UNIVERSIDAD JAUME I DE CASTELLÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANDAS Y SOCIALES LICIENCIATURA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL
HISTORIA, PRINCIPALES DIFERENCIAS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS, E INFLUENCIA EN LA SOCIEDAD DEL CÓMIC ORIENTAL Y EL OCCIDENTAL
Trabajo De Investigación. Presentado por: Pablo Juanis Lázaro Patricia Pereda Millán Rocío Ramírez González 1
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ÍNDICE
INTRODUCCIÓN
3
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
6
HISTORIA DEL CÓMIC
10
TIPOLOGÍA DEL CÓMIC OCCIDENTAL
15
TIPOLOGÍA DEL CÓMIC ORIENTAL
22
INFLUENCIA EN LA SOCIEDAD Y MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: CÓMIC OCCIDENTAL
33
INFLUENCIA EN LA SOCIEDAD Y MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: MANGA
35
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
40
CONCLUSIÓN
47
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
48
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INTRODUCCIÓN En este trabajo se ha analizado e investigado sobre la temática y la historia del Cómic; medio conocido como el Noveno Arte. En él, el grupo de investigación ha realizado una recopilación de documentos acerca de su historia, su tipología, sus autores y cómo se desenvuelve en el mundo audiovisual. En cuanto a la justificación del trabajo, a nivel personal han existido en el grupo de investigación diferentes motivos para la elección del tema. Uno de lo miembros no conocía el tema en absoluto y deseaba ampliar su campo de conocimientos en medios artísticos. El resto de miembros, aún conociendo ampliamente el mundo del Cómic, planeaba contrastar sus datos a través del uso de fuentes bien documentadas para llegar a una conclusión final del estado del Cómic en la actualidad, teniendo en cuenta su historia y técnica a nivel mundial. Después, a un nivel más profesional, se ha pensado que un trabajo de estas características resolvería un problema muy acusado en el campo de la documentación sobre el Cómic. Este problema se basa en que, a pesar de la abundancia de documentos sobre el tema, éstos se encuentran muy diversificados y cada apartado relacionado con el tema se trata con demasiada profundidad, impidiendo impidiendo un acercamiento acercamiento más general al cómic y, sobretodo, negando que personas sin experiencia en este tema puedan conocerlo de manera rápida y fácilmente comprensible. Con este dossier también puede plantearse el proyecto de la realización de un documental audiovisual que englobe de forma correcta la historia del cómic de forma general, repasando la imagen más directa y actual del cómic sin olvidar sus orígenes y detallando su evolución. Con el presente dossier documental se pretenden alcanzar los siguientes objetivos:
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Analizar la evolución histórica del cómic a nivel mundial y su influencia en la sociedad, así como en el mundo audiovisual hasta el momento actual. o
Destacar las diferencias técnicas y argumentales entre los
diferentes tipos de cómic según su procedencia geográfica. o
Conocer el posicionamiento de los consumidores del Cómic en
España desde el origen de su edición en nuestro país hasta el gran auge de mercado actual. Para el estudio y análisis de estos objetivos propuestos se ha recurrido a fuentes de diverso tipo. La principal fuente consultada ha sido la biblioteca de la UJI, con su selección bibliográfica de libros especializados en el tema. También se ha recurrido a la búsqueda en Internet a través de metabuscadores y archivos virtuales; de los que hemos conseguido extraer interesantes monografías y artículos de opinión del cómic. En menor medida se ha recurrido a fuentes más complejas, como archivos televisivos, para extraer documentales audiovisuales sobre la historia del cómic o la determinada tipología de una vertiente concreta. También se ha recurrido a otro tipo de fuente: la personal. A través de encuestas y entrevistas, personas más o menos especializadas en el cómic han concretado sus conocimientos e intereses. No puede dejar de mencionarse la asistencia al Salón del Cómic realizado en la UJI, del que se extrajo información sobre la moda actual de los consumidores del cómic. En cuanto a la elección de la estructura del trabajo, se ha escogido ésta por considerar que es la más clara y objetiva a la hora de conseguir nuestros objetivos. Empezando por la historia y siguiendo por los aspectos más específicos se consigue enlazar la evolución del cómic con los aspectos ambientales que más han repercutido en la misma. Los capítulos de los que consta el cuerpo central del dossier son los siguientes:
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se está terminando de consolidar como todo un movimiento artístico en expansión. o
Tipología del cómic occidental: Este capítulo detalla de forma más profunda las características del cómic en todo el territorio no-asiático. Cada zona concreta compone un subapartado y se incide entre las similitudes y diferencias existentes con el cómic oriental y entre las distintas vertientes del cómic occidental.
o
Tipología del cómic oriental: Aquí se especifican los diferentes géneros y zonas creativas existentes en toda Asia. Como en el capítulo anterior, se incide en las diferencias, similitudes e influencias con el cómic occidental y entre los tipos de cómic oriental.
o
Influencias en la sociedad y los medios: cómic occidental: Este capítulo detalla cómo el cómic occidental se ha introducido en la sociedad, sociedad, su influencia y repercusión sobre la misma, y cómo se han desarrollado el resto de medios respecto al mismo.
o
Influencias en la sociedad y en los medios: manga: Aquí se observa como el manga (principal movimiento del cómic asiático) ha influido profundamente en su sociedad natal y cómo en la actualidad comienza a introducirse en el resto de sociedades. También se reseña como los medios se han volcado en su promoción, dada su característica característica de “moda”.
o
Resultados y Discusión: Se ha querido dejar para el final esta parte en base a que se ha preferido mostrar los resultados de las encuestas y de los estudios más actuales para facilitar el buen contraste con toda la información anteriormente citada. Se han introducido los gráficos correspondientes correspondientes con comentarios comentarios explicativos. explicativos.
o
Conclusión: Tras retomar los objetivos iniciales del trabajo, se han resuelto entre los miembros del equipo de investigación, diferentes aspectos del cómic en la época actual y en su influencia e importancia.
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MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS En cuanto al material utilizado a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación cabe resaltar que desde el principio del trabajo se planteó investigar e indagar en todo tipo de fondos documentales posibles. Partiendo de que se trataba de un tema de actualidad, se descartaron algunas fuentes como, por ejemplo, aquellas hemerotecas que se centraran en documentos escritos con una mayor antigüedad de treinta años, y nos decantaríamos por las especializadas en revistas o publicaciones más recientes para así simplificar la búsqueda. Un fondo ineludible han sido las bibliotecas, por razones de proximidad la biblioteca de la Universitat Jaume I ha sido la más utilizada, un gran número de libros referenciados referenciados en este trabajo han sido extraídos de ésta, después de indizar en su página Web (www.uji.es/biblioteca (www.uji.es/biblioteca ) aquellos libros o manuales que nos podían servir como fuente de información. Otra a la se ha acudido en varias ocasiones es la biblioteca pública de valencia, la cual dispone de un interesante fondo de cómics y revistas especializadas en el tema. Otra fuente utilizada ha sido Internet, mediante la Red hemos podido acceder a otra serie de vías que han resultado de gran utilidad. En primer lugar se indagó en buscadores como Google o Yahoo, sin embargo no fue una búsqueda convencional, se emplearon técnicas técnicas para especificar, especificar, a la vez de simplificar, simplificar, los resultados. Básicamente Básicamente han sido restricciones temáticas, en el caso de foros de debate, como el proporcionado por por Goog Google le,, en artes artes visuale visualess o en
Internetinvisible.com
en la temá temáti tica ca de
“asociaciones”. También el empleo de otras técnicas como el uso de comillas (“…”), Booleanos (cómic AND Occidental, Cómic NOT Oriental) o marcadores de fechas específicas en el caso de búsqueda de historia (1930..1990 cómic en España). Después de haber hecho un estudio exhaustivo por la Web analizamos la llamada
Internet
invisible.
Para
ello
utilizamos
URL
ya
conocidas
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ADAMES, ASOTAKU o FICOMIC y editoriales como Norma, Glenat, Planeta de Agostini o Mangaline. Continuando con el medio de Internet, destacamos el servicio que nos prestó como pasarela para dar con páginas Web relacionadas con el mundo del cómic en España y extranjero. Las páginas fueron estudiadas y analizadas, visitando la mayoría de sus secciones, sin embargo, el servicio más completo lo dieron los directorios y catálogos catálogos de dichas páginas, más delante nombradas en la bibliografía. bibliografía. También otra de las aportaciones a partir de buscadores y metabucadores fue una relación de las distintas asociaciones. asociaciones. En la sección de cultura de páginas como el Ayuntamiento de Castellón o Valencia recurrimos a aquellas relacionadas con el mundo de la lectura y a ser posible del cómic, aunque fueron intentos fallidos. El envío de e-mail personal ha sido otro método al que se ha recurrido, se ha aplicado sobre todo a aquellas fuentes de la que se necesitaba una atención particular. Algunos ejemplos son las asociaciones anteriormente citadas, incluso de editoriales, a las que les planteábamos algunas cuestiones o ayudas. Para finalizar la enumeración de los servicios prestado por Internet nombramos las páginas de descarga directa, a partir de estas encontramos documentales, reportajes y seri series es rela relaci cion onad adas as con con el cómi cómic, c, espe especi cial alme ment ntee orie orient ntal al en pagi pagina nass como como www.mcanime.com,, aunque también varios de la variedad occidental, que pese a su www.mcanime.com mayor antigüedad resultaron de gran utilidad como el documental Historia del cómic publicado en ocho capítulos en la famosa pagina www.youtube.com.
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estadísticos que nos puedan aportar un mayor conocimiento acerca de la relación existente existente entre la sociedad y los cómics y poder explicar así la fuerte expansión que este producto cultural cultural está experimentando experimentando en la actualidad. actualidad. En este caso no se trataba de una muestra determinada, aun que la edad se de los entrevistados no era aconsejable que fuera superior a los 80 años, puesto que este grupo de edad no entran dentro de estudio histór históric icoo reali realizad zado. o. Sin embar embargo, go, se inten intenta taba ba acudir acudir donde donde se concen concentra traba bann los interesados en la materia como salidas de recreativos, centros comerciales, grandes almacenes almacenes especializados en ocio y, sobre todo, a convenciones y tiendas especializadas en el tema. Otro aspecto importante a tratar son los medios de comunicación de masas tradicionales tradicionales como la radio o la televisión, para comprobar el grado de influencia influencia en que estos ejercen la nueva cultura del cómic, puesto que medios como la televisión o la prensa son reflejo de la sociedad en la que vivimos. Para ello, se comprobará, a través de la página oficial de cada cadena de televisión con mayor penetración en España, el número de programas relacionados con el cómic que se emiten, y sus correspondientes audiencias. Otro de los medios de masas estudiado ha sido la prensa, donde con frecuencia se han encontrado reportajes acerca de autores famosos, convenciones o aspectos positivos y negativos de la influencia que los cómics y su versión animada, ejercen en la juventud actual. Para finalizar, otra de las fuentes utilizadas ha sido el material proporcionado por las jornadas del cómic celebradas entre el 10 y 12 de mayo del 2007 en la Universitat Jaume I. En éste evento se realizaron un gran número de encuestas, tanto a los asistentes a los actos como a los miembros de las asociaciones allí presentes
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A la hora de elaborar los dos modelos de entrevistas se ha tenido presente mantener una posición parcial, y que el entrevistado pudiera aportar información en ambos sentidos. Por lo que respecta a la búsqueda de materiales más teóricos (libros, revistas, catálogos…) los miembros del grupo se han dividido, y de acuerdo a esta divisi div isión, ón, unos unos han han inver inverti tido do más más ti tiemp empoo en los aspect aspectos os orien orienta tales les y el otro otro en occidentales. Al tener conciencia de que el mundo del cómic tiene un público muy selecto y algo algo li limit mitad ado, o, los primer primeros os punto puntoss a tratar tratar fuero fueronn direct directos os a fuente fuentess segur seguras as de información: libros muy específicos, revistas de temática cómic, asociaciones y tiendas especializadas. Pero una vez estudiados estos sectores seguimos con un grupo más general, y decidimos indexar en grupos de lectores corrientes, librerías convencionales, editoriales no especializadas en el tema, libros relacionados con el consumo de cultura en general, estudios sociológicos, etc.
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HISTORIA DEL CÒMIC ESTADOS UNIDOS En 1896 se publica en el diario The Journal , The Yellow Kid , de Richard Outcault dando inicio a esta larga historia, la que se debatió entre diarios hasta los años 30 donde, a raíz de la proliferación de los pulps1, comienzan a salir las primeras revistas de historietas, dedicadas en sus inicios a recopilar historias aparecidas con anterioridad. En 1938 aparece Superman (creado por Jerry Siegel y Joe Shuster) el primer superhéroe, dando origen a la Edad de Oro del cómic, donde proliferaron todo tipo de nuevas ideas de vigilantes y superseres tales como Batman, Linterna Verde, Flash o WonderWoman. La editorial que principalmente se dedicaría a esto sería National Periodical ( DC Comics DC Comics). Luego se sumaria Timely Comics, con personajes como Namor y El Hombre Antorcha Hombre Antorcha.
La Edad de Oro se extendería hasta finales de los cuarenta, cuando casi todos los superhéroes se habían jubilado jubilado y el miedo al comunismo y el terror atómico dejarían el espacio a las historias de terror y amor. Principal exponente de esto fue la editorial EC Comics , de William Gaines, con títulos como Tales From Tales From The Cript , The Vault of Vault of Horror o Weird Science Weird Science . Pero esta época duró
poco.
En 1954 se publica La seducción del Inocente , de Frederick Wertham, libro que intenta demostrar que los comic book son perjudiciales para la juventud a través de
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El año 1956 marca el nacimiento de la Edad de Plata de los comics con la publicación de Showcase Nº4 Showcase Nº4 y la primera aparición del nuevo Flash. Timely , rebautizada Marvel Comics Marvel Comics, publica Los Cuatro Fantásticos Cuatro Fantásticos , reuniendo así a dos de los más importantes autores del cómic, los que innovaron tanto por la dinámica de su gráfica como por la humanidad de sus personajes: Stan " The Man" Lee y Jack " King " Kirby.
La fórmula Marvel , que dejaría como segundona a la DC , consistía en tener a hombres embutidos en pijamas chillones (tal como hacia la competencia) pero profundizando la psique y complicando la vida de los personajes hasta convertirlos en dramas tan efectivos como cualquier teleserie criolla, haciéndoles - en expresión de Stan Lee, "más grandes que la vida". Esto se reflejaría en títulos como Spiderman, Hulk , o X-Men, todos personajes con conflictos perfectamente equiparables a los de cualquier
adolescente.
Para 1979 nacería la primera editorial independiente llamada Eclipse Comics. En los siguientes años parecerán Dark Horse , First , Image, etc. La edad contemporánea comenzaría en 1984, con la llegada de Alan Moore a DC en la serie La Cosa Del Cosa Del Pantano, el inicio de una madurez en la forma de contar las historias que abriría la
puerta para la gran invasión inglesa que desembocaría en la creación de Vértigo , un imprint de DC que esta más cerca de hacer
EUROPA
cómic de autor que cómic comercial.
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en 1947. Los pitufos condecoran las paginas de Spirou en 1958 de la mano del mítico Peyo. En este mismo país, en 1929, se lanzaría al mundo la famosa revista Tintín -que obtuvo una versión en Francia dos años después- donde el personaje homónimo que creara el maestro Hergé daría clases de narración y instauraría instauraría lo que se llama la escuela francobelga del cómic. 1959 marca el inicio en Francia de Pilote , revista dedicada a los adolescentes, que entre sus filas contó con autores como René Goscinny y Albert Uderzo ( Astérix ), Charlier y Jean Giraud ( Blueberry ,1963). En 1968 se integra Morris con su personaje Lucky Luke,
con Goscinny como guionista.
Para 1970 el cómic en Europa gozaba de una considerable fama intelectual, gracias a los estudios sobre los medios de comunicación que proliferaron en esta época (remítase a Apocalípticos e Integrados, de Umberto Eco). Esto ya hacía considerar al cómic como un medio adulto en todo el sentido de la palabra. Prueba fue la primera aparición de una heroína adulta, como Barbarella de Jean Claude Forest (1962) o Valentina , de Guido Crepax (1965) en la revista italiana Linus. Italia también sirvió de
casa para el cómic definitivamente adulto.
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JAPÓN Los cómics en Japón son del tamaño de una guía telefónica, se publican grandes cantidades ya sea semanalmente o mensualmente, tocando todos los tópicos posibles en un mercado para todas las edades. Isla asiática cuenta con más de 125 millones de habitantes que se abastecen de 60 páginas por minuto cada día.
El manga (cómic, en japonés) tiene su origen en los Ukiyo-e , grabados que proliferaran durante el Periodo del Edo (1600-1867), una época de descontento y frustración frustración social nacida de las dictaduras feudales que allí existían. Estos grabados solían ser parodias políticas o de corte sexual retratando fielmente las costumbres cotidianas que dominaban la cultura japonesa.
El Ukiyo-e poco a poco dejó espacio a las publicaciones de cómics que interiorizaron al país algunos editores extranjeros que ahí se asentaron buscando nuevos mercados. El primer autor japonés que rompe las filas de material extranjero es Rakuten Kitazawa (1876-1955) en el suplemento dominical del diario Jiji Shimpou . El
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nada tiene que ver con frustraciones raciales) Tezuka vuelca todo su amor por el cine y la animación en planchas de papel barato y expande su forma de ver los mangas a través de obras como Jungle Tatai (Kimba, el leon blanco), Tetsuwan-Atom (Astroboy) y Ribon no Kishi.
Desde entonces el manga comienza su expansión ateniéndose a dos características importantes, nunca explicitadas pero adoptadas por todos los mangakas 3: los cómics no tocaban temas políticos, dándole al público lo que mayormente necesitaban después de las bombas: evasión. Ciencia ficción, fantasía, y aventura cotidiana relajaron a toda una generación; la segunda distinción fue el hecho de que los mangas devolvían a la infancia y la juventud, nutriendo una generación que a lo largo de su vida no dejará de hacerlo y transmitirá esta necesidad a la siguiente.
Dada las condiciones del mercado japonés ahondar en el resto de la historia seria desmenuzar autor por autor, ya que son tantos ojos rasgados los lectores que no necesitan de nuestra ayuda económica en esto. Pero si es necesario detenerse en un autor en exclusivo es en Katsuhiro Otomo. El mundo de la animación animación y el manga no 4
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TIPOLOGÍA CÓMIC OCCIDENTAL El universo del cómic occidental abarca un extenso territorio a nivel global. Este fenómeno se debe a que la aparición de los cómic ha sufrido un proceso de influencia entre entre esti estilos los muy im impor portan tante te.. A pesar pesar de esto, esto, exist existen en algun algunas as difere diferenc ncia iacio ciones nes destacables destacables como son: el cómic Norteamericano, Norteamericano, Sudamericano, Europeo y Australiano. Australiano. Los tipos de cómic occidental occidental son prácticamente prácticamente similares similares a los existentes existentes para el género narrativo con respecto al argumento de la historia. Los cómics pueden ser: o
De aventuras fantásticas y viajes.
o
De misterio, terror o historias policíacas.
o
De ciencia ficción.
o
De carácter histórico, realista o psicológico.
o
De género rosa (romances).
o
De protesta política y social (género satírico).
o
De comedia y entretenimiento.
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todo tipo de género) de los tipos de cómic más apetecibles para los lectores. Desde los años 60’s el género ganador se centra en cómic de aventuras fantásticas de superhéroes. En los otros dos países, el género se reparte un poco más: en Canadá se edita también el género de comedia y en México está ganando terreno un tipo de cómic que se acerca al estilo japonés.
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2- SUDAMÉRICA El cómic cómic en Sud Sudamé améric ricaa está está casi casi exclus exclusiva ivamen mente te centra centrado do en la produc producci ción ón de Argentina. Habiendo recibido influencias tanto norteamericanas como europeas (debido a la inmigración desde Europa por las continuas guerras del s.XX), e incluyendo la propia situación política y social del país, se ha dado lugar a una mezcla de géneros muy exitosa. Argentina produce y vende cómics de todos los tipos; sin embargo, a nivel internacional, ganan mayor calado los cómics de tipo satírico-político.
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3- EUROPA Y AUSTRALIA El cómic europeo proviene de una larga historia, desde el s.XIX en Gran Bretaña, donde ya se publicaban algunas tiras cómicas. El tipo preferido de cómic por el público europeo es el cómic de humor y el de aventuras. A pesar de la amplia asignación, existen diferencias importantes en la producción de cada país. El cómic creado en Gran Bretaña se separa del continental por una profunda brecha cultural y de estilo. Es un género más oscuro y centrado en una ambientación puramente inglesa. Siempre ha mantenido una estrecha comunicación con la industria del cómic estadounidense. En Francia y Bélgica se mantiene el estilo clásico asociado al cómic típico
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Se ha incluido Australia en esta clasificación debido a su unión histórica con Gran Bretaña. Éste hecho ha causado que el cómic del continente oceánico sea una copia exacta al producido en Gran Bretaña, aunque algo más cercano a la historia y ambientaciones autóctonas.
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Dos de los mejores exponentes del cómic europeo: a la izquierda Tintín y abajo Asterix y Obelix .
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Clásicos del cómic inglés: a la izquierda
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TIPOLOGÍA CÓMIC ORIENTAL La gran división en el cómic oriental se da según la variante geográfica en que se produzca la creación y edición de las obras. Existen cinco grandes regiones productoras en Asia: China, Corea, Japón, India y Filipin Filipinas. as.
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o
Manhua de Acción.
o
Manhua para Niños.
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2- COREA: MANHWA En Corea del Sur, los cómics reciben el nombre de Manhwa, término surgido de una mezcla entre Manga (estilo japonés) y Manhua (estilo chino). El Manhwa recoge muchas características de estos dos estilos y aporta a su variante influencias de la dramática historia moderna de Corea.
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3- JAPÓN: MANGA
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4- INDIA: COMIC BOOKS Y NOVELAS GRÁFICAS
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