Pba Aiiaktfvalass el` ^mpuherfty mi
Jy4 Oahsaa Cetas, Oetahyll Bmyt, [ereb Seoaiah`, Dmsfeb [tawert, Peg Pegsyl syl Purlar
Ejstrekt Pfs stu`y wes kml`ukta` tm gaesura tba pmpuherfty el` aaktfvalass mi tba `etflc epp fl`ar
Jekormul` Mlhfla @etflc Pba Fltarlat mr Smrh` Sf`a Saj bes
egmlcst stu`alts kurralthy ettal`flc Jrfcbeg
kraeta` tba ejfhfty tm sbera flimrgetfml ekrmss gely
Vmulc Qlfvarsfty-F`eb Qlfvarsfty-F`ebm. m.
`fiiaralt jmul`erfas. Mla mi tbmsa jmul`erfas
E survay kraeta` ml Uuehtrfks wes a-gefha`
flkhu`as tba wey mla parsml p arsml kmllakts wftb elmtbar.
tm 0>> JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts, el` ekkmr`flc tm
Pba fltarlat bes prmvf`a` tba gaels tm kmllakt wftb
tba rasuhts mi tba 505 raspmlsas, tba gedmrfty
e parsml wbaravar tbay gey ja, wbatbar ft fs va
mi JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts `m lmt usa fl`ar. fl`ar. Pa
gfhas ewey mr va va tbmusel`. E rakalt survay jy
ſtl`flcs succast tbet gmst stu`alts `m lmt usa
Fltarlat `agmcrepbars Lfahsal Ga`fe/ Kmggarka
tfl`ar jakeusa tbay beva e lacetfva parkaptfml
Lat l`s tba lugjar mi Fltarlat usars mvar tba
mi ft, praiar tre`ftfmleh `etflc, mr era gerrfa`. Mi
eca mi 59 fl tba Q.[. el` Kele`e bes raekba` 32.9
tba stu`alts tbet `m usa fl`ar, fl`ar, tba parkaptfml
gfhhfml, wftb chmjeh usa alkmgpessflc laerhy 5:>.1
mi tba epp fs ehsm calarehhy lacetfva. Mur rasuhts
gfhhfml pampha.
ravaeh tbet gmst era lmt setfsſta` wftb tba epp el`
5
Fl e``ftfml, tba crmwtb el` pmpuherfty mi tba
wmuh` lmt rakmggal` ft tm e irfal`. Ehtbmucb tba
Fltarlat era axpakta` tm kmltflua tm fltalsfiy el` jy
gedmrfty mi pertfkfpelts `m lmt iaah setfsſta` wftb
tba jacfllflc mi tba laxt gfhhallfug, laerhy 50>
fl`ar,, gely mi tbasa usars spal` tfga ml tba epp fl`ar
gfhhfml pampha era pra`fkta` tm geoa usa mi Fltarlat
guhtfpha tfgas e `ey. Pa rasuhts mi tbfs survay era
takblmhmcy. Pbfs bes kraeta` e law wey pampha
elehyza` fl tbfs ertfkha tm ul`arstel` wbet stu`alts
kel kmllakt el` l` el` gefltefl irfal`sbfps, el`
tbflo ejmut fl`ar.
bes lmw turla` fltm e wey pampha kel aval l`
5
rmgeltfk rahetfmlsbfps. Mlhfla `etflc jacel wbal tba fltarlat jakega kmggmlpheka fl gmst bmusabmh`s.
Zasaerkbars beva pmflta` mut tbet mlhfla
Egarfkel Hfia ^rmdakt `f` e stu`y tm pra`fkt tba
rahetfmlsbfps bes jakmga e prfgery ektfvfty ml tba
trefts el` quehftfas tbet `askrfja el mlhfla `etar
Fltarlat. Mla mi tba rst `etflc sftas tm jakm ga
el` wby tbay wmuh` usa mlhfla `etflc. Pbay kbmsa
vary pmpuher wes tba `etflc sfta Getkb.kmg wbfkb
e rel`mg segpha mi tbmsa wbm pertfkfpeta` fl tba
wes kraeta` fl 5669. Pbara wara gely pmpuher
stu`y irmg ecas 52-61. Pba `ete tbet wes elehyza`
sftas tm imhhmw sukb es e s A-Bergmly, Tmmso, el`
wara tba iraqualky mi usflc tba Fltarlat, tba sax mi
bul`ra`s mi mtbars.
tba usar, el` tba egmult mi trust tbay beva imr tba
Fl rakalt yaers, tba usa mi mlhfla `etflc
fltarlat. Pba rasuhts mi tba stu`y imul` tbet pampha
mr mlhfla parsmlehs sarvfkas bes avmhva` irmg e
wbm era calarehhy gmra trustflc mi pampha pamp ha era hass
gercfleh tm e geflstraeg smkfeh prektfka. Fl :>>;, et
hfoahy tm pertfkfpeta fl mlhfla `etflc. Pbay ehsm
haest :6 gfhhfml Egarfkels (twm mut mi va sflchas)
imul` tbet pampha wbm parimrg gmra tesos ml tba
usa` el mlhfla `etflc sarvfka? fl :>>0, ml evareca,
Fltarlat, wbatbar imr parsmleh mr rakraetfmleh usa,
tbara wara 0> gfhhfml ulfqua vfsftmrs tm mlhfla
era gmra hfoahy pertfkfpeta el` alceca fl fltarlat
5
`etflc sftas aekb gmltb fl tba Q.[.. Pbmsa wbm era pertfkfpetflc fl mlhfla `etflc typfkehhy era saaoflc
`etflc el` usa fltarlat `etflc sftas.; Pbfs agarcalka mi l`flc rahetfmlsbfps
el fltfgeta rahetfmlsbfp el` turl tm tbasa mlhfla
ml tba fltarlat, bmwavar, bes kbelca` tba wey
`etflc sftas tm beva aesy ekkass ekka ss tm tbmsa tbet era ehsm
tbet gely pampha fltarekt jmtb ml el` mifla. Imr
saaoflc e rmgeltfk kmllaktfml es wahh.
gely mlhfla `etflc usars tbara era epprabalsfmls
Pba Kyjar-Zahetfmlsbfp Gmtfvas (KZG)
ejmut stertflc e rahetfmlsbfp mlhfla el` tba rfsos
[keha essass iektmrs tbet gey gmtfveta fl`fvf`uehs
essmkfeta` wftb ft, sukb es baehtb, agmtfmleh, el`
tm geoa irfal`s ml Fltarlat. Sftbfl Sftbfl tbfs skeha, lfla
seiaty rfsos.
iektmrs flvmhva` fl KZG wara prmpmsa`. Pbasa lfla
Mla mi tba iektmrs mi mlhfla `etflc bes tm `m
iektmrs era4 elmlygfty, tba mppmrtulfty tm gaat law
wftb kraetflc e parsmle mr kraetflc tba ejfhfty tm
pampha, aesfar kmggulfketfml, kurfmsfty, kurfmsfty, agmtfmleh
smul` el` hmmo gmra pmsftfva p msftfva imr tbmsa prmspaktfva
suppmrt, smkfeh kmgpalsetfml, ewey irmg tba raeh
pertlars, el` fl sm `mflc, tbfs prmkass kel flvmhva
:
wmrh`, hmva, el` saxueh pertlars. pertlars. ^aw Fltarlat el`
`akaptfml. Gmst mlhfla `etflc sftas usa pfkturas el`
jfmcrepbfas tm sbera tba flimrgetfml mi aekb usar. usar.
mlhfla wftbmut gaatflc=‗ ml e retflc skeha irmg 5
Pbfs kraetas e khfgeta fl wbfkb tba usar bes tm trust
tm 5> wftb 5 jaflc ‘lmt et ehh‗ tm 5> jaflc ‘vary
tba flimrgetfml tbet aekb usar fs usflc el` sberflc
gukb. Pba gael mi ehh tba pertfkfpetflc stu`alts
fs ekkureta el` lmt gfshae`flc.
elswars wes 1.2:.
E stu`y kml`ukta` mi kmhhaca stu`alts fl
0
Zasaerkbars beva sbmwl fltarast fl
Hms Elcahas axphmra` tba `fiiaralkas jatwaal
tba rfsos mi mlhfla `etflc el` bmw seia mlhfla
mlhfla `etflc el` tre`ftfmleh `etflc. Pba gedmrfty mi
`etars iaah usflc tbasa sftas. E rakalt stu`y mi
pertfkfpetflc stu`alts sef` tbay wmuh` rakmggal`
5: wmgal el` 53 gal prmvf`a` l`flcs tbet
mlhfla `etflc tm mtbars. Ekkmr`flc tm tbfs stu`y,
avary pertfkfpelt be` kmlkarls ejmut rfso wbal
stu`alts era shfcbthy gmra setfsa` wftb tre`ftfmleh
usflc mlhfla `etflc sftas. Pbay ehh be` iaers ejmut
`etflc es mppmsa` tm mlhfla `etflc. 35% mi stu`alts
saxueh, agmtfmleh, el` pbysfkeh rfsos. [mga mi
reta tbafr axparfalka fl mlhfla `etflc aftbar
tbag aval sbera` axparfalka mi stehoars el`
‘smgawbet pmsftfva‗ mr ‘vary pmsftfva.‗ :6% reta
mtbar ulkmgimrtejha sftuetfmls imul` tbrmucb tba
tbafr mlhfla `etflc axparfalka aftbar ‘smgawbet
`etflc sftas. Ehtbmucb tbasa pampha kmltflua tm
lacetfva‗ mr ‘vary lacetfva.‗ Mi tre`ftfmleh `etflc,
usa tba sftas, tbara era stfhh kmlkarls imr tba rfsos
2:% reta tbafr axparfalka aftbar ‘smgawbet
essmkfeta` wftb `etflc wajsftas.
pmsftfva‗ mr ‘vary pmsftfva.‗
0
Elmtbar l`flc mi tbfs sega stu`y wes tbet mlhfla rahetfmlsbfps `avahmp iestar tbel 0
tre`ftfmleh rahetfmlsbfps.
Gmst mlhfla `etars, eitar e iaw agefhs
1
Ehtbmucb tbara era smga lacetfvas essmkfeta` wftb mlhfla `etflc el` kraetflc el fltfgeta rahetfmlsbfp mlhfla, tba mlhfla `etflc geroat fs stfhh kmltfluflc tm crmw crmw.. [mgatbflc tbet fs lmw aiiaktflc mlhfla `etflc fs tba agarcalka mi
mr gassecas, wfhh sat up e ieka-tm-ieka gaatflc.
sgert pbmlas el` mtbar kahhuher takblmhmcy el` tba
Bmwavar, gely mlhfla `etars iaah tbay kel cat tm
epps tbet era essmkfeta` wftb sukb `avfkas. `a vfkas.
olmw smgamla parsmlehhy wftbmut avar ektuehhy gaatflc tbag fl parsml. [tu`alts elswara` tba quastfml, ‘Bmw wahh kel ymu cat tm olmw smgamla
Epp @etflc Gmjfha epphfketfmls (mr ‘epps‗) era
egmlc tba lawast imrg mi kmgputar-ga`feta` kmggulfketfml (mr ‘KGK‗). Gmjfha epphfketfmls
Pfl`ar Pfl`ar fs mla sukb epp tbet ehhmws usars tm
era spakfk smitwera takblmhmcy kraeta` imr usa ml
qufkohy hmmo tbrmucb el` kmllakt wftb pampha laer
gmjfha `avfkas wftb ekkass tm fltarlat kmlla ktfml
tbag. Pba kraetmrs mi Pfl`ar, [ael Ze` el ` Dustfl
sukb es tejhat kmgputars el` sgertpbmlas.
Getaal, `asfcla` ft tm ja e iul `etflc cega. Sbal
Gmjfha epps kel ja usa` tm phey cegas,
kraetflc e prmha, mlhy e iaw pfkturas el` e jrfai
sbera pfkturas, el` iurtbar kmggulfketa wftb
`askrfptfml mi tba usar gey ja flkhu`a` imr pmtaltfeh
mtbars. Ekkmr`flc tm e rakalt rapmrt, jy tba tfga
‘getkbas‗ tm vfaw. Pfl`ar usas tba hmketfml sarvfkas
tba khess mi :>59 cre`uetas, khmsa tm 6> parkalt mi
ml tba usar‖s `avfka tm `fsphey mlhy tba prmhas mi
9
kmhhaca stu`alts wfhh wfhh mwl e sgertpbmla. sgertpbmla. Cfval tbfs,
usars laer tbag. Pba epp mlhy sbmws e pfktura et
gmjfha epphfketfmls `mwlhme`a` beva raekba` e
rst, el` fi tba usar welts tm rae` tba `askrfptfml
soyrmkoatflc ;> jfhhfml fl tba hest yaer.
9
el` saa gmra pfkturas tbay kel khfko ml tba
Pba kmggulfketfml pbalmgalml wa beva
fgeca. Pba usar kel swfpa tba prmha hait mr rfcbt
lmta` fl mur mjsarvetfml mi sgertpbmla useca fs tbet
`apal`flc ml wbatbar tbay hfoa wbet tbay saa mr
mi tba tal`alky tm `apal` ml gmjfha epphfketfmls tm
lmt. [wfpflc rfcbt seys ‘hfoa‗ el` swfpflc hait seys
jufh` el` gefltefl mla‖s rmgeltfk rmgeltfk rahetfmlsbfps el`
‘lmpa.‗ Pba fkmlfk swfpa wes kraeta` jakeusa Ze`
eiiefrs. [gertpbmla epphfketfmls ehhmw kmuphas tm
el` Getaal jesa` ft mii pheyflc ker`s el` tbay usa`
fltarekt ml e parsmleh el` fltfgeta havah.
3
[flka ejmut :>>; tba phetimrg mi mlhfla `etflc bes kbelca` wftb tba agarcalka mi sgert
tba gmtfml mi puhhflc tba rst ker` mii tba `ako, wbfkb `avahmpa` fltm tba swfpa.
2
Fi tba parsml tba usar ‘hfoas‗ ehsm swfpa`
pbmlas el` tba fltrm`uktfml mi epp `etflc. Epp
rfcbt tbal ‘ft‖ ‘ft‖ss e getkb!‗ ge tkb!‗ E prmgpt eppaers wbfkb
`etflc fs tba usa mi gmjfha epps tm l` rahetfmlsbfps
ehhmws tba usar tm kbmmsa tm sal` e gasseca tm tba
mr `etas. Pbfs fs ehsm olmwl es setahhfta `etflc,
law getkb mr tm ‘oaap pheyflc.‗ Qsars kel aftbar
jakeusa usuehhy tbasa epps l` tba getkbas imr aekb
kbet rfcbt ewey mr oaap pheyflc tba cega el` cm
usar jesa` ml tbafr hmketfml.
jeko fltm tbafr getkbas hetar el` stert e kbet wftb usars tbay beva getkba` wftb.
Pfl`ar bes keucbt ra jakeusa mi fts sfgphfkfty.. Ft `fiiars irmg `etflc wajsftas jakeusa sfgphfkfty j akeusa ft `masl‖t raqufra hmlc pfakas mi taxt tm cat tm olmw
Gatbm`s Pbfs rasaerkb prmdakt rahfa` ml e Uuehtrfks
smgamla. Flstae` e sfgpha prmha fs kraeta` wftbfl e
survay tm ul`arstel` pamphas‖ parkaptfml el`
iaw gflutas wftb e iaw sbmrt saltalkas. Ekkmr`flc
axparfalkas wftb tba `etflc epp Pfl`ar. Fl mr`ar
tm tba ertfkha ‘Flsf`a Pfl`ar4 Gaat tba Cuys Sbm
tm flkraesa tba egmult mi raspmlsas el` oaap
Purla` @etflc Fltm el E``fktfml,‗ usars kmltfluehhy
elmlygfty, e survay wes tba kbmsal gatbm`. Crmup
raturl tm Pfl`ar jakeusa ft‖s ‘sm gukb iul.‗ Pba
gagjars wrmta tba survay kraetflc quastfmls tbet
ertfkha ehsm stetas tbet avaltuehhy tba twm imul`ars
wara jmtb queltftetfva el` quehftetfva.
welt Pfl`ar tm avmhva fltm gmra tbel e `etflc epp el` ja e wey tm kmllakt tm pampha fl weys mtbar tbel e rmgeltfk kmltaxt.
2
Pbara fs khaerhy e hmt mi rasaerkb tbet
Pba rst quastfml ml tba survay wes esoa` tm `fiiaraltfeta jatwaal stu`alts tbet usa` Pfl`ar el` stu`alts tbet `f` lmt usa tba epp. Pbmsa pertfkfpelts wbfkb sahakta` ‘lm,‗ wara fgga`fetahy `frakta` tm
bes jaal `mla ml `etflc mlhfla. Pba flkraesa fl
tba al` mi tba survay tm elswar tba quastfml ‘Sby
pmpuherfty,, tral`s mi `fiiaralt wajsftas, pmpuherfty wajsftas, mlhfla
`m ymu lmt usa Pfl`ar=‗ ^ertfkfpelts wara tbal
`etflc jabevfmrs, wbet pampha praiar, bmw setfsa`
cfval e hfst mi kbmfkas ehmlc wftb e hh-fl-tba-jhelo
pampha era, seiaty kmlkarls, atk beva ehh jaal
mptfml. [egpha mptfmls flkhu`a`, ‘F beva lavar
elehyza`. Bmwavar, rasaerkb fl rahetfml tm stu`alts
baer` mi ft‗ mr ‘F iaah iaah tbet ft fs ulseia.‗ Et tba al`
flvmhva` fl mlhfla `etflc, spakfkehhy vfe gmjfha
mi tba survay ehh pertfkfpelts, Pfl`ar usars mr lmt,
epps, fs sfclfkelthy gmra hfgfta`. Pbfs rasaerkb
wara esoa` ‘Sbet ca mi JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts `m
axphmras tba usa mi Pfl`ar egmlcst stu`alts et
ymu tbflo usa Pfl`ar=‗ el` ehsm ‘Bmw gely mi ymur
Jrfcbeg Vmulc Vmulc Qlfvarsfty F`ebm tm elswar tba
rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar Pfl`ar.‗ .‗
quastfml, ‘Bmw aiiaktfva el` pmpuher fs Pfl`ar egmlcst JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts=‗
^ertfkfpelts tbet elswara` ‘yas‗ tm usflc Pfl`ar wara esoa` tm elswar :: e``ftfmleh quastfmls. Pba laxt quastfml tbet imhhmwa` esoa` fi tbay kurralthy beva Pfl`ar ml mla mi tbafr `avfkas.
Fl mr`ar tm geoa sura tba survay gefltefla`
iraahy wftb tbafr mpflfmls. Pba mtbar taxt-raspmlsa
kmltflufty,, tba quastfmls wara pbresa` jmtb fl kmltflufty
quastfml tbet wes flkhu`a` esoa`, ‗Sby `f` ymu
prasalt el` pest talsa fa4 ‘Bmw hmlc beva/`f` ymu
stmp usflc Pfl`ar=‗
usa(`) Pfl`ar=‗ Pbfs pettarl wes kerrfa` tbrmucbmut tba wbmha survay survay..
Pbfs survay wes salt mut ml Mktmjar 53, :>50 tm 0>> JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts‖ a-gefh e``rassas
Fl mr`ar tm jast ceuca lugjars, shf`ar skehas
el` wara rel`mghy sahakta` jy tba ulfvarsfty. ulfvarsfty.
wara usa` tm elswar quastfmls, ‘Bmw gely tfgas e
El f`altfkeh survay wes ra-salt e sakml` tfga
`ey `m/`f` ymu usa Pfl`ar= El`, ‘Ejmut bmw gely
ml Lmvagjar 9, :>50 tm ahfkft gmra raspmlsas.
`etas beva ymu jaal ml irmg Pfl`ar=‗ E shf`ar skeha
Pba agefh steta`4 ‘Sa era `mflc rasaerkb imr e
irmg >-1> wes usa` wbal esoflc ejmut rst `etas
kmggulfketfmls rasaerkb prmdakt el` wa laa` ymur
el` sakml` `etas.
bahp! ^haesa khfko ml tba hflo et tba jmttmg mi tba
Fl mr`ar tm jattar ul`arstel` pampha‖s
peca el` teoa tbfs sbmrt survay tm bahp us mut. Pbfs
axparfalkas wftb Pfl`ar, e sflcha va-mptfml Hfoart
qufz fs kraeta` tbrmucb Uuehtrfks el` ymur y mur elswars
skeha wes usa`. Aekb quastfml flkhu`a` tba bae`ar
wfhh ja kmgphatahy elmlygmus. ^ertfkfpetfml
‘Bmw strmlchy `m ymu ecraa wftb tbasa stetagalts=‗
fs kmgphatahy vmhultery el` pertfkfpetfml
Pba mptfmls relca` irmg strmlchy `fsecraa ml tba
kel ja `fskmltflua` et ely tfga wftbmut ely
jmttmg tm strmlchy ecraa ml tba tmp mi tba skeha.
raparkussfmls.‗
[mga segpha quastfmls fl tbfs saktfml flkhu`a` ‘F
Es e rasuht mi sal`flc mut tba survay twfka,
eg setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar,‗ ‘F wmuh` rakmggal`
505 stu`alts raspml`a`. Pba rel`mghy sahakta`
Pfl`ar tm e irfal`,‗ el` ‘Ft geoas ga larvmus bmw
pertfkfpelts wara ehh JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts. Ft `f` lmt
smga mi gy irfal`s el` rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar.‗
`fstflcufsb jatwaal `ey stu`alts, mlhfla stu`alts,
Fl mr`ar tm cetbar e jattar parkaptfml ejmut
mr mtbar stu`alts. Ehtbmucb ft wes e survay ejmut
wbet pampha hfoa ejmut Pfl`ar el` `fshfoa, e iraa
e `etflc epp ft wes stfhh salt tm gerrfa` el` sflcha
taxt-raspmlsa quastfml wes pmsa` ‘Sbet `m ymu
stu`alts ehfoa. Pba survay wes khmsa` imr raspmlsas
hfoa gmst ejmut Pfl`ar=‗ ‘Sbet `m ymu hfoa haest=‗
ml Lmvagjar 5;, :>50.
Pbfs ge`a ft pmssfjha imr pertfkfpelts tm elswar
Ifl`flc 5 Pba rasuhts mi tba Pfl`ar survay sbmwa` tbet tba gedmrfty mi Pfl`ar usars era lmt usflc Pfl`ar es e wey tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp. Pbfs wes sbmwl tbrmucb elswars irmg tba survay
skeha. Ft wes imul` tbet gmra JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts `m lmt cm ml Pfl`ar tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp tbel `m cm ml Pfl`ar tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp. ;6% elswara` ‘`fsecraa mr strmlchy `fsecraa,‗ wbfha mlhy :3% elswara` ‘ecraa‗ mr ‘strmlchy `fsecraa.‗ Pbara wes lmt mla parsml tbet elswara` tba quastfml ‘strmlchy ecraa.‗ ;0% mi ehh tba elswars ‘laftbar ecraa` mr
quastfml JVQ-F`ebm stu`alt wara esoa` tm usa e Hfoart skeha
`fsecraa`.‗ Pbfs `ete sbmws tbet e hfttha hfttha gmra tbel e tbfr` mi
tm elswar tba imhhmwflc quastfml4 ‘F cm ml Pfl`ar tm l` e
Pfl`ar usars era lmt usflc Pfl`ar tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp, wbfha
rahetfmlsbfp.‗ Pbay elswara` elswara` tba quastfml ml e 1-pmflt hfoart
hass tbel e tbfr` era usflc ft tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp.
Ifl`flc : E shfcbt lacetfva kmrrahetfml axfsts jatwaal tba
hmlcar usars beva e bfcbar evareca `etas par parsml tbel tba law usars, aval tbmucb tba crepb hfla fl`fketas mtbarwfsa. Pba ; hmlcar useca `acraas beva el evareca mi 0.1,
halctb mi useca el` tba egmult mi `etas calareta`. Bmwavar,
5.;;, el` 1 `etas par parsml wbfha tba hmwar : beva el evareca
tba egmult mi `etas era saagflchy rel`mg el` tba gmst `etas
mi ;.9; el` 5.09 `etas par parsml. Ehh tba sacgalts mi `ete
kraeta` wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar wes jy e pertfkfpelt wbm elswara` tm beva
era phecua` wftb jhelos fl tba raspmlsa tm tba lugjar mi rst
usa` tba epp ; - 9 gmltbs.
`etas calareta` irmg Pfl`ar, wftb tba raesml mi sukb ulkhaer
Pba survay rasuhta` fl ;; pampha f`altfiyflc tbagsahvas es Pfl`ar usars. Pbasa ;; raspml`alts beva cmla
irmg tba `ete ftsahi. Fl kmlkhusfml, tba halctb mi Pfl`ar useca, fl calareh,
ml e kuguhetfva tmteh mi 6: rst `etas irmg tba epp. Pbfs
wfhh cat mla gmra `etas irmg ft. Bmwavar, tba lugjar mi
wmuh` ja el evareca ga`fel mi ehgmst ; `etas par pertfkfpelt.
veryflc `etas kraeta` usflc tba epp fl`fketas tba flvmhvagalt
Pbfs fs fl lmt `fstrfjuta` avalhy egmlc tba pertfkfpelts es tba
mi e tbfr`-perty verfejha.
Ifl`flc ; Pba sakml` l`flc irmg tba `ete fs tbet mi tba 505
tbel e tbfr` mi tbmsa seyflc tbet tbay wara raehhy lmt setfsa`. Pba rapmrt mi tba `ete sbmws lmt e Jahh Kurva jut el G Kurva, sm ft jukos tba tral` mi lmrgeh `fstrfjutfml. Pbfs G Kurva mk-
pertfkfpelts wbm wbm tmmo tba survay, survay, dust tbfrty mi tbmsa elswara` elswara`
kurs es jmtb [etfsa` el` Lmt [etfsa` beva lfla vmtas, wbfha
tba quastfml kmlkarlflc tbafr setfsiektfml mi tba epp.
tba Lautreh mlhy be` saval vmtas, el` Zaehhy Lmt [etfsa` be`
Mut mi tbmsa tbfrty pertfkfpelts wbm usa` Pfl`ar, et mla tfga mr elmtbar, lmla rapmrta` jaflc bfcbhy setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar.. Pbmucb e cmm` parkalteca iaht setfsa` wftb tba epp, Pfl`ar laerhy 1>% geroa` tbet tbay wara lmt setfsa`, wftb gmra
va, mr 53%. Pbfs sbmws tbet tba gedmrfty mi Pfl`ar usars era lmt setfsa` wftb tba Epp.
Ifl`flc 0 [tu`alts wbm pertfkfpeta` fl tba survay tbmucbt tbet e bfcbar parkalteca mi stu`alts usa` Pfl`ar wbal ft fs gukb
Sbal tmteha`, tba ektueh egmult mi stu`alts wbm pertfkfpeta` fl tba survay el` wbm wbm be` ektuehhy usa` Pfl`ar wes :; parkalt, mr ;0 mi tba 509 pertfkfpelts. Mi tbmsa ;0 stu`alts mlhy 5; stfhh beva tba Pfl`ar
hass. Pbmsa survaya` tbmucbt tbet 05 parkalt mi JVQ-F`ebm
`etflc epp ml mla mr gmra mi tbafr `avfkas el` era stfhh ektfva
stu`alts usa Pfl`ar wbal ektuehhy mlhy :; parkalt `m. Mut mi
ml tba epp wbfha tba mtbar :5 `m lmt kurralthy beva tba epp ml
tba 509 stu`alts wbm pertfkfpeta` fl tba survay tba evareca
ely mi tbafr `avfkas. Pba gexfgug parkalt tbet tbmsa sur-
parkalteca tbet ehh tba pertfkfpelts pertfkfpelts geroa` imr tbafr cuass es tm
vaya` tbmucbt tbet JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts usa` Pfl`ar wes 2:
bmw gely stu`alts usa Pfl`ar wes 05.:5 parkalt.
parkalt. Pba Pba gflfgug parkalteca parkalteca wes 1.
Ifl`flc 1 Mi tba 555 raspmlsas, tba gedmrfty mi tba pampha
mlhy wey tba epp fs evefhejha. Pfa` Pfa` et 56 parkalt wara tba twm ketacmrfas mi, ‘F‖va lavar baer` mi ft,‗ el`, ‘F iaah tbet ft fs ulseia‗ wbfkb geoas e hfttha hass tbel behi tba mvarehh par-
survaya` sef` tbay `f`l‖t usa Pfl`ar jakeusa tbay praiarra`
kalteca. Ehgmst Ehgmst e quertar mi tba pampha survaya` sef` tbet tba
tre`ftfmleh `etflc. Pbfs gedmrfty wes 11 parkalt. Pba sakml`
raesml tbay `f`l‖t usa Pfl`ar wes jakeusa tbay `f`l‖t beva
bfcbast ketacmry imr pampha lmt usflc Pfl`ar wes jakeusa tbay
tfga (:: parkalt). Fl tba ‘mtbar‗ ketacmry, wbfkb ge`a up ;2
be` e lacetfva parkaptfml mi ft. Pbfs ketacmry‖ ketacmry‖ss parkalteca
parkalt, tba gefl gefl raesml pampha sef` tbay `f`l‖t `f`l‖t usa Pfl`ar Pfl`ar
wes 05. Pba hmwast parkalteca, wbfkb wes 50 parkalt, wes
wes jakeusa tbay wara gerrfa`. 13 parkalt kmgprfsa` tba
jakeusa tbmsa survaya` survaya` `ml‖t beva e sgert pbmla, wbfkb wbfkb fs tba
gerrfa` pmrtfml mi tba ‘mtbar‗ ketacmry. ketacmry.
Ifl`flc 9
bmw iraqualthy tbay usa Pfl`ar4 hass tbel mlka e waao, mlka e waao, guhtfpha tfgas e waao, mlka e `ey, mr guhtfpha tfgas
Ehtbmucb tba setfsiektfml raspmlsas wara hmw hmw,, tba
e `ey. 5: fi tba ;: pertfkfpelts wbm elswara` tbfs quastfml
gedmrfty mi raspml`alts sef` tbay usa Pfl`ar guhtfpha tfgas
raspml`a` ‘guhtfpha tfgas e `ey.‗ Pbasa 5: raspml`alts wara
par `ey. `ey. Pba raspml`alts raspml`alts wftb tba gmst iraqualt useca useca era
esoa` tba imhhmw-up quastfml mi bmw gely tfgas e `ey tbay
`fssetfsa` wftb Pfl`ar.
usa tba epp. Ekkmr`flc tm tba survay rasuhts, rasuhts, tba bfcbast vehua
Mi tba raspml`alts tbet usa Pfl`ar ml e `efhy jesfs, tbmsa wbm usa tba epp gmst iraqualthy era `fssetfsa` wftb ft. Zaspml`alts wara rst esoa` wbfkb mptfml jast `askrfjas
mi vfsfts par `ey wes 5:. Ekkmr`flc tm tba crepb, tba kmmrahetfml fs lmt strmlc, jut tba Z- [quera` [quera` vehua fs .>26.
Iraqualky mi Pfl`ar Yfsfts mi @efhy Qsars jy [etfsiektfml Zetflcs 5:
y e @ 5> r a ^ s 2 t f s f Y 9 i m r 0 a j g : u L
>
r a s Q r a ` l f P h e u ` f v f ` l F 7
[etfsſta`
Lautreh
@fssetfsſta` [trmlchy @fssetfsſta`
[etfsiektfml wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar
Kmlkhusfml Gmjfha epp `etflc kmgpelfas el` tba spakfk jusflass mi Pfl`ar et herca, prmjejhy `m lmt kmlla tbagsahvas tm tba fltarasts mi tba JVQ-F`ebm stu`alt pmpuhetfml. Bmwavar, `ete irmg tbfs survay kmuh` bahp kraeta e Gmrgmlspakfk Pfl`ar-hfoa Pfl`ar-hfoa epp, tbet evmf`s tba pftiehhs mi tba kurralt systag. Ft kmuh` ehsm ja e stertflc pmflt imr e``ftfmleh rasaerkb ml gmjfha `etflc epps el` tbafr aiiakts ml smkfaty et herca mr wftbfl tba Gmrgml kuhtura. Pba survay `ete kmlkhu`a` tba imhhmwflc4 pampha era lmt setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar, el` tbay `m lmt cat fltm rahetfmlsbfps irmg ft. Hfoawfsa, tfga ml tba epp `mas lmt kmrraheta wftb tba egmult mi `etas cefla` irmg usflc ft. Ehsm, pampha praiar tre`ftfmleh `etflc mvar ahaktrmlfk `etflc, el` tbmsa wbm era `fssetfsa` beva e bfcbar reta mi usflc tba epp `efhy. [fgfherhy, pampha tbflo tbet, ml evareca, pampha usa Pfl`ar gmra tbel tbay ektuehhy `m. Gmst mi tba l`flcs sbmw e lacetfva parkaptfml tmwer`s Pfl`ar tbmucb tbara fs mla pmsftfva l`flc. Pbfs pmsftfva l`flc imr Pfl`ar fs tbet pampha wbm eral‖t setfsa` wftb ft usa ft et e bfcbar
reta? tbfs gaels tbet tba gmra pampha era lmt setfsa` wftb ft, tba gmra mital tbay usa tba epp. Pba hmw setfsiektfml, bmwavar, `mas pravalt usars irmg juyflc fltm Pfl`ar. Ehsm, sflka usars `m lmt hfoa tbafr kurralt epp, tbay era basftelt tm ektuehhy juy fts upcre`as aval wftb tba kmgpuhsfml tm usa tba epp `urflc tbafr iraa tfga. Bmwavar, tbfs ‘jmra` useca‗ kraetas e pmtaltfeh jmlus imr Pfl`ar wbal sahhflc e` speka jakmgas el mptfml ml tba epp. Pba epp fs usa` gmra imr altarteflgalt tbel getkbgeoflc. Pbfs `frakthy kmltre`fkts Pfl`ar‖s purpmsa wbfkb fs bahpflc pampha gaat mla elmtbar. Pba kmgpely sbmuh` `m gmra rasaerkb ml tbafr kustmgars‖ welts el` `asfras imr tba epp. Kurralthy, Pfl`ar `mas e sfgpha mla-quastfml survay tbet wfhh pmp up rel`mghy wbal usars era alcecflc fl tba Pfl`ar epp. Pba sbmrt survay esos pampha tm reta tba epp, jut ft iefhs tm eso tba usars quastfmls ejmut wbet tba prmjhags mr jalats mi Pfl`ar era, el` raehhy cat usar iaa`jeko. iaa`j eko. Pbfs wfhh kerry regfketfmls fl tba iutura es pertfkfpelts wfhh strey irmg tba epp es tba fltarast ie`as el` el ` law, jattar `etflc epps era kraeta` tm teoa Pfl`ar‖s Pfl`ar‖s pheka el` tagpt ahaktrmlfk fggfcretfml. Sftb tbfs fl gfl`, tba prmjhags wftb Pfl`ar hercahy `m lmt stag irmg tba epp ftsahi jut irmg fts
usars. Pfl`ar garahy miiars e pesseca imr pampha tm
gmra pampha cat fltm rahetfmlsbfps, tba hass tbay
gaat mla elmtbar, jut tba kberektar mr mpflfml mi
usa tba epp.
tbmsa pampha eiiakts tbafr vfaw mi tba mtbar usars
Qsars jakmga axkfta` wbal tbay saa
el` tba epp. Fi tbay beva cmm` axparfalkas wftb
ettrektfva pampha ml tba epp el` tbfs `rfvas tbag tm
mtbar usars tbay wfhh aldmy tba epp, el` fi tbay
kmltflua swfpflc. Lavartbahass, tbfs kmuh` jakmga
beva je` axparfalkas wftb mtbar usars tbay wfhh
irustretflc imr usars jy rakafvflc kmltflueh radakta`
`fshfoa tba epp. Pbfs l`flc fs fhhustreta` tbrmucb
el` cattflc e ‘lmpa‗ retbar tbel e ‘hfoa.‗ Pbfs
tba kmggalts rakafva` fl tba quastfmllefra saktfml
kraetas e `fssetfsiektfml wftb tba epp, tbmucb ft fs
mi tba survay. Pbmsa survaya` prfgerfhy raakta`
lmt Pfl`ar‖s Pfl`ar‖s ieuht. Pba epp fs garahy e pmrteh el` e l`
`fsepprmveh wftb tba pampha tbay gat el` wbet tbay
lmt e kraetura ftsahi, jakeusa ft fs tba usars es pampha
welta` irmg mtbar usars ml tba epp.
tbet kbmmsa tm lmt ekkapt mr ‘lmpa‗ tba fl`fvf`ueh
Pbfs ehsm ravaehs ftsahi fl tba l`flc mi `fssetfsa` usars usflc tba epp gmra mital `efhy. El El
usar jesa` ml hmmos ehmla. Pba rasaerkb kml`ukta` kmuh` ja axtal`a`
elehysfs mi tbfs iekt fs tbet tbmsa wbm era `fssetfsa`
tbrmucb tba fltrm`uktfml mi imkus crmups el` tba
usa tba epp gmra iraqualthy jakeusa tbay era aftbar
flkhusfml mi gmra survay quastfmls. Pba imkus
jmra` mr saaoflc e rahetfmlsbfp. Bmwavar, tbay era
crmup wmuh` ehhmw imr craetar trfelcuhetfml mi tba
`fssetfsa` jakeusa mital rahetfmlsbfps `ml‖t `ml ‖t stert
vfaws tmwer`s Pfl`ar. Pfl`ar. Ft wmuh` ehsm e hsm sbmw el fl-
ml Pfl`ar, Pfl`ar, el` usars wfhh jesa tbafr sahi-astaag mii
`aptb vfaw mi tba kberektarfstfks mi typfkeh Pfl`ar
tba lugjar mi ‘hfoas‗ tbay rakafva. E``fkta` usars
usars. Pbfs stu`y‖s survay be` smga quehftetfva
wfhh kmltflua tm usa Pfl`ar wftb tba ieflt bmpa
pmrtfmls tm mjtefl e sgehh ul`arstel`flc mi wby
tbet ehh tbafr bmurs wfhh smga`ey rasuht wftb tba
pampha `m mr `m lmt usa Pfl`ar, Pfl`ar, el` wbet tbay hfoa
rawer` tbay saao. Pba shfcbt rawer`s tba epp miiars
mr `fshfoa ejmut ft. Bmwavar, tba herca pmrtfml mi
sukb es sgehh jmmsts fl sahi-astaag, el mkkesfmleh
tba Pfl`ar usars psykba fs jayml` tbfs rasaerkb.
getkb, el` tba rel`mg `eta garahy kmexas tba
E law survay wmuh` ekkmgpely tba imkus crmup
usars almucb tm kmltflua raturlflc tm Pfl`ar. Pbfs
el` flkhu`a law quastfmls sukb es4 ‘`m ymu olmw
fs kmltrery tm Pfl`ar‖s mjdaktfvas jakeusa tba
elymla tbet fs alceca` mr gerrfa` tm smgamla tbay
gat ml Pfl`ar=‗ el`, ‘Ejmut bmw gely getkbas
gat tbafr spmusa wbfha ml tbafr gfssfml, el` tbmsa
beva ymu cmttal ml Pfl`ar=‗ el`, ‘Bmw mital `m
wbm gat tbafr spmusa ml m l Pfl`ar. Pfl`ar. E bfarerkby kmuh`
ymu hmmo et tba sakml`, sakml` , tbfr`, mr imurtb pfkturas
ja `avfsa` flkhu`flc tbmucbts el` iaahflcs mi
prmvf`a` ml tba Pfl`ar-usar Pfl`ar-usar prmha tbet ymu era
tbmsa pertfkfpelts tbet iehh fltm aftbar mi tbasa twm
vfawflc=‗ Pbfs rakmggal`a` survay wmuh` ehhmw
ketacmrfas, es wahh es quastfmls tbay beva cmttal
imr craetar ul`arstel`flc mi bmw usars fltarekt wftb
irmg mtbar pampha. Pba survay kmuh` ehsm flkhu`a
Pfl`ar el` wbet tbay cat mut mi ft.
tba mvarehh parkaptfml essmkfeta` wftb l`flc e
Pbfs survay el` imkus crmup kmuh` ehsm
spmusa fl aftbar mi tbasa twm gellars, el` tba
elswar e iutura rasaerkb quastfml mi4 Sby `f`
calareh mpflfml mi tbfs pertfkuher rmuta tm gerrfeca.
pampha rapmrt praiarrflc tre`ftfmleh `etflc imrgs
Pba rasuhts mi tbfs stu`y kmuh` ja krmss-tejuheta` k rmss-tejuheta`
gmra tbel gmjfha mr fltarlat `etflc gatbm`s aval
wftb tba calareh l`flc mi tba prfmr stu`y tbet
wftb tba ekkassfjfhfty mi gmjfha epps= Pbfs wmuh`
Pfl`ar bes e lacetfva parkaptfml essmkfeta` wftb ft.
ehhmw Pfl`ar tm cefl flimrgetfml ml ettrektflc law
Pbasa quastfmls wmuh` yfah` fltarastflc e`uhts tbet
kustmgars el` ehsm cfva el aya es tm wby pampha
wmuh` iurtbar tba olmwha`ca mi mlhfla `etflc, fts
praiar `mflc smga tbflcs `fcftehhy, `fcftehhy, el` mtbars
aiiakts, el` parkaptfml.
tbflcs pbysfkehhy mr mrcelfkehhy. Pba rasuhts kmuh` craethy ef` jusflass valturas wbm `asfra tm axpe l` tbafr geroat `fcftehhy mr tbmsa tbet `asfra tm kraeta gmjfha epp kmgpelfas. Fl`aa`, tba rasaerkb `mla imr gmjfha epp `etflc fs hercahy flaxfstelt, sm tbasa survay rasuhts, tbmucb gaecar, kel bahp prmcrass tba stu`fas fl tba law irmltfar mi gmjfha epp `etflc. Elmtbar sakml`ery stu`y kmuh` ja kml`ukta` tbrmucb survay el` imkus crmup egmlcst el H@[ pmpuhetfml tbet wmuh` kmgpera sfgfherftfas el` `fiiaralkas jatwaal tbmsa wbm
Eppal`fx 5. Beva ymu avar usa` tba `etflc epp Pfl`ar= #
%
Vas ;0
:
Lm :5
:;%
Pmteh
[tetfstfk
Yehua
Gfl Yehua
5
Gex Yehua
:
Yerfelka
33%
Pmteh
509
[tetfstfk
Yehua
Gfl Yehua
5
Gex Yehua
:
5>>%
5>>%
Yerfelka
>.06
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;0
;. Bmw hmlc beva/`f` ymu usa(`) Pfl`ar= #
Elswar Zaspmlsa
5
>.52
[tel`er` @avfetfml
>.0:
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
509
5; :
:. @m ymu kurralthy beva tba Pfl`ar Pfl`ar epp ml mla mi
;
0
Elswar Zaspmlsa
1
Vas
5:%
9 gmltbs tm 5 yaer 6%
Gmra tbel 5 yaer :
;2%
;1%
; gmltbs tm 9 gmltbs
;
%
;2%
5 gmltb tm ; gmltbs
0
ymur `avfkas=
%
Hass tbel 5 gmltb
5:
5;
>.:0
[tel`er` @avfetfml
Gael 5.33
5
;0
Gael 5.9:
Lm 55:
#
9:%
Elswar Zaspmlsa
5
:
Pmteh
9% ;0
5>>%
#
Elswar
Gfl Yehua
Gex Yehua
[tetfstfk
Yehua
Evareca Yehua [tel`er` @avfetfml
Zaspmlsas
Gfl Yehua
5
5
:.25
Gex Yehua
1
5:.>> 3.12
5:
9. Ejmut bmw gely `etas beva ymu jaal ml irmg irmg
Gael :.>6 Yerfelka
;.>>
5.0:
Pfl`ar=
[tel`er` @avfetfml
5.56
#
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;0
Evareca Yehua [tel`er` @avfetfml 5
0. Kbmmsa wbfkb mptfml jast epphfas tm ymu.
53
#
:
Uuastfml
Hass tbel mlka e waao
Mlka e waao Guhtfpha tfgas tfgas e waao Mlka e `ey Guhtfpha tfgas e `ey Pmteh Zaspmlsas
Elswar
Ifrst `etas
Gfl Yehua
Gex Yehua Zaspmlsas
>.>>
56.>> 1.03
1.:>
[akml` `etas >.>>
;>.>> ;.6:
2.59
5;
Gael
5
Bmw iraqualthy `m/`f` ymu usa Pfl`ar=
3. Bmw gely lml-Pfl`ar lml-Pfl`ar `etas beva ymu jaal ml
3
1
sflka ymu kraeta` ymur prmha ml Pfl`ar=
1
1
5:
;0
;.:6
# [tetfstfk
Bmw iraqualthy `m/`f` ymu usa
Pfl`ar= Gfl Yehua
5
:1
Gex Yehua
1
:
Yerfelka
Gfl Yehua
Evareca Yehua [tel`er` @avfetfml 5
Gael ;.:6
Elswar
Ifrst `etas
Gex Yehua Zaspmlsas
>.>>
:1.>> 9.>0
9.>6
[akml` `etas 5.>>
:>.>> 0.2>
0.2>
:> :.1:
[tel`er` @avfetfml
5.16
2. Beva ymu jacel e rahetfmlsbfp rahetfmlsbfp es e rasuht mi
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;0
usflc Pfl`ar= #
1. Bmw gely tfgas e `ey `m/`f` ymu usa Pfl`ar= Pfl`ar=
Elswar Zaspmlsa
%
5
Vas 1
:
55
6
>
;:
1
Pba pampha F getkb wftb ml Pfl`ar era lmt
pampha F wmuh` usuehhy `eta. :
Lm :6
51%
;
21%
Pmteh
;0
5>>%
;:
:.9;
6
55
6
5
9
F praiar tm gaat pampha mutsf`a mi Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
>
>
6
:.60
0
56
;:
0.;5
[tetfstfk
Yehua
3
F praiar tm gaat pampha ml Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
Gfl Yehua
5
6
55
Gex Yehua
:
2
F usa Pfl`ar mlhy fl Zaxjurc 3
1
3
6
F iraqualthy kbelca gy Pfl`ar pbmtms.
Gael 5.21 Yerfelka
>.5;
>
;
9
>
;:
;
;:
5:
5.63 5>
:.99
[tel`er` @avfetfml
>.;9
5:
55
>
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;0
5>
Ft geoas ga larvmus bmw smga mi gy
irfal`s el` rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar Pfl`ar.. ;
6. Bmw strmlchy `m ymu ecraa wftb tbasa
5>
3
;:
;:
;
:.>>
6
;.:2
stetagalts= #
Uuastfml
@fsecraa
Laftbar Ecraa lmr @fsecraa
[trmlchy Ecraa
[tetfstfk
[trmlchy @fsecraa
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
Ecraa
F wmuh` rakmggal` Pfl`ar tm e irfal`.
Gael
Pfl`ar tm geoa irfal`s.
6
e rahetfmlsbfp. Pba pampha F getkb wftb ml Pfl`ar
F eg setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
2
6
:
F wmuh` rakmggal` Pfl`ar tm e irfal`.
gaat pampha mutsf`a mi Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
5>
3
:.00
gaat pampha ml Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
;
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm geoa irfal`s.
5>
Zaxjurc
1
2
0
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp. 6
9
2
;:
6
5
era lmt pampha F wmuh` usuehhy `eta. F praiar tm
:.9;
>
;:
F cm ml
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm l`
5
>
9
F eg setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
;:
:.1;
F praiar tm
F usa Pfl`ar mlhy fl
F iraqualthy kbelca gy Pfl`ar
pbmtms. Ft geoas ga larvmus bmw smga mi gy irfal`s el` rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar.
5
Vas 1
:
55
6
>
;:
1
Pba pampha F getkb wftb ml Pfl`ar era lmt
pampha F wmuh` usuehhy `eta. :
Lm :6
51%
;
21%
Pmteh
;0
5>>%
;:
:.9;
6
55
6
5
9
F praiar tm gaat pampha mutsf`a mi Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
>
>
6
:.60
0
56
;:
0.;5
[tetfstfk
Yehua
3
F praiar tm gaat pampha ml Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
Gfl Yehua
5
6
55
Gex Yehua
:
2
F usa Pfl`ar mlhy fl Zaxjurc 3
1
3
6
F iraqualthy kbelca gy Pfl`ar pbmtms.
Gael 5.21 Yerfelka
>.5;
>
;
9
>
;:
;
;:
5:
5.63 5>
:.99
[tel`er` @avfetfml
>.;9
5:
55
>
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;0
5>
Ft geoas ga larvmus bmw smga mi gy
irfal`s el` rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar Pfl`ar.. ;
6. Bmw strmlchy `m ymu ecraa wftb tbasa
5>
3
;:
;:
;
:.>>
6
;.:2
stetagalts= #
Uuastfml
@fsecraa
Laftbar Ecraa lmr @fsecraa
[trmlchy Ecraa
[tetfstfk
[trmlchy @fsecraa
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
Ecraa
F wmuh` rakmggal` Pfl`ar tm e irfal`.
Gael
Pfl`ar tm geoa irfal`s.
6
e rahetfmlsbfp. Pba pampha F getkb wftb ml Pfl`ar
F eg setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
2
6
:
F wmuh` rakmggal` Pfl`ar tm e irfal`.
gaat pampha mutsf`a mi Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
5>
3
:.00
gaat pampha ml Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
;
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm geoa irfal`s.
5>
Zaxjurc
1
2
0
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm l` e rahetfmlsbfp. 6
9
2
;:
6
5
era lmt pampha F wmuh` usuehhy `eta. F praiar tm
:.9;
>
;:
F cm ml
F cm ml Pfl`ar tm l`
5
>
9
F eg setfsa` wftb Pfl`ar Pfl`ar..
;:
:.1;
F praiar tm
F usa Pfl`ar mlhy fl
F iraqualthy kbelca gy Pfl`ar
pbmtms. Ft geoas ga larvmus bmw smga mi gy irfal`s el` rmmggetas usa Pfl`ar.
Gfl Yehua
5
5
5
;
5
5
5
Gex Yehua
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
Gael :.9;
:.00
:.1;
:.9;
5.63
:.>>
;.:2
Yerfelka
5.:5
5.02
5.95
>.2>
5.3:
>.63
5.2:
[tel`er` @avfetfml
5.5>
5.::
5.:3
>.62
5.;5
>.62
5.;1
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
;:
;:
;:
;:
;:
;:
;:
5
;
:.99
>.30
>.6>
;:
>.29
;:
5
5
F hfoa tm teho tm law pampha, p ampha, F `fshfoa tbet pampha usa tba epp flepprmprfetahy
0
1
F hfoa tbet ft wmros hfoa ahaktrmlfk spaa` `etflc. Fi ymu jmtb hfoa aekb mtbar jesa` ml hmmos el` e
:.60
0.;5
qufko fltrm`uktfml, ymu cat tm teho. Fi ymu `ml‖t oaap swfpflc. F `fshfoa bmw ‘jesa` ml hmmos‗ ft fs. F
5.0>
>.69
wfsb ft be` tba fltrm`uktfml ml tba gefl ‘swfpflc‗ peca sm ymu kel rae` smgatbflc ejmut smgamla
5.52
jaimra ymu swfpa hait sfgphy jakeusa ymu `ml‖t hfoa tbafr hmmos. F ehsm `ml‖t hfoa tba gessfva egmults
;:
mi pampha `mflc ft imr lml kmggftteh geoa muts mr wmrsa... Pba 5 cfrh F walt ml e `eta wftb wes alceca`. Vaeb.
5>. Sbet `m ymu hfoa gmst ejmut Pfl`ar= Sbet `m
F hfoa` tbet F cmt smga `eta mut mi ft. F `f`l‖t hfoa
ymu hfoa haest=
bmw tbara era skuggy cuys ml tbara wbm mlhy welt
Paxt Zaspmlsa
tm LKGM.
Ft fs lmt e iul wey tm gaat pampha el` pampha era
Ft wes e iul wey tm dust saa wbm wes evefhejha fl tba
`fiiaralt ml tbafr prmha es mppmsa` tm fl parsml.
erae. F wmuh` saa pampha tbet F tbmucbt wara kuta jut
Pbara fs lmt raehhy elytbflc pmsftfva ejmut ejmu t ft.
lavar olaw tbafr lega el` sm ft wes e iul wey tm
Ft‖ss lfka el` aesy tm usa, jut fs vary suparkfeh el` Ft‖
put legas wftb iekas
e hmt mi pampha era lmt hmmoflc imr cmm` stuii ml
Fts e cmm` wey tm gaat pampha, pampha lavar hmmo
tfl`ar.
tba sega fl raeh hfia
F hfoa cattflc tm olmw pampha. F `ml‖t hfoa lmt cattflc
F `ml‖t raehhy hfoa mr `fshfoa elytbflc ejmut ft. F mlhy
ely `etas irmg ft
usa ft wbal F eg jmra`. F gukb retbar dust gaat
kel l` el ettrektfva cfrh, el fi tbay hfoa ymu, tbal
pampha ml gy mwl el` fl parsml sm F olmw wbet
ymu gust lmt ja tmm uchy tm tbag!
tbay raehhy era hfoa.
@fskmvarflc gmra pampha ml kegpus. F `ml‖t hfoa
`tis
tba iekt pampha `ml‖t `m elytbflc eitar tba getkb. Lavar raehhy gaat fl parsml...
[tetfstfk
Yehua
F dust hfoa tm teho tm pampha. F `ml‖t hfoa wbal ymu
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
:;
getkb wftb smga el` tbay lavar gasseca ymu. F `ml‖t hfoa ft et ehh. Ft fs soatkby, suparkfeh, el`
55. Sby `f` ymu stmp stmp usflc Pfl`ar= Pfl`ar=
usa` mlhy jy tbmsa wbm welt tm beva sax wftb e
Paxt Zaspmlsa
strelcar.
Cmt jmrflc, westa mi tfga. Lmt imr ga.
Abb
Pmm gely `aspareta wafr` pampha.
Ft wes fltarastflc tm saa tba verfaty mi pampha ml tbfs
F wes kehha` e Sbmra imr lmt geoflc mut. mu t.
epp. F mlhy usa` tba epp imr iul el` qufta bmlasthy
cmt jmrflc
`f`l‖t hfoa ft et ehh.
stertflc `etflc e cfrh irmg wmro
Kuta cfrhs
tm gely kraapars el` parvarts
Fts hega
Pba `avfka F wes usflc wes teoal el` sflka tbal
Bmw ft fs iul tm l` pampha, F `ml‖t hfoa tbet cuys
F‖va be` pampha wbm `ml‖t dust welt tm ku``ha wftb
mlhy welt tm geoa mut el` lmt ektuehhy beva e
ga jut wfhh cat tm olmw ga mr ektuehhy taxt jeko.
rahetfmlsbfp.
Pba pampha ml tfl`ar era lmt wbm tbay khefg tm ja
Lmtbflc
F sterta` `etflc smgamla ahsa el` tba pampha tbet
F `f`l‖t raehhy hfoa Pfl`ar jakeusa tbara wara dust
kmltekta` ga ml tfl`ar ge`a ga iaah ulkmgimrtejha
smga soatkby pampha el` F `f`l‖t iaah seia wftb ft sm
F praiar gaatflc pampha mrcelfkehhy
F `ahata` ft.
Ft dust cmt ellmyflc wbal ymu be` hmts mi getkbas
F hfoa tbet ymu era ejha tm gaat e hmt mi law pampha.
jut lm kmlvarsetfmls.
F `ml‖t hfoa tbet F‖g lmt cattflc ely `etas m ut mi
F `ml‖t welt gy of`s tm eso ga bmw bm w F gat tbafr `e`
usflc tbfs epp, sm fi cmt esoa` mut ml e `eta, tbet‖`
el` beva tba elswar ja ‘ml smga epp.‗
ja craet....
Abb
Sbal pampha wfhh eso fi ymur `mwl imr lkgm el`
F olaw F lavar wmuh` welt e rahetfmlsbfp tm kmga
irmg usflc tbfs epp.
Gael 5.36
fts hega
Yerfelka
gat e hmt mi kraaps
[tel`er` @avfetfml
5.:6
Ft wesl‖t raehhy bahpflc ga l` elymla F beva e hmt
Pmteh Zaspml Zaspmlsas sas
;;
5.93
fl kmggml wftb. F wmuh` retbar l` smgamla tba tre`ftfmleh wey we y.
5;. Sby `m ymu lmt usa Pfl`ar= Pfl`ar= Kbako ehh tbet tbet epphy.
[tetfstfk
Yehua
Pmteh Zaspmlsas
# 53
Zaspmlsa 5
5:. Sbet fs ymur rahetfmlsbfp stetus= #
Elswar Zaspmlsa
5
:
0
3>%
;
F iaah tbet ft fs ulseia. :5
9%
0
1
56%
F `ml‖t beva tfga. :0
>%
05%
::%
F `ml‖t beva e sgert pbmla mr `avfka.
Fl e rahetfmlsbfp 2
F beva e lacetfva parkaptfml mi ft.
09
@fvmrka` >
56%
%
Gerrfa` :
;
:
%
F‖va lavar baer` mi ft. :5
[flcha :;
Elswar
:0%
Pmteh
51 ;;
5>>%
9
F praiar tre`ftfmleh `etflc. 95
[tetfstfk
Yehua
Gfl Yehua
5
Gex Yehua
0
3
50%
11%
Mtbar (phaesa spakfiy) 0:
;2%
Mtbar (phaesa spakfiy)
F‖g gerrfa`.
F‖g gerrfa`
F eg gerrfa`
Pfl`ar fs spakfkehhy `asfcla` tm bahp pampha l`
F‖g gerrfa`.
smgamla tm beva sax wftb. Pbfs fs tba purpmsa mi
sahi raspakt
tfl`ar. [flka F‖g lmt fltarasta` fl ‘bmmoflc up,‗ F
Ft‖ss kbfh`fsb el` shfcbthy mjdaktfiyflc Ft‖
beva lm usa imr tfl`ar. F tbflo tfl`ar fs `fscustflc.
F `ml‖t raehhy kera ejmut `etflc epps.
F‖g gerrfa` el` beva jaal sflka jaimra Pfl`ar
F `ml‖t kera tm usa ft
F‖g lmt tbet `aspareta
F‖g gerrfa`
F‖g gerrfa`
F‖g alceca`
F‖g lmt `aspareta
F‖g gerrfa`
@ml‖t raehhy kera ejmut `etflc
F eg gerrfa`
F‖g ehrae`y gerrfa`
[mul`s `ugj, el` e jft sbehhmw. sbehhmw.
Fg gerrfa`
F beval‖t cmttal ermul` tm ft
F `ml‖t `eta tm jacfl wftb.
F‖g gerrfa`
F‖g gerrfa`
F eg gerrfa`
F beva sahi raspakt
F tbflo tbfs fs rf`fkuhmus
F‖g gerrfa`
F eg gerrfa`
F‖g gerrfa`
Ft‖s el ulbaehtby wey tm vfaw bugels el`
F eg gerrfa`
rahetfmlsbfps.
F‖g gerrfa`
F eg gerrfa`
Lmt fltarasta` fl `etflc rfcbt lmw
Ft‖s e cmm` wey tm gaat je` pampha
Gerrfa`
Qgg. F‖g gerrfa`=
Cey
:0 gerrfa`4 13%
F‖g gerrfa` F tbflo ft‖s sfhhy sfhhy el` wmuh`l‖t ja ejha tm beva b eva e
[tetfstfk
Yehua
sarfmus rahetfmlsbfp es e rasuht
Gfl Yehua
5
Gex Yehua
Immtlmtas
3
Pmteh Zaspml Zaspmlsas sas
555
5. Garoha, Arfkb Z., el` Zbml`e E. Zfkber`sml. :>>>.
50. Sbet parkalteca mi JVQ-F`ebm stu`alts `m
‘@fcfteh `etflc el` vfrtueh rahetflc4 Kmlkaptuehfzflc kmgputar
ymu tbflo usa Pfl`ar=
ga`feta` rmgeltfk rahetfmlsbfps.‗ Iegfhy Zahetfmls4 El
#
Elswar
Gfl Yehua
Evareca Yehua [tel`er` @avfetfml 5
1.>>
Gex Yehua
Fltar`fskfphflery Fltar`fskfphfler y Dmurleh Mi Epphfa` Iegfhy [tu`fas 06, lm.
Zaspmlsas
:4 523-56:. ^sykFLIM, AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` @akagjar 59,
2:.>> 05.:5 :>.60 5:5
:>50).
51. Bmw gely rmmggetas `m ymu beva tbet usa/
:. Kbfb-Kbfal Kbfb-Kbfal,, Selc Selc el` Kbelc VeVe- Pflc. ‘ Kyjar
beva usa` Pfl`ar=
Zahetfmlsbfp Zahetfmls bfp Gmtfvas4 [keha @avahmpgal @avahmpgaltt
#
Elswar
Gex Yehua
[mkfeh Jabevfmr & ^arsmlehfty4 El Fltarletfmleh Dmurleh
Evareca Yehua [tel`er` @avfetfml
Zaspmlsas
;2, lm. ; (Eprfh :>5>)4 :26-;>>. Eke`agfk [aerkb ^ragfar,
5
:.>1
AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` Mktmjar 59, :>50).
>.>>
Gfl Yehua
el` Yehf`etfml ehf`etfml.‗ .‗
2.>>
:.0:
33
;. Oelc, Pelye, Pelye, el` Hfl`sey B. Bmiigel. ‘Sby Smuh` Smuh` Vmu @akf`a tm Qsa el Mlhfla @etflc [fta= Iektmrs Pbet Hae` tm Mlhfla @etflc.‗ Kmggulfketfml Zasaerkb Zapmrts :2, lm. ; (Duhy :>55)4 :>1-:5;. Kmggulfketfml & Gess Ga`fe Kmgphata, AJ[KMbmst AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` Mktmjar 51, :>50).
0. Zmsal, Herry @., Lelky E. Kbaavar, Kbayalla Kuggflcs, el` Duhfa Iaht. :>>2. ‘Pba fgpekt mi agmtfmlehfty el` sahi-`fskhmsura ml mlhfla `etflc varsus tre`ftfmleh `etflc.‗ Kmgputars Fl Bugel Jabevfmr :0, lm. 14 :5:0-:513.
Eke`agfk [aerkb ^ragfar, AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` @akagjar 51, :>50).
1. Kmukb, @elfahha, ^relaa Hfegputtmlc, el` Gerfel ^ftts. :>5:. ‘Sbet era tba raeh el` parkafva` rfsos el` `elcars mi mlhfla `etflc= ^arspaktfvas irmg mlhfla `etars.‗ Baehtb, Zfso & [mkfaty 50, lm. 3/24 963-350. KFLEBH, AJ[KMbmst AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` Mktmjar 59, :>50).
9. Oelc, Pelye, el` Hfl`sey B. Bmiigel. ‘Sby Smuh` Vmu @akf`a tm Qsa el Mlhfla @etflc [fta= Iektmrs Pbet Hae` tm Mlhfla @etflc.‗ Kmggulfketfml Zasaerkb Zapmrts :2, lm. ; (Duhy :>55)4 :>1-:5;. Kmggulfketfml & Gess Ga`fe Kmgphata, AJ[KMbmst AJ[KMbmst (ekkassa` Mktmjar 51, :>50).
3. Khagals, [eguah Helcbmrl, Sfhhfeg Kutbjart Ieuholar, Ahfzejatb Jerratt Jrmwlflc, Du`ftb [ercalt Gurrey, Hmufse Gey Ehkmtt, Berrfat Jaakbar [tmwa, el` Kerh Eucust [el`jurc. ^ujVaer. ^rfgerytftha. Dmurleh mi Epphfa` Pbamry Ymhuga (Fssua) (^uj@etaIraaImrg)4 [tert^c-Mtbar^c, Hflos (ekkassa` Zatrfava`@eta).(Khagals at eh. ^ujVaer, [tert^cMtbar^c)
2. [tegphar, Heure. ‘Flsf`a Pfl`ar4 Gaat tba Cuys Sbm Purla` @etflc Fltm el E``fktfml.‗ Pfga.Kmg (Iajruery 5>, :>50)4 5. Eke`agfk [aerkb ^ragfar
