`
Dm`et hmro hmrowmrk wmrk @e tao pgst toe yogrs, tao Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N `ekustry ags oxpgekok iy 6<<% tm rogfa $7.9 i`bb`me `e oxpmrt rovoeuo. [ao softmr ags prmv`kok onpbmynoet tm nmro tage 1<,<<< prmhoss`megbs gek fmetr`iutok tm 79% mh Vr` Bgejge sorv`fos oxpmrts. Fmnpgrok w`ta mtaor oxpmrt softmrs, tao @[-I\N softmr ags samwe crogt pmtoet`gb tm `efrogso oxpmrt rovoeuo. [ao `nnoeso pmtoet`gb mh Vr` Bgejg‐s @[ -I\N `ekustry ags iooe rofmce`zok gs g pr`mr`ty softmr mh tao Vr` Bgejge Egt`megb Oxpmrt Vtrgtocy (EOV). [a`s @[-I\N Vtrgtocy (Vtrgtocy) `s g h`vo-yogr oekogvmur tagt wgs uekortgjoe tarmuca g fmesubtgt`vo prmfoss `evmbv`ec imta puib`f gek pr`vgto softmr stgjoambkors `e tao fmuetry. @e b`eo w`ta tao EOV cmgb mh ngj`ec Vr` Bgejg g v`tgb trgko gek `eemvgt`me aui `e Gs`g, ta`s Vtrgtocy soojs tm pms`t`me Vr` Bgejg gs g cbmigb @[-I\N kost`egt`me.
Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N fmnpge`os agvo konmestrgtok tao`r fmnpot`t`voeoss `etoregt`megbby. [a`s fmnpot`t`voeoss rosts me rogsmegibo fmsts, a`ca-qugb`ty sorv`fos gek ge okufgtok wmrjhmrfo w`ta oxfopt`megb sj`bbs. [ao Vtrgtocy w`bb hurtaor Vr` Bgejg‐s gsp`rgt`mes tm gfa`ovo egt`megb-bovob irgek`ec mh Vr` Bgejg‐s @[ -I\N softmr. [a`s irgek`ec w`bb suppmrt sngbb gek nok`un-s`zok oetorpr`sos (VNOs) gek bgrcor fmnpge`os `e `efrogs`ec mvorgbb softmr porhmrngefo gek oeagef`ec v`s`i`b`ty gek ngrjot mutrogfa. [a`s Vtrgtocy `koet`h`os twm spof`h`f grogs gs pr`mr`t`os hmr `npbonoetgt`me. H`rst, frogto g ius`eoss-oegib`ec oev`rmenoet gek gkkross pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry imttboeofjs sw`htby, prmv`k`ec eofossgry `est`tut`megb suppmrt tm `nprmvo ngrjot`ec gek prmnmt`me mh tao @[-I\N softmr, Vofmek, bguefa g 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' prmcrgnno tm tgrcot h`rns w`ta oxpmeoet`gb crmwta pmtoet`gb tagt fmbboft`voby fge aobp immst softmr oxpmrt rovoeuo iy _V$9 i`bb`me. [m gfa`ovo tao tgrcots mutb`eok `e ta`s Vtrgtocy `t w`bb io fr`t`fgb tm fmmrk`egto gft`v`t`os, nme`tmr prmcross gek nmi`b`zo rosmurfos hmr `npbonoetgt`me. Gs softmr roprosoetgt`vos, wo agvo rofmnnoekok tagt g ‑spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐, fmes`st`ec mh puib`f gek pr`vgto stgjoambkors, `s ostgib`saok tm io rospmes`ibo hmr mvorgbb fmmrk`egt`me, prmv`s`me mh rgp`k smbut`mes tm rocubgtmry gek prmfokurgb imttboeofjs, pmb`fy cu`kgefo gek tao n me`tmr`ec mh `ekustry kovobmpnoet gbmec tao strgtoc`f k`roft`mes mh ta`s Vtrgtocy. @e gkk`t`me tm ta`s, tao Vtrgtocy gbsm soojs tm hmstor gek kovobmp sj`bbs mh `ek`v`kugb s `e tao @[-I\N softmr, prmnmto bmfgb gwgroeoss gek roc`megb kovobmpnoet mh tao softmr gek tm kovobmp stgrt-up ofmsystons oefmurgco bmfgb & `etoregt`megb `evostmr `etorost `e tao softmr. [a`s Vtrgtocy mutb`eos amw tm trgeshmrn Vr` Bgejg `etm g cbmigb @[- I\N kost`egt`me gek Gs`g‐s hgvmur`to foetro mh oxfobboefo. [ao `npbonoetgt`me mh ta`s Vtrgtocy w`bb agvo g k`roft gek `nnok`gto `npgft me n`bb`mes mh Vr` Bgejges iy prmv`k`ec onpbmynoet gek `efrogs`ec stgekgrks mh b`v`ec. [ao Vtrgtocy hmr tao @[-I\N softmr `e Vr` Bgejg ags iooe ogcorby gwg`tok. Vtgjoambkors `e ta`s softmr gro fmnn`ttok tm fmbbgimrgt`ec w`ta gbb robovget prmhoss`megbs tm oesuro tao snmmta `npbonoetgt`me mh ta`s Vtrgtocy tm uebmfj tao pmtoet`gb mh Vr` Bgejg‐s @[-I\N softmr. [ao Hoko Hokorgt`me rgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry Vr` Bgejg (H@[@V)
Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtw gro gek gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge` os (VBGVVFMN)
Kr.J`tas`r` Ngefagegygjjo Fag`rnge
Yuw`ekau \o`r`s Fag`rnge
`
Gfje Gf je mw b okc okcon onoet oets s [ao @[-I\N Vtrgtocy wgs kovobmpok gs pgrt mh tao Egt`megb Oxpmrt Vtrgtocy (EOV) mh Vr` Bgejg, uekor tao goc`s mh tao N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko (NmKV@[) gek tao Vr` Bgejg Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk (OKI), w`ta tao h`egef`gb suppmrt gss`stgefo mh tao Ourmpoge _e`me (O_), gs pgrt mh tao ‑O_ Vr` Bgejg [rgko Yobgtok Gss`stgefo ‐. [ao kmfunoet ioeoh`tok pgrt`fubgrby hrmn tao `eputs gek cu`kgefo prmv`kok i y tao noniors mh tao @[-I\N softmr togn tagt stoorok tao hmrnubgt`me mh tao softmr Vtrgtocy, egnoby4 Egno Eg no
\ms`t`me
Mrcge`zgt`me Mrcge`zg t`me
Voftmr togn
Nr. Yuw`ekau \o`r`s
Fag`rnge
Nr. Vgfa`ekrg Vgngrgteo
\rmdoft Ngegcor
Nr. E`bge [a`ni`r`pmbg Nr. Vgnge Ngbkoe`
\rmdoft Ngegcor K`roftmr Koputy K`roftmr (@evostnoet Gpprg`sgb)
Ns. Yoeujg Kgsgegygjo
VBGVVFMN VBGVVFMN @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`me [ofaembmcy Gcoefy mh Vr` Bgejg (@F[G) @F[G OKI Imgrk mh @evostnoet (IM@)
Hokorgt`me mh @[ @ekustry Vr` Bgejg (H@[@V) Mr`me F`ty (@[ \grj) K`roftmr / FOM @[ \grj (pr`vgto mr cmvorenoet-bok O\T hmr @[) Okufgt`me, fgpgf`ty gek sj`bbs iu`bk`ec togn
Kr. J`tas`r` Ngefagegygjjo Fag`rnge Nr. Doovge Cegegn
Kopgrtnoet mh @ekustr`gb Kr. Dgegjg S`dgygegygjo Voe`mr Bofturor Ngegconoet, Hgfubty mh Vf`oefo, _e`vors`ty mh Jobge`yg Ngegc`ec K`roftmr/Fa`oh Oxofut`vo Mhh`for Vr` Bgejg @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me Kr. Bgb`ta Cgngco \rmhossmr [ofaembmcy (VB@@[) K`roftmr, Imgrk roprosoetgt`vo ‖ Nr. Gsa`quo Nmagnok Gb` [gbb`gefo \vt. Btk [ofaembmcy Hmrun Kr. Bmfagekgjg Kopgrtnoet mh @ehmrngt`me Voe`mr Bofturor Ygegtauecg [ofaembmcy - _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg _e`vors`ty mh Fmbmnim Vfammb mh Kr. Yuwge Soorgs`ecao Voe`mr Bofturor Fmnput`ec [ao ‑$9 i`bb` me pbge ‐ togn Nr. Yuw`ekau \o`r`s Ns. Bgjn`e` S`dosuekgrg Nr. _poekrg \o`r`s
Fag`rnge FOM X`fo \ros`koet
VBGVVFMN VBGVVFMN @rmeMeo [ofaembmc`os Mrob@[ \vt Btk
[ao hubb b`st mh puib`f gek pr`vgto stgjoambkors wam fmetr`iutok tm tao kos`ce mh ta`s Vtrgtocy `s kotg`bok `e Gppoek`x 7.
``
Fmetoets Dm` et hm rowmr row mrk k .................. ........................... ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... ` Gfje Gf je mw bok con oet s ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ....................... ...... `` Gfrm Gf rm ey ns .......................... ........ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ............................. ........... v Oxofu t` vo sunn su nngry gry .................. ........................... ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. ................... ............... ..... 7 Koh`e `t `mes `m es usok us ok `e ` e t a` s k mfu noet 4......................... 4................................... ................... .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. ........... 6 G r gp` kb y ov mb v` ec `e ku st ry kr `v oe i y t ofa em bm c` fgb `e em vgt `m es gek k` c` tgb iu s` eos s ` e` t` gt` vos .............. ........ ...... ; Vr` Bgejg‐s crmwta pgtawgy4 hrmn bmw -oek -oek gek s`npb o tm a`ca-oek gek fmnpb ox @[-I\N @[-I\N prmkuf ts ...... ......... ..... 0
Xgbuo fag` e k` gcem st`f st `fs s ...................... ............................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ........... .. 76 [ao wgy hm rw grk ................. .......................... ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ........... 70
[ao huturo mh tao `ekustry ................................................................................................................................... 70 Nmv`e Nmv `ec c tm gft` me ................. .......................... ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ........... 98
[ao strgtoc`f hrgnowmrj .................................................................................................................................... 98 @npbonoe @np bonoe tgt`m tgt `me e hr gnowmr gnow mrj j ................. .......................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ........... .. 91
\bge mh gft`me 9<71 ‖9<99 .................................................................................................................................. 67 Gppoe Gp poe k` x 74 B` st mh pgr t` f` pgets pge ts `e ta o pu ib `f -pr `v gto f me subt su bt gt` me s .................................. ................. ................................... ........................... ......... 60 Gppoe Gp poe k` x 94 @F[ sor v` fos fm np bon oet gry cr mu p` ec (Oxt oek ok Igb ge fo mh \gyn oet s Vorv `f os fbgss` fb gss` h` fgt` me (OIM\V 9<7<) .................. ........................... ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ................. ........ ;7 Yohoroefos ........................................................................................................................................................... ;9
```
B`st mh h `curos H`curo 7. Vr` Bgejg @[-I\N gek gegbyt`fs @F[-oegibo sorv`fos ................. ........................... ................... .................. .................. .................. ................... ................ ......7 H`curo 94 Smrbk S mrbk oxpmrts mh fmnnorf`gb sorv`fos iy ng`e fgtocmry, 9<78 (geeugb fageco, por p or foet) ................. ..................... ....; H`curo 64 Oxpmrtok vgbuo mh cbmigb tobofmnnue`fgt`mes, fmnputor, gek `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos, 9< ‖9<78 ........... ...........? H`curo ;4 [mp 7< fmuetr`os oxpmrt`ec @F[ sorv`fos gek Vr` Bgejg, 9<78 (_V$ tamusgeks) .............. ....................... .................. .............. .....1 H`curo ?4 [mp [ mp 7< fmuetr`os `npmrt`ec ` npmrt`ec @F[ sorv`fos, 9<78 (_V$ tamusgeks) .................. ........................... ................... ................... .................. .............. .....1 H`curo 84 Vr` Bgejg @F[ oxpmrt ................................................................................................................................. 0 H`curo 34 Ox`st`ec @[ prmkufts gek huturo ngrjot mr`oetgt`mes ................. ........................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........7< H`curo 14 Ox`st`ec I\N prmkufts gek huturo ngrjot mr`oetgt`mes ................. .......................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ............ ...77 H`curo 04 Yoc`megb fmnpot`tmrs‐ @F[ sorv`fos oxpmrt vgbuo, oxfbuk`ec @ek`g ................................. ................ ................................... ......................... .......79 H`curo 7<4 Vagro mh @F[ sorv`fos oxpmrts gs mh tmtgb sorv`fos sor v`fos oxpmrts, 9<7? ........... .................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .........79 H`curo 774 [aongt`f grogs hmr suffosshub @[-I\N kovobmpnoet ................... ............................ .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... ............76 H`curo 794 @[-I\N vgbuo fag`e ............................................................................................................................... 7; H`curo 764 @[-I\N huturo vgbuo fag`e ..................................................................................................................... 9< H`curo 7;4 @est`tut`megb hrgnowmrj hmr @[-I\N `ekustry kovobmpnoet .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. .....91
B`st mh tgibos [gibo 74 Fmestrg`ets hgfok iy tao @[-I\N `ekustry `e Vr` Bgejg .................. ........................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ............ ...7? [gibo 94 Ng`e grogs mh `nprmvonoets `e @[-I\N softmr ................... ............................ ................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. .....97 [gibo 64 \rmkuft gek ngrjot mppmrtue`t`os hmr @[-I\N softmr ................ .......................... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........99
B`st mh imxo imxos s Imx 74 [ao CK\Y ..................................................................................................................................................... ? Imx 94 [@V@s suppmrt`ec suppmrt` ec tao @[ `ekustry `ekustr y .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ............................ .......... 96 Imx 64 @est`tut`megb @est`tut`meg b gkdustnoets `e tao @[-I\N softmr ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... ....96 Imx ;4 Yocubgt`me gkdustnoets gkdu stnoets `e tao @[-I\N softmr .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. ................................... ......................... .......9;
`v
Gfrmeyns GKI I9I IM@ I\N I\M FImVB KmF Km@O OKI OVMV O[G 9<<8 O_ HOOG H@[@V CK\ CK\Y @\ @F[ @F[G @m[ @NH @[ @[-I\N @[F DX J\M BJY B\M NEF NmKV@[ NmH NmHG NmAOA Nm[K@ NmVKX[ Nm_ EOV E@\M MOFK \mG \NM \wF Y&K Y\G VBGVVFMN VBGVVFMN VBV@ VNO [@V@ [XO[ _CF _EF[GK S[M
Gs`ge Kovobmpnoet Igej Igej Ius`eoss-tm-ius`eoss Imgrk mh @evostnoet Ius`eoss prmfoss ngegconoet Ius`eoss prmfoss mutsmurf`ec Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg Kopgrtnoet mh Fmnnorfo Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek On`crgt`me Vr` Bgejg Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk Onpbmyoo sagro mpt`me sfaonos Oboftrme`f [rgesgft`mes Gft, Em. 70 mh 9<<8 Ourmpoge _e`me Hmro`ce Oxfageco Ogreors Gffmuet Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry Vr` Bgejg Crmss kmnost`f prmkuft Coeorgb Kgtg \rmtoft`me Yocubgt`me @etobboftugb prmporty @ehmrngt`me gek fmnnue`fgt`me tofaembmcy @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`me [ofaembmcy Gcoefy mh Vr` Bgejg @etoreot mh ta`ecs @etoregt`megb Nmeotgry Huek @ehmrngt`me tofaembmcy @ehmrngt`me tofaembmcy-ius`eoss prmfoss ngegconoet @etoregt`megb [rgko Foetro Dm`et voeturo Jemwbokco prmfoss mutsmurf`ec Vr` Bgejg rupoo Bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec Nubt`egt`megb fmrpmrgt`me N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko N`e`stry mh H`egefo N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`fgt`mes gek K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Nonmrgekun mh uekorstgek`ec Egt`megb Oxpmrt Vtrgtocy Egt`megb @etobboftugb \rmporty Mhh`fo Mrcge`sgt`me hmr Ofmemn`f Fm-mporgt`me gek Kovobmpnoet \bge mh gft`me \r`no N`e`stor‐s mhh`fo \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors Yosogrfa gek kovobmpnoet Ymimt`f prmfoss gutmngt`me Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os Vr` Bgejg Vtgekgrks @est`tut`me Vngbb gek nok`un-s`zok oetorpr`so [rgko gek `evostnoet suppmrt `est`tut`me [ofae`fgb gek vmfgt`megb okufgt`me gek trg`e`ec _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me _e`tok Egt`mes Fmehoroefo me [rgko gek Kovobmpnoet Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me
v
Oxofut` Oxo fut`vo vo sunngry [ao kovobmpnoet mh Vr` Bgejg‐s @[ -I\N -I\N `ekustry Vtrgtocy `s g h`vo-yogr oekogvmur gek wgs koh`eok iy g fmesubtgt`vo prmfoss iotwooe puib`f gek pr`vgto softmr stgjoambkors. [ao Vtrgtocy g`ns tm trgeshmrn tao fmuetry `etm g cbmigb @[-I\N @[-I\N kost`egt`me gek Gs`g‐s hgvmur`to foetro mh oxfobboefo. oxfobboefo . Gfa`ov`ec ta`s midoft`vo w`bb kopoek me tao gi`b`ty mh `ekustry gek tao Cmvorenoet tm `npbonoet tao gft`v`t`os koh`eok `e ta`s @[-I\N Vtrgtocy. [m gfa`ovo tao Vtrgtocy‐s tgrcots, tgrcots, stgjoambkors w`bb eook tm fmmrk`egto gft`mes, nme`tmr prmcross gek nmi`b`zo rosmurfos hmr `ts `npbonoetgt`me. \rmv`k`ec ius`eoss kovobmpnoet suppmrt tm h`rns, oeagef`ec `eemvgt`me gek frogt`ec ge oegib`ec ius`eoss oev`rmenoet gro fruf`gb hmr suffosshub `npbonoetgt`me. Vr` Bgejg g`ns tm iofmno g cbmigb @[-I\N kost`egt`me gek tm uebmfj softmr crmwta iy g hgftmr mh h`vo.
VBGVVFMN hmrosoos tao `ekustry gfa`ov`ec _V$? i`bb`me `e oxpmrts iy 9<99, frogt`ec 9<<,<<< k`roft dmis gek bguefa`ec 7,<<< stgrt-ups.7 [a`s w`bb io gfa`ovok iy hmstor`ec gek oegib`ec ge gkoqugto rocubgtmry oev`rmenoet gek `npbonoet`ec joy cu`kob`eos gek prmfokuros. [a`s w`bb frogto fmek`t`mes tagt gro hgvmurgibo tm stgrt`ec eow fmnpge`os, mporgt`ec ius`eossos ohh`f`oetby, crmw`ec ngrjots gek iu`bk`ec `ekustry irgek`ec. @e tao pgst kofgko, kofgko, tao @[-I\N @[-I\N `ekus try ` e Vr` Bgejg ags sooe suistget`gb oxpges`me gek agk smno mh t ao strmecost crmwta gnmec gbb oxpmrt softmrs. Mvor tao bgst 7< yogrs, tao `ekustry ags crmwe nmro tage 6<<%,
rogfa`ec _V$7.9 i`bb`me `e rovoeuo,9 prmv`k`ec dmis tm nmro tage 1<,<<< prmhoss`megbs gek fmetr`iut`ec 79% mh Vr` Bgejge sorv`fo oxpmrts. [a`s `eemvgt`vo gek gek fmestgetb y ovmbv` ovmbv` ec `ekust ry fge prmv`ko s`ce`h` fget ioeoh`ts ioeoh`ts tm tao egt`megb ofmemn ofmemn y.
[ao Vr` Bgejge stgrt-up ofmsyston `s oxpgek`ec, agv`ec frogtok gbnmst agbh mh gbb eow fmnpge`os `e tao fmnputor sf`oefo grog. Me gvorgco, ovory @[-I\N dmi coeorgtos 9.? `ek`roft dmis. @[-I\N wmrj ags b`ejs tm gbb mtaor softmrs, suppmrt`ec rotg`b, amsp`tgb`ty, oec`eoor`ec, gcr`fubturo, aogbtafgro, bmc`st`fs gek ngey mtaor `ekustr`os. @efrogsok kovobmpnoet mh tao `ekustry w`bb roqu`ro ius`eoss gss`stgefo hmr stgrt-ups gek VNOs tm frogto gek mporgto ohh`f`oetby. [ao `ekustry w`bb crmw tarmuca tao prmv`s`me mh hgf`b`t`os gek suppmrt`ec sorv`fos sufa gs sagrok wmrj`ec spgfo gek gkv`smry gek noetmrsa`p prmcrgnnos. @nprmv`ec tao suppby mh a`caby qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs w`bb io ossoet`gb tm sgt`shy tao crmw`ec @[-I\N ngrjot. H`curo 7. Vr` Bgejg @[-I\N gek gek gegbyt` fs @F[-oegibo sorv`fos Gegbyt`fs (J\M) Kgtg gek kmfunoet fmevors`me
@[ Bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec (B\M)
I\N
fmevoygef`ec
Nok`fgb trgesfr`pt`mes
Vmhtwgro Y&K Gppb`fgt`me kovobmpnoet
Ngrjot `etobb`coefo `etobb`coefo
Gppb`fgt`me ngegcnoet
`evostnoet suppmrt ngrjot rosogrfa h`egef`gb h`egef`gb gegbys`s gegbys`s
@[ fmesubt`ec
H`egef`gb gek gffmuet`ec mporgt`mes (HGM) vort`fgby sorvok gffmuet`ec tgxgt`me
H`egef`gb trgesfr`pt`mes Fmetgft foetros mporgt`mes (FFM) Mutimuek ngrjot`ec Amsp`tgb`ty sorv`fos
Fustmnor sorv`fos Aogbtafgro sorv`fos
aogbtafgro igej`ec bo`suro tobofmnnue`fgt`me
[ao @[ `ekust ry `e Vr` B gejg ags oxpgekok oxpgekok `ts prmk uft igso hrmn sm htwgro gek gppb`fgt`mes kovobmpnoet, immj`ec suppmrt gek trgesgft`me prmfoss`ec foetros. [mkgy tao `ekustry mhhors prmhoss`megb sorv`fos `e g
eunior mh k`hhoroet grogs gek g hubb rgeco mh @[ prmkufts, hrmn @[ kovobmpnoet gek ng`etoegefo tm `eemvgt`vo smbut`mes hmr gbb. [aoro `s s`ce`h`fget pmtoet`gb hmr Vr` Bgejge fmnpge`os tm oxpgek tao ox`st`ec rgeco mh prmkufts gek sorv`fos tm frogto g hubb rgeco mh eow prmkufts sufa gs n`xok rogb`ty, gucnoetok rogb`ty gek @etoreot mh ta`ecs (@m[) smbut`mes, `e wa`fa smhtwgro gek agrkwgro fmno tmcotaor, wa`fa w`bb `efrogso tao fmuetry‐s `etobboftugb prmporty (@\) prmkufts gek pgtoets gek `efrogso ` ts a`ca tofaembmcy prmkuft oec`eoor`ec. oec`e oor`ec. Hmr sngbbor fmnpge`os, hmfus`ec me e`fao prmkufts gek sorv`fos w`bb io tao nmst su`tgibo gpprmgfa. _etgppok mppmrtue`t`os b`o `e hurtaor 7
Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78). X`s`me 9<994 Vr` Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr . Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78 attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78.. 9 \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<73). @F[/I\N `e Vr` Bgejg ‖ Irgek`ec ‖ Irgek`ec CG\ Gegbys`s Yopmrt. Fmbmnim.
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poeotrgt`me mh hgst-crmw`ec ngrjots w`ta eow prmkufts hmr VNOs, tao puib`f softmr gek hgn`by-rue oet`t`os `e tao Gs`g ‖\gf`h`f roc`me, Ghr`fg gek tao N`kkbo Ogst, gs wobb gs hmr bgrco fmnpge`os gek hmr tao k`gspmrg ngrjot `e tao _e`tok J`eckmn mh Crogt Ir`tg`e gek Emrtaore @robgek, Gustrgb`g, Eow Togbgek, Fgegkg, Dgpge g ek Vfgek`egv`ge fmuetr`os. Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N @[-I\N fmnpge`os agvo agvo ogreok ogreok rofmce`t `me h mr tao`r f mst-fmnp ot`t`vo gkvgetgcos, gkvgetgcos, a`ca qu gb`ty gek okufgtok wmrjhmrfo w`ta kovobmpok sj`bbs, iut `etoregt`megb rofmce`t`me mh tao `ekustry ags iooe b`n`tok. Agv`ec ge @[-I\N egt`megb bovob irgek w`bb ioeoh`t imta bgrco gek sngbb fmnpge`os. Vuppmrt`ec i`ccor @[-
I\N fmnpge`os iy prmv`k`ec fmesubt`ec sorv`fos `e sgbos gek ngrjot`ec, iu`bk`ec sj`bbs gek fgpgf`t`os gek oxpgek`ec ngrjot`ec gek prmnmt`me w`bb `nprmvo mvorgbb `ekustry porhmrngefo gek `efrogso ngrjot mutrogfa gek tao v`s`i`b`ty mh tao `ekustry. [ao hmbbmw`ec joy `etorvoet`mes gro pr`mr`t`os `e mrkor tm hgf`b`tgto tao Vtrgtocy‐s `npbonoetgt`me4
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Frogto g ius`eoss-oegib`ec ius`eoss-oegib`ec oev`rmenoet, gkkross pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry imttboeofjs sw`htby sw`htby gek prmv`ko prmv`ko eofossgry `est`tut`megb suppmrt tm `nprmvo ngrjot`ec gek prmnmt`me mh tao @[ -I\N softmr:
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Bguefa g 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' prmcrgnno tgrcot`ec h`rns w`ta oxpmeoet`gb crmwta crmwta pmtoet`gb tagt fmbboft`voby fge aobp immst softmr oxpmrt rovoeuo iy _V$9 i`bb`me: gek
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Ngjo tao `ekustry iofmno a`caor vgbuo gek @\-kr`voe.
[ao hmbbmw`ec `s g kob`eogt`me mh tao prmpmsok v`s`me gek strgtoc`f midoft`vos mh ta`s Vtrgtocy. [ao v`s`me stgtonoet wgs gcrook upme iy gbb stgjoambkors stgj oambkors mh tao @[-I\N `ekustry `e Vr` Bgejg4 ‑Vr` Bgejg4 G
cbmigb @[-I\N @[-I\N foetro mh oxfobboefo oxfobboefo mh a`ca-oek a`ca-oek prmkuft oec`eoor`ec, oec`eoor`ec, @\ frogt`me gek jemwbokco prmfoss mutsmurf`ec‐
[ao strgtoc`f \bge mh Gft`me (\mG) rospmeks tm ta`s v`s`me iy gkkross`ec joy fmestrg`ets gek bovorgc`ec mppmrtue`t`os `e g fmnproaoes`vo ngeeor. \grt`fubgr ohhmrts w`bb io ngko `e tao hmbbmw`ec strgtoc`f midoft`vos4 Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 74 Vuppmrt `evostnoet gek oxpmrts `e t ao @[-I\N @[-I\N softmr softmr ta rmuca g ius` eossoegib`ec, prok`ftgibo gek trgespgroet pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj.
• Frog Frogto to ge oegi oegib`b`ec ec ius` ius`eo eoss ss oev` oev`rm rmeno enoet et,, `npb `npbon onoe oett g hmrngb hmrngb hrgno hrgnowm wmrj rj gek gek `npr `nprmv mvo o soft softmr mr `est `est`t `tut ut`m `meg egbb fmmr fmmrk` k`eg egt` t`me me tm k`ro k`roft ft tao tao `eku `ekust stry ry `e tao tao h`rst h`rst stop stop tmwgrk tmwgrks s `nprmvo `nprmvok k `ekust `ekustry ry crmwta crmwta..
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 94 Kr`vo oxpmrt crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetro oetroproeo proeoursa`p. ursa`p.
• \rmv \rmv`k `ko o ius` ius`eo eoss ss kovo kovobm bmpn pnoe oett supp suppmr mrtt tm h`rns h`rns gek gek oeag oeagef efo o `eem `eemvg vgt`m t`me e tm `efr `efro ogso gso tao tao fgpg fgpgf` f`t` t`os os gek mutr mutrog ogfa fa mh @[-I @[-I\ \N stgr stgrtt-u ups gek VNOs NOs `e egt`me egt`megb gb gek `etoreg `etoregt`me t`megb gb ngrjots ngrjots..
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 64 @nprmvo tao suppby mh sj`bbok a`caby qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs tm sgt`shy tao crmw `ec @[-I\N ngrjot.
• Yg`s Yg`so o gwgr gwgroe oeos oss s gimu gimutt fgro fgroor or mppm mppmrt rtue ue`t `t`o `os, s, ir`e ir`ec c nmro nmro stuk stukoe oets ts tm tao tao `eku `ekustr stry y kur` kur`ec ec tao` tao`rr stuk` stuk`os os gek gek oefm oefmur urgc gco o `etor `etoreg egt`m t`meg egbb oxpo oxport rts s tm sagr sagro o jemwbo jemwbokco kco w`ta w`ta ymuta ymuta tm sustg`e sustg`e @[-I\N @[-I\N `ekust `ekustry ry crmwta crmwta..
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo ;4 Crmw fagnp`me h`rns ('tao _V$9 _V $9 i`bb`me pbge').
• @e`t`gto prmgft`vo `evostnoet tgrcot`ec i`c fmnpge`os tm `n prmvo ngrjot`ec gek v`s`i`b`ty hmr Vr` Bgejg tagt w`bb oeagefo t ao fmuetry's `ngco gs g kost`egt`me hmr jemwbokco sorv`fos gek `eemvgt`me.
Fmmrk`egt`ec Fmmrk`egt`ec gft`v`t`os, nme`tmr`ec prmcross gek nmi`b`z`ec rosmurfos hmr `npbonoetgt`me `npbonoetgt`me w`bb io fr`t`fgb tm suffosshub gfa`ovonoet mh taoso tgrcots. @ekustry roprosoetgt`vos rofmnnoekok tagt g puib`f-pr`vgto
‑spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐ hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry rgp`kby io ostgib`saok, mporgt`megb`zok gek onpmworok. [ao @[-I\N ‑spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐ `s tm io rospmes`ibo hmr mvorgbb fmmrk`egt`me, prmv`s`me mh rgp`k smbut`mes tm rocubgtmry gek prmfokurgb imttboeofjs, pmb`fy cu`kgefo gek tao nme`tmr`ec mh `ekustry kovobmpnoet gcg`est tao Vtrgtocy‐s strgtoc`f midoft`vos. Ge ohh oft `v oby mr cge `zok gek su pp mr tok gkv `s mr y fm nn `t too f ge p bge `e ku st ry kov obm pn oet st rgt oc` fgb by . A`ca-bovob A`ca-bovob suppmrt hr mn tao Cmvorenoet, Cmvorenoet, `e fmbbgimrgt`me w`ta str mec fagnp`mes a`p iy tao pr`vgto softmr, w`bb i o tao rogb rogb kr`v ors tm trgeshm rn Vr` Bgejg `etm g cbmigb @[-I\N @[-I\N kost`egt`me gek Gs`g‐s hgvmur`to foetro mh oxfobboefo. oxfobboefo.
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Koh`e`t`mes usok `e ta`s kmfunoet4 [ao rgp`kby fagec`ec fagrgftor mh @ehmrngt`me gek fmnnue`fgt`me tofaembmcy (@F[) cmmks gek sorv`fos ags crmwe `e pgrgbbob w`ta tao eook hmr stgt`st`fs gek gegbys`s tm suppmrt gek `ehmrn pmb`fy ngj`ec `e ta`s grog. V`efo 7000, tao MOFK Smrj`ec \grty me @ek`fgtmrs hmr tao @ehmrngt`me Vmf`oty ags iooe prmv`k`ec stgt`st`fgb stgekgrks gek kovobmp`ec koh`e`t`mes mh @F[ softmrs gek prmkufts, oboftrme`f fmnnorfo gek @F[ `ehrgstrufturo. [ao \grteorsa`p me Nogsur`ec @F[ hmr Kovobmpnoet, `efbuk`ec Ourmstgt, @[_, _EF[GK, tao Smrbk Igej gek mtaor robovget _E gcoef`os, aobps fmuetr`os tm gkmpt tao sgno stgt`st`fgb stgekgrks gek koh`e`t`mes hmr tao kovobmpnoet mh tao `ehmrngt`me smf`oty wmrbkw`ko.
Kosp`to agv`ec g fbogr koh`e`t`me `e `etoregt`megb ` etoregt`megb trgko stgt`st`fs, taoro gro furroetby em gcrook upme \grteorsa`p `ek`fgtmrs hmr `etoregt`megb trgko `e @F[ sorv`fos. [ao hmbbmw`ec gro tao koh`e`t`mes w`koby gffoptok iy MOFK fmuetr`os, tao Ourmpoge _e`me gek tao _e`tok Egt`megb Vtgt`st`fgb Fmnn`ss`me. Hmr tao purpmso mh `etoregt`megb agrnme`zgt`me mh torns, tao sgno koh`e`t`mes gro usok `e ta`s Vtrgtocy. [ao @F[ softmr `s `s tao prmkuft`me (cmmks gek sorv`fos) mh g fgek`kgto `ekustry nust pr`ngr`by io `etoekok tm hubh`b mr oegibo tao hueft`me mh `ehmrngt`me prmfoss`ec gek fmnnue`fgt`me iy oboftrme`f noges, `efbuk`ec trgesn`ss`me gek k`spbgy. [ao @F[ prmkufts gro tao prmkuft tagt nust pr`ngr`by io `etoekok tm hubh`b mr oegibo tao hueft`me mh `ehmrngt`me prmfoss`ec gek fmnnue`fgt`me iy oboftrme`f noges, `efbuk`ec trgesn`ss`me gek k`spbgy. [ao @F[ @F[ `ehr gstruftur o fmes`st mh gbb fmnpmeoets tagt pbgy g rmbo `e mvorgbb @[ gek @[-oegibo mporgt`mes, egnoby puib`f sw`tfaok tobofmnnue`fgt`me eotwmrjs, `etoreot gek tobofmnnue`fgt`me oqu`pnoet, hgf`b`t`os gek sorv`fos prmv`kok tm tao puib`f (agrkwgro gek smhtwgro). [ao @F[ sorv`fos `s koh`eok `e `etoregt`megb trgko gs sorv`fos `efbuk`ec tobofmnnue`fgt`mes gek fmnputor gek `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos.6 [ao @[ sorv`fos `efbuko gey typo mh smhtwgro kovobmpnoet gek `npbonoetgt`me, fmetoet ngegconoet gek kovobmpnoet, prmcrgnn`ec, gppb`fgt`me tost`ec, @[ fmesubt`ec, @[ suppmrt sorv`fos gek @[ `ehrgstrufturo ngegconoet gek ng`etoegefo.; [ao @F[-oegibok sorv`fos gro sorv`fos prmkufts kob`vorok ronmtoby mvor @F[ eotwmrjs, gek `efbukos I\M, I\N, gek J\M. [ao `ehmrngt`me smf`oty `s g fmefoptugb nmkob tagt oefmnpgssos tao w`koby gcrook obonoets mh @F[ suppby, @F[ kongek, @F[ `ehrgstrufturo, @F[ prmkufts gek ‒fmetoet„.
[aoro `s em fmaoroet koh`e`t`me hmr tao I\M, I\N mr J\M, gek tao crmup`ec mh vgr`mus sorv`fos fmubk io frogtok tm fmvor ius`eoss prmfoss mutsmurf`ec gek ngegconoet sorv`fos. @e ta`s Vtrgtocy, tao Ius`eoss prmfoss mutsmurf`ec (I\M) `s gey hrmet gek igfj-mhh`fo @F[ oegibo sorv`fos sufa gs fgbb foetros, fustmnor fmetgft foetros, s`npbo kgtg oetry. [ao Jemwbokco prmfoss mutsmurf `ec (J\M) gro gegbyt`fs sorv`fos sufa gs bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec, ngrjot `etobb`coefo gek h`egef`gb gek gffmuet`ec mporgt`mes vort`fgbby sorvok. [ao Ius`eoss p rmfoss ngegconoet (I\N) sorv`fos sorv`fos fmvor tao kob`vory mh g w`ko vgr`oty mh ostgib`saok sorv`fos, `efbuk`ec h`egef`gb sorv`fos, `esurgefo sorv`fos, otf., iut gbsm on irgfo nok`fgb gek h`egef`gb trgesfr`pt`me, sgbos gek ngrjot`ec, ngegconoet, gkn`e`strgt`me, oec`eoor`ec, Y&K, okufgt`me, gs wobb gs gey mtaor ius`eoss sorv`fo tage fge io kob`vorok ronmtoby.? Vmurfo4 MOFK (9<77), _EF[GK (9<7?)
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[a`s koh`e`t`me wgs gpprmvok iy tao _e`tok Egt`mes Vtgt`st`fgb Fmnn`ss`me gt `ts ;3ta soss`me `e Ngrfa 9<78 igsok me g prmpmsgb iy _EF[GK. Amwovor, @ehmrngt`me sorv`fos, furroetby `efbukok `e tao I\N8 stgekgrk fmnpmeoet 0 [obofmnnue`fgt`mes, fmnputor, gek koh`e`t`me. _EF[GK (9<7?). @etoregt`megb trgko `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos, gro emt pgrt mh tao ofmemn`f gft`v`t`os fmvorok iy tao MOFK‐s @F[ softmr koh`e`t`me. `e @F[ sorv`fos gek @F[-oegibok sorv`fos. _EF[GK [ofae`fgb Emtos me @F[ hmr Kovobmpnoet Em. 6, Coeovg. ; _EF[GK‐s typmbmcy mh @F[-igsok @F[-igsok sorv`fos ? Voo Gppoek`x 9 hmr @F[ sorv`fos fmnpbonoetgry crmup`ec.
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G rgp rgp`` kb y ovmb ov mb v` ec ` ek ekus us tr y kr k r ` voe iy tof tofa a em embb mc mc`` f gb ` ee eemv mvgt` gt` me mes s gek k` c` t gb ius`eoss `e`t`gt`vos Mvor tao bgst kofgko, tao @[ softmr ags oxpor`oefok s`ce`h`fget crmwta gek kovobmpok rongrjgibo `eemvgt`mes. Vtrmec crmwta `e fmnputor sorv`fos irmucat tm tao @[ `ekustry eow tofaembmc`fgb troeks tagt gro
fagec`ec amw fmnpge`os km ius`eossos tmkgy. [ao `ekustry ags iooe bok ng`eby iy _et`ok Vtgtos-igsok fmnpge`os tagt gro bogkors `e tao`r h`obks, sufa gs a`ca-oek kov`fos, k`c`tgb fmetoet k`str`iut`me gek gpp stmros, meb`eo sogrfa gek gkvort`s`ec, smf`gb nok`g, o-fmnnorfo, fbmuk sorv`fos gek prmkuft`v`ty smhtwgro. Emw taoy gro gft`voby k`vors`hy`ec `etm eow ius`eossos.8 Fmnpge`os mhhor nmro gek nmro smhtwgro smbut`mes prmv`k`ec k`hhoroet typo mh sorv`fos, gek eow cbmigb pbgyors sufa gs Gb`igig, Ig`ku gek Augwo` ‖ suffosshub `e tao`r amno ngrjots ‖ gro oxpgek`ec tao`r sfmpo girmgk. [aoro `s gbsm g rofoet toekoefy hmr h`rns prmv`k`ec h`egef`gb, nok`fgb, aogbtafgro gek bocgb sorv`fos tm iofmno smhtwgro fmnpge`os mr fmnpge`os mhhor`ec sorv`fos meb`eo. [aoso fmnpge`os gro `evost`ec nmro `e tao @m[, fmetoet, gkvort`s`ec, onorc`ec k`str`iut`me tofaembmc`os gek kov`fos gek sorv`fos igsok me h`hta coeorgt`me tobofmnnue`fgt`mes stgekgrks.3 [obofmnnue`fgt`me, fmnputor gek `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos agvo oxpor`oefo `efrogs`ec oxpmrt vgbuo, w`ta strmecby crmw`ec fmnputor sorv`fos. sorv`fos. @F[ sorv`fos 1 wgs tao nmst kyegn`f softmr gnmec fmnnorf`gb sorv`fos
`e 9<78, crmw`ec iy mvor ;% (soo h`curo 9) tm _V$;06 i`bb`me.0 @e tao 9< ‖9<78 por`mk, tao @F[ fmnpmuek geeugb crmwta rgto wgs 79.;7% (soo h`curo 6). Mutsmurfok k`c`tgb ius`eoss smbut`mes gro mhtoe usok iy fmnpge`os, gek @F[ usos k`c`tgb noges tm fmeeoft ius`eoss prmfossos sm tagt tao fmnpgey fge trgeshor mr uso tamso k`c`tgb ius`eoss smbut`mes. H`curo 94 Smrbk oxpmrts mh fmnnorf`gb sorv`fos i y ng`e fgtocmry, 9<78 9<78 (geeugb (geeugb fageco, por f oet)
[obofmnnue`fgt`me, fmnputor gek [obofmnnue`fgt`me, `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos \orsmegb, fubturgb gek rofrogt`megb sorv`fos Mtaor ius`eoss sorv`fos @esurgefo gek poes`me sorv`fos Fagrcos hmr tao uso mh `etobboftugb prmporty H`egef`gb sorv`fos Fmestruft`me -7<
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Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek tao _e`tok Egt`mes Fmehoroefo me [rgko gek Kovobmpnoet (_EF[GK) (9<73). S[M-@[F_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn Ourmstgt, tao @etoregt`megb Nmeotgry Huek (@NH) Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek hrmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao Mrcge`sgt`me hmr Ofmemn`f Fm-mporgt`me gek Kovobmpnoet (MOFK).
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@i`k. @i`k.
1
Gegbysos mh trgko `e @F[ sorv`fos fmnnmeby `efbuko trgko `e tobofmnnue`fgt`mes sorv`fos gek `e fmnputor gek `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos, us`ec kgtg hrmn tao @NH igbgefo mh pgynoets stgt`st`fs. Amwovor, gs @F[ koh`e`t`me vgr`os gek kopoeks me ogfa fmuetry, smno mh taon km emt ropmrt me gbb taroo fmnpmeoet mh @F[ fmnnmeby gffoptok fmnpmeoets. 0 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me (9<73). S[M [rgko Vtgt`st`fgb Yov`ow 9<73 . Sgsa`ectme, K.F. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//www.wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stgt`s]o/wts9<73]o/wts9<73]o.pkh .
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H`curo 64 Oxpmrtok vgbuo mh cbmigb tobofmnnue`fgt`mes, fm nputor, gek `ehmrngt`me sorv`fos, 9< 9< ‖9<7 9<78 8 (_V$ i`bb`m e) 8<<,<<<,<<< ;06
?<<,<<<,<<< ;<<,<<<,<<< 6<<,<<<,<<< 9<<,<<<,<<< 771 7<<,<<<,<<< <
9< 9< 9< 9<<8 <8 9< 9<< <3 9< 9<< <1 9< 9<< <0 9< 9<7< 7< 9<7 <77 7 9<7 <79 9 9<7 <76 6 9< 9<7; 7; 9< 9<7? 7? 9< 9<78 78 Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn
Ourmstgt, tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek h rmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao MOFK.
Ius`eoss prmf oss mutsm urf`e c (I\M) (I\M) `s iofmn`ec fmnn mk`t` zok zok gek fmnpot`t `me `s `efrogs`ec. [ao cbmigb
I\M ngrjot fmet`euos tm crmw sbmwby, w`ta `efrogsok fmnpot`t`me `e gbb socnoets mh tao `ekustry. Nmro oxpor`oefok pbgyors gro nmv`ec `etm a`caor-oek sorv`fos, oek-tm-oek ius`eoss prmfoss mutsmurf`ec gek kmng`e-spof`h`f oxport`so, wa`bo eow fmuetr`os fmet`euo tm geemuefo taonsobvos gs I\M kost`egt`mes. Koh`e`t`mes hmr socnoets mh I\M sorv`fos gro iofmn`ec w`kor gek prmv`kors gro iofmn`ec nmro spof`gb`zok `e tao`r mhhor`ecs. Joy tofaembmcy `eemvgt`mes gro kr`v`ec fmnpge`os tm mutsmurfo ius`eoss prmfossos. Bgrcor mhhsamro pbgyors gro sott`ec up mesamro mr eogr-samro sorv`fo foetros `e joy comcrgpa`f bmfgt`mes. @ek`g `s g bogkor `e prmv`k`ec mhhsamro I\M sorv`fos, iut Fa`eg `s fbms`ec tao sj`bb cgp w`ta @ek`g gek `s oxpoftok tm mutporhmrn `e fmn`ec yogrs. Ngbgys`g, @ekmeos`g, Irgz`b, X`ot Egn gek tao \a`b`pp`eos hmbb mw `e tao rgej`ec mh tmp toe cbmigb mutsmurf`ec fmuetr`os.7< [ao _e`tok Vtgtos mh Gnor`fg rong`es tao fmuetry nmst b`j oby tm `npmrt mhhsamro @F[ sorv`fos, w`ta eogrby twm-ta`rks mh @F[ `npmrts `e fmnputor sorv`fos. 77 Kgtg pr`vgfy gek kgtg sofur`ty `s pgrt`fubgrby `npmrtget hmr I\M gek mutsmurf`ec sorv`fos. Mutsmurf`ec
trgesgft`mes `evmbvos soes`t`vo kgtg prmfoss`ec gek `efrogsok fyiorsofur`ty tarogts, wa`fa noge nmro k`hh`fubt`os `e ngegc`ec kgtg pr`vgfy gek sofur`ty. [ao eunior mh fyiorsofur`ty `ef`koets wmrbkw`ko `s `efrogs`ec gek ngey fmuetr`os agvo `etrmkufok rocubgt`mes me kgtg prmtoft`me. [ao O_‐s Coeorgb Kgtg \rmtoft`me Yocubgt`me (CK\Y) ambks kgtg prmfossmrs rospmes`ibo hmr prmtoft`me mh porsmegb kgtg. Vamubk g kgtg irogfa mffur, ovoe ta`rk pgrty prmv`kors fge io gffmuetgibo. V`n`bgr rocubgt`me w`bb oefmurgco fmnpge`os tm fmnpby w`ta kgtg prmtoft`me bgws gek rocubgt`mes rocgrk`ec tao prmfoss`ec, stmrgco, agekb`ec, fmbboft`me gek trgesn`ss`me mh kgtg. Imx 74 [ao O_ CK\Y
Gpprmvok iy tao O_ \grb`gnoet me 7; Gpr`b 9<78, ta`s rocubgt`me w`bb io k`roftby gppb`ok iy gbb nonior nonio r stgtos hrmn 9? Ngy 9<71. [ao rocubgt`me wgs kos`ceok tm agrnme`zo kgtg pr`vgf y bgws gfrmss Ourmpo, tm prmtoft gek onpmwor gbb O_ f`t`zoes‐ kgtg pr`vgfy gek tm rosagpo tao wgy mrcge`zgt`mes gfrmss tao roc`me gpprmgfa kgtg pr`vgfy. [ao CK\Y emt meby gppb`os tm mrcge`zgt`mes bmfgtok w`ta`e tao O_ iut gbsm w`bb gppby tm mrcge`zgt`mes muts`ko tao O_ `h taoy mhhor cmmks mr sorv`fos tm O_ kgtg suidofts. @t gppb`os tm gbb fmnpge`os tagt gro prmfoss`ec gek ambk`ec tao porsmegb kgtg mh kgtg suidofts ros`k`ec `e tao O_ , rocgrkboss mh tao fmnpgey‐s bmfgt`me. G kgtg
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Vota`, Grue gek D. Cmtt (9<78). [ao S`koe`ec @npgft mh Gutmngt`me . Eow Pmrj4 G.[. Jogreoy Cbmigb Vorv`fos. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//www.gtjogreoy.fmn/k`c`tgb-trgeshmrngt`me/grt`fbo=/g/tao-w`koe`ec-`npgft-mh-gutmngt`me-grt`fbo. attps4//www.gtjogreoy.fmn/k`c`tgb-trgeshmrngt`me/grt`fbo=/g/tao-w`koe`ec-`npgft-mh-gutmngt`me-grt`fbo. 77 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//www.wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stgt`s]o/trgko]kgtgsots]o.atn.. Gffossok Kofonior 7, 9<73. attps4//www.wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stgt`s]o/trgko]kgtgsots]o.atn
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prmtoft`me mhh`for nust io gppm`etok `e ge mrcge`zgt`me tagt oecgcos `e bgrco sfgbo prmfoss`ec mh soes`t`vo porsmegb kgtg. Nmst ostgib`saok I\M kost`egt`mes gro gb`ce`ec tao`r rocubgt`mes w`ta tao CK\Y tm oesuro fmnpb`gefo gt egt`megb mr softmr bovob. \orsmegb kgtg `s gbbmwok tm bogvo tao Ourmpoge Ofmemn`f Grog meby `h taoro `s g suhh`f`oet kgtg prmtoft`me stgekgrk `e tao kost`egt`me fmuetry. Saoe g fmuetry ags iooe gwgrkok tao stgtus mh g fmuetry tagt noots tao CK\Y stgekgrks, `ehmrngt`me fge pgss hrooby iotwooe tagt fmuetry gek tao Ourmpoge Ofmemn`f Grog. Fmnpgey-tm-fmnpgey nmkob gcroonoets fge io gbsm usok. Vmurfo4 Ourmpoge _e`me, attps4//www.ouckpr.mrc/.
[ao rgp`k pgfo mh `eemvgt`me fmni`e`ec smhtwgro gek agrkwgro smbut`mes [ao @[ `ekustry `s ovmbv`ec fmestgetby gek eow troeks fageco tao cbmigb pgttore. [ao hmbbmw`ec gro tao
onorc`ec @[-I\N troeks tagt eook tm io fmes`korok waoe pbgee`ec `ekustry kovobmpnoet4 •
@m[ `s fmes`korok g vory k`srupt`vo k`s rupt`vo tofaembmcy tagt `efmrpmrgtos sngrt pays`fgb midofts `etm tao eotwmrjok smf`oty gek k`c`tgb vgbuo eotwmrjs. 79 @m[ ghhofts gbb softmrs mh tao ofmemny gek ags tao pmtoet`gb tm trgeshmrn ius`eoss-tm-fustmnor robgt`mesa`ps tagt gro oegibok iy sngrt midofts. G eow fmefopt mh ius`eoss-tm-ta`ec ags onorcok gek tao r`so mh @m[ ags hgf`b`tgtok s`ce`h`fgetby tao gi`b`t`os mh ius`eossos tm fmeeoft, trgfj gek nogsuro tofaembmc`os gek aunge `etorgft`mes `e g k`c`tgb oev`rmenoet. @t fge io ogs`by `etocrgtok tm ngegco hueft`mes sufa gs gkn`e`strgt`me, pgyrmbb, rofru`tnoet, mrcge`zgt`megb sghoty gek mtaor tgsjs tagt woro prov`musby mr furroetby gro ngegcok iy aunges. 76 [ao ngegconoet mh @m[ gppb`fgt`mes samubk ioeoh`t I\N fmefopts, notamks gek tofaembmc`os gek ovoetugbby samubk `etocrgto I\N. @m[ fge rokufo ngeugb tgsjs gek bogk tm nmro gffurgto kgtg, rokufok orrmrs gek ohh`f`oefy cg`es. 7; Ius`eossos amwovor, w`bb agvo tm sofuro tao`r eotwmrjs gek k gtg tm kopbmy prmkufts tagt gro gpprmpr`gto gek prmtoftok.
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I`c kgtg `s kgtg tagt fmetg`es g crogt vgr`oty mh kgtg pm`ets, wa`fa gro grr`v`ec `e `efrogs`ec vmbunos gek w`ta ovor a`caor vobmf`ty. 7? Coeorgtok hrmn eunormus trgesgft`me, prmkuft`me gek fmnnue`fgt`me prmfossos, i`c kgtg `s gffoborgt`ec jemwbokco gek vgbuo frogt`me gfrmss smf`oty. I`c kgtg `s tao fmro mh gbnmst ovory k`c`tgb trgeshmrngt`me tmkgy. Eow gegbyt`fgb tofae`quos gek nmkobs gro io`ec kovobmpok tm rovogb tao vgbuo prmv`kok iy ta`s kgtg. I`c kgtg smbut`mes aobp tm prok`ft prmkuft gek fmesunor troeks, oxpmso prmkuft rob`gi`b`ty gek oegibo iottor fustmnor sorv`fos. Kgtg-kr`voe `eemvgt`me, `e ta`s rocgrk, rohors tm tao `nprmvonoet mh ox`st`ec mr tao kovobmpnoet mh eow prmkufts, prmfossos, mrcge`zgt`megb notamks gek ngrjots. 78 @t ags tao pmtoet`gb tm `efrogso ohh`f`oefy, prmkuft`v`ty gek ofmemn`f fmnpot`t`voeoss. @[ fmnpge`os gro rgp`kby kopbmy`ec i`c kgtg prmfoss`ec, stmrgco gek `etocrgt`me tofaembmc`os me puib`f fbmuk-igsok smbut`mes. @t `s ogs`or hmr VNOs tage hmr bgrcor fmnpge`os tm `npbonoet syeorcy iotwooe I\N gek i`c kgtg kuo tm nmro `eaoroet hbox`i`b`ty gek samrtor `npbonoetgt`me por`mks. Amwovor, systongt`f aunge `etorgft`me rong`es `npmrtget `e mrkor tm `npbonoet gek mitg`e tao iost rosubts hrmn i`c kgtg gegbyt`fs.
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Fbmuk fmnput`ec mhhors ge `eemvgt`vo ius`eoss nmkob tarmuca wa`fa mrcge`zgt`mes fge gkmpt @[ w`tamut uphrmet `evostnoet, smhtwgro b`foesos gek mtaor roqu`ronoets. Ovoe cmvorenoets agvo iofmno nmro `etorostok `e us`ec fbmuk fmnput`ec tm rokufo `e-rogb-t`no fmsts gek `efrogso tao fgpgi`b`t`os gek rogfa
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Miorbgoekor, Geeg Ngr`g gek mtaors (9<73) Fmefoptugb`s`ec ius`eoss-tm-ta`ec `etorgft`mes ‖ `etorgft`mes ‖ g g smf`mngtor`gb porspoft`vo me tao @etoreot mh [a`ecs. Ourmpoge Dmuregb mh @ehmrngt`me Vystons . (@e pross). 76 Xoejgtosa, G.E. (9<73). Fmeeoft`ec tao Kmts4 @etoreot mh [a`ecs gek Aunge Yosmurfo Ngegconoet. Gnor`fge @etoregt`megb Dmuregb mh Yosogrfa `e Aunge`t`os, Grts gek Vmf`gb Vf`oefos , Hoirugry 1, 9<73. @VVE (\r`et)4 9691-636;. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//ssre.fmn/gistrgft>9076;<< attps4//ssre.fmn/gistrgft>9076;<<.. 7; Dge`osfa, Far`st`ge gek mtaors (9<73). [ao @etoreot-mh-[a`ecs Noots Ius`eoss \rmfoss Ngegconoet4 Nutugb Ioeoh`ts gek Fagbboecos. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//grx`v.mrc/gis/73<0.<6891v7 attps4//grx`v.mrc/gis/73<0.<6891v7.. 7? Aobbor, \otor gek mtaor s (9<78). Ge Oetorpr`so Grfa`toft‐s Cu`ko tm I`c Kgtg. Mrgfbo Oetorpr`so Grfa`tofturo Sa`to \gpor. Yokwmmk Vamros4 Mrgfbo Fmrpmrgt`me. Gvg`bgibo gt attp4//www.mrgfbo.fmn/tofaeotwmrj/tmp`fs/oetgrfa/grt`fbos/mog-i`c-kgtg-cu`ko-7?999.pkh. 78 MOFK (9<7?). Kgtg-Kr`voe @eemvgt`me4 I`c Kgtg hmr Crmwta gek Sobb-Io`ec . \gr`s4 MOFK \uib`sa`ec. Gvg`bgibo gt attp4//kx.km`.mrc/7<.7313/031098;9906?1-oe.
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mh tao`r sorv`fo kob`vory. 73 @t fge mhhor g eunior mh ioeoh`ts tm fmnpge`os, `efbuk`ec rokufok `npbonoetgt`me gek ng`etoegefo fmsts, `efrogsok nmi`b`ty hmr g cbmigb wmrjhmrfo, hbox`ibo `ehrgstrufturo, qu`fjor t`no tm ngrjot gek `efrogsok gvg`bgi`b`ty mh a`ca-porhmrngefo gppb`fgt`mes gek `eemvgt`me hmr VNOs. Fbmuk fmnput`ec wgs gkmptok nufa nmro qu`fjby tage `e`t`gbby oxpoftok, iut tao sofur`ty nmkob ags s`ce`h`fget `ssuos gek kgtg smvoro`cety `s st`bb quost`megibo, wa`fa `npgfts gkmpt`me mh tao fbmuk nmkob. [a`s eow tofaembmcy fge ovoetugbby rokufo uphrmet fmsts hmr eow I\N mporgt`mes tagt gro smurfok hrmn tao fbmuk w`ta pgy-iy-usgco fmetgft foetro pgfjgcos. S`ta fbmuk fmnput`ec, I\N gkmpt`me w`bb oxpgek gek iofmno nmro gkvgefok. •
Kgtg Kgtg gegbyt`fs gek kgtg n`e `ec gro tao prmfossos mh oxtrgft`ec gek us`ec j emwbokco hrmn kgtg tagt bogk tm iottor k`gcemst`fs, ohh`f`oet nme`tmr`ec gek iottor gegbys`s `e vgr`mus k`sf`pb`eos sufa gs fmnputor sf`oefo, stgt`st`fs, ngtaongt`fs, bmc`st`fs gek mtaors. [ao kgtg gegbyt`fs prmfoss prmkufos nmkobs hmr smbv`ec prmibons gek `efbukos gfqu`r`ec, pro-prmfoss`ec, nmkobb`ec, tost`ec gek ropmrt`ec kgtg. Kgtg n`e`ec roprosoets tao prmfoss mh h`ek`ec tao roqu`rok strufturo `e kgtg tm kovobmp fortg`e `es`cats. [ao strufturo ngy tgjo ngey hmrns, `efbuk`ec g crgpa, g eotwmrj, g sot mh rubos, otf. [ao j emwbokco rofo`vok hrmn g kgtg n`e`ec soss`me `s g coeorgb`zok nmkob mh tao kgtg.71 @etocrgt`ec kgtg n`e`ec `etm ius`eoss prmfoss gbbmws hbox`ibo kos`ce, kopbmynoet gek ngegconoet mh ius`eoss prmfossos, gek fmnpge`os us`ec kgtg n`e`ec `e ius`eoss prmfossos fge `nprmvo tao`r prmkuft`v`ty gek fmst ohh`f`oefy.
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Ymimt`f prmfoss gutmngt`me (Y\G) `s g smhtwgro igsok smbut`me tm gutmngto rubos-igsok ius`eoss prmfossos tagt `evmbvo rmut`eo tgsjs, strufturok kgtg gek kotorn`e`st`f mutfmnos. Nmst mh taoso smbut`mes woro usok me igfj-mhh`fo ius`eoss prmfoss mporgt`mes `e wa`fa tao fustmnor wgs emt k`roftby `evmbvok. [ao uso mh Y\G ags g eunior mh ioeoh`ts `e torns mh prmkuft`v`ty, fmsts, spook gek orrmr rokuft`me. Y\G gbbmws mrcge`zgt`mes tm gutmngto furroet tgsjs gek kmos emt roqu`ro fmnpbox `etocrgt`me prmfossos, gs Y\G `etorgfts w`ta `ek`v`kugb systons `e tao sgno wgy gs g aunge usor gek rmimt`f smhtwgro fge io rgp`kby nmkobbok, w`ta suisoquoet kopbmynoet mh gutmngt`me. Me gvorgco, Y\G smhtwgro prmfossos gro taroo t`nos hgstor tage `h tao sgno wmrj wgs uekortgjoe iy aunges, gek fmst meo-ta`rk gs nufa gs ge mhhsamro onpbmyoo gek meo-h`hta gs nufa gs mesamro stghh. Y\G fge sgvo 9?% tm ?<% `e fmsts `e soboft igfj-mhh`fo prmfossos. Y\G fge tarogtoe bmw-sj`bbs dmis iut `t roprosoets ge mppmrtue`ty hmr smpa`st`fgtok smbut`mes hmr I\N mporgt`mes.
Hmr fmnpge`os fmnpge`os tm hmbbmw cbmigb @[ troeks gek tm joop up w`ta `eku stry oxpges`me, `eemvgt`me `eemvgt`me `s `npmrtget, iut `t `s eofossgry gbsm tm hmfus me ghhmrkgi`b` ty, rob`gi`b`ty gek tao qugb`ty mh prmv `kok sorv`fos. [m suffook
`e ge ofmemny kr`voe iy `eemvgt`me, ius`eoss os samubk gkgpt ohh`f`oet ngegconoet smbut`mes, kovobmp eow sj`bbs roqu`rok hmr kgtg prmfoss`ec gek fmnpby w`ta tao rubos gek stgekgrks hmr tao `ekustry. Bocgb gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrjs samubk ngtfa tao pgfo mh tofaembmcy gkvgefonoet, gs wobb gs io gb`ceok tm onorc`ec cbmigb roqu`ronoets hmr kgtg prmtoft`me gek fyiorsofur`ty. S`ta `nprmvok ofmemn`f fmek`t`mes, cbmigb kongek hmr @[ smhtwgro gek sorv`fos ags iooe me tao r`so.
@robgek `s g bogkor `e oxpmrt`ec @F[ sorv`fos (soo h`curo ;) iofguso tao fmuetry ags g fmnpot`t`vo tgx oev`rmenoet gek ge mpoe ofmemny wa`fa gttrgfts ngey Ourmpoge, N`kkbo Ogstore gek Ghr`fge aogkqugrtors mh cbmigb @[ fmnpge`os, `efbuk`ec Cmmcbo, Hgfoimmj, \gy\gb, Gngzme, [w`ttor, @etob, A\, @IN, N`frmsmht, Gppbo, Pgamm, NVE gek Gkmio. Gnmec tao fmuetr`os tagt `npmrt @[ sorv`fos, tao _e`tok Vtgtos `s eunior meo, wa`bo tao Eotaorbgeks, Corngey gek Hrgefo gro gbsm tmp `npmrtors `n pmrtors mh @[ sorv`fos (soo h`curo ?).
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Gbnmrsy, N., D. Crueky gek @. N`bbor (9<78). Ge Gegbys`s mh tao Fbmuk Fmnput`ec Vofur`ty \rmibon . Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//grx`v.mrc/htp/grx`v/pgpors/78<0/78<0.<77<3.pkh .
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Ym`cor, Y`fagrk (9<78). Kgtg N`e`ec4 G [utmr`gb-Igsok \r`nor, Vofmek Ok`t`me . Imfg Ygtme4 FYF \ross .
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H`curo ;4 [mp 7< fmuetr`os oxpmrt`e c @F[ sorv`fos gek Vr` Bgej g, 9<78 9<78 (_V$ (_V$ tamus geks) 1<,<<<,<<< 3<,<<<,<<< 8<,<<<,<<< ?<,<<<,<<< ;<,<<<,<<< 6<,<<<,<<< 9<,<<<,<<< 7<,<<<,<<< -
Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn Ourmstgt, tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek hrmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao MOFK.
H`curo ?4 [mp 7< fmuetr`os `npmrt`ec @F[ sorv`fos, 9<78 (_V$ tamusgeks) ;<,<<<,<<< 6?,<<<,<<< 6<,<<<,<<< 9?,<<<,<<< 9<,<<<,<<< 7?,<<<,<<< 7<,<<<,<<< ?,<<<,<<< -
Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn Ourmstgt, tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek hrmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao MOFK.
I\N, ge ohh`f ohh`f `oet wgy mh gkgpt`ec gkgpt`ec t m tao `ehmrngt`m e smf`oty [ao I\N softmr sa mws c rmwt a `e v gr`mus gppb` fgt`me grogs, ospof`gbby ospof`gbby `e tao @[, tobofmn tobofmn gek a ogbtafgro ogbtafgro softmrs. @e 9<78, tao cbmigb I\N ngrjot wgs wmrta _V$8.08 i`bb`me: tao `ekustry `s oxpoftok tm crmw gt ge geeugb
rgto mh 76.?9% kur`ec 9<73 ‖9<97 tm rogfa _V$7;.10 i`bb`me iy 9<97.70 [a`s [ a`s crmwta `s fgusok ng`eby iy tao ioeoh`ts mhhorok iy I\N smbut`mes, `efbuk`ec fmst gek t`no ohh`f`oefy, iottor prmkuft`v`ty, ogso mh uso, hbox`i`b`ty gek tao fgpgf`ty tm nme`tmr `ek`v`kugb prmfossos tarmucamut tao oet`ro b`hofyfbo. Mrcge`zgt`mes bmmj`ec hmr mpt`n`zgt`me mh tao`r ius`eoss prmfossos gro nmst b`joby tm gkmpt I\N smhtwgro. Igej`ec, h`egef`gb sorv`fos gek `esurgefo, tao puib`f softmr, fmesunor prmkufts gek rotg`b ius`eossos uso tao nmst I\N smbut`me s. Kuo tm tao ogrby gkmpt`me mh I\N sorv`fos `e puib`f, igej`ec gek h`egef`gb softmrs,
Emrta Gnor`fge fmnpge`os kmn`egtok tao `ekustry w`ta nmro tage 6<% sagro `e 9<7?. [ao Gs`g ‖\gf`h`f roc`me `s crgkugbby crmw`ec, gek g eunior mh fmuetr`os prmv`ko nmro gek nmro I\N sorv`fos, tagejs tm tao bgrco sfgbo `ekustr`gb`zgt`me gek onorcoefo mh sovorgb stgrt-ups `e @ek`g, Fa`eg gek fmuetr`os `e tao Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmutaogst Gs`ge Egt`mes roc`me. G fm et `e um us by kov obm p` ec sof tm r, @[-I \N p ut s ge `n pm rt get hm fu s me ros ogrf a gek kov obm pn oet (Y&K) (Y& K) `e`t `gt`vos tagt aobp aobp fmnpge`os stgy fmnpot`t`v o. [m k`vors`hy sj`bbs, tm kovobmp eow mhhors tagt prmv`ko k`hhoroet
smbut`mes gek tm joop up tao `efrogs`ec pgfo mh `ekustry kovobmpnoet, norcor gek gfqu`s`t`me iy i`ccor pbgyors `s gbsm get`f`pgtok gs g joy troek.9<
Mvor tao bgst kofgko, tao @[ softmr ags oxpor`oefok s`ce`h`fget crmwta gek rongrjgibo gek fmet`eugbby ovmbv`ec `eemvgt`mes. I\M `s iofmn`ec fmnnmk`t`zok gek fmnpot`t`me `s `efrogs`ec. Kgtg Kgtg pr`vgfy gek kgtg kgtg sofur`ty `s pgrt` fubgrby `np mrtget hm r I\M gek mutsmurf `ec sorv`fos. [ao @[ `ekust ry ovmbvos fmes tgetby gek eow troeks fageco tao cbmigb pgttore. [m hmbbmw cbmigb troeks ` e @[ gek gek tm joop joop up w`ta ` ekustry oxpges`me, `eemvgt`me `eemvgt`me `s `npmrtget, iut `t `s gbsm eofossgry tm hmfus me tao ghhmrkgi`b`ty, rob`gi`b`ty gek qugb`ty mh tao sorv`fos prmv`kok. G fm et `e um us by kov obm p` ec sof tm r, @[-I\N @[-I \N put p ut s ge `n pm rt get hm fu s me Y&K `e `t `gt `v os ta gt aob p fmnpge`os tm stgy fmnpot`t`vo.
70
NgrjotsgekNgrjots (9<78). Ius`eoss \rmfoss Ngegconoet Ngrjot iy Vmbut`me, iy Vorv`fo, iy Kopbmynoet [ypo (Fbmuk, Me-\ron`sos), iy Mrcge`zgt`me V`zo (VNOV, Oetorpr`sos), iy Ius`eoss Hueft`me, iy @ekustry Xort`fgb, iy Yoc`me (EG, Ourmpo, G\GF, NOG, BG) - Cbmigb Hmrofgst tm 9<97 . Agkgpsgr. 9< @i`k.
1
Vr` Bgejg‐s crmwta pgtawgy4 hrmn bmw-oek gek s`npbo tm a`ca-oek gek
fmnpb ox @[-I\ @[-I\N N prmkuf ts [ao Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N `ekustry ags sooe suistget`gb crmwta `e tao pgst kofgko gek ags vory strmec pmtoet`gb tm `efrogso oxpmrt rovoeuo fmnpgrok tm mtaor softmrs. [ao mvorgbb @F[ softmr ags oxpor`oefok
crmwta mvor pgst 7< yogrs, crmw`ec me gvorgco iy 73.67% por yogr (soo h`curo 8). [ao @[ `ekustry‐s sagro mh oxpmrtok Vr` Bgejge sorv`fos `s 79%. Bgrco fmnpge`os fmetr`iuto mvor 1?% gek `t `s meo mh tao bgrcost oxpmrt rovoeuo ogreors, w`ta 0?% vgbuo gkk`t`me. Nmro tage 6<< @[ fmnpge`os mporgto `e Vr` Bgejg gek tao @[-I\N softmr k`roftby onpbmys nmro tage 1<,<<< prmhoss`megbs. @[-I\N gfa`ovok g crmwta mh gbnmst 6<<% mvor tao bgst 7< yogrs gek `e 9<73 rogfaok _V$7.9 i`bb`me `e rovoeuos. VBGVVFMN hmrosoos tao `ekustry gfa`ov`ec _V$? i`bb`me `e oxpmrts iy 9<99.97 H`curo 84 Vr` Bgejg @F[ oxpmr oxpmr t
0<<,<<< 1<<,<<< 3<<,<<< 8<<,<<< ?<<,<<< ;<<,<<< 6<<,<<< 9<<,<<< 7<<,<<< 9< 9<<8 9<<3 9<<1 9<<0 9<7< 9<77 9<79 9<76 9<7; 9<7? 9<78 Fmnp Fm nput utor or sor sorv` v`fo fos s
[obo [o bof fmn mnnu nue` e`fg fgt` t`me mes s sorv sorv`f `fos os
Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn
Ourmstgt, tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek h rmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao MOFK.
[ao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry ags ogreok rofmce`t`me gek ags tao ostgib`saok bgimur pmmb tm nmvo hmrwgrk gek tm ir`ec nmr o gek gek i`cc or fmetrgfts tm Vr` Bgejge @[ prmhoss`m egbs. Vr` Bgejge @[ fmnpge`os agvo agk g
eunior mh fmetrgfts w`ta cbmigb bogkors gek tao fmuetry `s onorc`ec gs ge `etoregt`megb @[ kost`egt`me mh fam`fo hmr sovorgb joy hmfus kmng`e grogs. [ao @[ `ehrgstrufturo mhhors t`or meo sorv`fos w`ta g t`or twm fmst strufturo, hgst gkmpt`vo tofaembmcy gek g trg`egibo gek ge k fmnpotoet wmrj hmrfo, nmst mh wa`fa `s uekor 6< yogrs mh gco. Kosp`to tao robgt`voby rofoet kovobmpnoet mh tao I\N socnoet, ta`s e`fao `e tao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry roprosoets g eunior mh a` ca-oek prmkuft s kovobmpok iy bmfgb VNOs VNOs tagt gro `e kongek `e c bmigb ngrjots.
[ao I\N `ekustry `s onorc`ec gek gbrogky mhhor`ec a`ca-oek prmkuft oec`eoor`ec iu`bt grmuek robovget fmstfmnpot`t`vo gkvgetgcos, a`ca qugb`ty gek ge okufgtok wmrjhmrfo pmmb w`ta kovobmpok sj`bbs. [ao fmuetry ags famsoe tm fmefoetrgto ohhmrts me soboftok grogs sufa gs h`egef`ec gek gffmuet`ec , gnmec mtaors, iofguso mh tao bgrco eunior mh `etoregt`megbby fort`h`ok prmhoss`megbs `e gffmuet`ec. A`caor okufgt`me `e gffmuet`ec gek h`egefo `s mhhorok `e Vr` Bgejge puib`f gek pr`vgto `est`tutos gek iy tao ng`e prmhoss`megb gffmuet`ec imk`os. 99 Vr` Bgejg ags tao bgrcost pmmb mh qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs ambk`ec tao _e`tok J`eckmn-igsok Fagrtorok @est`tuto mh Ngegconoet Gffmuetget‐s Fort`h`fgto `e Ius`eoss Gffmuet`ec muts`ko tao _e`tok J`eckmn .
97 Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78). X`s`me 9<994 Vr` Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr . Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78 attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78.. 99 [ao @est`tuto mh Fagrtorok Gffmuetgets mh Vr` Bgejg: tao Fagrtorok @est`tuto mh Ngegconoet Gffmuetgets, _e`tok J`eckmn: tao @est`tuto mh Fort`h`ok Ngegconoet Gffmuetgets: Gssmf`gt`me mh Fagrtorok Fort`h`ok Gffmuetgets, _e`tok J`eckmn gek [ao Gssmf`gt`me mh Gffmuet`ec [ofae`f`ges mh Vr` Bgejg mhhor prmhoss`megb gffmuet`ec qugb`h`fgt`mes.
0
Vr` Bgejg‐s Bgejg‐s stgrt-up ofmsyston `s oxpgek`ec, agv`ec frogtok gbnmst agbh mh gbb eow fmnpge`os `e tao fmnput or sf`oefo grog. grog. Vr` Bgejg ags g crmw`ec eunior mh stgrt-ups `e tao @[ `ekustry gek vgr`mus prmcrgnnos
sufa gs Xoeturo Oec`eo, tao Vtgrtup Vr` Bgejg Eoxt Coeorgt`me prmcrgnno, VookVtgrs Fmbmnim, VtgrtupQHmuekry gek Dmae Joobbs Q Mpoe @eemvgt`me Fagbboeco suppmrt tao`r kovobmpnoet. [aoso prmcrgnnos gbbmw ymuec oetroproeours gek kovobmpors tm h`ek ghhmrkgibo wmrjspgfos, gffoss `etoregt`megb gek bmfgb `evostnoet gek mvorfmno igrr`ors tm huturo crmwta. Kosp`to tagt, b`n`tok mhh`fo spgfo hgf`b`t`os hmr @[ stgrt-ups rong`es meo mh tao imttboeofjs hmr `ekustry oxpges`me. [ao @[ @[ `ekustr y ags oxpgekok `ts prmk uft igso ioymek smh twgro gek gppb` gppb` fgt`me kovobmpnoet, fgbb foetro gek immj`ec suppmrt gek trgesgft`me trgesgft`me prm foss`ec foetros. foetros. [mkgy tao `ekustry mhhors prmhoss`megb sorv`fos `e
k`hhoroet grogs gek g hubb rgeco mh @[ prmkufts, hrmn @[ kovobmpnoet gek ng`etoegefo tm `eemvgt`vo smbut`mes gek @\ frogt`me. Vr` Bgejge @[ fmnpge`os agvo iooe prmv`k `ec sorv`fos tm cbmigb fb`oets hmr fustmn`zok gek mutsmurfok smhtwgro kovobmpnoet (soo h`curo 3). [ao sorv`fos nmst `e kongek gro hmr prmkuft fgtocmr`os sufa gs smhtwgro hmr trgvob gek tmur`sn, fmnputor crgpa`f kos`ce, nmi`bo gppb`fgt`me, o-fmnnorfo gek fmetoet ngegconoet systons hmr wois`tos. [aoso prmkufts agvo a`ca pmtoet`gb tm io kovobmpok `e tao huturo. H`curo 34 Ox`st`ec Ox`st`ec @[ prmkufts gek hutur o ngrjot mr`oetgt`mes mr`oetgt`mes
Vmurfo4 Gkgptok hrmn Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78) X`s`me 9<994 Vr` gek igsok me stgjoambkor fmesubtgt`mes. Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr gek
\rmhoss`megb sorv`fos hrmn bmw -oek, s`npbo gft`v`t` os tm a`ca-oek, fmnpbox gft`v`t `os `e vgr`mus h`obks gbsm gro prmv`kok gs mhhsamro sorv`fos hmr `etoregt`megb fmnpge`os. H`egef`gb gek gffmuet`ec sorv`fos gro tao
nmst kongekok, iut Vr` Bgejge fmnpge`os gbsm agvo qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs `e jemwbokco prmfoss mutsmurf`ec (J\M) sorv`fos sufa gs oec`eoor`ec, bgw gek grfa`tofturo. Mtaor spof`gb`zok sorv`fos prmv`kok iy fmnpge`os `efbuko aogbtafgro J\M sorv`fos, bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec gek ngfrm gek smf`mofmemn`f rosogrfa. J\M gft`v`t`os sufa gs fgbb foetro gek immj`ec suppmrt gek igs`f gegbyt`fs gro gbsm `e a`ca kongek gek agvo crogt pmtoet`gb. [ao rgeco mh sorv`fos vgry hrmn bmw-oek, s`npbo tgsjs sufa gs immj joop`ec gek pgyrmbb prmfoss`ec tm a`ca-oek, fmnpbox gft`v`t`os, `efbuk`ec `evostnoet gek quget`tgt`vo rosogrfa, h`egef`gb gegbys`s gek mtaors. [ao oxpmrt fb`oets mh Vr` Bgejge @[ fmnpge`os gro emt meby i`c `etoregt`megb fmnpge`os iut gbsm VNOs hrmn girmgk, ngey mh wa`fa woro hmuekok iy noniors mh tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg. G eunior mh bgrco hmro`ce
fmnpge`os gro fb`oets hmr Vr` Bgejge @[, smhtwgro gek I\N sorv`fos, `efbuk`ec tao amb`kgy immj`ec soft`mes mh On`rgtos gek Wgtgr G`rwgys gek `nn`crgt`me oet`t`os `e Ngur`t`us gek H`d`. Vovorgb nubt`egt`megb fmnpge`os agvo sot up mhhsamro ius`eoss suppmrt mporgt`mes `e Vr` Bgejg, `efbuk`ec AVIF, tao Bmekme Vtmfj Oxfageco, \ogrsme, Vysfm, Egvget`s gek mtaors. Gbmec w`ta bgrco Vr` Bgejge fmnpge`os tagt agvo gbrogky cg`eok g roputgt`me `e roc`megb gek `etoregt`megb ngrjots, taoro gro sngbbor fmnpge`os tagt tgrcot ng`eby nok`un-s`zok fmnpge`os girmgk. Ngey mh tao`r fb`oets gro hrmn tao k`gspmrg. Nmst mh taoso prmdofts gro hrmn Gustrgb`g, tao _e`tok J`eckmn, Fgegkg, V`ecgpmro, Dgpge, Emrwgy, Corngey, Iobc`un, Vw`tzorbgek gek Hrgefo.
7<
Vr` Bgejge I\N fmnpge`os prmv`ko prmhoss`megb sorv`fos `e vgr`mus h`obks, iut, w`ta g bgrco pmmb mh `etoregt`megbby fort` h`ok gffmuetgets, h`egefo gek gek gffmuet`ec sorv`f os bogk bogk prmhoss`megb sorv`fos oxpmrt oxpmrt s.
[ao I\N socnoet fmes`sts mh mutsmurfok ius`eoss prmfoss ngegconoet mporgt`mes gek gegbyt`fs mutsmurf`ec mporgt`mes (soo h`curo 1). Mtaor vgbuo gkkok sorv`fos `efbuko sufa sorv`fos gs kgtg gek kmfunoet fmevors`me gek h`egef`gb gek gffmuet`ec vort`fgb sorv`fo mporgt`mes, gs wobb gs sorv`fos `e igej`ec, tgxgt`me, aogbtafgro gek bo`suro. Mtaor vgbuo gkkok sorv`fos `efbuko bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec gek ngrjot `etobb`coefo sorv`fos, `e gkk`t`me tm `evostnoet suppmrt, h`egef`gb gegbys`s gek fmevoygef`ec. Fmnpge`os prmv`k`ec mutsmurfok I\N mporgt`mes sorv`fos tgjo g bgrcor sagro `e oxpmrt vgbuo torns (grmuek 3<%) gek wmrj ng`eby w`ta nubt`egt`megb fmrpmrgt`mes (NEF), wa`bo gegbyt`fs sorv`fos gro ng`eby prmv`kok tm VNOs `e tao N`kkbo Ogst, Ghr`fg gek Gs`g ‖\gf`h`f fmuet`os.96 [ao h`egefo gek gffmuet`ec sorv`fos bogk tao `e kustry, iut tao eunior prmv`k`ec mhhsamro gegbyt`fs sorv`fos, bocgb gek nok`fgb k`gcemst`fs gek grfa`tofturgb sorv`fos gro crmw`ec. H`curo 14 Ox`st`ec Ox`st`ec I\N prmkufts gek hut uro ngrjot mr`oetgt`mes
Vmurfo4 Gkgptok hrmn Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78), X`s`me 9<994 Vr` gek igsok me stgjoambkor fmesubtgt`mes. Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr gek
Vr` Bgejge fmnpge`os agvo g eunior mh gkvgetgcos fmnpgrok tm mtaor @[-I\N @[-I\N kost`egt`mes ` e tao roc`me `e torns mh h`egef`gb gttrgft`voeoss gek `ehmrngt`me sofur`ty. Gvorgco gssmf`gtok fmsts fge io 6<% bmwor
tage mtaor mhhsamro kost`egt`mes gek tao f muetry‐s `evostnoet bgws porn`t tmtgb hmro`ce mweorsa`p, w`ta em rostr`ft`mes me ropgtr`gt`me mh ogre`ecs, hoos, fgp`tgb mr hmrox trgesgft`mes robgt`ec tm furroet gffmuet pgynoets. [ao fmuetry ags tao nmst r`cmrmus @\ prmtoft`me roc`nos `e roc`me gek ge ohh`f`oet @[ `ehrgstrufturo. Irmgkigek, bogsok-b`eo gek sgtobb`to fmeeoft`v`ty `s w`koby gvg`bgibo, gek taoro gro o`cat tobofmn mporgtmrs gek taroo `etoregt`megb suingr`eo fgibos. Ovoe tamuca tao `ekustry ags crogt `npmrtgefo hmr tao fmuetry, `ts sagro `e tao cbmigb ngrjot `s bmw. [ao
Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N softmr `s sngbb `e fmnpgr`sme tm roc`megb poors gek cbmigb bogkors, imta `e vmbuno gek vgbuo (soo h`curo 0). Vr` Bgejg gs ge @[-I\N kost`egt`me `s emt wobb jemwe cbmigbby, kosp`to smno i`c `etoregt`megb fmnpge`os us`ec `ts sorv`fos. [ao sagro hmr @F[ sorv`fos `e Vr` Bgejge oxpmrts `s gbsm nufa bmwor tage hmr @F[ oxpmrts `e eo`caimur`ec fmuetr`os (soo h`curo 7<).
96
Vtgjoambkors fmesubtgt`mes rosubts gek Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78).
attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78.. X`s`me 9<994 Vr` Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr . Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo gt attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78
77
H`curo 04 Yoc`megb fmnpot`tmrs‐ @F[ sorv`fos oxpmrt vgbuo, oxfbuk`ec @ek`g 1<<<<<<
H`curo 7<4 Vagro mh @F[ sorv`fos oxpmrts gs mh tmtgb sorv`fos oxpmrts, 9<7? \a`b`pp`eos
39.90%
8<<<<<<
@ek`g
;<<<<<<
Ngur`t`us
6<.79%
V`ecgpmro
90.63%
9<<<<<<
83.91%
Igecbgkosa
<
91.6%
@ekmeos`g
98.?%
Ngbgys`g
96.36%
[ag`bgek V`ecgpmro
Ngbgys`g
Vr` Bgejg
[ag`bgek
@ekmeos`g
Vmurfo4 Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn Ourmstgt, tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek hrmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh t ao MOFK.
7?.9;%
Vr` Bgejg
76.9;% <
9<
;<
8<
1<
Vmurfo4 Smrbk Igej (9<7?). Vr` Bgejg - @eemvgt`me, @F[ gek Fmnpot`t`voeoss. Krght wmrj`ec pgpor. Sgsa`ectme, K.F.4 Smrbk Igej.
Gb ta mu ca ta o tgb oet pm mb mh @[ pr mh oss `m egb s `e Vr` Bge jg `s b` n` tok , g tof ae `f gbb y qu gb` h` ok wm rj hm rf o tmcotaor w`ta bm w bgimur fmsts c`v os tao fmuetry g strmec gkvgetgco (soo h`curo 77). [ao s`zo s` zo mh tao @[-I\N
`ekustry `s k`roftby b`ejok tm tao eunior mh prmhoss`megbs wmrj`ec `e tao softmr. Ovoe tamuca tao s`zo mh tao wmrjhmrfo `e tao softmr `s b`n`tok, `t fmet`euos tm crmw rgp`kby. Vmno stgto gek pr`vgto okufgt`megb `est`tut`mes mhhor k`pbmngs `e fmnputor sf`oefo gek oec`eoor`ec gek `e @[: nmst ue`vors`ty mhhor kocroos `e gffmuet`ec gek h`egefo, gs wobb gs pmst crgkugtos k`pbmngs gek ngstor prmcrgnnos `e ta`s h`obk. Grmuek ?,<<< stukoets crgkugto geeugbby w`ta @[ k`pbmngs, w`ta nmro crgkugt`ec `e tofae`fgb gek prmhoss`megb k`sf`pb`eos r obgtok tm I\N (oec`eoor`ec, bgw, grfa`tofturo). Gt tao sgno t`no, tao @[-I\N fmnpge`os prmv`ko `etoregb gek oxtoregb trg`e`ec tm tao`r onpbmyoos, gs wobb gs `e`t`gb trg`e`ec mh iotwooe taroo gek sovoe woojs waoe stgrt`ec g dmi. G eunior mh wmrjors agvo nmro tage meo h`egefo mr gffmuet`ec qugb`h`fgt`me gek a gvo `etoregt`megbby rofmce`zok fort`h`fgt`mes, sufa gs tamso hrmn tao @est`tuto mh Fagrtorok Gffmuetgets mh Vr` Bgejg, tao Fagrtorok @est`tuto mh Ngegconoet Gffmuetgets `e tao _e`tok J`eckmn, tao @est`tuto mh Fort`h`ok Ngegconoet Gffmuetgets, gek tao Gssmf`gt`me mh Fagrtorok Fort`h`ok Gffmuetgets `e tao _e`tok _e`tok J`eckmn. Voftmr suppmrt `s prmv`kok ng`eby tarmuca fagniors gek @[ gssmf`gt`mes tagt fmefoetrgto ohhmrts me kovobmp`ec g stgrt-up ofmsyston gek me fgpgf`ty iu`bk`ec, wa`bo tao Cmvorenoet mh Vr` Bgejg `s fmnn`ttok tm `nprmv`ec tao ius`eoss oev`rmenoet. [ao Cmvorenoet rofmce`zos tao `npmrtgefo mh softmr
kovobmpnoet iy ngj`ec ohhmrts tm `efrogso @[ b`torgfy gt tao egt`megb bovob gek iy oefmurgc`ec `evostnoet `e tao softmr tarmuca tao prmv`s`me mh spof`gb tgx ioeoh`ts hmr @[-I\N. [ao Cmvorenoet `s gbsm fmnn`ttok tm `nprmv`ec tao ius`eoss fb`ngto `e tao fmuetry iy k`c`tgb`z`ec tao prmfossos hmr roc`stor`ec onpbmyoos gek pgy`ec tgxos meb`eo. Hmro`ce `evostnoet `e a`caor okufgt`me gbsm ags iooe b`iorgb`zok tm gttrgft pr`vgto ue`vors`t`os tm ostgib`sa irgefaos `e Vr` Bgejg. Amwovor, taoro gro mtaor fagbboecos tagt fmnpge`os hgfo , egnoby w`ta suppby-s`ko fgpgf`ty gek ngrjot oetry.
79
H`curo 774 [aongt`f grogs hmr suffosshub @[-I\N kovobmpnoet
Vmurfo4 Gkgptok hrmn Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78) X`s`me 9<994 Vr` gek igsok me stgjoambkor fmesubtgt`mes . Bgejg @[-I\N Voftmr gek
[ao Vr` Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N `ekus try ags s ooe ooe sui stget`gb crmw ta `e tao pgst kofgko gek gek ags crogt pmtoet`gb tm `efr ogso oxpmrt rovoeuo fmnpgrok w`ta mtaor softmrs. [ao @[ `ekustry ags ogreok rofmce`t`me, tagejs tm fmst-fmnpot`t`vo gkvgetgcos gek g a`caqugb`ty gek okufgtok wmrjhmrfo pmmb w`ta kovobmpok sj`bbs, gek `s rogky tm nmvo hmrwgrk gek ir`ec n mro gek i`ccor fmetr gfts tm Vr` Bgejge @[ fmnpge`os. [ao robgt`voby rofoet kovobmpnoet mh tao I\N softmr, g e`fao @[ `ekustry `e Vr` Bgejg, tmkgy `s roprosoetok iy a`ca-oek prmkufts kovobmpok iy bmfgb VNOs tagt gro `e kongek `e cbmigb ngrjots.
Xgbuo Xg buo fag`e k`gcemst`f s [ao vgbuo fag`e gegbys`s `e h`curo 79 gek `e tgibo 7 c`vos g iottor uekorstgek`ec mh tao kyegn`fs `e gek tao `ssuos ghhoft`ec porhmrngefo mh tao `ekustry.
76
H`curo 794 @[-I\N vgbuo fag`e
@e put s
\ rmkuft kovobmpnoet
Ngrjot o et ry
@[ Vmhtwgro Y&K
Y&K
Oboftr`f`ty, tobofmn, `etoreot
Gppb`fgt`me kovobmpnoet
Fgp`tgb/h`egef`ec
Agrkwgro
Vuppb`ors mh oegib`ec sorv`fos
Vmhtwgro
Gppb`fgt`me ngegcnoet
Ius`eossos
@[ fmesubt`ec
Cmvorenoet
Mhh`fo spgfo
Gegbyt`fs (J\M) Bgimur Bgw
Y&K @etobboftugb prmporty r`cats
@[ `evostnoet gek oxpmrt prmnmt`me
Kgtg gek kmfunoet fmevors`me
@[ rocubgt`mes (o-s`cegturo, fyior sofur`ty)
Bocgb prmfoss mutsmurf`ec (B\M) fmevoygef`ec
_e`tok J`eckmn
Ngrjot `etobb`coefo
_e`tok Vtgtos
`evostnoet suppmrt ngrjot rosogrfa h`egef`gb gegbys`s
H`egef`gb gek gffmuet`ec mporgt`mes (HGM) vort`fgby sorvok
Vmhtwgro kovobmpors Agrkwgro oec`eoors Fmnputor prmcrgnnors prmcrgnnors Gffmuetgets Gffmuetgets Ngrjotors Ngrjotors Aogbta prmhoss`me gbs Bgwyors Grfa`tofts
[ X O[
A`ca okuf gt`me
Cbmigb ue`vors`ty pgrteorsa`p
\a.K
gffmuet`ec tgxgt`me
aogbtafgro igej`ec bo`suro tobofmnnue`fgt`me
I\N
Vmhtwgro prmkufts, gppb`fgt`mes, HGM, B\M, FFM Vmhtwgro prmkufts, gppb`fgt`mes, HGM, B\M, FFM
Fgegkg
Vmhtwgro prmkufts
O_
Vmhtwgro prmkufts
Dgpge
Vmhtwgro prmkufts
Gustrgb`g
HGM FFM
Ghr`fg
Mtaor I\N
N`kkbo Ogst
FFM
Gs`g
HGM FFM
Nok`fgb trgesfr`pt`mes
H`egef`gb trgesfr`pt`mes Fmetgft foetros mporgt`mes (FFM) Mutimuek ngrjot`ec Amsp`tgb` ty sorv`fos
Bocoek
Fustmnor sorv`fos Aogbtafgro sorv`fos
Egt`megb fmnpmeoet @etoregt`megb fmnpmeoet
N`xok fmnpmeoet
7;
[gibo 74 Fmestrg`ets hgfok iy tao @[-I\N `ekustry ` e Vr` Bgejg
@eputs
\rmkuft kovobmpnoet
B`n`tok h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturgb suppmrt tm oefmurgco oetroproeoursa`p gek @[-I\N stgrt-ups4 B`n`tok gvg`bgi`b`ty mh fmnnme sagrok spgfo prmv`kok tm @[ stgrt-ups iy tao Cmvorenoet tm iu`bk ofm-syston. B`n`tok h`egef`gb suppmrt tm rokufo tao mporgt`megb fmsts mh mhh`fo spgfo.
B`n`tok gvg`bgi`b`ty gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget wmrjhmrfo k`n`e`saos wmrjhmrfo k`n`e`saos suppby-s`ko fgpgf`ty4 Smrjhmrfo p`pob`eo `s egrrmw. N`crgt`me mh tgboet.
Mutkgtok bgimur rocubgt`me bogks tm bgimur fagbboecos4 B`n`tok hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes, spof`h`fgbby robgt`ec tm eooks tm4 Yohmrn tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[ ius`eossos (tm gbbmw hbox`i`b`ty `e uekortgj`ec `etoregt`megb prmdofts). \orn`t wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe ghtor 994<<. Fmnpb`fgtok prmfokuro mh cott`ec wmrjors/mffupgt`megb v`sg hmr @[-I\N `ekustry kuo tm `etrmkuft`me mh qumtgs syston.
B`n`tok `ekustry-gfgkon`g `ekustry-gfgkon`g fmbbgimrgt`me4 K`hh`fubt`os `e ir`ec`ec tao ox`st`ec wmrjhmrfo `etm `ekustry (wmrj hmrfo fmevors`me). Bmw gwgroeoss mh `ekustry fgroor prmspofts w`ta`e tao I\N softmr gnmec ymuta, ospof`gbby `e tao roc`mes. B`n`tok fmmrk`egt`me iotwooe pr`vgto softmr gek gfgkon`g me furr`fubun kovobmpnoet gek `efmrpmrgt`me mh @[ gek gppb`ok sj`bbs `etm a`caor okufgt`me `est`tut`mes‐ prmcrgnnos. prmcrgnnos.
@egkoqugto pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj `npokos sustg`egibo crmwta mh @[-I\N `ekustry4 Bmec, fmstby gek iurkoesmno prmfokuro tm stgrt gek tm fbmso g ius`eoss. Yostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos, `efbuk`ec g ngekgtmry kopms`t me g Hmro`ce Oxfageco Ogreors Gffmuet (HOOG) gek tamso robgt`ec tm mvorsogs onpbmyoo sagro mpt`me sfaonos (OVMV). Yostr`ftok gffoss tm `etoregt`megb meb`eo pgynoet systons (sufa gs \gy \gb) kuo tm poek`ec o-pgynoet rocubgt`me. Bgfj mh rocubgt`me tm `npbonoet g bocgb hrgnowmrj hmr gffopt`ec oboftrme`f s`cegturos.
Fmnpb`fgtok @\ roc`strgt`me roc`no.
Ngrjot oetry B`n`tok ngrjot `etobb`coefo gek `etobb`coefo gek em jemwbokco sagr`ec gnmec i`c gek sngbb fmnpge`os gimut ngrjot mppmrtue`t`os rosubts `e `esuhh`f`oet gffoss tm hmro`ce `evostmrs4 B`n`tok `ehmrngt`me gimut cbmigb troeks gek fb `oet kongeks. @esuhh`f`oet jemwbokco mh cbmigb stgekgrks `e fmnput`ec. fmnput`ec. Bmw mvorsogs eotwmrj`ec fgpgf`t`os mh fmnpge`os. @esuhh`f`oet pgrt`f`pgt`me iy VNOs `e kobocgt`mes cm`ec girmgk tm gffoss gek gb`ce tao`r `etorost w`ta `evostmrs.
[gibo 74 Fmestrg`ets hgfok iy tao @[-I\N `ekustry ` e Vr` Bgejg
@eputs
\rmkuft kovobmpnoet
B`n`tok h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturgb suppmrt tm oefmurgco oetroproeoursa`p gek @[-I\N stgrt-ups4 B`n`tok gvg`bgi`b`ty mh fmnnme sagrok spgfo prmv`kok tm @[ stgrt-ups iy tao Cmvorenoet tm iu`bk ofm-syston. B`n`tok h`egef`gb suppmrt tm rokufo tao mporgt`megb fmsts mh mhh`fo spgfo.
B`n`tok gvg`bgi`b`ty gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget wmrjhmrfo k`n`e`saos wmrjhmrfo k`n`e`saos suppby-s`ko fgpgf`ty4 Smrjhmrfo p`pob`eo `s egrrmw. N`crgt`me mh tgboet.
Mutkgtok bgimur rocubgt`me bogks tm bgimur fagbboecos4 B`n`tok hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes, spof`h`fgbby robgt`ec tm eooks tm4 Yohmrn tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[ ius`eossos (tm gbbmw hbox`i`b`ty `e uekortgj`ec `etoregt`megb prmdofts). \orn`t wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe ghtor 994<<. Fmnpb`fgtok prmfokuro mh cott`ec wmrjors/mffupgt`megb v`sg hmr @[-I\N `ekustry kuo tm `etrmkuft`me mh qumtgs syston.
Ngrjot oetry B`n`tok ngrjot `etobb`coefo gek `etobb`coefo gek em jemwbokco sagr`ec gnmec i`c gek sngbb fmnpge`os gimut ngrjot mppmrtue`t`os rosubts `e `esuhh`f`oet gffoss tm hmro`ce `evostmrs4 B`n`tok `ehmrngt`me gimut cbmigb troeks gek fb `oet kongeks. @esuhh`f`oet jemwbokco mh cbmigb stgekgrks `e fmnput`ec. fmnput`ec. Bmw mvorsogs eotwmrj`ec fgpgf`t`os mh fmnpge`os. @esuhh`f`oet pgrt`f`pgt`me iy VNOs `e kobocgt`mes cm`ec girmgk tm gffoss gek gb`ce tao`r `etorost w`ta `evostmrs.
B`n`tok `ekustry-gfgkon`g `ekustry-gfgkon`g fmbbgimrgt`me4 K`hh`fubt`os `e ir`ec`ec tao ox`st`ec wmrjhmrfo `etm `ekustry (wmrj hmrfo fmevors`me). Bmw gwgroeoss mh `ekustry fgroor prmspofts w`ta`e tao I\N softmr gnmec ymuta, ospof`gbby `e tao roc`mes. B`n`tok fmmrk`egt`me iotwooe pr`vgto softmr gek gfgkon`g me furr`fubun kovobmpnoet gek `efmrpmrgt`me mh @[ gek gppb`ok sj`bbs `etm a`caor okufgt`me `est`tut`mes‐ prmcrgnnos. prmcrgnnos.
@egkoqugto pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj `npokos sustg`egibo crmwta mh @[-I\N `ekustry4 Bmec, fmstby gek iurkoesmno prmfokuro tm stgrt gek tm fbmso g ius`eoss. Yostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos, `efbuk`ec g ngekgtmry kopms`t me g Hmro`ce Oxfageco Ogreors Gffmuet (HOOG) gek tamso robgt`ec tm mvorsogs onpbmyoo sagro mpt`me sfaonos (OVMV). Yostr`ftok gffoss tm `etoregt`megb meb`eo pgynoet systons (sufa gs \gy \gb) kuo tm poek`ec o-pgynoet rocubgt`me. Bgfj mh rocubgt`me tm `npbonoet g bocgb hrgnowmrj hmr gffopt`ec oboftrme`f s`cegturos.
Fmnpb`fgtok @\ roc`strgt`me roc`no.
@egkoqugto `ekustry irgek`ec gek em prmgft`vo `evostmrs tgrcot`ec b`n`t ngrjot mutrogfa gek gwgroeoss gimut @[ `ekustry4 Bgfj mh irgek`ec strgtocy tm prmnmto tao `ekustry bmfgbby gek `etoregt`megbby. B`n`tok Cmvorenoet suppmrt hmr samwfgs`ec tao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry gt roc`megb gek `etoregt`megb bovobs. Vuppmrt fagbboecos w`ta hmro`ce n`ss`mes gek fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs hmr trgko prmnmt`me girmgk.
Bgfj mh fmbbgimrg fmbbgimrgt`vo t`vo mvorenoe mvorenoet-tmt-tm- mvorenoet mvorenoet rm rgnnos rgnnos tm rmnmto rmnmto @[ gek mvorsogs mvorsogs grteorsa` grteorsa` s.
B`n`tok cmvorenoet-`ekustry k`gbmcuo cmvorenoet-`ekustry k`gbmcuo a`ekors tao @[-I\N softmr kovobmpnoet4 Em fmmrk`egt`me nofage`sn gbmec tao @[ `ekustry vgbuo fag`e `e tao fmuetry. B`n`tok gwgroeoss iy puib`f gutamr`t`os me amw tm suppmrt `ekustry kovobmpnoet.
Bocoek4 Oetorpr`so porhmrngefo `ssuos Yocubgtmry gek pmb`fy `ssuos @est`tut`megb gek fmmrk`egt`me `ssuos
7?
Hmfus`ec me tao nmst pross`ec `ssuos
Oxtoes`vo stgjoambkor fmesubtgt`mes, h`obk v`s`ts gek b`torgturo rov`ows agvo rovogbok fmestrg`ets `e tao @[-I\N softmr tagt fagbboeco `ts samrt gek nok`un-torn crmwta. [m oesuro tagt tao Vtrgtocy `s ohh`f`oet gek prof`so, meby tao nmst fr`t`fgb imttboeofjs tm io gkkrossok ` e ta`s Vtrgtocy gro kotg`bok iobmw. @eputs gek prmkuft`me `ssuos @egkoqugto @egkoqugto pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry h rgnowmrj `npokos sustg`egibo crmw ta mh @[-I\N `ekus try
Imttboeofjs ox`st `e tao pmb`fy pmb` fy hrgnowmrj tagt fge `npoko suffosshub `ekustry kovobmpnoet. Yocubgtmry fmestrg`ets robgt`ec tm tao mpoe`ec gek fbms`ec mh ius`eossos km emt oegibo fmnpge`os tm stgrt mr tm hg`b faogpby. [aoro `s g fmstby fbms`ec kmwe hoo gek em `efoet`vo tm frogto g ius`eoss. Bgimur rocubgt`me `s emt gkoqugtoby hbox`ibo4 `t `s k`hh`fubt tm irogj g bgimur fmetrgft gek taroo nmetas emt`fok nust io c`voe iy ge onpbmyoo w`sa`ec tm bogvo g fmnpgey. Kosp`to tao a`ca b`torgfy rgto gnmec wmnoe gek w`ta g 8<% hongbo sagro mh oermbnoets `e ue`vors`ty, tao hongbo bgimur hmrfo pgrt`f`pgt`me rgto `s grmuek 6?%, wa`bo tao ngbo pgrt`f`pgt`me rgto `s gt 3?%. [ao @[-I\N softmr trgk`t`megbby `s porfo`vok gs g ngbo kmn`egtok softmr gek furroet rocubgt`me `npokos wmnoe ‐s `etocrgt`me `etm tao `ekustry, pgrtby iofguso mh tao pmb`fy me bgto wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe. Gemtaor pmb`fy b`n`tgt`me `s tao rostrg`et me stukoets agv`ec hubb-t`no mffupgt`mes wa`bo io`ec g hub b-t`no stukoet, wa`fa stmps stukoets hrmn cott`ec fmnpboto prgft`fgb oxpor`oefo. @e gkk`t`me, mitg`e`ec g wmrjor/mffupgt`megb v`sg tm ir`ec hmro`ce prmhoss`megbs gek oxports `etm tao fmuetry hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry roqu`ros cm`ec tarmuca fmnpbox prmfokuros.
Hmfus`ec me tao nmst pross`ec `ssuos
Oxtoes`vo stgjoambkor fmesubtgt`mes, h`obk v`s`ts gek b`torgturo rov`ows agvo rovogbok fmestrg`ets `e tao @[-I\N softmr tagt fagbboeco `ts samrt gek nok`un-torn crmwta. [m oesuro tagt tao Vtrgtocy `s ohh`f`oet gek prof`so, meby tao nmst fr`t`fgb imttboeofjs tm io gkkrossok ` e ta`s Vtrgtocy gro kotg`bok iobmw. @eputs gek prmkuft`me `ssuos @egkoqugto @egkoqugto pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry h rgnowmrj `npokos sustg`egibo crmw ta mh @[-I\N `ekus try
Imttboeofjs ox`st `e tao pmb`fy pmb` fy hrgnowmrj tagt fge `npoko suffosshub `ekustry kovobmpnoet. Yocubgtmry fmestrg`ets robgt`ec tm tao mpoe`ec gek fbms`ec mh ius`eossos km emt oegibo fmnpge`os tm stgrt mr tm hg`b faogpby. [aoro `s g fmstby fbms`ec kmwe hoo gek em `efoet`vo tm frogto g ius`eoss. Bgimur rocubgt`me `s emt gkoqugtoby hbox`ibo4 `t `s k`hh`fubt tm irogj g bgimur fmetrgft gek taroo nmetas emt`fok nust io c`voe iy ge onpbmyoo w`sa`ec tm bogvo g fmnpgey. Kosp`to tao a`ca b`torgfy rgto gnmec wmnoe gek w`ta g 8<% hongbo sagro mh oermbnoets `e ue`vors`ty, tao hongbo bgimur hmrfo pgrt`f`pgt`me rgto `s grmuek 6?%, wa`bo tao ngbo pgrt`f`pgt`me rgto `s gt 3?%. [ao @[-I\N softmr trgk`t`megbby `s porfo`vok gs g ngbo kmn`egtok softmr gek furroet rocubgt`me `npokos wmnoe ‐s `etocrgt`me `etm tao `ekustry, pgrtby iofguso mh tao pmb`fy me bgto wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe. Gemtaor pmb`fy b`n`tgt`me `s tao rostrg`et me stukoets agv`ec hubb-t`no mffupgt`mes wa`bo io`ec g hub b-t`no stukoet, wa`fa stmps stukoets hrmn cott`ec fmnpboto prgft`fgb oxpor`oefo. @e gkk`t`me, mitg`e`ec g wmrjor/mffupgt`megb v`sg tm ir`ec hmro`ce prmhoss`megbs gek oxports `etm tao fmuetry hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry roqu`ros cm`ec tarmuca fmnpbox prmfokuros. [ao @[-I\N softmr `s igsok me mutsmurfok gft`v`t`os. Em cu`kob`eos ox`st tm `npbonoet tao Oboftrme`f [rgesgft`me Gft, Em. 70 mh 9<<8 (O[G 9<<8) gt tao `est`tut`megb bovob tm `est`tuto oboftrme`f s mbut`mes, `efbuk`ec o-pgynoet, os`cegturo, o-kmfunoets gek trgfj`ec, gek rostr`ftok gffoss tm `etoregt`megb meb`eo pgynoet syston sufa gs \gy \gb a`ekor ius`eossos‐ gi`b`t`os tm crmw cbmigbby. Nmst Vr` Bgejge ius`eossos, amwovor, agvo gffoss tm sngbbor `etoregt`megb cgtowgys sufa gs 9Faofjmut gek Vjr`bb (hmrnorby fgbbok Nmeoyimmjors). Ox`st`ec rostr`ft`vo rubos gro gbsm gppb`ok tm hmro`ce oxfageco, `efbuk`ec tamso robgt`ec tm OVMV. @t `s ngekgtmry tm uso ge HOOG tm rofo`vo mr ngjo g pgynoet `e g hmro`ce furroefy. [wm mtaor fmestrg`ets gro tao fmnpb`fgtok @\ roc`strgt`me roc`no gek tao bgfj mh gwgroeoss gimut amw tm sofuro @\. Xory how `eemvgt`mes gek Y&K `evoet`mes gro oxpmrtok, gek mhtoe tao mweorsa`p iobmecs tm g hmro`ce f mnpgey. @t samubk io emtok tagt tao Vr` Bgejge @\ prmtoft`me roc`no `s meo mh tao nmst r`cmrmus `e tao roc`me gek fmnpge`os fmn pge`os km emt hgfo gey pgrt`fubgr fmefores hmr ius`eoss-tm-ius`eoss (I9I) prmkufts.9; [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 7.9.6, 7.6.7, 7.6.9, 7.6.6, 7.6.;, 7.6.?, 7.6.8, 7.;.7, 7.;.9.
B`n`tok gvg`bgi`b`ty mh ge `ekustry-robovget wmrjhmrfo k`n`e`saos suppby-s`ko fgpgf`ty
Kosp`to sovorgb stgto gek pr`vgto ue`vors`t`os prmv`k`ec a`ca-qugb`ty okufgt`me `e tao @[-I\N softmr, tao eunior mh crgkugtos `s `esuhh`f`oet tm sgt`shy tao crmw`ec `ekustry kongek. [ao `ekustry `e fmn`ec yogrs w`bb roqu`ro gt bogst tw`fo tao furroet wmrjhmrfo me tao suppby s`ko. Kur`ec softmr fmesubtgt`mes, `ekustry pbgyors emtok tagt gs ngey gs 71,<<< eow @[ crgkugtos wmubk io eookok e ookok geeugbby. [aoro `s gbsm ge `ssuo `e rotg`e`ec tao ox`st`ec bgimur hmrfo gek agb t`ec tao irg`e krg`e. Hrosa crgkugtos agvo a`ca sgbgry oxpoftgt`mes. [ao gvorgco wgco hmr ge @[ prmcrgnnor `e Vr` Bgejg `s me pgr w`ta Igecbgkosa gek \gj`stge gek bmwor tage `e @ek`g, X`ot Egn, tao \a`b`pp`eos, Ngbgys`g gek Ngur`t`us.9? [ao gvorgco wgco hmr g I\M gegbyst `s `e tao sgno rgeco gs hmr meo wmrj`ec `e X`ot Egn gek nufa bmwor tage `e Ngur`t`us, @ek`g gek \gj`stge. 98 Crgkugtos bmmj hmr onpbmynoet girmgk `e sogrfa mh iottor pgy mr iofguso taoy agvo b`n`tok gwgroeoss g wgroeoss mh fgroor mppmrtue`t`os `e tao Vr` Bgejge I\N `ekustry. @[ fmnpge`os `e Fmbmnim gttrgft nmro crgkugtos (`efbuk`ec tamso hrmn ue`vors`t`os grmuek tao fmuetry) gs taoy mhtoe prmv`ko cmmk `etoresa`p mppmrtue`t`os, a`caor sgbgr`os gek gkk`t`megb ioeoh`ts. [a`s, `e ture, ghhofts tao gvg`bgi`b`ty mh tgboet hmr @[ ius`eossos `e roc`mes muts`ko Fmbmnim. 9;
G.[. Jogreoy (9<79). Fmnpot`t`vo Ioefangrj`ec4 Vr` Bgejg Jemwbokco Vorv`fos. Sgsa`ectme, K.F. Gvg`bgibo attps4//www.gtjogreoy.fmn/kmfunoets/7<709/;6<791/Fmuetry]Fmnpot`t`voeoss]Vtuky-Vr`]Bgejg.pkh/3k6<66g;-?06?-;7k1-ih00attps4//www.gtjogreoy.fmn/kmfunoets/7<709/;6<791/Fmuetry]Fmnpot`t`voeoss]Vtuky-Vr`]Bgejg .pkh/3k6<66g;-?06?-;7k1-ih00g7;89ih3k??6.. g7;89ih3k??6
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@i`k. @i`k.
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Nmromvor, taoro gro b`n`tok @[ fgroor cu`kgefo/gwgroeoss fgnpg`ces tgrcot`ec ymuta, pgroets gek togfaors tarmuca tao nok`g. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 9.6.7, 6.7.7, 6.7.9, 6.9.7, 6.9.9, 6.9.6, 6.9.;, 6.9.?, 6.9.8, 6.9.3, 6.6.7, 6.6.9.
\rmkuft kovobmpnoet `ssuos B`n`tok `ekustry-gfgkon`g `ekustry-gfgkon`g fmbbgimrgt`me fmbbgimrgt`me ngjos `t k`hh` fubt tm ir`ec ox`st`ec w mrjhmrfo tm `ekustr y
[aoro `s g sj`bbs cgp kuo tm b`n`tok k`gbmcuo iotwooe tao pr`vgto softmr gek ue`vors`t`os. Crgkugtos agvo cmmk tofae`fgb sj`bbs, iut mhtoe gro n`ss`ec smht sj`bbs gek prgft`fgb oxpor`oefo. Vmno `etoresa`p mppmrtue`t`os gro prmv`kok tm stukoets, iut stgto ue`vors`t`os hgvmur hubb-t`no, bofturo-nmko okufgt`me gek km emt prmnmto wmrj`ec oxpor`oefo kur`ec ue`vors`ty yogrs. [a`s frogtos g prmibon w`ta wmrjhmrfo fmevors`me gek ir`ec`ec crgkugtos `etm tao `ekustry. [aoro `s b`n`tok `ekustry-okufgt`me softmr fmbbgimrgt`me hmr furr`fubun kovobmpnoet gek `efmrpmrgt`me mh @[ gek gppb`ok sj`bbs `etm tao prmcrgnnos mh sfammbs gek a`caor okufgt`me `est`tut`mes tm sgt`shy `ekustry eooks. [aoro `s gbsm smnot`nos ge mvorbgpp`ec sybbgius iotwooe k`hhoroet kocroos gt ue` vors`t`os. Yofoetby, tao @[ Vj`bbs Fmuef`b, uekor tao N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb [ rg`e`ec (NmVKX[), rov`sok tao furr`fubun w`ta `ekustry, gek smno onorc`ec tofae`fgb gek vmfgt`megb okufgt`me gek trg`e`ec ([XO[) `est`tutos gro mhhor`ec fort`h`fgt`me tm @[ tofae`f`ges, fmnputor crgpa`f kos`ceors, fmnputor agrkwgro tofae`f`ges, F`sfm tofae`f`ges gek fmnputor eotwmrj tofae`f`ges, iut taoro gro em pbgfonoet mppmrtue`t`os hmr stukoets fmn`ec mut mh vmfgt`megb trg`e`ec `est`tutos. @e gkk`t`me, taoro `s b`n`tok sagr`ec mh prgft`fgb jemwbokco gek oxpor`oefo w`ta stukoets tm oefmurgco tao fubt`vgt`me gek kovobmpnoet mh ge oetroproeour`gb n`eksot gt ge ogrby gco. [ao b`n`tok ostgib`saok robgt`mesa`p iotwooe `ekustry gek gfgkon`g ags noget tagt taoro `s em rosogrfa foetro tm hmfus me @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet gek tm iu`bk b`ejs b` ejs tm mtaor softmrs. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 9.9.7, 6.9.;, 6.9.?, 6.9.8, 6.9.3.
B`n`tok h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm oefmurgco oetroproeoursa`p gek @[-I\N stgrt-ups `e Fmbmnim gek `e tao roc`mes
[ao eunior mh stgrt-ups `e tao @[ `ekustry `s crmw`ec, tagejs ossoet`gbby tm pr`vgto softmr `e`t`gt`vos. Vovorgb stgrtup eotwmrjs agvo iooe frogtok gek suppmrt `s prmv`kok tarmuca pr`vgto softmr gssmf`gt`mes. Amwovor, taoro `s b`n`tok stgrt-up huek`ec gek noetmr`ec suppmrt muts`ko mh Fmbmnim. [rg`e`ec gek cu`kgefo hmr @[ stgrt-ups me amw tm sot up g ius`eoss mr hmbbmw-up me pgynoets gek me eocmt`gt`me sj`bbs gro bgfj`ec. B`n`tok stgrt-up hr`oekby frok`t hgf`b`t`os tarmuca g kok`fgtok nmkob hmr `ehget fmnpge`os gek tao how mhh`fo gek `efuigtmr spgfos `e Fmbmnim gek Dghheg gro tao ng`e fmestrg`ets tm frogt`ec g suppmrt`vo stgrt-up oev`rmenoet. @e nmst fgsos, fmnpge`os gro stgrtok us`ec tao hmuekors‐ porsmegb sgv`ecs mr huek`ec hrmn hgn`by gek hr`oeks. Kur`ec tao `e`t`gb stgcos mh g stgrt-up, taoro `s em suppmrt tm rokufo mporgt`megb fmsts iy prmv`k`ec fm-wmrj`ec spgfos gek bmwor fmst mhh`fo spgfo mr iy suis`k`z`ec oboftr`f`ty mr `etoreot fagrcos. [aoro gro how gffoborgtmr prmcrgnnos hmr stgrt-ups tm gttrgft `evostmrs gek hmro`ce fb`oets. Mitg`e`ec h`egefo hmr VNOs hrmn igejs `s vory k`hh`fubt, gs igejs km emt uekorstgek tao vgbugt`me nmkobs hmr @[ fmnpge`os gek taorohmro fgeemt vgbuo prmdofts gek uekorstgek ius`eoss nmkobs. Yofoetby, H@[@V gek Agttme Egt`megb Igej bguefaok spof`gb`zok bm ge sfaonos hmr tao @[ softmr. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 9.9.9, 9.9.6, 9.9.;, ;.9.7, ;.9.9, ;.9.6.
Ngrjott oetry `s suos Ngrjo @egkoqugto `ekustry irgek`ec gek em prmgft`vo `evostmr tgrcot`ec b`n`ts ngrjot mutrogfa gek gwgroeoss `e tao wmrbk gimut Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekust ry
[ao bgfj mh g egt`megb bovob irgek hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry a`ekors tao kovobmpnoet gek prmnmt`me mh Vr` Bgejge prmkufts `e tao cbmigb ngrjots. @nprmvok ngrjot`ec gek kotorn`eok prmnmt`me fgnpg`ces tagt fge `efrogso v`s`i`b`ty mh tao softmr gek gkk tm cbmigb rofmce`t`me mh Vr` Bgejg‐s fgpgi`b`t`os `e jemwbokco sorv`fos gro bgfj`ec. Gt tao sgno t`no, gt tao egt`megb bovob taoro taoro `s g b`n`tok rofmce`t`me mh ox`st`ec suffosshub @[ stgrt-ups fgso stuk`os `e tao nok`g. [a`s rosubts `e fmnpge`os eook`ec tm ngjo crogtor ohhmrts tm fmev`efo fustmnors mh tao`r fgpgi`b`ty gek qugb`ty gek onpags`zos tao eook tm rg`so tao `npmrtgefo mh tao softmr gnmec pmb`fy ngjors. Vuppmrt hrmn Vr` 73
Bgejge onigss`os girmgk `s gbsm b`n`tok, b `n`tok, gs trgko n`ss`mes gro uekorstghhok gek fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs fmefoetrgto tao`r ohhmrts ng`eby me gkkross`ec i`bgtorgb trgko-robgtok `ssuos mr me egrrmwby hmfusok trgko prmnmt`me gft`v`t`os. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 7.9.7, 7.9.6, 9.7.7, 9.7.9, 9.7.6, 9.7.;, ;.7.7, ;.7.9, ;.9.7, ;.9.9, ;.9.6.
B`n`tok ngrjot `etobb`coefo gek em jemwbokco sagr`ec gnmec bgrco gek sngbb fmnpge`os gimut ngrjot mppmrtue`t`os rosubts `e `esuhh`f`oet gffoss tm hmro`ce `evostmrs gek g jemwbokco n`sngtfa iotwooe prmkuf t mhhor`ec s gek fustmnor kongek `e tao @[-I\ @[-I\N N softmr softmr
[aoro gro stuky gek survoy rosubts gvg`bgibo me tao @[-I\N softmr `e Vr` Bgejg: amwovor, taoro `s b`n`tok `ehmrngt`me gimut cbmigb troeks gek fb`oets‐ kongeks tagt fge io prmv`kok tm bmfgb fmnpge`os. [ao bmw eotwmrj`ec fgpgf`t`os mh fmnpge`os gek `esuhh`f`oet pgrt`f`pgt`me `e mutimuek kobocgt`mes tm ovoets tm gffoss hmro`ce `evostmrs, suppb`ors gek pgrteors b`n`ts mppmrtue`t`os hmr k`sfuss`mes iotwooe oetroproeours gek `evostmrs tm gb`ce tao`r `etorosts. [a`s rosubts `e g jemwbokco n`sngtfa iotwooe wagt `evostmrs soo gs pmtoet`gbby a`ca crmwta softmrs gek tao softmrs tm wa`fa oetroproeours gro fgtor`ec. @e gkk`t`me, taoro gro b`n`tok ostgib`saok nofage`sns hmr noetmrsa`p tarmuca wa`fa bgrco @[ fmnpge`os fge sagro tao`r oxpor`oefos w`ta sngbbor fmnpge`os. Vuffosshub fmnpge`os w`ta oxpor`oefo `e tao cbmigb ngrjot fge suppmrt @[ VNOs `e gffoss`ec eow ngrjots gek fge hgf`b`tgto ius`eoss n gtfa`ec w`ta tao`r pgrteors. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 9.9.9.
@ssuos ghhoft`ec tao oet`ro vgbuo fag`e B`n`t ok Cmvorenoet-`eku Cmvorenoet-`eku stry k` gbmcuo a`ekors tao @[-I\N @[-I\N softmr kovobmpnoet
Kosp`to Cmvorenoet rofmce`t`me mh tao `npmrtgefo mh @[ -I\N softmr crmwta, taoro `s wogj fmmrk`egt`me iotwooe puib`f gek pr`vgto softmr stgjoambkors gek b`n`tok gwgroeoss iy puib`f gutamr`t`os mh amw tm suppmrt `ekustry kovobmpnoet. [a`s fge io oxpbg`eok iy tao hgft tagt taoro `s em fmmrk`egt`me fm mrk`egt`me nofage`sn hmr tao @[ `ekustry vgbuo fag`e `e tao fmuetry. Voftmr gssmf`gt`mes gss`st fmnpge`os, iut Cmvorenoet gss`stgefo `s fruf`gb. \uib`f gutamr`t`os km emt gbwgys uekorstgek wagt eooks tm io `nprmvok tm frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet `e wa`fa @[ fmnpge`os fge crmw. [aoso fmestrg`ets gro gkkrossok `e \mG4 7.7.7. Nmst mh tao `ssuos `koet`h`ok `e tao @[-I\N `ekustry gro robgtok tm `est`tut`megb gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrjs. [ao `ekustry ags iooe kovobmp`ec, st`nubgtok iy `etoregt`megb kongek, iut w`ta b`n`tok suppmrt hrmn t ao puib`f softmr. Gt ta `s st gco, `t `s fr uf `gb hm r ta o Cmv ore noe t tm fr ogto ge oegi b` ec oev `r me noe t wa `b o gb sm pr mv `k `e c tgrcotok ius`eoss kovobmpnoet suppmr t tm h`r ns, oeagef`ec `eemvgt`m e, rg`s`ec gwgroeoss gwgroeoss gimut fgroor mppmrtue`t`os, ir`ec`ec nmro stukoets tm tao `ekustry kur`ec tao`r stuk`os, `e`t`gt`ec prmgft`vo `evostnoet `evostnoet t grcot`ec grcot`ec hm r bgrco fmnpge`os fmnpge`os gek `npr mv`ec ngrjot`ec gek v`s`i`b`ty hmr Vr` Bgejg tagt tagt w `bb ng`etg`e ng`etg`e furroet `ekustry crmw ta.
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[ao wgy hmrwgrk @ekustry stgjoambkors kovobmpok tao hmbbmw`ec `ekustry v`s`me tm ir`ec tao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry tm tao eoxt bovob mh @[-I\N `ekustry porhmrngefo gek smpa`st`fgt`me4 ‑Vr` Bgejg4 G cbmigb @[ -I\N - I\N fo foetro etro mh oxfobboefo mh a` ca-oek prmkuf t oec`eoor`ec, @\ frogt`me frogt`me gek jemwbokco prmfoss p rmfoss mutsmurf`ec‐
[ao huturo mh tao `ekus try _ebmfj`ec tao pmtoet`gb mh Vr` Bgejg‐s @[-I\N `ekustry w`bb roqu`ro trgeshmrngt`mes tarmucamut tao vgbuo fag`e. [ao tgrcotok ohhmrts kotg`bok `e tao Vtrgtocy ‐s \mG w`bb gkkross tao fmestrg`ets `koet`h`ok ogrb`or. [ao `ekustry‐s huturo vgbuo fag`e (soo h`curo 76) w`bb io fagrgftor`zok iy `nprmvok `eput prmkuft`me, `nprmvok mvorgbb fmmrk`egt`me gek cmvoregefo, oeagefok hmrwgrk pbgee`ec gek `efrogsok prmkuft gek ngrjot kovobmpnoet (tgibo 9).
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 74 Vuppmr Vuppmr t `evostnoet gek oxpmrts ` e tao @[I\N softmr tar muca g ius`eossoegib`ec oeg ib`ec , prok`ftgibo gek trgespgroet pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj.
• Frog Frogto to ge oegi oegib`b`ec ec ius` ius`eo eoss ss oev` oev`rm rmen enoe oet, t, kovo kovobm bmp p g hmr hmrngb ngb hrgnow nowmrj gek `np `nprmvo softmr `est`tut`megb egb fmmrk`egt egt`me tm k`r k`roft tao `ekustry `e tao `e`t`gb stops tmwgrk tmwgrk huturo huturo crmwt crmwta. a.
Vtrgtoc`f m idoft`vo 94 Kr`vo oxpmrt Vtrgtoc`f crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p.
• \rmv rmv`ko `ko ius` ius`eo eoss ss kovo kovobm bmpn pnoe oett sup suppmr pmrt tm h`r h`rns gek gek oeagefo `eemvgt`me tm `efr efrogso tao fgpgf pgf`t`os gek mutrogfa mh @[-I [-I\N stgrt-ups gek VNOs `e egt`me `megb gek `etore `etoregt` gt`meg megbb ngrjot ngrjots. s.
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 64 @nprmvo suppby mh sj`bbok, a`caby qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs tm sgt`shy tao crmw` ec @[-I\N ngrjot.
g`so gwgr gwgroe oeos oss s gim gimut fgr fgroor oor mppm mppmrt rtu ue`t` e`t`o os, ir`e ir`ec c • Yg`so nmro nmro stuk stukoe oets ts tm tao tao `eku `ekust stry ry kur` kur`ec ec tao` tao`rr stuk stuk`o `os s gek gek gttr gttrgf gftt `eto `etore regt gt`m `meg egbb oxpo oxport rts s tm sagr sagro o tao` tao`rr jemw jemwbo bokc kco o w`ta w`ta ymuta muta tm aobp aobp sust sustg` g`e e @[-I @[-I\N \N `eku `ekust stry ry crmw crmwta ta..
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo ;4 Crmw fagnp`me h`rns ('tao _V$ _V$9 9 i`bb`me pbge').
• @e`t`gto prmgft`vo `evostnoet tgrcot`ec hmr i`c fmnpg fmnpge` e`os os gek gek `nprm `nprmvo vo ngrjo ngrjot` t`ec ec gek v`s` v`s`i` i`b`b`ty ty mh Vr` Vr` Bgejg tm oeagefo tao fmuetry's `ngco gs g kost`e kost`egt` gt`me me hmr jemwbok jemwbokco co sorv`f sorv`fos os gek `eemvg `eemvgt`m t`me. e.
70
H`curo 764 @[-I\N huturo vgbuo fag`e
@eputs
\rmkuft kovobmpnoet kovobmpnoet
@efrogso sagrok mhh`fo spgfo hgf`b`t`os
Ngrjot oetry
Vuppmrt w`ta `ekustry irgek`ec gek mutrogfa
Ostgib`sa kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa foetros gt ue`vors`t`os \buc gek pbgy gffoborgtmr smbut`mes hmr stgrt-ups
Kmnost`f ngrjot
@[
Ius`eossos
Vmhtwgro Y&K
Cmvorenoet
Gppb`fgt`me kovobmpnoet
Fmeeoft`v`ty [obofmnnue`fgt`mes gek `etoreot igekw`kta
@eemvgt`me
Agrkwgro
Fgp`tgb/h`egef`ec
Vmhtwgro
Vuppb`ors mh oegib`ec sorv`fos
Gppb`fgt`me ngegcnoet
Fagnp`me iu`bkor prmcrgn
@[ fmesubt`ec
Fmbbgimrgto w`ta k`gspmrg gek onigss`os
Eow prmkufts4 n`xok rogb`ty, gucnoetok rogb`ty, @m[ smbut`mes (smhtwgro gek agrkwgro fmno tmcotaor)
Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors `e tgrcotok ngrjots
Gegbyt`fs (J\M) @etoregt`megb ngrjots poeotrgt`me*
Kgtg gek kmfunoet fmevors`me
_e`tok J`eckmn
Yocubgtmry `eputs Bgimur Bgw Y&K @etobboftugb prmporty r`cats
@[ prmkufts gek smbut`mes
B\M
@[ prmkufts gek smbut`mes
@[ `evostnoet gek oxpmrt prmnmt`me suppmrt
Ngrjot `etobb`coefo
@[ rocubgt`mes (o-s`cegturo, fyior sofur`ty)
`evostnoet suppmrt ngrjot rosogrfa h`egef`gb gegbys`s
Vmhtwgro kovobmpors kovobmpors Agrkwgro oec`eoors oec`eoors Fmnpu tor \rmcrgnnors Gffmuetgets Ngrjotors
Cbmigb ue`vors`ty pgrteorsa`p
I\ N
I\N
@[ prmkufts gek smbut`mes
aogbtafgro igej`ec bo`suro tobofmnnue`fgt`me
Dgpge
Grfa`tofts
Eow Togbgek J\ M
I\N
\a.K
I\ N
Gustrgb`g
Nok`fgb trgesfr`pt`mes
A`ca ok ufgt`m e
J\M
@[ prmkufts gek smbut`mes
Vj`bbok bgimur
[XO[
J\ M
O_ gffmuet`ec tgxgt`me
Bgwyors
I\ N
Fgegkg J\M
HGM vort`fgby sorvok
Aogbta prmhoss`megbs prmhoss`megbs
J\ M
_e`tok Vtgtos
fmevoygef`ec
@[ pr mk uft s ge gek sm smbut`mes
J\ M
Vfgek`egv`ge fmuetr`os
H`egef`gb trgesfr`pt`mes
@[ prmkufts gek smbut`mes
J\M
Gs`g \gf`h`f fmuetr`os J\ M
I\ N
N`kkbo Ogst fmuetr`os
@ekustry fmmrk`egt`me gek rofmce`t`me
J\M
Ghr`fge fmuetr`os J\ M
Bocoek Egt`megb fmnpmeoet
@evostnoet
Eow ngrjots/prmkufts
Oeagefok fmnpmeoet
Ngrjot poeotrgt`me
I\ N
* \rmkufts rgeco w`bb kopoek me o gfa fmnpgey s pr`mr`ty tgrcot
@etoregt`megb fmnpmeoet N`xok fmnpmeoet
9<
[gibo 94 Ng`e grogs grogs mh `nprmvonoets ` e @[-I\N softmr
@efrogso gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo iy4 Gttrgft a`caby rgtok rgtok a`caor okufgt`me `est`tut`mes tm sot sot up irgefaos `e Vr` Bgejg. @efrogso @[ gwgroeoss hmr ymuta i y `npbonoet`ec g egt`megb @[ fgroors gwgroeoss fgnpg`ce. @e`t`gto g prmcrgnno tm `efrogso tao eunior mh @[ gek @[ robgtok crgkugtos.
@npbonoet g fmuetry i rgek`ec fgnpg`ce4 fgnpg`ce4 \ms`t`me Vr` Bgejg `e gegbyst puib`fgt`mes sufa gs Cgrteor gek G[ Jogreoy. @nprmvo @[ fmnpge`os‐ ngrjot`ec,
Vamwfgso tao Vr` Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry gek prmnmt o `t gt egt`megb gek `etoregt`megb bovobs4 Fmbbgimrgto fbmsoby w`ta onigss`os gek tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg `e tgrcotok fmuetr`os. Vtroectaoe mvorsogs prmnmt`me gek prmgft`vo `evostmrs tgrcot`ec w`ta fmuetry irgek`ec gek prmh`b`ec tm gttrgft eow fmetrgfts gek `evostnoet. Mrcge`zo nmro I9I gek tgrcotok ngtfangj`ec noot`ecs `e ogfa `ekustry socnoet. Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors (`ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets mr h`rns) `e tgrcotok ngrjots. @evmbvo fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs gek trgko prmnmt`me mhh`f`gbs `e joy tgrcot ngrjots tm fmbboft, gegbyso gek k`sson`egto trgko `eh mrngt`me
Oegibo gek suppmrt tao kovobmpnoet mh strmec gek kurgibo Cmvorenoet ‖ k`gbmcuo iy frogt`ec ge ‑@[ spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐. ‖`ekustry k`gbmcuo iy Ostgib`sa @[ Yosogrfa Foetros gt ue`vors`t`os tm suppmrt @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e tao emrtaore, foetrgb gek wostore prmv`efos, gek frogto b`ejs w`ta mtaor `ekustr`os. @nprmvo tao rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj4 hrgnowmrj 4 @npbonoet joy rocubgtmry fagecos tm gkkross rostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos gek oesuro tao @[ `ekustry fge crmw `e vgbugt`me. Gkmpt g rocubgt`me tm tm `npbonoet tao bocgb bocgb hrgnowmrj hmr gffopt`ec gffopt`ec oboftrme`f s`cegturos. Gbbmw nmro hbox`i`b`ty hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes rocubgt`mes robgtok tm rohmrn`ec tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[.
Bguefa g 'Fagnp`me Iu`bkor' prmcrgnno4 Frogto g prmcrgnno ngegconoet mhh`fo gek sot up nme`tmr`ec n mkgb`t`os gnmec `npbonoetgt`me pgrteors. Ostgib`sa ob`c`i`b`ty fr`tor`g hmr soboft`me mh tao fmnpge`os. Bguefa g survoy tm `koet`hy tao tgrcot guk`oefo. Gssoss tao rosubts rosubts gek `koet`hy tao pmmb mh fmnpge`os.
Frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet hmr hmstor`ec @\ frogt`me gek rohmfus`ec mutsmurfok oec`eoor`ec
[gibo 94 Ng`e grogs grogs mh `nprmvonoets ` e @[-I\N softmr
@efrogso gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo iy4 Gttrgft a`caby rgtok rgtok a`caor okufgt`me `est`tut`mes tm sot sot up irgefaos `e Vr` Bgejg. @efrogso @[ gwgroeoss hmr ymuta i y `npbonoet`ec g egt`megb @[ fgroors gwgroeoss fgnpg`ce. @e`t`gto g prmcrgnno tm `efrogso tao eunior mh @[ gek @[ robgtok crgkugtos.
@npbonoet g fmuetry i rgek`ec fgnpg`ce4 fgnpg`ce4 \ms`t`me Vr` Bgejg `e gegbyst puib`fgt`mes sufa gs Cgrteor gek G[ Jogreoy. @nprmvo @[ fmnpge`os‐ ngrjot`ec,
Vamwfgso tao Vr` Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry gek prmnmt o `t gt egt`megb gek `etoregt`megb bovobs4 Fmbbgimrgto fbmsoby w`ta onigss`os gek tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg `e tgrcotok fmuetr`os. Vtroectaoe mvorsogs prmnmt`me gek prmgft`vo `evostmrs tgrcot`ec w`ta fmuetry irgek`ec gek prmh`b`ec tm gttrgft eow fmetrgfts gek `evostnoet. Mrcge`zo nmro I9I gek tgrcotok ngtfangj`ec noot`ecs `e ogfa `ekustry socnoet. Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors (`ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets mr h`rns) `e tgrcotok ngrjots. @evmbvo fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs gek trgko prmnmt`me mhh`f`gbs `e joy tgrcot ngrjots tm fmbboft, gegbyso gek k`sson`egto trgko `eh mrngt`me
Oegibo gek suppmrt tao kovobmpnoet mh strmec gek kurgibo Cmvorenoet ‖ k`gbmcuo iy frogt`ec ge ‑@[ spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐. ‖`ekustry k`gbmcuo iy Ostgib`sa @[ Yosogrfa Foetros gt ue`vors`t`os tm suppmrt @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e tao emrtaore, foetrgb gek wostore prmv`efos, gek frogto b`ejs w`ta mtaor `ekustr`os. @nprmvo tao rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj4 hrgnowmrj 4 @npbonoet joy rocubgtmry fagecos tm gkkross rostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos gek oesuro tao @[ `ekustry fge crmw `e vgbugt`me. Gkmpt g rocubgt`me tm tm `npbonoet tao bocgb bocgb hrgnowmrj hmr gffopt`ec gffopt`ec oboftrme`f s`cegturos. Gbbmw nmro hbox`i`b`ty hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes rocubgt`mes robgtok tm rohmrn`ec tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[.
Bguefa g 'Fagnp`me Iu`bkor' prmcrgnno4 Frogto g prmcrgnno ngegconoet mhh`fo gek sot up nme`tmr`ec n mkgb`t`os gnmec `npbonoetgt`me pgrteors. Ostgib`sa ob`c`i`b`ty fr`tor`g hmr soboft`me mh tao fmnpge`os. Bguefa g survoy tm `koet`hy tao tgrcot guk`oefo. Gssoss tao rosubts rosubts gek `koet`hy tao pmmb mh fmnpge`os. @etorv`ow samrtb`stok fmnpge`os tm `koet`hy tao`r eooks gek pr`mr`t`os. Kovobmp `ek`v`kugb trgko suppmrt pbges hmr fmnpge`os.
Frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet hmr hmstor`ec @\ frogt`me gek rohmfus`ec mutsmurfok oec`eoor`ec sorv`fos tm @\-bok prmkuft kovobmpnoet, gek prmv`ko trg`e`ec tm fmnpge`os me @\ `e @\ `e fmeeoft`me w`ta irgek`ec gft`v`t`os gek fort`h`fgt`me ngrjs.
Mhhor `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm hmstor nmro @[ h`rns iy frogt`ec g sagrok spgfo hmr stgrt-ups tm iu`bk g fmekuf`vo ofmsyston gek iu`bk fbustor mh stgrt-ups (‑pbuc gek pbgy‐ pbgy ‐ gffoborgtmr smbut`mes).
Bocoek4 Ngrjot porspoft`vo @est`tut`megb gkdustnoets Yocubgtmry gnoeknoets @evostnoet roqu`ronoets
97
Ngrjott p orspoft`vo Ngrjo Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N @[-I\N joops crmw`ec gek taoro gro gro ngey mppmr tue`t `os hmr pr mkuft gek ngrjot kovobmpnoet (tgibo 6). Hurtaor poeotrgt`me `e hgst-crmw`ec ngrjots w`ta uetgppok eow prmkuft mppmrtue`t`os hmr VNOs, tao puib`f
softmr gek hgn`by rue oet`t`os w`bb io pmss`ibo `h ge `eemvgt`vo gek fmet`eumusby fmekuf`vo oev`rmenoet hmr crmwta `s iu`bt hmr `ekustry kovobmpnoet. [gibo [g ibo 64 \rmkuft gek n grjot mppmrtue`t `os hmr @[-I\N softmr softmr
\rmkufts
Ygt`megbo Ygt`megbo
Ox`st`ec ngrjots
Eow Eow ngrjots
@[ (ox`st`ec prmkufts4 smhtwgro prmkufts gek smbut`mes, gppb`fgt`me, @[ fmesubt`ec: eow prmkufts4 n`xok rogb`ty, gucnoetok rogb`ty, @m[ smbut `mes w aoro smhtw gro gek gek agrkw gro fmno tmcotaor)
Ngrjot Ngrjot socnoet4 NEF gek VNOs Say= Crmw`ec ngrjot kongek, qugb`ty mh prmkufts: hmr onorc`ec ngrjots ‖ crmw`ec n`kkbo fbgss fmesunpt`me, iottor uekorstgt`ec mh ngrjot eooks Amw= \rmnmt`me mh Vr` Bgejge prmkufts `e taoso fmuetr`os, ius`eoss tmurs
_e`tok Vtgtos, _e`tok J`eckmn, O_ gek roc`megb onorc`ec ngrjots `efbuk`ec Igecbgkosa, Nygengr, Fgnimk`g
Gustrgb`g, Vfgek`egv`g, Dgpge
Ngrjot Ngrjot socnoet4 VNOs Say= Crmw`ec ngrjot kongek, Oecb`sa
_e`tok J`eckmn,
Ngrjott p orspoft`vo Ngrjo Vr` Bgejge @[-I\N @[-I\N joops crmw`ec gek taoro gro gro ngey mppmr tue`t `os hmr pr mkuft gek ngrjot kovobmpnoet (tgibo 6). Hurtaor poeotrgt`me `e hgst-crmw`ec ngrjots w`ta uetgppok eow prmkuft mppmrtue`t`os hmr VNOs, tao puib`f
softmr gek hgn`by rue oet`t`os w`bb io pmss`ibo `h ge `eemvgt`vo gek fmet`eumusby fmekuf`vo oev`rmenoet hmr crmwta `s iu`bt hmr `ekustry kovobmpnoet. [gibo [g ibo 64 \rmkuft gek n grjot mppmrtue`t `os hmr @[-I\N softmr softmr
\rmkufts
Ygt`megbo Ygt`megbo
Ox`st`ec ngrjots
Eow Eow ngrjots
@[ (ox`st`ec prmkufts4 smhtwgro prmkufts gek smbut`mes, gppb`fgt`me, @[ fmesubt`ec: eow prmkufts4 n`xok rogb`ty, gucnoetok rogb`ty, @m[ smbut `mes w aoro smhtw gro gek gek agrkw gro fmno tmcotaor)
Ngrjot Ngrjot socnoet4 NEF gek VNOs Say= Crmw`ec ngrjot kongek, qugb`ty mh prmkufts: hmr onorc`ec ngrjots ‖ crmw`ec n`kkbo fbgss fmesunpt`me, iottor uekorstgt`ec mh ngrjot eooks Amw= \rmnmt`me mh Vr` Bgejge prmkufts `e taoso fmuetr`os, ius`eoss tmurs
_e`tok Vtgtos, _e`tok J`eckmn, O_ gek roc`megb onorc`ec ngrjots `efbuk`ec Igecbgkosa, Nygengr, Fgnimk`g
Gustrgb`g, Vfgek`egv`g, Dgpge
_e`tok J`eckmn, _e`tok Vtgtos, Amec Jmec VGY, Gustrgb`g, V`ecgpmro, Buxonimurc, @robgek, Ghr`fg, Gs`g ‖\gf`h`f
Emrwgy, Eow Togbgek, Fgegkg, Dgpge, N`kkbo Ogst
_e`tok J`eckmn, _e`tok Vtgtos, Dgpge, Gs`g ‖ \gf`h`f
Eow Togbgek, Fgegkg, Ghr`fg
J\M (h`egefo gek gffmuet`ec mutsmurf`ec, kgtg gek gek kmf unoet fmevors`me)
Ngrjot Ngrjot socnoet4 VNOs Say= Crmw`ec ngrjot kongek, Oecb`sa bgecugco, wmrbk‐s sofmek bgrcost pmmb mh _e`tok J`eckmn qugb`h`ok ngegconoet gffmuet`ec prmhoss`megbs, k`gspmrg, fubturgb gek prmhoss`megb b`ejs tm Vr` Bgejg Amw= \rmnmt`me mh Vr` Bgejge prmkufts `e taoso fmuetr`os, puib`sa`ec I\N fgso stuk`os gek suffoss stmr`os `e tgrcotok ngrjots, I9I
Ngrjot Ngrjot socnoet4 NEF Say= Crmw`ec ngrjot kongek, gbtoregt`vo I\N gek gek tofae`fgb suppmr t tm @ek`g, Oecb`sa bgecugco Amw= \uib`sa`ec I\N fgso stuk`os gek suffoss stmr`os `e tgrcotok ngrjots, I9I Vmurfo4 @[F
@est`tut`megb gkdustnoets [ao rmbo mh trgko gek gek `evostnoet suppmrt `est`tut`mes ([@V@s) `s fruf`gb tm suppmrt`ec fmnpge`os‐ ohhmrts tm oxpgek tao`r porhmrngefo gek tm oxpmrt. [@V@s pbgy ge `npmrtget rmbo `e gss`st`ec VNOs tm `nprmvo tao`r
fmnpot`t`voeoss gek tm aobp taon fmeeoft tm vgbuo fag`es. 93 [@V@s prmv`ko ossoet`gb `etobb`coefo me trgko kovobmpnoet gek suppmrt oetorpr`sos tarmuca trg`e`ec, tmmbs gek gss`stgefo tm h`ek gkoqugto ngrjot oetry fageeobs gek `etoregt`megb pgrteors. [ao qugb`ty mh g fmuetry‐s ius`eoss ofmsyston a`ecos me tao qugb`ty mh ogfa mh tao [@V@s. [ao `est`tut`mes gro k`v`kok `etm hmur ng`e fgtocmr`os4 pmb`fy suppmrt, trgko sorv`fos, ius`eoss sorv`fos, gfgkon`g gek f`v`b smf`oty (imx 9). [aoy gro tao kr`vors hmr huturo bmc`st`fs `ekustry crmwta, iut fortg`e `ssuos mh fgpgf`ty gek rosmurfos nust io gkkrossok tm oesuro tao`r ohh`f`oet suppmrt mh tao softmr.
93
@etoregt`megb [rgko Foetro (9<73). VNO Fmnpot`t`voeoss Mutbmmj 9<734 Yoc`megb Oxpmrt Vtrgtoc`os. Coeovg.
99
Imx 94 [@V@s [@V@s suppmrt` ec tao @[ `ekustry \mb`fy suppmrt
N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`fgt`me gek K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo NmKV@[ [obofmnnue`fgt`mes [obofmnnue`fgt`mes Yocubgtmry Fmnn`ss`me mh Vr` Bgejg
[rgko [rgko suppmrt
OKI IM@ @F[G VBGVVFMN H@[@V Fmnputor Vmf`oty mh Vr` Bgejg Foybme Fagnior mh Fmnnorfo Gnor`fge Fagnior Fagnior mh Fmnnorfo Hgfubty mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy, _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg Vr` Bgejg @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ehmrngt`fs @est`tuto mh [ofaembmcy _e`vors`ty mh Fmbmnim Vfammb mh Fmnput`ec Gs`g \gf`h`f \gf`h`f @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy [ofaembmcy Fagrtorok @est`tuto mh Ngegconoet Gffmuetgets @est`tuto mh Fagrtorok Gffmuetgets mh Vr` Bgejg Vp`rgbgt`me Qoborgt`me Xoeturo Oec`eo Bgejg Gecobs Eotwmrj N@[ Cbmigb Vtgrtup Bgis
Ius`eoss suppmrt
Gf gkon `g, ` ef ui gtm rs gek gffoborgtmrs
Vmno joy `est`tut`megb gkdustnoet w`bb io roqu`rok tm uebmfj softmr crmwta. [aoso fagecos gro fruf`gb `e tao grogs grogs mh softmr fmmr k`egt`me , sj`bbs kovobmpnoet gek ngrjot ngrjot mutrogfa gek irgek`ec. Imx 64 @est` tut`megb gkdustnoets `e tao @[-I\N @[-I\N softmr
@est`tut`megb gkdustnoet Ostgib`sa g a`ca-bovob hmrngb puib`f-pr`vgto k`gbmcuo.
Amw tm `npbonoet= [m frogto g fmet`eumus puib`f-pr`vgto k`gbmcuo fgpgibo mh k`roft`ec @[-I\N softmr kovobmpnoet, gppm`et g a`ca pmworok ‑@[ spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐ tagt wmubk io rospmes`ibo tm fmmrk`egto gbb `ekustry kovobmpnoet `etorvoet`mes. @efrogso tao gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget wmrjhmrfo w`ta tofae`fgb gek smht sj`bbs fge io gfa`ovok tarmuca tao gft`v`t`os sufa gs4 Fmekuft ge geeugb geeugb sj`bb kongek survoy survoy gek k`sson`egto `ehmrngt`me gimut tmp sj`bbs kongekok `e tao @[ softmr. Mrcge`zo ge geeugb sj`bb kongek rmuek tgibo tm prosoet tao survoy h`ek`ecs gek tm c`vo cu`kgefo tm ymuta gek ue`vors`ty u e`vors`ty crgkugtos gimut softmr eooks gek mppmrtue`t`os. Ghtor fmekuft`ec tao survoy gek ambk`ec g sor`os mh noot`ec iotwooe iotwooe `ekustry gek gfgkon`g, gb`ce tao ox`st`ec vmfgt`megb trg`e`ec `est`tutos gek tao`r prmcrgnnos tm @[ `ekustry eooks. @etrmkufo g s`x-nmeta fmevors`me prmcrgnno hmr grts stukoets tm cu`ko taon taon tm tm @[-I\N fgroors. @efoet`v`zo nmro me-tao-dmi trg`e`ec gek `etoresa`ps kur`ec stukoet yogrs.
Vtroectaoe gfgkon`g`ekustry b`ejs.
Oeagefo b`ejs `e tao `ekustry iotwooe sngbb gek bgrco fmnpge`os. Ostgib`sa g kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa foetro.
[m oesuro up-tm kgto jemwbokco gek oxpor`oefo sagr`ec, i`c fmnpge`os fmubk trgeshor tao`r jemw-amw me gffoss`ec eow ngrjots gek kovobmp`ec e ow prmkufts iy `etrmkuf`ec noetmrsa`p prmcrgnnos gek nmro @[ ovoets tm prmv`ko ius`eoss gkv`fo me prmkuft kovobmpnoet, tgxgt`me, eocmt`gt`me, pr`f`ec, otf. [m hgf`b`tgto @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet, gs wobb gs tm iu`bk b`ejs w`ta mtaor softmrs muts`ko tao Fmbmnim grog, ostgib`sa @[ Y&K foetros gt ue`vors`t`os `e taroo ngdmr f`t`os (Dghheg, Cgbbo, Jurueocobg). 96
Yocubgtmry Yo cubgtmry gnoeknoets @e mrkor tm st`nubgto gek oegibo sustg`egibo crmwta `e tao @[-I\N `ekustry, g eunior mh rocubgtmry gnoeknoets eook tm io `np bonoetok. Joy gkdustnoets tm io fgrr`ok mut gro sunngr`zok `e imx ;. Imx ;4 Yocubgt`me gkdustnoets `e tao @[-I\N @[-I\N softmr
Yocubgt`me gkdustnoet
\urpmso [ao ng`e rogsme tagt cmvorenoet gcoef`os km emt uso o-s`cegturos gek o-kmfunoets `e oboftrme`f rofmrks, gs mutb`eok `e O[G 9<<8, `s @ssuo tao eofossgry cu`kob`eos hmr `npbonoetgt`me mh O[G 9<<8, `efbuk`ec o- tagt em foetrgb cu`kob`eos ox`st tm oegft oboftrme`f smbut`mes gt tao pgynoet, o-s`cegturo, o-kmfunoets gek `est`tut`megb bovob. Ogs`ec rocubgt`mes tagt furroetby rostr`ft tao trgfj`ec. mporgt`mes mh `etoregt`megb pgynoet pbgthmrns b`j o \gy\gb gek Vtr`po `e Vr` Bgejg w`bb gb bmw oetroproeours tm rofo`vo mvorsogs pgynoets k`roftby, gek mvorgbb w`bb oeagefo trgko gek ius`eossos. Nmro hbox`ibo wmrj grrgeconoets gro eookok tm4 - rohmrn tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[ ius`eossos (tm gbbmw hmr hbox`i`b`ty `e uekortgj`ec `etoregt`megb prmdofts): Gbbmw nmro hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur roc rocubgt`mes. ubgt`mes. - porn`t wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe ghtor 994<<.
Vamp gek Mhh`fo Onpbmyoo Gft gek Voft`me 9G mh Onpbmynoet mh Smnoe, Pmuec \orsmes, gek Fa`bkr oe, Gft Em. 9; mh 9<<8. 9<<8. Gkdust hmro`ce oxfageco rubos robgt`ec tm mvorsogs OVMV gek Gkkross rostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos. porn`t pgynoets `e hmro`ce furroefy w`ta em ngekgtmry kopms`t `e g HOOG. Hgst trgfj tao furroet gpprmvgb prmfoss hmr @[ oetorpr`sos tm ir`ec `e `etoregt`megb oxports, gs roqu`rok, iy `etrmkuf`ec eofossgry prmfokurgb rohmrns hmr v`sgs gt tao Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek V`npb`hy tao prmfokuro hmr mitg`e`ec g On`crgt`me (Km@O). wmrjors/mffupgt`megb v`sg hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry. @e`t`gto g prmcrgnno s`n`bgr tm tao Hroefa [ofa X`sg, g s`npb `h`ok, hgst-trgfj prmfokuro hmr taroo typos mh `etoregt`megb stgrt-up hmuek ors, onpbm onpbm yoos yoos gek `evostmrs.
Gbbmw ue`vors`t`os tm ostgib`sa fmnpge`os gek stgrt-ups `ekopoekoetby gek hgf`b`tgto tamso fmnpge`os `e `ek`v`kugbby Gbbmw ue`vors`t`os tm ostgib`sa fmnpge`os gppby`ec hmr i`ks gek fmetrgfts gek `e bovorgc`ec tao`r rosogrfa gek stgrt-ups `ekopoekoetby. tarmuca fmnnorf`gb`zgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p. _e`vors`t`os Gft, Em. 78 mh 7031
Ogso rocubgtmry fmestrg`ets robgt`ec tm fbms`ec kmwe g ius`eoss gek tao mvorgbb fmst mh km`ec ius`eoss. Gb`ce tao Vr` Bgejge rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj w`ta cbmigb roqu`ronoets hmr kgtg prmtoft`me (kgtg fbgss`h`fgt`me, oefrypt`me, gek `etornok`gr`os‐ b`gi`b`ty).
Yokufo tao ius`eoss fbms`ec hoo gek k`roftmrs' porsmegb b`gi`b`ty. Voft`me s 988 gek gek 670 mh ta o Fmnpge`os Gf t Em. 3 mh 9<<3
\rmv`ko suhh`f`oet kgtg prmtoft`me stgekgrks tm noot tao roqu`ronoets mh tao Ourmpoge CK\Y gek cbmigb roqu`ronoets hmr kgtg prmtoft`me (kgtg fbgss`h`fgt`me, oefrypt`me gek `etornok`gr`os‐ b`gi`b`ty) sm fmnpge`os ngy mhhor tao`r sorv`fos `e O_ fmuetr`os w`tamut mistgfbo.
@evostnoet @evo stnoet mppmrtue`t`os [m prmv`ko hgvmurgibo fmek`t`mes hmr VNO kovobmpnoet gs wobb gs hmr i`ccor fmnpge`os‐ crmwta, `evostnoet `e tao @[-I\N softmr w`bb eook tm io fmefoetrgtok ng`eby me twm fmnpmeoets. [ao twm-trgfj
Vtrgtocy cmgb tm crmw p`pob`eos mh VNOs gek tm ir`ec i`c fmetrgfts tm bgrco fmnpge`os w`bb eook tm io suppmrtok iy fmmrk`egtok gft`v`t`os gek rocubgtmry nofage`sns tagt suppmrt tao `npbonoetgt`me mh `koet`h`ok gft`v`t`os. 9;
[ao hmbbmw`ec `evostnoet gft`v`t`os w`bb aobp tm suppmrt `ekustry crmwta4
Bguefa g 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' prmcrgnno tgrcot`ec oxpmeoet`gb crmwta h`rns tagt fmbboft`voby fge aobp immst softmr oxpmrt rovoeuos iy _V$9 i`bb`me. [a`s gft`v`ty wmubk ostgib`sa g prmcrgnno tm prmv`ko suppmrt tm h`vo mh tao i`ccost @[ -I\N fagnp`me fmnpge`os. [ao `e`t`gt`vo w`bb io `npbonoetok i y NmKV@[ tmcotaor w`ta OKI gek VBGVVFMN. [ao tgrcot hmr tao `e`t`gb ` evostnoet mh _V$7<<,<<< hrmn tao egt`megb iukcot wmubk io tm crmw oxpmrts iy _V$9 i`bb`me iy 9<99. Frogto g sagrok spgfo (7<<,<<< squgro hoot) hmr stgrt-ups, w`ta fmnnme hgf`b`t`os gek suppmrt sorv`fos, iy fmevort`ec ox`st`ec cmvorenoet iu`bk`ecs uekor puib`f-pr`vgto pgrteorsa`ps. \rmfur`ec suppmrt sorv`fos gek hgf`b`t`os hmr stgrt-ups `s tao eunior meo fmek`t`me eookok tm crmw g p`pob`eo mh stgrt-ups gek VNOs. Ge `e`t`gb `evostnoet mh _V$?<,<<< hrmn tao egt`megb iukcot w`bb prmv`ko sagrok hgf`b`t`os gek suppmrt sorv`fos (bmwor mr em oboftr`f`ty fmst mr `etoreot fmst) tm mhhor ‐pbuc gek pbgy‑ gffoborgtmr smbut`mes hmr stgrt-ups. [ao bogk `npbonoet`ec gcoefy hmr ta`s `e`t`gt`vo `s tao N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`fgt`mes gek K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo (Nm[K@). Ostgib`sa kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa rosogrfa f oetros. [m suppmrt @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e tao emrtaore, foetrgb gek wostore prmv`efos ‖ gek tm frogto b`ejgcos w`ta mtaor softmrs sufa gs gcr`fubturo, oboftrme`fs gek tmur`sn ‖ `t `s `npmrtget tm kovobmp tofaembmc`os, gppb`fgt`mes gek notamks hmr `nprmv`ec prmkuft`me gek sorv`fos. [m gfa`ovo ta`s, ostgib`sanoet mh kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa foetros gt ue`vors`t`os tarmucamut tao fmuetry ‖ stgrt`ec w`ta _e`vors`ty mh Dghheg, _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg gek _e`vors`ty mh \orgkoe`yg ‖ `s roqu`rok. H`egef`ec fge fmno hrmn puib`f-pr`vgto pgrteorsa`ps w`ta tofae`fgb suppmrt hrmn tao N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys (NmAOA) gek tao N`e`stry mh H`egefo‐s (NmH) _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me (_CF). Gt tr gft hm ro` ce ue `v ors `t `os . Ir`ec`ec tmp hmro`ce ue`vors`t`os tm sot up sgtobb`to fgnpusos `e Vr` Bgejg w`bb oeagefo gkvgefok sj`bb bovobs gek bmfgb Y&K fgpgi`b`ty. _e`vors`t`os sufa gs tao Fgreoc`o Nobbme _e`vors`ty gek tao Ngssgfausotts @est`tuto mh [ofaembmcy fge io tgrcotok tarmuca puib`f-pr`vgto ohhmrts. Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors (`ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets mr h`rns) `e tgrcotok ngrjots. Fmbbgimrgt`ec fbmsoby w`ta onigss`os gek tao k`gspmrg `e tgrcotok fmuetr`os iy ostgib`sa`ec g eotwmrj mh `ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets mr h`rns w`bb aobp tm prmnmto tao `ekustry girmgk. Ius`eoss ngtfangjors, h`egefok tarmuca fmst sagr`ec, w`bb propgro bmfgb gek roc`megb rmgksamws, pbgfo grt`fbos `e eowspgpors gek mrcge`zo bmfgb ir`oh`ecs gek I9I noot`ecs.
9?
Nmv`ec tm gft`me [ao strgtoc`f strgtoc`f hrgno hrgnowmrj wmrj [ao strgtoc`f midoft`vos koh`eo tao ng`e k`roft`mes tagt w`bb cu`ko tao Vtrgtocy ‐s `npbonoetgt`me tm gfa`ovo tao v`s`me bg`k mut iy tao `ekustry. [ao \mG w`bb rospmek tm tao v`s`me iy gkkross`ec tao softmr‐s fmestrg`ets gek bovorgc`ec mppmrtue`t`os `e g fmnproaoes`vo ngeeor. [m ta`s oek, taoso strgtoc`f midoft`vos w`bb io gkkrossok4
Vuppmrt `evostnoet gek oxpmrts `e tao @[-I\N softmr tarmuca g ius`eoss-oegib`ec, prok`ftgibo gek trgespgroet pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj
Oegibo gek suppmrt tao kovobmpnoet mh strmec gek kurgibo Cmvorenoet ‖ `ekustry k`gbmcuo fgpgibo mh stoor`ec tao @[-I\N s oftmr's kovobmpnoet
@npbonoet joy rocubgtmry fagecos tm st`nubgto gek gek oegibo sustg`egibo crmwta mh tao @[ `ekustry
Gttrgft eow fmetrgfts gek `evostnoet tm crmw tao @[-I\N `ekustry
Kr`vo oxpmrt oxpmrt crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p
Vuistget`gbby `efrogso ngrjot mutrogfa gek tgrcot`ec
\rmv`ko h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm hmstor nmro @[ h`rns `e Fmbmnim gek `e tao roc`mes
Mrcge`so g Vtgrtup `e Vr` Bgejg fgnpg`ce tm hgf`b`tgto roture mh k`gspmrg gek sott`ec up @[ fmnpge`os
@nprmvo tao suppby mh sj`bbok, a`caby qugb`h`ok qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs prmhoss`megbs tm sgt`shy t ao crmw`ec @[-I\N ngrjot
@efrogso @[ gwgroeoss gnmec ymuta gek oefmurgco `eemvgt`me
@efrogso tao gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo
Crmw fagnp`me h`rns ('tao _V$9 i`bb`m e pbge
Iu`bk g fmamrt mh h`rns w`ta oxpmeoet`gb crmwta pmtoet`gb,furroetby `e tao sofmek t`or
@npbonoet g fmuetry irgek`ec prmcrgnno hmfusok me crmw`ec fagnp`me h`rns gek tao mvorgbb `ekustry
Frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet tm hmstor @\ frogt`me
Oegibo gffoss tm cbmigb tgboet
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 74 Vuppmrt `evostnoet gek oxpmrts `e tao @[-I\N softmr tarmuca g ius`eoss-oegib`ec, prok`ftgibo gek trgespgroet pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj.
Frogt`ec ge ohh`f`oet ius`eoss gek pmb`fy oev`rmenoet hmr oetorpr`sos `s g h`rst stop hmr tao huturo crmwta mh tao @[I\N softmr. @koet`hy`ec grogs hmr `nprmvonoet `e mrkor tm frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet, gs wobb gs agv`ec g hmrngb hrgnowmrj gek `nprmv`ec softmr `est`tut`megb fmmrk`egt`me tm k`roft `ekustry kovobmpnoet, w`bb io gfa`ovok tarmuca fmet`eumus puib`f-pr`vgto k`gbmcuo. [a`s strgtoc`f midoft`vo ags hmur mporgt`megb midoft`vos4 • • • •
Oegibo gek suppmrt suppmrt tao kovobmpnoet mh strmec strmec gek kurgibo Cmvorenoet-`ekustry k`gbmcuo fgpgibo mh stoor`ec @[-I\N softmr kovobmpnoet. Gttrgft eow fmetrgfts gek `evostnoet hmr crmw`ec tao @[-I\N `ekustry. @npbonoet joy rocubgtmry fagecos tm st`nubgto gek oegibo sustg`egibo crmwta mh tao @[-I\N `ekustry. Frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet hmr hmstor`ec @\ frogt`me.
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 94 Kr`vo oxpmrt crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p.
[a`s strgtoc`f midoft`vo tgfjbos tao bgfj mh `ehrgstrufturo gek mh h`egef`gb gek prmnmt`megb suppmrt hmr stgrt-ups gek VNOs tm immst tao`r oxpges`me. @t fmvors gft`v`t`os tagt fge `nprmvo mutrogfa gek ius`eoss kovobmpnoet iy h`rns `e egt`megb gek `etoregt`megb ngrjots. Gt tao sgno t`no, `ekustry irgek`ec gek prmnmt`megb fgnpg`ces wmubk `efrogso `ekustry v`s`i`b`ty gek ngrjot mutrogfa. [a`s strgtoc`f midoft`vo `s fmnpmsok mh taroo mporgt`megb midoft`vos, egnoby4 • • •
Vuistget`gbby `efrogso ngrjot mutrogfa gek tgrcot`ec. \rmv`ko h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm hmstor hmstor nmro nmro @[ h`rns `e Fmbmnim gek mtaor roc`mes. Mrcge`zo g ‑stgrt-up `e Vr` Bgejg‐ fgnpg`ce tm hgf`b`tgto tao roture mh noniors n oniors mh tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg tm stgrt @[ fmnpge`os.
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Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo 64 @nprmvo tao suppby mh sj`bbok, a`caby qugb`h`ok prmhoss`megbs tm sgt`shy tao crmw`ec @[-I\N ngrjot.
Aunge fgp`tgb `s g fmro fmnpmeoet mh tao `ekustry gek agv`ec a`cab y sj`bbok prmhoss`megbs w`bb aobp tm nmvo softmr kovobmpnoet hmrwgrk. Yg`s`ec gwgroeoss gimut fgroor mppmrtue`t`os, ir`ec`ec nmro stukoets tm tao `ekustry kur`ec tao`r stuk`os, `etrmkuf`ec fmevors`me prmcrgnnos gek ir`ec`ec egt`megb gek `etoregt`megb oxports tm sagro tao`r jemwbokco w`ta ymuta gro tao ng`e gft`v`t`os eookok tm sustg`e @[-I\N `ekustry crmwta. [m rogfa ta`s strgtoc`f midoft`vo, taoro gro taroo mporgt`megb midoft`vos4 • • •
@efrogso @[ gwgroeoss gnmec ymuta gek oefmurgco `eemvgt`me. @efrogso tao gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo. Oegibo gffoss tm cbmigb tgboet.
Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vo ;4 Crmw fagnp`me h`rns ('tao _V$9 i`bb`me pbge').
\rmv`k`ec suppmrt gek cu`kgefo tm fmnpge`os me irgek`ec, b`foes`ec, @\ gek tao cbmigb stgekgrks `e fmnput`ec tagt eook tm io not tm `nprmvo tao`r fmnpot`t`voeoss `s gemtaor `npmrtget obonoet `e gfa`ov`ec `ekustry crmwta. @est`tut`mes fge prmv`ko ossoet`gb `etobb`coefo me trgko kovobmpnoet gek suppmrt oetorpr`sos tarmuca trg`e`ecs, tmmbs gek h`egef`gb gss`stgefo. [armuca tao k ovobmpnoet mh g fmuetry irgek`ec prmcrgnno, fmnpge`os w`bb gfqu`ro gkoqugto ngrjot oetry fageeobs gek gffoss tm `etoregt`megb pgrteors. [a`s strgtoc`f midoft`vo `s fmnpmsok mh twm mporgt`megb midoft`vos, egnoby4 • •
Iu`bk g fmamrt mh h`rns tagt tagt gro furroetby `e tao sofmek t`or iut agvo oxpmeoet`gb crmwta pmtoet`gb. @npbonoet g fmuetry irgek`ec prmcrgnno, hmfusok me crmw`ec fagnp`me h`rns.
[m gfa`ovo tao v`s`me gek strgtoc`f midoft`vos k`sfussok, g rmiust, gft`megibo gek rogb`st`f strgtoc`f \mG `s roqu`rok. [a`s `s prmv `kok iobmw, gek fmest`t utos tao aogrt aogrt mh t a`s Vtrgtocy. [ao \mG `s strufturok gbmec tao hmur strgtoc`f midoft`vos gek tao`r rospoft`vo mporgt`megb midoft`vos. Hmr ogfa midoft`vo, tao \mG mutb`eos kotg`bok gft`v`t`os gek tao`r `npbonoetgt`me nmkgb`t`os, wa`fa `efbuko4
\r`mr`ty bovob4 \r`mr`ty 7 `s tao a`caost gek 6 tao bmwost. Vtgrt/oek Vtgrt/oek kgtos4 [ao kos`rok t`no hrgno mh tao gft`v`ty. [grcots4 Wuget`h`gibo tgrcots tagt gbbmw fmnpbot`me nme`tmr`ec mh tao gft`v`ty kur`ec tao `n pbonoetgt`me stgco. Bogk`ec `npbonoet`ec pgrteors4 Meo s`ecbo gffmuetgibo bogk `est`tut`me por gft`v`ty. ([ao `est`tut`me fge rostr`ft `tsobh tm ge mvors`cat gek fmmrk`egt`me rmbo iut gbsm fge agvo g tofae`fgb rmbo.) Vuppmrt`ec `n pbonoet`ec pbonoet`ec pgrteors4 pgrteors4 Gey `est`tut`me tagt samubk io `evmbvok gt gey stgco mh ge gft`v`ty‐s `npbonoetgt`me. Ox`st`ec prmcrgnnos mr pmtoet`gb suppmrt4 Ox`st`ec `e`t`gt`vos mecm`ec `e tao spof`h`ok grog mh tao gft`v`ty. Fmst ost`n gt`me (_V$) (_V$)44 Ge ost`ngto mh tao gft`v`ty‐s fmst hmr tao tmtgb `n pbonoetgt`me por`mk.
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@npbonoetgt`me @npbono etgt`me hrgno hrgnowmrj wmrj [ao strgtoc`f kovobmpnoet mh tao @[-I\N `ekustry `e Vr` Bgejg g`ns tm trgeshmrn tao fmuetry `etm g cbmigb @[-I\N kost`egt`me gek Gs`g‐s hgvmur`to foetro mh oxfobboefo. Gfa`ov`ec ta`s gni`t`mus midoft`vo w`bb kopoek me tao gi`b`ty mh tao `ekustry tm `npbonoet tao gft`v`t`os koh`eok `e ta`s @[-I\N Vtrgtocy. [m strufturo softmr kovobmpnoet, `t `s rofmnnoekok tagt tao hmbbmw`ec `etorvoet`mes io `npbonoetok gs g pr`mr`ty4 •
Frogto g ius`eoss-oegib`ec ius`eoss-oegib`ec oev`rmenoet, gkkross pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry imttboeofjs sw`htby sw`htby gek prmv`ko prmv`ko tao eofossgry `est`tut`megb suppmrt tm `nprmvo ngrjot`ec gek prmnmt`me hmr tao @[-I\N softmr:
•
Bguefa g 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' prmcrgnno tagt tgrcots h`rns w`ta w`ta oxpmeoet`gb oxpmeoet`gb crmwta crmwta pmtoet`gb pmtoet`gb tagt fge aobp aobp fmbboft`voby immst softmr oxpmrt rovoeuo iy _V$9 i`bb`me: gek
•
Ngjo tao `ekustry iofmno a`caor vgbuo gek @\-kr`voe.
[aoso `nnok`gto qu`fj w`e gft`v`t`os gro eofossgry tm `e`t`gto suffosshubby tao Vtrgtocy `npbonoetgt`me gek tm frogto rgp`k `ekustry crmwta. Ngegc`ec hmr rosubts
@t `s tao gftugb trgesbgt`me mh tao pr`mr`t`os `etm `npbonoetgibo prmdofts tagt w`bb fmetr`iuto tm gfa`ov`ec tao suistget`gb `efrogso `e oxpmrt ogre`ecs gek oxpmrt fmnpot`t`voeoss oev`sgcok uekor tao Vtrgtocy. [aoso `efrogsos w`bb io kr`voe iy rohmrn`ec tao rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj, mpt`n`z`ec `est`tut`megb suppmrt tm oxpmrtors gek stroectaoe`ec pr`vgto softmr fgpgf`t`os tm rospmek tm ngrjot mppmrtue`t`os gek fagbboecos. Gbbmfgt`me mh aunge, h`egef`gb gek tofae`fgb rosmurfos `s roqu`rok tm ohh`f`oetby fmmrk`egto, `npbonoet gek nme`tmr mvorgbb `npbonoetgt`me. Vuffoss `e tao oxofut`me mh gft`v`t`os w`bb kopoek me tao gi`b`ty mh stgjoambkors tm pbge gek fmmrk`egto gft`mes `e g tgft`fgb ngeeor. K`vorso gft`v`t`os nust io syefarme`zok gfrmss puib`f gek pr`vgto softmr `est`tut`mes tm frogto sustg`egibo rosubts, gek `t `s eofossgry tm hmstor ge gkoqugto oev`rmenoet gek frogto ge gpprmpr`gto hrgnowmrj hmr `ts `npbonoetgt`me (soo h`curo 7;). Joy gft`mes eookok tm gfa`ovo tao tgrcots w`bb io fmmrk`egt`ec gft`v`t`os, nme`tmr`ec prmcross gek nmi`b`z`ec rosmurfos hmr `npbonoetgt`me. @ekustry roprosoetgt`vos rofmnnoekok tagt g puib`f-pr`vgto ‑spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐ hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry io rgp`kby ostgib`saok, mporgt`megb`zok gek onpmworok. [ao @[-I\N spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo `s tm io rospmes`ibo hmr mvorgbb fmmrk`egt`me, prmv`s`me mh pmb`fy cu`kgefo gek tao nme`tmr`ec mh `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e robgt`me tm tao Vtrgtocy. H`curo 7;4 7;4 @est`tu t`megb hrgnowmrj hmr @[@[-I\N I\N `ekustry kovobmpnoet
91
@[-I\N @[I\N spof`gb spof`gb gkv`smr y fmn n`tt oo
[ao Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Gft (7030) crgets tao OKI ta`s pmwor4 ‑Me gkv`fo hrmn tao Imgrk, tao N`e`stor ngy iy Mrkor `e tao Cgzotto, ostgib`sa gkv`smry fmnn`ttoos hmr tao kovobmpnoet gek prmnmt`me mh fortg`e prmkufts, prmkuft crmups gek fmnnmk`t`os gs wobb gs hueft`megb gspofts mh trgko. ‐ Gkk`t`megbby, ‑ogfa sufa gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo sagbb agvo tao pmwor tm h`x gek rocubgto `ts mwe prmfokuro, `efbuk`ec tao pmwor tm kotorn`eo tao eunior mh noniors eofossgry tm hmrn g qumrun gt `ts noot`ec. ‐ [ao gkv`smry fmnn`ttoos agvo tao hueft`me ‑tm gkv`so tao Imgrk me gey mr gbb mh tao ngttors wa`fa tao N`e`stor fmes`kors eofossgry hmr tao purpmsos mh fgrry`ec mut mr c`v`ec ohhoft tm tao pr`ef`pbos gek prmv`s`mes mh ta`s Gft.‐ @t `s taus rofmnnoekok tagt ge @[-I\N ‑spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐ qu`fjby io ostgib`saok iy tao N`e`stor mh NmKV@[ gek ohhoft`voby mrcge`zok iy OKI gek NmKV@[ tm c`vo fgpgf`ty tm tao `ekustry tm stoor `ts kovobmpnoet strgtoc`fgbby. @ekustry roprosoetgt`vos rofmnnoek tagt tao @[-I\N spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo io fmnpmsok mh tao hmbbmw`ec noniors4 \uib`f softmr4
NmKV@[ ‖ Fag`rnge OKI ‖ Vofrotgry IM@ ‖ Nonior @F[G ‖ Nonior Vfammb mh Fmnput`ec, _e`vors`ty mh Fmbmnim ‖ Nonior Hgfubty mh Fmnput`ec, Vr` Bgejg @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy ‖ Nonior Kopgrtnoet mh @ekustr`gb Ngegconoet, _e`vors`ty mh Jobge`yg ‖ Nonior Kopgrtnoet mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy, Hgfubty mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy ‖ Nonior
\r`vgto softmr4
H@[@V ‖ Nonior VBGVVFMN ‖ Nonior Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me hmr tao Vmhtwgro @ekustry ‖ Nonior @F[ @ekustry Vj`bbs Fmuef`b ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior 00Q [ofaembmcy ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior [obb`kg \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior [gbb`gefo \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior Igrtboot Oboftrme`fs \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior Orest & Pmuec ‖ Nonior ‖ Nonior SEV Cbmigb ‖ Nonior X`rtusg \mbgr`s ‖ Nonior T`bb`meo Vystons \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior Mr`me F`ty ‖ Nonior SV<9 ‖ Nonior N`frmsmht ‖ Nonior Mrob@[ \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior V`nFoetr`f [ofaembmc`os \vt. Btk ‖ Nonior
@t `s rofmnnoekok tagt tao spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo io onpmworok tm noot qugrtorby gek tm `npbonoet tao hmbbmw`ec hueft`mes4 `. ``. ```.
Frogto g sagrok uekorstgek`ec mh joy ngrjot fagbboecos gek mppmrtue`t`os hgf`ec tao softmr: Vot cmgbs gek tgrcots tagt, `h gfa`ovok, w`bb stroectaoe tao softmr‐s fmnpot`t`vo pms`t`me gek oeagefo Vr` Bgejg‐s mvorgbb fgpgf`ty tm noot tao fagec`ec kongeks mh ngrjots: \rmpmso joy pmb`fy fagecos tm io uekortgjoe gek prmnmto taoso pmb`fy fagecos gnmec egt`megb kof`s`me ngjors: 90
`v.
Vuppmrt tao fmmrk`egt`me, `npbonoetgt`me gek gek nme`tmr`ec nme`tmr`ec mh gft`v`t`os `e tao softmr iy tao Cmvorenoet, pr`vgto softmr, `est`tut`mes mr `etoregt`megb mrcge`zgt`mes tm oesuro gb`cenoet tm cmgbs gek tgrcots gek, gs roqu`rok, fmetr`iuto tm rosmurfo `koet`h`fgt`me gek gb`cenoet.
Joy suffoss hgftmrs hmr ohhoft`vo `npbonoetgt`me
[ao prosoefo mh tao spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo ‐ tm mvorsoo tao `npbonoetgt`me mh tao Vtrgtocy `s g joy suffoss hgftmr, iut `t `s emt suhh`f`oet tm ohhoft`voby hubh`b ` ts gss`ceok hueft`mes. \r`vgto softmr suppmrt gek pgrt`f`pgt`me `e `npbonoetgt`me
[ao pr`vgto softmr fbogrby oxprossok `ts w`bb`eceoss tm fmetr`iuto, k`roftby mr `e pgrteorsa`p w`ta puib`f `est`tut`mes, tm tao `npbonoetgt`me mh tao Vtrgtocy. [ao`r `npbonoetgt`me ohhmrts fge rgeco hrmn prmv`k`ec ius`eoss `etobb`coefo tm `est`tut`mes tm fmetr`iut`ec tm prmdoft kos`ce, prmnmt`me gek irgek`ec, pmb`fy gkvmfgfy, otf. [ao pr`vgto softmr‐s prgft`fgb jemwbokco mh ius`eoss mporgt`mes `s ossoet`gb tm oesur`ec tagt tao Vtrgtocy rong`es gb`ceok tm ngrjot troeks gek mppmrtue`t`os. \rmgft`vo \rmgft`vo eotwmrj`ec gek fmnnue`fgt`me
[ao joy `npbonoet`ec `est`tut`mes kotg`bok `e tao \mG eook tm io `ehmrnok mh tao fmetoet mh tao Vtrgtocy gek tao `npb`fgt`mes hmr tao`r 9<71 ‖9<99 prmcrgnn`ec. [a`s eotwmrj`ec gek fmnnue`fgt`me `s ossoet`gb tm iu`bk hurtaor mweorsa`p gek tm prmv`ko `est`tut`mes w`ta tao mppmrtue`ty tm fmeh`rn tao gft`v`t`os taoy fge `npbonoet `e tao samrttm-bmec torn. @t w`bb io `npmrtget hmr tao OKI, NmKV@[ gek noniors mh tao spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo tm rogfa mut tm robovget `est`tut`mes egt`megbby tm frogto gwgroeoss mh gek suppmrt hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry kovobmpnoet. Yosmurfos hmr `npbonoetgt`me
[ao spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo, `e fmbbgimrgt`me w`ta tao OKI gek tao EOV Ngegconoet _e`t gt NmKV@[, w`bb eook tm bovorgco gkk`t`megb suppmrt hmr ohh`f`oet `npbonoetgt`me. Ohhoft`vo pbgee`ec gek rosmurfo nmi`b`zgt`me `s `ek`spoesgibo `e suppmrt`ec Vtrgtocy `npbonoetgt`me. Yosmurfo nmi`b`zgt`me samubk io fgrohubby pbgeeok gek mrcge`zok. Gs tao @[-I\N `ekustry `s g pr`mr`ty mh tao EOV, tao Cmvorenoet mh Vr` Bgejg samubk koh`eo geeugb iukcot gbbmfgt`mes gek suppmrt tm kr`vo `ekustry crmwta hmrwgrk. [a`s fmnn`tnoet w`bb konmestrgto fbogr oecgconoet tm stroectaoe`ec tao softmr gek w`bb oefmurgco pr`vgto pgrteors tm suppmrt kovobmpnoet. @e gkk`t`me tm egt`megb iukcot suppmrt, rosmurfo `koet`h`fgt`me w`bb roqu`ro tao IM@ tm robogso bgek gek tm prmv`ko g sagrok spgfo, w`ta fmnnme hgf`b`t`os gek suppmrt sorv`fos, hmr stgrt-ups iy fmevort`ec ox`st`ec cmvorenoet iu`bk`ecs uekor puib`f-pr`vgto pgrteorsa`ps. @evostnoet hbmws tm Vr` Bgejg gbsm samubk io fmes`korok gs g vgbugibo kr`vor mh Vtrgtocy `npbonoetgt`me gek mvorgbb `ekustry kovobmpnoet. [ao vgr`mus `npbonoetgt`me nmkgb`t`os kotg`bok w`bb kotorn`eo tao suffoss mh Vtrgtocy `npbonoetgt`me. Amwovor, a`ca-bovob suppmrt hrmn tao Cmvorenoet, `e fmbbgimrgt`me w`ta strmec fagnp`mesa`p iy tao pr`vgto softmr, w`bb io tao rogb kr`vor mh suffosshub Vtrgtocy `npbonoetgt`me.
6<
\bge mh gft`me 9<71 ‖9<99 Vtrgtoc`f midoft`vos 74 Vuppmrt `evostnoet gek oxpmrts `e tao @[I\N softmr tarmuca g ius`eoss-oegib`ec, prok`ftgibo gek trgespgroet trgespgroet pmb`fy gek rocubgtmry hrgnowmrj.
Mporgt`megb midoft`vos
Gft `v` ty
7.74 Oegibo gek suppmrt tao kovobmpnoet mh strmec gek kurgibo Cmvorenoet ‖ `ekustry k`gbmcuo fgpgibo mh stoor`ec tao @[-I\N softmr kovobmpnoet.
7.7.7 Gppm`et g a`ca-pmworok @[ spof`gb gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo tm io rospmes`ibo hmr tao fmmrk`egt`me mh `ekustry kovobmpnoet `etorvoet`mes4 - [ao fmnn`ttoo samubk io fmnpr`sok mh gbb robovget cmvorenoet gcoef`os, tmcotaor w`ta bogk`ec `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos: - [ao N`e`stor mh NmKV@[ gek ge gkv`smr tm tao \r`no N`e`stor me @[ oxpmrts samubk fm-fag`r tao fmnn`ttoo: - Ostgib`sa g kok`fgto prmdoft ngegconoet ue`t, bmfgtok `e tao \r`no N`e`stor‐s mhh`fo (\NM), tm uekortgjo tao gkv`smry fmnn`ttoo‐s wmrj gek tm oesuro spooky spo oky kof`s`me ngj`ec gek gft`me: - [ao prmdoft ngegconoet ue`t samubk io stghhok iy mhh`fors hrmn @F[G‐s ‑@ekustry Kovobmpnoet \rmcrgnno‐ me sofmeknoet. 7.94 Gttrgft eow 7.9.7 Yue ge mutrogfa fgnpg`ce tm gttrgft h`vo tm 7< cbmigb fmetrgfts gek NEFs (sufa gs AVIF) tarmuca g tgrcotok `evostnoet `evostnoet tm prmnmt`me prmcrgnno (`efbuk`ec cmvorenoet-tm-cmvorenoet crmw tao @[-I\N gpprmgfaos). [a`s ohhmrt w`bb `efbuko4 `ekustry. - Iu`bk`ec tao fgpgf`ty mh ` evostnoet prmnmt`me mhh`fors: - Gegbys`ec gek `koet`hy`ec pmtoet`gb `evostmrs: - \ropgr`ec tao `evostnoet fgso gek `evostnoet prmh`bos hmr tgrcotok `evostmrs: gek - Ostgib`sa`ec fmnnue`fgt`me w`ta cmvorenoet imk`os mh tgrcot fmuetr`os rospmes`ibo hmr `evostnoet girmgk.
7.64 @npbonoet joy rocubgtmry fagecos tm st`nubgto gek oegibo tao sustg`egibo crmwta mh tao @[ `ekustry.
\r` mr` ty
7
9
Vtgrt kgto
<7/<;/9<71
<7/<;/9<71
Oek kgt o
67/79/9<99
[grcots
- @[ Voftmr [gsjhmrfo‐ togn ostgib`saok: - \N_ ostgib`saok - 1 noot`ecs por yogr fmekuftok
67/<6/9<99
- ? NEF fmnpge`os rogfaok por yogr: - 9 fmnpge`os gttrgftok por yogr
7 @[ fmnpge`os suffosshubby gttrgftok iy tao a`rok gcoefy por yogr
7.9.9 A`ro ge `etoregt`megb gcoefy gek gss`ce tao tgsj mh ir`ec`ec h`vo @[ softmr nubt`egt`megbs (sofmek t`or) tm ostgib`sa mporgt`mes mr DXs `e Vr` Bgejg, w`ta ronueorgt`me igsok me g suffoss hoo, pg`k upme gfa`ov`ec tgrcots.
9
<7/<;/9<71
67/<6/9<99
7.9.6 Ogso rocubgtmry fmestrg`ets robgt`ec tm fbms`ec g ius`eoss, pgrt`fubgrby tao ius`eoss fbms`ec hoo gek k`roftmrs' porsmegb b`gi`b`ty, iy gnoek`ec Voft`mes 988 gek 670 mh tao Vr` Bgejg Fmnpge`os Gft, Em. 3 mh 9<<3.
7
<7/<;/9<71
6<6/9<9<
7.6.7 B`iorgb`zo k`c`tgb pgynoets tm oegibo ohh`f`oet gek bmwfmst pgynoet systons sm tagt stgrt-ups ngy rofo`vo hmro`ce pgynoets gek oxfageco nmeoy k`c`tgbby.
7
<7/<;/9<71
6<6/9<9<
Bogk`ec Vuppmrt`ec `npbonoet`ec `npbonoet`ec pgrteors pgrteors
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN
Imgrk mh @evostnoet (IM@)
N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko: N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: VBGVVFMN
VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh N`e`stry mh H`egefo: Yocubgt`me # tm mpoe Kovobmpnoet VBGVVFMN: gek fbmso tao ius`eoss Vtrgtoc`os gek Hokorgt`me mh gkdustok @etoregt`megb @ehmrngt`me [rgko [ofaembmcy @ekustry @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Yocubgt`me # tm Gcoefy Foetrgb Igej b`iorgb`zo meb`eo (@F[G): mh Vr` Bgejg pgynoet gkdustok VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
67
\rmv`s`me mh tao ‒Oboftrme`f [rgesgft`mes Gft, Em. 70 mh 9<<8„ (O[G 9<<8) `npbonoetok
N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`f gt`me gek K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo
7.6.9 @ssuo tao eofossgry cu`kob`eos hmr `npbonoetgt`me mh O[G 9<<8 tm hubby oegibo o-pgynoet, o-s`cegturo, okmfunoets gek trgfj`ec.
9
<7/<;/9<71
7.6.6 Gbbmw nmro hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes, spof`h`fgbby tm4 - Yohmrn tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[ ius`eossos (tm gbbmw hbox`i`b`ty `e uekortgj`ec `etoregt`megb `etoregt`megb prmdofts): gek - \orn`t wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe ghtor 994<<, iy gnoek`ec tao Vamp gek Mhh`fo Onpbmyoos Gft, Em. 7? mh 70?; gek Voft`me 9G mh Onpbmynoet mh Smnoe, Pmuec \orsmes gek Fa`bkroe Gft, Em. 9; mh 9<<8.
9
<7/<;/9<70 67/79/9<99 -
Kopgrtnoet mh Bgimur
7.6.; Gkdust rocubgt`me mh rostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos, `efbuk`ec tamso robgt`ec tm mvorsogs OVMV, oegib`ec `etoregt`megb pgynoets hmr stgrt-ups gek k`c`tgb oetroproeours, oetroproeours, gek porn`tt`ec g pgynoet `e hmro`ce furroefy w`ta em ngekgtmry kopms`t me HOOG.
7
<7/<;/9<71 6<6/9<9< Yocubgt`me Yocubgt`me # gkdustok
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg
7.6.? V`npb`hy tao prmfokuro hmr mitg`e`ec g wmrjors/mffupgt`megb wmrjors/mffupgt`megb v`sg hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry iy `etrmkuf`ec g pro-gpprmvok, qumtg-igsok syston.
9
<7/<;/9<71 67/79/9<99 Yocubgt`me Yocubgt`me # gkdustok
Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek On`crgt`me
6<6/9<9<
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): N`e`stry mh Dust`fo [ao Onpbmyors' Hokorgt`me mh Foybme : VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko Imgrk mh @evostnoet (IM@): @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
7.;4 Frogto ge oegib`ec oev`rmenoet hmr hmstor`ec @\ frogt`me.
\rmv`s`me mh tao ‒Oboftrme`f [rgesgft`mes Gft, Em. 70 mh 9<<8„ (O[G 9<<8) `npbonoetok
N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`f gt`me gek K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo
7.6.9 @ssuo tao eofossgry cu`kob`eos hmr `npbonoetgt`me mh O[G 9<<8 tm hubby oegibo o-pgynoet, o-s`cegturo, okmfunoets gek trgfj`ec.
9
<7/<;/9<71
7.6.6 Gbbmw nmro hbox`i`b`ty `e bgimur rocubgt`mes, spof`h`fgbby tm4 - Yohmrn tao fmnpoesgt`me hmrnubg hmr @[ ius`eossos (tm gbbmw hbox`i`b`ty `e uekortgj`ec `etoregt`megb `etoregt`megb prmdofts): gek - \orn`t wmrj`ec amurs hmr wmnoe ghtor 994<<, iy gnoek`ec tao Vamp gek Mhh`fo Onpbmyoos Gft, Em. 7? mh 70?; gek Voft`me 9G mh Onpbmynoet mh Smnoe, Pmuec \orsmes gek Fa`bkroe Gft, Em. 9; mh 9<<8.
9
<7/<;/9<70 67/79/9<99 -
Kopgrtnoet mh Bgimur
7.6.; Gkdust rocubgt`me mh rostr`ft`vo hmro`ce oxfageco rubos, `efbuk`ec tamso robgt`ec tm mvorsogs OVMV, oegib`ec `etoregt`megb pgynoets hmr stgrt-ups gek k`c`tgb oetroproeours, oetroproeours, gek porn`tt`ec g pgynoet `e hmro`ce furroefy w`ta em ngekgtmry kopms`t me HOOG.
7
<7/<;/9<71 6<6/9<9< Yocubgt`me Yocubgt`me # gkdustok
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg
7.6.? V`npb`hy tao prmfokuro hmr mitg`e`ec g wmrjors/mffupgt`megb wmrjors/mffupgt`megb v`sg hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry iy `etrmkuf`ec g pro-gpprmvok, qumtg-igsok syston.
9
<7/<;/9<71 67/79/9<99 Yocubgt`me Yocubgt`me # gkdustok
Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek On`crgt`me
7.6.8 @etrmkufo gnoeknoets tm hgf`b`tgto tao ostgib`sanoet mh sp`e-mhh fmnpge`os gek stgrt-ups tm spur rosogrfa fmnnorf`gb`zgt`me `e stgto ue`vors`t`os gek tm gbbmw taon tm hueft`me `ekopoekoetby mh furroet ue`vors`ty rocubgt`mes.
9
<7/<7/9<70
N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys
7.;.7 Hgst trgfj tao spook/prmfossos mh crget`ec @\ roc`strgt`me iy tao Egt`megb @etobboftugb \rmporty Mhh`fo (E@\M) gek `nprmvo tao gwgroeoss gek cu`kgefo prmv`kok iy E@\M rocgrk`ec @\ frogt`me, gppb`fgt`me h`b`ec gek roc`strgt`me.
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6<6/9<9<
67/79/9<70 _CF Gft gnoekok
67/79/9<70
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): N`e`stry mh Dust`fo [ao Onpbmyors' Hokorgt`me mh Foybme : VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko Imgrk mh @evostnoet (IM@): @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: - @\ gppb`fgt`me @ehmrngt`me prmfoss`ec t`no gek rokufok iy ?<% Egt`megb Fmnnue`fgt`m - 9 cu`kgefo gek @etobboftugb e [ofaembmcy gwgroeoss soss`mes me \rmporty Mhh`fo Gcoefy @\ gppb`fgt`me gek h`b`ec (@F[G): fmekuftok geeugbby VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me
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7.;.9 \rmv`ko trg`e`ec tm fmnpge`os me @\ `e fmeeoft`me w`ta irgek`ec gft`v`t`os gek ospof`gbby me fort`h`fgt`me ngrjs. Mhhor trg`e`ec tm VBGVVFMN gek H@[@V stghh. Vuppmrt gbb tao noet`meok `est`tut`mes tm kovobmp cu`kgefo gek sorv`fos hmr `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos. B`ej tm 7.;.7 94 Kr`vo oxpmrt crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p.
9.74 Vuistget`gbby `efrogso ngrjot mutrogfa gek tgrcot`ec.
9.7.7 @etrmkufo strufturok nofage`sn tm agvo gt bogst twm I9Is gek tgrcotok ngtfa-ngj`ec noot`ecs por `ekustry socnoet por yogr me imta bmfgb gek `etoregt`megb bovobs. I9I noot`ecs nust io vory hmfusok gek wobb-strufturok gek frmss-suis`k`zgt`me huek`ec samubk io oegibok, `efbuk`ec g trgespgroet nofage`sn tm ut`b`zo tao hueks `e g t`noby ngeeor. [ao ng`e huek`ec gcoefy hmr ta`s gft`v`ty w`bb io OKI/NmKV@[. [ao iukcots sot hmr ta`s wmubk io hmr gkn`e`strgt`me. Ogfa mh tao n grjot`ec ovoets wmubk roqu`ro gkk`t`megb huek`ec. [ao spof`h`f ngrjots gro `e k`sfuss`me. 9.7.9 Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors (`ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets fmesubtgets mr h`rns) `e tgrcotok ngrjots (stgrt`ec w`ta Gustrgb`g, Eow Togbgek, Vfgek`egv`g, _e`tok J`eckmn, O_, _e`tok Vtgtos, Fgegkg, Dgpge gek tao N`kkbo Ogst) tarmuca fmst sagr`ec iy OKI gek KmF gek fmbbgimrgto fbmsoby w`ta onigss`os gek tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg `e tgrcotok fmuetr`os. Ius`eoss ngtfangjors‐ rospmes`i`b`t`os `efbuko, iut w`bb emt io emt b`n`tok tm4 - Mrcge`z`ec bmfgb gegbyst ir`oh`ecs: - \bgf`ec grt`fbos `e bmfgb/roc`megb nok`g: - \ropgr`ec bmfgb/roc`megb rmgksamws gek n`ss`mes: gek - Ostgib`sa`ec g eotwmrj w`ta tao bmfgb k`gspmrg. 9.7.6 Iu`bk fgpgf`t`os `e mvorsogs hmro`ce n`ss`mes hmr prmnmt`me gek prmgft`vo `evostmr tgrcot`ec `e tgrcotok ngrjot iy4
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<7/<;/9<71
<7/<;/9<71
<7/<7/9<70
67/<6/9<99
7 trg`e`ec tm io fmekuftok geeugbby tm gbb tao `est`tut`mes
Egt`megb @etobboftugb \rmporty Mhh`fo
[ofaembmcy @ekustry Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
67/79/9<99
- I9I nofage`sn me amw tm fmekuft tao noot`ec kovobmpok: - Yosubts mh noot`ecs nme`tmrok
VBGVVFMN
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: Oxpmrt Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
67/79/9<97
7< I9I noot`ecs por `ekustry socnoet `e tgrcotok ngrjot gro mrcge`sok iy `ekustry roprosoetgt`vo yogrby
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: VBGVVFMN
- Ffmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs `e joy tgrcot ngrjots trg`eok: - prmnmt`megb pgfjgco tgrcotok gt fustmnor
Oxpmrt
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce
7.;.9 \rmv`ko trg`e`ec tm fmnpge`os me @\ `e fmeeoft`me w`ta irgek`ec gft`v`t`os gek ospof`gbby me fort`h`fgt`me ngrjs. Mhhor trg`e`ec tm VBGVVFMN gek H@[@V stghh. Vuppmrt gbb tao noet`meok `est`tut`mes tm kovobmp cu`kgefo gek sorv`fos hmr `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos. B`ej tm 7.;.7 94 Kr`vo oxpmrt crmwta tarmuca `eemvgt`me gek oetroproeoursa`p.
9.74 Vuistget`gbby `efrogso ngrjot mutrogfa gek tgrcot`ec.
9.7.7 @etrmkufo strufturok nofage`sn tm agvo gt bogst twm I9Is gek tgrcotok ngtfa-ngj`ec noot`ecs por `ekustry socnoet por yogr me imta bmfgb gek `etoregt`megb bovobs. I9I noot`ecs nust io vory hmfusok gek wobb-strufturok gek frmss-suis`k`zgt`me huek`ec samubk io oegibok, `efbuk`ec g trgespgroet nofage`sn tm ut`b`zo tao hueks `e g t`noby ngeeor. [ao ng`e huek`ec gcoefy hmr ta`s gft`v`ty w`bb io OKI/NmKV@[. [ao iukcots sot hmr ta`s wmubk io hmr gkn`e`strgt`me. Ogfa mh tao n grjot`ec ovoets wmubk roqu`ro gkk`t`megb huek`ec. [ao spof`h`f ngrjots gro `e k`sfuss`me. 9.7.9 Vot up `ekustry roprosoetgt`vos roprosoetgt`vos mr ius`eoss ngtfangjors (`ek`v`kugb fmesubtgets fmesubtgets mr h`rns) `e tgrcotok ngrjots (stgrt`ec w`ta Gustrgb`g, Eow Togbgek, Vfgek`egv`g, _e`tok J`eckmn, O_, _e`tok Vtgtos, Fgegkg, Dgpge gek tao N`kkbo Ogst) tarmuca fmst sagr`ec iy OKI gek KmF gek fmbbgimrgto fbmsoby w`ta onigss`os gek tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg `e tgrcotok fmuetr`os. Ius`eoss ngtfangjors‐ rospmes`i`b`t`os `efbuko, iut w`bb emt io emt b`n`tok tm4 - Mrcge`z`ec bmfgb gegbyst ir`oh`ecs: - \bgf`ec grt`fbos `e bmfgb/roc`megb nok`g: - \ropgr`ec bmfgb/roc`megb rmgksamws gek n`ss`mes: gek - Ostgib`sa`ec g eotwmrj w`ta tao bmfgb k`gspmrg. 9.7.6 Iu`bk fgpgf`t`os `e mvorsogs hmro`ce n`ss`mes hmr prmnmt`me gek prmgft`vo `evostmr tgrcot`ec `e tgrcotok ngrjot iy4 - Mrcge`z`ec trg`e`ec mh fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs gek trgko prmnmt`me mhh`f`gbs `e joy tgrcot ngrjots tm fmbboft, gegbyso gek k`sson`egto trgko `ehmrngt`me: gek - Gft`voby `evmbv`ec @[-I\N `ekustry roprosoetgt`vo `e mutwgrk n`ss`mes gek trgko s amws). 9.7.; [rg`e VNOs me iost prgft`fos `e irgek`ec, sgbos gek prmnmt`me strgtocy, gek gppby tao eow irgek`ec strgtocy, kovobmpok iy tao Gs`ge Kovobmpnoet Igej (GKI)/\r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors‐ (GKI)/\r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors‐ (\wF) prmdoft, tm gkgpt gek `nprmvo tao`r ngrjot`ec fmnnue`fgt`mes ngtor`gbs gek tm iu`bk fgpgf`ty `e soboftok `ek`v`kugb h`rns tm prmnmto tao eow irgek pms`t`me`ec tm fustmnors. [a`s fge io fmnpbotok tarmuca wmrjsamps gek fb`e`fs w`ta `ek`v`kugb h`rns me irgek`ec, sgbos trg`e`ec gek fmnpbonoet tao kos`ce mh ngrjot`ec pbges w`ta `n prmvok fmnnue`fgt`me strgtoc`os.
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<7/<;/9<71
<7/<;/9<71
<7/<7/9<70
<7/<;/9<71
<7/<;/9<71
67/<6/9<99
7 trg`e`ec tm io fmekuftok geeugbby tm gbb tao `est`tut`mes
Egt`megb @etobboftugb \rmporty Mhh`fo
[ofaembmcy @ekustry Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
67/79/9<99
- I9I nofage`sn me amw tm fmekuft tao noot`ec kovobmpok: - Yosubts mh noot`ecs nme`tmrok
VBGVVFMN
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: Oxpmrt Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
67/79/9<97
7< I9I noot`ecs por `ekustry socnoet `e tgrcotok ngrjot gro mrcge`sok iy `ekustry roprosoetgt`vo yogrby
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: VBGVVFMN
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: VBGVVFMN: Kopgrtnoet mh Fmnnorfo
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
@ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me
67/79/9<9<
67/79/9<70
- Ffmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs `e joy tgrcot ngrjots trg`eok: - prmnmt`megb pgfjgco tgrcotok gt fustmnor hmr fmnnorf`gb gttgfaàs kovobmpok: - 7< oxgnpbo fgso stuk`os gek tost`nme`gbs kovobmpok (iy bmfgb ok`tmr) - Smrjsamps me iost prgft`fos `e irgek`ec ‖ irgek`ec ‖ ngrjot`ec fmnnue`fgt`me hmr VNOs fmekuftok: - Gkv`smry me amw tm `nprmvo ngrjot`ec fmnnue`fgt`me ngtor`gbs tarmuca fb`e`fs w`ta soboftok
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`ek`v`kugb h`rns prmv`kok: - Voftmr bovob pr`etok ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs hmr soboftok h`rn gkgptok gek `nprmvok. 9.94 \rmv`ko h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm hmstor nmro @[ h`rns `e Fmbmnim gek `e tao roc`mes.
9.9.7 Ostgib`sa kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa foetros gt ue`vors`t`os tarmucamut tao fmuetry, stgrt`ec w`ta tao _e`vors`ty mh Dghheg, _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg gek _e`vors`ty mh \orgkoe`yg tm suppmrt @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e tao emrtaore, foetrgb gek wostore prmv`efos gek frogto b`ejs tm tao gcr`fubturgb softmr (`.o. Gc-[ofa) `e prmv`efos tm kovobmp tofaembmc`os, gppb`fgt`mes gppb`fgt`mes gek notamks tm `nprmvo y`obks. 9.9.9 Ambk 'ius`eoss fb`e`fs hmr @[ stgrt-ups' `e taroo ngdmr f`t`os (Dghheg, Cgbbo, Jurueocobg) tw`fo g yogr tm prmv`ko ius`eoss sorv`fos gek gkv`fo me fmetrgfts, eocmt`gt`me, pr`f`ec, bgimur rocubgt`mes, tgxgt`me, tgxgt`me, otf. [m io `npbonoetok iy VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. 9.9.6 Frogto g sagrok spgfo (7<< <<< squgro hoot) hmr stgrtups iy fmevort`ec ox`st`ec cmvorenoet iu`bk`ec. Vagrok spgfo tm prmv`ko4 - Hbox`ibo bogs`ec mpt`mes tagt `evmbvo n`e`ngb fmnn`tnoet: - A`ca-spook @etoreot gek ius`eoss foetro sorv`fos: gek - Fmehoroefo rmmns.
9
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@F[ Yosogrfa Foetro gt _e`vors`ty mh Dghheg, N`e`stry mh _e`vors`ty mh A`caor Nmrgtuwg, _e`vors`ty Okufgt`me gek mh A`cawgys \orgkoe`ygostgib`saok 'Ius`eoss Fb`e`fs hmr @[ Vtgrt-ups' `e 6 ngdmr f`t`os mrcge`sok tw`fo g yogr.
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<97
7
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<70
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
G h`rst stop `s hmr tao Cmvorenoet Cmvorenoet tm prmv`ko tao tao hgf`b`t`os gek tarmuca g toekor prmfoss bot ngegconoet mh ta`s sagrok spgfo tm VBGVVFMN.
9.9.; Oeagefo h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr ogrby -stgco @[ stgrt-up fmnpge`os uekor tao ‑sp`rgbgt`me‐ prmcrgnno, prmv`k`ec up tm BJY 9 n`bb`me ogfa hmr ?< fmnpge`os. 9.64 Mrcge`zo g ‑Vtgrt-up `e Vr`
[ofaembmcy @ekustry
N`e`stry mh H`egefo: _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me
VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb N`e`stry mh [rgko: G bgek hmr sagrok [obofmnnue`f @ehmrngt`me spgfo/hgf`b`t`os hmr gt`me gek gek stgrt-ups prmv`kok K`c`tgb Fmnnue`fgt`m @ehrgstrufturo e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN Crgets hmr ?< stgrt-ups N`e`stry mh tm suis`k`so Kovobmpnoet Oxpmrt `ehrgstrufturo, fgpgf`ty Vtrgtoc`os gek Kovobmpnoet iu`bk`ec, ius`eoss @etoregt`megb Imgrk kovobmpnoet prmv`kok [rgko: N`e`stry yogrby mh H`egefo - Hgst trgfj`ec v`sg hmr
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
@ehmrngt`me
`ek`v`kugb h`rns prmv`kok: - Voftmr bovob pr`etok ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs hmr soboftok h`rn gkgptok gek `nprmvok. 9.94 \rmv`ko h`egef`gb gek `ehrgstrufturo suppmrt tm hmstor nmro @[ h`rns `e Fmbmnim gek `e tao roc`mes.
9.9.7 Ostgib`sa kok`fgtok @F[ rosogrfa foetros gt ue`vors`t`os tarmucamut tao fmuetry, stgrt`ec w`ta tao _e`vors`ty mh Dghheg, _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg gek _e`vors`ty mh \orgkoe`yg tm suppmrt @[ `ekustry kovobmpnoet `e tao emrtaore, foetrgb gek wostore prmv`efos gek frogto b`ejs tm tao gcr`fubturgb softmr (`.o. Gc-[ofa) `e prmv`efos tm kovobmp tofaembmc`os, gppb`fgt`mes gppb`fgt`mes gek notamks tm `nprmvo y`obks. 9.9.9 Ambk 'ius`eoss fb`e`fs hmr @[ stgrt-ups' `e taroo ngdmr f`t`os (Dghheg, Cgbbo, Jurueocobg) tw`fo g yogr tm prmv`ko ius`eoss sorv`fos gek gkv`fo me fmetrgfts, eocmt`gt`me, pr`f`ec, bgimur rocubgt`mes, tgxgt`me, tgxgt`me, otf. [m io `npbonoetok iy VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. 9.9.6 Frogto g sagrok spgfo (7<< <<< squgro hoot) hmr stgrtups iy fmevort`ec ox`st`ec cmvorenoet iu`bk`ec. Vagrok spgfo tm prmv`ko4 - Hbox`ibo bogs`ec mpt`mes tagt `evmbvo n`e`ngb fmnn`tnoet: - A`ca-spook @etoreot gek ius`eoss foetro sorv`fos: gek - Fmehoroefo rmmns.
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@F[ Yosogrfa Foetro gt _e`vors`ty mh Dghheg, N`e`stry mh _e`vors`ty mh A`caor Nmrgtuwg, _e`vors`ty Okufgt`me gek mh A`cawgys \orgkoe`ygostgib`saok 'Ius`eoss Fb`e`fs hmr @[ Vtgrt-ups' `e 6 ngdmr f`t`os mrcge`sok tw`fo g yogr.
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<97
7
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<70
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
G h`rst stop `s hmr tao Cmvorenoet Cmvorenoet tm prmv`ko tao tao hgf`b`t`os gek tarmuca g toekor prmfoss bot ngegconoet mh ta`s sagrok spgfo tm VBGVVFMN.
9.9.; Oeagefo h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr ogrby -stgco @[ stgrt-up fmnpge`os uekor tao ‑sp`rgbgt`me‐ prmcrgnno, prmv`k`ec up tm BJY 9 n`bb`me ogfa hmr ?< fmnpge`os. 9.64 Mrcge`zo g ‑Vtgrt-up `e Vr` Bgejg‐ fgnpg`ce tm hgf`b`tgto roture mh noniors mh tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg gek sott`ec up mh @[ fmnpge`os. 64 @nprmvo suppby 6.74 @efrogso @[ mh sj`bbok, a`caby gwgroeoss qugb`h`ok gnmec ymuta prmhoss`megbs tm gek oefmurgco sgt`shy crmw`ec @[- `eemvgt`me. I\N ngrjot crmwta.
9.6.7 @efbuko hgst trgfj`ec mh v`sgs gek mtaor ros`koefy roqu`ronoets tm gttrgft noniors mh tao Vr` Bgejge k`gspmrg tm frogto @[ stgrt-up fmnpge`os gek prmnmto taoso mppmrtue`t`os girmgk (b`ejok tm 9.7.9).
6.7.7 Fmekuft @[ gwgroeoss ovoets `e gbb prmv`efos, stgrt`ec w`ta sovoe f`t`os (Cgbbo, Ngtgrg, Ygtaegpurg, Jurueocgbg, Geurgkagpurg, Geurgkagpurg, Igtt`fgbmg, gek Igekgrgwobg) Igekgrgwobg) tm rg`so gwgroeoss gimut @[ `ekustry fgroors mppmrtue`t`os. mppmrtue`t`os.
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<7/<7/9<70
<7/<;/9<71
[ofaembmcy @ekustry
N`e`stry mh H`egefo: _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me
VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb N`e`stry mh [rgko: G bgek hmr sagrok [obofmnnue`f @ehmrngt`me spgfo/hgf`b`t`os hmr gt`me gek gek stgrt-ups prmv`kok K`c`tgb Fmnnue`fgt`m @ehrgstrufturo e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN Crgets hmr ?< stgrt-ups N`e`stry mh tm suis`k`so Kovobmpnoet Oxpmrt `ehrgstrufturo, fgpgf`ty Vtrgtoc`os gek Kovobmpnoet iu`bk`ec, ius`eoss @etoregt`megb Imgrk kovobmpnoet prmv`kok [rgko: N`e`stry yogrby mh H`egefo Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
67/79/9<97
@ehmrngt`me - Hgst trgfj`ec v`sg hmr gek k`gspmrg `n pbonoetok: N`e`stry mh Fmnnue`fgt`m - \rmnmt`me tm k`gspmrg [obofmnnue`f e [ofaembmcy mh ius`eoss gt`me gek Gcoefy mppmrtue`t`os tarmuca K`c`tgb (@F[G): smf`gb nok`g gek mtaor @ehrgstrufturo VBGVVFMN: fmnnue`fgt`me Kopgrtnoet mh fageeobs fmnpbotok Fmnnorfo
67/79/9<99
@ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh
Pogrby ovoets hmr @[ Fgroors Gwgroeoss `e tao roc`mes fmekuftok
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
6;
6.7.9 Vamwfgso tao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry igsok me ox`st`ec k`c`tgb fmetoet gek prmnmto `e g tgrcotok ngeeor tarmuca smf`gb nok`g gek wois`tos tm rg`so gwgroeoss gimut `ekustry `npmrtgefo. [m io `npbonoetok iy VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. VBGVVFMN/H@[@V.
6.94 @efrogso tao gvg`bgi`b`ty gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo. 6.9.7 Fmekuft, puib`sa gek k`sson`egto tao h`ek`ecs gek joy nossgcos mh ge geeugb survoy mh tao tmp 7< sj`bbs kongekok `e tao @[ softmr tm c`vo cu`kgefo tm ymuta gek ue`vors`ty crgkugtos me softmr eooks gek mppmrtue`t`os. mppmrtue`t`os.
6.9.9 @e fmbbgimrgt`me w`ta VBGVVFMN, `npbonoet ge @[ fgroors gwgroeoss fgnpg`ce me stgto nok`g tgrcot`ec pgroets gek togfaors.
<
<7/<7/9<70
9
<7/<7/9<70
9
<7/<7/9<70
@ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy 8 Vamw fgsos gek Oxpmrt Gcoefy 67/79/9<99 suffoss stmr`os por Kovobmpnoet (@F[G): yogr puib`saok Imgrk VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Okufgt`me: - Vurvoy h`ek`ec mh 7< VBGVVFMN: sj`bbs kongekok `e @[ N`e`stry mh Hokorgt`me mh softmr puib`saok yogrby A`caor @ehmrngt`me 67/79/9<99 - Nok`g @[ Fgroors Okufgt`me gek [ofaembmcy Gwgroeoss Fgnpg`ce Fgnpg`ce A`cawgys @ekustry : aobk _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys: Oxpmrt Nok`g @[ Fgroors N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet 67/79/9<99 Gwgroeoss Fgnpg`ce Fgnpg`ce Okufgt`me Imgrk: aobk VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh A`caor
6.7.9 Vamwfgso tao Vr` Bgejge @[ `ekustry igsok me ox`st`ec k`c`tgb fmetoet gek prmnmto `e g tgrcotok ngeeor tarmuca smf`gb nok`g gek wois`tos tm rg`so gwgroeoss gimut `ekustry `npmrtgefo. [m io `npbonoetok iy VBGVVFMN/H@[@V. VBGVVFMN/H@[@V.
6.94 @efrogso tao gvg`bgi`b`ty gvg`bgi`b`ty mh `ekustry-robovget tgboet/wmrjhmrfo. 6.9.7 Fmekuft, puib`sa gek k`sson`egto tao h`ek`ecs gek joy nossgcos mh ge geeugb survoy mh tao tmp 7< sj`bbs kongekok `e tao @[ softmr tm c`vo cu`kgefo tm ymuta gek ue`vors`ty crgkugtos me softmr eooks gek mppmrtue`t`os. mppmrtue`t`os.
6.9.9 @e fmbbgimrgt`me w`ta VBGVVFMN, `npbonoet ge @[ fgroors gwgroeoss fgnpg`ce me stgto nok`g tgrcot`ec pgroets gek togfaors.
6.9.6 Fmnn`ss`me ge onpbmygi`b`ty survoy w`ta`e tao VBGVVFMN AY Hmrun tm `koet`hy g noges tm c`vo hookigfj tm ue`vors`t`os gek hgfubt`os. Fmekuft ge geeugb sj`bb kongek rmuek tgibo `e wa`fa h`ek`ecs mh survoy gek `ekustry troeks gro fmevoyok tm ue`vors`t`os gek mtaor okufgt`megb `est`tutos gek stops hmrwgrk gro `koet`h`ok tm noot tamso eooks.
<
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
67/79/9<99
9
<7/<7/9<70
- Vurvoy h`ek`ec mh 7< sj`bbs kongekok `e @[ N`e`stry mh softmr puib`saok yogrby A`caor 67/79/9<99 - Nok`g @[ Fgroors Okufgt`me gek Gwgroeoss Fgnpg`ce Fgnpg`ce A`cawgys aobk
9
<7/<7/9<70
Nok`g @[ Fgroors 67/79/9<99 Gwgroeoss Fgnpg`ce Fgnpg`ce aobk
<
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
- Pogrby rmuek tgibo fmekuftok: - Yofmnnoekgt`mes tm noot `ekustry eooks fmefbukok @[ prmcrgns hmr [XO[ kovobmpok
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
\rmcrgnno tm `efrogso N`e`stry mh tao eunior mh @[ A`caor crgkugtos `s `etrmkufok Okufgt`me gek gek gppb`ok A`cawgys
Gb`ce tao ox`st`ec vmfgt`megb trg`e`ec trg`e`ec `est`tutos gek tao`r prmcrgnnos tm @[ `ekustry eooks.
6.9.; @e`t`gto g prmcrgnno tm `efrogso tao eunior mh @[ robgtok crgkugtos iy 71,<<< mvor tao eoxt hmur yogrs (n`x mh hroo gek hoo-bovy`ec). [a`s fge io gfa`ovok iy4 - Oxpoek`ec fgpgf`ty `e ue`vors`t`os:
8 Vamw fgsos gek suffoss stmr`os por yogr puib`saok
<7/<7/9<70
N`e`stry mh Okufgt`me
VBGVVFMN
@ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh Okufgt`me: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry : _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys: Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys: N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G) N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb
6?
- @etrmkuf`ec k`stgefo bogre`ec prmcrgnnos: gek - Kovobmp`ec Mpoe _e`vors`ty fmefopt bofturos meb`eo.
6.9.? [armuca puib`f-pr`vgto pgrteorsa`ps, ir`ec `e tmp hmro`ce ue`vors`t`os tm sot up sgtobb`to fgnpusos `e Vr` Bgejg tm oeagefo gkvgefok sj`bb bovobs gek bmfgb Y&K fgpgi`b`ty (Fgreoc`o Nobbme _e`vors`ty, Ngssgfausotts @est`tuto mh [ofaembmcy, otf.). 6.9.8 @etrmkufo g s`x-nmeta fmevors`me prmcrgnno hmr crgkugtos `e k`hhoroet k`sf`pb`eo tm stuky hmr @[-I\N f groors (Igfaobmr mh Grts kocroo tm J\M gek n gegconoet, gegconoet, Igfaobmr mh Vf`oefo tm smhtwgro kovobmpnoet gek agrkwgro oec`eoor`ec) gek kovobmp tofae`fgb, gegbyt`fgb gek prmhoss`megb sj`bbs spof`h`f tm tao `ekustry.
6.9.3 Igsok me NmH rocubgt`mes gek prmfokuros, `efrogso gffoss tm @[ trg`e`ec gek kocroos iy prmv`k`ec h`egef`gb gss`stgefo tarmuca ox`st`ec stukoet bmge prmcrgnno gek `etrmkufo g nmro ohhoft`vo @[ spof`h`f stukoet bmge sfaono `npbonoetok iy stgto igejs. 6.64 Oegibo gffoss tm cbmigb tgboet.
6.6.7 Oegibo g twm-wooj rgp`k v`sg gpprmvgb tm h`bb tao fr`t`fgb rmbos hrmn cbmigb tgboet pmmb hmr onorcoefy fgsos hmr rmbos
[rg`e`ec: Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty mh Vr` Bgejg: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry 9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<97
- 9 hmro`ce ue`vors`t`os rogfaok por yogr - 7 ue`vors`ty gttrgftok
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
7
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
Fmevors`me prmcrgn `s `etrmkufok gek gppb`ok
N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys
7
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<9<
@[-spof`h`f stukoet bmge sfaono `etrmkufok
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg
7
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<70
9-wooj rgp`k gpprmvgb
N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek
VBGVVFMN: _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec: Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty mh Vr` Bgejg: VBGVVFMN N`e`stry mh H`egefo: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry : Igej mh Foybme : \ompbo's Igej Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: VBGVVFMN:
- @etrmkuf`ec k`stgefo bogre`ec prmcrgnnos: gek - Kovobmp`ec Mpoe _e`vors`ty fmefopt bofturos meb`eo.
6.9.? [armuca puib`f-pr`vgto pgrteorsa`ps, ir`ec `e tmp hmro`ce ue`vors`t`os tm sot up sgtobb`to fgnpusos `e Vr` Bgejg tm oeagefo gkvgefok sj`bb bovobs gek bmfgb Y&K fgpgi`b`ty (Fgreoc`o Nobbme _e`vors`ty, Ngssgfausotts @est`tuto mh [ofaembmcy, otf.). 6.9.8 @etrmkufo g s`x-nmeta fmevors`me prmcrgnno hmr crgkugtos `e k`hhoroet k`sf`pb`eo tm stuky hmr @[-I\N f groors (Igfaobmr mh Grts kocroo tm J\M gek n gegconoet, gegconoet, Igfaobmr mh Vf`oefo tm smhtwgro kovobmpnoet gek agrkwgro oec`eoor`ec) gek kovobmp tofae`fgb, gegbyt`fgb gek prmhoss`megb sj`bbs spof`h`f tm tao `ekustry.
6.9.3 Igsok me NmH rocubgt`mes gek prmfokuros, `efrogso gffoss tm @[ trg`e`ec gek kocroos iy prmv`k`ec h`egef`gb gss`stgefo tarmuca ox`st`ec stukoet bmge prmcrgnno gek `etrmkufo g nmro ohhoft`vo @[ spof`h`f stukoet bmge sfaono `npbonoetok iy stgto igejs. 6.64 Oegibo gffoss tm cbmigb tgboet.
6.6.7 Oegibo g twm-wooj rgp`k v`sg gpprmvgb tm h`bb tao fr`t`fgb rmbos hrmn cbmigb tgboet pmmb hmr onorcoefy fgsos hmr rmbos tagt fgeemt io h`bbok bmfgbby.
6.6.9 @etrmkufo g sfaono tm hgst-trgfj samrt-torn ius`eoss v`sgs (w`ta`e 9; amurs) fgtor`ec tm k`sgstor rofmvory/ius`eoss rofmvory/ius`eoss fmet`eu`ty sorv`fos (`efbuk`ec gbbmw`ec `nnok`gto v`sgs hmr pro-gpprmvok b`sts (egnok mr qumtgigsok). ;4 Crmw fagnp`me ;.74 Iu`bk g h`rns ('tao fmamrt mh h`rns _V$9 i`bb`me pbge'). w`ta oxpmeoet`gb oxpmeoet`gb crmwta pmtoet`gb,
;.7.7 Bguefa g 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' prmcrgnno tgrcot`ec oxpmeoet`gb crmwta h`rns, w`ta g prmcrgnno ngegconoet mhh`fo, fgbb hmr gppb`fgt`mes, gek frok`ibo gek rmiust soboft`me fr`tor`g. [a`s prmcrgnno w`bb tgrcot twm crmups igsok me rovoeuo/crmwta rovoeuo/crmwta gfa`ovonoets4
[rg`e`ec: Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty mh Vr` Bgejg: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry 9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<97
- 9 hmro`ce ue`vors`t`os rogfaok por yogr - 7 ue`vors`ty gttrgftok
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
7
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
Fmevors`me prmcrgn `s `etrmkufok gek gppb`ok
N`e`stry mh A`caor Okufgt`me gek A`cawgys
7
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<9<
@[-spof`h`f stukoet bmge sfaono `etrmkufok
Foetrgb Igej mh Vr` Bgejg
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<70
9-wooj rgp`k gpprmvgb `etrmkufok
N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko
<7/<7/9<70
N`e`stry mh G hgst-trgfj samrt-torn samrt-torn Kovobmpnoet 67/79/9<9< ius`eoss v`sgs sfaono Vtrgtoc`os gek `etrmkufok @etoregt`megb [rgko
7
9
7
/<;/9<71
67/79/9<99
- 'Fagnp`me Iu`bkor' prmcrgn bguefaok: - 9< fmnpge`os w`ta $9< n`bb`me rovoeuo soboftok:
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
VBGVVFMN: _e`vors`ty Crgets Fmnn`ss`me N`e`stry mh Vj`bbs Kovobmpnoet gek Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec: Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty mh Vr` Bgejg: VBGVVFMN N`e`stry mh H`egefo: VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry : Igej mh Foybme : \ompbo's Igej Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: VBGVVFMN: Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek On`crgt`me N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Ghhg`rs: Oxpmrt Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: Kopgrtnoet mh @nn`crgt`me gek On`crgt`me N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko: Oxpmrt
68
furroetby `e tao sofmek t`or.
• 9< fmnpge`os w`ta _V$9< n`bb`me `e rovoeuo ro voeuo tagt g`n tm rogfa _V$7<< n`bb`me mvor h`vo yogrs: gek • ?< fmnpge`os w`ta _V$9 n`bb`me `e rovoeuo tagt pbge tm rogfa 7< n`bb`me `e h`vo yogrs. Hmbbmw`ec stops gro roqu`rok tm `koet`hy tao fmnpge`os gek tao`r eooks4 - Frogto g prmcrgnno ngegconoet ngegconoet mhh`fo gek sot up nme`tmr`ec nmkgb`t`os gnmec `npbonoetgt`me pgrteors: - Ostgib`sa ob`c`i`b`ty fr`tor`g hmr tao soboft`me mh tao fmnpge`os: - Bguefa tao survoy tm `koet`hy tao tgrcot guk`oefo: - Gssoss tao rosubts gek `koet`hy tao pmmb mh fmnpge`os: - @etorv`ow samrtb`stok fmnpge`os tm `koet`hy tao`r eooks gek pr`mr`t`os: - Kovobmp `ek`v`kugb trgko suppmrt pbge hmr fmnpge`os. ;.7.9 \rmv`ko tofae`fgb gek h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr ius`eoss kovobmpnoet tm 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' h`rns tarmuca g trgespgroet prmfoss, egnoby w`ta4 - Gffoss tm fmesubt`ec sorv`fos4 ngrjot mr`oetgt`me, prmkuft pms`t`me`ec, gek @\ ngegconoet: - Vj`bbs gek fgpgf`ty kovobmpnoet4 spof`gb`zok trg`e`ec prmcrgnnos me k`srupt`vo/onorc`ec k`srupt`vo/onorc`ec tofaembmc`os, crgets gek suis`k`os hmr prmfoss fort`h`fgt`me gek hgst-trgfj prmfoss hmr wmrj v`sgs: - Ngrjot`ec gek sgbos4 prmnmt`me gek gkvort`s`ec fgnpg`ce, suis`k`os tm hgf`b`tgto trgko v`s`ts gek ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs: gek - Gss`stgefo w`ta sfgb`ec hmr crmwta4 fmesubt`ec me norcor/gfqu`s`t`me strgtoc`os, strgtoc`os, sott`ec up dm`et voeturos gek pgrteorsa`p `e tgrcot ngrjors, `etrmkuft`me tm `evostmrs gek fmst-ohhoft`vo gffoss tm mhh`fo spgfo.
;.94 @npbonoet g fmuetry irgek`ec prmcrgnno hmfusok me crmw`ec fagnp`me h`rns
- ?< fmnpge`os w`ta $9 n`bb`me rovoeuo soboftok: - Eooks gek pr`mr`t`os mh soboftok fmnpge`os `koet`h`ok
7
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<99
[ofae`fgb gek h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr soboftok fmnpge`os tm rogfa $9 i`bb`me pbge prmv`kok
-
;.9.7 Kovobmp g irgek hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry gek prmkufo ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs w`ta`e tao hrgnowmrj mh tao @[-I\N Irgek`ec @npbonoetgt`me \bge (GKI-\wF), egnoby4 - Kovobmp irgek cu`kob`eos (v`sugb `koet`ty gek hmrngts hmr v`sugbs g`ks):
- @[-IN\ irgek frogtok: - Fmetoet iy suisoftmr kovobmpok gek ok`tok: - Ngrjot`ec
Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G)
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
Oxpmrt
N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko: Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G)
@ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy
furroetby `e tao sofmek t`or.
• 9< fmnpge`os w`ta _V$9< n`bb`me `e rovoeuo ro voeuo tagt g`n tm rogfa _V$7<< n`bb`me mvor h`vo yogrs: gek • ?< fmnpge`os w`ta _V$9 n`bb`me `e rovoeuo tagt pbge tm rogfa 7< n`bb`me `e h`vo yogrs. Hmbbmw`ec stops gro roqu`rok tm `koet`hy tao fmnpge`os gek tao`r eooks4 - Frogto g prmcrgnno ngegconoet ngegconoet mhh`fo gek sot up nme`tmr`ec nmkgb`t`os gnmec `npbonoetgt`me pgrteors: - Ostgib`sa ob`c`i`b`ty fr`tor`g hmr tao soboft`me mh tao fmnpge`os: - Bguefa tao survoy tm `koet`hy tao tgrcot guk`oefo: - Gssoss tao rosubts gek `koet`hy tao pmmb mh fmnpge`os: - @etorv`ow samrtb`stok fmnpge`os tm `koet`hy tao`r eooks gek pr`mr`t`os: - Kovobmp `ek`v`kugb trgko suppmrt pbge hmr fmnpge`os. ;.7.9 \rmv`ko tofae`fgb gek h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr ius`eoss kovobmpnoet tm 'fagnp`me iu`bkor' h`rns tarmuca g trgespgroet prmfoss, egnoby w`ta4 - Gffoss tm fmesubt`ec sorv`fos4 ngrjot mr`oetgt`me, prmkuft pms`t`me`ec, gek @\ ngegconoet: - Vj`bbs gek fgpgf`ty kovobmpnoet4 spof`gb`zok trg`e`ec prmcrgnnos me k`srupt`vo/onorc`ec k`srupt`vo/onorc`ec tofaembmc`os, crgets gek suis`k`os hmr prmfoss fort`h`fgt`me gek hgst-trgfj prmfoss hmr wmrj v`sgs: - Ngrjot`ec gek sgbos4 prmnmt`me gek gkvort`s`ec fgnpg`ce, suis`k`os tm hgf`b`tgto trgko v`s`ts gek ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs: gek - Gss`stgefo w`ta sfgb`ec hmr crmwta4 fmesubt`ec me norcor/gfqu`s`t`me strgtoc`os, strgtoc`os, sott`ec up dm`et voeturos gek pgrteorsa`p `e tgrcot ngrjors, `etrmkuft`me tm `evostmrs gek fmst-ohhoft`vo gffoss tm mhh`fo spgfo.
;.94 @npbonoet g fmuetry irgek`ec prmcrgnno hmfusok me crmw`ec fagnp`me h`rns gek tao mvorgbb `ekustry.
- ?< fmnpge`os w`ta $9 n`bb`me rovoeuo soboftok: - Eooks gek pr`mr`t`os mh soboftok fmnpge`os `koet`h`ok
7
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<99
[ofae`fgb gek h`egef`gb suppmrt hmr soboftok fmnpge`os tm rogfa $9 i`bb`me pbge prmv`kok
-
;.9.7 Kovobmp g irgek hmr tao @[-I\N `ekustry gek prmkufo ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs w`ta`e tao hrgnowmrj mh tao @[-I\N Irgek`ec @npbonoetgt`me \bge (GKI-\wF), egnoby4 - Kovobmp irgek cu`kob`eos (v`sugb `koet`ty gek hmrngts hmr v`sugbs g`ks): - Yosogrfa gek kovobmp g sot mh fmetoet (fgso stuk`os) tm io usok hmr ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs: - Kos`ce gek pr`et ngrjot`ec n gtor`gbs: - \rmkufo suppmrt`ec v`koms: gek - Bguefa g k`c`tgb ngrjot`ec fgnpg`ce (smf`gb nok`g, sogrfa oec`eo mpt`n`zgt`me gek ngegconoet). ;.9.9 Ambk cbmigb puib`f robgt`mes kos`ce gek ngegconoet fgnpg`ce w`ta`e tao hrgnowmrj mh @[-I\N Irgek`ec @npbonoetgt`me \bge (GKI-\wF), egnoby4 - \ms`t`me Vr` Bgejg `e gegbyst puib`fgt`mes sufa gs Cgrteor gek G[ Jogreoy iy `ev`t`ec gegbysts mr iy huek`ec fmuetry suppbonoets: - \bgfo @[-I\N `ekustry `e cbmigb ius`eoss gek trgko nok`g: - Mrcge`zo gegbyst gek dmuregb`st hgn`b`gr`zgt`me tmurs: gek
7
7
<7/<;/9<71
<7/<;/9<71
67/79/9<99
67/79/9<99
- @[-IN\ irgek frogtok: - Fmetoet iy suisoftmr kovobmpok gek ok`tok: - Ngrjot`ec ngtor`gbs kos`ceok: - Vuppmrt`ec v`koms prmkufok: - K`c`tgb ngrjot`ec fgnpg`ce bguefaok - @ekustry pms`t`meok gt bogst gt 7 gegbyt`fgb puib`fgt`me por yogr: - @ekustry `s pbgfok `e cbmigb ius`eoss gek trgko nok`g gt
Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G)
\r`no N`e`stor's Mhh`fo
N`e`stry mh Kovobmpnoet Vtrgtoc`os gek @etoregt`megb [rgko: Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk: @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G)
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
@ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy (@F[G): VBGVVFMN: Hokorgt`me mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy @ekustry
Oxpmrt Kovobmpnoet Imgrk
Imgrk mh @evostnoet (IM@): @ehmrngt`me gek Fmnnue`fgt`m e [ofaembmcy Gcoefy
63
- Bovorgco tao cbmigb k`gspmrg tm prmnmto tao `ekustry girmgk.
bogst ; t`nos por yogr: - 9 tmurs hmr dmuregb`st hgn`b`gr`sgt`me aobk por yogr
;.9.6 Mrcge`zo `eimuek tmurs hmr fa`oh `ehmrngt`me mhh`fors hrmn `koet`h`ok tmp tofa h`rns tm samwfgso tgboets gek sj`bbs gek oxpor`oefo tao pmtoet`gb `e Vr` Bgejg tarmuca tao bmfgb gek roc`megb rmgksamws gek n`ss`mes. [grcot taroo wobb-propgrok rmgksamws por yogr, o.c.4 - 7st yogr4 Dgpge, tao _e`tok J`eckmn, Gustrgb`g gek Eow Togbgek: - 9ek yogr4 @ek`g, _e`tok Vtgtos, Emrk`f fmuetr`os: - 6rk yogr4 Cubh/N`kkbo Ogst, fmuetr`os `e tao Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmutaogst Gs`ge Egt`mes, Corngey.
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
-
6 rmgksamws mrcge`zok yogrby
(@F[G): VBGVVFMN
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Oxpmrt Ghhg`rs: Imgrk Kovobmpnoet mh @evostnoet Imgrk (IM@): VBGVVFMN
- Bovorgco tao cbmigb k`gspmrg tm prmnmto tao `ekustry girmgk.
bogst ; t`nos por yogr: - 9 tmurs hmr dmuregb`st hgn`b`gr`sgt`me aobk por yogr
;.9.6 Mrcge`zo `eimuek tmurs hmr fa`oh `ehmrngt`me mhh`fors hrmn `koet`h`ok tmp tofa h`rns tm samwfgso tgboets gek sj`bbs gek oxpor`oefo tao pmtoet`gb `e Vr` Bgejg tarmuca tao bmfgb gek roc`megb rmgksamws gek n`ss`mes. [grcot taroo wobb-propgrok rmgksamws por yogr, o.c.4 - 7st yogr4 Dgpge, tao _e`tok J`eckmn, Gustrgb`g gek Eow Togbgek: - 9ek yogr4 @ek`g, _e`tok Vtgtos, Emrk`f fmuetr`os: - 6rk yogr4 Cubh/N`kkbo Ogst, fmuetr`os `e tao Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmutaogst Gs`ge Egt`mes, Corngey.
9
<7/<7/9<70
67/79/9<99
-
6 rmgksamws mrcge`zok yogrby
(@F[G): VBGVVFMN
N`e`stry mh Hmro`ce Oxpmrt Ghhg`rs: Imgrk Kovobmpnoet mh @evostnoet Imgrk (IM@): VBGVVFMN
61
Gppoe Gp poek` k` x 74 B` B ` st mh pgr pgrt` t` f` pge pgets ts ` e t ao pui p uibb ` f-p f-pr` r` vgt vgto o fmes fm es ub tgt tgt`` me mes s Em
Egno Eg no mh `est`tut `me
Egno Eg no
7
IM@
Nr. G V Vuigs`ecao
9
IM@
Ns.Yoeujg Kgsgegygjo
6
@F[G
Nr. @ek`jg ko Tmysg
;
@F[G
Nr. Vgfa`ekrg Vgngrgrgteo
?
@F[G
Nr. E`bge [a`ni`r`pmbg
8
N`e`stry mh Egt`megb \mb`f`os & Ofmemn`f Ghhg`rs
Nr. _ C Ygtegs`r`
3
N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`fgt`me [obofmnnue`fgt`me & K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo
Nr. Sgrueg Kagegpgbg
1
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Yuw`eku \o`r`s
0
VBGVVFMN, VBGVVFMN, \wF
Nr. Fageeg Ngemagrge
7<
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Far`sage Ko Nob
77
VBGVVFMN
Ns. Noeusa`jg Horegekmpubbo
79
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Nurgb`kgrge Vuirgnge`gn
Gppoe Gp poek` k` x 74 B` B ` st mh pgr pgrt` t` f` pge pgets ts ` e t ao pui p uibb ` f-p f-pr` r` vgt vgto o fmes fm es ub tgt tgt`` me mes s Em
Egno Eg no mh `est`tut `me
Egno Eg no
7
IM@
Nr. G V Vuigs`ecao
9
IM@
Ns.Yoeujg Kgsgegygjo
6
@F[G
Nr. @ek`jg ko Tmysg
;
@F[G
Nr. Vgfa`ekrg Vgngrgrgteo
?
@F[G
Nr. E`bge [a`ni`r`pmbg
8
N`e`stry mh Egt`megb \mb`f`os & Ofmemn`f Ghhg`rs
Nr. _ C Ygtegs`r`
3
N`e`stry mh [obofmnnue`fgt`me [obofmnnue`fgt`me & K`c`tgb @ehrgstrufturo
Nr. Sgrueg Kagegpgbg
1
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Yuw`eku \o`r`s
0
VBGVVFMN, VBGVVFMN, \wF
Nr. Fageeg Ngemagrge
7<
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Far`sage Ko Nob
77
VBGVVFMN
Ns. Noeusa`jg Horegekmpubbo
79
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Nurgb`kgrge Vuirgnge`gn
76
VBGVVFMN
Nr. Dmagee Ko Fruz
7;
[gbb`gefo \vt. Btk
Nr. Gsa`quo Nmagnok Gb`
7?
Igrtboot Oboftrme`fs (\vt.) B`n`tok
Nr. _kgyg Ko V`bvg
78
H@[@V
Kr. J`tas`r` Ngefagegygjjo Ngefagegygjjo
73
T`bb`meo Ambk`ecs \vt. Btk.
Nr. [agrngrgdga Vurosa
71
GKI
Ns. Gecobg Frmsb`e
70
@rmeMeo [ofaembmc`os \vt. Btk
Ns. Bgjn`e` S`dosuekorg
9<
\wF
Nr. E`sage Noek`s
97
O\@F Bgejg \X[. B[K
Nr. Gsobg Dgygrgtaeg
99
Mr`me F`ty (@[ \grj) @[ \grj (pr`vgto mr cmvorenoet-bok oxpmrt prmfoss`ec zmeo hmr @[)
Nr. Doovge Cegegn
96
Mr`me F`ty (@[ \grj) @[ \grj (pr`vgto mr cmvorenoet-bok oxpmrt prmfoss`ec zmeo hmr @[)
Nr. _. V`kkagrtage
9;
V.G. Jemwbokco Vorv`fos (\vt) Btk Sois`to K`roft`mes Mr`me F`ty
Ns. \uiuk`e` Gioyosojorg-Getameyp`bbg` Gioyosojorg-Getameyp`bbg`
9?
[obofmnnue`fgt`mes Yocubgtmry Fmnn`ss`me mh Vr` Bgejg
Nr. N F N Hgrmmj
98
[obofmnnue`fgt`mes Yocubgtmry Fmnn`ss`me mh Vr` Bgejg
Nr. [.C. \rongrgteo
93
X`rtusg\mbgr`s
Nr. Ngku Ygtegygjo
91
X`rtusg\mbgr`s
Nr. Ymcor Jo`ta Nmkkor
90
V`nFoetr`f [ofaembmc`os \vt Btk.
Nr. Agr`kau Gioycmmegrgteo
6<
Gpps [ofaembmc`os (\vt) Btk
Nr. @sage Jgeegecgrg
67
SVM9
Nr. X`kurg Cgn`e` Giagyg
69
N`frmsmht Vr` Bgejg
Nr. \uiuku Igsegygjo
66
Notgtofaem Bgejg Fmnpgey (\vt) Btk
Nr. Doowgeg Sg`kygrgtaeo
6;
Mrob@[ \vt Btk
Nr. _poekrg \`or`s
6?
_e`vors`ty mh Fmbmnim Vfammb mh Fmnput`ec
Kr. Yuwge Soorgs`ecao
60
68
Kopgrtnoet mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy _e`vors`ty mh Nmrgtuwg
Kr. Bmfagekgjg Ygegtauecg
63
Vr` Bgejg @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy
Kr. \rgkoopg Vgngrgs`ecao
61
Vr` Bgejg @est`tuto mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy
Kr. \rgkoop Gioycuuegwgrkgeo
60
Kopgrtnoet mh @ekustr`gb Ngegconoet, Hgfubty mh Vf`oefo, _e`vors`ty mh Jobge`yg
Kr. Dgegjg S `dgygegygjo `dgygegygjo
;<
Hgfubty mh Vf`oefo, _e`vors`ty mh Jobge`yg
Nr. Iageu Sgtgwgeg
;7
Emrtaore Fagnior mh @ehmrngt`me [ofaembmcy
Nr. [.[agvgruige
;9
Fa`oh Oxofut`vo Mhh`for - IEV Vyston
P.Vagrnna`j
;6
Oxtrono VOM
Nr. Vagrgeyge Vagrng Vagrgeyge Vagrng
;;
Vgtrme
Nr. N.E`bgsage
;?
GcmyVmht (\vt) Btk
Nr. [a`r`ygnigcg Vagrng
;8
Gkvgefok [ofae`fgb @est`tuto
Nr. V.Jgr`agrgjgegpgtay
;3
Egt`megb Gpproet`fo gek @ekustr`gb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty
Nr. Y.[a`runurucge
;1
Fmbboco mh [ofaembmcy Dghheg
Nr. V.Vagetagjungr
;0
Dghheg Fmbboco @est`tuto mh [ofaembmcy
Nr. [.Bmcgegtage
?<
Mfoge _e`vors`ty, Dghheg
Nr. G.Dosukgs
?7
_e`vors`ty mh Dghheg
Kr. G.Ygngege
?9
Xmfgt`megb [rg`e`ec Gutamr`ty mh Vr` Bgejg
Nr. O.X`d`tage
?6
OKI
Nr. N.J.V.J. Ngbkoe`
?;
OKI
Ns. Xgd`rg Jubgrgtaeg
??
OKI
Nr. K`eosa Gttgegygjo
?8
OKI
Ns. Kageusajg Yuwgepgta`rgeg
?3
OKI
Ns. Yujsage`o X`kygrgteo
?1
OKI - Emrtaore \rmv`efo Yoc`megb Mhh`fo
Nr. Ygsagk
;<
Gp poek` Gppoe k` x 94 @F[ s orv orv`` f os f mn pb pbonoe onoett gr gry y cr crmu mup` p` ec (Oxt (Oxtoek oekok ok Igb Igbgef gefo o mh \gynoets \gy noets Vo Vorv` rv`fos fos fbgss` f bgss`h`f h`fgt`me gt`me (O (OIM\V IM\V 9<7 9<7<) <)
;7
Yohoroefos G.[. Jogreoy (9<79). Fmnpot`t`vo Ioefangrj`ec4 Vr` Bgejg Jemwbokco Vorv`fos. Sgsa`ectme, K.F. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//ww attps4//www.gtjogreoy.fmn/kmfunoets/ w.gtjogreoy.fmn/kmfunoets/7<709/;6<791/Fmuetry]F 7<709/;6<791/Fmuetry]Fmnpot`t`voeoss]Vtukymnpot`t`voeoss]VtukyVr`]Bgejg.pkh/3k6<66g;-?06?-;7k1-ih00-g7;89ih3k??6.. Vr`]Bgejg.pkh/3k6<66g;-?06?-;7k1-ih00-g7;89ih3k??6 Gbnmrsy, N., D. Crueky gek @. N`bbor N`bbor (9<78). Ge Gegbys`s mh tao Fbmuk Fmnput`ec Vofur`t y \rmibon. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//grx`v.mrc/htp/grx`v/pgpors/78<0/78<0.<77<3.pkh . Aobbor, \otor gek mtaors (9<78). Ge Oetorpr`so Grfa`toft‐s Cu`ko tm I`c Kgtg. Mrgfbo Oetorpr`so Grfa`tofturo Grfa`tofturo Sa`to \gpor. Yokwmmk Vamros4 Mrgfbo Fmrpmrgt`me. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attp4//www.mrgfbo.fmn/tofaeotwm attp4//www .mrgfbo.fmn/tofaeotwmrj/tmp`fs/oetgrfa/grt`fbos/mog-i`c-kgtg-cu`ko-7?99 rj/tmp`fs/oetgrfa/grt`fbos/mog-i`c-kgtg-cu`ko-7?999.pkh 9.pkh
@etoregt`megb [rgko Foetro (9<73). VNO Fmnpot`t`voeoss Mutbmmj 9<734 Yoc`megb Oxpmrt Vtrgtoc`os. Coeovg. Dge`osfa, Far`st`ge gek mtaors (9<73). [ao @etoreot-mh-[a`ecs Noots Ius`eoss \rmfoss Ngegconoet4 Nutugb Ioeoh`ts gek Fagbboecos. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//grx`v.mrc/gis/73<0.<6891 attps4//grx`v.mrc/gis/73<0.<6891.. NgrjotsgekNgrjots (9<78). Ius`eoss \rmfoss Ngegconoet Ngrjot iy Vmbut`me, iy Vorv`fo, iy Kopbmynoet [ypo (Fbmuk, Me-\ron`sos), iy Mrcge`zgt`me V`zo (VNOV, Oetorpr`sos), iy Ius`eoss Hueft`me, iy @ekustry Xort`fgb, iy Yoc`me (EG, Ourmpo, G\GF, NOG, BG) - Cbmigb Hmrofgst tm 9<97. Agkgpsgr.
Miorbgoekor, Geeg Ngr`g gek mtaors (9<73). Fmefoptugb`s`ec ius`eoss-tm-ta`ec `etorgft`mes ‖ g smf`mngtor`gb porspoft`vo me tao @etoreot mh [a`ecs. Ourmpoge Dmuregb mh @ehmrngt`me Vystons . (@e pross). MOFK (9<7?). Kgtg-Kr`voe @eemvgt`me4 I`c Kgtg hmr Crmwta gek Sobb-Io`ec. \gr`s4 MOFK \uib`sa`ec. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attp4//kx.km`.mrc/7<.7313/031098;9906?1-oe. MOFK (9<77). MOFK Cu`ko tm Nogsur`ec tao @ehmrngt`me Vmf`oty 9<77. \gr`s4 MOFK \uib`sa`ec. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attp4//kx.km`.mrc/7<.7313/031098;776?;7-oe Bgejg ‖ Irgek`ec Irgek`ec CG\ Gegbys`s Yopmrt . Fmbmnim. \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpor s (9<73). @F[/I\N `e Vr` Bgejg ‖
\r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpor s (9<73). @etoregt`megb Irgek`ec Fgnpg`ce tm Vuppmrt VNOs `e Vr` Bgejg‐s @F[/I\N Voftmr @npbonoetgt`me \bge. Y`tt`ecamuso, Dmae S. gek Dgnos H. Ygesmno (9<78). Fbmuk Fmnput`ec4 @npbonoetgt`me, Ngegconoet, gek Vofur`ty. Imfg Ygtme4 FYF Immjs.
Ym`cor, Y`fagrk (9<78). Kgtg N`e`ec4 G [utmr`gb-Igsok \r`nor, Vofmek Ok`t`me. Imfg Ygtme4 FYF \ross. Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os (9<78). Fmuetry Mvorv`ow mh tao Vtgrt-_p Ofmsyston `e Vr` Bgejg. Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/fmetoet/stgrtup-sr`-bgejg-ropmrt. attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/fmetoet/stgrtup-sr`-bgejg-ropmrt. Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<76). H`egefo gek Gffmuet`ec Mutsmurf`ec Voftmr mh Vr` Bgejg 9<76. Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/fmetoet/h`egefogek-gffmuet`ec-mutsmurf`ec-softmr-sr`-bgejg-9<76.. gek-gffmuet`ec-mutsmurf`ec-softmr-sr`-bgejg-9<76 Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<7;). Vr` Bgejg @[/I\N @ekustry 9<7; Yov`ow . Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/fmetoet/sr`-bgejge-`t-ipn-`ekustryrov`ow-9<7;.. rov`ow-9<7; Vr` Bgejg Gssmf`gt`me mh Vmhtwgro gek Vorv`fo Fmnpge`os gek \r`fowgtoramusoFmmpors (9<78). X`s`me 9<994 Vr` Bgejg @[/I\N Voftmr . Fmbmnim. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78 attps4//sbgssfmn.bj/ropmrt/sbgssfmn-strgtocy-kmfunoet-9<78.. _EF[GK (9<7?). @etoregt`megb trgko `e @F[ sorv`fos gek @F[-oegibok sorv`fos. _EF[GK [ofae`fgb Emtos me @F[ hmr Kovobmpnoet Em. 6, Coeovg. ;9
_EF[GK (9<7?). @ehmrngt`me Ofmemny Yopmrt 9<7?4 _ebmfj`ec tao \mtoet`gb mh O-Fmnnorfo hmr Kovobmp`ec Fmuetr`os. _e`tok Egt`mes, Eow Pmrj gek Coeovg. Xoejgtosa, G.E. (9<73). Fmeeoft`ec tao Kmts4 @etoreot mh [a`ecs gek Aunge Yosmurfo Ngegconoet. Gnor`fge @etoregt`megb Dmuregb mh Yosogrfa `e Aunge`t`os, Grts gek Vmf`gb Vf`oefos , Hoirugry 1, 9<73. @VVE (\r`et)4 9691636;. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//ssre.fmn/gistrgft>9076;<< attps4//ssre.fmn/gistrgft>9076;<<.. Smrbk Igej (9<7?). Vr` Bgejg - @eemvgt`me, @F[ gek Fmnpot`t`voeoss. Krght wmrj`ec pgpor. Sgsa`ectme, K.F.4 Smrbk Igej. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attp4//akb.agekbo.eot/7<018/99176 attp4//akb.agekbo.eot/7<018/99176.. Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me (9<73). S[M [rgko Vtgt`st`fgb Yov`ow 9<73 . Sgsa`ectme, K.F. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//www.wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/ attps4//www .wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stgt`s]o/wts9<73]o/wt stgt`s]o/wts9<73]o/wts9<73]o.pkh s9<73]o.pkh . Smrbk [rgko Mrcge`zgt`me, @[F gek _EF[GK (9<73). S[M-@[F-_EF[GK geeugb trgko `e sorv`fos kgtgigso. Vmurfok hrmn tao @NH Igbgefo mh \gynoets Vtgt`st`fs gek hrmn tao [rgko `e Vorv`fos iy \grteor Fmuetry kgtgsot mh tao MOFK. Gvg`bgibo hrmn attps4//www attps4//www.wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stg .wtm.mrc/oecb`sa/ros]o/stgt`s]o/trgko]kgtgsots]o.atn t`s]o/trgko]kgtgsots]o.atn..
;6