“DERECHO COMERCIAL II”
2016 UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA DE TACNA Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” Contenido CONOCIMIENTO DE EMB!"#E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EMB!"#E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % & % 'I(TO!I$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 'I(TO!I$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % & % DEFINICION$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ DEFINICION$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 6 % OB)ETO DE* CONOCIMIENTO DE EMB!"#E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EMB!"#E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%% + % C*(E( DE CONOCIMIENTO DE EMB!"#E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% , % (#)ETO( INTE!-INIENTE($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ INTE!-INIENTE($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 10 % P!TE !TE I$ DI(PO(ICIONE( .ENE!*E($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .ENE!*E($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$% $$$$$$ % 12 % CONTENIDO$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ CONTENIDO$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$ % 1/ % C!T C!T DE PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 16 % CONCEPTO$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ CONCEPTO$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 16 % NTECEDENTE($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ NTECEDENTE($$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 1, % -*O! DE * C!T C!T DE PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ % 1, % $ -alor roatorio$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ roatorio$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 1 % B$ Título reresentati3o de 4ercadería$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% 1 % C$ Tradici5n si45lica$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ si45lica$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 21 % * C!T C!T DE PO!TE E* CONT!TO CONT!TO DE T!N(PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$ T!N(PO!TE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$%% 21 % * C!T C!T DE PO!TE PO!TE TE!!E(T!E E!E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ E!E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%% 22 % EMI(ION CCIONE( CMBI!I($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ CMBI!I($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 26 % CONC*#(IONE($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ CONC*#(IONE($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% /0 % BIB*IO.!FI$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ BIB*IO.!FI$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ % /1 % NE7O($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ NE7O($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ % /2 %
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II”
El presente trabajo va dedicado a nuestros padres, por darnos su apoyo y amor en todo momento, y a nuestros docentes quienes se esfuerzan por compartir sus
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” INTROD!!I"N
Con el objetivo de explicar claramente y legalmente todo lo referente referente al embarque y el poder que otorga la carta a porte en el ámbito comercial. Los títulos títulos valores valores son document documentos os necesar necesarios ios para para legitima legitimarr el ejercic ejercicio io del derecho literal y autónomo que en ellos se incorpora. Pueden ser de contenido creditic crediticio io corpora corporativo tivos s o de particip participació ación n y de tradició tradición n o represe representat ntativos ivos de mercancías. !n este caso lo que originariamente se concibió como un documento de recibo que acredite la propiedad propiedad de las mercancías transportadas transportadas a grandes distancias distancias y que se efect"an por vía marítima esencialmente denominado #Conocimiento de emba embarq rque ue# # evol evoluc ucio iona na y se hace hace nece necesa sari rio o que que adqu adquie iera ra cara caract cter erís ísti tica cas s esenciales de título valor como su negociabilidad. $in embargo no sólo se requiere su convertibilidad o negocio sino tambi%n que sea seguro y garantice al propietario de la mercancía su entrega al destinatario correcto y tambi%n para el porteador o transportador que es responsable de su tránsito la entrega al consignatario adecuado.
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” 'I(TO!I1 &ablar del conocimiento de embarque es hablar de la historia del transporte marítimo y su desarrollo. desarrollo. !s cierto que en la antig'edad antig'edad este documento no se utili(o pues generalmente el naviero armador capitán y propietario de las mercancías era una sola persona. Posteriormente en la edad media las mercancías al ser embarcadas eran acompa)adas por el propio comerciante propietario de las mismas de ahí que fuera ilógico pensar en la existencia de este documento. *o viene a ser sino hasta el momento en que nacen los corresponsales en el extranjero los agentes o representantes del comerciante cuando ya no es nece necesa sari rio o que que este este acom acompa pa)e )e a sus sus merc mercan ancí cías as en el buqu buque e apar aparec ece e entonces el primer antecedente del conocimiento de embarque el registro de las mercancí mercancías as a bordo bordo en el cartular cartulario io
+escritu +escritura ra p"blica p"blica manifiest manifiesto, o, del
buque. -esde luego ese registro era hecho por un escribano a bordo el que al ser requerido poco a poco por los cargadores para que les entregara extractos de sus registros dio lugar a que se iniciara la expedición de títulos volantes otro de los antecedentes del conocimiento de embarque. !n el siglo /// aparece ya el recibo que extendía para las mercancías cargadas a bordo mas tarde en el siglo 0 gracias al desarrollo del seguro marítimo sobre facultades es decir aquel aquel seguro seguro sobre sobre las mercancí mercancías as ese recibo recibo adquiri adquirió ó gran gran importan importancia. cia. Como tal recibo quedaba en las manos de los expedidores o cargadores estos los hacían del conocim conocimien iento to de los consignat consignatario arios s a trav%s trav%s de guías muy parecidas a las utili(adas en el transporte terrestre. $in embargo como esos documentos se prestaban para hacer fácilmente fraudes a los terceros se tuvo
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” !l documento que nos ocupa hubo de pasar por diversas etapas que son las siguientes1
$imples recibos de mercancías mercancías hasta 2345. $in lugar a dudas hay que toma tomarr
en
cuenta nta
los los
grande andes s
descubri brimie mientos tos
del
sigl iglo
0
especialmente el de 6m%rica en 2748.
Prueba de la existencia del contrato de transporte de mercancías por mar a partir de 2345 cuando ya se encuentran encuentran verdaderos formularios tpo por ejemplo los holandeses y espa)oles de los que todavía hoy día se recogen formas de conocimientos de embarque actuales.
La característica de representatividad de las mercancías aparecerá a finales del siglo 0// la que sin embargo será muy discutida durante todo el siglo 0///.
9inalmente el conocimiento de embarque o :recibido para embarque; aparece al t%rmino del siglo / a raí( de la aplicación de la máquina de vapor a las embarcaciones embarcaciones y crearse los primeros servicios de línea permanente así como ante la necesidad de hacer circular la rique(a aceleradamente.
!ste conocim conocimient iento o será será muy discutid discutido o durante durante muchos muchos a)os. a)os. 6sí 6sí alguno algunos s autores de derecho marítimo se)alaban que con el no había seguridad alguna para las mercancías. Las cuales solo podrían tener al en el momento mismo del embarque y una ve( recibido el documento citado. Por otra parte las legislaciones de la %poca claramente se)alaban que el conocimiento de embarque es un título entregado por el capitán del buque que transporta las mercancías.
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” este tipo de conocimientos de embarque adquiere título de naturali(ación siendo siendo hoy día uno de los más comunes comunes..
-esde -esde ese momento momento ya nadie nadie
discute la importancia del conocimiento de embarque dentro del comercio intern internac acion ional al a trav trav%s %s del del mar. mar. !s más más la human humanid idad ad se ha preocu preocupa pado do const constan antem temen ente te a parti partirr de fines fines del del siglo siglo pasad pasado o pero pero sobre sobre todo todo en la actu actual alid idad ad por por logr lograr ar una una clar clara a unif unific icac ació ión n inte intern rnac acio iona nall sobr sobre e este este documentos que permita tanto al usuario del transporte marítimo como al transpo transportis rtista ta marítimo marítimo obtener obtener los benefici beneficios os y servicio servicios s adecuad adecuados os que esperan uno del otro.
DEFINICION !l Conoc Conocimi imient ento o de embar embarqu que e es el docu documen mento to que que hace hace prueb prueba a de un contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías acreditando que el porteador ha tomado a su cargo o ha cargado las mercaderías a bordo y en virtud del cual cual %ste %ste se compr comprome omete te a entre entregar garlas las en el puert puerto o de desti destino no contr contra a la presentación del documento las que han de entregarse a nombre de una persona determinada a la orden o al portador. 8 !l docum documen ento to expe expedid dido o por por el capit capitán án +armad +armador or o agent agente e mariti maritimo, mo, que que acredita la recepción a bordo de las mercancías especificadas en el mismo para para ser ser trans transpor portad tadas as al puert puerto o de desti destino no conf conform orme e a las condic condicio iones nes
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” !l conocimiento de embarque en su forma moderna moderna se puede describir de la siguiente manera1 a) Recibo firma rmado por por el port orteador dor o una perso rsona que actúa en representación del mismo, expedido al cargador, en el que se reconoce que han sido embarcadas en determinado buque y con determinado destino las mercancías que en el describen, o que han sido recibidas éstas por el armador, en custodio para su embarque, b) Mem Memoran orando do de las las cond condic icio ione nes s y moda odalida lidade des s del del cont contra ratto de transporte transporte que, en realidad, realidad, habrá sido casi inariablem inariablemente ente celebrado mucho antes de la firme del documento, c) !itulo !itulo representati representatio o de las mercancías mercancías que que concede concede al consignatari consignatario o el derecho a tomar posesión de las mismas en el lugar de destino o a disponer de ellas endosando el conocimiento y haciendo entrega de él "
OB)ETO DE* CONOCIMIENTO DE EMB!"#E 8
!l objeto principal del conocimiento es comprobar el hecho de que el capitán o transportista ha recibido las mercaderías a bordo que se obliga a transportar y rest restit itui uirr. !l cono conoci cimi mien ento to de emba embarq rque ue es ante ante todo todo el reci recibo bo de las las
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” conocimientos antes de haberla recibido a bordo o bajo promesa de serle entregad entregada a posteri posteriorme ormente. nte. Consid Consideran erando do que el conocim conocimient iento o empie(a empie(a a circular cumpliendo con su tercera función de documento representativo de la mercadería e instrumento de cr%dito el hecho se prestaría a muchos fraudes en perjuic perjuicio io de tercero terceros s ya que mediante mediante la transfe transferen rencia cia del documento documento podrí podría a vende venders rse e una una o varia varias s vece veces s en trans transmis misio iones nes suce sucesiv sivas as una una mercadería que no existe en el buque. !l mismo capitán si reali(a el acto conscie conscientem ntemente ente y con finalida finalidades des delictu delictuosa osas s sería sería autor autor o cómplice cómplice del deli delito to de esta estafa fa que que se come cometa ta post poster erio iorrment mente e sin sin perju erjuic icio io de su responsabilidad civil que sería tambi%n del Porteador a quien representa.
CLASES DE CONOCIMIENTO DE EMBARQUE 6 2. La primera primera clasifica clasificació ción n de los conocimi conocimient entos os de embarque embarque es aquella aquella que se basa en el momento de la carga de las mercancías en el buque1 a, Conocim Conocimient iento o embarcado embarcado u ordinario ordinario es aquel que se extiende extiende cuando cuando las mercancías ya han sido embarcadas en el buque podríamos decir que es el conocimiento de embarque tradicional. b, Cono Conocim cimien iento to recib recibido ido para embarqu embarque e o sea aquel aquel que que se extie extiend nde e cuando las mercancías se entregan a la empresa transportista transportista antes de
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” de las las merc mercad ader ería ías s en el puer puerto to de dest destin ino o el docu docume ment nto o no es transmisible con la simple entrega requiere además del endoso de la cooperación del obligado que debe notificar su cesión al portador o transportista o bien a su representante. b, 6 la orden aquello llos en los que se hace constar tar el nombr mbre del del consignatario de las mercancías o del cargador pero anteponi%ndose la expresión :a la orden; desde luego su transmisión se hace por el simple endo endoso so a trav trav%s %s del del cual cual el cede cedent nte e o endo endosa sant nte e tran transm smit ite e sus sus derechos al cesionario o endosatario subrogándose así en todos los derechos del primero. c, 6l porteador porteador aquellos aquellos en que no se expresa expresa nominalmen nominalmente te ni a orden orden al consignatario o al cargador en su caso quedando siempre legitimado cual cualqu quie ierr tene tenedo dorr del del docu docume ment nto. o. *o obst obstan ante te que que esta esta form forma a representa la de mas fácil circulación del conocimiento de embarque es muy muy poco poco util utili( i(ad ada a por por el peli peligr gro o que que repr repres esen enta ta la p%rd p%rdid ida a del del documento documento ya que significaría que el que lo encontrara encontrara podría disponer fácilmente de las mercancías. @. Ftras Ftras clasifica clasificacion ciones es se hace en base al modo de transporte transporte dividi%ndo dividi%ndose se en1 a, ?ixto es decir decir aquel que abarca la totalidad de los modos modos de transporte transporte a que se vea sometida una mercancía o sea una mercancía que fuera
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” (#)ETO( INTE! INTE !-INIENTE(+ Los sujetos interviniente en ambos títulos valores son los siguientes1 •
!l remitente o cargador que es la persona que remite o envía los bien bienes. es.!n !n el cono conocim cimie iento nto se debe debe indic indicar ar neces necesar aria iamen mente te el nombre nombre del cargad cargador or que es una de las partes contratant contratantes. es. La desi design gnac ació ión n de la pers person ona a del del carg cargad ador or y su resi reside denc ncia ia son son necesarias porque se quiere saber efectuada la expedición y carga de las mercaderías la persona por cuya cuenta se reali(a tal carga y la expedición asimismo conocer a qui%n se le deben restituir las mercaderías en caso de que el destinatario se negara a recibirlas debiendo depositar judicialmente la mercadería. !l cargador deberá resp espond ondertamb tambi% i%n n
por
otras tras
oblig ligaci aciones nes
pendien ientes
del
conocimiento como pago de flete avería gruesa etc. si el valor de •
la mercadería no alcan(ara para ello. !l benefici beneficiario ario destinat destinatario ario o consigna consignatar tario io que es la persona persona a quie quien n va dirig dirigida ida la merca mercanc ncía. ía.Cu Cuan ando do el conoc conocimi imien ento to ha sido sido extendido a la orden del cargador %ste como titular del mismo y los sucesiv sucesivos os endosa endosatari tarios os pueden pueden endosa endosarlo rlo transfir transfiriend iendo o todos todos los derech echos
y
acci cciones sobre
el
car cargamen mento. to.
!l
nombr mbre
del
consignatario en este caso y en el momento de la redacción no
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” desp despu% u%s s endo endosa sarl rlo o a nomb nombre re del del cons consig igna nata tari rio o o del del banc banco o •
intermediario si %ste interviene como ocurre habitualmente. !l porteador o transportista que es el sujeto que emite el título valor. 6simismo es el encargado encargado de transportar transportar de un lugar a otro los bien bienes es y a quien quien tendrá tendrá que que pagár pagársel sele e el monto monto del flete flete y los servicios prestados.!l Porteador es la persona natural o jurídica que asume el transporte de una mercancía cualesquiera que sea el tipo de vehícu vehículo lo que utilice. utilice. !l Conocim Conocimient iento o de !mbarqu !mbarque e debe debe ser firmado por la persona autori(ada por el PorteadorG se considera que un Conocimiento de !mbarque suscrito por el Capitán del buque o su agente ha sido firmado a nombre del porteado.
$eg"n le#islaci$n internacional, el convenio de las naciones unidas sobre el transporte marítimo de mercancías
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” toda persona que por sí o por medio de otra que act"e en su nombre o por su cuenta entrega efectivamente las mercancías al porteador en relación con el contrato de transporte marítimo. 7. Por #consignata #consignatario# rio# se entiende la persona persona autori(ada autori(ada para para recibir recibir las mercancías. 3. !l t%rmino t%rmino #merca #mercanc ncías ías## compre comprend nde e los los animales animales vivosG vivosG cuando las merc mercan ancí cías as se agru agrupe pen n en un cont conten ened edor or una una pale paleta ta u otro otro eleme elemento nto de trans transpor porte te análo análogo go o cuand cuando o est%n est%n embal embalada adas s el t%rmino #mercancías# comprenderá ese elemento de transporte o ese embalaje si ha sido suministrado por el cargador. A. Por #contra #contrato to de transport transporte e marítimo# marítimo# se entiende entiende todo todo contrato contrato en virtud del cual el porteador se compromete contra el pago de un flete a transportar mercancías por mar de un puerto a otroG no obstante el contrato que comprenda transporte marítimo y tambi%n trans transpor porte te por por cualq cualquie uierr otro otro medio medio se consi conside dera rará rá contr contrato ato de
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II”
•
La denominación e Conocimiento de !mbarque !l nombre n"mero del documento oficial de identidad y domicilio
•
del cargador !l nombre y domicilio del beneficiario o consignatario a quien o a
•
la orden de quien vayan dirigidas las mercancías pudiendo ser el • •
propio cargador La naturale(a general de las mercancías !l monto general del flete del transporte
y
de
los
•
demás servicios servicios prestados prestados por el portador. La fecha y lugar de emisión. La declaración del valor patrimonial que hubiere declarado el
•
cargador !l numero de orden correspondiente y la cantidad de originales
•
emitidos si hubiere más de uno. !l nombre firma el n"mero de documento oficial de identidad y
•
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” inherentes de acuerdo a las disposiciones que rigen el *ontrato de !ransporte !ransporte Marítimo de Mercaderías& Mer caderías& $"%&$ (l endosante o cedente del título sólo responde por la existencia de las las merca mercanc ncía ías s al mome moment nto o de erif erific icars arse e la trans transmi misi sión ón del *onoci *onocimie miento nto de (mbarq (mbarque, ue, sin asumir asumir responsabilidad responsabilidad sol solida idaria ria ni proceder contra éste acción de regreso&
!l conocimiento de embarque puede ser emitido en forma nominativa a la orden o al portador. !n el primer caso se debe entender que el transportador es decir el creador del instrumento debe llevar para tal efecto un libro de registro y que el tenedor legitimo será aquel que apare(ca en dicho libro.
#rtículo $"-&' #cción *ambiaria
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” tenedor legitimo negociar el instrumento por la parte no entregada. !l ejercicio de este derecho nace con la fuer(a de la acción cambiaria y a traves del titulo ejec ejecut utiv ivo o para para recl recla amar mar la entr entreg ega a de la merc merca aderí dería. a. Como Como ind indicam icamos os anteriormente la copia *o *egociable que corresponde al Porteador confiere a este la misma acción cambiaria para ejercerla en la forma ejecutiva a efecto de cobrar flete que le corresponde. #rtículo $01&' *onocimientos de (mbarque (speciales
$01& /os *onocimientos de (mbarque su.etos a regímenes aduaneros especiales se regulan por la ley de la materia& $01&$ 2gualmente, se obserará la ley de la materia en el caso de transp transport orte e multim multimodal odal de mercad mercaderí erías as que compren comprende de el transp transport orte e marítimo, lacustre o fluial&
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” prue prueba ba los los dere derech chos os de las las part partes es de igua iguall modo modo las las obli obliga gaci cion ones es conv conven enida idas. s. !s el docu documen mento to data datado do y firmad firmado o que que prueb prueba a todas todas las condiciones del transporte contractual y en forma especial la de entregar las cosas o efectos transportados. 4 La carta de porte es un título representativo de la mercadería y por lo tanto un título transmisible creando en consecuencia un derecho+el de exigir la mercadería, en forma independiente del contrato de transporte. !n este sent sentid ido o es tamb tambi% i%n n un títu título lo de resc rescat ate e como como cons consec ecue uenc ncia ia de su
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” NTECEDENTE( La Carta de Porte tuvo su origen en las costumbres de los comerciantes italianos de la !dad ?edia y se difundio por el sur de 9rancia y !spa)a. -ada la característica que asumió en su forma primitiva + carta abierta, el mas interesado en la emisión de la misma fue el propio porteador para descargo suyo ante el destinatario de los efectos 25 Con el tiempo y dadas las complicaciones del contrato de tranporte se
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” A. Vao! "!o#ato!io La carta de porte tiene el valor probatorio de un documento privado. !l art. 2AA jerarqui(a su valor probatorio estableciendo que es el título legal del contrato y que por su contenido se decidirán todas las contestaciones que ocurran con motivo del transporte. 6dmite prueba en contrario sólo en dos casos1 falsedad o error involuntario de redacción. redacción.
B. T$t%o !e"!e&entati'o de (e!)ade!$a La carta de porte es un título representativo de los bienes transportados. La
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” Cuan Cuando do nos nos refe referi rimo mos s a la comp compra rave vent nta a y al vale vale deci decimo mos s que que el comprador y el vendedor han celebrado el contrato de compraventa y lo pueden documentar y a la ve( el comprador puede firmar un vale que crea un nuevo derecho. !n cambio en el caso del contrato de transporte no hay más que la carta de porte. Con la carta de porte se documenta el contrato de transporte terrestre. !xiste una sola documentación y una sola relación jurídica. La carta de porte no constituye una relación nueva ni crea derechos nuevos que se
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” * C!T DE PO!TE E* CONT!TO DE T!N(PO!TE 11 !n cuan cuanto to a los los inte interv rvin inie ient ntes es en el cont contra rato to de tran transp spor orte te terr terres estr tre e normalmente normalmente participan tres personas que son1 la que reali(a el transporte la que ordena y aquella a cuyo favor se dirigen las cosas o sea la carga. !n la term termin inol olog ogía ía jurí jurídi dica ca esta estas s pers person onas as reci recibe ben n los los nomb nombre res s de porteador cargador y consignatario respectivamente. La carta de porte cuando se emite se considera que es la forma escrita del
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” La Carta de Porte representa representa las mercancías mercancías que son objeto de un contrato de transporte terrestre o a%reo seg"n el caso. Las normas de esta ley son
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” La carta de porte constituye el documento que acredita y representa las mercade mercaderías rías que son
materia materia de un contrato contrato de transporte transporte terrest terrestre re o
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” g, La fecha fecha y lugar lugar de emisión emisión lugar lugar de carga y descarga y la fecha fecha en que el Porteador o Eransportista se ha hecho cargo o recibe
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” Los requisitos que contempla contempla la Ley en el articulo 838.2 son1 el relativo a la denominación del titulo que debe ser la Carta de Porte Eerrestre o 6ereo
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“DERECHO COMERCIAL II” -esti -estinat natari ario o o Cons Consign ignat atari ario o frent frente e al Porte Porteado adorr o Erans ranspor portis tista ta.. $in embargo si el endosante o cedente es el Cargador o
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