f
Hnriwnr Hnri wnrk k `issdoi ` issdoi Wtrdtiofg ornwtm dlk kivibnp`ilt nh tmi Wrf Bdljd ixpnrt sigtnr kipilks midvfby nl tmi dvdfbdafbfty dlk idsi nh dggiss tn trdki fltibbfoilgi dlk flhnr`dtfnl. W`dbb dlk @ikfu` Iltirprfsis (W@Is) dlk ntmir sigtnrs dt bdroi wfbb ailihft f``ilsiby hrn` gnlgirtik, gnnrkfldtik dlk wibb-kisfolik prn`ntfnldb gd`pdfols tn prnpib Wrf Bdljdl prnkugts tn riofnldb dlk fltirldtfnldb `drjits. Fl tmi bfomt nh tmfs odp fl tmi dvdfbdafbfty nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk fltibbfoilgi hnr Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs, ”[rdki Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Urn`ntfnl‖ ([FU) mds aiil fkiltfhfik ds d vftdb [rdki Wuppnrt Hulgtfnl fl tmi Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt Wtrdtioy (LIW). [rdki Wuppnrt Hulgtfnls dgt ds ildabflo doilts tn gridti d `nri ausfliss dlk ixpnrt hrfilkby trdkflo ilvfrnl`ilt. Ds sugm, kivibnp`ilt nh [FU wfbb `dji dvdfbdabi flhnr`dtfnl nl `drjit dldbytfgs, rioubdtnry kitdfbs dlk prngikurdb dspigts nh bngdb dlk fltirldtfnldb trdki. Wtdjimnbkirs fl antm tmi puabfg dlk prfvdti sigtnr wibgn`i tmi flgbusfnl nh [FU ds d [rdki Wuppnrt Hulgtfnl tn ai fkiltfhfik hnr ilmdlgik ornwtm dlk kivibnp`ilt ds pdrt nh tmi nvirdbb LIW. [mi dkvdlgi`ilt nh tmfs hulgtfnl wfbb stf`ubdti ornwtm dlk spur hurtmir trdki ribdtik dgtfvftfis d`nlo Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs, antm hrn` prfnrfty sigtnrs dlk ntmir istdabfsmik `dturi sigtnrs. [mfs strdtioy fs d gnbbigtfvi ilkidvnur nh puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs tn kihfli prfnrftfis, gnnrkfldti dlk `nlftnr dgtfvftfis dlk f`pbi`ilt Ubdls nh Dgtfnl nvir tmi gnursi nh tmi lixt hfvi yidrs. Ds d `idls tn strugturi sigtnr kivibnp`ilt, tmfs strdtio y siijs tn istdabfsm d ribfdabi dlk dhhnrkdabi ”ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl‖ pnrtdb tn dgt ds d ripnsftnry nh flhnr`dtfnl tn dbb stdjimnbkirs tn dssfst fl ixpnrt flo, strilotmil gnnrkfldtfnl hnr flhnr`dtfnl smdrflo aitwiil puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs, strilotmil gdpdgftfis nh sigtnr nhhfgirs fl dk`flfstrdtfvi gftfis fl nrkir tn f`prnvi ixpnrts dlk tn aufbk ”Ardlk Wrf Bdljd‖ ds d prn`flilt prn`ntfnldb strdtioy. Ds d stip tn arflo hnrtm qufgj kfvfkilks, tmi strdtioy prnpnsis tmi nrodlfsflo nh sf`ubtdlinus obnadb ivilts fl nvirsids `fssfnls tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd dlk fts ixpnrts dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis. Fl nrkir tn flgridsi gn`pitftfviliss nh Wrf Bdljdl W@Is fl obnadb `drjits dlk vdbui gmdfls, stdjimnbkirs dgrnss tmi spigtru` mdvi pbikoik tn dgt tn kivibnp [FU. Fl nrkir hnr Wrf Bdljd tn ridgm pdrfty wftm obnadb stdlkdrks hnr trdki prn`ntfnl dgtfvftfis dlk kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl, stdjimnbkirs fkiltfhfik tmi hnbbnwflo ds d vfsfnl stdti`ilt tmdt wfbb oufki sigtnrdb ornwtm3 ”Ildabflo Ixpnrtirs tn @dji Wtrdtiofg @d rjit Kigfsfnls tn Urn`nti Wrf Bdljd‖s [rdki‖.
Kfbfoilt dlk hngusik syliroy dgrnss dbb dgtfvftfis fl `nlftnrflo dlk f`pbi`iltflo tmi strdtioy wfbb ai jiy tn suggisshub kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl hnr bngdb ixpnrtirs dlk snulk prn`ntfnl nh Wrf Bdljd trdki.
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Dgj Dg j l nw b ik iko o i` i`ilt ilts s [mi [rdki Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Urn`ntfnl Wtrdtioy wds kivibnpik ds pdrt nh tmi Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt Wtrdtioy nh Wrf Bdljd, ulkir tmi diofs nh tmi @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki dlk tmi Wrf Bdljd Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk (IKA), wftm tmi hfldlgfdb suppnrt dssfstdlgi nh tmi Iurnpidl Ylfnl (IY), ds pdrt nh tmi ”IY -Wrf -Wrf Bdljd [rdki Qibdtik Dssfstdlgi.‖ Dssfstdlgi .‖ [mi kngu`ilt ailihftik pdrtfgubdrby hrn` tmi flputs dlk oufkdlgi prnvfkik ay tmi `i`airs nh tmi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl tid` tmdt stiirik tmi hnr`ubdtfnl nh tmi strdtioy, ld`iby3 Ld`i
@r. Wurism ki @ib
Unsftfnl
@s. Wmuamdsmflf Wfbvd @r. Wukdttmd Wfbvd @r. Qdvf Kfssdldydji @r. O.B. Oldldtmivd @r. @.G. Wd`pdtm Uirird @rs. _.D. Kfbrujsmflf
@dldoflo Kfrigtnr Wilfnr Dssfstdlt Wigritdry Oilirdb Dssfstdlt Kfrigtnr Dttnrliy-dt-Bdw Wilfnr Bigturir Kiputy Kfrigtnr Dssfstdlt Kfrigtnr Dkkftfnldb Kfrigtnr
@r. Kmd``fjd Ouldsijdrd
Urisfkilt
@s. Dln`d Uri`dtfbdjd
Kfrigtnr ‗ @drjit Kivibnp`ilts
@s. Bfbdjsmf ki @ib
Nrodlfzdtfnl
Md`adltntd Gmd`air Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) @flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs (@nHD) Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s Ylfvirsfty nh Jibdlfyd Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi (KnG) Wrf Bdljd [id Andrk Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd (GAWB) Wrf Bdljd Hnnk Urngissnrs Dssngfdtfnl (WBHUD) Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk (IKA)
[mi hubb bfst nh puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs tmdt gnltr fautik tmifr prigfnus tf`i tn tmi kisfol nh tmfs Wtrdtioy dri kitdfbik fl Dppilkfx 4.
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Gnltilts Hnriwnrk `issdoi ......................................................................................................................................... fff Dg jl nw bik oi` ilt s .............................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ .......................................................... fv Dg rn ly `s ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... vff Ixigutfvi su``dry ......................................................................................................................................... 4
[mi vfsfnl ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 [mi strdtiofg nacigtfvis .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................... 1 Nvirvfiw nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl hulgtfnl .............................................................................. ; Ixpnrt prnhfbi nh Wrf Bdljd .............................................................................................................................. ?
[rdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl prn` ntfnl prngiss `dp .......................................................................... ........................................................................................... ................. 47 Hngusflo nl tmi `nst prissflo fssuis ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 49 F`prnvflo trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl hnr Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts ...................................................... 4?
[mi vfsfnl .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 4? [mi strdtiofg nacigtfvis .................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ............................. 4? @nvflo tn dgtfnl ‗ f`pb f` pbi`ilt i`ilt dtfn l hrd`iwn hr d`iwn rj ........... ................. ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ............ ............ ........... ..... 46
Ubdl nh dgtfnl 154= ‗1511 ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ 11 Dp pil kf x3 Bf st nh pdr tf gf pdl ts fl tm i pu ab fg -pr fv dti g nl su bt dtf nl s .......................................................... 18 Qihirilgis ..................................................................................................................................................... 1=
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Bfst nh hfou ris Hfouri 43 [rdki flhnr`dtfnl dgtfvftfis ................................................................................................................ ; Hfouri 13 [rdki prn`ntfnl dpprndgm .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ............................... 9 Hfouri 73 Wrf Bdljdl trdki fl onnks dlk sirvfgis, 1555 ‗1548 (YW$ afbbfnls) .................................................. ? Hfouri ;3 [rdki tn ornss kn`istfg prnkugt riofnldb gn`pdrfsnl, 1554 ‗1548 (pirgiltdoi nh ornss kn`istfg prnkugt) ........................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ...... ? Hfouri 93 Gn`pnsftfnl nh Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts nh onnks dlk sirvfgis, 1548 ..................................................... = Hfouri 83 Wrf Bdljdl sirvfgis ixpnrts, 1559 ‗1548 ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... = Hfouri ?3 Ixpnrt kistfldtfnls, 1548 ....................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ............................................ 6 Hfouri =3 [FU prngiss `dp .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 47 Hfouri 63 Wtrdtiofg nacigtfvis hnr [FU .............................................................................................................. 4? Hfouri 453 Wtrdtiofg dlk npirdtfnldb nacigtfvis .......................................................................................... .............................................................................................. .... 46 Hfouri 443 Flstftutfnld b hrd`iwnrj hnr [FU [WH [ WH kivibnp`ilt ......................................................................... ........................................................................... 15
Bfst nh tdabi tdabis s [dabi 43 Wrf Bdljd‖s [FU pnbfgy suppnrt litwnrj ............................................................................................. 45 ............................................................................................. .... 45 [dabi 13 Wrf Bdljd‖s [FU trdki sirvfgis litwnrj ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .... 44 [dabi 73 Wrf Bdljd‖s [FU ausfliss sirvfgis litwnrj ................................................................................... [dabi ;3 Uirgiptfnl nh Wrf Bdljdl [FU [FWFs ‗ flhbuilgi virsus virs us dafbfty ........................................................... 41
Bfst nh anxis Anx 43 Gdsi stuky3 [FU nrodlfzdtfnls ‗ Gdldkd ............................................................................ ............................................................................................... ................... 8 Anx 13 Flstftutfnldb dkcust`ilts hnr [FU ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 41
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Dgrr n l y` Dg y`s s A1A ANF GAWB GGG KnG IKA HGGFWB F[G @nKWF[ @FG LGI LIW UnD WBG W@Is [FU [FWF [n[ [WH
Ausfliss-tn-ausfliss Andrk nh Flvist`ilt Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi Wrf Bdljd Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk Hikirdtfnl nh Gmd`airs nh Gn``irgi dlk Flkustry Wrf Bdljd Fltirldtfnldb [rdki Giltri @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt Wtrdtioy Ubdl nh Dgtfnl Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s W`dbb dlk `ikfu`-sfzik iltirprfsis [rdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl [rdki dlk flvist`ilt suppnrt flstftutfnl [rdflflo nh trdflirs [rdki suppnrt hulgtfnl
vff
Ixigutfvi su``dry [mi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl ([FU) strdtioy (tmi Wtrdtioy) prisiltik fl tmfs kngu`ilt fs dl fltiordb pdrt nh tmi Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt Wtrdtioy (LIW) nh Wrf Bdljd. [mi ihhfgfilgy nh tmi [FU litwnrj fl Wrf Bdljd gnltrfautis tn tmi ixpnrt pirhnr`dlgi pirh nr`dlgi nh dbb sigtnrs nh tmi ignln`y. [mfs kngu`ilt prisilts tmi ixpigtdtfnls dlk strdtiofg nacigtfvis nh tmi prfvdti dlk puabfg sigtnrs hnr f`prnvik [FU hulgtfnls fl Wrf Bdljd. [mi strdtiofg ilmdlgi`ilt nh Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts kipilks nl tmi dvdfbdafbfty nh prnpir trdki fltibbfoilgi dlk
flhnr`dtfnl, dlk ihhigtfvi prn`ntfnl gd`pdfols. Dgmfivflo tmfs d`aftfnus nacigtfvi wfbb kipilk nl tmi dafbfty nh tmi riqufsfti stdjimnbkirs tn f`pbi`ilt tmi dgtfvftfis kihflik fl tmfs [FU Wtrdtioy. Ds d prf` dry fltirviltfnl tn strugturi sigtnr kivibnp`ilt, ft fs rign``ilkik tmdt tmi hnbbnwflo stips ai tdjil wftm prfnrfty3
Istdabfsm d giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi ”ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb‖ tmdt wnubk ai d ripnsftnry nh flhnr`dtfnl ribdtik tn trdki dlk prn`ntfnl, dlk tmdt fs idsfby dggissfabi tn dbb stdjimnbkirs tn dssfst tmi` fl ixpnrtflo. Wtrilotmil gnnrkfldtfnl hnr flhnr`dtfnl-smdrflo aitwiil puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs, dlk aitwiil flkustry dlk sigtnrdb gmd`airs adsik fl Gnbn`an (ldtfnldb bivib) dlk riofnldb gmdptirs. Wtrilotmil tmi [FU-ribdtik tigmlfgdb, `dldoirfdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis dlk dafbftfis nh ribivdlt sigtnr nhhfgirs, ispigfdbby fl riofnldb giltris, ds wibb ds trdki dttdgmæs pnstik nvirsids fl Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls, fl nrkir tn f`prnvi ixpnrts. Aufbk Ardlk Wrf Bdljd strdtiofgdbby, lnt cust nvirsids aut dbsn gridtflo dwdriliss wftmfl tmi gnultry.
Dl f``ikfdti qufgj wfl wnubk ai tn nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadbby sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb trdki `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrts dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis, tdroitflo spigfhfg sigtnrdb ondbs. [rdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl
[mi bidk nrodlfzdtfnl hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntflo fltirldtfnldb tr dki fs tmi Wrf Bdljd Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk (IKA), wftm suppnrt hrn` fl stftutfnls sugm ds tmi Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd (GAWB) dlk Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s (WBG), wmfgm prnvfki rdw dlk dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl. Hrn` d prfvdti sigtnr pirspigtfvi, flkustry ankfis sugm ds tmi Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG), Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI) dlk Hikirdtfnl nh Gmd`airs nh Gn``irgi dlk Flkustry nh Wrf Bdljd (HGGFWB), d`nlo ntmirs, prnvfki [FU sirvfgis. [rdki flhnr`dtfnl `dy ai stdtfstfgdb kdtd, `drjit fltibbfoilgi, rioubdtnry prngikuris, stdlkdrks dlk lnr`s, nr prngissis tmdt dri riqufrik tn prnvfki f`pnrtdlt dldbysfs tn tdji strdtiofg kigfsfnls hnr fltirldtfnldb trdki. [mfs flhnr`dtfnl rihirs tn d sit nh dgtfvftfis tmdt gdl arndkby ai gbdssfhfik fl tmrii gdtionrfis ‗ gnbbigtfnl nr odtmirflo nh flhnr`dtfnl, dldbysfs nh sugm odtmirik flhnr`dtfnl dlk ihhfgfilt kfssi`fldtfnl nh tmi flhnr`dtfnl. [mi prngiss flvnbvis prfvdti dlk puabfg pbdyirs dlk riqufris litwnrjflo d`nlo stdjimnbkirs hnr d sid`biss hbnw nh flhnr`dtfnl. Ihhigtfvi usi nh gnlti`pnrdry tigmlnbnofis hrn` gdpturflo tn trdls`fttflo tmi flhnr`dtfnl fs tmi jiy tn suggisshub trdki flhnr`dtfnl `dldoi`ilt. [rdki prn`ntfnl, dbsn rihirrik tn ds ixpnrt prn`ntfnl, fs d sit nh ignln`fg pnbfgfis, fltirviltfnls dlk flftfdtfvis df`ik dt f`prnvflo tmi trdki pirh nr`dlgi fl d tdroit bngdtfnl nr flkustry. F`prnvi`ilt fs `dflby snuomt ay flgridsflo ixpnrts antm fl dasnbuti tir`s dlk ribdtfvi tn f`pnrts. _mil spigfhfg flkustrfis dri tdroitik, trdki prn`ntfnl pnbfgfis tilk tn hngus nl flkustrfis tmdt mdvi d gn`pdrdtfvi dkvdltdoi nvir tmifr hnrifol gn`pitftnrs. Frnlfgdbby, trdki prn`ntfnl gdl dbsn flgbuki ixpdlkflo tmi suppby nh jiy flputs fl d gnultry's strnloist flkustrfis, vfd f`pnrt ixpdlsfnl. Flstftutfnldbb suppn rt h nr [FU Flstftutfnld
[rdki dlk flvist`ilt suppnrt flstftutfnls ([FWFs) dri flstftutfnls tmdt mdvi dl fltirist fl, dlk aidrflo nl, ixpnrt kivibnp`ilt. Arndkby, tmi [FWFs prnvfkflo f`pnrtdlt sirvfgis tn tmi Wrf Bdljdl [FU trdki suppnrt hulgtfnl ([WH) gdl ai gdtionrfzik fl tmi hnbbnwflo drids3
Unbfgy suppnrt litwnrj [rdki sirvfgis litwnrj Ausfliss sirvfgis litwnrj.
Gnnrkfldtfnl d`nlo puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs fl natdflflo [FU kitdfbs, dlk tmi mu`dl gdpftdb, hfldlgfdb gdpdgfty dlk qudbfty nh sirvfgi nh flkfvfkudb flstftutfnls wds dldbysik fl tmfs sigtfnl. Ft wds flhirrik hrn` Wtrdtioy gnlsubtdtfnls tmdt aisfkis tmi bf`ftik dvdfbdafbfty nh ribivdlt trdki flhnr`dtfnl, dldbysfs nh tmdt 4
flhnr`dtfnl tmdt fs dvdfbdabi hnr puabfg gnlsu`ptfnl fs nhtil lnt kfssi`fldtik ihhfgfiltby. [mfs fs bdroiby kui tn bf`ftik `dldoirfdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis. [mi pirgiptfnl nh tmi flhbuilgi dlk dafbfty nh Wrf Bdljdl [FWFs fl tmi [FU drild wds dbsn dldbysik, wftm flstftutfnldb dkcust`ilts dlk f`pbi`iltdtfnl prngikuris kitdfbik. [mi `nst prissflo fssuis
[n ri`dfl ridbfstfg dlk risnurgi-ihhfgfilt, tmi Wtrdtioy gdllnt hngus nl dbb tmi fssuis dhhigtflo tmi vdbui gmdfl. Ft tmus ligissdry tn `dji dl flhnr`ik sibigtfnl nh tmi `nst f`pnrtdlt fssuis tn ai dkkrissik. [n `dji tmfs dssiss`ilt, tmi grftirfd usik wiri tmi bivib nh kfsturadlgi (pirgifvik ay ldtfnldb stdjimnbkirs) dlk tmi idsi nh risnbutfnl (antm fl tir`s nh gnst dlk tf`i flvnbvik). [mi tnp fssuis tn ai dkkrissik dgrnss tmi [FU systi` flgbuki3
Dasilgi nh d giltrdbfzik ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr`: _idj gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil doilgfis wftm riodrk tn odtmirflo dlk smdrflo flhnr`dtfnl: Bf`ftik risnurgis nh nvirsids `fssfnls `fssfnls tn ihhigtfviby gnbbigt dlk dldbysi `drjit, prnkugt dlk rioubdtnry flhnr`dtfnl: [rdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk nppnrtulftfis dri lnt idsfby dggissfabi tn ixpnrtirs ixpnrtirs fl riofnldb drids: Bfljs aitwiil ldtfnldb gmd`airs dlk tmifr gmdptirs fl riofnls dri widj: Urn`ntfnldb dgtfvftfis gnlkugtik ay Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls nvirsids, flgbukflo flgbukflo nvirsids trdki hdfrs dlk ausfliss-tn-ausfliss (A1A) `iitflos dlk gnlligtfnls, dri fldkiqudti: Ardlkflo nh Wrf Bdljd dlk fts prnkugts fs bf`ftik fl tdroit `drjits: W`dbb dlk `ikfu`-sfzik iltirprfsi (W@I) (W@I) pdrtfgfpdtfnl pdrtfgfpdtfnl fl fltirldtfnldb trdki `fssfnls fs fs bnw.
[mi vfsfnl vfsfnl [FU fs vftdb tn kivibnp ixpnrt gn`pitftfviliss dgrnss Wrf Bdljd. Antm tmi dvdfbdafbfty dlk qudbfty nh [FU kitdfbs dri widj. Gnnrkfldtfnl d`nlo flstftutfnls ribdtik tn [FU fs widj dlk mds bik tn rikulkdlgfis fl sn`i pbdgis dlk odps fl sirvfgi kibfviry fl ntmir drids. _ftm tmdt fl `flk, puabfg dlk `ubtfsigtnrdb prfvdti stdjimnbkirs grdhtik tmi hnbbnwflo flkustry vfsfnl tn arflo Wrf Bdljd nl d pdr wftm obnadb stdlkdrks hnr trdki prn`ntfnl dgtfvftfis dlk kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl3
I ldabflo ixpnrtirs tn `dji strdtiofg `drjit kigfsfnls kigfsfnls tn ” Ildabflo prn`nti Wrf Bdljd‖s Bdljd‖s trdki‖
[mi strdtiofg strdtiofg nacigtfvis [mi Ubdl nh Dgtfnl (UnD) wfbb rispnlk tn tmfs vfsfnl ay dkkrissflo tmi sigtnr‖s gnlstrdflts dlk bivirdoflo
nppnrtulftfis fl d gn`primilsfvi `dllir. [n tmfs ilk, pdrtfgubdr ihhnrts wfbb ai `dki dbnlo tmi hnbbnwflo strdtiofg nrfiltdtfnls3
1
Wtrilotmil mil gnnrkf gnnrkfldt ldtfnl fnl aitwii aitwiil l puabfg puabfg dlk prfvdt prfvdti i flstft flstftutf utfnls nls hnr ihhfg ihhfgfil filtt • Wtrilot ixgmd ixgmdloi loi nh ribfda ribfdabi bi trdki trdki flhnr` flhnr`dtf dtfnl nl dlk trdki trdki prn`ntf prn`ntfnl nl sirvfg sirvfgis. is.
Wtrdtiofg nac igtfvi 43 F`prnvi tmi Wtrdtiofg qudbfty, ribfdafbfty, dggissfaf dggissfaf bfty dlk dhhnrkdafbfty nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
• Wtrilotmil [FWFs' dafbfty tn prnvfki ribivdlt dlk up-tn-kdti flhnr`dtfnl fl d
Wtrdtiofg nacigtfv i 13 Aufbk tmi Wtrdtiofg gdpdgfty nh W@Is dlk i`iroflo ixpnrtirs tn gnb bigt dlk dldbysi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk gnlkugt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl.
• Flgridsi dwdriliss nh nlbfli flhnr`dtfnl dlk risnurgis dvdfbdabi ulkir
Wtrdtiofg nacigtfvi 73 Wtrdti Wtrdtiofg Wtrdtiofgdbby ofgdbby duo`ilt trdki prn`ntfnl prnord``is wftm hngusik fltirviltfnls.
gnnrkfldtik `dllir, dlk prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis (flgbukflo nlbfli dlk nhhbfli suppnrt). • Ilmdlgi riofnldb gmd`airs' dlk flstftutfnls' dafbfty tn suppnrt W@Is tn fltiordti fltn tmi ixpnrt vdbui gmdfl tmrnuom flgridsik dggiss tn trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk ixpnrt prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
prn`ntfnldb sirvfgis. • F`pbi`ilt d tdroitik gdpdgfty-aufbkflo prnord``i hnr W@Is dlk
ixpnrtirs tn ildabi tmi` tn usi flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl sirvfgis ihhfgfiltby.
Aufb Aufbk k Ardl Ardlk k Wrf Wrf Bdlj Bdljd d dlk dlk sigt sigtnr nr ardl ardlks ks.. Wtri Wtrilo lotm tmil il dlk dlk ixpd ixpdlk lk tmi tmi sgnp sgnpi i nh prn`n prn`ntf tflo lo Wrf Wrf Bdlj Bdljd d dlk dlk fts fts prnk prnkug ugts ts tmrnuo tmrnuom m trdki trdki dttdgm dttdgmæs æs fl nvirsi nvirsids ds `fssfnl `fssfnls. s.
Issiltfdb fltirviltfnls dlk dkcust`ilts
[mi hnbbnwflo dri tmi jiy issiltfdb fltirviltfnls dlk dkcust`ilts ligissdry tn gridti tmi huturi stdti nh tmi Wrf Bdljdl [FU [WH. [mfs fs ixi`pbfhfik tmrnuom tmi danvi vfsfnl dlk tmisi ibi`ilts dri dbb dkkrissik tmrnuom tmi strdtiofg UnD. Adsik nl tmi gmdbbilois `iltfnlik idrbfir, ft fs suooistik tmdt Wrf Bdljd `dji tmi hnbbnwflo prfnrftfis, wftm smnrt, `ikfu` dlk bnlo-tir` ondbs. Wmnrt-tir` `idls f``ikfdti tn nli yidr, `ikfu`-tir` fs nli tn tmrii yidrs dlk bnlo-tir` fs aiynlk tmrii yidrs. Wmnrt-tir` ondbs3
Istdabfsm d gnbbdanrdtfvi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb (ulfhfik (ulfhfik ripnsftnry nh ixpnrt-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl). Wtrilotmil [FWFs‖ dafbfty tn prnvfki ribivdlt dlk up-tn-kdti flhnr`dtfnl fl d gnnrkfldtik `dllir, ds wibb ds tn prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis, ispigfdbby tdroitik suppnrt tn puabfg sigtnr nrodlfzdtfnls.
@ikfu`-tir` ondbs3
Urnvfki tdroitik suppnrt tn riofnldb Gmd`airs nh Gn``irgi (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd). Md`adltntd). Kivibnp tmi ldtfnldb ardlkflo dlk `drjitflo pnsftfnl pnsftfnl (tdo bflis, bnons, bnons, `dtirfdbs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl gmdllibs) dlk ln`fldti d gmd`pfnl tn bidk tmisi ardlkflo ih hnrts dgrnss [FWFs tn ilsuri gnlsfstilgy.
Bnlo-tir` ondbs3
F`pbi`ilt tmi Wrf Bdljd ixpnrts/flvist`ilt ardlkflo gd`pdfol wftm stdlkdrkfzik `dtirfdbs kfstrfautik fl dirnpbdlis dlk dt trdki hdfrs, flvist`ilt prn`ntfnl, itg. Nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadb sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb Wrf Wrf Bdljd `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrtirs dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis.
Gnnrkfldtflo dgtfvftfis, `nlftnrflo prnoriss dlk `nafbfzflo risnurgis hnr f`pbi`iltdtfnl wfbb ai grftfgdb tn suggisshub dgmfivi`ilt nh tmisi tdroits. [n tmdt ilk, flkustry riprisiltdtfvis rign``ilkik tmdt d puabfg ‗ ‗ prfvdti ”dkvfsnry gn``fttii‖ hnr tmi [FU sigtnr ai rdpfkby istdabfsmik, npirdtfnldbfzik dlk i`pnwirik. [mi [FU dkvfsnry gn``fttii fs tn ai rispnlsfabi hnr nvirdbb gnnrkfldtfnl, prnvfsfnl nh pnbfgy oufkdlgi dlk tmi `nlftnrflo nh flkustry kivibnp`ilt dbnlo tmi strdtiofg nrfiltdtfnl. Dl ihhigtfviby nrodlfzik dlk suppnrtik gn``fttii gdl pbdl tmi [WH kivibnp`ilt strdtiofgdbby. Mfom-bivib suppnrt hrn` tmi Onvirl`ilt, fl gnbbdanrdtfnl wftm strnlo gmd`pfnlsmfp ay tmi prfvdti sigtnr, wfbb ai tmi ridb krfvirs tn trdlshnr` Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts.
7
Nvirvfiw Nvi rvfiw nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl hulgtfnl Wuggisshub trdki fl obnadb `drjits kipilks nl odtmirflo dlk dldbysflo ribivdlt `drjit flhnr`dtfnl, dbnlosfki pbdusfabi flftfdtfvis hnr prn`ntfnl. Uirtflilt flhnr`dtfnl dbbnws hfr`s tn ulkirstdlk tmi gn``irgfdb bdlksgdpi nh ixfstflo dlk pntiltfdb `drjits, dlk dldbysik dldb ysik kdtd hdgfbftdtis tmi gnltfluik gn`pitftfviliss nh prnkugts dl k `dy pir`ft iltirprfsis tn gdpftdbfzi nl i`iroflo nppnrtulftfis. Qibfdabi flhnr`dtfnl gdl ai usik tn stdy dmidk nh liw trilks dlk ki`dlks, tmiriay dbbnwflo iltirprfsis tn kisfol, kivibnp dlk `nkfhy prnkugts adsik nl tmi riqufri`ilts nh tdroit `drjits. @nrinvir, ribfdabi flhnr`dtfnl nl fltirldtfnldb stdlkdrks dlk rioubdtfnls dbbnws ixpnrtirs tn kisfol prnkugts fl dggnrkdlgi wftm tmi gn`pbfdlgi riqufri`ilts nh tdroit `drjits. [rdki prn`ntfnl df`s tn f`prnvi trdki pirhnr`dlgi fl d spigfhfg ignln`fg drid, dlk gdl ai bngdtfnl- nr flkustryadsik. [FU fs d pririqufsfti hnr `drjit pilitrdtfnl dlk d wibb-hulgtfnlflo trdkflo pbdthnr` gnltrfautflo tn kfvirsfhfgdtfnl ay hdgfbftdtflo tmi ixpdlsfnl nh antm oinordpmfg dlk prnkugt `drjits. Ybtf`dtiby, tmfs wfbb bidk tn dl flgridsi fl antm kn`istfg dlk hnrifol trdki, bidkflo tn ilmdlgik ldtfnldb ignln`fg kivibnp`ilt. [mfs [FU Wtrdtioy fs dl fltiordb pdrt nh tmi LIW nh Wrf Bdljd. [mi ihhfgfilgy nh tmi [FU litwnrj fl Wrf Bdljd wfbb gnltrfauti tn tmi ixpnrt pirhnr`dlgi nh dbb sigtnrs nh tmi ignln`y. [mfs kngu`ilt prisilts tmi ixpigtdtfnls dlk strdtiofg nacigtfvis nh tmi prfvdti dlk puabfg sigtnrs hnr f`prnvik [FU hulgtfnls fl Wrf Bdljd. [mi dldbysfs dlk rign``ilkdtfnls nh tmfs kngu`ilt hngus nl jiy nrodlfzdtfnldb, tigmlfgdb dlk sjfbbs kivibnp`ilt gmdbbilois tmdt gdl ai risnbvik tmrnuom d strugturik pdrtlirsmfp nh flstftutfnls. [miri fs sfolfhfgdlt sgnpi tn i`pnwir ixpnrtirs‖ `drjit iltry dlk kivibnp`ilt tmrnuom strilotmilik dlk `nri kyld`fg trdki flhnr`dtfnl. [rdki flhnr`dtfnl
[rdki flhnr`dtfnl gdl ai stdtfstfgdb kdtd, `drjit fltibbfoilgi, rioubdtnry prngikuris, stdlkdrks dlk lnr`s, nr prngissis tmdt dri riqufrik tn prnvfki f`pnrtdlt dldbysfs tn tdji strdtiofg kigfsfnls hnr fltirldtfnldb trdki. [mfs flhnr`dtfnl rihirs tn d sit nh dgtfvftfis tmdt gdl arndkby ai gbdssfhfik fl tmrii gdtionrfis ‗ gnbbigtfnl nr odtmirflo nh flhnr`dtfnl, dldbysfs nh sugm odtmirik flhnr`dtfnl dlk ihhfgfilt kfssi`fldtfnl nh tmi flhnr`dtfnl. [mi prngiss flvnbvis prfvdti dlk puabfg pbdyirs dlk riqufris litwnrjflo d`nlo stdjimnbkirs hnr d sid`biss hbnw nh flhnr`dtfnl. Ihhigtfvi usi nh gnlti`pnrdry tigmlnbnofis hnr gdpturflo tn trdls`fttflo flhnr`dtfnl fs tmi jiy tn suggisshub trdki flhnr`dtfnl `dldoi`ilt. Hfouri 43 [rdki flhnr`dtfnl dgtfvftfis
Wnurgi3 F[G.
;
[rdki prn`ntfnl
[rdki prn`ntfnl, dbsn rihirrik ds ixpnrt prn`ntfnl, fs d sit nh ignln`fg pnbfgfis, fltirviltfnls dlk flftfdtfvis df`ik dt f`prnvflo trdki pirhnr`dlgi fl d tdroit bngdtfnl nr flkustry. F`prnvi`ilt fs `dflby snuomt ay flgridsflo ixpnrts antm fl dasnbuti tir`s dlk ribdtfvi tn f`pnrts. _mil spigfhfg flkustrfis dri tdroitik, trdki prn`ntfnl pnbfgfis tilk tn hngus nl flkustrfis tmdt mdvi d gn`pdrdtfvi dkvdltdoi nvir tmifr hnrifol gn`pitftnrs. Frnlfgdbby, trdki prn`ntfnl gdl dbsn flgbuki ixpdlkflo tmi suppby nh jiy flputs fl d gnultry's strnloist flkustrfis, vfd f`pnrt ixpdlsfnl. Hfouri 13 [rdki prn`ntfnl dpprndgm
Wnurgi3 F[G.
[mi [FU [FU prngiss f l Wrf B dljd
[mi bidk nrodlfzdtfnl hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntflo fltirldtfnldb trdki fs IKA, wftm suppnrt hrn` flstftutfnls sugm ds GAWB dlk WBG, wmfgm prn vfki rdw dlk dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl. flh nr`dtfnl. Hrn` d prfvdti sigtnr pirspigtfvi, flkustry ankfis sugm ds GGG, LGI dlk HGGFWB, d`nlo ntmirs, prnvfki [FU sirvfgis. Wrf Bdljd, tmrnuom fts `dfl ixpnrt prn`ntfnl anky IKA, prnvfkis trdki flhnr`dtfnl sirvfgis tn Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs ay prnvfkflo dggiss tn trdki-ribdtik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl nl nppnrtulftfis fl tdroit gnultrfis tmrnuom fts Ausfliss Bfardry, wmfgm pnssissis d gnbbigtfnl nh trdki kfrigtnrfis dlk yidrannjs, prnkugt dlk `drjit surviys, risidrgm stukfis, liwsbittirs dlk `drjit ripnrts ay `ubtfbdtirdb dlk fltirldtfnldb nrodlfzdtfnls, d`nlo ntmir puabfgdtfnls. [misi gnvir d wfki rdloi nh suacigts ribdtik tn fltirldtfnldb trdki, flgbukflo d gn`primilsfvi gnbbigtfnl nh rihirilgi tnnbs antm fl afabfnordpmfg dlk ibigtrnlfg hnr` hnr spigfhfg tnpfgs sugm ds tdrfhhs, stdtfstfgs, prfgis dlk gn`pdly flhnr`dtfnl. IKA dbsn prnvfkis sugm flhnr`dtfnl tmrnuom fts wia pnrtdbs hnr nvirsids auyirs (Auyir‖s Unrtdb), ixpnrtirs (Ixpnrtir‖ s Unrtdb) dlk gnrpnrdti usirs (Gnrpnrdti Unrtdb) dssngfdtik wftm ixpnrtflo. IKA dbsn puabfsmis tmi qudrtirby ”Ausfliss Bdljd @dodzfli‖, wmfgm prnvfkis kitdfbs dlk flhnr`dtfnl danut trdki, tmi ignln`y, flvist`ilt dlk prnkugts. [mi `dodzfli fs gfrgubdtik tmrnuom dbb Wrf Bdljdl kfpbn`dtfg riprisiltdtfnls, trdki gmd`airs dlk trdki prn`ntfnl nrodlfzdtfnls wftmfl Wrf Bdljd dlk darndk. [mi i@DQJI[UBDGI pbdthnr` ildabis Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs tn smnwgdsi tmifr prnkugts dlk sirvfgis nlbfli, lnt cust hnr prn`ntfnl aut dbsn hnr sdbi dlk ixpnrt nvirsids. IKA dbsn nrodlfzis tmi pdrtfgfpdtfnl nh Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs fl `dcnr fltirldtfnldb trdki hdfrs fl pntiltfdb nvirsids `drjits tn hdgfbftdti A1A prn`ntfnls. D`nlo tmisi ivilts dri flkustry-spigfhfg trdki hdfrs, `ubtfprnkugt hdfrs, riofnldb hdfrs dlk snbn ixmfaftfnls. 9
Nh tmi ldtfnldb-bivib gmd`airs, GGG, LGI dlk HGGFWB prnvfki [FU sirvfgis hnr ixpnrtir s. GGG mds litwnrjs wftm nvir ?5 nvirsids ausfliss gmd`airs dlk trdki dssngfdtfnls, prnvfkflo dggiss lnt cust tn trdki kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl aut dbsn tn pntiltfdb ausfliss nppnrtulftfis. Ft dbsn ilcnys d gbnsi wnrjflo ribdtfnlsmfp wftm fltirldtfnldb nrodlfzdtfnls ‗ sugm ds tmi Litmirbdlks‖ Giltri hnr tmi Urn`ntfnl nh F`pnrts hrn` Kivibnpflo Gnultrfis, dlk F[G (Oilivd): dlk knlnrs sugm ds tmi Fltirldtfnldb @nlitdry Hulk, tmi _nrbk Adlj Ornup, tmi Dsfdl Kivibnp`ilt Adlj, tmi Oir`dl Doilgy hnr Fltirldt fnldb Gnnpirdtfnl dlk tmi Ylftik Wtdtis Doilgy hnr Fltirldtfnldb Kivibnp`ilt ‗ tn ilmdlgi obnadb bfljs. [mi Wrf Bdljdl ldtfnldb gmd`air s dbsn prnvfki pnbfgy dkvngdgy dssfstdlgi, riprisiltflo tmi ixpnrtir gn``ulfty fl dsjflo hnr tmi suppnrt riqufrik hrn` tmi Onvirl`ilt hnr obnadb trdki. LGI fs tmi `dcnr gmd`air spigfhfgdbby riprisiltflo tmi ixpnrtir gn``ulfty nh Wrf Bdljd. Ft dssfsts fl trdki flqufrfis dlk prnvfkis trdki bidks rigifvik hrn` Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls nvirsids, hnrifol trdki gmd`airs, dlk ntmir trdki nrodlfzdtfnls, wmfgm dri kfssi`fldtik tn `i`airs. LGI pdrtfgfpdtis fl nvirsids dlk bngdb trdki hdfrs dlk trdki ixmfaftfnls, dlk nrodlfzis prn`ntfnl prnord``is dlk trdki kibiodtfnls. F`pnrtdltby, LGI fs tmi kisfoldtik Gmd`air tn fssui Girtfhfgdtis nh Nrfofl dlk ribdtik kngu`ilts tn Wr f Bdljdl ixpnrtirs, a isfkis fssuflo spigfdbfzik girtfhfgdtis sugm ds Fltirldtfnldb Nrodlfzdtfnl hnr Wtdlkdrkfzdtfnl 11555, 655 4 dlk 4;555: Mdzdrk Dldbysfs dlk Grftfgdb Gnltrnb Unflts: Nggupdtfnldb Midbtm dlk Wdhity Dssiss`ilt Wirfis 4=554: Wngfdb Dggnultdafbfty =555: Onnk @dluhdgturflo Urdgtfgis, itg. tn ixpnrtirs. Hurtmir`nri, tmi dlludb LGI L GI Ixpnrt Dwdrks rignolfzi dlk riwdrk tmi ixpnrt pirhnr`dlgi nh Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs dlk tmnsi wmn prnvfki sirvfgis tn ixpnrtirs. ixpnrtirs. HGGFWB fs dl u`aribbd nrodlfzdtfnl nh tmi prfvdti sigtnr, pbd yflo d jiy rnbi fl prn`ntflo ausfliss dlk flkustr y fl tmi gnultry ay prnvfkflo `i`air ankfis wftm d wfki spigtru` nh sirvfgis rdloflo hrn` dkvfsnry tn gnlsubtdtfvi, prn`ntfnldb, flhnr`dtfnl-smdrflo dlk riprisiltdtfvi sirvfgis. Ft fs dbsn tmi `nst wfkispridk ausfliss nrodlfzdtfnl, wftm `i`air ankfis hrn` dbb kfstrfgts dlk prnvflgis nh Wrf Bdljd dlk d ldtfnlwfki `i`airsmfp nh nvir 95 gmd`airs nh gn``irgi dlk ausfliss dssngfdtfnls. Ft fs d jiy nrodlfzdtfnl hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh [FU tn rurdb drids nh Wrf Bdljd dlk W@Is. Anx 43 Gdsi Gdsi stuk y3 [FU nrodlfzdtfnls nrodlfzdtfnls ‗ Gdldkd Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Gdldkd3 [mfs anky fs tmi Gdldkfdl ixpnrt grikft doilgy tmdt suppnrts dlk kivibnps Gdldkd‖s ixpnrt trdki ay mibpflo Gdldkfdl gn`pdlfis rispnlk tn fltirldtfnldb ausfliss nppnrtulftfis. Ft fs d sibh-hfldlgflo, Grnwl gnrpnrdtfnl tmdt npirdtis dt dr`'s bilotm hrn` tmi Onvirl`ilt. Ft prnvfkis flsurdlgi dlk hfldlgfdb sirvfgis, anlkflo prnkugts dlk s`dbb ausfliss snbutfnls tn Gdldkfdl ixpnrtirs dlk flvistnrs dlk tmifr fltirldtfnldb auyirs. @ugm nh fts ausfliss fs knli fl pdrtlirsmfp wftm ntmir hfldlgfdb flstftutfnls dlk tmrnuom gnbbdanrdtfnl wftm tmi Onvirl`ilt nh Gdldkd. Ylbfji `nst ixpnrt grikft doilgfis wnrbkwfki, ft fs hfldlgfdbby sibh-suhhfgfilt dlk npirdtis `ugm bfji d gn``irgfdb flstftutfnl. [mi dafbfty nh Gdldkfdl gn`pdlfis, pdrtfgubdrby W@Is, tn gnlligt wftm fltirldtfnldb auyirs fs grftfgdb tn Gdldkd‖s trdki suggiss, aut `dly nh tmisi gn`pdlfis kn lnt mdvi tmi sfzi nr vfs fafbfty tn `dji tmdt mdppil, pdrtfgubdrby fl i`iroflo `drjits. Nli nh Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Gdldkd‖s strdtiofis fs tn mibp `dji tmisi gnlligtfnls tmrnuom `dtgm`djflo sissfnls wftm tmi Gdldkfdl [rdki Gn``fssfnlir Wirvfgi, tmrnuom iqufty flvist`ilts dlk ay bivirdoflo hfldlgfdb ribdtfnlsmfps wftm hnrifol auyirs tn ilgnurdoi tmi` tn prnguri hrn` Gdldkfdl suppbfirs. [mfs strdtioy fs pdrtfgubdrby oidrik tnwdrks mibpflo Gdldkfdl W@Is ornw fltirldtfnldbby. Gdldkfdl [rdki Gn``fssfnlir Wirvfgi3 Wirvfgi3 [mfs Wirvfgi prnvfkis nl-tmi-ornulk fltibbfoilgi dlk prdgtfgdb dkvfgi fl hnrifol `drjits tn mibp ixpnrts fl d tf`iby dlk gnst-ihhigtfvi `dllir fl nrkir tn dgmfivi trdki ondbs darndk. Ft fs prisilt fl danut 484 gftfis d arndk dlk fl Gdldkd, dlk mibps ixpnrtirs ldvfodti tmi gn`pbixftfis nh fltirldtfnldb `drjits. Ft mds prfvfbioik dggiss tn hnrifol onvirl`ilts, jiy ausfliss bidkirs dlk kigfsfnl `djirs aigdusi ft fs d pdrt nh Gdldkfdl i`adssfis dlk gnlsubdtis. Fts ausfliss gnltdgts flgbuki pntiltfdb gustn`irs, kfstrfautnrs, snurgis nh hfldlgi nr flvist`ilt, tigmlnbnoy pdrtlirs dlk fltir`ikfdrfis. Ft nrodlfzis trdki `fssfnls bik ay tmi @flfstir nh Fltirldtfnldb [rdki nr ntmir silfnr onvirl`ilt nhhfgfdbs, wmfgm flgbuki ausfliss arfihflos, `drjit dlk sigtnr prisiltdtfnls/kfsgussfnls, litwnrjflo ivilts, A1A `iitflos, sfti vfsfts (wmil pnssfabi) dlk hdgi-tf`i wftm tmi @flfstir nr silfnr onvirl`ilt nhhfgfdbs. [miy dbsn puabfsm ”GdldkIxpnrt‖ d `dodzfli kikfgdtik tn ixpnrts hrn` Gdldkd. GdlIxpnrt 3 [mfs Gdldkfdl Onvirl`ilt prnord``i prnvfkis kfrigt hfldlgfdb dssfstdlgi tn W@Is riofstirik fl Gdldkd tmdt wfsm tn kivibnp liw ixpnrt nppnrtulftfis dlk `drjits, ispigfdbby mfom-ornwtm i`iroflo `drjits. Kibfvirik ay tmi Gdldkfdl [rdki Gn``fssfnlir Wirvfgi fl pdrtlirsmfp wftm tmi Ldtfnldb Qisidrgm Gnulgfb Flkustrfdb Qisidrgm Dssfstdlgi Urnord``i, GdlIxpnrt prnvfkis hfldlgfdb suppnrt hnr d wfki rdloi nh ixpnrt ixpnrt `drjitflo dgtfvftfis . Gdldkfdl Gdldkfdl ixpnrts prn`ntfnl tnnb3 tnnb 3 [mfs fs d prfvdti sigtnr ixpnrt prn`ntfnl tnnb tmdt adsfgdbby dgts ds d `dtgm`djir aitwiil Gdldkfdl ixpnrtirs dlk obnadb f`pnrtirs. Wuppnrtik ay dl fltirdgtfvi wiasfti fl 71 bdloudois, ft ridgmis `nri tmdl 455,555 f`pnrtirs dlk auyirs fl nvir 415 gnultrfis. Ft nhhirs d wfki rdloi nh ixpnrt-ribdtik sirvfgis tmdt gnvir `nst nh tmi f`pnrt/ixpnrt prngiss. Ft dbsn rign``ilks spigfhfg prnkugts, sirvfgis nr Gdldkfdl ausfliss pdrtlirs, istdabfsmis flftfdb gnltdgt, hdgfbftdtis liontfdtfnls, drrdlois ausfliss `iitflos dlk prnvfkis flhnr`dtfnl danut upgn`flo
8
trdki hdfrs dlk ausfliss kibiodtfnls, d`nlo ntmirs. [n hdgfbftdti s`nntm ausfliss, ft mds dorii`ilts wftm `dly sirvfgi prnvfkirs tmdt gnvir f`pnrtdlt npirdtfnls sugm ds smfppflo, hnrwdrkflo, gbidrflo, trdlsbdtfnl dlk trdvib, d`nlo ntmirs.
Ixpnrt pr nhfbi nh Wrf Bdljd Dbtmnuom Wrf Bdljd mds trdkftfnldbby aiil dl f`pnrt-kipilkilt flsubdr ignln`y, ixpnrts mdvi stdrtik smnwflo pnsftfvi trilks nvir tmi pdst hfvi yidrs. Nvir tmi bdst kigdki, ixpnrts nh onnks dlk s irvfgis oriw ay dl dlludb dvirdoi nh ?.;%, ridgmflo YW$4?.; afbbfnl fl 1548. F`pnrts ornwtm nvir tmi sd`i pirfnk wds sbfomtby bnwir dt ?.7%, wmfgm fs d mflt tnwdrks d gmdloi fl trdki adbdlgi trilks. _mil gn`pdrflo Wrf Bdlj d‖s ixpnrt ornwtm tn tmi riofnl, tmi gnultry‖s pirhnr`dlgi mds f`prnvik. [mi nlby lifomanurflo g nultrfis ridgmflo mfomir ixpnrt ornwtm rdtis wiri Xfit Ld` dlk Flkfd, wftm 49.9% dlk =% rispigtfviby. Flknlisfd dlk @dbdysfd‖s ixpnrts nh
onnks dlk sirvfgis nlby oriw dt ;.8% dlk 4% rispigtfviby. Hfouri 73 Wrf Bdljdl trdki fl onnks dlk sirvfgis, 1555 ‗154 1548 8 (YW$ (YW$ afb bfn ls)
Hfouri ;3 [rdki [rdki tn ornss kn`istfg prnkugt riofnldb gn`pdrfsnl, 1554 ‗154 1548 8 (pirgiltdoi nh orns s kn`istfg prnkugt)
[rdki fl onnks dlk sirvfgis
Ixpnrts nh onnks dlk sirvfgis (% nh OKU)
19 455
15 $ W Y l n f b b f a t l i r r u G
U K O h n i o d t l i g r i U
49 45 9 5 -9
=5 85 ;5 15 14.;
5
4 1 7 ; 9 8 ? = 6 5 4 1 7 ; 9 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-45
[rdki ad adbdlgi
Ixpnrts
F`pnrts
Wrf Bdljd
[mdfbdlk
Xfitld`
Flkfd
Wnurgi3 F[G gdbgubdtfnls adsik nl Gn`trdki dlk _nrbk Adlj _nrbk Kivibnp`ilt Flkfgdtnrs kdtd, 154?.
Mnwivir, tmisi pnsftfvi sfols dri gnultiradbdlgik ay tmi hdgt tmdt ixpnrt ornwtm stdrts hrn` d viry bnw adsi. Wrf Bdljd ri`dfls d `drofldb ixpnrtir fl tmi riofnl, wftm d wnrbk ixpnrt smdri tmdt stdoldtik aitwiil 5.5=% fl 1554 dlk 5.5?% fl 1548. Ntmir ignln`fis, sugm ds Flkfd, [mdfbdlk, Flknlisfd dlk Xfit Ld`, mdvi suggisshubby flgridsik tmifr ixpnrt smdri kurflo tmi sd`i pirfnk, wmfbi dbridky stdrtflo wftm d `ugm mfomir smdri nh wnrbk ixpnrts. [mi trdki kihfgft mds dbsn ri`dflik ulgmdloik dlk mds ivil aiil doordvdtik, bidkflo tn dggu`ubdtfnl nh tmi kiat riqufrik tn hfldlgi tmi adbdlgi-nh-pdy`ilts smnrthdbbs . Wrf Bdljd‖s trdki adbdlgi kihfgft ri`dfls suastdltfdb, dlk flgridsik hrn` YW$5.? afbbfnl fl 1554 tn YW$=.6 afbbfnl fl 1548.4 [mfs bik tn d rfsi fl tmi rdtfn nh kiat tn ixpnrts hrn` 4;4% fl 1555 tn 189% fl 1548.1 _mfbi lifomanurflo gnultrfis sugm ds Xfit Ld`, [mdfbdlk dlk Flknlisfd mdvi suggiikik fl rikugflo tmifr ixtirldb kiat rdtfn sflgi 1555, Wrf Bdljd mds aign`i tmi gnultry wftm tmi oridtist kiat tn ixpnrt rdtfn fl Wnutm Dsfd.
4
F[G gdbgubdtfnls adsik nl Gn`trdki kdtd. Fltirldtfnldb @nlitdry Hulk (1548). Wrf Bdljd ‗ Wtdhh Qipnrt hnr tmi 1548 Drtfgbi FX Gnlsubtdtfnl dlk Qiquist hnr d [mrii-Vidr Ixtilkik Drrdloi`ilt Ylkir tmi Ixtilkik Hulk Hdgfbfty, p. 9;. F@H Gnultry Qipnrt Ln. 48/495. _dsmflotnl, K.G.
1
?
Hfouri 93 Gn`pnsftfnl nh Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts nh onnks dlk sirvfgis, 1548 Hruft dlk luts 4%
Hfsm 4%
@fsgibbdlinus ikfabi pripdrdtfnls…
Oi`s Ibigtrfgdb 4% `dgmfliry 4% Quaair 9% [id, spfgis 6%
@flirdb huibs, nfbs 4%
Ntmirs 4;%
[rdlspnrt 47% Wirvfgis ;5%
FG[ 9%
[rdvib 15%
Hfldlgfdb sirvfgis 4%
Dppdrib 18% Onvirl`ilt
Flsurdlgi dlk pilsfnl Gnlstrugtfnl 4%
Ntmir sirvfgis
Wnurgi3 F[G gdbgubdtfnls adsik nl Gn`trdki kdtd, 154?.
Ivil tmnuom ixpnrts nh onnks smnw bf`ftik kfvirsfhfgdtfnl, tmi sirvfgis sigtnr mds aiil ivnbvflo `nri kyld`fgdbby, aign`flo nli nh tmi krfvirs nh rigilt ixpnrt pirhnr`dlgi . Fl dasnbuti tir`s dlk gn`pdrik wftm 1559, Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts nh sirvfgis qudkrupbik tn YW$?.4 afbbfnl fl 1548. Fl ribdtfvi tir`s, sirvfgi ixpnrts flgridsik hrn` ;.?% nh OKU fl 1544 tn lidrby =% fl 1549. [mi sirvfgis sigtnr dbsn ilcnyik d trdki surpbus, wmfgm stnnk dt YW$1.7 `fbbfnl fl 1549. _ftmfl sirvfgis ixpnrts, tmi oridtist ornwtm gd`i hrn` tmi trdvib, dlk flhnr`dtfnl dlk gn``ulfgdtfnls tigmlnbnoy flkustrfis, wftm 1;% dlk 4=% dlludb ornwtm aitwiil 1558 dlk 1548 rispigtfviby. [mi trdlspnrtdtfnl sigtnr ilcnyik 41% dlludb ornwtm nvir tmi sd`i pirfnk. [mi trdvib flkustry nvirtnnj trdlspnrtdtfnl sirvfgis fl 154; dlk aigd`i tmi bdroist sirvfgi ixpnrt, gub`fldtflo dt YW$7.9 afbbfnl tnkdy. Qigiltby, hfldlgfdb, flsurdlgi dlk pilsfnl ‗ ds wibb ds gnlstrugtfnl ‗ sirvfgis mdvi odflik, aut stfbb pbdy d biss sfolfhfgdlt rnbi fl nvirdbb Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts nh sirvfgis. Hfouri 83 Wrf Bdljdl sirvfgis ixpnrts, 1559 ‗1548 =555 ?555 8555 9555 ;555 7555 1555 4555 5 1559 15 59 15 1558 58 15 155? 5? 15 155= 5= 15 1556 56 15 1545 45 15 1544 44 15 1541 41 15 1547 47 15 154; 4; 15 1549 49 15 1548 48 [rdvib
[rdlspnrt
FG[
Hfld Hf ldlg lgfd fdbb si sirv rvfg fgis is
Flsu Fl surd rdlg lgi i & pi pils lsfn fnl l
Gnls Gn lstr trug ugtf tfnl nl
Ntmirr ausf Ntmi ausfliss liss sirv sirvfgis fgis
Onvirl`il Onvi rl`ilt t
Wnurgi3 F[G gdbgubdtfnls adsik nl Gn`trdki kdtd, 154?.
[mi `dfl onnks‖ ixpnrt kistfldtfnls ri`dflik ribdtfviby ulgmdloik nvir tmi pdst kigdki, smnwflo bf`ftik nvirdbb `drjit kfvirsfhfgdtfnl . Fl 1548, Wrf Bdljd‖s tnp ixpnrt kistfldtfnls wiri tmi Ylftik Wtdtis
nh D`irfgd (1?% nh tntdb ixpnrts fl onnks), tmi Ylftik Jflokn` nh Oridt Arftdfl dlk Lnrtmirl Fribdlk (45%), Flkfd (?%) dlk Oir`dly (9%). Gn`pdrik tn 1559, tmi rdljflo nh tmi tnp hnur ixpnrt kistfldtfnls kfk lnt gmdloi, wmfbi tmifr tntdb smdri kigridsik ay a y 6%. Gurrilt obnadb trilks fl `drjit kivibnp`ilt wfbb ai ribivdlt hnr huturi Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts. [mi hnrisiil ordltflo nh tmi IY Oilirdbfzik Wysti` nh Urihirilgis+, Arixft, tmi [rdls-Udgfhfg Udrtlirsmfp dlk prnspirflo Dsfdl `drjits dri dbb gmdloflo Wrf Bdljd‖s pnsftfnlflo fl tmi fltirldtfnldb trdki ilvfrnl`ilt. =
Hfouri ?3 Ixpnrt kistfldtfnls, 1548
Ntmir 1?%
Dustrdbfd 1% Hrdlgi 1% Frdl 1% Qussfd Gdldkd 1% Cdpdl 1% 1% YDI Litmirbdlks Gmfld Aibofu` 7% 1% 1% 7%
Ylftik Wtdtis 1?%
Ylftik Jflokn` 45%
Ftdby ;%
Flkfd Oir`dly ?% 9%
Wnurgi3 F[G gdbgubdtfnls adsik nl Gn`trdki kdtd, 154?.
Ivil tmnuom `drjit kfvirsfhfgdtfnl ri`dflik `nk ist, Wrf Bdljd‖s liw `drjits `nstby i`iroik fl Dsfd rdtmir tmdl Iurnpi nvir tm i bdst hfvi yidrs yidrs . [mi oridtist ornwtm nh ixpnrts aitwiil 1541 dlk 1548 wds fl
tmi Gmflisi (17%), Flkfdl (=%), D`irfgdl (?%), Gdldkfdl (?%) dlk I`frdtf (?%) `drjits. Iurnpidl kistfldtfnls mdvi oilirdbby aiil smrfljflo sflgi 1544 ds d smdri nh Wrf Bdljd‖s tntdb ixpnrts. [mfs gnlhfr`s
tmi dafbfty nh `dturi ixpnrt sigtnrs tn ixpdl k tmifr `drjit ridgm. Hnr ixd`pbi, tid fs ixpnrtik tn 444 gnultrfis, gnu ltrfis, wmfbi dppdrib fs ixpnrtik tn drnulk 65 gnultrfis. Flstftutfnldb dssiss`ilt nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl sirvfgis
[FWFs dri flstftutfnls tmdt mdvi dl fltirist fl, dlk aidrflo nl, ixpnrt kivibnp`ilt. [dabis 4 tn 7 fkiltfhy tmi `dfl [FWFs wmnsi sirvfgi kibfviry dhhigts tmi [FU hrd`iwnrj fl Wrf Bdljd. Dl dssiss`ilt nh [FWFs dbnlo tmrii jiy kf`ilsfnls ‗ gnnrkfldtfnl dlk flhbuilgi, mu`dl gdpftdb dlk hfldlgfdb gdpdgfty, dlk qudbfty nh sirvfgi ‗ fs prnvfkik. [mi dssiss`ilt wds gnlkugtik adsik nl stdjimnbkirs‖ ivdbudtfnl nh [FWFs hrn` tmi pirspigtfvi nh mnw wibb tmiy sirvi [FU stdjimnbkirs.7 Unbfgy suppnrt litwnrj
[misi flstftutfnls riprisilt `flfstrfis dlk gn`pitilt dutmnrftfis rispnlsfabi hnr flhbuilgflo nr f`pbi`iltflo pnbfgfis dhhigtflo tmi sigtnr.
7
”Gnnrkfldtfnl dlk flhbuilgi ‖ `idsuris dl flstftutfnl‖s bfljs wftm ntmir flstftutfnls ds wibb ds tmi ailihfgfdrfis nh tmifr sirvfgis (fl pdrtfgubdr, tmi prfvdti sigtnr) fl tir`s nh gnbbdanrdtfnl dlk flhnr`dtfnl smdrflo. ”Mu`dl gdpftdb dlk hfldlgfdb gdpdgfty ‖ dssissik tmi oilirdb bivib nh dafbft y nh tmfs flstftutfnl‖s stdhh fl tir`s nh tmifr trdflflo dlk rispnlsfviliss tn sigtnr stdjimnbkirs dlk tmi hfldlgfdb risnurgis/gdpdgfty dvdfbdabi tn tmi flstftutfnl tn prnvfki ihhfgfilt sirvfgi kibfviry . ‖Tudbfty nh sirvfgi ‖ dssissik t mi flstftutfnl‖s dafbfty tn kfssi`fldti f`pnrtdlt flhnr`dtfnl dpprnprfdtiby dlk ihhfgfiltby.
6
[dabi 43 Wrf Bdljd‖s [F [FU U pnbfgy suppnrt litwnr j Ld`i nh flstftutfnl
Hulgtfnl/rnbi
@flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki (@nKWF[)
KnG
GAWB
Gnnrkfldtfnl dlk flhbuilgi
@nKWF[ hnr`ubdtis pnbfgfis dlk strdtiofis hnr riofnldb dlk afbdtirdb ignln`fg gnnpirdtfnl dbnlo wftm tmi Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi (KnG). @nKWF[ dbsn ilgnurdois ixpnrts dlk riprisilts Wrf Bdljd dt trdki smnws bngdbby dlk obnadbby. KnG kivibnps dlk prn`ntis Wrf Bdljd's hnrifol trdki ribdtfnls tmrnuom ihhigtfvi f`pbi`iltdtfnl nh onvirl`ilt trdki pnbfgy. Ft ivdbudtis, liontfdtis dlk f`pbi`ilts afbdtirdb, riofnldb, `ubtfbdtirdb dlk nvirsids trdki ribdtfnls. KnG dbsn dgts ds d hngdb pnflt hnr fltironvirl`iltdb dlk fltrd-`flfstirfdb gn``ulfgdtfnl. Hurtmir`nri, ft kiputis nhhfgirs ds trdki dttdgmæs hrn` d`nlo fts stdhh, tn prn`nti trdki dlk fl vist`ilts fl Wrf Bdljd‖s 88 kfpbn`dtfg `fssfnls fl 94 gnultrfis drnulk tmi wnrbk. GAWB fs tmi `nlitdry dutmnrfty nh Wrf Bdljd dlk tmi dpix flstftutfnl fl tmi gnultry's hfldlgfdb sigtnr. Ft fs rispnlsfabi hnr tmi gnlkugt nh `nlitdry pnbfgy fl Wrf Bdljd dlk dbsn mds wfki supirvfsnry pnwirs nvir tmi hfldlgfdb systi`.
Mu`dl dlk Tudbfty Tud bfty n h hfldlgfdb sirvfgi gdpdgfty
@
@
B
M
B
B
M
B
@
Ft dbsn gnbbdtis trdki-ribdtik kdtd dlk dldbysis tmi sd`i hnr hurtmir puabfgdtfnl fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl.
[rdki sirvfgis litwnrj
[misi flstftutfnls nr doilgfis prnvfki d wfki rdloi nh trdki-ribdtik sirvfgis tn antm tmi Onvirl`ilt dlk iltirprfsis. [miy suppnrt dlk prn`nti sigtnrs dlk dri gnlgirlik wftm tmi kibfviry nh trdki dlk ixpnrt snbutfnls wftmfl d kivibnpflo gnultry. [dabi 13 Wrf Bdljd‖s [FU trdki sirvfgis litwnrj Mu`dl dlk Tudbfty nh hfldlgfdb sirvfgi gdpdgfty
Ld`i nh flstftutfnl
Hulgtfnl/rnbi
Gnnrkfldtfnl dlk flhbuilgi
IKA
IKA fs Wrf Bdljd's dpix nrodlfzdtfnl hnr tmi prn`ntfnl dlk kivibnp`ilt nh ixpnrts. Ft dkvfsis tmi Onvirl`ilt nl ixpnrt pnbfgfis fl nrkir tn gridti d gnlkugfvi ilvfrnl`ilt hnr ixpnrts: `nlftnrs tmi pirhnr`dlgi nh tmi ixpnrt sigtnr: d lk prn`ntis Wrf Bdljdl prnkugts dlk sirvfgis obnadbby ay dgtflo ds d hdgfbftdtnr nh ixpnrt kivibnp`ilt dlk gn-gnnrkfldtflo ixpnrt kivibnp`ilt dgtfvftfis wftm dbb stdjimnbkirs.
M
B
@
WBG
WBG hdgfbftdtis bioftf`dti trdki, gnbbigts rivilui, ivdbudtis f`pnrt dlk ixpnrt kdtd tn prnvfki stdtfstfgs , dlk gnnpirdtis dlk gnnrkfldtis wftm ntmir onvirl`ilt kipdrt`ilts dlk stdjimnbkirs wftm rispigt tn f`pnrts dlk ixpnrts.
M
M
@
Ausfliss sirvfgis litwnrj
[misi dri dssngfdtfnls nr `dcnr riprisiltdtfvis nh gn``irgfdb sirvfgis prnvfkirs usik ay ixpnrtirs tn ihhigt fltirldtfnldb trdki trdlsdgtfnls.
45
[dabi 73 Wrf Bdljd‖s [F [FU U ausfliss s irvfgis litwnrj Ld`i nh flstftutfnl
GGG
Hulgtfnl/rnbi GGG fs tmi nbkist ausfliss gmd`air fl Wrf Bdljd. Ft fs d gnlhikirdtfnl nh trdki dssngfdtfnls, riofnldb dlk sigtnrdb gmd`airs nh gn``irgi dlk flkustry, afbdtirdb ausfliss gnulgfbs dlk i`pbnyir nrodlfzdtfnls fl Wrf Bdljd. Ft hulgtfnls ds d spnjispirsnl hnr tmi ausfliss sigtnr fl tmi gnultry dlk fs tmi hngdb pnflt hnr ausfliss gnltdgts antm bngdbby dlk fltirldtfnldbby. Ft mds `dly spigfdbfzik gn``fttiis, dhhfbfdtik dssngfdtfnls dlk afbdtirdb ausfliss gnulgfbs ulkir fts wflos.
GGG dbsn prnvfkis [FU sirvfgis hnr trdkirs fl oilirdb. Ldtfnldb [mi Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi nh Wrf Bdljd fs d Gmd`air Gmd`air nh bidkflo ausfliss gmd`air wftm d litwnrj nh nhhfgis Gn``irgi nh ldtfnlwfki prn`ntflo kn`istfg dlk hnrifol trdki, wftm d Wrf Bdljd spigfdb i`pmdsfs nl tmi kivibnp`ilt nh W@Is. LGI fs tmi nlby prfvdti sigtnr gmd`air ixgbusfviby sirvfgflo Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs. [mi jiy sirvfgis prnvfkik flgbuki kfssi`fldtflo trdki flqufrfis dlk trdki bidks: gnlkugtflo trdflflo prnord``is dlk wnrjsmnps: pdrtfgfpdtflo fl trdki LGI hdfrs, ixmfaftfnls dlk trdki kibiodtfnls: prnvfkflo dggiss tn sirvfgis nh nvirsids trdki riprisiltdtfvis: nrodlfzflo sigtnrdb `iitflos: dlk kfssi`fldtfnl nh `drjit f lhnr`dtfnl, trdki stdtfstfgs dlk auyir flhnr`dtfnl, d`nlo ntmirs. HGGFWB fs nli nh tmi bdroist dpix ausfliss suppnrt nrodlfzdtfnls fl Wrf Bdljd, wftm `i`airsmfp fl dbb kfstrfgts dlk prnvflgis. Ft wnrjs tnwdrks drrdloflo flwdrk dlk nutwdrk trdki kibiodtfnls hrn` lu`irnus gnultrfis fl nrkir tn prnvfki wfkir fltirdgtfnl wftm tmi Wrf Bdljdl ausfliss gn``ulfty, fssuis Lnl-Urihiriltfdb Girtfhfgdtis nh Nrfofl tn HGGFWB Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs, dlk gnlkugts d wfki vdrfity nh ikugdtfnl dlk trdflflo dgtfvftfis, Hnr tmi prn`ntfnl dlk kivibnp`ilt nh W@Is, ft prnvfkis tmi` wftm flkustrfdb ilofliirflo dlk tigmlnbnoy trdlshir sirvfgis, iliroy dlk ilvfrnl`iltdb sirvfgis, iltirprfsi kivibnp`ilt sirvfgis, itg., ds wibb ds sirvfgis prn`ntflo puabfg ‗prfvdti pdrtlirsmfps hnr W@Is. [mi Wpfgi Gnulgfb nh Wrf Bdljd Wrf Bdljd [id Andrk ‗ Wtdtfstfgs kfvfsfnl Bdljd Hrufts dlk Xioitdabi Urnkugirs, Urngissnrs Urngissnrs dlk Wigtnr Ixpnrtirs Dssngfdtfnl dssngfdtfnls Wrf Bdljd Ibigtrnlfg @dluhdgturirs @dluhdgturirs dlk Ixpnrtirs Dssngfdtfnl Cnflt Dppdrib Dssngfdtfnl Hnru` Dssngfdtfnl nh W`dbb W`dbb dlk @ikfu` Iltirprfsis fl [nurfs` Qiofnldb dlk kfstrfgt gmd`airs hdgfbftdti trdki dlk fssui Qiofnldb dlk Girtfhfgdtis nh Nrfofl wmfbi mibpflo wftm trdflflo dlk aufbkflo kfstrfgt gdpdgftfis nh W@I ausflissis fl riofnldb dlk rurdb drids nh gmd`airs Wrf Bdljd.
Gnnrkfldtfnl dlk flhbuilgi
Mu`dl dlk Tudbfty Tud bfty nh hfldlgfdb sirvfgi gdpdgfty
@
B
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
B
@
@
M
@
@
B
B
B
Ds sis s`ilt s` ilt nh [FU fls f ls tf tu tf nl s
Gnnrkfldtfnl d`nlo puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs fl natdflflo [FU kitdfbs fs bf`ftik. [miri fs ln gn``nl pbdthnr` wmiri tmiy gdl smdri nr hflk ribivdlt r ibivdlt flhnr`dtfnl. Gnnrkfldtfnl d`nlo puabfg sigtnr nrodlfzdtfnls fs aittir aut tmiri dri nvirbdppflo wnrj prnhfbis aitwiil kipdrt`ilts dlk `flfstrfis. Hnr ixd`pbi, sn`i nh tmi wnrj prnhfbis nh GAWB nvirbdp wftm wnrj prnhfbis nh pinpbi wnrjflo fl WBG wmil ft gn`is tn dldbysfs nh trdkiribdtik kdtd. [mfs nvirbdppflo nh wnrj `dy bidk tn kupbfgdtfnl nh ihhnrt, wmfgm `dy dbsn ai d wdsti nh ixpilkfturi. [mi mu`dl gdpftdb dlk hfldlgfdb gdpdgfty nh `nst nrodlfzdtfnls bfis fl tmi `ikfu` rdloi ds dl dvirdoi. [mfs fs dbsn kui tn tmi hdgt tmdt kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl `dy lnt ai gn`primilsfvi nl riquist ay i`dfb nr ay pmnli. Dggnrkflo tn kfsgussfnls fl tmi gnlsubtdtfnls, f`pnrtdlt bfljs hnr [FU struoobi wftm biss tmdl fkidb mu`dl gdpftdb tn prnvfki tmi ligissdry suppnrt tn ixpnrtirs. @nrinvir, ivil fl nrodlfzdtfnls tmdt sii` tn mdvi mfomby qudbfhfik i`pbnyiis, trdki flhnr`dtfnl kfssi`fldtfnl fs lnt pirgifvik ds d prfnrfty. Hfldlgfdb 44
gdpdgfty fs dbsn d gmdbbiloi. Ft wds dbsn lntik tmdt, ivil hnr tmnsi prncigts tmdt mdvi aiil hulkik tmrnuom ldtfnldb aukoits, bfli nrodlfzdtfnls ‗ kui tn bf`ftik gdpdgftfis wftmfl tmi nrodlfzdtfnls ‗ mdvi kibdyik f`pbi`iltdtfnl bnlo ilnuom tmdt tmi prncigt hulks spfbb nvir tn tmi hnbbnwflo yidr dlk tmi aukoitik hulks oit ridbbngdtik kui tn flihhigtfvi usi. Tudbfty nh sirvfgi fs dbsn gnlsfkirik dvirdoi. Dggnrkflo tn flputs hrn` gnlsubtdtfnls, ft mds aiil flhirrik tmdt aisfkis tmi bf`ftik dvdfbdafbfty nh riqufsfti trdki flhnr`dtfnl, rispnlsis tn tmi flhnr`dtfnl odtmirik tmdt dri dvdfbdabi hnr puabfg gnlsu`ptfnl dri nhtil lnt kfssi`fldtik, ivil nl riquist. [mfs fs bdroiby kui tn bf`ftik `dldoirfdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis. Uirgiptfnl nh Wrf Bdljdl [FU [FWFs ‗ flhbuilgi virsus dafbfty
Ds tdabi ; ki`nlstrdtis, tmi gdpdgftfis nh nrodlfzdtfnls wmnsi bivib nh flhbuilgi fs mfom ‗ sugm ds IKA dlk KnG (`nstby rihbigtflo Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls nvirsids) ‗ tn rispnlk tn liiks fl tir`s nh [FU dri bnw. [mfs ki`nlstrdtis tmdt f`prnvflo tmi gdpdgftfis nh tmisi flstftutfnls fs grftfgdb, ispigfdbby IKA, aigdusi ft fs tmi bidk flstftutfnl hnr [FU dlk ubtf`dtiby hnr ixpnrts hrn` tmi gnultry. [dabi ;3 Uirgiptf Uirgiptf nl n h Wrf B dljdl [FU [FWF [FWFs s ‗ flhbuilgi virsus dafbfty Gdpdgfty Gd pdgfty nh flstf tutfnl t n rispnlk tn sigtnr liiks Mfom
@ikfu`
Bnw GAWB IKA KnG
Mfom
WBG
Wigtnr dssngfdtfnls
Bivib nh flhbuilgi nl sigtnr
@nKWF[ Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi nh Wrf Wrf Bdljd LGI
@ikfu`
GGG
Bnw
HGGFWB
Qiofnldb dlk kfstrfgt gmd`airs
@nrinvir, `nst nh tmi flkustry gmd`airs sugm ds tmi Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi nh Wrf Bdljd dlk LGI, mdvi `ikfu` gdpdgftfis, dlk GGG mds bnw gdpdgfty, wmfbi dbb mdvi `nkirdti flhbuilgi: tmfs smnws tmdt fh tmi gdpdgftfis nh tmisi flkustry-bik flstftutfnls gdl ai aufbt, tmiy gdl aign`i `nri flhbuiltfdb. F`prnvi`ilts smnubk ai spigfhfgdbby hngusik nl strilotmilflo gdpdgftfis fl tigmlfgdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi sjfbb sits, aisfkis prnvfkflo d pbdthnr` sugm ds dl ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb tmdt gdl oufki gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil tmi puabfg dlk prfvdti sigtnrs dlk arfkoi tmi jlnwbikoi odp aitwiil ldtfnldb dlk riofnldb nrodlfzdtfnls. Flstftutfnldb dkcust`ilts Anx 13 Flstftutf nldb dkcust`ilts hnr [FU
Flstftutf nldb dkcust`ilt
Wtrilotmil gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil puabfg dlk prfvdti flstftutfnls hnr ribfdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl sirvfgis
F`pbi`iltdtfnl prngikur is
Wtrilotmil [FWFs‖ dafbfty tn prnvfki flhnr`dtfnl fl d gnnrkfldtik `dllir dlk prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis
F`pbi`ilt d tdroitik gdpdgfty-aufbkflo prnord``i hnr W@I ixpnrtirs tn ihhfgfiltby usi flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl sirvfgis
Istdabfsm d gnbbdanrdtfvi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb (ulfhfik ripnsftnry nh trdki-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl) Nrodlfzi qudrtirby tigmlfgdb rivfiw `iitflos tn rivfiw dlk vdbfkdti tmi qudbfty nh flhnr`dtfnl upbndkik tn tmi pnrtdb Wtrilotmil tmi gdpdgfty nh [FWF nhhfgirs dlk tmifr gnrrispnlkflo riofnldb nhhfgirs Aufbk tmi gdpdgftfis nh KnG KnG trdki dttdgmæs tn ildabi tmi` tn odtmir dlk dldbysi flhnr`dtfnl dlk ai dabi tn nrodlfzi trdki hdfrs dlk A1A `iitflos Wtrilotmil flkustry ankfis‖ gnlligtfnls wftm riofnldb gmdptirs nl [FU Istdabfsm riofnldb ixpnrt dkvfsnry gn``fttiis fl jiy riofnls (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd, itg.) Kivibnp d stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo gnursi tn aufbk gdpdgftfis nh W@I ixpnrtirs tmrnuom sigtnr dssngfdtfnls F`pbi`ilt d [rdflflo nh [rdflirs ([n[) prnord``i tn ridgm nut tn riofnldb gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls wftm stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo gnursis nl trdki dldbysfs dlk prn`ntfnl. [misi trdflirs gdl tmil gnltflui trdflflo rioubdrby
41
[rdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl prngiss `dp Hfouri =3 [FU prngiss `dp
47
Gnbbigtfnl dlk dldbysfs
Kfssi`fldtfnl
Ln giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr` tmdt gdl prnvfki dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl3 Ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis nh jiy trdki-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl sugm ds `drjit prfgis, rioubdtfnls, stdlkdrks, ixpnrt hfldlgi `igmdlfs`s, `igmdlfs`s, itg. dri fldkiqudti. Gn`pbfgdtik gnnrkfldtfnl dlk mdr`nlfzdtfnl mdr`nlfzdtfnl nh systi`s dlk prngissis.
Urn`ntfnl Wrf Bdljdl nvirsids `fssfnls‖ trdki prn`ntfnl dgtfvftfis dri fldkiqudti kui tn3 Aukoitdry gnlstrdflts. Bf`ftik tigmlfgdb dlk `dldoirfdb gdpdgftfis tn nrodlfzi dgtfvftfis.
Bf`ftik risnurgis nh nvirsids `fssfnls tn ihhigtfviby gnbbigt dlk dldbysi `drjit, prnkugt dlk rioubdtnry flhnr`dtfnl.
_idj gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil doilgfis (puabfg dlk prfvdti) wftm riodrk tn smdrflo nh flhnr`dtfnl3 Flhnr`dtfnl fs dvdfbdabi aut lnt idsfby smdrik ay tmi puabfg sigtnr sigtnr ‗ bdgj nh gdpdgftfis. Kdtd puabfsmik fs fl fldggissfabi hnr`dts (ixd`pbi3 (ixd`pbi3 prnvfkik fl UKH hnr`dt). Kibdyik ribidsi nh kdtd, bidkflo tn kdtd aign`flo aign`flo nutkdtik ay tmi tf`i ft ridgmis tmi puabfg kn`dfl. Urfvdti sigtnr fs dbsn ribugtdlt tn smdri kdtd wftm tmi Onvirl`ilt (ixd`pbi3 flhnr`dtfnl nl tmi flkustrfdb prnkugtfnl flkix, qudrtirby surviys nl flkustry itg.).
Kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl hrn` flkustry gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls fl Gnbn`an tn riofnldb giltris fs widj. W@Is ispigfdbby hflk ft kfhhfgubt tn dggiss flhnr`dtfnl fl tmi riofnls3 @nst sigtnr dssngfdtfnls dssngfdtfnls kn lnt mdvi riofnldb litwnrjs hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl. Nhtil flhnr`dtfnl flhnr`dtfnl rigifvik fs fl Ilobfsm dlk lnt trdlsbdtik fltn Wflmdbd nr [d`fb, rilkirflo ft usibiss.
Nvirsids trdki hdfrs dlk A1A dgtfvftfis dri `nstby flihhigtfvi (kn lnt risubt fl suggisshub ausfliss kidbs)3 Fldkiqudti pripdrdtfnl (fl ulkirstdlkflo auyirs‖ tigmlfgdb riqufri`ilts, kfstrfautfnl gmdllibs, itg.). Bfttbi nr ln hnbbnw-up dgtfnl dhtir d `fssfnl. Bnw dwdriliss dwdriliss dt dt W@I bivib nh nppnrtulftfis sugm ds nvirsids trdki hdfrs nr A1A dgtfvftfis.
Dasilgi nh d bfst nh tmfrk pdrty prfvdti sirvfgi prnvfkirs tmdt gdl prnvfki `drjit dldbysfs dlk flhnr`dtfnl3 Bf`ftik gdpdgftfis dt IKA nr gmd`airs gmd`airs tn put up sugm d bfst.
Bf`ftik `drjit fltibbfoilgi nl nppnrtulftfis fl tdroit `drjits3 Gnlligtfnls aitwiil aitwiil tdroit `drjit flkustry ankfis dlk ribdtik litwnrjs dri fldkiqudti.
Nvirsids auyirs dri lnt dwdri nh tmi vdst rdloi nh prnkugts dvdfbdabi hnr ixpnrt hrn` Wrf Bdljd3 Ixpnsuri nh prnkugts prnkugts fl tir`s nh ardlkflo fs bf`ftik. @dly prnkugts flkfoilnus flkfoilnus tn Wrf Bdljd mdvi lnt aiil riofstirik ulkir Oinordpmfgdb Flkfgdtfnls.
Nvirsids prn`ntfnldb nppnrtulfty flhnr`dtfnl knis lnt trfgjbi knwl tn riofnldb dlk W@I ixpnrtirs aigdusi tmiri fs ln mibp kisj nl ixpnrts dt riofnldb dlk kfstrfgt bivibs.
Bnw pdrtfgfpdtfnl nh W@Is fl fltirldtfnldb trdki `fssfnls3 Bf`ftik lu`air lu`air nh nppnrtulftfis hnr ixpnrtirs tn pdrtfgfpdti fl trdki hdfrs. Mfom gnst hnr hnr W@Is ribdtfvi ribdtfvi tn tmi riturl nl tmifr flvist`ilt. Gmdbbiloi hnr hnr ixpnrtirs ixpnrtirs tn dggiss fltibbfoilt tigmlfgdb flhnr`dtfnl nl kistfldtfnl `drjits.
Gdpdgftfis nh girtdfl nhhfgirs fl vdrfnus puabfg-sigtnr flstftutfnls dlk flkustry ankfis tn prnvfki tmi bdtist dlk ribivdlt flhnr`dtfnl tn W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs fs bf`ftik3 Ln rioubdr sjfbbs upordkflo prnord``i hnr trdki flhnr`dtfnl nhhfgirs fl jiy flstftutfnls.
Bioilk3
Bdgj nh dggiss tn tmi Wrf Bdljdl kfdspnrd.
Uirhnr`dlgi fssuis Flstftutfnldb dlk gnnrkfldtfnl fssuis
4;
Gnbbigtfnl dlk dldbysfs
Kfssi`fldtfnl
Ln giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr` tmdt gdl prnvfki dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl3 Ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis nh jiy trdki-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl sugm ds `drjit prfgis, rioubdtfnls, stdlkdrks, ixpnrt hfldlgi `igmdlfs`s, `igmdlfs`s, itg. dri fldkiqudti. Gn`pbfgdtik gnnrkfldtfnl dlk mdr`nlfzdtfnl mdr`nlfzdtfnl nh systi`s dlk prngissis.
Urn`ntfnl Wrf Bdljdl nvirsids `fssfnls‖ trdki prn`ntfnl dgtfvftfis dri fldkiqudti kui tn3 Aukoitdry gnlstrdflts. Bf`ftik tigmlfgdb dlk `dldoirfdb gdpdgftfis tn nrodlfzi dgtfvftfis.
Bf`ftik risnurgis nh nvirsids `fssfnls tn ihhigtfviby gnbbigt dlk dldbysi `drjit, prnkugt dlk rioubdtnry flhnr`dtfnl.
_idj gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil doilgfis (puabfg dlk prfvdti) wftm riodrk tn smdrflo nh flhnr`dtfnl3 Flhnr`dtfnl fs dvdfbdabi aut lnt idsfby smdrik ay tmi puabfg sigtnr sigtnr ‗ bdgj nh gdpdgftfis. Kdtd puabfsmik fs fl fldggissfabi hnr`dts (ixd`pbi3 (ixd`pbi3 prnvfkik fl UKH hnr`dt). Kibdyik ribidsi nh kdtd, bidkflo tn kdtd aign`flo aign`flo nutkdtik ay tmi tf`i ft ridgmis tmi puabfg kn`dfl. Urfvdti sigtnr fs dbsn ribugtdlt tn smdri kdtd wftm tmi Onvirl`ilt (ixd`pbi3 flhnr`dtfnl nl tmi flkustrfdb prnkugtfnl flkix, qudrtirby surviys nl flkustry itg.).
Kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl hrn` flkustry gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls fl Gnbn`an tn riofnldb giltris fs widj. W@Is ispigfdbby hflk ft kfhhfgubt tn dggiss flhnr`dtfnl fl tmi riofnls3 @nst sigtnr dssngfdtfnls dssngfdtfnls kn lnt mdvi riofnldb litwnrjs hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl. Nhtil flhnr`dtfnl flhnr`dtfnl rigifvik fs fl Ilobfsm dlk lnt trdlsbdtik fltn Wflmdbd nr [d`fb, rilkirflo ft usibiss.
Nvirsids trdki hdfrs dlk A1A dgtfvftfis dri `nstby flihhigtfvi (kn lnt risubt fl suggisshub ausfliss kidbs)3 Fldkiqudti pripdrdtfnl (fl ulkirstdlkflo auyirs‖ tigmlfgdb riqufri`ilts, kfstrfautfnl gmdllibs, itg.). Bfttbi nr ln hnbbnw-up dgtfnl dhtir d `fssfnl. Bnw dwdriliss dwdriliss dt dt W@I bivib nh nppnrtulftfis sugm ds nvirsids trdki hdfrs nr A1A dgtfvftfis.
Dasilgi nh d bfst nh tmfrk pdrty prfvdti sirvfgi prnvfkirs tmdt gdl prnvfki `drjit dldbysfs dlk flhnr`dtfnl3 Bf`ftik gdpdgftfis dt IKA nr gmd`airs gmd`airs tn put up sugm d bfst.
Bf`ftik `drjit fltibbfoilgi nl nppnrtulftfis fl tdroit `drjits3 Gnlligtfnls aitwiil aitwiil tdroit `drjit flkustry ankfis dlk ribdtik litwnrjs dri fldkiqudti.
Nvirsids auyirs dri lnt dwdri nh tmi vdst rdloi nh prnkugts dvdfbdabi hnr ixpnrt hrn` Wrf Bdljd3 Ixpnsuri nh prnkugts prnkugts fl tir`s nh ardlkflo fs bf`ftik. @dly prnkugts flkfoilnus flkfoilnus tn Wrf Bdljd mdvi lnt aiil riofstirik ulkir Oinordpmfgdb Flkfgdtfnls.
Nvirsids prn`ntfnldb nppnrtulfty flhnr`dtfnl knis lnt trfgjbi knwl tn riofnldb dlk W@I ixpnrtirs aigdusi tmiri fs ln mibp kisj nl ixpnrts dt riofnldb dlk kfstrfgt bivibs.
Bnw pdrtfgfpdtfnl nh W@Is fl fltirldtfnldb trdki `fssfnls3 Bf`ftik lu`air lu`air nh nppnrtulftfis hnr ixpnrtirs tn pdrtfgfpdti fl trdki hdfrs. Mfom gnst hnr hnr W@Is ribdtfvi ribdtfvi tn tmi riturl nl tmifr flvist`ilt. Gmdbbiloi hnr hnr ixpnrtirs ixpnrtirs tn dggiss fltibbfoilt tigmlfgdb flhnr`dtfnl nl kistfldtfnl `drjits.
Gdpdgftfis nh girtdfl nhhfgirs fl vdrfnus puabfg-sigtnr flstftutfnls dlk flkustry ankfis tn prnvfki tmi bdtist dlk ribivdlt flhnr`dtfnl tn W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs fs bf`ftik3 Ln rioubdr sjfbbs upordkflo prnord``i hnr trdki flhnr`dtfnl nhhfgirs fl jiy flstftutfnls.
Bioilk3
Bdgj nh dggiss tn tmi Wrf Bdljdl kfdspnrd.
Uirhnr`dlgi fssuis Flstftutfnldb dlk gnnrkfldtfnl fssuis
4;
Hngusflo nl tmi `nst prissflo fssuis [n ri`dfl ridbfstfg dlk risnurgi-ihhfgfilt, tmi Wtrdtioy gdllnt hngus nl dbb tmi fssuis dhhigtflo tmi vdbui gmdfl. Ft wfbb tmus liik tn `dji dl flhnr`ik sibigtfnl nh tmi `nst f`pnrtdlt nlis wmfgm liik tn ai dkkrissik. [n dssiss tmfs, tmi grftirfd usik dri tmi bivib nh kfsturadlgi (ds pirgifvik ay ldtfnldb stdjimnbkirs) dlk tmi idsi nh risnbutfnl (antm fl tir`s nh gnst dlk tmi tf`i flvnbvik). [np fssuis tn ai dkkrissik nl gnbbigtfnl, dldbysfs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl Da sil gi nh d giltr gil tr dbf zik rib fda bi, dgg iss fa bi dlk dh hn rk dab i ixpn rt flh f lh nr `dt fn l dlk p rn `n tf nl p bdt hn r`
Dbtmnuom tmiri fs flhnr`dtfnl dlk kdtd dvdfbdabi fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl, tmiri fs ln giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr` fl tmi gnultry tmdt gdl prnvfki dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl ihhfgfiltby. [mi ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis `dlkdtik tn prnvfki jiy trdki-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl sugm ds `drjit prfgis, rioubdtfnls, stdlkdrks, ixpnrt hfldlgi `igmdlfs`s itg. dri fldkiqudti. Flhnr`dtfnl fs liftmir upkdtik lnr dldbysik dlk kfssi`fldtik nl d ridb-tf`i adsfs. @nrinvir, tmiri dri bf`ftik `igmdlfs`s hnr ripnrtflo nr usflo stdlkdrk ti`pbdtis dlk tf`ibflis tn rivfiw dlk vdbfkdti tmi qudbfty nh flhnr`dtfnl gurriltby dvdfbdabi fl ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis. Gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil kdtd prnvfkirs dlk kdtd usirs fs dbsn pnnr, bidkflo tn rikulkdlgy/ frribivdlgi nh tmi gdpturik kdtd dlk bidvflo riqufrik kdtd ulgdpturik. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.4.4, 4.4.1 dlk 4.4.7
[np fssuis tn ai dkkrissik dkkrissik nl gnbbigtfnl dlk dldbysfs dldbysfs nh flhnr`dtfnl _idj _idj gnnrkfldtfn l aitwiil doilgfis wftm riodrk tn odtmirflo dlk dlk smdrflo nh f lhnr` dtfnl
[rdki kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl hnr trdki prn`ntfnl fs odtmirik, dldbysik dlk kfssi`fldtik ay vdrfnus doilgfis, antm puabfg dlk prfvdti, fl Wrf Bdljd. Mnwivir, tmi gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil tmisi doilgfis dlk flstftutfnls fs widj, bidkflo tn kupbfgdtfnl dlk gn`pitftfnl hnr sibh-prn`ntfnl. @nst tf`is tmi riqufsfti kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl fs dvdfbdabi fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl aut fs lnt `dki idsfby dvdfbdabi, `nstby kui tn bdgj nh tigmlfgdb dlk
Hngusflo nl tmi `nst prissflo fssuis [n ri`dfl ridbfstfg dlk risnurgi-ihhfgfilt, tmi Wtrdtioy gdllnt hngus nl dbb tmi fssuis dhhigtflo tmi vdbui gmdfl. Ft wfbb tmus liik tn `dji dl flhnr`ik sibigtfnl nh tmi `nst f`pnrtdlt nlis wmfgm liik tn ai dkkrissik. [n dssiss tmfs, tmi grftirfd usik dri tmi bivib nh kfsturadlgi (ds pirgifvik ay ldtfnldb stdjimnbkirs) dlk tmi idsi nh risnbutfnl (antm fl tir`s nh gnst dlk tmi tf`i flvnbvik). [np fssuis tn ai dkkrissik nl gnbbigtfnl, dldbysfs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl Da sil gi nh d giltr gil tr dbf zik rib fda bi, dgg iss fa bi dlk dh hn rk dab i ixpn rt flh f lh nr `dt fn l dlk p rn `n tf nl p bdt hn r`
Dbtmnuom tmiri fs flhnr`dtfnl dlk kdtd dvdfbdabi fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl, tmiri fs ln giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr` fl tmi gnultry tmdt gdl prnvfki dldbysik kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl ihhfgfiltby. [mi ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis `dlkdtik tn prnvfki jiy trdki-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl sugm ds `drjit prfgis, rioubdtfnls, stdlkdrks, ixpnrt hfldlgi `igmdlfs`s itg. dri fldkiqudti. Flhnr`dtfnl fs liftmir upkdtik lnr dldbysik dlk kfssi`fldtik nl d ridb-tf`i adsfs. @nrinvir, tmiri dri bf`ftik `igmdlfs`s hnr ripnrtflo nr usflo stdlkdrk ti`pbdtis dlk tf`ibflis tn rivfiw dlk vdbfkdti tmi qudbfty nh flhnr`dtfnl gurriltby dvdfbdabi fl ixfstflo ripnsftnrfis. Gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil kdtd prnvfkirs dlk kdtd usirs fs dbsn pnnr, bidkflo tn rikulkdlgy/ frribivdlgi nh tmi gdpturik kdtd dlk bidvflo riqufrik kdtd ulgdpturik. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.4.4, 4.4.1 dlk 4.4.7
[np fssuis tn ai dkkrissik dkkrissik nl gnbbigtfnl dlk dldbysfs dldbysfs nh flhnr`dtfnl _idj _idj gnnrkfldtfn l aitwiil doilgfis wftm riodrk tn odtmirflo dlk dlk smdrflo nh f lhnr` dtfnl
[rdki kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl hnr trdki prn`ntfnl fs odtmirik, dldbysik dlk kfssi`fldtik ay vdrfnus doilgfis, antm puabfg dlk prfvdti, fl Wrf Bdljd. Mnwivir, tmi gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil tmisi doilgfis dlk flstftutfnls fs widj, bidkflo tn kupbfgdtfnl dlk gn`pitftfnl hnr sibh-prn`ntfnl. @nst tf`is tmi riqufsfti kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl fs dvdfbdabi fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl aut fs lnt `dki idsfby dvdfbdabi, `nstby kui tn bdgj nh tigmlfgdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis. @nrinvir, kdtd puabfsmik fs nhtil fldggissfabi hnr hurtmir dldbysfs aigdusi ft `dy ai `dki dvdfbdabi fl ulsuftdabi hnr`dts. Hnr ixd`pbi, trdki kdtd `dki dvdfbdabi ay GAWB fs smdrik fl UKH hnr`dt flstidk nh Ixgib hnr`dt, `djflo ft `nri kfhhfgubt tn usi tmi kdtd ih higtfviby. Qibidsi nh kdtd fs dbsn nhtil ixtri`iby kibdyik, wmfgm rilkirs tmi kdtd stdbi dlk nh bf`ftik usihubliss. [mi gnlsubtdtfnls dbsn mfombfomtik tmi fssui nh tmi prfvdti sigtnr ‖s ‖s ribugtdlgi tn smdri kdtd fl tmi puabfg kn`dfl. [mfs bidks tn lnt mdvflo kdtd nl bngdb ki`dlk, flkustrfdb prnkugtfnl, surviys nl flkustry, itg. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.4.7 dlk 4.4.; Bf`ftik risnurgis nh nvirsids `fssfnls tn ihhigtfviby gnbbigt dlk dldbysi `drjit, prnkugt dlk rioubdtnry rioubdtnry flhnr`dtfnl
Dbtmnuom tmiri dri `dly nppnrtulftfis dvdfbdabi fl obnadb `drjits, ispigfdbby ultdppik `drjits hnr Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs, bf`ftik `drjit fltibbfoilgi nl tdroit `drjits bf`fts jlnwbikoi danut ixpnrt prnspigts. [wn nh tmi `dfl ridsnls hnr tmfs sftudtfnl dri tmdt tmiri dri bf`ftik gnlligtfnls aitwiil tdroit `drjit flkustry dssngfdtfnls dlk ntmir prfvdti litwnrjs, dlk tmdt tmiri dri bf`ftik tmfrk pdrty prfvdti sirvfgi prnvfkirs tmdt gdl dssfst fl `drjit dldbysfs dlk prn`ntfnl sirvfgis hnr nvirsids `drjit kivibnp`ilt. @nrinvir, kui tn gdpdgfty bf`ftdtfnls dlk ntmir gmdbbilois hdgik ay gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs pnstik nvirsids, flhnr`dtfnl nl nppnrtulftfis fs bf`ftik. [mfs fs dbsn kui tn fldkiqudti sjfbb upordkflo prnord``is hnr trdki flhnr`dtfnl nhhfgirs dt nvirsids `fssfnls dlk jiy flstftutfnls. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.1.4, 4.1.1, 1.4.4, 1.4.1, 1.1.4 dlk 1.1.1 [rdki flhnr `dtfnl dlk npp nrtul ftfis dri lnt idsfby idsfby dggissfabi tn ixpnrt irs fl riofnldb drids drids
Ixpnrtirs, ispigfdbby W@Is fl tmi riofnls, hflk ft kfhhfgubt tn natdfl kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl nl ixpnrt nppnrtulftfis. [mfs gnubk ai aigdusi tmi flhnr`dtfnl `dy ai dvdfbdabi aut lnt trdlsbdtik fltn Wflmdbd nr [d`fb. [mi kfsgnlligt aitwiil tmi gmd`airs adsik fl Gnbn`an dlk tmifr riofnldb giltris dbsn nhtil bidks tn bdgj nh flhnr`dtfnl hnr riofnldb pbdyirs. 49
[mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.7.4, 4.7.1, 1.4.4, 1.1.4 dlk 1.1.1
[np fssuis tn ai dkkrissik nl kfssi`fldtfnl n h [FU Bfljs a itwiil itwiil ldtfnldb gmd`airs dlk tmifr gmdptirs fl riofn ls dri widj widj
Kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl hrn` flkustry gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls fl Gnbn`an tn riofnldb giltris fs widj. W@Is fl riofnldb drids ispigfdbby hflk ft kfhhfgubt tn dggiss flhnr`dtfnl aigdusi `nst sigtnr dssngfdtfnls, ispigfdbby sigtnr-spigfhfg dssngfdtfnls, kn lnt mdvi riofnldb litwnrjs hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh flhnr`dtfnl nr aigdusi tmi bfttbi flhnr`dtfnl tmiy kn rigifvi fs fl Ilobfsm dlk lnt trdlsbdtik fltn Wflmdbd nr [d`fb, rilkirflo ft usibiss. @nrinvir, flhnr`dtfnl nl nvirsids prn`ntfnldb nppnrtulftfis knis lnt trfgjbi knwl tn riofnldb W@I ixpnrtirs aigdusi tmiri fs ln mibp kisj nl ixpnrts dt riofnldb nr kfstrfgt bivib. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 4.7.4 dlk 4.7.1
[np fssuis tn a i dkkrissik dkkrissik nl p rn`nt fnldb dgtfvf tfis nh [FU [FW [FWFs Fs Urn`ntfnl db dgtfvft dgtfvft fis gnlkugtik ay Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls n virsids, flgbu kflo nvirsids trdki hdfrs dlk A1A dgtfvf tfis, dri fldkiqudti
Kurflo gnlsubtdtfnls, stdjimnbkirs gnlviyik tmdt Wrf Bdljdl nvirsids `fssfnls‖ dgtfvftfis tn prn`nti tmi gnultry‖s sigtnrs nr prnkugts fs fldkiqudti. [mfs fs `nstby kui tn aukoitdry gnlstrdflts dlk tn sn`i ixtilt kui tn bf`ftik tigmlfgdb dlk `dldoirfdb gdpdgftfis tn nrodlfzi sfzidabi dgtfvftfis. Dbtmnuom `dly nvirsids trdki hdfrs dlk A1A dgtfvftfis dri dttilkik, `dly tf`is tmisi dri flihhigtfvi, f.i. lnt risubtflo fl suggisshub ausfliss kidbs nr nppnrtulftfis. [mfs fs nhtil aigdusi pripdrdtfnl tn dttilk sugm ivilts ‗ sugm ds ulkirstdlkflo auyirs‖ tigmlfgdb riqufri`ilts, kfstrfautfnl gmdllibs itg. ‗ mds aiil fldkiqudti. Fl dkkftfnl, hnbbnw-up dgtfnl dhtir dttilkflo trdki hdfrs dlk A1A `iitflos fs dbsn nhtil `flf`db. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 7.4.1, 7.1.4 dlk 7.1.1 Ardlkflo nh Wrf Bdljd dlk fts prnkugts fl tdroit `drjits `drjits fs bf`ftik
Nvirsids auyirs dri lnt dwdri nh tmi vdst rdloi nh prnkugts dvdfbdabi hnr ixpnrt hrn` Wrf Bdljd. [mfs fs kui tn tmi hdgt tmdt ixpnsuri tn prnkugts dlk ardlks hrn` Wrf Bdljd fs bf`ftik dlk `dly prnkugts flkfoilnus tn Wrf Bdljd mdvi lnt aiil riofstirik ulkir tmi Oinordpmfgdb Flkfgdtfnl prnord``i. @nst flkfvfkudb gn`pdlfis mdvi tmifr nwl gd`pdfols tn prn`nti tmifr prnkugts aut tmiri dri lnli ulkir d gn``nl adllir. [misi flkipilkilt prn`ntfnldb gd`pdfols `dy ai suggisshub hnr bngdb `drjitflo aut fl fltirldtfnldb `drjits, ixpnsuri ulkir d bdroir ardlk adllir wfbb mibp dbb Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs gn`piti wftm ntmir prnkugflo gnultrfis. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 7.4.4, 7.4.1, 7.1.4 dlk 7.1.1. W@I W@I pdrtfgf pdrtfgf pdtfnl fl fltirl dtfnldb trdki `fssfn ls fs bnw
W@Is, ispigfdbby hrn` riofnldb drids, mdvi bnw pdrtfgfpdtfnl fl fltirldtfnldb trdki `fssfnls dlk A1A `iitflos. Nli nh tmi `dfl ridsnls fs tmdt W@Is kn lnt sii tmi vdbui nh dttilkflo fltirldtfnldb trdki hdfrs, ofvil tmi gnst fl gn`pdrfsnl tn tmi riturl nl flvist`ilt. Wignlkby, hnr tmnsi wmn kn sii vdbui fl f l dttilkflo sugm fltirldtfnldb trdki `fssfnls, nhtil tmiy kn lnt oit dkiqudti fltibbfoilt tigmlfgdb flhnr`dtfnl nl tmi spigfhfg kistfldtfnl `drjit hnr tmi` tn `dji aist usi nh tmi nppnrtulftfis trdki hdfrs dlk `fssfnls prnvfki. [mfs gnlstrdflt fs dkkrissik tmrnuom UnD3 1.1.4 dlk 7.1.1.
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F`prnvflo trdki flhnr`dtfnl flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfn l hnr Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts [mi vfsfnl vfsfnl [FU fs d sfolfhfgdlt ibi`ilt nh kivibnpflo ixpnrt gn`pitftfviliss dgrnss Wrf Bdljd. Antm tmi dvdfbdafbfty dlk qudbfty nh [FU fs widj. Gnnrkfldtfnl d`nlo tmi flstftutfnls ribdtik tn [FU fs widj dlk mds bik tn rikulkdlgfis fl sn`i pbdgis dlk odps fl sirvfgi kibfviry fl ntmir drids. [misi dlk ntmir gnlstrdflts pnsi gmdbbilois hnr Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrtirs tn dggiss `drjits obnadbby dlk wfbb liik tn ai dkkrissik hnr suggisshub ixpnrts. _ftm tmdt fl `flk, puabfg dlk `ubtfsigtnrdb prfvdti stdjimnbkirs grdhtik tmi hnbbnwflo flkustry vfsfnl tn arflo Wrf Bdljd nl d pdr wftm obnadb stdlkdrks hnr kfssi`fldtfnl nh [FU3
”Ild Ildabflo abflo
ixpnrtirs tn `dji strdtiofg `drjit `drjit kigfsfnls tn prn`nti Wrf Bdljd‖s Bdljd‖s trdki‖
[mi strdtiofg strdtiofg nacigtfvis [mi UnD wfbb rispnlk tn tmfs vfsfnl ay dkkrissflo tmi sigtnr‖s gnlstrdflts dlk bivirdoflo nppnrtulftfis fl d
gn`primilsfvi `dllir. [n tmfs ilk, pdrtfgubdr ihhnrts wfbb ai `dki dbnlo tmi hnbbnwflo strdtiofg nrfiltdtfnls3 Hfouri 63 Wtrdtiofg nacigtfvis hnr [FU
Wtrdtiofg n acigtfvi 43 F`prnvi tmi Wtrdtiofg qudbfty, ribfdafbfty, dggissfafbfty dlk dhhnrkdafbfty nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
• Istdabfsm d giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi ixpnrt
Wtrdtiofg na cigtfvi 13 Aufbk t mi Wtrdtiofg gdpdgfty nh W@Is dlk i`iroflo ixpnrtirs tn gn bbigt dlk dldbysi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk gnlkugt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl.
• Wtrilotmil gnnrkfldtfnl hnr flhnr`dtfnl-smdrflo aitwiil puabfg dlk prfvdti
Wtrdtiofg nacigtfvi 73 Wtrd Wtrdtiofg Wtrdtiofgdbby tiofgdbby duo`ilt trdki prn`ntf nl prnord``is wftm hngusik fltirviltfnls.
fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb tn ai d ripnsftnry nh flhnr`dtfnl ribdtik tn trdki dlk prn`ntfnl, dlk tmdt fs idsfby dggissfabi tn dbb stdjimnbkirs tn dssfst tmi` fl ixpnrtflo.
stdjimnbkirs dlk aitwiil flkustry dlk sigtnrdb gmd`airs adsik fl Gnbn`an (ldtfnldb bivib) wftm riofnldb gmdptirs. • Wtrilotmil tmi [FU tigmlfgdb, `dldoirfdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis dlk dafbftfis nh ribivdlt sigtnr nhhfgirs, ispigfdbby fl riofnldb giltris, ds wibb ds trdki dttdgmæs pnstik nvirsids fl Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls, tn f`prnvi ixpnrts.
ufbk ardlk rdlk Wrf Wrf Bdljd dljd strdt trdtio ioffgdb gdbby, by, lnt lnt cust nvi nvirsid rsids s aut dbsn gridt ridtfl flo o • Aufb dwdri dwdrilis liss s wftmf wftmfl l tmi gnultr gnultry. y.
Issiltfdb fltirviltfnls dlk dkcust`ilts
_ftm tmi obnadbfzdtfnl nh tmi wnrbk ignln`y, tmi grnss-anrkir hbnw nh onnks dlk sirvfgis fs ixpirfilgflo ulprigikiltik ixpdlsfnl, prisiltflo `dly liw nppnrtulftfis. Hnr flstdlgi, trdki dlk flvist`ilt mdvi aign`i `nri gbnsiby bfljik dlk dri tdjflo oridtir prnpnrtfnls nh wnrbk trdki, dlk dri flgridsfloby nl tmi doilkds nh onvirl`iltdb, `ubtfbdtirdb dlk afbdtirdb nrodlfzdtfnls‖ liontfdtfnls. Hnbbnwflo dri tmi jiy issiltfdb fltirviltfnls dlk dkcust`ilts riqufrik hnr tmi huturi stdti nh Wrf Bdljd‖s [FU [WH. [mfs huturi stdti fs ixi`pbfhfik tmrnuom tmi danvi vfsfnl dlk tmisi ibi`ilts dri dbb dk krissik tmrnuom tmi grnss-sigtnr‖s strdtiofg UnD. Adsik nl gmdbbilois dkkrissik idrbfir, ft fs suooistik tmdt Wrf Bdljd `dji tmi hnbbnwflo prfnrftfis, wftm smnrt, `ikfu` dlk bnlo-tir` ondbs. Wmnrt-tir` `idls f``ikfdti tn nli yidr, `ikfu` fs nli tn tmrii yidrs dlk bnlo-tir` fs aiynlk tmrii yidrs. Wmnrt-tir` ondbs3
Istdabfsm d gnbbdanrdtfvi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb (ulfhfik (ulfhfik ripnsftnry nh ixpnrt-ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl). 4?
Wtrilotmil [FWFs‖ dafbfty tn prnvfki ribivdlt dlk up-tn-kdti flhnr`dtfnl fl d gnnrkfldtik `dllir, ds wibb ds tn prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis. Ispigfdbby tdroit suppnrt tn puabfg sigtnr nrodlfzdtfnls.
@ikfu`-tir` ondbs3
Urnvfki tdroitik suppnrt tn riofnldb gmd`airs nh gn``irgi (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd). Kivibnp tmi ldtfnldb ardlkflo dlk `drjitflo pnsftfnl pnsftfnl (tdo bflis, bnons, bnons, `dtirfdbs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl gmdllibs) dlk ln`fldti d gmd`pfnl tn bidk tmisi ard lkflo ihhnrts dgrnss [FWFs tn ilsuri gnlsfstilgy.
Bnlo-tir` ondbs3
F`pbi`ilt tmi Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts/flvist`ilt ardlkflo gd`pdfol wftm wftm stdlkdrkfzik `dtirfdbs kfstrfautik fl dirnpbdlis dlk dt trdki hdfrs, flvist`ilt prn`ntfnl, itg. Nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadb sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb Wrf Wrf Bdljd `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrtirs dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis.
Hurtmir`nri, ft fs f`pnrtdlt tn dssiss tmi nppnrtulftfis tmdt `dy ai dvdfbdabi hnr ixpbnftdtfnl fl tir`s nh prnkugts dlk bngdtfnldb prfnrftfis. Wigtnr
Urnkugts/sirvfgis
Dorfgubturdb dlk prngissik hnnk prnkugts
@dluhdgturflo
Wirvfgis
Urngissik hnnk dlk aivirdois Wpfgis dlk gnlgiltrdtis [id Quaair dlk ruaair-adsik prnkugts Hfsmirfis Nrodlfg dlk hdfr trdki dlk/nr sngfdbby girtfhfik prnkugts Andtaufbkflo Ibigtrnlfgs Dppdrib dlk tixtfbis Oi`s dlk ciwibbiry Gmi`fgdbs dlk pbdstfgs _nnk, tnys, ofhts, mdlkfgrdhts dlk mdlkbnn` Hnntwidr dlk bidtmir Gird`fgs, pnrgibdfl, obdss, sdlks, `itdbs dlk `flirdbs Udpir, prfltflo dlk pdgjdoflo [nurfs` ‗ flgbukflo wibbliss, ausfliss dlk gnlviltfnls, gubturdb, dkvilturi dlk ignbnofgdb pdgjdoi tnurs Flhnr`dtfnl dlk gn``ulfgdtfnls tigmlnbnoy ‗ausfliss prngiss `dldoi`ilt ‗ snhtwdri kivibnp`ilt, jlnwbikoi prngissflo giltris, gdbb giltris Qiofnldb bnofstfgs mua hnr tmi Wnutm Dsfdl Dssngfdtfnl hnr Qiofnldb Gnnpirdtfnl dlk Wnutm-Idst Dsfdl `drjits
@drjit @d rjit prfnr ftfis
Wrf Bdljdl kfdspnrd wnrbkwfki Wnutm Dsfdl Dssngfdtfnl hnr Qiofnldb Gnnpirdtfnl gnultrfis Gmfld Wnutm-Idst Dsfd Iurnpidl Ylfnl, pdrtfgubdrby Oir`dly Ylftik Wtdtis dlk Gdldkd Cdpdl Qipuabfg nh Jnrid Gmflisi [dfpif
4=
@nvflo tn dgtfnl ‗ f`pbi`iltdtfnl hrd`iwnrj [mi strdtiofg ilmdlgi`ilt nh Wrf Bdljd‖s ixpnrts kipilks nl tmi dvdfbdafbfty nh prnpir trdki fltibbfoilgi dlk
flhnr`dtfnl, dlk ihhigtfvi prn`ntfnl gd`pdfols. Dgmfivflo tmfs d`aftfnus nacigtfvi wfbb kipilk nl tmi dafbfty nh tmi riqufsfti stdjimnbkirs tn f`pbi`ilt tmi dgtfvftfis kihflik fl tmfs [FU Wtrdtioy. Ds d prf`dry fltirviltfnl tn strugturi sigtnr kivibnp`ilt, ft fs rign``ilkik tmdt tmi hnbbnwflo stips ai tdjil wftm prfnrfty3
Istdabfsm d giltrdbfzik, ribfdabi, dggissfabi dlk dhhnrkdabi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb tn ai d ripnsftnry nh flhnr`dtfnl ribdtik tn trdki dlk prn`ntfnl, dlk tmdt fs idsfby dggissfabi tn dbb stdjimnbkirs tn dssfst tmi` fl ixpnrtflo. Wtrilotmil gnnrkfldtfnl hnr flhnr`dtfnl-smdrflo aitwiil puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs, dlk aitwiil flkustry dlk sigtnrdb gmd`airs adsik fl Gnbn`an (ldtfnldb bivib) wftm riofnldb gmdptirs. Wtrilotmil tmi [FU tigmlfgdb, `dldoirfdb dlk dk`flfstrdtfvi dk`flfstrdtfvi gdpdgftfis dlk dafbftfis nh ribivdlt ribivdlt sigtnr nhhfgirs, ispigfdbby fl riofnldb giltris, dbnlosfki tmnsi nh trdki dttdgmæs pnstik nvirsids fl Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls. Aufbk Ardlk Wrf Bdljd strdtiofgdbby, lnt cust nvirsids aut dbsn gridtflo dwdriliss wftmfl tmi gnultry.
Dl f``ikfdti qufgj wfl wnubk ai tn nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadbby sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb tr dki `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrts dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis, tdr oitflo spigfhfg sigtnrdb ondbs. Hfouri 453 Wtrdtiofg Wtrdtiofg dlk npirdtfnldb nacigtfvis
@dldoflo hnr risubts
Ft fs tmi trdlsbdtfnl nh prfnrftfis fltn f`pbi`iltdabi prncigts tmdt wfbb dgmfivi tmi suastdltfdb flgridsi fl ixpnrt gn`pitftfviliss dlk ixpnrt idrlflos ilvfsdoik ay tmi Wtrdtioy. [misi ondbs wfbb ai dgmfivik ay nptf`fzflo flstftutfnldb suppnrt tn ixpnrtirs dlk strilotmilflo prfvdti sigtnr gdpdgftfis tn rispnlk tn `drjit nppnrtulftfis dlk gmdbbilois. [mi dbbngdtfnl nh mu`dl, hfldlgfdb dlk tigmlfgdb risnurgis fs riqufrik tn ihh fgfiltby gnnrkfldti dlk f`pbi`ilt tmi Wtrdtioy, dlk `nlftnr nvirdbb f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Wuggisshub ixigutfnl nh dgtfvftfis wfbb kipilk nl tmi dafbfty nh stdjimnbkirs tn pbdl dlk gnnrkfldti dgtfnls fl d tdgtfgdb `dllir. Kfvirsi dgtfvftfis `ust ai sylgmrnlfzik dgrnss puabfg dlk prfvdti sigtnr flstftutfnls tn gridti sustdfldabi risubts. Milgi, ft fs ligissdry tn hnstir dl dkiqudti ilvfrnl`ilt dlk gridti dl dpprnprfdti hrd`iwnrj hnr Wtrdtioy f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Jiy grftirfd hnr dgmfivflo tmi tdroits wfbb ai tn gnnrkfldti dgtfvftfis, `nlftnr prnoriss dlk `nafbfzi risnurgis hnr f`pbi`iltdtfnl. [n tmdt ihhigt, flkustry riprisiltdtfvis rign``ilkik tmdt d puabfg ‗prfvdti ”dkvfsnry gn``fttii‖ hnr tmi [FU [WH ai rdpfkby istdabfsmik, npirdtfnldbfzik dlk i`pnwirik. [mi [FU dkvfsnry gn``fttii fs tn ai rispnlsfabi hnr nvirdbb gnnrkfldtfnl, prnvfsfnl nh pnbfgy oufkdlgi dlk ` nlftnrflo nh flkustry kivibnp`ilt dbnlo tmi strdtiofg nrfiltdtfnls.
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Hfouri 443 Flstftutfnldb hrd`iwnrj hnr [FU [WH kivibnp`ilt
Gdaflit LIW `dldoi`ilt
Wrf Bdljd IKA Dgt dlk
”Dkvfsnry gn``fttii‖ hnr trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl Urfvdti3 GGG, Urfvdti3 GGG, Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi Wrf Bdljd, LGI, HGGFWB, Wrf Bdljd Flstftuti nh @drjitflo, Flstftuti nh Unbfgy Wtukfis nh Wrf Bdljd Uuabfg3 GAWB, WBG, Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF), Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs, KnG, Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Gn``ulfgdtfnl [igmlnbnoy Doilgy nh Wrf Bdljd
F`pbi`iltdtfnl tmrnuom Ldtfnldb Aukoit
Flvist`ilt dlk prfvdti sigtnr flftfdtfvis dbfolik tn
Kivibnp`ilt pdrtlirs‖ prncigts
[FU dkvfsnry g n``ft tii [mi Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Dgt (46?6) ordlts IKA tmi hnbbnwflo pnwir3 ”Nl dkvfgi hrn` tmi Andrk, tmi @flfstir
`dy, ay Nrkir fl tmi Odzitti, istdabfsm dkvfsnry gn``fttiis hnr tmi kivibnp`ilt dlk prn`ntfnl nh girtdfl prnkugts, prnkugt ornups dlk gn``nkftfis ds wibb ds hulgtfnldb dspigts nh trdki‖. Dkkftfnldbby, ”idgm sugm dkvfsnry gn``fttii smdbb mdvi tmi pnwir tn hfx dlk rioubdti fts nwl prngikuris, flgbukflo tmi pnwir tn kitir`fli tmi lu`air nh `i`airs ligissdry tn hnr` d qunru` dt fts `iitflo‖. [mi dkvfsnry gn``fttiis dri ”tn dkvfsi tmi Andrk nl dly nr dbb nh tmi `dttirs wmfgm tmi @flfstir gnlsfkirs ligissdry hnr tmi purpnsis nh ofvflo ihhigt tn tmi prflgfpbis dlk prnvfsfnls nh tmfs Dgt‖.
Ft fs tmus rign``ilkik tmdt d [FU dkvfsnry gn``fttii ai rdpfkby istdabfsmik ay tmi @flfstir nh @nKWF[, dlk ihhigtfviby nrodlfzik ay IKA dlk @nKWF[ tn ildabi tmi flkustry tn strdtiofgdbby stiir fts kivibnp`ilt. Flkustr y riprisiltdtfvis rign``ilk tmdt tmi [FU dkvfsnry gn``fttii ai gn`pnsik nh tmi hnbbnwflo `i`airs3 Uuabfg sigtnr3 Flkustry anky (hrn` tmi prfvdti sigtnr bfst aibnw, ay rntdtfnl) ‗ Gmdfr IKA ‗ Wigritdry GAWB ‗ @i`air WBG ‗ @i`air Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs ‗ @i`air KnG ‗ @i`air Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Gn``ulfgdtfnl [igmlnbnoy Doilgy nh Wrf Bdljd ‗ @i`air
Urfvdti sigtnr3 Flkustry ankfis GGG ‗ @i`air n Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi Wrf Bdljd ‗ @i`air n LGI ‗ @i`air n HGGFWB ‗ @i`air n Dgdki`fg dlk gfvfb sngfity Wrf Bdljd Flstftuti nh @drjitflo ‗ @i`air n Flstftuti nh Unbfgy Wtukfis nh Wrf Bdljd ‗ @i`air n
15
Ft fs rign``ilkik tmdt tmi dkvfsnry gn``fttii ai i`pnwirik tn `iit qudrtirby dlk f`pbi`ilt tmi hnbbnwflo hulgtfnls3 f. ff.
Gridti d smdrik ulkirstdlkflo nh jiy `drjit gmdbbilois dlk nppnrtulftfis hdgflo tmi sigtnr:
fff.
Urnpnsi jiy pnbfgy gmdlois tn ai ulkirtdjil dlk prn`nti tmisi pnbfgy gmdlois d`nlo ldtfnldb kigfsfnl `djirs: Wuppnrt tmi gnnrkfldtfnl, f`pbi`iltdtfnl f`pbi`iltdtfnl dlk `nlftnrflo nh dgtfvftfis dgtfvftfis fl tmi sigtnr ay tmi Onvirl`ilt, prfvdti sigtnr, flstftutfnls nr fltirldtfnldb nrodlfzdtfnls tn ilsuri dbfol`ilt tn ondbs dlk tdroits: dlk, ds riqufrik, gnltrfauti tn risnurgi fkiltfhfgdtfnl dlk dbfol`ilt.
fv.
Wit ondbs dlk tdroits tmdt, fh dgmfivik, wfbb strilotmil tmi sigtnr‖s gn`pitftfvi pnsftfnl dlk ilmdlgi Wrf Bdljd‖s nvirdbb gdpdgfty tn `iit tmi gmdloflo ki`dlks nh `drjits:
Jiy suggiss hdgtnrs hnr ihhigtfvi f`pbi`iltdtfnl
[mi prisilgi nh tmi dkvfsnry gn``fttii tn nvirsii tmi f`pbi`iltdtfnl nh tmi Wtrdtioy fs d jiy suggiss hdgtnr aut ft fs lnt suhhfgfilt tn ihhigtfviby hubhfb fts dssfolik hulgtfnls. Urfvdti sigtnr suppnrt dlk pdrtfgfpdtfnl fl f`pbi`iltdtfnl
[mi prfvdti sigtnr gbidrby ixprissik fts wfbbfloliss tn gnltrfauti, kfrigtby nr fl pdrtlirsmfp wftm puabfg flstftutfnls, tn f`pbi`iltdtfnl nh tmi Wtrdtioy. [mifr f`pbi`iltdtfnl ihhnrts gdl rdloi hrn` prnvfkflo ausfliss fltibbfoilgi tn flstftutfnls tn gnltrfautflo tn prncigt kisfol, prn`ntfnl dlk ardlkflo, pnbfgy dkvngdgy, itg. Fl arfih, tmi prfvdti sigtnr‖s prdgtfgdb jlnwbikoi nh ausfliss npirdtfnls fs issiltfdb tn ilsurflo tmi Wtrdtioy ri`dfls dbfolik tn `drjit trilks dlk nppnrtulftfis. Urndgtfvi Urndgtfvi litwnrjflo dlk gn``ulfgdtfnl
[mi jiy f`pbi`iltflo flstftutfnls kitdfbik fl tmi UnD liik tn ai flhnr`ik nh tmi gnltilt nh tmi Wtrdtioy dlk tmi f`pbfgdtfnls hnr tmifr 154= ‗1511 prnord``flo. [mfs litwnrjflo dlk gn``ulfgdtfnl fs issiltfdb tn aufbk hurtmir nwlirsmfp dlk prnvfki flstftutfnls wftm tmi nppnrtulfty tn gnlhfr` tmi dgtfvftfis tmiy gdl f`pbi`ilt. Ft wfbb ai f`pnrtdlt hnr IKA, @nKWF[ dlk `i`airs nh tmi dkvfsnry gn``fttii tn ridgm nut tn ribivdlt flstftutfnls ldtfnldbby tn gridti dwdriliss dlk suppnrt hnr [FU [WH kivibnp`ilt. Qisnurgis hnr f`pbi`iltdtfnl
[mi dkvfsnry gn``fttii, fl gnbbdanrdtfnl wftm IKA dlk tmi [rdki Unbfgy dlk LIW @dldoi`ilt Ylft dt @nKWF[, wfbb liik tn bivirdoi dkkftfnldb suppnrt hnr ihhfgfilt f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Ihhigtfvi pbdllflo dlk risnurgi `nafbfzdtfnl fs flkfspilsdabi fl suppnrtflo Wtrdtioy f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Qisnurg i `nafbfzdtfnl smnubk ai gdrihubby pbdllik dlk nrodlfzik. Ds tmi [FU [WH fs d prfnrfty nh tmi LIW, LIW, tmi Onvirl`ilt nh Wrf Bdljd smnubk kihfli dlludb aukoit dbbngdtfnls dlk suppnrt tn krfvi flkustry ornwtm. [mfs gn``ft`ilt wfbb ki`nlstrdti gbidr ilodoi`ilt fl strilotmilflo tmi sigtnr dlk ilgnurdoi prfvdti pdrtlirs tn suppnrt kivibnp`ilt. Flvist`ilt hbnws tn Wrf Bdljd smnubk dbsn ai gnlsfkirik ds d vdbudabi krfvir nh Wtrdtioy f`pbi`iltdtfnl dlk nvirdbb flkustry kivibnp`ilt. [mi vdrfnus f`pbi`iltdtfnl `nkdbftfis kitdfbik wfbb kitir`fli tmi suggiss nh Wtrdtioy f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Mnwivir, mfom- bivib suppnrt hrn` tmi Onvirl`ilt, fl gnbbdanrdtfnl wftm strnlo gmd`pfnlsmfp ay tmi prfvdti sigtnr, wfbb ai tmi ridb krfvir nh suggisshub f`pbi`iltdtfnl. [n dgmfivi tmi vfsfnl dlk strdtiofg nacigtfvis kfsgussik, d rnaust, dgtfnldabi dlk ridbfstfg strdtiofg UnD fs riqufrik. [mfs fs prnvfkik fl tmi sigtfnl aibnw dlk gnlstftutis tmi midrt nh tmfs Wtrdtioy. [mi UnD fs strugturik dbnlo tmi tmrii strdtiofg nacigtfvis dlk tmi npirdtfnldb nacigtfvis kisgrfaik danvi. Hnr idgm nacigtfvi, tmi UnD nutbflis kitdfbik dgtfvftfis dlk tmifr `idls nh f`pbi`iltdtfnl, wmfgm flgbuki3
Urfnrfty bivib3 Urfnrfty 4 aiflo tmi mfomist dlk 7 tmi bnwist. Wtdrt/ilk kdtis3 [mi kisfrik tf`i hrd`i nh tmi dgtfvfty. [droits3 Tudltfhfdabi tdroits tmdt dbbnw gn`pbitfnl ` nlftnrflo nh idgm dgtfvfty kurflo f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Bidkflo f`pb i`iltir3 i`iltir3 Nli sflobi dggnultdabi bidk flstftutfnl pir dgtfvfty. ([mi flstftutfnl `dy dbsn mdvi d tigmlfgdb rnbi nr `dy mdvi snbiby dl nvirsfomt dlk gnnrkfldtfnl rnbi.) Wuppnrtflo f`pbi`iltflo pdrtlirs3 Dly flstftutfnl tmdt smnubk ai flvnbvik dt dly stdoi nh tmi dgtfvfty‖s f`pbi`iltdtfnl. Gnst istf`dtfnl (YW$)3 Dl (YW$)3 Dl istf`dti nh tmi dgtfvfty‖s gnst hnr tmi tntdb f`pbi`iltdtfnl pirfnk.
14
Ubdl nh dgtfnl 154 154= = ‗1511 Wtrdtiofg nacigtfvis
Npirdtfnldb nacigtfvis
Dgtf vft y
4.4.4 Wit up d tigmlfgdb stiirflo gn``fttii wftm dl nhhfgfdb `dlkdti tn istdabfsm tmi gnbbdanrdtfvi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb (ulfhfik ripnsftnry nh trdki- ribdtik flhnr`dtfnl), dlk hnr`dbfzi d prntngnb nh gnbbdanrdtfnl kibflidtflo tmi rnbis dlk rispnlsfafbftfis nh flstftutfnls nh tmi Wrf Bdljdl trdki flhnr`dtfnl gn``ulfty. Qipnrtflo prngikuris, vdbfkdtfnls, ti`pbdtis dlk tf`ibflis tn ai stdlkdrkfzik.
43 F`prnvi tmi qudbfty, ribfdafbfty, dggissfafbfty dlk dhhnrkdafbfty nh trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
4.4.1 Adsik nl tmi tir`s nh rihirilgi hnr tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb kihflik ay tmi tigmlfgdb 4.43 gn``fttii gdbb hnr prnpnsdbs hrn` Wrf Bdljdl flhnr`dtfnl Wtrilotmil tigmlnbnoy gn`pdlfis tn istdabfsm tmi riqufrik snhtwdri gnnrkfldtfnl aitwiil puabfg dlk `dfltildlgi suppnrt hnr d pirfnk nh hfvi yidrs. [mfs flgbukis prnvfsfnl nh d hfldlgfdb ordlt dlk ligissdry dlk prfvdti flstftutfnls hnr dpprnvdbs hrn` tmi Onvirl`ilt hnr dgtfvdtfnl nh d ldtfnldb nlbfli ripnsftnry (i-trdki flhnr`dtfnl pbdthnr`) fl Ilobfsm, ihhfgfilt Wflmdbd dlk [d`fb. ixgmdloi nh ribfdabi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk trdki 4.4.7 [igmlfgdb stiirflo gn``fttii tn nrodlfzi qudrtirby prn`ntfnl tigmlfgdb rivfiw `iitflos tn rivfiw tmi qudbfty nh tmi sirvfgis. flhnr`dtfnl upbndkik tn tmi pnrtdb. [misi qudrtirby ` iitflos wfbb gnltrnb tmi qudbfty nh flhnr`dtfnl prnvfkik ay tmi pnrtdb.
4.4.; Mnbk d twfgi-yidrby rnulk tdabi aitwiil flkustry riprisiltdtfvis dlk kdtd prnvfkirs, fl nrkir tn kfsguss tmi ribivdlgi dlk qudbfty nh tmi flhnr`dtfnl prnvfkik. [mfs wfbb ilsuri mfom-qudbfty kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl fs prnvfkik.
Urfn rft y
4
Wtdrt kdti
Ilk kdti
[droits
@i`nrdlku` nh ulkirstdlkflo nl 54/5;/154 75/58/154 gnbbdanrdtfnl = = istdabfsmik aitwiil jiy trdki flhnr`dtfnl prnvfkirs
4
54/5?/154 74/41/154 Litwnrj flhrdstrugturi = = kihflik
4
- Tudrtirby `iitflos nrodlfzik dlk tmi`dtfg trdki flhnr`dtfnl 54/54/154 74/41/151 rivfiwik 6 1 - Tudbfty nh tmi kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl jipt tn d mfom stdlkdrk
4
- [wfgi-yidrby rivfiw nh tmi ribivdlgi nh trdki 54/5;/154 74/41/151 kdtd gn`pbitik = 1 - Tudbfty nh flhnr`dtfnl dlk kdtd jipt tn d mfom stdlkdrks
Bidkflo f`pbi`iltir
Wuppnrtflo f`pbi`iltflo pdrtlirs
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd: @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Gn``ulfgdtfnl [igmlnbnoy Doilgy (FG[D): Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd: Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Giltrdb Adlj nh Wrf Bdljd: @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Wrf Bdljd Gustn`s
11
4.13 Wtrilotm [FWFs‖ dafbfty tn prnvfki ribivdlt dlk up-tn-kdti flhnr`dtfnl fl d gnnrkfldtik `dllir, dlk prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis (flgbukflo nlbfli dlk nhhbfli suppnrt).
4.73 Ilmdlgi riofnldb gmd`airs‖ dlk flstftutfnls ‖ dafbfty tn suppnrt W@Is W@Is tn flt iordti fltn tmi ixpnrt vdbui gmdfl tmrnuom flgridsik dggiss tn trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk ixpnrt prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
4.1.4 Wtrilotmil gdpdgfty ay prnvfkflo trdflflo hnr ribivdlt sigtnr nhhfgirs dlk riofnldb nhhfgirs (ds pir tmi flstftutfnldb bfst) tn3 - Odtmir riqufsfti kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl, nl antm sigtnrs dlk `drjits. - Kivibnp ribivdlt `drjit / prnkugt prnhfbis adsik nl flkustry liiks. - Ixpdlk suppnrt tn fkiltfhy dlk pripdri hnr sigtnr-ribdtik hdfrs fl tdroit `drjits. - Wuppnrt pripdrdtfnl nh `drjitflo `dtirfdbs hnr nvirsids `fssfnls.
4
Tudrtirby trdflflo nh stdhh nh vdrfnus 54/5;/154 74/41/151 kipdrt`ilts nh tmi = 1 Onvirl`ilt nh Wrf Bdljd nl jiy [FU tigmlfquis
4
- Tudrtirby trdflflo nh trdki dttdgmæs - _ibb-iqufppik trdki 54/5;/154 74/41/151 dttdgmæs = 1 - Flgridsik trdki ilqufrfis dlk f`prnvik fltirldtfnldb trdki
4
- Tudrtirby trdflflo nh stdhh dt riofnldb bivib - [rdflik pirsnllib fl riofnldb gmd`airs tn 54/5;/154 74/41/151 dggiss pntiltfdb ixpnrts = 1 nh Wrf Bdljd - Kui tn d [n[ prnord``i, `nri dlk `nri pirsnllib gdl ai trdflik fl riofnldb drids
Flstftutfnl Bfst3 - GAWB - Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs - WBG - Kipdrt`ilt nh F`pnrt dlk Ixpnrt Gnltrnb - ANF - Wrf Bdljd Wtdlkdrks Flstftuti 4.1.1 Ilmdlgi tmi dafbfty nh trdki dttdgmæs ay prnvfkflo trdflflo wmil tmiy dri pnstik fltirldtfnldbby, nl3 - Urfnrfty prnkugts tn prn`nti fl kistfldtfnl `drjits. - Fkiltfhfgdtfnl nh auyirs dlk flvistnrs ds pir prfnrftfis hnr flkustry ornwtm. - Ysi nh trdki prn`ntfnl tnnbs. - Xdrfnus ardlks nh Wrf Bdljd.
4.7.4 Urnvfki tdroitik trdflflo suppnrt tn riofnldb gmd`airs (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd) tn flgridsi tmi dvdfbdafbfty nh up-tn kdti flhnr`dtfnl hnr tmifr ` i`airs ay3 - Istdabfsmflo d sflobi wflknw (gnltdgt flstftutfnl) hnr riofnldb gmd`airs tn siij trdki-ribdtik kdtd. - Istdabfsmflo dl dggiss gnki hnr riofnldb gmd`airs tn dggiss ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb.
@flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki
@flfstry nh Hfldlgi
@flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi
@flfstry nh Hfldlgi
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Ldtfnldb Iltirprfsi Kivibnp`ilt Dutmnrfty: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI)
17
4.13 Wtrilotm [FWFs‖ dafbfty tn prnvfki ribivdlt dlk up-tn-kdti flhnr`dtfnl fl d gnnrkfldtik `dllir, dlk prnvfki trdki prn`ntfnl sirvfgis (flgbukflo nlbfli dlk nhhbfli suppnrt).
4.73 Ilmdlgi riofnldb gmd`airs‖ dlk flstftutfnls ‖ dafbfty tn suppnrt W@Is W@Is tn flt iordti fltn tmi ixpnrt vdbui gmdfl tmrnuom flgridsik dggiss tn trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk ixpnrt prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
4.1.4 Wtrilotmil gdpdgfty ay prnvfkflo trdflflo hnr ribivdlt sigtnr nhhfgirs dlk riofnldb nhhfgirs (ds pir tmi flstftutfnldb bfst) tn3 - Odtmir riqufsfti kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl, nl antm sigtnrs dlk `drjits. - Kivibnp ribivdlt `drjit / prnkugt prnhfbis adsik nl flkustry liiks. - Ixpdlk suppnrt tn fkiltfhy dlk pripdri hnr sigtnr-ribdtik hdfrs fl tdroit `drjits. - Wuppnrt pripdrdtfnl nh `drjitflo `dtirfdbs hnr nvirsids `fssfnls.
4
Tudrtirby trdflflo nh stdhh nh vdrfnus 54/5;/154 74/41/151 kipdrt`ilts nh tmi = 1 Onvirl`ilt nh Wrf Bdljd nl jiy [FU tigmlfquis
4
- Tudrtirby trdflflo nh trdki dttdgmæs - _ibb-iqufppik trdki 54/5;/154 74/41/151 dttdgmæs = 1 - Flgridsik trdki ilqufrfis dlk f`prnvik fltirldtfnldb trdki
4
- Tudrtirby trdflflo nh stdhh dt riofnldb bivib - [rdflik pirsnllib fl riofnldb gmd`airs tn 54/5;/154 74/41/151 dggiss pntiltfdb ixpnrts = 1 nh Wrf Bdljd - Kui tn d [n[ prnord``i, `nri dlk `nri pirsnllib gdl ai trdflik fl riofnldb drids
Flstftutfnl Bfst3 - GAWB - Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs - WBG - Kipdrt`ilt nh F`pnrt dlk Ixpnrt Gnltrnb - ANF - Wrf Bdljd Wtdlkdrks Flstftuti 4.1.1 Ilmdlgi tmi dafbfty nh trdki dttdgmæs ay prnvfkflo trdflflo wmil tmiy dri pnstik fltirldtfnldbby, nl3 - Urfnrfty prnkugts tn prn`nti fl kistfldtfnl `drjits. - Fkiltfhfgdtfnl nh auyirs dlk flvistnrs ds pir prfnrftfis hnr flkustry ornwtm. - Ysi nh trdki prn`ntfnl tnnbs. - Xdrfnus ardlks nh Wrf Bdljd.
4.7.4 Urnvfki tdroitik trdflflo suppnrt tn riofnldb gmd`airs (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd) tn flgridsi tmi dvdfbdafbfty nh up-tn kdti flhnr`dtfnl hnr tmifr ` i`airs ay3 - Istdabfsmflo d sflobi wflknw (gnltdgt flstftutfnl) hnr riofnldb gmd`airs tn siij trdki-ribdtik kdtd. - Istdabfsmflo dl dggiss gnki hnr riofnldb gmd`airs tn dggiss ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb.
@flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki
@flfstry nh Hfldlgi
@flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi
@flfstry nh Hfldlgi
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Ldtfnldb Iltirprfsi Kivibnp`ilt Dutmnrfty: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI)
17
4.7.1 Istdabfsm riofnldb ixpnrt dkvfsnry gn``fttiis (puabfg ‗ prfvdti riprisiltdtfvis) fl jiy riofnls (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd, itg.) dlk suppnrt qudrtirby `iitflos tn3 - Gnlhfr` tmi strdtiofg `drjit nrfiltdtfnl nh jiy riofnldb flkustrfis. - Ubdl dlludb f`pbi`iltdtfnl nh riofnldb ixpnrt-ribdtik prncigts. - [rdgj f`pbi`iltdtfnl prnoriss nh riofnldb prncigts ay bidk f`pbi`iltirs. - Dssiss dkiqudti suppnrt `igmdlfs`s (pnbfgy, rioubdtfnls, flstftutfnls, itg.).
13 Aufbk tmi gdpdgfty nh W@Is dlk i`iroflo ixpnrtirs tn gnbbigt dlk dldbysi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk gnlkugt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl.
1.43 Flgridsi dwdriliss nh nlbfli flhnr`dtfnl dlk risnurgis dvdfbdabi ulkir prn`ntfnldb sirvfgis.
1.13 F`pbi`ilt d tdroitik gdpdgftyaufbkflo prnord``i hnr W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs tn ihhfgfiltby usi flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl sirvfgis.
1.4.4 F`pbi`ilt d ldtfnlwfki prn`ntfnl gd`pdfol fl Ilobfsm, Wflmdbd dlk [d`fb, fl antm trdkftfnldb dlk nlbfli `ikfd, tn flhnr` W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs nh dvdfbdabi [FU sirvfgis, dlk prisilt tmi hngdb flstftutfnls dt ldtfnldb dlk riofnldb bivibs.
1.4.1 Gridti i-bidrlflo vfkins dlk tnnbs tn trdfl prnspigtfvi ixpnrtirs nl trdki flhnr`dtfnl gnbbigtfnl / dldbysfs dlk ihhfgfilt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl. Xfkins tn ai `dki dvdfbdabi nl tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb. Ypkdti `nkubis iviry yidr.
1.1.4 Kivibnp dlk rnbb nut d stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo gnursi, pirfnkfgdbby, tn aufbk tmi gdpdgftfis nh sigtnr dssngfdtfnls (i.o. Wrf Bdljd Iliroy @dldoirs Dssngfdtfnl, Wpfgi Gnulgfb, itg.) dlk riofnldb gmd`airs fl nlbfli risidrgm, kdtd gnbbigtfnl, `drjit prnhfbflo, `drjitflo / prn`ntfnl tigmlfquis, dlk pripdrdtfnl hnr trdki hdfrs.
1.1.1 F`pbi`ilt d [n[ prnord``i tn ridgm nut tn riofnldb gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls wftm stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo gnursis nl trdki dldbysfs dlk prn`ntfnl. [n[ smnubk ai tdroitik dt onvirl`ilt ”kfstrfgt kivibnp`ilt nhhfgirs‖.
1
- Tudrtirby `iitflos mibk fl dbb prfnrfty riofnls - Qiofnldb `drjit 54/5;/154 74/41/151 fltibbfoilgi `dki = 1 dvdfbdabi hnr ldtfnldb prfnrftfis - Qioubdr trdgjflo nh trdki nppnrtulftfis fl riofnldb giltris
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Qiofnldb Kivibnp`ilt: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI) @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Gn``ulfgdtfnl [igmlnbnoy Doilgy (FG[D): Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
7
- [droitik prn`ntfnldb gd`pdfol bdulgmik dlk 54/5;/154 74/41/151 f`pbi`iltik = 1 - @nri W@Is dggiss trdki kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
1
- Nlbfli sirfis nh ibidrlflo `nkubis dvdfbdabi dlk upkdtik 54/54/154 74/41/151 yidrby 6 1 - Flgridsik dwdriliss nh ixpnrtirs dlk pnssfabi flgridsik ixpnrts
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
4
- Wtdlkdrk sf`pbi trdflflo `nkubis kisfolik 54/5;/154 74/41/151 - [rdflflo prnvfkik tn = 1 Gnbn`an-adsik dssngfdtfnls dlk [n[s hnr riofnldb nutridgm
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi
4
D pnnb nh trdflik trdflirs 54/5;/154 74/41/151 tn kfssi`fldti = 1 flhnr`dtfnl fl riofnldb drids fs istdabfsmik
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
1;
4.7.1 Istdabfsm riofnldb ixpnrt dkvfsnry gn``fttiis (puabfg ‗ prfvdti riprisiltdtfvis) fl jiy riofnls (Cdhhld, Jdlky, Odbbi, Md`adltntd, itg.) dlk suppnrt qudrtirby `iitflos tn3 - Gnlhfr` tmi strdtiofg `drjit nrfiltdtfnl nh jiy riofnldb flkustrfis. - Ubdl dlludb f`pbi`iltdtfnl nh riofnldb ixpnrt-ribdtik prncigts. - [rdgj f`pbi`iltdtfnl prnoriss nh riofnldb prncigts ay bidk f`pbi`iltirs. - Dssiss dkiqudti suppnrt `igmdlfs`s (pnbfgy, rioubdtfnls, flstftutfnls, itg.).
13 Aufbk tmi gdpdgfty nh W@Is dlk i`iroflo ixpnrtirs tn gnbbigt dlk dldbysi trdki flhnr`dtfnl dlk gnlkugt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl.
1.43 Flgridsi dwdriliss nh nlbfli flhnr`dtfnl dlk risnurgis dvdfbdabi ulkir prn`ntfnldb sirvfgis.
1.4.4 F`pbi`ilt d ldtfnlwfki prn`ntfnl gd`pdfol fl Ilobfsm, Wflmdbd dlk [d`fb, fl antm trdkftfnldb dlk nlbfli `ikfd, tn flhnr` W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs nh dvdfbdabi [FU sirvfgis, dlk prisilt tmi hngdb flstftutfnls dt ldtfnldb dlk riofnldb bivibs.
1.4.1 Gridti i-bidrlflo vfkins dlk tnnbs tn trdfl prnspigtfvi ixpnrtirs nl trdki flhnr`dtfnl gnbbigtfnl / dldbysfs dlk ihhfgfilt ixpnrt prn`ntfnl. Xfkins tn ai `dki dvdfbdabi nl tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb. Ypkdti `nkubis iviry yidr.
1.1.4 Kivibnp dlk rnbb nut d stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo gnursi, 1.13 F`pbi`ilt pirfnkfgdbby, tn aufbk tmi gdpdgftfis nh sigtnr dssngfdtfnls (i.o. Wrf Bdljd Iliroy @dldoirs Dssngfdtfnl, Wpfgi d tdroitik Gnulgfb, itg.) dlk riofnldb gmd`airs fl nlbfli risidrgm, gdpdgftykdtd gnbbigtfnl, `drjit prnhfbflo, `drjitflo / prn`ntfnl aufbkflo prnord``i hnr tigmlfquis, dlk pripdrdtfnl hnr trdki hdfrs. W@Is dlk ixpnrtirs tn ihhfgfiltby usi 1.1.1 F`pbi`ilt d [n[ prnord``i tn ridgm nut tn riofnldb gmd`airs dlk sigtnr dssngfdtfnls wftm stdlkdrkfzik trdflflo flhnr`dtfnl dlk prn`ntfnl gnursis nl trdki dldbysfs dlk prn`ntfnl. [n[ smnubk ai tdroitik dt onvirl`ilt ”kfstrfgt kivibnp`ilt nhhfgirs‖. sirvfgis.
1
- Tudrtirby `iitflos mibk fl dbb prfnrfty riofnls - Qiofnldb `drjit 54/5;/154 74/41/151 fltibbfoilgi `dki = 1 dvdfbdabi hnr ldtfnldb prfnrftfis - Qioubdr trdgjflo nh trdki nppnrtulftfis fl riofnldb giltris
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Qiofnldb Kivibnp`ilt: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI) @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) @flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Flhnr`dtfnl dlk Gn``ulfgdtfnl [igmlnbnoy Doilgy (FG[D): Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
7
- [droitik prn`ntfnldb gd`pdfol bdulgmik dlk 54/5;/154 74/41/151 f`pbi`iltik = 1 - @nri W@Is dggiss trdki kdtd dlk flhnr`dtfnl
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
1
- Nlbfli sirfis nh ibidrlflo `nkubis dvdfbdabi dlk upkdtik 54/54/154 74/41/151 yidrby 6 1 - Flgridsik dwdriliss nh ixpnrtirs dlk pnssfabi flgridsik ixpnrts
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
4
- Wtdlkdrk sf`pbi trdflflo `nkubis kisfolik 54/5;/154 74/41/151 - [rdflflo prnvfkik tn = 1 Gnbn`an-adsik dssngfdtfnls dlk [n[s hnr riofnldb nutridgm
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi
4
D pnnb nh trdflik trdflirs 54/5;/154 74/41/151 tn kfssi`fldti = 1 flhnr`dtfnl fl riofnldb drids fs istdabfsmik
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Flkustry dlk Gn``irgi: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
1;
7.43 Aufbk Ardlk Wrf Bdljd dlk sigtnr ardlks.
73 Wtrdtiofgdbby duo`ilt trdki prn`ntfnl prnord``is wftm hngusik fltirviltfnls.
7.13 Wtrilotmil dlk ixpdlk tmi sgnpi nh prn`ntflo Wrf Bdljd dlk fts prnkugts tmrnuom trdki dttdgmæs fl Wrf Bdljd `fssfnls nvirsids ulkir tmi kfrigt supirvfsfnl nh tmi Midk nh @fssfnl/Unst.
7.4.4 Wuppnrt dlk ilmdlgi tmi dbridky istdabfsmik Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt dlk Flvist`ilt Ardlkflo Gn``fttii dt tmi IKA, gn`pnsik nh puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs, ds pir tmi aukoit dllnulgi`ilt nh Lnvi`air 1548. Dssfst tmi Gn``fttii tn3 - Kivibnp tmi ldtfnldb ardlkflo dlk ` drjitflo pnsftfnl (tdo bflis, bnons, `dtirfdbs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl gmdllibs). - Wuppnrt sigtnr dssngfdtfnls tn pripdri stdlkdrk flkustry prn`ntfnl arngmuris mfombfomtflo prnkugts dlk iltirprfsis. - F`pbi`ilt tmi Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts / flvist`ilt ardlkflo gd`pdfol wftm stdlkdrkfzik `dtirfdbs kfstrfautik fl dirnpbdlis dlk dt trdki hdfrs, flvist`ilt prn`ntfnl, itg. - Uripdri ”stdlkdrk pdgjdois‖ tn prn`nti flkfvfkudb sigtnrs dlk Wrf Bdljdl iltirprfsis tmrnuom nvirsids `fssfnls (gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs).
4
- [mi Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt dlk Flvist`ilt Ardlkflo Gn``fttii fs 54/5;/154 74/41/151 suppnrtik = 5 - Ldtfnldb ixpnrt dlk flvist`ilt ardlkflo pnsftfnl dlk `dtirfdb ridky hnr kfssi`fldtfnl
7.4.1 Nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadbby sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrts dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis.
1
- Uirfnkfg sylgmrnlfzik obnadb ivilts nvirsids 54/54/154 74/41/151 - [mi Wrf Bdljdl ardlk 6 1 dlk fts trdki nppnrtulftfis fs prn`ntik
7.4.7 Nrodlfzi dl dlludb fltirldtfnldb trdki hdfr fl Wrf Bdljd, flvftflo f`pnrtirs dlk auyirs hrn` dbb nvir tmi wnrbk tn ixpnsi Wrf Bdljdl ardlks.
1
- Dlludb ivilt fl Wrf 54/56/154 74/41/151 Bdljd = 1 - Wrf Bdljdl ardlks prn`ntik
1
Dbb ldtfnldb trdki hdfrs fl tdroit `drjits‖ surviys 54/54/154 74/41/151 dlk flhnr`dtfnl smdrik 6 1 tmrnuom tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb
1
- Flhnr`dtfnl danut auyirs fl kistfldtfnl `drjits gnbbigtik dlk 54/5;/154 74/41/151 prnhfbis gn`pbitik = 1 - Ixpnrtirs tdroit tmifr `dtirfdb tn auyir prnhfbis
7.1.4 Gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs tn fkiltfhy dbb trdki hdfrs dlk gn``irgfdb ivilts ribdtik tn prfnrfty ixpnrt sigtnrs dlk upkdti tmi bfst nh ivilts nl tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb.
7.1.1 Hnr prfnrfty hdfrs, IKA, KnG dlk gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs tn gnnrkfldti wftm sigtnr dssngfdtfnls tn pripdri hnr `iitflos wftm pntiltfdb auyirs nr flvistnrs kurflo tmi hdfrs. Urnvfki trdflflos fl dkvdlgi nh nvirsids `fssfnls.
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Ldtfnldb Unbfgfis dlk Ignln`fg Dhhdfrs: @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI) Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi
19
7.43 Aufbk Ardlk Wrf Bdljd dlk sigtnr ardlks.
73 Wtrdtiofgdbby duo`ilt trdki prn`ntfnl prnord``is wftm hngusik fltirviltfnls.
7.13 Wtrilotmil dlk ixpdlk tmi sgnpi nh prn`ntflo Wrf Bdljd dlk fts prnkugts tmrnuom trdki dttdgmæs fl Wrf Bdljd `fssfnls nvirsids ulkir tmi kfrigt supirvfsfnl nh tmi Midk nh @fssfnl/Unst.
7.4.4 Wuppnrt dlk ilmdlgi tmi dbridky istdabfsmik Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt dlk Flvist`ilt Ardlkflo Gn``fttii dt tmi IKA, gn`pnsik nh puabfg dlk prfvdti stdjimnbkirs, ds pir tmi aukoit dllnulgi`ilt nh Lnvi`air 1548. Dssfst tmi Gn``fttii tn3 - Kivibnp tmi ldtfnldb ardlkflo dlk ` drjitflo pnsftfnl (tdo bflis, bnons, `dtirfdbs dlk kfssi`fldtfnl gmdllibs). - Wuppnrt sigtnr dssngfdtfnls tn pripdri stdlkdrk flkustry prn`ntfnl arngmuris mfombfomtflo prnkugts dlk iltirprfsis. - F`pbi`ilt tmi Wrf Bdljdl ixpnrts / flvist`ilt ardlkflo gd`pdfol wftm stdlkdrkfzik `dtirfdbs kfstrfautik fl dirnpbdlis dlk dt trdki hdfrs, flvist`ilt prn`ntfnl, itg. - Uripdri ”stdlkdrk pdgjdois‖ tn prn`nti flkfvfkudb sigtnrs dlk Wrf Bdljdl iltirprfsis tmrnuom nvirsids `fssfnls (gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs).
4
- [mi Ldtfnldb Ixpnrt dlk Flvist`ilt Ardlkflo Gn``fttii fs 54/5;/154 74/41/151 suppnrtik = 5 - Ldtfnldb ixpnrt dlk flvist`ilt ardlkflo pnsftfnl dlk `dtirfdb ridky hnr kfssi`fldtfnl
7.4.1 Nrodlfzi d stdlkdrk pirfnkfg obnadbby sylgmrnlfzik ivilt fl dbb Wrf Bdljdl `fssfnls nvirsids tn prn`nti Ardlk Wrf Bdljd, fts ixpnrts dlk flvist`ilt nppnrtulftfis.
1
- Uirfnkfg sylgmrnlfzik obnadb ivilts nvirsids 54/54/154 74/41/151 - [mi Wrf Bdljdl ardlk 6 1 dlk fts trdki nppnrtulftfis fs prn`ntik
7.4.7 Nrodlfzi dl dlludb fltirldtfnldb trdki hdfr fl Wrf Bdljd, flvftflo f`pnrtirs dlk auyirs hrn` dbb nvir tmi wnrbk tn ixpnsi Wrf Bdljdl ardlks.
1
- Dlludb ivilt fl Wrf 54/56/154 74/41/151 Bdljd = 1 - Wrf Bdljdl ardlks prn`ntik
1
Dbb ldtfnldb trdki hdfrs fl tdroit `drjits‖ surviys 54/54/154 74/41/151 dlk flhnr`dtfnl smdrik 6 1 tmrnuom tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb
1
- Flhnr`dtfnl danut auyirs fl kistfldtfnl `drjits gnbbigtik dlk 54/5;/154 74/41/151 prnhfbis gn`pbitik = 1 - Ixpnrtirs tdroit tmifr `dtirfdb tn auyir prnhfbis
7.1.4 Gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs tn fkiltfhy dbb trdki hdfrs dlk gn``irgfdb ivilts ribdtik tn prfnrfty ixpnrt sigtnrs dlk upkdti tmi bfst nh ivilts nl tmi ixpnrt fltibbfoilgi dlk prn`ntfnl pnrtdb.
7.1.1 Hnr prfnrfty hdfrs, IKA, KnG dlk gn``irgfdb dttdgmæs tn gnnrkfldti wftm sigtnr dssngfdtfnls tn pripdri hnr `iitflos wftm pntiltfdb auyirs nr flvistnrs kurflo tmi hdfrs. Urnvfki trdflflos fl dkvdlgi nh nvirsids `fssfnls.
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs
Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@flfstry nh Ldtfnldb Unbfgfis dlk Ignln`fg Dhhdfrs: @flfstry nh Kivibnp`ilt Wtrdtiofis dlk Fltirldtfnldb [rdki: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG)
Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Ldtfnldb Gmd`air nh Ixpnrtirs nh Wrf Bdljd (LGI) Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Ixpnrt Kivibnp`ilt Andrk: Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG) Andrk nh Flvist`ilt (ANF): Giybnl Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi (GGG): Kipdrt`ilt nh Gn``irgi
19
Dp pil k fx 3 Bf B f s t nh pd pdrt rt f gf pd pdlt lt s f l t mi pu p u ab f g -pr -prff vd vdti ti g nl nls s ub td tdtf tf n ls Ln. Ld`i nh tmi flst ftut fnl
Ld`i
4
Dorfgubturi & Dordrfdl Flsurdlgi Andrk
@r. [. Jfrftmdrdl
1
Dfrpnrt & Dvfdtfnl Wirvfgis (Wrf Bdljd) Bf`ftik
@r. K.C.Y.Uurdsflomi
7
D`pdrd Kfstrfgt Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi, Flkustry dlk Dorfgubturi
@r. _dsdltmd Ju`drd Cdydsild
;
Adttfgdbnd Kfstrfgt Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi, Flkustry dlk Dorfgubturi @r. @.M.@. Ldbii`
9 8
@r. Cdyd`ilnl ANF
? = 6 45 44 41 47
@s. Lfbupub Ki Wfbvd @s. Ciiwdlf Wiwwdlkf Bfydldpdtmfrdld
GAWB Giltrdb Urnvflgi _n`il‖s Gmd`air nh W`dbb Flkustrfis dlk Gn``irgi
GGG
@rs. _ D Kfbrujsmflf @r. W. Wdydjjdrd @rs. Wmfrbiy Cdydwdrkdli @s. @. Drfydrdtmli @s. Bfbdjsmflf ki @ib @s. Cdydlf Qdtldydji
4;
Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi dlk Flkustry nh Giltrdb Urnvflgi
@r. Dsmnjd Daiywfgjrd`d
49
Gmd`air nh Urnvflgfdb Iltripriliurs
@r. M.@. Wukdtm
48
Gnbn`an [id [rdkirs‖ Dssngfdtfnl
@r. Dlsbi` Uirird
4? 4=
@s. Fsmdltmf Jubdtmfbdji Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs Wrf Bdljd
@s. Gmd`flf _fcdydpdbd
46
@r.
[email protected]. Dlurd Ju`drd
15
@r. Dbixf Ouldsijird
14
@s. Ontmd`f Wfbvd
Dp pil k fx 3 Bf B f s t nh pd pdrt rt f gf pd pdlt lt s f l t mi pu p u ab f g -pr -prff vd vdti ti g nl nls s ub td tdtf tf n ls Ln. Ld`i nh tmi flst ftut fnl
Ld`i
4
Dorfgubturi & Dordrfdl Flsurdlgi Andrk
@r. [. Jfrftmdrdl
1
Dfrpnrt & Dvfdtfnl Wirvfgis (Wrf Bdljd) Bf`ftik
@r. K.C.Y.Uurdsflomi
7
D`pdrd Kfstrfgt Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi, Flkustry dlk Dorfgubturi
@r. _dsdltmd Ju`drd Cdydsild
;
Adttfgdbnd Kfstrfgt Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi, Flkustry dlk Dorfgubturi @r. @.M.@. Ldbii`
9 8
@r. Cdyd`ilnl ANF
? = 6 45 44 41 47
@s. Lfbupub Ki Wfbvd @s. Ciiwdlf Wiwwdlkf Bfydldpdtmfrdld
GAWB Giltrdb Urnvflgi _n`il‖s Gmd`air nh W`dbb Flkustrfis dlk Gn``irgi
GGG
@rs. _ D Kfbrujsmflf @r. W. Wdydjjdrd @rs. Wmfrbiy Cdydwdrkdli @s. @. Drfydrdtmli @s. Bfbdjsmflf ki @ib @s. Cdydlf Qdtldydji
4;
Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi dlk Flkustry nh Giltrdb Urnvflgi
@r. Dsmnjd Daiywfgjrd`d
49
Gmd`air nh Urnvflgfdb Iltripriliurs
@r. M.@. Wukdtm
48
Gnbn`an [id [rdkirs‖ Dssngfdtfnl
@r. Dlsbi` Uirird
4? 4=
@s. Fsmdltmf Jubdtmfbdji Kipdrt`ilt nh Gilsus dlk Wtdtfstfgs Wrf Bdljd
@s. Gmd`flf _fcdydpdbd
46
@r.
[email protected]. Dlurd Ju`drd
15
@r. Dbixf Ouldsijird
14
@s. Ontmd`f Wfbvd
11
KnG
@s. Jfsmdlf _fgjrd`dsflomi
17
@r. O.B Oldldtmivd
1;
@r. K.@. Qdtmldydji
19
Kipdrt`ilt nh Kfvfliou`d Kivibnp`ilt
@r. @. Wfvdju`drdl
18
Kipdrt`ilt nh Hfsmirfis dlk Dqudtfg Qisnurgis
@r. C.Wutmdjdrdl
1?
Kipdrt`ilt nh Flkustrfis, Lnrtmirl Urnvflgi
@rs. U. Ailirdc
1=
Kipdrt`ilt nh Ldtfnldb Ubdllflo
@s. Dlcdbfjd Ouldsijdrd
16
Kipdrt`ilt nh Urncigt @dldoi`ilt dlk @nlftnrflo
@s. Gmdlkrfjd Wildldydji
75
Kfstrfgt Wigritdrfdt, Gmulkfjubf
@r. Wfrdljdl
74
Kfstrfgt Wigritdrfdt, Jfbflngmgmf
@r. L Odwrftmdssdl
71
Kfstrfgt Wigritdrfdt, Xdvulfyd
@r. [. [mfrismju`dr
77
@s. Dln`d Uri`dtmfbdjd
7;
@r. W.Q.U. Flkrdjiirtmf
79
IKA
@s. Flku Dbdmdppiru`d
78
@s. Gmftdlcdbf Kfssdldydji
7?
@r. Wd`dl Wfsfb
7=
Ixpnrtirs Dssngfdtfnl nh Wrf Bdljd
@r. Mdrfl ki Wfbvd
76
Migtnr Jnaaijdkuwd Dordrfdl Qisidrgm dlk [rdflflo Flstftuti
@s. U.D.C. Gmd`pfjd
;5
F`pnrt dlk Ixpnrt Gnltrnb Kipdrt`ilt
@rs. L. Lf`dbjd Kfds
;4
Flkustrfdb Kivibnp`ilt Andrk
@r. W.Wfvdjdlodtmdrdl
;1
Flstftuti nh Unbfgy Wtukfis
Kr. Cdldjd _fcdydsfrf
;7
Cdhhld Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi
@r. X. Wrftmdrdl
;;
Cnflt Dppdrib Dssngfdtfnl Hnru`
@r. [ubf Gnnrdy
;9
Md`adltntd Kfstrfgt Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi
@r. Wurism K. Ki @ib
18
;8
@flfstir nh Midbtm, Lutrftfnl dlk Flkfoilnus @ikfgfli
@r. W [ Danutmdbf
;?
@flfstry nh Dorfgubturi, Lnrtmirl Urnvflgi
@r. @. Adjirdtmdl
;= ;6 95 94 91 97 9; 99 98 9?
@nKWF[ @flfstry nh Hfldlgi ([rdki Flvist`ilt Unbfgy Kipdrt`ilt) @flfstry nh Hnrifol Dhhdfrs @flfstry nh Ldtfnldb Unbfgfis dlk Ignln`fg Dhhdfrs @flfstry nh Urf`dry Flkustrfis LGI
@s. Od`dlf Bfydldrdgmgmf @r. Kiydldtm Jubdtulod @r. Cdodtm @urdoi @s. Wuamdsmflf Wfbvd @r. Jdpfbd Hnlsijd @r. Y O Qdtldsfrf Kr. Ju`ukflf Ouldsijdrd @r. Wdpu`db Jdpujntuwd @r. Wmfmd` @drfjjdr @s. Bflkd @ntmd
9=
Lifb Hirldlkn dlk Gn`pdly (Uvt) Btk
@r. Jdpfbd Wu`dldpdbd
96
Qilujd Dorf Hnnks UBG
@r. Gdldodrdtld` Wdaisnl
85
W.D. Wfbvd & Wnls Bdljd (Uvt.) Btk.
@r. Wurism D. Wfbvd
84 81 87 8;
Wrf Bdljdl Dfrbflis Bf`ftik WBG
@r. [yrnli Ouldwdrkdli @r. Cdldjd @uldsflomi @r. W. @dmisdl @r. J. D. J. L. K. Kmdr`dpdbd
89
WBG / DWVGYKD _nrbk dlk Anrkir Dbirts @dldoi`ilt [id`
@r. Wukdtmtmd Wfbvd
88
Wrf Bdljd Hnnk Urngissnrs Dssngfdtfnl
@r. @dbfij ki Dbwfs
8? 8= 86
[mi Wpfgi Gnulgfb
@r. Kmd``fjd Ouldsijdrd @r. Urdkiip Ikwdrk @r. Kimdl Wilivfrdtli
?5
Wrf Bdljd Unrts Dutmnrfty
@r. Ypdbf Ki Snysd
?4
Wrf Bdljd Wmfppir's Gnulgfb
@r. L.C. Gmrfssn Ki @ib
?1 ?7
Wrf Bdljd Flstftuti nh @drjitflo
Wrf Bdljd [id Andrk
@r. @.G. Wd`pdtm Uirird @r. Ldbdjd Wdlciiwd
?;
Wul Gnfr Flkustry
@r. [. Lfrnsmdl
?9
Ylfvirsfty nh Cdhhld
Urnh. Xibld`py
?8
Ylfvirsfty nh Jibdlfyd
@r. Qdvf Kfssdldydji
?? ?= ?6 =5
Xirftæ Qisidrgm Vdbpdld` Gmd`air nh Gn``irgi
@s. Wuamdsmflf Daiysflomi @s. Mdsld @ulds @r. [. Curfsnl Cildrdc @r. D. Jdydlsdl
1?
Qihirilgis Fltirldtfnldb @nlitdry Hulk (1548). Wrf Bdljd ‗ Wtdhh Qipnrt hnr tmi 1548 Drtfgbi FX Gnlsubtdtfnl dl k Qiquist hnr d [mrii-Vidr Ixtilkik Drrdloi`ilt Ylkir tmi Ixtilkik Hulk Hdgfbfty. F@H Gnultry Qipnrt Ln. 48/495. _dsmflotnl, K.G.
1=
