1. OBSERVATION (Pemerhatian): OBSERVATION is : What you can see based on the results of investigation in the question? Is it a statement @ graph @ table? table? PEMERHATIAN ialah : Apa yang boleh dilihat berdasarkan keputusan penyiasatan di dalam soalan? Adakah ianya pernyataan @ graf @ Jadual ?
There are 3 types of anwers for observation, depending on the stimulus given. Terdapat 3 jenis jawapan pemerhatian, bergantung kepada rangsangan diberi. i) Simple Observation = Pemerhatian Biasa
ii) iii) iii) 1.
Trend Obs Observation = Pemerhatian Bercorak Compa omparriso ison Obs Obse ervation ion = Pemerhatian Perbandingan
Simple Observation = Pemerhatian Biasa
situation. Write Normally the stimulus given involving 1 object / 1 picture / 1 situation. what can be observed (related with what to changed) based on the stimulus. Biasanya rangsangan diberi melibatkan 1 objek / 1 gambar / 1 situasi .Tulis .Tulis apa yang diperhatikan (berkait d engan engan pembolehubah bergerakbalas) berdasarkan rangsangan.
Example:
Observation : Pemerhatian :
The bulb in the electric circuit will light up. Mentol dalam litar elektrik akan menyala.
Observation : Burger X is spoilt and cannot be eaten. Pemerhatian :
Burger X telah rosak dan tidak boleh dimakan.
Observation : The river is polluted by the toxic waste from the factory. Pemerhatian :
2.
Sungai itu dicemari sisa toksik daripada kilang.
Trend Observation = Pemerhatian bercorak
This observation involve stimulus in form of Graph / Table that has pattern in the information given. Pemerhatian ini melibatkan stimulus berbentuk Graf / Jadual yang mempunyai corak pada maklumat diberi.
Examples / Contoh: Length of strings (cm)
Corak data = Bertambah
10
20
30
40
50
8
16
24
32
40
Panjang tali
Time taken for 20 swings (s) Masa diambil untuk 20 ayunan (s)
Observation : When the length of string increase, the time taken for 20 swings increase. Pemerhatian :
Apabila panjang tali bertambah, masa diambil untuk 20 ayunan bertambah.
Observation : When the number of bulb decrease, the brightnesss of bulb increase. Pemerhatian :
Apabila bilangan mentol berkurang, kecerahan mentol bertambah.
Corak data = Bertambah
Observation : When the number of batteries increase, the speed of toy car increase. Pemerhatian :
3.
Apabila bilangan bateri bertambah, kelajuan kereta mainan bertambah.
Comparison Observation = Pemerhatian Perbandingan
If there are more than 2 diagrams/pictures,you must state the Comparison. Jika ada lebih daripada 2 rajah / gambar, anda mesti menyatakan Perbandingan.
Examples / Contoh:
Observation:
Cow A Cow A is bigger than cow B.
Pemerhatian:
Lembu A lebih besar daripada lembu B.
X
Y
Cow B
Z
Price: RM 100
Price: RM 20
Price: RM 300
Harga:RM 100
Harga:RM 200
Harga: RM300
Observation:The price of House Z is the most expensive compare to others . Pemerhatian: Harga rumah Z paling mahal berbanding harga rumah yang lain..
******************* Do not give reason for observation’s questions. Reason is for INFERENCE only. Jangan berikan sebab bagi soalan pemerhatian. Sebab hanya untuk soalan INFERENS sahaja.
2. INFERENCE (Inferens@ SEBAB): INFERENCE is = Reason / Cause / Statement based on Observation
INFERENS ialah = Alasan/ Sebab / Pernyataan dibuat berdasarkan pemerhatian.
Inference can be Controlled Inference or Independent Inference, depends on the stimulus in the questions. Inferens melibatkan Inferens Terkawal atau Inferens Bebas, bergantung kepada rangsangan dalam soalan.
How to answer inference Question??? Bagaimana menjawab soalan inferens???
OBSERVATION…….because ……INFERENCE. (Pemerhatian)………(kerana)………(Inferens)
Examples:
Inference: The hen is fat because it gets a lot of food Inferens : Ayam itu gemuk kerana ia makan banyak makanan.
Inference: A man is in prison because ………………………………………………………………… Inferens : Seorang lelaki dipenjarakan kerana………………………………………………
Inference: The baby is crying because ……………………………………………………………… Inferens : Bayi itu menangis kerana …………………………………………………….. 100 80 60 Number of tiger
40 20 0 1970
1980
1990
2000
Inference: The number of tiger decreases because illegal hunting increase. Inferens :Bilangan harimau berkurang kerana pemburuan haram bertambah.
When there is Comparison Observation (CO), the Inference must also be Comparison Inference (CI). Apabila terdapat Pemerhatian Perbandingan , maka Inferens juga perlu nyatakan Inferens Perbandingan. Examples/ Contoh:
Plant A
Plant B
Inference: Plant B dies but plant A stay alive because plant B did not get enough water compare to plant A. Inferens :
Pokok B mati tetapi pokok A hidup subur kerana pokok B tidak mendapat air yang cukup berbanding pokok A .
Time in 100 lap race:
Time taken in 100 lap race:
Masa perlumbaan 100 pusingan: 5 hours / 5 jam
Masa perlumbaan 100 pusingan: 10 hours/ 10 jam
Inference: Time in 100 lap race for car is shorter than motorcycle because car is faster compare to motorcycle. Inferens : Masa perlumbaan 100 pusingan bagi kereta lebih cepat daripada motosikal kerana kereta lebih laju berbanding motosikal .
Weight: 10 kg
Weight: 500 g
Berat : 10 kg
Berat: 500g
Weight: 2 kg Berat: 2kg
Inference: The bowling ball is the heaviest compare to others because ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Inferens:
Bola boling paling berat berbanding bola lain kerana …………………………………………………………………………….
Notes: *****compare to = berbanding dengan *****the ........est = paling ……………… *****…………er than = lebih ……………… daripada 3. VARIABLE (Pembolehubah) VARIABLE IS = Information in the question,can be in the question
sentence, table, picture. PEMBOLEHUBAH ialah = Maklumat dalam soalan, didapati pada ayat soalan , jadual, gambarajah.
There are 3 types: Terdapat 3 jenis :
i. MANIPULATED VARIABLE – What to Changed? (WTC) PEMBOLEHUBAH DIMANIPULASI – Apa yang diubah ? (PM) •
Factors changed that affect the result of investigation. Faktor yang diubah, mempengaruhi keputusan penyiasatan.
•
Key word – DIFFERENT Katakunci - BERBEZA
•
Sometimes, the INFERENCE can be the CH / TC Adakalanya Inferens boleh dijadikan CH / TC
ii. RESPONDING VARIABLES – What to Measured/ Observed? (WTO) PEMBOLEHUBAH BERGERAKBALAS – Apa yang diukur / diperhatikan (PB) •
Results of investigation / Observation Hasil penyiasatan, keputusan/ Pemerhatian
•
Key words – OBSERVED / MEASURED, RECORDED, SHOWS Katakunci -
•
•
Diperhatikan
/
Diukur
/ Dicatatkan / Menunjukkan
iii. CONSTANT VARIABLE (CV): - What to be kept the same? (KS) Key word – SAME (sama) / SIMILAR(sama) / EQUAL(sama) / IDENTICAL(sama) / EACH @ EVERY (setiap) Tip = find an “Object” in the question, add the word “Type of…” Tip = cari “Objek” dalam soalan, tambah perkataan “Jenis….”
* Use parameter when writing variables, example: Gunakan parameter semasa menulis pembolehubah, contohnya:
Variables Plants Tumbuhan
Objects Objek
Force Water Humans Others
Parameters(pengukuran) Types of (jenis)…, Height of (ketinggian)…, Condition of (keadaan)…, Presence of (kehadiran)… Size of ( saiz )…, Weight of ( berat )…, Type of ( jenis)… Length ( panjang…), Type of…, Quantity of (kuantiti)… Volume of (isipadu)…, Presence of (kehadiran)…, Quality of(kualiti)… Height of …, Weight of…, Gender ( jantina) Time, Number of days, Amount of ( jumlah)…, Presence of ( Kehadiran)…
* If the question “Give/state two informations gathered / collected” : Write the WTC and WT O. Beri/Nyatakan 2 maklumat dikumpul / dicatat ) : Tuliskan Jika soalan ( jawapannya WTC dan WTO.
* Information that is tested (diuji): WTO * Information that is changed (diubah): WTC * Information that is controlled (dikawal) : KS
WTC
WTO
WTO WTO WTC Otak di kepala, Cacing di tanah.
WTC
HOW TO IDENTIFY VARIABLES IN QUESTION? BAGAIMANA MENGENALPASTI PEMBOLEHUBAH DALAM SOALAN?
Steps/ Langkah-langkah: 1. Read the question sentence carefully, find the variables’ keywords. Then underline and label WTC / WTO / KS. Baca ayat soalan dengan teliti, cari katakunci pembolehubah. Kemudian gariskan dan label kan WTC / WTO / KS .
2. Next if there is a table / graph, find the variables by looking at the contents’ titles of table / graph. Label the WTC / WTO / KS. Seterusnya jika ada jadual / graf , cari katakunci pembolehubah dengan melihat tajuk kandungan jadual / graf . Labelkan WTC / WTO / KS .
3. For pictures, observe the pictures carefully. Identify the information given together with pictures. Find the differences between pictures to help you. As guidance: Bagi gambar , perhatikan gambar dengan teliti. Kenalpasti maklumat diberi bersama gambar. Cari perbezaan antara gambar untuk membantu kamu. Sebagai panduan:
What to observed (WTO) = Result / Outcome of experiment Keputusan / Hasil eksperimen
What to changed (WTC) = Factor/ Causes that influence the result. Faktor / Sebab yang mempengaruhi keputusan
4. AIM / PURPOSE (Tujuan) : How to answer? Bagaimana menjawab?
To investigate the relationship between……WTC…and…WTO… Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ………PM……… dan ………PB………
**** What to find out? = Aim / Purpose
5. PATTERN / TREND (Corak / Pola) : How to answer? Look carefully at how the data or information change.
Perhatikan betul-betul bagaimana data atau maklumat berubah.
INCREASE = Bertambah DECREASE = Berkurang NO CHANGE = Tidak berubah
6. PREDICTING (Meramal) : There are 2 types of prediction: Ada 2 jenis ramalan:
a) Predict CONDITION Meramal KEADAAN
Example = animal will die, animal will extinct, the nail will rust, plant will wilt dan blue litmus paper turn to red colour. Contoh = haiwan akan mati, haiwan akan pupus, paku akan berkarat, tumbuhan akan layu dan kertas litmus biru bertukar ke merah.
b) Predict NUMBERS Meramal NOMBOR
Example = 100cm, 50ml, 4 boxes, 100 0C. Usually table or graph are given. Look at the pattern/ trend, calculate the answer. Write the correct UNIT. Biasanya jadual atau graf diberi. Perhatikan pola / corak, kira jawapan. Tulis UNIT yang betul.
Time (min)
0
2
4
6
8
10
30
40
50
60 70 80
Masa (min)
Water temperature 0C 0
Suhu air C
Predict the water temperature at the time 7 th minutes. Ramalkan suhu air pada masa minit ke 7. …………………………………………
7. HYPOTHESIS / RELATIONSHIP (Hubungan) : How to answer:
* If the WTC increases/ decreases, the WTO will increases/ decreases. Jika PM bertambah / berkurang, maka PB bertambah / berkurang .
@ * The more / less WTC, the more / less WTO. Semakin bertambah/ berkurang PM, Semakin bertambah /berkurang PB.
The relationship’s questions can also be asked based on statements like this: Soalan Hubungan boleh ditanya berdasarkan pernyataan seperti berikut:
1. ……CH…… affect ……OB…… 2. ……CH…… influenced ……OB…… 3. ……CH…… causes ……OB… 4. ……CH…… give effect to ……OB……
1. …….OB……… affected by ……CH… 2. …….OB……… influenced by ……CH…… 3. …….OB……… caused by ……CH…… 4. …….OB……… depends on ……CH……
**Remember, when you write your answer, write the WTC first followed by WTO. Do not make mistake by changing the variables. ** Ingat, semasa menulis jawapan anda, tulis PM dahulu diikuti dengan PB. Jangan lakukan kesilapan tertukar pembolehubah. WT C
WT C
The temperature of planet affected by the distance of planet from the Sun. Suhu planet dipengaruhi oleh jarak planet daripada Matahari .
Relationship: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hubungan: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 : CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION IS = What can be understood from the results, whether
the hypothesis can be accepted or not? KESIMPULAN ialah = Apa yang boleh difahami daripada keputusan, sama ada hipotesis boleh diterima atau tidak?
How to answer? 1. Depend on the trend of the data given. If the question have ONE trend, the answer is same as Relationship (1 answer sentence). Bergantung kepada corak data diberi. Jika soalan mempunyai SATU corak , jawapan sama seperti Hubungan ( 1 ayat jawapan).
* If the CH/ TC increases/ decreases, the OB/TO will increases/ decreases. Jika PM bertambah / berkurang, maka PB bertambah / berkurang .
Example/ Contoh: Length of strings (cm)
10
20
30
40
50
8
16
24
32
40
Panjang tali
Time taken for 20 swings (s) Masa diambil untuk 20 ayunan (s)
Conclusion: Kesimpulan:
If the length of string increase, the time taken for 20 swings increase. Jika panjang tali bertambah, maka masa diambil untuk 20 ayunan bertambah.
Time taken to topple (s) Masa diambil untuk tumbang
(s)
30 25 20 15 10 5
Ketinggian model (cm) Ketinggian model (cm) 10
20
30
40
50
Conclusion:
If the ……………………………………………………………………………………, the ………………………………………………………………………………………
Kesimpulan:
Jika……………………………………………………………….., maka …………………………………………………………….
2. If the question has two or three trends, write the answers in two or three sentences. For example:
Water temperature/ Suhu air oC 100 95 5 85
20
25
th
30
35
40
45
th
Time (min)/ Masa (min)
Conclusion: From 25 to 30 minutes, the water temperature increase. After 30th minutes, the water temperature remain the same at 100 oC. Kesimpulan: Dari minit ke25 hingga minit ke 30, suhu air bertambah. Selepas minit ke30, suhu air tidak berubah pada 100o.
3. If the question has a minimum or maximum value (in the data), the answer can be stressed on the value itself. Jika soalan mempunyai nilai minimum atau maksimum (dalam data), jawapan boleh berbentuk penegasan nilai tersebut.
Percentage of the Moon’s surface % Peratus permukaan bulan % 100 80 5 60 40 20 0 9.30 pm
10.00 pm
10.30 11.00 pm pm
Time 11.30 pm
Masa
Conclusion: The percentage of Moon’s surface is the lowest at 10.30pm. Kesimpulan: Peratus permukaan Bulan paling rendah pada 10.30pm.
4. Comparison conclusion if there are few objects and no trend in the question.
Kesimpulan perbandingan jika terdapat beberapa objek dan tiada corak dalam soalan.
Example / Contoh: Method
Time taken to loosen the soil (hour)
Kaedah
Masa diambil untuk meng gembur tanah (jam)
P Q R
60 120 2
Conclusion: The time taken to loosen the soil for method R is the fastest compared to method P and Q. Kesimpulan: Masa diambil untuk menggembur tanah bagi kaedah R ialah paling cepat berbanding kaedah P dan Q.
Vehicle
Distance travelled (m)
Time taken (min)
Kenderaan
Jarak dilalui (m)
Masa diambil (min)
Bicycle
800
6
800
4
Basikal
Motorcycle Motosikal
Conclusion: The time taken by motorcycle is faster than bicycle. Kesimpulan: Masa diambil bagi motosikal lebih cepat daripada basikal.
2. Sometimes, the question relates with some Science FACTS, the answer can be written in a sentence. For example: Adakalanya, soalan berkaitan dengan Fakta Sains, jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bentuk ayat. Contohnya:
i) Rusting of metal object needs the presence of air and water. Pengaratan objek besi memerlukan kehadiran udara dan air.
ii) Acidic substance changes the colour of blue litmus paper to red. Bahan berasid menukarkan warna kertas litmus biru kepada merah.
iii) Plants need air, water and sunlight to live. Tumbuhan memerlukan udara, air dan cahaya matahari untuk hidup.
iv) The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east.
Bumi berputar pada paksinya dari barat ke timur.
v)Different types of animals have different type of breathing organs. Jenis haiwan berbeza mempunyai jenis organ pernafasan berbeza.
vi) Different plants have different ways of reproduction. Tumbuhan berbeza mempunyai cara membiak yang berbeza.
*******************GOOD LUCK IN UPSR 2011********************** Forms of Question / Bentuk Soalan Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Table 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 ?
Graph 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 ?
Picture 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 0 ?
Table + Picture 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 ?
Sentences 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?
Types of Question / Jenis Soalan Year
Aim
Trend
Rship
Predict
Obsv
Infer
Conclu
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
Variabl e 4 3 2 3 3 2 6 4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 3 ?
4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
1 1
6 6
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
?
?
?
?
?
?
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 ?
NOTE
•
A) VARIABLES ( PEMBOLEHUBAH) i. Manipulated variable – What is changed (CH)? Key word – DIFFERENT (berbeza) ii. Responding variables – What is measured/observed (OB)? Key words – OBSERVED (diperhatikan), MEASURED (diukur),RECORDED (dicatat) iii. Constant variable : - What is kept the same? Key word – SAME/ SIMILAR / EQUAL = (sama/ serupa) Tip = find an object in the question,add the word “Type of…” Cari objek dalam soalan, tambah perkataan Jenis……
CH
OB OB
CH OB CH
B)
AIM / PURPOSE (TUJUAN) : To investigate the relationship between……WTC…… and…….WTO… Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ……PM…… dan ……PB……
C)
PATTERN / TREND (Corak) : INCREASE @ DECREASE@ NO CHANGE Bertambah @ Berkurang @ Tidak Berubah
D)
OBSERVATION (Pemerhatian) and INFERENCE (Sebab): 1. Observation................. because.................Inference Pemerhatian………………kerana……………Inferens
2. Observation.......... because.......Inference......... compare to……. Pemerhatian…… kerana ……Inferens……… berbanding dengan……
E)HYPOTHESIS/RELATIONSHIP (Hubungan)@CONCLUSION Kesimpulan) : If the WTC increases/ decreases,the WTO will increases/ decreases. Jika …PM… bertambah/berkurang, maka …PB… bertambah/berkurang
TAJUK-TAJUK PENTING YANG KERAP DISOAL DALAM UPSR
Tandakan _ pada kotak di sebelah kiri setelah kamu telah menguasai tajuk yang berkenaan. YEAR 4
LIVING THINGS Basic needs of human, animals and plants. Animals and Plants Life processes. Living thing response to stimuli. Growth of plants. (height, number of leaves, size of stem. Reproduction of plants. Excretion and defecation. INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS Distance Area Volume Time Weight Magnet INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS Natural and man made materials Properties of materials (elasticity, floating on water, light visibility, absorption of water. INVESTIGATING EARTH AND UNIVERSE Shape of the Earth, distance
KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Basic needs and the effects if do not get them. Breathing organs. Difference between growth and germination. Movement of shoot and root of plant to stimuli. 5 ways of reproduction. Definition, organs and waste products. KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Definition Traditional measurement, Formula Formula Formula and changes in unit. Position of eyes when take a reading. Magnetic and non magnetic object. KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Definition, Difference between the 2 types of materials. The uses of materials, function.
KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Earth is sphere.
from Sun, Constellation and relatives size between Sun, Earth and Moon. Moon. INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGIES Technology Invention
Effetcs if Earth is near / far from the Sun. Condition on the moon, Moon as a natural satellite. KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Definition and the uses of technology. Who invent what??
YEAR 5
INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS Microorganism
KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED #Type of microorganism #Useful and harmful effect of microorganism
Survival of the species
# survival of ANIMALS #Survival of plants #important of survival of the species #Food Chain # food web KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Uses of Energy # Tranformation of energy # Renewaable and Nonrenewable energy # Sources of electricity #Series circuit and Parallel circuit # Safety precaution to be taken when handling Electrical Appliances
Food Chain and food web INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY Energy
Electricity
Light
# light travel in a straight line
Heat INVESTIGATING MATERIALS State of matter
Acid and alkali INVESTIGATING THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE Constellation The earth, The moon and the sun
INVESTIGATING THE TECHNOLOGY Strength and stability
# Reflection of light # Temperature # Effect of heat on matter KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Solid, liquid and Gas # Change a matter from one state to another # Water cycle # Important of water resources # Properties of acidic, alkaline and neutral Subtances. KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Types of constellation # Time of constellation # Movement of earth, moon and sun # Occurrence of day and night # Phases of Moon
# shapes of object in structure # Strength and stability of structure
YEAR 6
INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS Interaction Among living Things
INVESTIGATING FORCE
PENGETAHUAN YANG PERLU ANDA KUASAI # Solitary animals and group animals # Competition # Protection of endangered Species # Impact of human activities on the environment
AND ENERGY Force Movement INVESTIGATING MATERIALS Food Preservation
Waste Management
INVESTIGATING THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE Eclipses INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY Machines
# Push and pull # Effect of force # Friction # Concept of speed. Speed calculation KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Food Spoilage # Food Preservation # The important of preservation Food # Effect of improper Disposal of waste on environment # Some waste can decay
KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Eclipse of the moon # Eclipse of the sun KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED # Simple Machines # Complex machine # Appreciating the invention of machine
INTRODUCTION FORMAT Science Paper had been introduced in UPSR since 2007. From the year 1997 to 2002 the questions are asked in Malay Language. Then in year 2002 to 2007, the questions in bilingual form whereas the English and Malay Language came in opposite pages. Starting from 2008 to last year 2010, the questions use the English Language then followed by the Malay Language in “one after another concept”. Science paper has 2 sections, Section A and Section B. The questions in Section A are in objective form, the Section B questions are in subjective form. There are 30 objective questions carrying 30 marks and 4 or 5 subjective questions carrying 20 marks. Total marks 50 will be converted into percentage 100%. Time allocation for Science paper is 1 hour 15 minutes. Candidates are advised to spend 45 minutes on Section A and 30 minutes for Section B. Section Question form A Objective B Subjective
Question’s Things tested Number 30 Science Facts 4/5 Science Process Skill
Suggested Percentage time 45 min 60% 30 min 40%
1 hour 15min
100%
