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Part-B Literature Figures if speech observed in the following Poems: Alliteration – Allusions – – Personification – Oxymoron – Onomatopoeia – Anaphora – Ellipsis Simile – Metaphor – – Repetition – The Solitary Reaper Important lines from Poems : Where the mind is without fear – – Going for water – – A Psalm of Life – Be the Best – Sonnet No.116. No.116.

Questions on the Biography Biography of : Mahatma Gandhi – Jawaharlal Nehru – Subash Chandra Bose – Helen Keller Keller - Kalpana Chawala - Dr.Salim Ali – Rani of Jhansi – Nelson Mandela – Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln. Questions on Shakespeare’s : Shakespeare’s : Merchant of Venice (Art IV Court Scene) – Julius Ceasar (Art III Scene 2) – Sonnet 116. 116. Question’s from Oscar Wilde’s : Wilde’s : The Model Millionaire – The selfish Giant Dr.Karl Paulnack : Music – The The Hope Raiser . Comprehension Questions from the following Motivational Essays : Gopala Krishna Gokhale‘s Speech on 25th July in Mumbai in response to The address presented – Dale Carnegie‘s ‗The Road to success – Dr. – Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam‘s to him by students – Dale ‗Vision for the Nation‘ (from ‗India 2020‘) – Hope Spencer‘s ‗Keep your spirits high‘ – Deepa Agarwal‘s ‗After the storm‘ – storm‘ – Brain Brain Patten‘s ‗You can‘t be that no you can‘t be that‘

Comprehension Questions from the following description of of Places : Ahtushi Deshande‘s ‗To the land of snow‘ – snow‘ – Manohar Devadoss – Yaanai Yaanai Malai – Brihadeesvarar Temple.. Temple British English – English – American American English



























Figures of speech Alliteration Alliteration Alliteration is a figure of speech used to create rhythm and bring focus to a line or sentence in a piece of written material. material. Learn about the definition of alliteration, see examples of alliteration and test your knowledge with a quiz. Examples, Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. She sells seashells down by the seashore.

These are both tongue twisters most people have heard before; however, most people don't know these sayings sayings are examples examples of a literary term called alliteration, which occurs when a series of words, usually two or more neighboring words, have the same first consonant sound. A consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel (a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y). The words in the sentence, 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers' mostly start with the consonant sound 'p.' Likewise, in, 'She sells seashells down by the seashore,' most consonants start with the letter‘s.' As we've discussed, alliteration is a figure of speech s peech in which a series ser ies of words, usually two or more neighboring words, have the same first consonant sound; however, sometimes repetition of sounds occur inside a word. Alliteration Alliteration is used primarily in poetry but can be used in various various facets of literature literature as well as song lyrics, names, quotations or any piece of writing. The purpose of alliteration is to make text stand out and direct the reader's attention to a particular section. Alliteration is commonly used to add interest to a sentence and can be a great way to help you remember names and phrases. The sounds created by alliteration establish a certain mood, emotion and rhythm in text. For instance, in Dante's Inferno, Dante states: 'I saw it there, but I saw nothing in it, except the rising of the boiling bubbles.' The repetition of the 'b' sound mimics the sounds of bubbling. In the book Some Smug Slug, Slu g, the‘s‘ sound is used throughout to represent the sliminess and slyness of the slug.



























Allusions Sometimes it's easier for a writer to explain an idea by making a reference to a famous story, person, event, or object. This reference is called an allusion, and in this lesson, you will learn what an allusion is and read several examples from literature

An allusion is a figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. For instance, imagine a writer needs to explain her main character's struggle against an overwhelmingly overwhelmingly powerful opponent. She wants to get across the idea that her character is righteous r ighteous and stands a chance of winning the battle, even though that chance appears to be a remote one. She might refer to the confrontation as 'a meeting of David and Goliath.' The writer alludes to a well-known biblical story, the one of David and Goliath, to bring to readers' minds the idea that the confrontation will look like a one-sided battle but that the underdog stands a chance of triumph. Some allusions are as obvious at the previous example, while others are more obscure. Because the story, event, person, or object being used in the allusion can carry a wide variety of connotations, allusions sometimes bring a wealth of information and attitudes with them. For instance, in the David versus Goliath example, not only does this allusion refer to an event in which one person has a clear advantage, advantage, but it also carries the idea that the person who deserves to win, and who will probably win, is the one with very little power. Examples of Allusions

Sometimes allusion is easy to spot. A reference like 'That guy is a regular Adonis!' draws upon a mythical figure of beauty to make a comparison in an obvious way. But not all allusions are as easy to recognize. For instance, let's look at this line: 'My father carries the weight of the world.' This is an allusion to Atlas, a figure who held up the Earth in Greek mythology. Rather than refer to Atlas by name, this allusion calls up an image of Atlas by mentioning his most commonly recognized trait - the fact that he holds up the planet, and it carries connotations of enduring strength and nobility. In Moby Dick, Herman Melville creates a sense of impending doom when he names the main ship the Pequod. Readers in Melville's Melville's time period would have been



























Writers sure love figurative language. That's where they take something, maybe the lady they are trying to woo, and compare it to something else: a summer's day, a rose, a sunset. It's pretty effective, when you think about it. Instead of telling a love interest that they are good looking, try telling them they are like a diamond. Diamonds aren't just beautiful; they are precious precious and rare, unique. Comparing Comparing someone to something else is a shorthand way to say lots of things at once, and it sounds poetic and clever. In literature, such comparisons, usually using the words 'like' or 'as,' are called similes . 'Love like a sunset,' 'my love is like a red, red rose, ' 'love like winter' are all similes that compare love to something more tangible. Often, a simile compares one aspect of a thing to another: 'as tall as a giraffe,' 'shine like a diamond,' 'safe as houses.'

Take this poem by Robert Burns, written in 1794: O my Luve's like a red, red rose That's newly sprung in June; O my Luve's like the melodie That's sweetly play'd in tune. This is good stuff. By comparing the object of his affection to a newly bloomed rose, we not only get a nice image, but Burns is able to describe his love as beautiful, youthful and fresh. By adding the simile about his love being like a 'melodie/ That's sweetly play'd in tune,' he's able to pay even more compliments: that she's pleasing to the senses, sounds nice and is generally awesome.

Similes vs. Metaphors Similes are often confused with metaphors, which are another type of figurative language used by poets, songwriters and rappers alike. But instead of using the language of comparison the way similes do, metaphors describe things as if they were something else.



























When an author says, 'Bob is like a shadow,' she is saying that Bob has a few qualities that are shadow-like. Maybe he's quiet or sneaks up on you easily. If an author was to write, 'Bob is a shadow,' the comparison is much stronger. We would expect Bob to have a lot more qualities of a shadow. Maybe he's an especially mysterious mysterious person. Or we could even think of him as less than a complete person: 'Bob is a shadow of a man.'

Epic Similes Epic similes are extended comparisons commonly found in epic poems - superlong, sprawling poetry that tells a story. Epic similes similes are sometimes so metimes called 'Homeric similes' after an Ancient Greek writer named Homer who used them when writing the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey





























Basic English Grammar

TNPSC Basic English Gramm G rammar ar





























Metaphor The metaphor is the grand pooh-bah of literary terms. A kind of analogy that uses figurative language connecting one thing to another to highlight how they're alike. Metaphors are so commonplace that you probably use dozens of them every day without ever realizing it. 'Life is a journey,' after all.

Why Metaphors So let's look at a few. When you 'get up to join the rat race' in the morning, you're engaging in a kind of metaphor. 'Rat race' conjures up the image of scurrying hither-tither hither -tither with no clear end in sight, a metaphor for the hustle and bustle of 9-to-5 working life. Similarly, when I say that Roger Federer (the tennis player) is a backboard, I don't mean that he's literally made of wood, but the metaphor implies that he returns his opponents' balls as surely as a backboard does. does. `Metaphors are powerful because they upset our expectations of a boring, literal connection between ideas, and force our brains to work harder to understand the writer's intent. Once we grasp that intent, the revelation leads to a more vivid image and/or emotional response.

The Extended Metaphor Kin to the metaphor is the extended metaphor, which is pretty much exactly what it sounds like: a metaphor written large and lengthy to make an even deeper, more involved comparison between the subject and the thing it's being compared co mpared with.





























waiting for a chance to be useful (that is, to shoot or kill someone). Extended metaphors are wonderful when done right - and this is a good one - but can quickly become unintentionally humorous if not written with a light touch.

Metaphors vs. Similes Then we have the simile. If your comparison uses the terms 'like' or 'as', your analogy is most likely a simile and not a metaphor, even though they function similarly. Some argue that a simile is a kind of metaphor, but I'll address that in a moment. Instance, if I want to use an analogy to explain the process of writing a story, I might say that 'The outline is like a rough blueprint for the builders to follow, while the first, second and third drafts are a town built from that blueprint that keeps getting razed by Huns, with architects improving improving upon each version until until they finally build houses strong enough to withstand fire; what you're left with is the final draft.'

Personification Personification is a part of figurative language. A writer can either say something literally, or figuratively. If it's literal, then the words mean exactly what they say. But the meaning of figurative words is hidden behind description. When a writer uses figurative language, the description brings a deeper meaning and understanding to the words. One fun way to remember the definition is to think: 'if' a 'person' goes on 'vacation' (person-ification), then something else may take his or her place.





























Examples of Personification in Poetry

In this section, we will look at three examples of personification in poetry. The first is the poem, 'Because I could not Stop for Death,' by Emily Dickinson. Dickinson. In this poem, Death is treated like a person, taking on the characteristics of a carriage driver. The first stanza reads: 'Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality.' In Dickinson's poem, Death stops the carriage, drives slowly, passes a school, and pauses. These are the actions of humans, humans, but in this poem Death Death has taken on these these characteristics. Another Example

The second example is 'The Sick Rose,' by William Blake. Here it is: 'O Rose thou are sick, The invisible worm, That flies in the night, In the howling storm:





























Oxymoron Figurative language serves to clarify our descriptions of the world around us. One common figurative language device that can achieve that goal is the oxymoron. An oxymoron occurs when two contradictory words are together in one phrase. In fact, oxymoron translates from the Greek words oxy meaning sharp, and moron, which means dull. Thus, the word itself is two contradictory words pushed together.

Examples,

Some common examples examples are the phrases sweet sorrow, cold fire, and silent scream. Each pair of words has opposing definitions, but they are being used side by side. If these phrases are used in writing or even in oral communication, communication, a more specific meaning can be reached.

Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is one way a poet can create sounds in a poem. An onomatopoeia is a word that actually looks like the sound it makes, and we can almost hear those sounds as we read. Here are some words that are used as examples of onomatopoeia: slam, splash, bam, babble, warble, warble, gurgle, mumble and and belch. But there are hundreds of such words! Examples

We'll take a look at how onomatopoeia is actually used in poems. The first poem is































Yet the ear it fully knows, By the twanging And the clanging, How the danger ebbs and flows; Yet the ear distinctly tells, In the jangling And the wrangling, How the danger sinks and swells, By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells, Of the bells, Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,































mind that anaphora can be the repetition of a whole phrase, as in Martin Luther Luther King Jr.'s speech, or of just a single word. The opposite of anaphora, epiphora, in which the repeated word or phrase appears at the end of successive lines, was used by Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address: 'It is … for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us … that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.'

Ellipsis Ellipses are used to show an omission of information or a pause or break. When quoting something there is often unrelated information that would only distract from your main point, so we omit part of the text and put an ellipsis in its place. An ellipsis is three periods ( . . . ) with a space before and and after each period. period. If it is at the end of a sentence, sentence, you still add a period, resulting in four dots ( . . . . ). Notice that there is a space after each point in the ellipsis, resulting in a space before the period. period. You may also have have noticed already that ellipses is plural and ellipsis is singular. Now that we know know what ellipses are and and how they are used, let's let's take a look at































have catchy choruses that we can easily sing along to and remember. Even in primitive times, religious chants from various cultures often used repetition as well. In poetry, repetition is repeating words, phrases, lines, or stanzas. Stanzas are groups of lines that are together. Repetition is used to emphasize a feeling or idea, create rhythm, and/or develop a sense of urgency. Examples of Repetition in Poetry

American American poet Edgar Allan Poe wrote a poem famous for its repetition. 'The Bells' uses repetition to imitate the continual ringing of bells: 'To the swinging and the ringing of the bells, bells, bellsOf the bells, bells, bells, bells Bells, bells, bellsTo the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!'






























































Important Lines from poems

Where the mind is without fear By Rabindranath Tagore Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic walls Where words come out from the depth of truth Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit

































And sings a melancholy strain; O listen! for the Vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale Nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of traveler ‘s in some shady haunt,

































I saw her singing at her work, — And o'er the sickle bending; —

I listened, motionless and still; And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.

































But once within the wood, we paused Like gnomes that hid us from the moon, Ready to run to hiding new With laughter when she found us soon.

Each laid on other a staying hand To listen ere we dared to look,

































Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul.

Not enjoyment, enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way;

































Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,






































































Be The Best

By Dugals Malloch



































SONNET 116

By William Shakespeare



































Died: January 30, 1948, New Delhi Spouse: Kasturba Gandhi (m. 1883 – 1944) 1944) Children: Harilal Gandhi, Ramdas Gandhi, Devdas Gandhi, Manilal Gandhi



































In 1885, Gandhi endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby. Although Gandhi was interested in becoming a doctor, his father had hoped he would also become a government minister, so his family steered him to enter the legal profession. Shortly after the birth of the first of four surviving sons, 18-year-old



































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































ran away to Johannesburg instead, arriving there in 1941. There he worked as a mine security officer and after meeting Walter Sisulu, an estate agent, he was introduced to Lazer Sidelsky. He then did his articles through a firm of attorneys – Witkin, Witkin, Eidelman and Sidelsky. He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare Hare for his graduation in 1943. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1952 without graduating. He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree. In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.

Entering politics Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National National Congress in 1944 when he helped to form the ANC Youth League (ANCYL). In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu‘s cousin, Evelyn Mase, a nurse. They had two sons, Madiba Thembekile "Thembi" and Makgatho, and two daughters both called Makaziwe, the first of whom died in infancy. He and his wife divorced in 1958.

Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its efforts, the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action, in 1949. In 1952 he was chosen as the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia Cachalia as his deputy. This campaign of civil disobedience against six unjust laws was a joint programme between the ANC and the South African Indian Congress. He and 19 others were charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for their part in the campaign campaign and sentenced to nine months of hard labour, suspended for two years. A two-year diploma in law on top of his BA allowed Mandela to practise law, and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo Ta mbo established South Africa‘s first black law firm,



























At the end of 1952 he was banned for the first time. As a restricted person he was only permitted to watch in secret as the Freedom Charter was adopted in Kliptown on 26 June 1955.

The Treason Trial Mandela was arrested in a countrywide police swoop on 5 December December 1955, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Men and women of all races found themselves themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on 29 March 1961. On 21 March 1960 police killed 69 unarmed people in a protest in Sharpeville against the pass laws. This led to the country‘s first state of emergency and the banning of the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) on 8 April. Mandela and his colleagues in the Treason Trial were among thousands detained during the state of emergency. During the trial Mandela married a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, on 14 June 1958. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996. Days before the end of the Treason Trial, Mandela travelled travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved that he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a national convention on a non-racial constitution, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic. republic. After he and his colleagues colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Treason Trial, Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March.

In the face of massive mobilisation of state s tate security the strike was called off early. In June 1961 he was asked to lead the armed struggle and helped to establish Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear (Spear of the Nation), which launched on 16 December 1961 with a series of explosions. On 11 January 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela secretly left South Africa. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia and returned to South Africa in July 1962. He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal, where he had briefed ANC President Chief





























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He was charged with leaving the country without a permit and inciting workers to strike. He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, which he began serving at the Pretoria Local Prison. On 27 May 1963 he was transferred to Robben Island and returned to Pretoria on 12 June. Within a month police raided Liliesleaf, a secret hide-out in Rivonia used by ANC and Communist C ommunist Party activists, and several of his comrades were arrested. On 9 October 1963 Mandela joined 10 others on trial for sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. While facing the death penalty his words to the court at the end of his famous "Speech from the Dock" on 20 April 1964 became immortalised: On 11 June 1964 Mandela and seven other accused, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Denis Goldberg, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni, were convicted and the next day were sentenced to life imprisonment. Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison because he was white, while the others went to Robben Island. Mandela‘s mother died in 1968 and his eldest son, Thembi, in 1969. He was not allowed to attend their funerals.

On 31 March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and Mlangeni. Kathrada joined them in October. When he returned to the prison in November November 1985 after prostate surgery, Mandela was held alone. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee visited him in hospital. Later Mandela initiated talks about an ultimate meeting meeting be Release from prison On 12 August 1988 he was taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. After more than three months in two hospitals he was transferred on 7 December 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison near Paarl where he spent his last 14 months of imprisonment. He was released from its gates on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC and nearly four months after the release of his remaining Rivonia comrades. Throughout his imprisonment he had rejected at least three conditional offers of release. Mandela immersed immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted



























President On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated as South Africa‘s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 he married Graça Machel, his third wife.

True to his promise, Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children‘s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela Rhodes Foundation. In April 2007 his grandson, Mandla Mandela, was installed as head of the Mvezo Traditional Council at a ceremony at the Mvezo Great Place. Nelson Mandela never never wavered in his his devotion to democracy, equality equality and learning. Despite terrible provocation, provocation, he never answered racism with racism. His life is an inspiration to all who are oppressed and deprived; and to all who are opposed to oppression and deprivation. He died at his home in Johannesburg on 5 December 2013.

Abraham Lincoln Biography Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Wikipedia Born: February 12, 1809, Hodgenville, Hodgenville, Kentucky, United States Died: April 15, 1865, Washington, D.C., United States Spouse: Mary Todd Lincoln (m. 1842 – 1865) 1865) Children: William Wallace Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, Tad Lincoln Movies: The Perfect Tribute, more Previous offices: President of the United States (1861 1865), more





























Synopsis Abraham Lincoln is regarded as one of America's greatest heroes due to both his incredible impact impact on the nation and his unique appeal. His is a remarkable story of the rise from humble beginnings to achieve the highest office in the land; then, a sudden and tragic death at a time when his country needed him most to complete the great task remaining before the nation. Lincoln's distinctively human hu man and humane personality and historical role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that endures. His eloquence of democracy and his insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve.

Childhood Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Abraham's older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in infancy. Due to a land dispute, the Lincolns were forced to move from Kentucky to Perry County, Indiana in 1817, where the family "squatted" on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small plot. Thomas was eventually able to buy the land. When young Abraham was 9 years old, his mother died of tremetol (milk sickness) at age 34. The event was devastating on him and young Abraham grew more alienated from his father and quietly resented the hard work placed on him at an early age. A few months after Nancy's death, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, J ohnston, a Kentucky widow with three children of her own. She was a strong and affectionate





























Law Career In March, 1830, the family again migrated, this time to Macon County, Illinois. When his father moved the family again to Coles County, 22-year-old Abraham Lincoln struck out on this own, making a living in manual labor. At six feet four inches tall, Lincoln was rawboned and lanky, but muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods twang and walked walked with a long-striding long-striding gait. He was known known for his skill in wielding an ax and early on made a living splitting wood for fire and rail fencing. Young Lincoln eventually migrated to the small community of New Salem, Illinois, where over a period of years he worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster, and eventually general store owner. It was here that Lincoln, working with the public, acquired social skills and honed story-telling talent that made him popular with the locals. When the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832 between between the United States States and Native Americans, Americans, the volunteers volunteers in the area elected Lincoln to be their captain. He saw no combat during this time, save for "a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes," but was able to make several important political connections. After the Black Hawk War, Abraham Lincoln began his political career and was elected to the Illinois state legislature, in 1834, as a member of the Whig Party. He supported the Whig politics of government-sponsored infrastructure and protective tariffs. This political understanding led him to formulate his early views on slavery, not so much as a moral wrong, but as an impediment to economic development. development. It was around this time that he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law by reading William Blackstone'sCommentaries Blackstone'sCommentaries on the Laws of England. After being admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, and began began to practice in the John T. Stuart Stuart law firm. It was soon after this that he purportedly met and became romantically involved





























followed the court as it made its rounds on the circuit to the various county seats in Illinois.

Entering Politics Abraham Lincoln Lincoln served a single term in the U.S. House of Representatives Representatives from 1847 to 1849. His foray into national politics seemed to be as unremarkable as it was brief. He was the lone Whig Whig from the state state of Illinois, showing party party loyalty, but finding few political allies. He used his term in office to speak out against the Mexican-American War and supported Zachary Taylor for president in 1848. His criticism of the war made him unpopular back home and he decided not to run for second term, but instead returned Springfield to practice law. By the 1850s, the railroad industry was moving west and Illinois found itself becoming a major major hub for various companies. Abraham Abraham Lincoln served served as a lobbyist for the Illinois Central Railroad as its company attorney. Success in several court cases — brought other business clients clients as well — banks, insurance companies companies and manufacturing firms. Lincoln also did some criminal trials. In one case, a witness claimed that he could identify Lincoln's client who was accused of murder, because b ecause of the intense light from a full moon. Lincoln referred to an almanac and proved that the night in question had been too dark for the witness to see anything clearly. His client was acquitted. About a year after the death of Anne Rutledge, Lincoln Lincoln courted Mary Owens. The two saw each other for a few months and marriage was considered. But in time, Lincoln called off the match. In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, a high spirited, well-educated woman woman from a distinguished Kentucky Kentucky family. In the t he beginning, many of the couple's friends and family couldn't understand Mary‘s attraction, and at times






























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Elected President In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, and allowed individual states and territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. The law provoked violent opposition in Kansas and Illinois, and it gave rise to the Republican Party. This awakened Abraham Lincoln's political zeal once again, and his views on slavery s lavery moved more toward moral indignation. Lincoln joined the Republican Republican Party in 1856. In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial decision Scott v. Sanford, declaring African Americans Americans were not citizens and had no inherent rights. Though Abraham Lincoln felt African Americans Americans were not equal to whites, he believed the America's founders intended that all men were created with certain inalienable rights. Lincoln decided to challenge sitting U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas for his seat. In his nomination acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and President Buchanan for promoting slavery and declared "a house divided cannot stand." The 1858 Senate campaign featured seven debates held in different cities across Illinois. The two candidates didn't disappoint the public, giving stirring debates on issues ranging from states' rights to western expansion, but the central issue was slavery. Newspapers intensely intensely covered the debates, often times times with partisan commentary. commentary. In the end, the state legislature elected Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national politics. In 1860, political operatives in Illinois organized a campaign to support Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention Convention in Chicago, Lincoln surpassed better known candidates such as William Seward Seward of New York and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio. Lincoln's nomination was due in part to his moderate































the Union and by April the U.S. military installation Fort Sumter was under siege in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, the guns stationed to protect the harbor blazed toward the fort signaling the start of America‘s costliest and most deadly war.

Civil War Abraham Lincoln responded to the crisis wielding powers as no other president before him. He distributed distributed $2 million from the the Treasury for war material material without an appropriation from Congress; he called for 75,000 volunteers into military service without a declaration of war; and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus, arresting and imprisoning suspected Confederate sympathizers without a warrant. Crushing the rebellion would be difficult under any circumstances, but the Civil War, with its preceding decades of white-hot white-hot partisan politics, was was especially onerous. From all directions, Lincoln faced disparagement disparagement and defiance. d efiance. He was often at odds with his generals, his Cabinet, his party and a majority of the American people. The Union Army's first year and a half of battlefield defeats made it especially difficult to keep morale up and support strong for a reunification the nation. With the































Assassination Reconstruction began during the war as early as 1863 in areas firmly under Union military control. Abraham Lincoln favored a policy of quick reunification with a minimum of retribution. But he was confronted by a radical group of Republicans in the Senate and House that wanted complete allegiance and repentance from former Confederates. Before a political battle had a chance to firmly develop, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. Lincoln was taken from the theater to a Petersen House across the street and laid in a coma for nine hours before dying the next morning. His body lay in state at the Capitol before a funeral train took him back to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois.

Questions on Shakespeare’s

Merchant of Venice Summary: Act IV, scene i,































with the ring. Antonio and Bassanio then leave lea ve for Antonio‘s house to plan their trip to Belmont.

Summary: Act IV, scene ii Meanwhile, Portia sends Nerissa to Shylock‘s house to ensure that Shylock signs the deed that will leave his fortune to Lorenzo and Jessica. Portia observes that Lorenzo will be happy to have this document. Once they complete this task, the disguised women plan to leave for Belmont, Belmont, which will ensure their their arrival a full day before before their husbands‘. Gratiano enters, offers Bassanio‘s ring to Portia, and invites her to dinner. Portia accepts the ring, but declines the invitation. Portia asks Gratiano to show Nerissa to Shylock‘s house, and Nerissa, before leaving, tells Portia that she will likewise try to convince Gratiano Gratiano to part with his ring. The plan satisfies s atisfies Portia, who imagines how Gratiano and Bassanio will swear up and down that they gave their rings to men, and looks forward to embarrassing them. Nerissa turns to Gratiano and asks him to lead her to Shylock‘s house.































Antony describes Caesar's murder in graphic terms, and then uncovers Caesar's body. The crowd is ready to hunt down down and kill the conspirators, conspirators, but Antony bids them stay. He maintains that he does not wish to incite them to violence, and that he is not as well-spoken as Brutus. Antony finally reads Caesar's will, which promises a sum of money to every citizen, and announces the conversion of Caesar's property into public parks. The crowd leaves in a frenzy, intending to kill the conspirators and burn their homes. A servant of Octavius enters to say that Octavius has arrived in Rome, and is waiting for Antony with Lepidus at Caesar's house. He adds that Brutus and Cassius have fled Rome.

Sonnet 116 Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove:
































































Summary This sonnet attempts to define love, by telling both what it is and is not. In the first quatrain, the speaker says that love —‖the marriage of true minds‖— is is perfect and unchanging; it does not ―admit impediments,‖ and it does not change when it find changes in the loved one. In the second quatrain, the speaker tells what love is through a metaphor: a guiding star to lost ships (―wand‘ring barks‖) that is not s usceptible to storms (it ―looks on tempests and is never shaken‖). In the third quatrain, the speaker again describes what love is not: it is not susceptible to time. Though beauty fades in time as rosy lips and cheeks come within ―his bending sickle‘s compass,‖ love does not change with hours and weeks: instead, it ―bears it out ev‘n to the edge of doom.‖ In the couplet, the speaker attests to his certainty that love is as he says: if his statements can be proved

































legalistic argument for the eternal passion of love, and the result is that the passion seems gent for the restraint in the speaker‘s tone. stronger and more ur gent

Questions on Oscar Wilde’s

The Model Millionaire Summary

Introduction: The Model Millionaire‟ is a short story by Oscar Wilde. He was a gifted poet,

































Trevor‘s model, the beggar:

When Hughie went in to see Trevor, he found him giving finishing touches to a wonderful life size painting. The model was an old beggar standing on a platform in the corner of the studio. The beggar had a very sad expression. his face was wrinkled and dry like crushed paper. His rough clothes were full of tears. His thick boots were patched roughly. He was leaning on a stick and he held out his battered hat for alms. Hughie‘s sympathy for the beggar:

Hughie told Trevor that his model was amazing. Trevor replied that such models were hard to find every day. Hughie said that the beggar looked miserable but his face was his fortune. He asked Trevor how much the models were paid for their job. Trevor

































Hughie and Laura – from ―A wedding present to Hugh Erskne – Hughie – from an old beggar‖. Inside the envelope was a cheque for ten thousand pounds. Conclusion: Trevor commented that ―Millionaire Models‖ are rare but ―Model Millionaires‖ are rarer. By these words he meant that millionaires should be kind-hearted like the Baron. The story also points out the fact that an honest, good heart is always rewarded.

The Selfish giant

































One day, the giant found the little boy. On the palms of the childs hands it was sign of two nails. And it was sign of two nails on the little childs feet. And the child said: You let me play once in your garden, now you shall come with me to my garden, which is Paradise. Then they found the Giant lying dead under the tree, all covered with the white blossom.

Dr.Karl Paulnack’s



































external objects and music was seen as the study of relationships between invisible, ;internal hidden objects. Paulnack claims that music has a way of finding the in visible moving pieces inside the hearts and souls and helping us understand ourselves.

Art, a part of human spirit sp irit :






































































Music is a basic need of human survival : From these experiences, Dr.Paulnack realized that music is not just entertainment entertainment or pastime. Music is the basic need for human survival. Music gives meaning to our lives, gives expression to our feelings and makes our hearts understand when our minds fail us.



































and they are assigned to you by those who are willing to take care of you and there is not much need to be constantly exercising your own judgments. You know that in later life the position is reversed; instead of others helping you, you have in the first place to help yourself… Gentlemen, because this is the happy part of your life, there are certain



































As character will naturally have to act on those around you, the stronger, the firmer and nobler it is, the better work you will do for the country. Even if you acquire a fairly high character while you are at school or college; it may not always be easy to retain that character in the struggles of later life, because you are sure to be acted upon by



































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Registration Plate

License Plate

Remould (T yre)

Retread

Reverse The Charges

Call Collect

Reversing Lights

Back-Up Lights

Right-Angled Triangle

Right Triangle

Ring Road

Beltway

Room Only

European Plan

Roundabout (At A Fair )

Carousel

Roundabout ( In Road)

Traffic Circle

Rowing Boat

Rowboat

Sailing Boat

Sailboat

Saloon (Car)

Sedan

Sandpit

Sandbox

Sandwich Cake

Layer Cake

Sanitary Towel

Sanitary Napkin

Self-Raising Flour

Self-Rising Flour

Music) Semibreve ( Music)

Whole Note

Semitone (Music)

Half Step

Share Option

Stock Option

Shopping Trolley

Shopping Cart

Show House/Home

Model Home



























Skeleton In The Cupboard Skeleton In The Closet Skimmed Milk

Skim Milk

Skipping Rope

Jump Rope

Skirting Board

Baseboard

Sledge

Sled

Sleeper

Railroad Tie

Sleeping Partner

Silent Partner

Slowcoach

Slowpoke

Snakes And Ladders

Chutes And Ladders

Solicitor

Lawyer

Soya/Soya Bean

Soy/Soybean

Splashback

Backsplash

Spring Onion

Green Onion

Stag Night

Bachelor Party

Stanley Knife

Utility Knife

Starter

Appetizer

State School

Public School

Storm In A Teacup

Tempest In A Teapot

Surtitle

Supertitle

Swede

Rutabaga

Sweet(S)

Candy



























Tea Towel

Dish Towel

Terrace House

Row House

Tick

Check Mark

Ticket Tout

Scalper

Tights

Pantyhose

Timber

Lumber

Titbit

Tidbit

Toffee Apple

Candy Apple

Touch Wood

Knock On Wood

Trade Union

Labor Union

Trading Estate

Industrial Park

Trainers

Sneakers

Tram

Streetcar; Cable Car

Transport Cafe

Truck Stop

Trolley

Shopping Cart

Twelve-Bore

Twelve-Gauge

Unalike

Unlike

Underground

Subway

Vacuum Flask

Thermos Bottle

Verge (Of A Road )

Shoulder

Vest

Undershirt



























Waistcoat

Vest

Walking Frame

Walker

Wardrobe

Closet

Water Ice

Italian Ice

Weatherboard

Clapboard

White Coffee

Coffee With Cream

White Spirit

Mineral Spirits

Wholemeal Bread

Wholewheat Bread

Windcheater

Windbreaker

Windscreen

Windshield

Wing (Of A Car )

Fender

Worktop

Countertop

Yale Lock

Cylinder Lock

Zebra Crossing

Crosswalk

Zed ( Letter Letter Z )

Zee

Zip

Zipper





























https://goo.gl/GLZeGQ

TNPSC General Eng_part-B

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