji srodnici i prateća bioraznolikost istraživani su vrlo parcijalno, u sklopu pojedinih, većinom taksonomskih istraživanja. Ipak, treba istaknuti dva djela koja obrađuju užu agrobioraznolikost. Najprije Jugoslavenski imenik bilja koji je napisao akademik Bogoslav Šulek na osnovi dugogodišnjih istraživanja, a objavila ga je Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1879. godine. Djelo je sinteza svekolikog tadašnjeg nazivlja bilja pa i kultiviranih vrsta, s navedenim brojnim sortama. Drugo djelo, Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti, pisao je krajem 30-ih i početkom 40-ih godina 20. stoljeća poljoprivredni stručnjak Stanko Ožanić, a objavljeno je posthumno 1955. godine. U njemu autor daje podatke o sortimentu i pasminama Dalmacije, iako pomalo šture. Istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti provode se prije svega u okviru prirodoslovnih i prirodoslovno-tehničkih znanosti: biologije, ekologije, poljoprivrede, biotehnologije, veterine, farmacije, šumarstva, ali i društvenih znanosti, uglavnom etnologije, pri čemu posebno treba istaći jedinstvenu publikaciju Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena, kojeg od 1896. godine počinje izdavati Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. U naputku Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu iz 1897. godine, glavnog urednika i etnologa Ante Radića, detaljno se navode svi elementi za istraživanje etnobaštine, pa tako i sorte i pasmine, ali i samoniklo bilje u uporabi. Kao rezultat pojavila su se

brojna, danas neprocjenjiva djela, svojevrsne etnomonografije, od kojih se za područje Dalmacije posebno ističu Poljica – narodni život i običaji iz pera don Frane Ivaniševića, objavljivanoj u nastavcima od 1903. do 1906. godine te Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi Imocke krajine, započetoj 1924. godine, dovršenoj 1937., a objavljenoj prvi puta tek 1993. godine. U novije doba sve se više koriste tehnike molekularne biologije te se provode genetička istraživanja pojedinih sorti i populacija kulturnog bilja, pri čemu je za područje Dalmacije najviše istraživana vinova loza, donekle i maslina, dok ostale kulture još nisu obuhvaćene. Podaci o agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu rasuti su po brojnim specijalističkim botaničkim, entomološkim i drugim zoološkim radovima ili izvještajima o pojavama pojedinih štetnika. Ipak, valja istaknuti djelo Primijenjena entomologija u tri knjige, koje je u razdoblju od 1950. do 1956. godine objavio sveučilišni profesor Željko Kovačević. Posebno je značajna druga knjiga Poljoprivredni štetnici u kojem sustavno taksonomski raščlanjuje štetnike poljoprivrednih kultura. U djelu Kornjaši jadranskog primorja kojeg je Akademija objavila 1952. godine, autor entomolog Petar Novak na temelju dugogodišnjeg iskustva navodi vrste kornjaša sakupljene na pojedinim biljnim vrstama ili na njima uzgojene, ali sakupljene i na obrađenim poljoprivrednim površinama, u balezi domaćih životinja i slično. Treba istaknuti da ovo djelo obrađuje samo kornjaše (Coleoptera), dok je obrada i sinteza ostalih faunističkih skupina za područje Dalmacije izostala, kako za pojedine kulture ili taksonomske skupine, tako i za pojedina biogeografska područja.

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esearch into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia to date has never been carried out integrally, rather, in the frame of agrobiodiversity, in the narrow sense, research into traditional breeds and varieties has principally been carried out, and to an extent into wild use plants; while in the framework of agrobiodiversity in an extended sense, there has primarily been research into the accompanying pests and weeds. The wild relatives and the accompanying biodiversity have been investigated only partially, as part of some mainly taxonomic researches. Still, it is worth particularly mentioning two works that do concern themselves with agrobiodiversity in the strict sense. First of all there is the Jugoslavenski imenik bilja / Yugoslav Plant Directory written by Academician Bogoslav Šulek on the foundation of many years of research, published by the Yugoslavia Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1879. It is a synthesis of the whole of the nomenclature of plants of that time, including cultivated plants, with the numerous varieties also mentioned. The second work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past or Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti was written at the end of the 1930s and early 1940s by agricultural expert Stanko Ožanić, and published posthumously in 1955. The author provides information about the varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, somewhat terse though it may be. Investigation of agrobiodiversity is conducted primarily within the context of natural history and natural history technical sciences: biology, ecology, agriculture, biotechnology, veterinary science, pharmacy, forestry, as well as the social sciences, primarily ethnology. Needing to be stressed here is a unique publication Collected papers for the Life of the People and Customs of the South Slaves (Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena), which the Academy of Sciences and

Arts started publishing in 1896. The instruction Foundation for collecting and study material about the life of the people (Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu) of 1897, by the editor the ethnologist Ante Radić, gives a detailed list of all elements for research into the ethnological heritage, including breeds and varieties, as well as wild plants in use. As a result numerous works appeared, today of incalculable value, a kind of ethno-monograph. For Dalmatia, particularly important are Poljica – life and customs of the people (Poljica – narodni život i običaji) by the Rev. Frano Ivanišević, published in part numbers from 1903 to 1906 and Life and customs in Runovići, a parish in the Imotski region (Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi Imocke krajine), started in 1924, finished in 1937 and first published only in 1993.

entomologist Petar Novak, on the basis of many years of experience, gives an account of the species of beetles collected on given plant species, either bred on them or collected on tilled fields, as well as in the dung of domestic animals and the like. It should be said that only coleopterans are dealt with in this work, while there was no study and synthesis of other faunistic groups for the area of Dalmatia, either for given crops or for taxonomic groups, or for individual biogeographical regions.

In more recent times, molecular biology techniques are used more and genetic research is being carried out into some of the varieties and populations of crop plants. With respect to Dalmatia, most explored is the grape vine, and to an extent the olive tree, while other crops are not yet comprehended.

The varieties of olives in Dalmatia were dealt with in most detail by Stjepan Bulić in the work Material for a study of Dalmatian elaiography (Građa za dalmatinsku elajografiju) of 1921, in which he publishes data that he collected between 1889 and 1910. He lists 101 varieties of olive, and over 200 synonyms. In the period from 1989 to 1910, the distinguished expert Pavel Bakarić published a series of papers and books about olive landraces of the islands of Lokrum, Mljet, Korčula and the Elaphites, as well as the areas of Pelješac, Konavle and Dubrovačko primorje. In the last few years, publications about olive landraces of individual areas of cultivation have appeared in greater numbers.

Information about agrobiodiversity in the broader sense is scattered around numerous specialised botanical, entomological and other zoological papers and reports about the appearances of some pests. Still, it is worth pausing on the work Applied Entomology (Primijenjena entomologija) in three books, which was published from 1950 to 1956 by Professor Željko Kovačević. Particularly important is the second book, Agricultural pests (Poljoprivredni štetnici) in which the pests of farm crops are systematically taxonomically analysed. In the work Beetles of the Adriatic Coast (Kornjaši jadranskog primorja) published by the Academy in 1952, the author,

The range of grapevine varieties in Dalmatia has been covered excellently in the excellent work Dalmatian Ampelography (Dalmatinska ampelografija), which was produced on the basis of many years of research by Stjepan Bulić. Although the book was completed in 1925, it was not published until 1949. It established in Dalmatia more than 300 varieties of grape vine and over 1 000 synonyms. Viticulture specialist Zdenko Turković in 1952 published his Ampelographic Atlas (Ampelografski atlas), with outstanding drawings by his wife, Greta Turković, and in 2003 this Atlas was substantially supplemented, particularly with


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Sortiment masline Dalmacije najdetaljnije je obradio Stjepan Bulić u djelu Građa za dalmatinsku elajografiju iz 1921. godine, u kojem objavljuje podatke koje je prikupio u razdoblju od 1889. do 1910. godine. Navodi 101 sortu maslina te preko 200 sinonima. U razdoblju od 1989. do 2007. godine naš istaknuti stručnjak Pavle Bakarić objavio je seriju radova i knjiga o izvornim sortama masline otoka Lokruma, Mljeta, Korčule i Elafita, te područja Pelješca, Konavala i Dubrovačkog primorja. Zadnjih godina pojavljuje se sve više publikacija o izvornim sortama maslina pojedinih naših uzgojnih područja. Sortiment vinove loze na području je Dalmacije vrlo dobro obrađen zahvaljujući vrhunskom djelu Dalmatinska ampelografija koje je na osnovi dugogodišnjih istraživanja izradio Stjepan Bulić. Iako je knjiga dovršena još 1925. godine, publicirana je tek 1949. U njoj je za područje Dalmacije utvrđeno preko 300 sorti vinove loze s preko 1 000 sinonima. Vinogradarski stručnjak Zdenko Turković objavio je 1952. godine Ampelografski atlas s izvanrednim crtežima koje je izradila njegova supruga Greta Turković, a 2003. godine ovaj Atlas je značajno dopunio, posebno s dalmatinskim sortama, profesor vinogradarstva na Agronomskom fakultetu Nikola Mirošević. Sortiment ostalih voćnih vrsta Dalmacije objavljen je u brojnim specijalističkim radovima. Ipak, treba istaknuti monografiju Smokva iz 1989. godine koju je napisao Pavle Bakarić sa suradnicima, s detaljno navedenim sortimentom i sinonimijom. Svojevrsnu sintezu voćarstva Dalmacije daje profesor voćarstva na Agronomskom fakultetu Ivo Miljković u djelu Suvremeno voćarstvo iz 1991. godine, u kojemu navodi veći broj izvornih sorti trešnje, maraske, bajama, smokve, nara, rogača, agruma, ali i masline.

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Već spomenuti S. Ožanić objavljuje još 1902. godine u Zadru djelo Povrtljarstvo. Međutim, iako je djelo vrlo obimno te osim povrtnica obuhvaća i neke aromatične i ljekovite biljke, pa čak daje i detaljan tadašnji sortiment, dosta šturo obrađuje autohtone sorte povrtnica Dalmacije. Ipak, u djelu Najvažnije vrsti povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju objavljenom 1938. godine daje već detaljniji prikaz. Stručnjakinja iz Instituta za jadranske kulture u Splitu Marija Znidarčić je početkom 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća iz populacije autohtonih povrtnica selekcionirala endiviju dalmatinsku kopicu te ranu i srednje ranu trogirsku cvjetaču, o kojima objavljuje interna institucijska izvješća. Vrlo zanimljivo nazivlje sorti pojedinih ratarskih i krmnih kultura za područje Dalmacije navode B. Šulek u Jugoslavenskom imeniku bilja, te F. Ivanišević i S. Kutleša u svojim monografijama. Uz njih, treba istaknuti pojedina monografska djela koja agronom Petar Biankini objavljuje u razdoblju od 1882. do 1889. godine u Zadru i Šibeniku o predivom bilju, duhanu i buhaču te njihovu sortimentu. Osnovni sortiment ratarskih kultura daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti. Ipak, najopsežnija istraživanja izvornih ratarskih sorti i populacija provodi profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Alojz Tavčar, koji polovicom 20. stoljeća vrši sustavna sakupljanja sjemenskog materijala na području Dalmacije te postavlja proizvodne pokuse u Arboretumu Trsteno kod Dubrovnika. Iako objavljuje brojne godišnje izvještaje, nedostaje završna sinteza ostvarenih rezultata. Ukrasno bilje obrađuje spomenuti P. Biankini u djelu O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog grmlja i drveća dovršenom početkom 1886., objavljenom u Šibeniku, a tiskanom u Dubrovniku 1888. godine. Radi se o vrlo

opsežnom djelu na preko 1 100 stranica, koje predstavlja pravi biser u našoj poljoprivrednoj literaturi, u kojem se dobrim dijelom obrađuju i izvorne ukrasne kulture Dalmacije uz navedene tradicionalne metode uzgoja. Podaci o pasminskoj strukturi Dalmacije publicirani su po brojnim specijalističkim radovima, a posebno se ističe profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Albert Ogrizek s više radova i monografskih djela. Brojne podatke daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti, te grupa autora u djelu Specijalno stočarstvo objavljenom 1958. godine. Novije sinteze daju najprije Šandor Horvath 1996. godine u djelu Hrvatske baštinjene pasmine te Staro blago-novi sjaj iz 2003., kao i grupa autora u Katalogu pasmina Republike Hrvatske, objavljenom 2002. godine te u Enciklopediji hrvatskih domaćih životinja iz 2003. Najnovija sinteza stanja i ugroženosti izvornih pasmina Hrvatske objavljena je u Zelenoj knjizi izvornih pasmina Hrvatske iz 2011. godine.

Dalmatian varieties, by viticulture professor at the Agriculture Faculty Nikola Mirošević. Studies of the assortment of other fruit species in Dalmatia have been published in numerous specialised works. Nevertheless, worth pausing on is the monograph The Fig (Smokva) of 1989, written by Pavle Bakarić et al., with varieties and synonyms listed in detail. A synthesis of fruit growing in Dalmatia was provided by Agriculture Faculty fruit growing professor Ivo Miljković in his Contemporary Fruit Growing (Suvremeno voćarstvo) of 1991, in which he mentions a large number of landraces of cherries, marasca black cherries, almonds, figs, pomegranates, carobs, citrus fruits and olives. In 1902, Ožanić, as mentioned earlier, also published in Zadar his Povrtljarstvo (Vegetable Growing). However, although this work is extremely capacious, and covers not only vegetables but some aromatic and medicinal herbs, giving a detailed account of the assortment of the time, it deals fairly briefly with the landrace vegetables of Dalmatia. Yet in the work Most important species of vegetables and their cultivation in the maritime region (Najvažnije vrsti povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju) published in 1938 in Split he provides a more detailed survey. In the early 1960s, an expert from the Institute of Adriatic Crops in Split, Marija Znidarčić , from the population of landrace vegetables selected the endive, Dalmatinska Kopica and early and medium early Trogir cauliflower, concerning which she published an internal report for the institution. A very interesting nomenclature of some arable and fodder crops in the area of Dalmatia was quoted in Sulek’s Jugoslavenski imenik bilja and by F. Ivanišević

and S. Kutleša in their monographs. Also needing acknowledgement are some monographic works that were published by agronomist Petar Biankini in the period from 1882 to 1889 in Zadar and Šibenik on fibre plants, tobacco and pyrethrum and the assortment. The basic assortment of arable crops was listed by Ožanić in his work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past (Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti). However, the most extensive research into landrace arable varieties and populations was carried out by Alojz Tavčar, professor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb, who in the middle of the 20th century carried out systematic collecting of seeds in Dalmatia and set up production experiments in the Trsteno Arboretum by Dubrovnik. Although he published numerous annual reports, any concluding synthesis of the results is wanting.

Croatian inherited breeds (Hrvatske baštinjene pasmine) and in Old Livestock – A New Lustre (Staro blago-novi sjaj) of 2003 and then in a work of several hands Catalogue of Breeds of the Republic of Croatia (Katalog pasmina Republike Hrvatske), published in 2002 and in Encyclopaedia of Croatian Domestic Animals (Enciklopedija hrvatskih domaćih životinja) of 2003. The most recent synthesis of the state of and threat to landrace breeds in Croatia was published in Green book of original breeds of Croatia (Zelena knjiga izvornih pasmina Hrvatske), 2011.

In the work The cultivation and care of flowers, ornamental shrubs and trees (O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog grmlja i drveća) at the beginning of 1886 and published in Šibenik although printed in Dubrovnik in 1888 Biankini discussed ornamental plants. This is an extremely copious work containing over 1100 pages, a real jewel in our agricultural literature, in which to a large extent he deals with landrace ornamental plants in Dalmatia with the traditional methods of cultivation. Details of the structure of breeds in Dalmatia were published in numerous specialist works. Particularly to the fore is professor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb Albert Ogrizek who had numerous papers and monographs. Ožanić provided many data in his Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past as did a group of authors in Special Livestock Husbandry (Specijalno stočarstvo) published in 1958. More recent syntheses were given first of all by Šandor Horvath in 1996 in


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a.10 Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda Varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, the foundation of traditional products

Hvarska čipka izrađena od niti agave, hrvatska kulturna baština Hvar lace made of agave fibres, part of the cultural heritage of Croatia Foto: Ana Peraica

“Velika prilika Dalmacije je u stvaranju vlastite ekonomske niše kroz ekološki uzgoj i proizvodnju izvornih i tradicijskih proizvoda premijske kvalitete.”

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okalni tradicijski kultivari te staništa tradicionalnih maslinika, vinograda, vrtova, voćnjaka i oranica sve su ugroženiji i nestaju. Naime suvremena industrijska poljoprivreda traži namjenske hibridne kultivare i velike proizvodne cjeline kod kojih nema mjesta za zajednice koje se razvijaju uz manje, mozaički raspoređene površine, za travnjake, šumarke, međe, poljske putove, pašnjake i lokve. Intenzivna primjena pesticida (u stvari biocida) kakvu zahtijevaju suvremene sorte i hibridi, bitno smanjuje korovnu i ruderalnu floru, ali istodobno uništava i gotovo svu prateću faunu. Dok neke kulture u Dalmaciji, kao što su maslina, vinova loza, mandarina i jagoda, doživljavaju pravu renesansu ili se znatno povećavaju površine pod njihovom proizvodnjom, druge doživljavaju kataklizmu. Površine s tradicijskim krmnim kulturama kao što su kukuruz, ječam, zob, lucerka, djeteline, sirak, sikirica, lupina, stočna mrkva, kelj, repa i rotkva, uslijed smanjenja stočnog fonda, gotovo su nestale, a još je gore s industrijskim kulturama kao što su duhan, lan i konoplja te buhač i brnistra u uzgoju.

“A great opportunity for Dalmatia lies in the creation an economic niche of its own through ecological cultivation and the production of premium quality landrace and traditional products.”

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Velik broj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina Dalmacije nalazi se u neravnopravnoj, ali i strateški neodgovornoj tržnoj utakmici s industrijskim kultivarima. Nisu samo nestale s proizvodnih površina, već su dijelom izbrisane i iz Sortne liste, a uskoro će biti i iz našeg kolektivnog pamćenja. Danas potpuno nepoznato zvuče sorte krumpira bilač, ruževac, škuljevac; kukuruz brnda, činkvatin, morac; ječmovi spasitelj i golić ili raznoliki drevni pirevi, prethodnici plemenitih pšenica te konačno i same pšenice. Međutim bez hitne akcije uskoro će nepoznate postati i neke naše izvorne sorte maslina, smokava, rogača, bajama, višnje maraske, limuna, naranči i

šipka, a koje su još donedavno bile dio Sortne liste (krvavica, paštrica, bružetka, lopudka, knez črnomir, čarski kasni bajam, poljička maraska, komiški, korčulanski i šipanski rogač, šerbetaš i dubrovački rani šipak). Poljoprivredne proizvode Dalmacije možemo podijeliti na prehrambene proizvode, preciznije hranu i pića te neprehrambene proizvode. U okviru hrane široka je i raznovrsna paleta proizvoda: brašno i pekarski proizvodi, jestiva ulja, kvasina (ocat), masline i prerađevine od maslina, prerađevine voća – suho i ušećereno voće, kompoti, pekmezi, džemovi, marmelade, prerađevine povrća – suho povrće, koncentrati, ukiseljeno povrće, povrće u ulju, zatim meso i mesne prerađevine, mlijeko i mliječni fermenti, sir te med i proizvodi na bazi meda te ostali pčelinji proizvodi. Pića Dalmacije su sokovi, vina i desertna vina, destilati odnosno razne rakije i likeri te fermentati. Maraskin višnjik gusti je domaći sok od maraske. Uz njega se tradicionalno proizvodi sok od šipka te sok od aromatičnog bilja. Čuvena su dalmatinska bijela i crna sortna vina, ali i desertno vino prošek. Brojni su destilati, a maraskino, dalmatinska lozovača, travarica, orahovica, rogačuša, mirtovača, smrikovača te likeri od gorke naranče, nešpole, žižule, čak i plodova košćele (Celtis australis), tek su djelić bogate ponude. Tko još nije čuo za dalmatinski pršut, kaštradinu, paški i dubrovački sir, dalmatinske suhe smokve, viške rogače? Manje su poznati, čak i pomalo zaboravljeni: župski baškot, poljički soparnik, džem od svježih smokava, viški hib ili hjib, arancini, kotonjata, rakija od cvijeta kadulje, crna rakija od plodova mirte, liker od gorke naranče, ljutika, kapulica ili matar u kvasini, sir iz mišine i brojni drugi proizvodi.

T

raditional local cultivars and the habitats of the traditional olive groves, vineyards, gardens, orchards and ploughland are increasingly under threat and tending to disappear. Contemporary industrial agriculture seeks special purpose hybrid cultivars and large production units, in which there is no room for communities that develop alongside smaller surfaces deployed in a mosaic pattern, no room for grasslands, copses, boundaries, field paths, pastureland and pools. The intensive application of pesticides (biocides, in actually fact) of the kind that are required b contemporary varieties and hybrids essentially reduces weed and ruderal flora, and at the same time destroys almost the whole of the accompanying fauna. While some crops in Dalmatia, such as the olive tree, vine, mandarins and strawberries are undergoing a renaissance and the area devoted to the cultivation of them is being much enlarged, others are disaster areas. Land with the traditional fodder crops, such as maize, barley, oats, lucerne, clover, sorghum, goat pea, lupins, fodder carrot, kale, turnip and radish, as a result of a reduction in the herds, have practically disappeared, and the situation is even worse with industrial crops such as tobacco, flax, hemp, pyrethrum, and gorse. A large number of traditional varieties and breeds in Dalmatia find themselves in an unequal and strategically irresponsible race with industrial cultivars. Not only have they actually disappeared from the productive land, but they have been partially expunged from the Variety List, and will soon be gone from our collection memory. Today the potato varieties Bilač, Ruževac, Škuljevac sound completely unknown; as do the maize varieties Brnda, Činkvatin, Morac and the barley Spasitelj and Golić or various ancient spelts, precursors of

the finer wheats and, ultimately, varieties of wheat itself. Without urgent action some of our landraces of olives, figs, carob, almonds, marasca cherries, lemons, oranges and pomegranates will also become unknown, varieties that were still a short time ago part of the Variety List (Krvavica, Paštrica, Bružetka, Lopudka, Knez Črnomir, Čar Late Almond, Poljica Marasca, Komiža, Korčula and Šipan Carob, Šerbetaš Pomegranate and Dubrovnik Early Pomegranate)

Who has not heard of Dalmatian pršut (raw ham), cured mutton, cheese from Pag and Dubrovnik, Dalmatian dried figs, Vis carob? Perhaps a little less known, even forgotten are local specialities like Župa cookies, Poljica chard pie, fresh fig jam, Vis fig flatcake, candied orange peels, quince paste, sage flower brandy, black brandy from myrtle fruits, Seville orange liqueur, shallots, onions or rock samphire in vinegar, cheese out of a lambskin and many other products.

The agricultural products of Dalmatia can be divided into food products, i.e. food and drink, and nonfood products. There is a broad and diverse range of products under the heading of food: flour and bakery products, edible oils, vinegar, olives and olive products, fruit processed in various ways – dried and candied, bottled, jam and jelly, then vegetable products – dried vegetables, concentrates, pickles, vegetables in oil, meat and meat products, milk and fermented milk products, cheese, and honey and products deriving from honey and other apiary products.

Particularly worth highlighting is the rich and diverse traditional cooking and the traditional foods of Dalmatia, into which go not only the landrace varieties and breeds, but also examples of wild flora and fauna, particularly wild herbs. Non-food products include various groups, from pharmaceuticals, natural pigments, aromas, tobacco products, dyes and other things, to use objects such as clothing and footwear, lace, bags, baskets, lobster pots, leather products – lambskin bags, belts, honey and wax products, brushes and brooms and many other use objects: jewellery, instruments, kitchen and household equipment and many other things.

The beverages of Dalmatia are juices, wines and dessert wines, distillates or various brandies and liqueurs and fermentations. Marasca cherry is a thick homestyle juice of marasca cherries. Alongside, traditionally produced juices are from pomegranate and aromatic plants. There are famed Dalmatia red and white wines, as well as the dessert wine, Prošek. There are also many distilled spirits, called Maraskino, Dalmatinska Lozovača, Travarica, Orahovica, Rogačuša, Mirtovača, Smrikovača (respectively, cherry brandy, grappa, herb grappa, walnut liqueur, carob and myrtle and juniper liqueurs); then come liqueurs from bitter oranges, medlars, jujuba, even the fruits of the nettle tree (Celtis australis); these are just part of the extensive range.

Just how old the tradition of production of individual Dalmatian products might be is hard to judge. Strabo praised the wine of Vis in the 1st century BC; honey from Šolta, alongside that from Mt Hymettus by Athens, was said in the 1st century by Pliny the Elder to be the best in the world. On the markets of the Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese. Maraschino sent the name of Zadar around the world, and it was sought by crowned heads. This interesting and absolutely laudable tradition certainly needs scientific and expert study. It is also essential to find and renew the ancient recipes for food


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Posebno treba istaknuti bogatu i raznovrsnu dalmatinsku tradicionalnu gastronomiju i tradicionalna jela u čiju pripremu su osim izvornih sorti i pasmina često uključeni i pripadnici divlje flore i faune, a posebno brojno samoniklo jestivo bilje. Neprehrambeni proizvodi obuhvaćaju raznovrsne skupine, od farmaceutskih proizvoda, prirodnih boja, aromata, duhanskih proizvoda, bojadisera i drugog, sve do uporabnih predmeta kao što su odjeća, obuća, čipke, torbe, košare, vrše, kožni predmeti – mišine, remenje, medičarsko-svjećarski proizvodi, metle i četke te brojni ostali uporabni predmeti: nakit, instrumenti, kuhinjski i kućni pribor te brojni drugi. Koliko je drevna tradicija proizvodnje pojedinih dalmatinskih proizvoda, teško je i povjerovati. Viška vina hvalio je Strabon još u 1. stoljeću prije Krista, a šoltanski med je uz himetski kod Atene Plinije stariji u 1. stoljeću isticao kao najbolji na svijetu. Na tržnicama Rimskog Carstva prodavao se dalmatinski sir. Po maraskinu se u svijetu čulo za Zadar i Dalmaciju, a tražile su ga i pile okrunjene glave. Ovu zanimljivu i hvalevrijednu povijesnu tradiciju treba još svakako znanstveno i stručno obraditi. Također, neophodno je pronaći i obnoviti prastare recepture jela, pića i izvornih proizvoda te ih ponovo uz primjerenu promociju i priznanje uvrstiti u današnju gastronomsku ponudu Dalmacije, vratiti ih u etno- i ekosela, u konobe i kužine, ali zašto ne u određenoj mjeri i u naše hotele. Proizvodi od tradicijskih izvornih sorti i pasmina: prerađevine proizvedene od ratarskih i industrijskih kultura, povrća i voća te izvornih pasmina predstavljaju premijske proizvode koji se na tržište plasiraju

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po posebnim cijenama, ali i s garancijom geografskog porijekla i izvornosti te osobite kvalitete. S tom je namjerom potrebno izvršiti katalogizaciju tradicijskih poljoprivrednih proizvoda uz prijedloge za daljnja istraživanja, menadžmentsko planiranje, poticanje proizvodnje, promociju, zaštitu izvornosti i drugo. U Dalmaciji poljoprivredna proizvodnja na kršu, s tek nešto više od deset posto udjela poljoprivrednog zemljišta, na kamenitim, skeletoidnim tlima u uvjetima bezvodice i suša, na udaru jakih vjetrova, ljetnih sparina i zimskih hladnoća i nije moguća bez otpornih i prilagođenih kultivara koje smo stvorili tijekom proteklih tisućljeća. Potrebno je izraditi plan upravljanja (menadžment-plan) i očuvanja izvornih pasmina i sorti zasvaki pojedini kultivar, a za one komercijalno zanimljive proizvesti sjeme, sadnice i mlade životinje. Dalmacija nema potencijal, ali ni potrebu sudjelovati u globalnoj, svjetskoj tržišnoj utakmici poljoprivrednih proizvoda i industrijski proizvedene hrane. Njena je velika prilika u stvaranju vlastite ekonomske niše kroz ekološki uzgoj i proizvodnju izvornih i tradicijskih, prepoznatljivih poljoprivrednih proizvoda, koje gotovo da i ne mora izvoziti, već ih može plasirati kroz domaću potrošnju i turizam. Ekološki uzgoj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te proizvodnja tradicijske i ekološke hrane na obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Dalmaciji, održat će ruralni prostor Dalmacije, ali i upotpuniti i obogatiti sve vidove ruralnog turizma. Upravo ta vrsta turizma dobiva danas sve više na snazi i važnosti. Gosti i posjetitelji traže istinske lokalne vrijednosti i običaje, originalnu tradicijsku gastronomsku ponudu bez primjesa i dodataka globalističkog i monokulturnog

zapada. Traži se i bio- i agroraznolikost, očuvana i autentična povijesna i kulturna baština. Dosljednost vlastitoj tradiciji i onome što nam je priroda sama podarila te kult vlastitih čuvenih i čuvanih proizvoda nastalih uz čovjekovu plemenitu intervenciju može i treba postati nezaobilazan segment svakodnevnog života, ali i cjelokupne turističke ponude. Povratak gotovo zaboravljenih okusa i mirisa u tradicionalnu dalmatinsku gastronomiju kao djela mediteranske nemoguć je bez poljoprivrednika i zelenih poduzetnika koji su u agrobioraznolikosti prepoznali svoju priliku za iskorak u novu poslovnu dimenziju i razvoj. Sorta ili pasmina koja je sada zanemarena i čini nam se nevažna može već sutra postati itekako dragocjena i potpuno nezamjenjiva. No to je moguće samo uz uvjet da, bez iznimke, očuvamo od nepovratnog gubitka sve one izvorne i tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje su nam još preostale. Ova genetska raznolikost ima neprocjenjivu vrijednost i ulogu u sve osjetljivijem opstanku cjelokupne svjetske, a posebno ruralne populacije, kao i brojnih ekosustava. U svjetlu trenutačnih velikih globalnih ekoloških, klimatskih, socijalno-ekonomskih i kulturno-duhovnih promjena, agrobioraznolikost je jedna od malobrojnih preostalih slamki koja omogućuje spas i sigurnost čovječanstvu u opskrbi hranom.

and drinks and original products, and include them, with appropriate marketing, into the fare of Dalmatian tables, put them back into the ethno and eco villages, into the cellars and kitchens, but also, why not, to a certain extent, to the hotels. Products from landrace varieties and breeds; processed from arable and industrial crops, fruit and vegetables and landrace breeds are premium products that are marketed with special prices, and a guarantee of geographical origin, authenticity and particular quality. It is accordingly necessary to catalogue additional agricultural products, with proposals for further research, management planning, production incentives, promotion, protection of authenticity and so on. In Dalmatia agricultural production on the karst, with just more than ten percent of cultivable land, on stony and skeletal soils, in conditions of drought and aridity, exposed to strong winds, sweltering summers and winter colds is not possible without the resistant and adapted cultivars that we have created during the past millennia. It is needful to draw up a management plan and a plan to keep up the landraces, both animal and plant, and for those that are commercially interesting, to produce both seeds and seedlings as well as young animal. Dalmatia has no chance of taking part in the global market competition of agricultural products and industrially produced food, and no need. Its great opportunity is in creating its own economic niche through ecological cultivation and the production of authentic, traditional, distinctive agricultural products, which hardly even need exporting and can be sold through domestic consumption and the tourist industry.

Ecological cultivation of traditional varieties and breeds, and production of traditional and ecological food on family farms in Dalmatia will keep up the rural space of Dalmatia, and will also supplement and enrich all forms of rural tourism. This kind of tourism is today gaining in importance and strength. Visitors and customers seek genuine local values and customs, original fare on the tables, without admixtures and additions of the west with its globalisation and monocultures. Bio- and agrodiversity is sought, an authentic and well preserved historical and cultural heritage. Being true to our own tradition and to what nature has itself bestowed upon us, and the cult of one’s own celebrated and well-guarded products, created with the noble intervention of man, can and should become a not-to-be-missed part of everyday life and the whole of the tourist product.

In the light of the current great global ecological, climatic, socio-economic as well as cultural and spiritual changes, agrobiodiversity is one of the very remaining straws that enable the salvation of mankind and its security in the supply of food.

The return of almost forgotten scents and savours to the traditional Dalmatian gastronomy, which is part of that of the Mediterranean as a whole, is impossible without farmers and green entrepreneurs who have identified agrobiodiversity as their door into a new business dimension, new development. A variety or breed previously neglected and seemingly unimportant can tomorrow become very valuable and completely irreplaceable. But this is possible only if we preserve from irretrievable loss all those landrace varieties and breeds that remain to us, without exception. This genetic diversity has incalculable value and a vital role in the increasingly vulnerable survival of the whole of the world population, particularly the rural population, as well as of many ecosystems.


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a.11 Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske

A physicogeographical ID of Dalmatia and Croatia

Delta Neretve, oaza bioraznolikosti i krajobrazne ljepote. Posljednjih desetljeća osobito ugrožena intenzivnom poljoprivredom. The Neretva Delta, oasis of biodiversity and landscape beauty. In the last few decades it has been particularly under threat from intensive agriculture. Foto: Ivo Pervan

Dalmacija

Broj županija

4

Površina kopna

12 673 km

2

Površina ukupno

35 780 km

2

Površina obalnog mora

23 107 km2

Broj stanovnika (gustoća)

861 482 (68/km2)

Najveći grad (broj stanovnika)

Split (188 694)

Broj otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena (km2)

926 (1 770 km2)B

Obalna linija (km)

Najveći otok (km2)

21

56 594 km2 31 067 km2 87 661 km2

4 437 460 (78,4/km2)

Zagreb (779 145)

4 324 km

5 835 km (6 116 km)A

Brač (394,6 km2)

Krk, CresC (405,8 km)

1 246 (3 259 km2)

Najviši vrh (m)

Dinara (1 831 m)

Dinara (1 831 m)

Najdulja rijeka cijelim tokom u Hrvatskoj (duljina)

Cetina (101 km)

Kupa (296 km)

Najveće jezero (km2)

Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)


Najdulja špilja (duljina)

Kotluša špilja (4 507 m)

Najveće krško polje (km2)

Imotsko polje (95 km2)D

Najdulja rijeka (ukupna duljina /duljina u Hrvatskoj)

Najdublja jama (dubina)

Broj staništa

Zaštićene površine (udjel ukupne površine) Broj zaštićenih područja

Neretva (225 km/22 km)

Jama Mokre noge (-831 m)

Broj krajobraza

F

Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)

Sustav Lukina jama − Trojama (-1 431 m)

Jamski sustav Kita Gaćešina – Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)

Ličko polje (465 km2)E

8

16

2 060,4 km² (5,76%)

6 967,8 km² (7,95%)

oko 500 131

Broj nacionalnih parkova

4

Broj regionalnih parkova

-

Broj parkova prirode

5

Prema Kovačić i sur., 2008. Procijenjena površina. C Otoci Krk i Cres imaju istu površinu. D U Hrvatskoj se nalazi 45 km2. E Skupina od pet polja (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo i Gospićko). F Uključujući preventivno zaštićena područja. A B

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Hrvatska


> 600 461 8

11 2

Number of counties

Dalmatia

4

Land area

12 673 km

2

Total area

35 780 km

2

Coastal sea area Population size (density)

Biggest city (population)

23 107 km2 861 482 (68/km2)

Split (188 694)

Croatia

21

56 594 km2 31 067 km2 87 661 km2

4 437 460 (78,4/km2)

Zagreb (779 145)

Coastline (km)

4 324 km

5 835 km (6 116 km)A

Biggest island (km2)

Brač (394,6 km2)

Krk, CresC (405,8 km)

Number of islands, islets, rocks and reefs (km2)

926 (1 770 km2) B

1 246 (3 259 km2)

Highest peak (m)

Dinara (1 831 m)

Dinara (1 831 m)

Longest river with the whole of its course in Croatia

Cetina (101 km)

Kupa (296 km)

Biggest lake (km2)



Longest cave (length)

Kotluša špilja (4 507 m)

Biggest karst polje (km2)

Imotsko polje (95 km2)D

Longest river (total length/ length in Croatia)

Deepest pothole (depth)

Number of landscapes

Neretva (225 km/22 km)

Jama Mokre noge (-831 m)

6 967,8 km² (7,95%)

131

Number of regional parks

Ličko polje (465 km2)E

2 060,4 km² (5,76%)

Number of protected areas F Number of nature parks

Cavern system Kita Gaćešina – Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)

16

oko 500

Number of national parks

System Lukina jama − Trojama (-1 431 m)

8

Number of habitats

Protected areas (ratio to total area)

Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)

4

5

-

> 600 461 8

11 2

After Kovačić et al., 2008. Estimate. C The islands Krk and Cres are the same in area. D 45 km2 in Croatia E A group of five poljes (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo and Gospićko). F Including preventatively protected areas. A B


81

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Tržnica u Kninu (prema Avelot, 1896.)


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Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacijee Sorte i Pasmine Dalmacije

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