NORMA E 010 MADERA
ING. ISABEL MOROMI NAKATA INTRODUCCIÓN
-EL -EL USO USO RACI RACION ONAL AL DE LA MADE MADERA RA DE NUES NUESTR TROS OSBO BOSQ SQUE UES S TROPICALES, TROPICALE S, ES E S UNA UN A ALTERNAT ALTERNATIVA IVA DE UTILIZACIÓN DE UN RECURSO RENOVABLE PARA LACONSTRUCCIÓN. - EXIS EXISTE TEN N NUME NUMERO ROSA SAS S ESPE ESPECI CIES ES , MUCH MUCHAS AS DE ELLA ELLAS S APTA PTAS PARA PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN. CONSTRUCCI ÓN. - DE ELLAS ELLAS SE ESTU ESTUDI DIAR ARON ON,, INIC INICIA IALM LMEN ENTE TE 104 ESPE ESPECI CIES ES DE CINCO PAÍSES DEL GRUPO ANDINO, 20 DE LOS CUALES UERON DE NUESTRO BOSQUES. - LOS RESUL RESULT TADOS DE EST ESTA AS INVESTI INVESTIGAC GACION IONES ES SE PLASM PLASMARO ARON N EN EL MANUAL DE DISE!O PARA PARA MADERAS DEL GRUPO ANDINO " SIRVIERON PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE LA NORMA DE MADERA DEL REGLAMENTO NACIONAL DE EDIICACIONES. NORMA E 010 MADERA AGRUPAMIENTO AGRUPAMIENTO DE MADERAS MADERAS PARA PARA USO USO ESTRUCTURAL CLASIICACIÓN EN TRES CLASES# - A, B $ C - REQU REQUIS ISIT ITOS OS " PROC PROCED EDIM IMIE IENT NTOS OS PARA INCO INCORP RPOR ORAC ACIÓ IÓN N DE NUEVASESPECIES.
DEINICIONES - DENSID DENSIDAD AD B%SICA B%SICA## M&'& M&'& &()*+ &()*+& & V V/.V /.V + - ESU ESUER ERZO ZO B%S B%SIC ICO# O# L L*3 *3 + 5/ 5/6' 6'*7 *7( ( 89 89 - ESU ESUER ERZO ZOS S ADMIS DMISIB IBLE LES# S# E':6 E':6 ; ;'' + +*' +*'< < =&& =&& 5&> 5&>&' &' + '?*5*. - MADE MADERA RA H@ME H@MEDA DA## C.H. C.H. .. H*> H*>' '57 57=* =*5 5 - MADE MADERA RA SECA SECA## C.H. C.H. 6*/ 6*/* ** * )*> )*>'5 '57= 7=*5 *5 - M. DE DE ELA ELAST STIC ICID IDAD AD MÍNIM MÍNIMO O # L. L. 5/ 5/6' 6'*7 *7( ( 89 89 - M. DE ELAS ELASTI TICI CIDA DAD D PRO PROME MEDI DIO# O# P P +* +* AGRUPAMIENT AGRUPAMIENT - BASADO BASADO EN EN LA DENSID DENSIDAD AD B%SIC B%SICA A " LA RESIST RESISTENC ENCIA IA MEC%NI MEC%NICA CA
MÓDULO DE ELASTICIDAD F>52 GRUPO Emin.
Eprom.
A
8 000
10 000
B
J8 000
100 000
C
88 000
0 000
ESFUERZOS ADMISIBLES (!"#m
%$F&'i) n *m
Tr +# #i ) n p+ r+ &'& + *,
Compr'-i)n p+r+&'&+ *#""
A
210
14
148
Co mp r'i)n p'r p' ni #/& +r *# 40
B
180
10
110
2K
J8
K0
18
GRUPO
C 100 - DENSIDAD B%SICA
C or ,' p +r +& '& o * 1 8 1 2 K
INCORPORACIÓN DE NUE2AS ESPECIES - EN UNC UNCIÓ IÓN N DE LA DEN DENSI SIDA DAD D B%SI B%SICA CA " DE LA RESI RESIST STEN ENCI CIA A MEC% MEC%NI NICA CA OBTE OBTENI NIDA DA DE ENSA ENSA" "S DE VIGA VIGAS S DE TAMA!O MA!O NATURAL (* 0 ?*>&' + 8 /' = '=5* DISE3O 4 CONSTRUCCIÓN CON MADERA PRO4ECTO - NTE NTE E 00 00 D*' D*'< < S*' S*' '* '*'3 '3( (3 3 - NTE E 020 C&>&' LA MADERA - D D '3& '3& '5&. '5&. E( (*(>( (*(>( 5&' 5&' 5( 6( C.H. C.H. 229 - D ' ' (5 (5' '& &* * + + ' ' =' ='? ?&+ &+& & MADERA DE USO ESTRUCTURAL MADERA ASERRADA# '>( >6= '36536&/ MADERA ROLLIZA # 5( '*( 53;&, 5'=(+*(3 & &/>6( + /' >6=' '36536&/'
MADERA LAMINADA ENCOLADA # T&/&' 6(*+&' 5( &+)'*?', >&( =&&// &/ +/ /(3. C.H. (3 K9 & 129 D*:(5*& ( &$ + 89 (3 /&' 3&/&'. A+)'*?' A+)'*?' '*'3(3' &/ &>6&. -
DISE3O CON MADERA P&& P&& :53 :53' ' + +*' +*'< < ' '= '=5* 5*:*5 :*5& &( ( /&' == ==* *+& +&+ +'' 5 5(* (*5& 5&'' '>( /& +*55*7( =&&//& ==(+*56/& & /& :*&. L&' '= '=5* 5*'' =&& && / +*' *'< '( '( /&' > >*'3 *'3& &+&' +&' + &56+ 6+ &/ &>6=&*(3 + &+&' =&& 6' '36536&/ + /& N&.
METODO DE AN5LISIS L&' 5 5(+& (+&5* 5*( (', ', /**3&5 /**3&5*( *(' ' $ ':6 ':6;' ;' &+*' &+*'*/ */'' +&+', +&+', '( '( &=/*5&/' & '36536&' &(&/*;&+&' = =5+**(3' 5(?(5*(&/' + &(/*'*' /*(&/ $ /'3*5. -
METODO DE DISE3O C&> C&>&' &' + + '? '?*5 *5* *.. E':6 E':6 ; ;'' &+*' &+*'* */ /'' C*3*' C*3*' + '*'3(5 '*'3(5*&, *&, *>*+ *>*+;; $ '3&*/*+&+ '3&*/*+&+.. C(+*5 C(+*5*7( *7( ' 53*5&. 53*5&. - R6*'*3' + '*'3(5*&# E':6;' *>6&/' (' + / ' &+*'*/ - R R6*'*3' + *>*+;# D:&5*(' +* +*:*+&'. D:&5*(' +*+&' & 6(*('.
CARGAS =' ==* ==*,, 5&>&' 5&>&' =&( =&((3 (3' ' '5 '5&> &>&' &' + '?*5* '?*5*', ', C+r!+-# =' '5&>&' + '*'', ?*(3', (*?. C6&(+ /&' '5&>&' + '?*5* '&( + &=/*5&5*7( 5(3*(6& + /&> /&>& & +6&5 6&5*7 *7( (, ' 5(' ('*+ *+&& &&( ( 5 5 5&> &>&' 6 63& 3&'' =&& =&& /& +3*(&5*7( + /&' 5&>&' +*:*+&'.
ESFUERZOS ADMISIBLES L' ':6;' &+*'*/' '( /' 5'=(+*(3' & +&+& >6= '36536&/ '>( / *(+*5&+ ( /& N& P&& / 5&' + +*'< + ?*>63&', 5&', (3&/&+', 35. , +(+ *'3& 6(& &55*7( + 5(6(3 >&&(3*;&+&, '3' ':6;' =6+( *(5(3&' ( 6( 109 MÓDULO DE ELASTICIDAD L' 7+6/' + /&'3*5*+&+ & 63*/*;&' '( / *(+*5&+' '>( / >6= '36536&/. E( >(&/ ' 6'& / 7+6/ + /&'3*5*+&+ (*. E/ ?&/ =+* =+ 63*/*;&' '7/ 56&(+ *'3& 6(& &55*7( + 5(6(3 >&&(3*;&+&, 5 ( / 5&' + 6' (3&&+', ?*>63&' $ (3&/&+'. DISE3O DE ELEMENTOS EN FLE6IÓN V*>&', ?*>63&', (3&/&+' E/(3' )*;(3&/' P&3 + =*'' 35)' DEFLE6IONES ADMISIBLES C+&#/&+r p+r+ &o- -i!/i'n,'- #+-o- # - C*(&5*7( ' +':&?&/ + 5&>&' =&((3' $ '5&>&' + '?*5*. - S5&>&' + '?*5*'. Limi,+#ion'-7 C+r!+- ,o,+&'- C( 5*/ &' + $'# L00 - S*( 5*/ &' + $'# L280 - T5)' *(5/*(&+' $ +*:*5&5*(' *(+6'3*&/'# L200 Limi,+#ion'-# S5&>&' + '?*5* T+ 3*= + +*:*5&5*7(# L80 7 1 - S*(+ L /& /6; (3 5&&' + &=$ 7 /& +*'3&(5*& +/ &=$ &/ 3 +/ ?/&+. - C('*+& +:&5*(' +*:*+&'# /&' =+65*+&' = 5&>&' =&((3' ' *(5(3&( ( 6( K09 RE8UISITOS DE RESISTENCIA - /*7(# E':6;' (' & A+*'*/' - C3 =&&// - C='*7( ==(+*56/& ( &=$' $ ( ;(&' + 5&>&' 5(5(3&+&'. ESTABILIDAD A*'3& =&& ?*3& =&(+ /&3&/ - ) 2 N (5'*3& &=$ /&3&/ - ) R'3*(>* &=$' - ) 4 R'3*(>* &=$' $ + ( 5='*7( - ) 8 R'3*(>* &=$' $ 3+ / + ( 5='*7(.
-
) A+*5*(&/(3 5653&' /6' & +*'3&(5*&' ( &$' + K ?5' / '=' +/ /(3 ENTREPISOS 4 TEC9OS D*'< =&& 5&>&' +*'3*6*+&' $ 5(5(3&+&' 5 (* + J0 F>. D:&5*('# -
C&>& 5(5(3&+&# L00 C&>& +*'3*6*+&# L480
E(3&/&+'# '=' (* 1K 3&/' (* + 12
ELEMENTOS EN TRACCIÓN : FLE6O;TRACCIÓN C&>& &+*'*/# -
C&>& &+*'*/ 3&55*7( E':6; %& C&>& &+*'*/ ( :/3&55*7( N A: 3 M Z : 1 ELEMENTOS EN COMPRESIÓN FLE6O;COMPRESIÓN
CARGA ADMISIBLE # - Lon!i,/ '*'#,i+ # L(>*36+ ( &*'3&+& R'3*55*7( ( /' &=$' V T&/& J.2. - C&+-i*i#+#i)n ' #o&/mn+- r'#,+n!/&+r'C/6(&' 53&'
/+ 10
C/6(&' *(3+*&' C/6(&' /&>&'
10 /+ CF V T&/&'
CF /+ 80
2ER TABLA DE LONGITUD EFECTI2A C+r!+- +mi-i<&'- # - Lon!i,/ '*'#,i+ # L(>*36+ ( &*'3&+& R'3*55*7( ( /' &=$' V T&/& J.2. - C&+-i*i#+#i)n ' #o&/mn+- r'#,+n!/&+r'C/6(&' 53&' /+ 10 C/6(&' *(3+*&' 10 /+ CF V T&/&' C/6(&' /&>&' CF /+ 80
2ER TABLA DE LONGITUD EFECTI2A C+r!+- +mi-i<&'- # - Compr'-i)n# C/6(& 53& N&+ : 5 A& C/6(& *(3+*& N&+ : 5 A 1-1/+CF4 C/6(& /&>& N&+ W2 EA2.8/+2 F&'o;#ompr'-i)n# NN&+ MZ : 1 1-1.8NN5 N5 W2 EI /+2
-
MUROS DE CORTE D*'< & 5&>& /&3&/ + '*' ?*(3. C('3*36*+ + =*' +5)', '/&', *'3&', *>*+*;&+' $ ?'3**(3'.
RE8UISITOS DE RESISTENCIA 4 RIGIDEZ -
R'*'3* 1009 + /&' 5&>&' /&3&/' L**3& +'=/&;&*(3' /&3&/' =&& ?*3& +&<' & /(3' ( '36536&/'. - P=5*(& &*'3&*(3 & 3' /(3' A3(5*7( & /' &(5/&' & 5*(3&5*7( C&+& =&(/ + 5(53&' & /& 5*(3&5*7( = / (' ( +' =6(3' & +*'3&(5*& ( &$ + 2 M6' 5( /&5*7( &/36&/(>*36+ &$ + 2 ( ' 5('*+& '*'3(3. D:&5*(' + /' 6' +( ' (' + )1200 (
ARMADURAS S55*(' (*&' =&& ':6;' ==*' $ ':6;' ( /&' 6(*('.
T&/' ( 6(*(' + &+& 5(3&5)&=&+& + &+& + +('*+&+ '*5& ( ( + 0,4 >5 , 5( 5/&' '*'3(3' & /& )6+&+ $ '=' ( ( + 10 L' 5/&?', =(', =/3*(&' 56&/6* /(3 3/*5 +( '3& =3>*+' + /& 5'*7(. C&>&' ' (6+' 5('*+& /& :/*7( L(>*36+ :53*?& L(>*36+ &/ 0,K P&& /&' *+&' '6=* *(:* 5('*+& :53*?& ( / =/&( $ :6& +/ =/&( + /& &&+6&
/(>*36+
E'/3; *& ( /(3' & 5='*7( 80, & 3&55*7( K0 S + ?*3& / +'=/&;&*(3 ?3*5&/ $ )*;(3&/ ( /' &=$'. A*'3 *+& '6=* +*&(3 5&' (3&/&+ A*'3 *+& *(:* +*&(3 5&' 5*/ &'.
A*'3 + 5(6(3# A*'3 +*&>(&/ =&& +:*(* ;(&' >*+&' 3*&(>6/&+&' ( &' 3' 5&+& .
UNIONES UNIONES CLAVADAS - C/&?' 56(' + &/& + &5 - C&>&' &+*'*/' =&& 5*;&//&*(3 '*=/ '>( /(>*36+, +*3 $ 3*= + &+& A, B 7 C - &53' + +*:*5&5*7( + 5&>& '>( 3*= + 6(*7( UNIONES EMPERNADAS D' ' /(3' + &+& /(3' + &+& $ =/3*(&' 3/*5&'. C/5& &&(+/&' (3 /& 5&;& /& 365& $ /& &+&. C&>&' &+*'*/' =&& 5*;&//&*(3 '*=/ +/ '>( /(>*36+, +*3, 3*= + &+& A, B 7 C $ +*55*7( + /& 5&>&. VER GRAICOS
CRITERIOS DE PROTECCIÓN 9on!o- : =/m'+ E?*3& 5(3&53 5( '6/ )6+&+ L& &+& =6'3& & /& //6?*& + =3>' 5( '6'3&(5*&' )*+7:6>&', 56**(3' *=&/' = +* + &/' $ ?*3&>6&'. L& &+& =6'3& & /& *(3=* $ ( 5(3&53 5( '6/ 5*(3&5*7( + &=$&' ( /(3' 3/*5' 5( 3&3&*(3' &(3*5'*?'. E( &*(3' )+', ?(3*/& $ =3> 5( 56**(3' *=&/'. U3*/*;& 5/&?', =(' $ =/3*(&' ;*(5&+' >&/?&(*;&+'. *& 36&' $ &/*;& =&/' 5( '6:*5*(3 :/**/*+&+ =&& &' ?**(3'. In-'#,oE/**(& '3' >(*5' E( 5&' + ='(5*& + 3*3&' '63(&', 5/5& &&' '56+' 3/*5' 5(3*(6 ' /& 5*(3&5*7( F/'!o - C(+653' /53*5' (36&+', =?*'*7( + 5&&' + =&'. - Z(&' =7*&' & :6(3' + 5&/ =? &*'/&*(3 =355*7( 5( &3*&/ *(56'3*/ 5( '6'3&(5*&' 3&+&(3' *>(:6>' 5( '*'3(5*& (*& + 1 )& MANTENIMIENTO R'#&++r 'n #+-o ' '-+>/-,' C&*& =*;&' 6$ +:&+&' =+*+&'.
P*(3& =&& =3> +/ ?*(3 $ +/ '/ R?*'& ='(5*& + 3*3&' G&&(3*;& ?(3*/&5*7( $ ?*3& )6+&+ R?*'& /& =355*7( 5(3& *(5(+*'
M)/&o ' E&+-,i#i+ ' T+<&'ro- ' P+r,?#/&+- ' m+'r+ INTRODUCCIÓ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et al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et al ., 2001.
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et al ., 2000 S&'&F*, 2001 S5)&+, 18 \&(> et al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
5/&5*(' '3&+'3*5&'. E'3& =='*5*7( )& '*+ ?*:*5&+& =*(3&/(3 = /' 3&&' + &$( 18 P//*( 18 &*'/*F $ P//*( 1JJ R'' $ P//*( 1KK R'' et al .,1JJ $ ' 5*(3(3 =# S&(+; et al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
T+<&+ 1. R'6( */*>:*5 + ?&/' /& D('*+&+, +/ M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ + T&/' + P&356/&' + M&+&, +/ 3*= + &3*& =*& $ + /& 35(*5& =/&+&' ( '6 +3*(&5*7(. M+,'ri+ Prim+ : A='-io
D'n-i+ MOE (!r"#m@% (MP+%
T#ni#+ +p&i#++
R'*'r'n#i+
A-,i&&+ ' #on?*'r+- R'-in+ UF
0.K
200
MND U/3&'(*+
G6(+'3], 1K
A-,i&&+ ' #on?*'r+- R'-in+ UF
0.K
2800
MND V*&5*('
G6(+'3], 1K
A-,i&&+ ' #on?*'r+- R'-in+ UF
0.J1
1J8 ASTM D-10J
M5N&33 $ L*(F, 1K
A-,i&&+ ' Do/!&+-; Fir R'-in+ UF
0.88
400 ASTM D-10J
H&(( et al ., 12
A-,i&&+ ' Do/!&+-; Fir R'-in+ FF
0.8
8K0 ASTM D-10J
H&(( et al ., 12
A-,i&&+ ' Do/!&+-; Fir R'-in+ MF
0.8
00 ASTM D-10J
H&(( et al ., 12
0.J2
000
BS 1K11
C)&=&(, 1J
0.J4
4200
BS 1K11
C)&=&(, 1J
0.
420 ASTM D-10J
A-,i&&+ ' Pinusspp . R'-in+ UF
A-,i&&+ ' Pinusspp . R'-in+ UF
A-,i&&+ ' Do/!&+-; Fir : r'-i/o- R'-in+ FF
G* et al ., 1J4
TPM 1;M;1
0.4-0.K0 1J28 C/&'*:*5&5*7(
ANSI A20K.1 NPA, 1
TPM 1;M;$
0.4-0.K0 2228 C/&'*:*5&5*7(
ANSI A20K.1 NPA, 1
TPM 1;M;@
0.4-0.K0 2J80 C/&'*:*5&5*7(
ANSI A20K.1 NPA, 1
U# U&-&/+)+ M# M/&*(&-&/+)+ # (/-&/+)+.
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
MATERIAL E6PERIMENTAL E/ &3*&/ =&& ('&$ =?*( + 6(& 6'3& + +*; 3&/' + =&356/&' + &+& 5( +*('*(' 55*&/' + 2440 1220 1. ., 3&+' &/ &;& +/ &/&5( + =+655*7( + 6(& :*5& + TPM ( / E'3&+ + M*5)&5(. L' =&(/' :6( /&&+' 5( 6(& ;5/& + '=5*' + &+& + Pinusspp., Abiesspp. $ Quercusspp., *>*(&*&' + /&' &' '5'&' + /' '3&+' + M*5)&5( $ M*5. E( '6 :&*5&5*7(, :6 63*/*;&+& '*(& + 6&-:&/+)+ ( 6( =5(3& + J & 10 9 5( '=53 &/ =' + '7/*+' I(:&5*7( ==5*(&+& = / :&*5&(3. D /& 6'3& ' '/55*(&( +' 3&/' $ ( 5&+& 6( ' 53&( '*'33*5&(3 1 =3&', + /&' 56&/' /& +*('*7( &' /&>& :6 63*/*;&+& 5 =3&+& +6&(3 /' ('&$'. O5) + //&' ( /& +*55*7( =&&//& &/ '(3*+ + /& /(& + =+655*7( $ 3&' 5) ( /& +*55*7( 3&('?'&/, 5 ' 6'3& ( /& :*>6& 1.
Fi!/r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
En-+:o- ' i& 5(3*(6&, 6(*: $ )>(&. E/ '*'3& '36+*&+, ' +5* /& =3& + TMP, ' ='(3&+ = '6 +*&>&& + 56= /*, ( /& :*>6& 2 $ ' =/*5&+ = / +/ /7>*5 + 3*= 56= + /?*(, + 6( '/ >&+ + /*3&+, = /& :*>6& .
Fi!/r+ $.D*&>&& + 56= /* +/ '*'3& '36+*&+. D(+# I ' / M(3 + I(5*& + /& =3&, \ ' / P' + /& =3&, L ' /& P3&+& + /& =3& P0 '*( [3 ' /& :6(5*7( + /& :6;& &=/*5&+& + :56(5*& [, ' /& +*55*^( 3&('?'&/ & /& =3&, y ' /& +*55*^( & / /&> + /& =3&+&.
Fi!/r+ @.M+/ /7>*5 56= + /?*( +/ '*'3&. D(+# M ' /& M&'& +/ '*'3&, D ' /& C('3&(3 + &3*>6&*(3, ' /& C('3&(3 + R*>*+; P0 '*( [3 ' /& :6(5*7( + /& :6;& &=/*5&+& + :56(5*& [, ' /& +*55*^( 3&('?'&/ & /& =3&. L& 56&5*7( + ?**(3 +/ +/ ='(3&+ ( /& :*>6& '#
1 D(+# M M&'& +/ '*'3& D C('3&(3 + &3*>6&*(3 C('3&(3 + R*>*+; P0 '*( [3 6(5*^( + /& :6;& &=/*5&+& P 0, + :56(5*& [. P&& 6(& ?*>& ' &=$' '*=/' ( /' 3' *>6& 2, 6(& '/65*7( =&& , +'=& / M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( ?*&5*(' 3&('?'&/', ( (6'3 5&', + /& =3& + TPM, &=$&+& ' '=3' '*=/' T*')(F et al . 1J4#
2
D(+# MOE ?3 M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( ?*&5*(' 3&('?'&/'
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
En-+:o- ' on+- ' '-*/'ro L& )*=73'*' + '3& =*(5*& ' /& *+& + 6 6( *=6/' '*=/ 5&6'& ?*&5*(' ( 6( 56=, ' +5*, 6(& (+& + ':6; ( / '(3*+ /(>*36+*(&/, 3&/ 5 ' '6&3*;& ( /& :*>6& 4. L& (+& ' ==&>& & 3&?' +/ +* & 6(& ?/5*+&+ 6 +=(+ + '6 +('*+&+ $ + '6 *>*+;.
Fi!/r+ . D*&>&& + 6( *=6/' *(*5*&+ ( / 3 + /& =3& + TPM. P&& / 5&' + 6( +* 5(3*(6 ( ?*&5*(' /(>*36+*(&/', /& 56&5*7( + ?**(3 + /& =3& + /& :*>6& 4 '#
52
4
5(#
D(+# 5 V/5*+&+ +/ '(*+ E M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ Y D('*+&+ D &56+ & /& 56&5*7( 4, / '(*+ ' ==&>& & 3&?' + 6( +* 5(3*(6 5( 6(& ?/5*+&+ 6 5'=(+ & '6 *>*+; $ & '6 +('*+&+. S* /& >3& $ /& +('*+&+ + 6( 56= )>( '( 5('3&(3' $ 5(5*+&', / M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( (+&' + ':6;, =6+ ' 5&/56/&+ 63*/*;&(+ (+&' + ':6; 5( /& &$6+& + /& :6/& &63F`, 1K0#
8
D(+# MOE'[ M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( (+&' + ':6; Y D('*+&+ a R/&5*^( + P*''( E( /' =+653' + &+&, /& /&5*7( + P*''( ' 6$ =6<& $ +*:5*/ + +3*(&, B+*> $ G+&(, 1J G6*3&+, 1K8. A+', /' TPM ( '( 6( &3*&/ 5=/3&(3 )>( $ '6 =:*/ + +('*+&+ ( /& +*55*7( ==(+*56/& &/ =/&( + =+655*7( ( ' /*(&/. E( 5('56(5*&, /& 56&5*7( 8 =6+ '*=/*:*5&' &# MOE '[ Y 52
E56&5*7( 63*/*;&+& 5((3 = *(?'3*>&+' ( 5(*5& + /& &+& R'', 1K8 R'' $ P//*(, 1KK $ 11 R'' et al ., 2000 B656, 1K4 $ 18 S5)&+ 18. L' ('&$' +*(*5' + :/*7( = (+&' + ':6; ' &/*;&( 63*/*;&(+ 6( 6*= M3*>6&+M+/ 2A S3'' \&? T* M3*>6&+, 1K. L&' +' =3&+&' =*(3&/' :6( + 11K $ 88 . E/ &=&&3 *+ / 3*= + ==&>&5*7( + /& (+& + ':6; & 3&?' + /& =3&, (3 /' 3' + &=$. U'&(+ /& 56&5*7( , :6 5&/56/&+ / M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( (+&' + ':6; MOE '[. L& '/*5*3&5*7( ' 5&+& =3& :6 *3&+& ?5' =&& 5&+& ('&$, $ / =+* + ?&/' :6 5('*+&+ =&& &(/*'*' ='3*.
En-+:o- ' *&'i)n '-,,i#+ A =&3* + /& 56&5*7( + /& 56?&36& + 6(& ?*>& &=$&+& ' '=3' '*=/' $ 5('*+&(+ ( /(3 +*:(5*&/ + /& ?*>&-=3&, ='(3&+ ( /& :*>6& 8#
Fi!/r+ .D*&>&& + 56= /* + 6( /(3 +*:(5*&/ + 6(& ?*>& '/*5*3&+& ( :/*7(. D(+# M ' / M(3 + :/*7( V ' /& 6;& 53&(3. ' /& +*55*7( /(>*36+*(&/ + /& ?*>&. $ ' /& +*55*7( 3&('?'&/ + /& ?*>&. " + &56+ & /& 3& + /& R'*'3(5*& + M&3*&/', ' =6+ ++65* /& 56&5*7( =&& 5&/56/& / M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ ( /*7( + /& ?*>&#
J
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
RESULTADOS L& T&/& 2, ='(3& /' '3&+'3*5' + /' '6/3&+' =*(3&/'. P&& 5&+& 5&&53'3*5& '36+*&+&, /' ?&/' ' &>6=&( '>( / 3*= + ('&$ &+*(*'3&+ V*&5*(' T&('?'&/' b?3c, O(+&' + E':6; b'[c $ /*7( E'33*5& b'3c, '>( /& *(3&5*7( + /& =3& ( / =/&( +/ 3&/
T&('?'&/ bTc, P&&// bPc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bM+*& D('*+&+c M, + &56+ & /& 5/&'*:*5&5*7( + /& S3&(+&+ ANSI A20K.1. E/ 5:*5*(3 + ?&*&5*7( + /& +('*+&+ ' + 1. 9 $ ' &5=3&/, *( 6 ' :* '/&(3 & /& 6'3& *(+6'3*&/ + TPM '36+*&+&. I>6&/(3, =&& /' '6/3&+' :(3' &/ 5:*5*(3 + ?&*&5*7( + /' MOE' ( '3&(3 6 /' ?&/' '( &' 1.20-12.0 9, $ &5=3&/' ( 5&&53*;&5*7( 5(*5& + =+653' + &+& C)&=&(, 1J G* et al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
E'3' '6/3&+' (' =*3( &/5&(;& /' 3*?' + /& *( ?'3*>&5*7( ( / :(3 & /& +3*(&5*7( +/ M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ + 6(& 6'3& *(+6'3*&/ + T&/' + P&356/&' + M&+&, 63*/*;&(+ +*:(3' 3+' + ?&/6&5*7( ( +'3653*?', $ ==( 6(& 5/&'*:*5&5*7( =/**(& =&& /& 6'3& + &3*&/ '36+*&+& ' /& &' + '6 D('*+&+ $ + '6' M7+6/' + E/&'3*5*+&+ 5(: & /& S3&(+&+ ANSI A20K.1.
T+<&+ $. R'6/3&+' '3&+'3*5' $ 5/&'*:*5&5*7( + /' T&/' + P&356/&' + M&+&.
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P# +*55*7( P&&//& &/ '(3*+ + /& /(& + =+655*7( +/ 3&/ T# +*55*7( T&('?'&/ &/ '(3*+ + /& /(& + =+655*7( +/ 3&/ MOE?3 # M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( ?*&5*(' 3&('?'&/' MOE'[ # M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ +*(*5 ( (+&' + ':6;
MOE'3 # M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ '33*5 ( :/*7( 3' =6(3' C.H. C(3(*+ + H6+&+ + /& =3& + TPM
Comp+r+#i)n ' r'-/&,+o- -'!n '& m,oo ' 'n-+:o /,i&i+o L& :*>6& , ='(3& 6( >:*5 + /' ?&/' 3(*+' =&& 5&+& =3& $ '>( /' +*:(3' 3+' =*(3&/' &=/*5&+'. L& 3(+(5*& >(&/ +6'3& 6 / 3+ +*(*5 + :/*7( ( ?*&5*(' 3&('?'&/' ==5*(& ?&/' + MOE ?3 '6=*' & &6//' &(&+' + ('&$' = (+&' + ':6; MOE '[. A+', /' ?&/' + MOE =?(*(3' + ('&$' ( :/*7( '33*5& MOE '3, '( ' *(:*' & &6//' + :/*7( +*(*5& 3&/& 2 $ :*>6& . E'3' '6/3&+' '&3*':&5( / 3*? + /& *(?'3*>&5*7( ( / :(3 & 5=&& /' '6/3&+' '>( /' +*:(3' 3+' + ?&/6&5*7( =/&+'.
Fi!/r+ . V&/' +/ M7+6/ + E/&'3*5*+&+ '>( / 3+ 63*/*;&+ =&& '6 +3*(&5*7(.
CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA MADERA7
1. MADERA NATURAL7 S>( '6 +6;&, /& m+'r+ n+,/r+& ' 5/&'*:*5& (#
TIPO DE MADERA NATURAL
•
M+'r+- /r+- # S( &6//&' 6 =5+( + /' + 6( 55**(3 /(3 /' + )& 5&+65&, = / 6 ='&( ' $ '=3&( /&' *(5/(5*&' +/ 3*= 6 /&' /&(+&'. E'3&' &+&' =5+( + /' 6 3&+&( +5&+&', *(5/6' '*>/', ( &/5&(;& / >&+ + &+6; '6:*5*(3 =&& ' 53&+&' $ =+ ' =/&+&' ( /& /&&5*7( + 6/' ?*>&' + /' 5&'' ?*?*(+&' 6(*:&*/*&'. S( 65) ' 5&&'
EEMPLOS H&$&, /, (>&/, &(, 5;, 5&'3&<, :'(, /*?
6 /&' /&(+&', +*+ & 6 '6 /(3 55**(3 =?5& '6 '5&';, = '( + 65)& &$ 5&/*+&+. T&*( '( 6$ =/&+&' =&& &/*;& 3&//&' + &+&.
•
M+'r+- <&+n+- # L& >&( ?(3&& 6 3*(( '=53 & /&' &+&' +6&', ' 6 3*(( 6( =*+ + 55**(3 65) ' 53 /' + )& =((, 6 =?5& 6 '6 =5* '& 65) (. E'3 3*= + &+& ( 3*( 6(& ?*+& 3&( /&>& 5 /&' +6&'. D& :& & /&' &+&' /&(+&' ' 65) ' '(5*//, &6(6 3*( /& +'?(3&& + =+65* &$ 5&(3*+&+ + &'3*//&', = / 6 / &5&&+ ' 65) =. A+', /& 5&(5*& + ?3&+ + '3& &+& / '3& &3&53*?, = / 6 5&'* '*= ' (5'&* =*(3&/&, &(*;&/& 3<*/&.
P*(, &3, &/'&, 5)=.
$. MADERA ARTIFICIAL7 S( +*?&+' + /& &+& /&&+' & =&3* + /*(&' ?*63&' + &+& 3&3&+&' 5(?(*(3(3.
$.1.; ALGUNAS MADERAS ARTIFICIALES7 S>( / =5' + :&*5&5*7( 63*/*;&+ =+' 3(#
A!&om'r+o. E'3( :&*5&+' 5( &+& 3*36&+& ?*63&' + &+& 6(*+& = +* + 6( &>/&(3 '*(33*5. P'(3&( 6(& '6=:*5* &'3&(3 /*'&, 6 &+*3 3+ 3*= + ?'3**(3 /&5&+', &(*;&+', =*(3&+, 5)&=&+ ( &+&, =/&'3*:*5&+... Con,r+#=+p+o. S :&*5& +*&(3 /& 6(*7( (5/&+& $ =('&+& + ?&*&' /*(&' :*(&' + &+&, 5/5&(+/&' 5( '6' :*&' ==(+*56/&' (3 ' =&& 3( &$ '*'3(5*& ( 3+&' /&' +*55*('. T+<&'ro- ' *i =('&(+. U( + /' ' =/&+' ' / DM. L+min+o-. E'3( :&+' = 6(& &' + 3&/ &3*:*5*&/ &/ 6 ' / )& =>&+ 6(& /*(& 6$ :*(& + &+& =/'3*5 5( 6( ?3&+ &5&&+ &3&53*?.
$.$.; 2ENTAAS DE LAS MADERAS ARTIFICIALES7 A/>6(&' + /&' ?(3&&' 6 3*(( /&' &+&' &3*:*5*&/' :(3 & /&' (&36&/' '(# •
S( ' &&3&' 6 /&' &+&' (&36&/', $& 6 =&& '6 :&*5&5*7( =6+( 63*/*;&' +'5)' + 3&' &+&' =&3' +/ / 6 ( =+&( ' 63*/*;&+&' /&3&/' + /' 3(5' =&& 3( &+&' (&36&/'.
P+' 3( 3&/' + 56&/6* +*('*7(, &/ 5(3&* + / 6 56 5( /& &+& (&36&/, $& 6 ( '3 5&' / 3&/ +=(+ + /&' +*('*(' >' +/ /.
•
L' =&'*3' *('53',.. &3&5&( (' & /&' &+&' &3*:*5*&/' 6 & /&' &+&' (&36&/'.
•
•
C(3*6$( &/ +*&*(3 $& 6 &$6+& & 5*5/& /' +'5)' + /&' &+&' (&36&/', = / 6 5( '6 63*/*;&5*7( 5('>6*' 3&/& (' /'.
•
A6(6 '( (' (*3&' 6 /&' &+&' (&36&/' = /& &6'(5*& + /&' ?3&', =6+( ' 56*3&' + /*(&' :*(&' + 3&' &+&' (&36&/' /, )&$&, 5&&,..., 5( =/'3*5' /& (5*& + /& 55*(&, 5( / 6 >&5*&' & //' =+' 3( 6/' &&3' $ (*3'.
E('&$' ( /& &+&
C': +*'=( + 6( 5=/3'* /&&3* + ('&$' + &+&. T+' /' 6*=' '3( 5&/*&+' $ +*'=(( + 5'=(+*(3' 53*:*5&+'. E/ 3&& +/ /&&3* + &+& ' &/*;& :6(+&(3&/(3 ( +' *3'# 1. C(3/ + =+655*7( + :*5&# T+&' /&' *(+6'3*&' + &+& 3*( /& /*>&5*7( = *>(5*&' N&3*?&' M&5&+ CE + 5(3/& +*&(3 ('&$' /&' ==*+&+' 6 '6' =+653' +5/&&(. C': =( & '6 +*'='*5*7( /& =*(5*& ( /&&5*7( + =/&(' + 5(3/ $ &' 5 ( /& &/*;&5*7( + 3+ 3*= + ('&$' ' =+653 + &+&. E=/'# M&+&' G&*;, M&+&' N&5**(3, H*>(' S*&. C(3/ + 5&/*+&+ ( O& 5*?*/ $ &>&*&# A6//' =3' + & 5('3653', 6 +'&( &'>6& 6 /' =+653' + &+& 5**+' ( & 56=/( 5( /' 6*'*3' +/ =$53 $ (&3*?' =6+( 5(3& 5( /& /& =*(5*& + C': ( /&&5*7( + =/&(' + 5(3/ &' 5 ( /& 5>*+& + 6'3&' $ &/*;&5*7( + ('&$'. E=/'. C(3/ + 5&/*+&+ + /& &+& + /& & bA+56&5*7( + /&' >(' +/ D6c C(3/ + & + /& &+& '36536&/ + /& &# bR)&*/*3&5*7( + /& 3 + /&' C&=&(&'. C&3+&/ + S&/&&(5&c. D(3 + /' ('&$' 6 C': =6+ &/*;& 7 >'3*(& ' =6+ ? ( / +56(3 &+6(3# LISTADO DE ENSA"OS.
ENSA4OS DE MADERA 4 DERI2ADOS TECNALIA &$6+& & '6' 5/*(3' & &(3*5*=&' &/ :636 $ '=(+ & '6' 3', & &55+ & (6?&' =36(*+&+' + (>5*, & (6?' 5&+', & '-+rro&&+r n/'o- pro/#,o- ' inno+r .
DIRIGIDO A... TECNALIA &=3& '6 5(5**(3 35(/7>*5 $ =*(5*& &/ '53 + /& #on-,r/##i)n $ /&in/-,ri+ ' &+ m+'r+ , 5(53&(3, &*5&(3' + 3&/' +*?&+' + /& &+&, &'&+' E='&' + &+& '36536&/ $ :&*5&(3' + '6/' + &+&.
SER2ICIOS •
•
•
E?&/6&5*7( + C(:*+&+ 5( (&' EN, ISO, UNE, DIN, N, BS 35 $ =5+**(3' + 5/*(3. C3*:*5&5*(' /*>&3*&' $ ?/6(3&*&'# M+r#+o CE, /&&5*7( + ETE' & / R>/&(3 + P+653' + /& C('3655*7( 082011. T&(':(5*& + T5(/>& $ &''&*(3 ( M&+&.
ENSA4OS 4 NORMAS C&&53*;&5*7(, C/&'*:*5&5*7( $ E?&/6&5*7( + /&' ==*+&+' :'*55(*5&'#
M+'r+7 •
Propi'+'- *?-i#o;m'#ni#+-7 '*'3(5*& & /& :/*7(, 3&55*7(, +6;&, 5(3&55*(' + /& &+&, *+(3*:*5&5*7( + '=5* + &+&, 5(3(*+ + )6+&+, =' '=5:*5, 5/&'*:*5&5*7( + &+&, +*('*(', 5(3/ + 3&3&*(3 6*5...
T+<&'ro- : D'ri+o-7 •
Propi'+'- *?-i#o;m'#ni#+-7 +('*+&+, '3&*/*+&+ +*('*(&/, '*'3(5*& & /& :/*7( $ 3&55*7(, &&(6 + 5(53', '*'3(5*& & /& )6+&+ 3&' ('&$' 55/*5', 5&/*+&+ +/ (5/&+, &'5*7( &/ &>6&... S/'&o- ' M+'r+7
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Propi'+'- *?-i#o;m'#ni#+-7 5&&53'3*5&' >3*5&', '3&*/*+&+ +*('*(&/, 5(3(*+ + )6+&+, +6;& B*(//, '&/&*(3+'/*;&*(3, '*'3(5*& & /& &&'*7(... M+'r+ E-,r/#,/r+&7
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C&+-i*i#+#i)n : Propi'+'- *?-i#o;m'#ni#+-7 '*'3(5*& & /& :/*7(, 5/&'*:*5&5*7( ?*'6&/ + /& &+&, &'*>(&5*7( + /& 5/&' '*'3(3, +3*(&5*7( + /& 5&/*+&+ + (5/&+... OTROS ENSA4OS Con,ro& ' ,r+,+mi'n,o /?mi#o7
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A''& 6*'*3' =355*7(# C7+*> T5(*5 + /& E+*:*5&5*7( CTE, C/&'' + 6', D6&*/*+&+... D3*(&5*7( 3(5*7( $ =(3&5*7( + =+653 =353 C=&5*7( + 56=/**(3 + 6*'*3' =/*>' + 5(+*5*(', CTE, 35.
En'>'#imi'n,o n+,/r+& : +r,i*i#i+&7 •
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QUV ATLAS C*000, 5&&' 5/*3*5&', (*/& '&/*(&, 5)6 3*5, )6+&+... P&*/*+&+ &/ CO 2, &/ ?&= + &>6&, &/ &>6& /6*+&, '3&(6*+&+...
En-+:o- ' Compor,+mi'n,o *r'n,' +& F/'!o7 •
R&55*7(, R'*'3(5*& &/ 6>, T*5*+&+ + H6'.
En-+:o- Bio&)!i#o-7 • • •
E('&$' + :*5&5*& &53*5*+&, &/>6*5*+& $ :6(>*5*+&. E('&$' + :*5&5*& $ 53*+&+ + 5('?&(3' $ *5*+&'. E('&$' + =*(36&' &(3*:6/*(>.
En-+:o- 8/?mi#o-7
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E*'*7( + &/+)+. C(3(*+ + &(&. A(/*'*' + 5/&', &(*5', =+653' =353'....
ACREDITACIONES 4 RECONOCIMIENTOS • •
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A5+*3&5*7( ENAC (d 4LE024 =&& / S53 + /& C('3655*7( TECNALIA ' O>&(*' N3*:*5&+ Nd 122 =&& / R>/&(3 + P+653' + /& C('3655*7(. O>&(*' + E?&/6&5*7( T5(*5& OET =&& /& *'*7( + +56(3' + E+&/+#i)n T#ni#+ E/rop'+ (ETE% =&& /' P+653' + C('3655*7(.
BENEFICIOS •
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P&'&=3 =&& /& in,'rn+#ion+&i+#i)n & 3&?' +/ 5(5**(3 + /& &5& TECNALIA ( / 3*. R+655*7( +/ 3*= + (3&+& +/ =+653 & n/'o- m'r#+o- . S'ri#io in,'!r+& =&& ='5*=5*7(, 53*:*5&5*7(, *+(*+&+ 35(*5&, 35
D'-,r/#,or'- ' &+ m+'r+. A!'n,'- (3' &*73*5' $& )& '*+ 3&3&+ 5( &(3**+&+, 5(3*(6&' 5( /' &>(3' *73*5'. •
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Q 9ONGOS 9on!o- i&)*+!o-7 S( *5>&(*'' 6 ( ' &/*(3&( + /& &+&, '*( 6 5&( 6(&' (5*&' 6 /& &3&5&(. E'3&' (5*&' +(*(&+&' b)*:&'c :&( 6(& + //&&+& b*5/*c6 ' *(3+65( = /&' :*'6&' + /& &+&, +>&+(+/&. E'3& +>&+&5*7( ' &5(3& 56&(+ ' 3&3& + =6<' '='' + &+& 5 ' / 5&' + =&63' (3&*&+'. 9on!o- #rom)!'no-7 E'3' >&(*'' (&/(3 ( &:53&( 5(*5&(3 & /& &+&, & ( ' 6 ' 3&3 + 6( &3&6 6$ *(3(' $ =:6(+ S6=* & 18. C&6'&( 6(& ?&*&5*7( + /& 5/&5*7( '6=:*5*&/ + /& &+& 5( &5&+& 3(+(5*& )&5*& / &;6/&+. A3&5&( :6(+&(3&/(3 & /& &/6&, & 3=&36&' &&'. 9on!o- ' p/ri#i)n7 A:53&( & /&' 5&=&5*+&+' 5(*5&' $ /7>*5&' + /& &+&, $& 6 ' &/*(3&( + /& *'& +'36$(+ '6 '36536& :*'&, &'5*(+' (&/(3 5( / &3&6 + /' )(>' */7:&>'. P5*'&( 6(& )6+&+ '6=* &/ 209, 5( 6( +'&// 7=3* (3 / 8909, &+' + 6( =H 5*+ 4-8,8. D=(+*(+ +/ /(3 &:53&+ + /& &+& ' 5/&'*:*5&( ( =6+*5*7( /&(5& =6+*5*7( =&+&. P/ri#i)n <&+n#+7 A3&5& :6(+&(3&/(3 & &+&' :(+'&', +'36$(+ /& /*>(*(&, / 6 +& 6(& 5/&5*7( '6=:*5*&/ /&(56;5&.
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P/ri#i)n p+r+7 A3&5& & /&' 5(:&', +'36$(+ /& 5/6/'&, / 6 +& 6( '( &7( 5/&3&+ ( /& '6=:*5*. 9on!o- m'r/ii/-7 P+65( 6( &>*3&*(3 ( :*'6&' )*;(3&/' $ ?3*5&/', +(*(&+& b=6+*5*7( 5*5&c. A53& ( /6>&' =5 ?(3*/&+', '73&(', 5( 3=&36&' (3 24-0dC. E'3& /3*& 3*=/>& ' '*( +6+& /& ' +&<*(& + /&' &(3*(3 5(3&+&'. INSECTOS In-'#,o- i&)*+!o-7 C('3*36$( / &>(3 *73*5 ' :56(3 ( /&' &+&' &:53&+&' = +>&+&5*7(. A3&5&( /& &+& >(&/(3 ( /& :&' /&?&*& $ *(3&' +6& '6 55**(3 $ +'&//, $ )&*36&/(3, =:&( 6( )65 = / 6 '&/( &/ 3* ( '6 :&' &+6/3&, ( ?/?*(+ & '6 *(3* )&'3& 6 :53&( /& =6'3& + )6?', 5( / 6 5*(;& + (6? '6 5*5/ ?*3&/ &(3*(3 (5*(&+. I(+*5&' & 5(3*(6&5*7( &/>6(& + /&' 5&&53'3*5&' ' *=3&(3' + /' 7+(' $ :&*/*&' ' 56(' ( /& >>&:& '=&</&, =&& =+ +*'3*(>6* :5*/(3 56&/ ' /& =5+(5*& +/ &3&6 '6:*+ = (6'3& &+&# A% I-)p,'ro-7 C(5*+' ?6/>&(3 5 b3*3&'c, ='(3&( 6(& >&( *=3&(5*& = '6' :53' +?&'3&+'. E*'3( ' + 2000 '=5*' + 3*3&', = '/ 6( =6< (6 +&<& /& &+&. S6 &3&6 ' 5(3& ( /& &/6&, =(3&(+ ( /&' =*;&' + &+& = '6' 3'3&' &'' ( 5(3&53 5( ;(&' )+&' S6/, 6', 35e. E' / (*5 3*= + *('53 '5*&/ 6 &3&5& & /' /(3' /<'', 5&(+ >&(+' 5/(*&', & =&3* + 6(& =&& '6&+&, 6 ( =*&?& &&(+(& / 3*3 *>*(&/ =&& 5& (6?&' 5/(*&'. E( E'=&<& *'3( +' '=5*'#
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T'rmi,+ #omn7 P5*'& + &/3&' )6+&+' =&& '?*?* K89 $ 3=&36&' (3 28-8dC. D'+ / 3*3 &/*;& 3(/' 5&+' ' / '6/, /(3' + )*>7( 5*5', )&'3& // >& & /& &+&, 6 &3&5&( '*= ( / '(3*+ + /&' :*&'. P:&( >&/&' =&&//&' + '55*7( 5('3&(3, +&(+ /&*(&' + &+& (3 //&' $ &(3(*(+ *(3&53& /& 5&& 3* =&& + '3 + &*'/&' + /& /6;. E'3 =6(3 )&5 6 '6 +355*7( '& 5=/*5&+& )&'3& 6 / +&< ' =:6(+. L& &=&*(5*& :*(&/ +/ /(3 &3&5&+ ' 5(5*+& 5 b)&' + /*c = '6 '**/*36+ 5( 6( /* (3&*3. T'rmi,+ +m'ri#+n+7 E'=5* =5+(3 + A*5& +353&+& )&'3& &)& (*5&(3 ( C&(&*&'. A3&5& & /& &+& '5&, $& 6 =5*'& '/ 6( 10-129 + )6+&+. & /& 5/(*& ( /& ==*& &+&, =(3&(+ = 6( =6< *:*5* 6 3&=&( =*+&(3 =&& ( ' +353&+&'. E' 6(& '=5* 6$ ?&;, +'36$(+ ?*>&' ( =5' '' $ 56*3&' 5=/3&' ( =5 ' + 20 ''.
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B% Co&')p,'ro-7 C+r#om+ !r+n'7 E'3 ' / *('53 ' 3(+*+ ( E'=&<& $ / 6 &$' +&<' 5&'*(& ( /& &+& ( +*:*5&5*7(.
C&( ( /& &+& >&(+' >&/&' + '55*7( ?&/&+&, +*'5(3*(6&', 6 &=&5( //(&' + '( $ 5(3'. S &(3*(( ( / *(3* + /& &+& +6&(3 =*+' 6$ /&>', + (3 $ 12 &<'. T&'56*+ '3 3*= '&/( &/ 3* 5 &+6/3' + &=*&+&(3 1,8-2,85, + 56= (> $ &=/&'3&+. S6 &3&6 ' 5(3& =*(5*=&/(3 ( /& 5(:&' $ + :& '=5*&/ ( /& &+& + =*( ?(, =5*'&(+ 6 +*5)& &+& 3(>& 6( &/3 5(3(*+ ( )6+&+. •
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C+r#om+ p'/'+ o #+r#om+ ' m/'<&'-7 C/(*;&( 6/' $ /(3' '36536&/' + &+&, &3&5&(+ /& &/6& + 3+&' /&' &+&' $ / +6&( + /&' :(+'&', 5=3 +/ /, +/ 6 ' &/*(3&( + '6 5/6/'&. P5*'& &'3&(3 )6+&+ $ 3=&36& + 20-28dC. L&' /&?&' ' &(3*(( ( / *(3* + /& &+& (3 1 $ &<'. O*>*(&( ( /& &+& /&>&' >&/& + '55*7( 5*56/& 6 5(3*(( '( >&(6/'. P'3*(3 '&/( &/ 3* 5 &+6/3' + 2-K, + 5/ &7(. C+r#om+ o po&i&&+ '& p+r/',7 I=3&+& + /' =&'' 3=*5&/' 56$&' &+&' &3&5&( =:(3(3. N5'*3&( 6$ =5& )6+&+ 2009 $ 3=&36&' &/3&' =&& '6 +'&//. L&' /&?&' ' &(3*(( ( /&' 3&*&' $ =&63' +6&(3 6( =*+ &=*&+ + 1 &<. :&(+ >&/&' + '55*7( 5*56/&, //(&' + 6( '( 6$ :*( + 5/ /&(5-&&*//(3 $ 3&53 '**/& &/ =/? + 3&/5. C/(*;&( /& =&3 *(:* +/ (3&*&+, +'36$(+/ + :& =>'*?&. R&&(3 &=&5( ( /& =&3 '6=*, =:&(+ &>6' + +*3 *(:* & 1.
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C% O,ro- in-'#,o-7 R'&o> ' &+ m/'r,'7 C(5*+ 5( '3 ( = '6 5('3&(3 $ 3*5 >/=3 (536( 5(3& /& =&+ ( /& =5& + 5/, =3(5 & /& :&*/*& + /' &(7*+' $ '6 &3&6 ?& &'5*&+ &/ + /' )(>' */7:&>'. P5*'& &'3&(3 )6+&+ $ 3=&36&' +65*+&', = / 6 '6/ (5(3&' ( /& ;(& (3 + /& P(('6/&. L& /&?& 5& >&/&' + 3&;&+ *>6/&, &(3(*(+' ( /& &+& (3 1-10 &<'. E( '6 3&=& &+6/3& * + (3 -10 $ '&/ &/ 3* +*&(3 =:&5*(' &/*;&+&' ( /& &+&. D'-,r/#,or'- ' &+ m+'r+. A!'n,'- +' 57>('. L&' /&?&' 5&5( + 3*+&+' $ ?*?( ( /& 53;& + /& &+&, 5&?&(+ =6<&' >&/&' (356;&+&' & =6<& =:6(+*+&+, 5&(+ +*6' $ + :&' 3*=>:*5&' E(3 /' &>(3' +'3653' + /& &+& =+' +*'3*(>6* =*(5*=&/(3 +' 3*='# /' &>(3' *73*5' '' ?*?' $ /' &*73*5'. L' &>(3' &*73*5' &53&( +*53&(3 5&6'&(+ +&<' /?', 5=36&(+ /& ='*5*7( & 6( :6> =/(>&+. S*( &> 5( 6(& &55*7( =?*& 6 :&5*/*3& /& &536&5*7( + /' &>(3' *73*5' )(>' *('53'.
E( '3 &356/ (' 5(3&' ( /' &>(3' &*73*5', '*(+ /' &>(3' *73*5' 3 + 6( &(/*'*' ='3*. L' =*(5*=&/' &>(3' &*73*5' '(# •
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E& +!/+# P(3& ( /' )65' + /& '36536& + /& &+&, '&36&(+ /&' :*&' $ //(&(+ /' 5(+653' 366/&', / 6 =?5& )*(5)&;7( ( /& *'&. A:53& :6(+&(3&/(3 &/ +6&(, :&5*/*3&(+ /& &55*7( + /' )(>' + =6+*5*7( $ &(3(*(+ 6(&' 5(+*5*(' + )*3&3 *+7(&' =&& *('53' */7:&>', 3*3&', 35e P 3& =&3, /& =+*+& + &>6& 5+(3 = +'5&5*7( =+65 &' ( /& &+&, :&?5*(+ /& &=&*5*7( + >*3&' 6 =6+( =+65* =&3/>& *(+*53& ( /(3' + ('&/&+ $ &=$'. E& -o&# L& &+*&5*7( '/& *(:/6$ :6(+&(3&/(3 & 3&?' + /' &$' 6/3&?*/3&. E'3' &$' +>&+&( /& /*>(*(&, &3&5&(+ /& &+& ' /&(+& + /& &/6&, =+65*(+ +':*&*(3 '6=:*5*&/, &=&*5*7( + 5'3&' $ ?&//', :3+>&+&5*7( '6=:*5*&/ 35.., &:53&(+ & /&' 5&&' =6'3&' + /' /(3' + &+& 3*'. E'3 &>(3 ( &:53& 5(*5&(3 & /& '36536&. 2+ri+#i)n ' ,'mp'r+,/r+ # L& &+& '=3& *( /' 5&*' + 3=&36& '* '3' '( /(3' $ =>'*?'. C6&(+ ' =+65( 6'5&(3, &=&5( ( /& &+& :(+&' '6=:*5*&/' 6 ='**/*3&( /& &55*7( + /' )(>' $ /& =(3&5*7( + /& )6+&+, :&?5*(+ &' / ='3* &3&6 + /' *('53' */7:&>'. E& */'!o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bC=3&*(3 &/ :6> + /& &+& $ '6' '36536&'c# “El fuego ataca de forma relativamente lenta y progresiva la madera. Por debajo de 2750 grados solo desprende vapor de agua gases pirole!osos y "#2 lo $ue dificulta el ata$ue del fuego. Por encima de los 2750 grados la reacci%n es e&ot'rmica y a partir de los (500 grados resta un residuo s%lido )carb%n de madera* susceptible de $uemar y por tanto de causar da!os estructurales y el colapso estructural+.
