sces, b e speclss pp cep d de ses . oe e deeces espec s exb, c es d clle d pell l, s sed be s s, le e ito the Lght (ll. XX) e X-Scree (ll. XX) exbs—se ese lescle scl ses ell b bd pblc sebed s lzed s—’s se else. e e eebe e’e led 2006. oe e ees cllees cllees s s e e ec cs e exb ll s exed e cl e s p ee e c b e pese, e e pese, cc s e ps. se lescle exbs dd’ d s cll b scl cc cep .
ts ces ces plce ce ce e , , d s s pblsed pblsed e cle cle exb e hbe B eled Beyod Ce: art o Projecto (oslde, ), pp. –.
th LonG AnD th hort o it: nturi o ProjtinG hADow, rom nAturAL mAGi to th AvAnt-GArD t G AN OPTIAL EXHIBITION: ILLuION, PETER, AND DEMTIFIATION
s, e dess. al des ce s, s eec es p d eel. eel. t pecs sl e plce d ee, les sd, dcll dsses s ese ds ee. ul e ed e e ee ce, b e se d e d ee bl l, sce e dece ed s c p e speccle s e pece sel (e plebe “gds” e blc ss ppl cep; e scs e bxes be see s c s e ed see). ol e ed e ce dd e deed ee ppe, s e’s Be ( dece s dele bsc), e ae’s tee Lbe Lbe ( d d ces e ls ls e “ ll”), d le e ce. i ll ese cses, e dece s blcess csed se scdl. ie, e, s ccsed l, s ele eclpse spce, s bsc e . as mce meleP sd , “ s pe dep ed ed bcd, sce d dsce sep e. all spce e efec d s ssed b c eles s ps ec e, b s cse, e ss ee.” ppes e d? h des l sce d cee s ld? Pec dces dces d, s cse l, b ls sd, clls cc beee l, sd, d sce scee. tee s spce scee sees be cceled b dess, e “” e be pec. i dess ccels s spce, e scee pec sce pes p e spce, spce lls peps, epese, spl e pl l. as m Dee descbed he wlls o he pen when she s pojeced pojeced he lmeshes of the afternoon: 1
2
“te lls e sld excep ee, leds se, d i c e pe i c lee ee dee i ce.” i ce s pl pec bc s s elbe speccle—e ps s pesened by enne-gspd robeson (ll. XX) n Ps he end o he eheenh cenuy— d se b e e sd d lls, b s ll b s dl le ccel d c p spce. t ee spce s , s s beee e ble d e l, es s b sl ee e s bsc specs pecep d c, e dées spce, b ls ee, d pl ee s del cees ld d e, bele d cs, ce d pl. te scee s l e l des rbes’s speccle, p eced e cplex ec. one ppched he ennce rbesn’s phnsg pcng ne’s y ps he cbl lls ce d l beee e eses decesed s. ae e d ed e c Cpcs e ee l d eeed e e clse, e led d l cd, c rbes, ed s p e s ell s sces (d ll ded s pes), d deced d d sc ps. a e ed e cd, e ed e s exb spce, e slo de phsyque (ll. XX), c s se sde scec expees d deces. hee rbes desed e el dsceed pe elecc, , s e clled , “ls,” cs ls sps lep p bee e les’ ees. ts ’s cs clded pcl d l deces— e ds s, peepss eeled e blex l ldscpes, elqs cld s ce ee ce e , d, le es, e se e “sble l” (ll. XX) ppel dsebded ce seed e ss’ qess. gls s peseed spl s pscl ce, b s pe led se e ld sble eecs: rbes desed s “ e fd . . . epl es ee ded bdes.” oe rbes’s dess eceed gl’s pplc eleccl sc e le ded , c e ced cllbl. Sc dess peseed scece s sccess des d spses, le e s pcl d cscl deces sceed e ee desed cse d s e seses, des e bes cld be de ce ee e ee see d e s cll seeed be. ts e ps lell plce e esld beee scece d spes, beee e lee d e te. rbes’s e ps p lce bed e cc d ceed ses elpcs (se ce p sbls se ses e d e bee decpeed) ceced e slo de physque e d e ps. te scec des plce s e s e cce ees e ed e eee ce, d s b ee be e ld d eb e p scec pess. an ul cue, he unehly ones o he lss honc, snled he openn o hs psse e lsc, c, slo de physque e el e ll e p s. nel e d, e eee sd s el eed scl se sced cpses d deces le e le eee d el eee ce es. a sccess lsses dee les bbed b es dpped e, e lss c pdced sc seeed eeel, pssbl elc. hee, sc ss cl be e se’s dl lss ppl cls s es desel eeced e ees, cs el dee d e seee el
pbles. te s p ssc rbes s lel l e se z a mese de e “celesl ” e lss c s ces l es. o e e d, Be l, e se elecc d exepl e scec dscees, d eed, les peeced, s e se, se el eee eclled e e des sceces s ell s ec e el cesp deces mese’s ccl sse. as e dece d e ses e le ll, bsc d e slece desceded. a sle lp ll dl l e dped d cs, s eel pll be l b bleced slls d ce ss e lls. Cess be e 4
5
djnng cesed, s he udence bseved h ne cen descbed s
“els slece.” e s e d l sce s exsed, pl e dece dess, e slece s peeed b sd eecs ll d de, ll cc bells, d e e e lss c. te seses, led sled d led s b e llss e slo de physque, e sed b e bded ce d s sscs, ee ced bl cs, e blcess cl seeded expecs d sspese. te ps deed dl c le ss pl cceled e pps e dece’s e. te c le, e ecs sel, d pes l pled sble le. B e ps, e dece (rbes clled s le “pscpe”) s l sded b d ess, b se pe edeed e le speccle b plc e le behd e scee sed , s ees s e peced es b e sce (ll. X X). ee, e scees eseles ee cceled, s b cs ceed e e e s lled, e b e 6
3
XX | An image of Danton projected onto smoke at the phantasmagoria
dess e , d ll b e lpblc sded e es e lss sldes, s el sble bcd c cld e ced e spce. te ps (le e e pec sse lel deed ) ceed s llss pl b ccel s es pec. ts dezed e l d c ss, c ceed e pess cls ees b d e el pcesses ve, hugh he pleenn ne pcl efecs. as n llusn, ed decl e peple s e dece, l e ep, pl e pecep ee b ld sesl b esl e seses (e cb led s d e e l spee le e es ee ssled eee l sds). te “ps” e ps cssed le pecs cs scees, b e peed sc e dece s e ee scee le. re ppe decl e scee, e es seeed sddel l e dess. ts “l eec” (ll. XX) s el eced b e secd s e le eee—e lls . te pscpe cld be eeled sl d e scee l plsed bss ls. C bed cls spled ds e cs, s ee csed e peced e e scee ee cese decese sze. Sce s s bc d d ds cld be ced b pdl d sbl, d sce e specs ee eelped dess sble spl eeece, e pdl e ppeed be c e dece , e le s lled bcd, d. ts sl eec l s p e specs, epedl cs e 7
XX | Etienne-aspard Robertson, prveyor of the phantasmagoria
d e se, s e ces s e ppel ee p. rbes ed b e ees d e s p. Ce sldes epszed e eecs ee e dece. te Bleed n ( cce me Les’s gc el The mok, c exepled e c spec e ld el) s ped b es sldes e pec cld selessl lee: e e e “ppc” e dece, e secd bc e e “ee.” oe sldes sed es se d ecel ded, cld l pss e rel, such s Dnon, m, o robespee, bu lso he nveno o he lss honc, Benjn l, d—ccsll d cesll—Ls Xi (s c sldes, e le es epsed seles bee e ees’ ees). oe es ced be sces, s e es e pe y ep b s de d , e nght Thoughts. Se e ees ppeed s es peced se be eed b b bze (ll. XX), eec d bee dced e es p b ge less. te e ppece ese ps, c seeed “eel e p e ” (s e ps s Ld, Pl de Plpsl, desed), deelzed e e ese llss, e dse deces. ee dd e e plce? Sc el ss seeed lll Sespee’s descp sps “eled , / Le e bseless bc s s.” i e cled e ps ed e spce beee e lee d spe s, seel s e ps “e ded bse” e d le dspl e ps e e sceces e e s speccle. Pes 8
9
XX | The invisible-woman attraction revealed
ps ss l cleded s es beee eleed scece d ce spes, e sed c e pblc e ss. ts Plp Pld, s dced e ps Ps 179 (d e e e te), sed s speccle s des peble: i ll s ss, becse ee e sc s; b i ll pdce bee eces d es, c e ed be ss, e des e e lseds cls. i ee pes c. i d s decee ; b i ll ss . thus he speco o he phnso dsplyed dvded conscousness h ws snully oden. a sophsced Psn descbed he efec hd on h s ollows: i s ce e lls s cplee. te l dess e plce, e cce es, e ss c e l e , e c c ccpes e, ee cbes se d seze exclsel ll bsel seses. res s ld ell ese s e ee ps, cpc cs desed s, ced sll, peseed ellece, eeed b c l belee s de see, d e belee seles be sped e ld d e ce. te eec, e, les ec “es s ld ,” c s l pssble e es. te ps dd ce bele , b e eeed ee cs. 10
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GHOSTS OF IDEOLOG, APPARATuSES OF THE SENSES
te dcl pssbles e ps be szed b descb s l lls ls ced s cqe. ts sl expeece e deed deed s el ee s s be peseed, slesl eel d cll e seses qes. oe cld b de e es ce d l s beee ese ples— dec d eel ppel e seses e e d, d e cqe lls e e. te cqe sees c e lee pec, le e sesl ppc e qess e pes e l d d cces e deses s pes. te e e ps es e c p ccl d. i s ps ously publshed collecon Pensieri, he e iln poe nd phlosophe o oden skepcs d pesss, gc Lepd, eced ee e sd plce lece 11. a eed cd d eed df d c, “te p, e p!” a sd cs e ll, sble e see, esebled fl e s ses s. a ed Lepd eed l e plce ld bs p e e p. ee e s e p s b ’s sc d bee dped e c, s s sed b e d le ds bed e c peced sd esebl ed. Lepd ceed cll “ e eee ce, e e e lece, c s e s leed c il d se bs e pcll dsce d spsced, peple sll see ss e belee be sp s—ss e dss.” te de Lepd’s sy ces n sply he uncveng suspcn sll lung hn suppsedly spsced epls, b e expl e ss s sl pee. thus los cenuy e Leopd’s loenne phno, Beol Bech esed he even n one veson o hs e d bou scence w wh uhon docne nd supeson, 12
The Le o Glleo. i e l scee, e s sede e Cc, glle’s dscple ade sles b css e bde c e sces s ecded s ced esec. as ade sels ps e cs specs, p cs cl c les eb se, p sd cs d esebles c s e cld. te c, e cld cls, des bsc d css spells e cc’s ses. e ade css db s, e b ss e s de m s c. anDra: n, i c’ s se s’ c. i e’ led . a c’ b e s’ led , c e? Boy: n, — B that! (He pots to the shdow) Se s s ell b. anDra: Le’s see. D e l? i c l p. Boy: y l e e d se! (He tkes slgshot out o hs pocket) i c ell bs e ee. anDra: hd’ e bee e se se s c bee e s? i’ll ld .
(The Boy puts the lk jug dow d ollows h relucttly to the wdow. adre lts the boy up so tht he c look .) anDra: d see? Boy: (Slowly) s ld l c pde. anDra: o! n e. n l e sd, Pl.
(The Boy looks over hs shoulder d bck d copres relty d the shdow) Boy: te b s sp ldle. anDra: a, ldle! y see, i ld e e bsc, b i e’ led e e s e. 13
XX | A phantasmagoria slide with black backgrond
icll, ee e cled e ld s s pde, e b sll s m s c. icll, s pdc s sed hlld sl bee e hse uaec ac es Css c d hlld blcls de Bec (d l dec sep Lse, deced s pdc Glleo) e ued Ses. ts lle sd pl ( clded e ess e pl) bs ee e ees peced sds, spes, d pespece essel c qe e p s. i Bec s l Lepd’s ex, e leed kl mx’s eqe se sl eps d escbe e pcess lse cscsess de cpls. te s s ese s mx’s se e e e ce bsc The Ger ideology. te bss e de ppc ce, e ce bsc, s e pcple d cbe (s sll s bx s le s ), sll pee s de e ll p, ll e s e s ee, e e sde ld ll ppe e ppse ll sce, lbe psde d. xpled b b scess d ss sc s Led, e ce bsc seed b s l d ss sec le d sl eee. i s sxeece b nturl mgc, g Bs dell P descbed elbe pes d ds cld be sed sde d d e peced “le” e ll ( eec, el ncpn elevsn) by ens ce bscu. Ces bscu evenully epled leses, b e e e clee d be d pec sde p. mx, hs pcl devce h s upuned ge pvded eph dsed expeence nd delgy unde cpls, n pcul he evesl n hch des he 14
el d scl ccsces ppel deee e e s: “i ll del e d e ccsces ppe psde d s ce bsc, s pee ses s s c e pscl le pcesses s e eed becs e e d e pscl le pcesses.” te ce bsc ep l ed e eesl les d cse d eec ppe cpls del, b d ced s d s, le pcl eec, s ll explble d peed ccd se ls—s s rbes d Pld d dced e llss ee pdcs scece d ecl, spel ces. the phnsg ls ppes n he us pssge n vlue ne kl mx’s Cptl: a Crtque o Poltcl cooy espec e cd es. i e pcess bec cd, bec sle, pdc lb (mx’s exple s ble), ceses exs spl s ee e esl lb s bec specc ppse. ised, e ees e e, cqes dee le, c mx ees s “exce le.” i plce p el beee bes, e exce le— eec e pce e bec—sses el beee cdes. mx descbes s le s “psc.” as e ce bsc, mx s descb lse pecep c e cl ces pee d ppe s se e e . “tee s dee scl el beee e, sses e ees e sc el beee s.” i ge, e pse sled ee s “sc ” s “des phtsgorsche For.” B cs e ecl e dece d spl s sc eec, mx epszes del’s cel s: se ec e eece cses ( e ps, e pe d e c le bed e scee; e cse e cd es, e scl lb bes, c cees e cd) e cl e eecs (es e lss ppe be le; cdes c see e pe). te 15
16
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XX | Nineteenth-centry illstration of the phantasmagoria with the “looming effect”
XX | The alon de Physiqe in the phantasmagoria’s foyer
ps’s cs p e d e ceed b s dde le d scee d ee eelp dess pde e s p spec mx’s eeece. te ps l ccels e e d e eccl pcess led, b decl ecs pecep. s c cl d, e p s ess l s sl pee, b s pel specl pc. te cse de cpls peeel beces p dece speccle— spec. as i e pscpe ll e sds del sedd l e ce s , le e cs s s e le Be’s ces ss: e eee ce, e e cd (nd hence penlly, phnsg). Pdxclly, he lyc pey Budele, Be cled, deed pecsel ‘e del e ee b e cd ec. B dleccl pps ls sses sel Bdele’s d e Sbls’s ee essce s cdc ede e s sesl expeece e el bec. e des p e, e ps sseed e le e l d e llbl e seses. B e p e ssp, dece plese, d esecs (pcll e e e e s gee sthetkos, “ pe s pecepble b e seses”), e el e ps l s pl e seses— se cedl, b spl pdce sl eecs. re see e ps exclsel s ee delcl ce ss llss pcess desc, be ps s e del e pl e seses. p pes, ccs, pes, d dss, e ps dd spl s lls, b e p s . 17
ts a rbd, descbed sel Seso Hell s “se ps s,” ls ced e bsed “ l, c, d l dergeet ll the seses.” t ccpls s, rbd ced e s e e, esl le “ccessble sed ll e seses.” Bdele d led cled e expeece seses s e del Sbls : s l ddessed ll e seses, b bleded d sed ec sese e es. Bdele p cceed s e del e e lseed e’s sc e s e. ts l expeece lled sese spce d l, “ ese z d de ds l; es déc b sel.” a e decdes le, e Sbls l c scbed e sce s sp s le, L Revue wgeree, cped e’s Gestkustwerk s e ppc eczed s bss ses. al ebced e expeece scedece e Sblss d e, ted ze’s es e l ed scedece sesl expeece: “i e be, sl expeeces sess. . . .tese css e dese cls, essces, sells ses. . . . a le se, sess bece led. . . . te sess bece ; e sl s e el.” S e s’s pe s e bl ple sess , exe, d cl, e d , ee de cee dec e es d s, s e ccep peed e le cceed s e ee ppeces del dels. 18
19
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08 | The rear-projection techniqe at the phantasmagoria
XX | Robertson’s illstration of the phantasmagoria and its adience
as Sbls d ce s e pdc e pls b mce meelc, e spee ec ed ds delbee c el. meelc even gued he elnn lvng cs he sge: “wll he hun beng be eplced b sd? a efec? a pec sblc s, be ld ppe lve hu beng lve? . . . i ls sees h ny beng ppenly lve bu depved o le elcs exodny powes . . . . a evew o Psn meelnck poducon cpled, c, e cs seeed le “ sccess es peced b c le.” ad e peps dsssed sc eps d e e ce e seses s p e cll decep e cqed e e sps, rcd e, d c e eed “ps.” B e de e lee s ld ee: deepl sesl , cel ece des d llss, b c des ep d e el pld ld l. Slesl ppl s ddess d e e bsc s s, pls s dece, cs sess esle eseles b e d le. ule ccl des , s s el cceed becd ee e el e . re, s ces ces d deces sp l d dess, csl e s e el csss less s pecs e sesl expeece e ee. i sees e be del ces e c ld le. 22
23
EPILOGuE: CONTEMPORAR PHANTOMS, FuTuRE PROJECTIONS
td, e f de secle de bels, c e cplex s d plcs e ps sll s? i e ed s, ssed pe d l el, c s q ed (ecec, c pse) spe e e sl? se s pls pess s ed s, i cll belee e se s es. a e ee ss s expl e pssbles e pec l, de, cpe sces sde e sl cexs expe el l d de, s del less e esblsed l pds e d scee d dece, d pl bes spce, , d l. i s, s ece pees pps e ed s hlld, eles, d e iee, see s ccl spce s pcce sl f eced b e mxs ccl d . ts b se e ed sel s c cl l cld be see s c rbes’s d Pld’s dleccl d des ssp. Cep s d B cls e es “ e ecl s ses sbl p le deologcl cex.” B’s e pec sces (cld pblc blds) l es ecl sble, b edees pblc spces d l spes, s es cllee specs ee eseles pss e e dl decescee cs. Csl, e c spec e ps pesss se ese ece s s ell, sc s Ze Bel’s cs spls pp d séces. ule e splss e le e ee ce, se des pese e es s edece spel pesece, b e s slc eble bele se speccl sc eeless es qesble. i s espec, Bel’s s esce e leeee ce peces b cs sc msele d mélès, eceed spls séces b dced e, s rbes d Pld dd e ps, e cee ll cls ess ee ceed sp d, e e deces s ed cs d l . 24
25
ulel, i belee s dese s s s eecs, ecl, d s, s e s del ce epss e des pd, e clse peps rbd d e Sbls del s s e eel e seses e cs d cceps des esblsed e ld ii. le e des ees seleeel led selced d eel eble lx cdes d ss dsc, e des e el s eclde e ces sps lee cles spl spples e e sccess e ps el. te descp pded ee ces be sces, pl Le m, The Gret art o Lght d
Shdow: archeology o the Ce, s. rcd Cle (xee, ) pp. –; çse Lee, Étee-Gsprd Robertso: L ve d’u tsgore (Bssels, ). 2 mce meleP , Pheoeology o Percepto, s. Cl S (Ld d ne y, ), p. . 3 Lee (see e ), p. . 4 ts Blc, “te glss hc,” sc es e CD glss hc (naXoS .: hnh iel, ). 5 te pse “u’ celese” ccs e d scee Dze’s pe Lc d Le, c s sced lss c. mese’s ees ls led csl celesl es. See e descp e esec ee, cld e lss c, d s el e sce perel ce rbe D, mesers d the d o the lghteet Frce (ne y, ), esp. p. . 6 Courrer des Spectcles, eb , , ced m (see e ), p. . Pl spe eecs el ce, Sepe Be s ppled “e l eec,” e pecepl pscl, e desl e seel d e dece’s spce. Sepe Be, “te Pc adece? l Ce d e t ec,” Hstorcl Jourl o Fl, Rdo d Televso 19, . (e ), pp. –. 8 a cee pss s Ld b Plpsl, epdced me hed, “Pl Plpsl d e Ps ld, Scld d ield P oe: te See h hee te See h tee,“ new mgc Lter Jourl , . (ocbe ), p. . Pspe The Tepest. 0 Ced m (see e ), p. . gd de l reèe, Courrer des Spectcles, mc , , ced bd., p. . 2 gc Lepd, Peser, s. . S. D Pe (B re, ), pp. –. 3 Bel Bec, “glle, L sl, ” ppedx, Collected Plys, l. , ed. rlp me d lle (ne y, ), pp. –. 4 m (see e ) dscsses e ce bsc pp. –; dell P’s speccle s dece s descbed p. . 5 kl mx, The Ger ideology (ne y, ). 6 kl mx, Cptl: a Crtque o Poltcl cooy, l. i, s. Sel me d dd ael (ne y, ), p. . le Be, “te Sd Bes Se refec e ifece Les les d l,” d., Selected Wrtgs, l. , –, ed. hd ld d mcel . es, s. dd epc e l. (Cbde, ma, ), p. . 8 a rbd, “a Ses hell,” d., Coplete Works, Selected Letters, s. llce le (Cc, ), p. . le sles ses s “llcs.” a r bd, “Lee Pl Deeÿ,” bd., p. . ibd., p. . 20 Cles Bdele, “rcd e d täse Ps,” The Pter o moder Le d other ssys, s. d ed. me (Ld, ) p. . 2 ted ze, “nes s l pee e ee e le Sl ,” ep. he D, ed., Sybolst art Theores: a Crtcl athology (Beele, ), p. . 22 mce meelc, “mes Pps—le éâe,” Jeue Belgque (Sepebe ), pp. –. 23 Ced se De, Sybolst Theter: The Forto o avt-Grde (Ble d Ld, ), p. . 24 “ie e ideles tecl: a iee d B b Dbc,” Prchute 84 (ocbe– Decebe ), p. . 25 See ess “P ies d mde mess: Sp Pp, mc tee, tc ls d P p’s uc,” Pce Pe, ed., Fugtve iges ro Photogrphy to Vdeo (Bl, ), pp. –.