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Osce Thyroid
endocrine step2
Thyroid cancer is common cancer nowadays in most of the people irrespective of country, gender and regions, and so as in Myanmar. This paper brings significant work on thyroid cancer detection using image processing and segmentation methods so that a
Livro de receitas para pessoas com doença de tiroideDescripción completa
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Medical Astrology
cancer
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gihfdbsialtwaeiuriFull description
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cancer cures
BETHESDA THYROID CYTOPATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
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Thyroid Diet Quick Start Guide
Cancer Cures
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THYROID CANCER PRECIPITATING FACTORS: • Previous exposure to radiation treatment in the neck area. • Prolonged secretion of thyroid – stimulating hormone (TSH) (radiation or hereditary.)
PREDISPOSING FACTOR: • Age •
Gender
Underlying pathophysiology Papillary cancer is usually multifocal and bilateral • Metastasizes slowly into regional nodes of the neck, mediastinum, lungs, and other distant. • Least virulent form of thyroid cancer. Follicular cancer is less common but is more likely to recur, metastasize to the regional lymph nodes, and spread to the blood vessels into the bones, liver and lungs.
Pathophysiologic Changes Painless, hard nodule or swelling in the thyroid gland, or palpable lymph nodes with thyroid enlargement (reflecting Hoarseness, dysphagia, and dyspnea or constant wheezing from increased tumor growth and pressure on surrounding structures.
Medullary (solid) carcinoma orginates in the parafolicular cells derived from the last bronchial pouch.
Hyperthyroidism due to excess thyroid hormone production from tumor.
Anaplastic carcinoma ( giant, squamoid, and spindle cell subtypes) resists radiation and is almost never curable by resection.
Hypothyroidism secondary to destruction of thyroid gland by tumor.
COMPLICATIONS
Dysphagia
Stridor
Hormone alterations
Distant metastasis
TREATMEN T
Total or subtotal thyroidectomy with modified node dissection
Total thyroidectomy and radial neck excicion for medullary, anaplastic cancers.
Therapy with external radiation to treat inoperable cancer
Radioactive iodine therapy to treat metastasis
Adjunctive thyroid suppression with exogenous thyroid hormones to suppress TSH production.
Chemotherapy for symptomatic, widespread metastasis.
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS Preoperative
If the patient will undergone surgery, tell the patient to expect hoarseness (but not voice loss) lasting for several days after the surgery.
Post
Keep the patient in semi – fowler’s position after he regains consciousness, make sure his head is neither hyperextended nor flexed, to avoid pressure.
Check serum calcium level every 12 hours because hypocalcemia may develop if the parathyroid glands have been removed.
Monitor vital signs, and then check the patient’s dressing, neck, and back for bleeding.
Watch for and report other complication: hemorrhage and shock (elevated pulse rate and hypotension), tetany, thyroid storm, respiratory obstruction.
