M
uring the last several years of the life of the apostle Paul (Hebrew “Saul Paulus,” ca. 2-6 !"#, heresy alrea$y was $eveloping a stronghol$ in an atte%pt to thwart the sacre$ teachings an$ $octrines as the very boo&s of the 'ew esta%ent of the Holy Scriptures were being penne$ through the verbal inspiration of )o$. *rote Paul about si+ to seven years before his %artyr$o%, “ i%othy, &eep that which is co%%itte$ co%%itte$ to thy trust, avoi$ing profane and vain babblings, an$ oppositions of science falsely so calle$” ( i%othy 62/#. Paul also spo&e against several heretics, a%ong the% Hy%enaeus an$ Philetus (2 i%othy 20#, an$ !le+an$er the coppers%ith (2 i%othy 11#. n itus 3/ Paul wrote, “! %an that is an heretic& after the first an$ secon$ a$%onition re4ect.” !n$ also the apostle Peter (c. 5 to 6 !"#, who wrote in 2 Peter 2, “5ut there were false prophets also a%ong the people, even as there shall be false teachers a%ong you, who privily shall bring in $a%nable heresies, even $enying the 7or$ that bought the%, an$ bring upon the%selves swift $estruction.” So%e of these “heretics” represente$ the early yiel$ of “)nosticis%,” a %ove%ent co%prising co%prising an a%alga%ation of various sects whose chief belief belief was that special secret knowledge was apportione$ to so%e elect persons, who thereby were allocate$ special spiritual status an$ glory.a he wor$ gnosis %eans &nowle$ge b (or science#, hence Paul8s early reference to a “science falsely so calle$.” hriving $uring the secon$ an$ thir$ centuries, )nosticis% was $esignate$ by secon$ century hurch 9athers renaeus (c. 3/-2/2#, ertullian (c. 6/-22/#, an$ Hippolytus (c. 0/-236# as an aberrant hristian hristian teaching teaching resulting resulting fro% the syncretis% syncretis% of unsoun$ unsoun$ hristian hristian $octrine $octrine with pagan philosophy, philosophy, or even astrology an$ )ree& %ystery religions. hese three hurch 9athers attribute$ )nosticis% to the %agician Si%on :agus, who is %entione$ in !cts .c 5y the fourth century, however, 30 9athers8 written contributions outweighe$ those represente$ in the %isgui$e$ly celebrate$ )ree& %a; nuscripts !leph (Sinaiticus# an$ 5 (
o%an atholic hurch ( fourth century#. However, this false $octrine e%be$$e$ within this %inuscule collection of %anuscripts was aban$one$ al%ost entirely by the hurch ?niversal by about the en$ of the seventh century. Hence, the %anuscripts an$ critical te+t e$itions un$erlying nearly every conte%porary 5ible version publishe$ to$ay were aban$one$ fro% the seventh century until a te+tual critic na%e$ 9rie$rich onstantine von ischen$orf (=-01# first $iscovere$ the ' %anuscript !leph in a waste heap in the St. atherine8s :onastery, :onastery, on :t. Sinai in @gypt, in 11. e evise$ <”# 'ew esta%ent. g :ost %o$ern biblical te+tual critics re%ain entangle$ in the fourth century web perpetuate$ by so%e heretics an$ scribes scribes of that ti%e, but the inspire$ real truth of )o$8s )o$8s *or$ *or$ has incontrovertibly been prove$. 'ever has any opponent opponent triu%phe$ triu%phe$ over )o$8s wis$o% having appeare$ appeare$ in the “unanswere$ “unanswere$ an$ unanswerable” unanswerable” argu%ents argu%ents of the few stalwart stalwart ortho$o+ hristian scholars of the nineteenth an$ twentieth centuriesABohn *. *. 5urgon (3-#, @$war$ :iller (2=-C/#, 9re$eric& Henry !%brose Scrivener (3-C#, Her%an . Hos&ier (61-C3#, @$war$ 9. Hills (C2-C#, 9loy$ 'olen Bones, "onal$ "onal$ !.*aite !.*aite,, an$ others. a
B. '. ". Delly, @arly hristian "octrines (Peabo$y, :ass. Prince Press, Hen$ric&son Publishers, 2//1#, p. 22. Delly, @arly hristian "octrines, 22. c Delly, @arly hristian "octrines, 22. d B. !. :oor%an, @arly :anuscripts, hurch 9athers, an$ the !uthoriEe$
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TheMaj or i t yT ext&T e xt usRec e pt usVs .t heCr i t i c a lT e xt6 HCSB (4th Edition, Revised) E di t i onsa ndt heMode r nBi bl eVe r s i ons :
6
ByE DWARDE. SCOTT
his notate$ co%parison $ocu%ent serves to clearly i$entify an$ clarify some of the documented differences— here here in /= selecte$ versespassagesAe+isting between the Ding Ba%es evise$ <#. (@><#. :any of these alterations have been note$ previously by both liberal and conservative conservative theological scholars of the past an$ present. he author of this $ocu%ent has investe$ portions of %ore than two years in con$ucting research, inputting $ata, an$ proofing, e$iting, an$ aug%enting this document . his co%parison asse%blage has been pro$uce$ to the glory of )o$ an$ for the e$ification of re$ee%e$ believers through Besus hrist, that the latter %ay be enlightene$ about the long-stan$ing, well-$isguise$ an$ -hi$$en activities transpiring beneath the %assive, $eceptive an$ %isgui$e$ overarching %echanis%s of %o$ern 5ible translation an$ the 5ible societies. Since largely the eighteenth century, liberal, naturalistic an$ spiritually re%iss biblical an$ theological scholars have atte%pte$ to un$er%ine an$ even overturn the ' “5yEantine” te+t un$erlying classical 5iblesAthe DB< an$ those prece$ing it in the si+teenth century. :any of these %o$ern theological “naturalists” si%ply have perpetuated the the twiste$ theories an$ the $eplorable %anuscripts an$ te+ts which le$ to the alar%ing pro$uction of the new-age pseu$o-5ible, the @><. 9ro% this unholy spring has flowe$ the %ultitu$inous new tra$ition of false 5ibles. For this comparison the HCSB (2010! "#SB (1$$% update! and "&' (2011 (2011 were selected for contrast to the )' (and its underl*ing +reek te,ts because of their popularit*! popularit*! contemporar* representati-eness representati-eness and identical ". te,tual base/ (ther e$itions of this $ocu%ent have been pro$uce$ to inclu$e %o$ern alternatives to the HS5 version.#
(he colu%ns below illustrate the te+tualAan$ often doctrinal A$ifferences a%ong nu%erous selecte$ verses of the 'ew esta%ent. esta%ent. Analysis is in blue and red.#
KJV
HCSB
N ASB NA
NIV
'!S5 rea$s “. . . but but &ept her a Matthew 1:25 A “!n$ (Boseph# HS5 rea$s “. . . but $i$ not &new her not till she ha$ brought &now her intimatel* until she gave virgin until she gave birth to a forth her firstborn son firstborn son an$ he birth to a son.”1 9ootnote 9ootnote “0 2= SonL an$ he calle$ His na%e Be; sus.” calle$ his na%e B@S?S.” “ther %ss rea$ %ss rea$ to her firstborn son/” (he )ree& ouk eginōsken , “ha$ (“Boseph” inserte$ to replace “he” for clarity only.#
'< rea$s “5ut he $i$ not con; su%%ate their %arriage until she gave birth to a son. !n$ he gave hi% the na%e Besus.” (he proven corrupt )ree& %anuscripts Aleph JSinaiticusK an$ Vaticanus JBK, ca. 32=-36/ no carnal &nowle$ge” J$i$ not (“ther (“ ther %ss”G %ss”G 'o. he vast %a4or; !", other )ree& Z, 071, an$ 33, &now herK, is the sa%e for the ityI he %inority )ree& te+t ig; plus %ost l$ 7atin, %uch of the '!S5 an$ the '< '<, , yet “&ept her nores that tha t Besus was wa s :ary8s first firs t; Syriac an$ optic, an$ Families 1 born son Ja%ong four step-sonsKI a virgin” an$ “ha$ no union with an$ 13, vie against at least = “nti%ately” was a$$e$ in the her,” both $yna%ic eMuivalents, percent of the e+tant Je+isting @nglish. oderns do not belie-e.# are use$.# an$ usableK )ree& %anuscripts.#
'< “5ut tell you that that anyone Matthew 5:22 A “5ut say un; HS5 “5ut tell you, everyone '!S5 “5ut, say to you that brother or to you, hat whosoever is angry who is angry with his brother 13 everyone who is angry with his who is4 angry with a brother or shall be guilty before the sister will be sub4ect to 4u$g; with his brother without cause will be sub4ect to 4u$g%ent. 4u$g%ent . . . .” .” brother shall 10
shall be in $anger of the 4u$g; %ent . . .”
9ootnote “6 =22 ther %ss %ss a$$ without a cause/”
(?n$erscore$, italicied an$or an$or re$ te+t has te+t has been so presente$ for e%; phasis an$or co%parative argu; %ent. JSome italiciEe$ te+t was so e%phasiEe$ in its source.K#
(he HS5 footnoteA“an$”A i%plies that “without a cause” is a late “interpolation” Ja$$itionK by a scribe. onclusive evi$ence is con; trary. See right/ Jhe :a4ority te+t, an$ %uch %ore, opposes this.K#
court . . .”
(he '!20 states that eikń, “without cause,” is an insertion Alephaccor$ing to o$ices 2 J Aleph20th cent.K, D J5eEaeK, , !, "heta JNK, Families 1 an$ 13, 0233, an$ man* %ore. :o$ern biblical te+t critics often cite these :SS to support their preferre$ preferre$ rea$ingsI#
PROBLEM he 5ible clearly i$entifies, in five places in the 'ew esta%ent, that Besus ha$ four other brothers (step# Ba%esL BohnL BosesL Bu$as (Bu$e# J:att., 2L :&., 3K. Support e+ists in the :a4ority te+t, five significant uncials, an$ in the Syriac Peshitta (2 n$ cent.# an$ Harclean (0th#, plus the 7atin
%ission of the clause “without cause” %a&es )esus sub4ect to His own 4u$g%ent, because He , %ent. . . .” 9ootnote “ So%e Hi%self, showed anger I Support %anuscripts brother or sister for the inclusion of “without without cause .” cause” co%prise the :a4ority (nly Ì#$ JpapyrusK, Aleph J K, B, )ree& te+t Ï J KAat least = D2 J6thK, all the
KJV
HCSB
N ASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
he :a4ority (=RQAat least 1,=6 %ss# )ree& says “5ut say to you, love your ene%ies, bless those cursing you, $o well to the ones hating you, an$ pray for the ones %istreating you an$ perse; Ï %anuscripts cuting you.” :ost Ï are later9 “so%e “so%e”” is inaccurate. 5ut other :a4ority support e+ists in uncials " (= th#, * (=th#, 7 (Cth#, (C th#, plus 33 (C th#, Ë3 $espite being labele$ a “%otivat; an$ uretonian J= K, the Sahi$ic an$thheta th ( -= 3 %ss#, so%e 7 an$ J@gyptianK so%e 5ohairic e$ rea$ing” by the '@, the '@, never; never; J@gyptK, a few 5yE. %ss, an$ one all the 7atin
Matthew 5:44 A “5ut say un; >ea$s “5ut tell you, love your >ea$s “5ut say to you, lo-e 6eads7 85ut tell you, lo-e *our *our enemies and pra* for those enemies and pra* for those who ene%ies55 and pra* for those to you, 7ove your ene%ies, who persecute *ou! / / / ” >e%ove$ note note persecute *ou/” >e%ove$ who2% persecute you,8” . . . bless them that curse *ou! do good to them that hate *ou! *ou! and 9ootnotes “33 =11 ther %ss a$$ (& & & 'ulogeite tous kata(ōmenous “Some late %anuscripts enemies! bless those who curse *ou! do pra* for them which despitefull* despitefull* bless those who curse *ou! do )h*umas, “bless those who curse good to those who hate *ou.” good to those who w ho hate *ou! use *ou! and persecute *ou.8” you,” kalōs poieite tois misousin “33 ther %ss a$$ mistreat *ou )h*umas, “$o goo$ to those who (:inority source te+t support e+; and/” (“!$$” O scribal a$$itionI# hate you,” an$ p(oseuchesthe (!lso see 7u&e 620, 2.# ists only in uncials Jall capsK )h*upe( tōn ep+(eaontōn Aleph Famil 1 1 Jaes; an$ B, Famil (he ellipsis o%its a great $eal )h*umas kai, “pray for those who areanK, the Syriac Sinaitic J1 thK “an$ pray for the% which $espite; $espitefully use you and / / / !” th
fully use you an$ persecute you.” he “other “other %ss” %ss” are at least =Q of e+tant )ree&, plus four ver; sions, an$ %ore. See far right/ #
Matthew 8:29 A “!n$, behol$, HS5 rea$s “ Suddenl* they
Jthe $e%onsK crie$ out, *hat have we to $o with thee, )esus, thou Son of )o$G !rt thou co%e hither to tor%ent us before the ti%e.8”
shoute$, *hat $o ou have to $o 13 1 with us,13 1 Son of +od: Have ou co%e here to tor%ent us be; fore the ti%eG8” 9ootnotes “ 6 2C ther %ss %ss a$$ )esus 0 7it ;hat to us and to
Matthew 9:13 A “5ut go ye
HS5 rea$s “)o an$ learn what this %eans $esire %ercy an$ not sacrifice.8 9or $i$n8t co%e to call the righteous, but sin> ners/”10 9ootnote “ / C3 ther %ss a$$ to repentance/”
'!S5 rea$s “!n$ they crie$ out, saying, *hat business do we ha-e with each other! Son of )o$G Have ou co%e here to tor%ent us before the ti%eG8”
'< rea$s “ “ ;hat do *ou want
he %ain issue here is that the
with us! Son of +od:= the* shout> %inority of early :SS separate ed/ Have you co%e here to tor; “Besus” fro% “Son of )o$”Aan
ture us before the appointe$ ti%eG8”
atte%pt to $enigrate hrist. Sup; porting this this $enigration are un; cials , 5, (=th#, an$ 7, plus (!gain, “Besus” is re%ove$, cursives Ë (five %ss#, 33, C2, base$ on a source te+t largely (he wor$ “business,” being a un$erlai$ by corrupt !le+an$rian nu%erous 5yE. %ss, three l$ (!uthor clarifie$ “they” with “the (!s in :ar& =0, the parallel pas; %o$ernistic atte%pt to appease an 7atin, the Syriac Sinaitic, an$ part allege$ly incapable rea$er, $oes o$ices Aleph J K an$ B A $e%ons” for clarification purposes sage a%ong the gospels, Besus is of the 5ohairic. 5ut bac&ing the possibly a scribal effort to subtly not appear in their source +reek/ only.# re%ove$, base$ on a $ifferent (5yE.#, un; DB< are the Ï te+t (5yE.#, $egra$e hrist8s $ivine status. 3 3 th )ree& source te+tA“lower hris; "o %ost people not &now what his also has been $one several cials (ca. C #, *, N (heta#, Ë tology.” tology .” !s for “su$$enly “su$$enly,” ,” this is “have to $o with” %eansG his (!lso see :ar& =0.# (3 %ss#, %ost of the the 7 (“it”#, ti%es in the 'ew esta%ent by a co%pletely incorrect translation obviously is si%ply relational separating “7or$” fro% “Besus” the Syriac Peshitta (2n$# an$ Harc; of the )ree& i/ou, “behol$,” “see,” association. 'ote how the '!S5 or “Besus hrist,” or “hrist” lean (0th#, the Sahi$ic (southern $oes retain legonteς, “saying,” fro% “Besus,” etc. Aas “loo&,” or “surprise.” “ther “ ther Aas is $one in @gypt#, an$ part of the 5ohairic %ss”G 'oI he vast %a4orityI# (northern @gypt#. all other other translations unli&e all translations here.# the '!20.#
an$ learn what that %eaneth, will have %ercy, an$ not sacri; fice8 for a% not co%e to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.” (!lso see :ar& 20.#
'o :o$ern versions fail to inclu$e “to repentance.” t $oes not appear in their own )ree& source te+t. 'o. 2 he :a4ority (he %inority J'estle-!lan$ (=RQ of )ree&# is supporte$ by ?nite$ 5ible SocietiesK te+t has , 7, heta, /2, Ë3, the Syriac very broa$ an$ $iverse testi%ony Sinaitic, the Sahi$ic, an$ part of B D ! D )DeltaK 0233 the 5ohairic. “o repentance” Ë 33 # nu%erous 5yEan; possibly was o%itte$ to reduce tines slightly $ifferent fro% the the se-erit* of the messageD :ost Ï J“pm @ KL %ost 7 an$ all the are not a%enable to the fact that
'!S5 rea$s “. . . 9or $i$ not '< rea$s “. . . 9or have not co%e to call the righteous, but co%e to call the righteous, but sinners.” sinners.” ("espite its o%ission fro% the %inority source )ree& for both the '!S5 an$ the '<, '<, the Aon>
(he '!-?5S )ree& source $oes der -an +reek +r eek and an d nglish ngl ish &nter &nt er > not inclu$e “to repentance.” ! re; linear "ew .est .estament ament ("#SB %ar&able o%ission when consi$er; "&' inclu$es ≈to repentance!" ing that at least =Q of the )ree&, in @nglish, un$erneath the inter; plus so%e other language versions, linear portion, but nowhere else. include the phrase. See manuscript support in "&' and 8?roblems/@ 8?roblems/@# *hyG#
KJV Matthew 11:23 A “!n$ thou, apernau%, which art e,alted art e,alted unto hea-en! shall hea-en! shall be brought down to hell . . .”
HCSB >ea$s “!n$ you, apernau%, will *ou be e,alted to hea-en: ou will go $own to Ha$es.”
(he %inority )ree& poses a Mues; tion in the first portion. 5ut the 5yE. te+t states the fact that that a; pernau% had been e,alted/ he :a4ority te+t rea$s, “!n$ you, a; pernau%, the one having been e+; Concordance of the Bible! Gpdat> alte$ to heaven . . . ” 'ote vv. 2/ an$ 2, which refer to apernau% ed dition! p. 63K he ety%o; as having benefite$ fro% great logy is fro% the )ree& kata an$ an$ 3athos, %eaning “after the %anner wor&s by hrist. his clarifies. he acti-e future is wrong here in of going $own to the great the secon$ sentence. )o$ will $epths.” nly the DB< here uses the future passive in$icative for%.# bring it $own, Hi%self.# (nly the DB< here precisely translate$ the correct )ree& katabibasqhse J&ah-tah-bibos-thayT-sehK, “to cause to go $own,” “to bring $own,” or “to thrust $own.” JStrong=s ,hausti-e
Matthew 12:4# A “hen one
sai$ unto hi%, 5ehol$, thy %other an$ thy brethren stan$ without, $esiring to spea& with thee.8” (he )ree& JtransliterationK echō Je&hT-oK here %eans “out,” or “outsi$e” J“without”K.#
NASB NA >ea$s “!n$ you, apernau%,
will not be e,alted to hea-en! to will *ou: ou will descend to
Ha$esL . . .”
NIV >ea$s “!n$ you, apernau%,
will *ou be lifted up to the hea> -ens: "o! -ens: "o! you will go $own to
Ha$es.”
( 45a/ou6 45a/ou6 is the literal translation, (!gain, the '? )ree& poses a fro% the )ree& root wor$ ha/es Muestion. he '< translators $i$, JhahT-$aceK. 9ro% Strong8s o%; however, replace “the $epths” with “Ha$es” in the 2/ e$ition. plete *or$ *or$ Stu$y oncor$ance Jp. 2/3K, “. . . he place JstateK he '? also uses the future mid> for%, katabhsh of $eparte$ soulsAgrave, hell .” .” dle deponent for%, n this conte+t, the correct trans; J&ah-tah-bayT-sayK, rather than the future passive in$icative. !ll other lation is )h*adou. “Hell” is an i$io%aticAbut effecti-el* correct translations but the DB< use )h*uUwqhsh, the future passive Atranslation. !nything !nything but “ha$ou” Jor “hell,” though i$io; in$icative of “to e+alt,” rather %aticK is a%biguous, $eceptive, than )h*uUwqeisa, the aorist an$ “palatable.”# passi-e participle.#
PROBLEM )ree& te+t, wor$ for%, an$ translation issues e+ist. 5ut the evi$entiary testi%ony resolves the proble%s. “Having been e+alte$ to heaven” is supporte$ by the Ï te+t (at least =Q#, Ë3, 33, %ost of the Syriac, an$ three 7. pposing are , 5, ", *, N, %ost of the 7atin, the Syriac uretonian, an$ the optic. Sup; porting “will be thrown thrown $own” are the Ï te+t, , , 7, N, Ë1 , 13, 33, the Peshitta an$ Harclean, an$ the 5ohairic. !gainst are 5, ", *, all 7atin, the Sinaitic an$ ure; tonian (= th#, an$ the Sahi$ic.
(he footnote is nothing but con; fusing *hat other %anuscriptsG his was a %o$ernistic scholarly %eans of casting $oubt on )o$8s *or$. *or $. >e%oval is appropriate. 5ut why the re%oval of idou Jbehol$K, which is in the )ree&G#
"ivisive, confusing an$ $ecep; tive footnotes acco%pany the %o$ern versions here. (!n$ “early %ss” is so%ewhat %isrep; resentative.# Support for the DB< inclu$es overwhel%ing evi$ence the :a4ority )ree& (=RQ#L uncials 1, , ", *, W, heta (N#L Ë1 , 13L 33L %ost l$ 7atin an$ all the
>ea$s “. . . an$ in the %orning, o$ay it will be stor%y, for the s&y is re$ an$ o-ercast .8 ou &now how to interpret the ap; pearance of the s&y, s&y, but you can; not interpret the signs of the ti%es.”4 9ootnote “ 1 So%e early %anuscripts $o not have ;hen (he )ree& pu((ai ga( stugnaō e-ening comes / / / of the times/ ” Jpoo-ro$$T-Eee X garr X stoog-no$EYK, “being overcast,” is not the ('evertheless, the source te+t eMuivalent of “threatening.” his contains these versesI !n$ “so%e is a bit of a stretch. onte%porary early” is an a$roit atte%pt to lev; i$io% here increases severity to erage the allege$ weight of %o; e%phasiEe a “sign of the ti%es.”# $erns8 favorite uncialsI# uncialsI #
he '< footnote in$icts the '? te+t an$ the scribes of its sources by a$%itting that only “!n$ he answere$ an$ sai$” appears in v. 2Athe rest of vv. 2-3 being Muestione$ as $oubtful. (GG# !lso supporting this nonsense are uncials F an$ V, Ë 13, =0C, a few 5yE., the Sinaitic an$ ureton; ian, the Sahi$ic, an$ part of the 5ohairic. Supporting the Ï are , ", 7, *, N, Ë1, 33, all 7atin (“latt”#, the Peshitta an$ Harc; lean, an$ the bo pt.
'!S5 rea$s “So%eone sai$ to HS5 rea$s “So%eone tol$ hi%, 5ehol$, our %other an$ Hi%, 7oo&, our %other an$ our brothers are stan$ing out; our brothers are stan$ing out;30 si$e seeking to to spea& to ou.8” ou.8” si$e, wanting to spea& to ou.8”1% 6/ his verse is not 9ootnote “ 9ootnote “= 210 ther %ss foun$ in early %ss.” %ss.” o%it this v.” 20 (he '! apparatus reveals that (he HS5 translators are espec; this verse is o%itte$ by an$ char; acteriEe$ as $oubtful by , B, , ially vague an$ $eceptive here in amma JV K, a few 5yE. %ss, two referring to “other %ss.” hose 7, the Syriac Sinaitic an$ ure; %anuscripts o%itting this verse are tonian, an$ the Sahi$ic / amma outclasse$ in both “weight” Jinflu; J/thK, JCthK, an$ the 5yEantines enceK an$ nu%ber.# J2th-0thGK are not “early “early %ss.”# %ss.”#
HS5 “!n$ in the %orning, o$ay will be stor%y because the s&y is re$ an$ threatening.8 ou ou I &now how to read the the appearance of the s&y, but you can8t read the the signs of the ti%es.” $ 9ootnotes “ 63 ther %ss rea$ H*pocritesD ea$” is a poor translation of the appear in the :a4ority )ree& te+t )ree& /iak(ino, “to e+a%ine,” “to or the e+tus >eceptus. owring $iscern.” “ther %ss” is e+tre%ely %eans “to be gloo%y an$ overcast inaccurate an$ $ishonest. JSee far .K## right for maorit* testimon*.K with clou$s.”#
Matthew 1$:3 A “!n$ in the %orning, t will be foul weather to $ay for the s&y is re$ an$ lowring..8 *e h*pocrites! ye can lowring $iscern the face of the s&yL but can ye not $iscern the signs of the ti%esG”
>ea$s “!n$ in the %orning, J.here will be K a stor% to$ay, for the s&y is re$ an$ threaten> .8 "o you &now how to $is; ing .8 cern the appearance of the s&y, but cannot JdiscernK the signs of the ti%esG”
'< rea$s “So%eone tol$ tol$ hi%, our %other an$ brothers are stan$ing outsi$e, wanting to >e%ove$ note note spea& to you.8” >e%ove$ “g4 So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts $o not have verse 10.”
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'otice also that the '? rea$s “ He sai$,” rather than “ )esus sai$.” he Ï te+t (at least =Q of )ree&# rea$s &Jsous eipen (“Besus sai$”# an$ apistian (“unbelief”#. !lso supporting “Besus” are , 7, *, Ë, si+ 7, an$ the Peshitta an$ Harclean. (he '!-?5S rea$ i$entically he sa%e, %inus three 7, Ë, with the 5yEantine %a4ority %a4ority,, os an$ the Peshitta, support eipen/ (“7ittleness of your faith” is kokkon sinapeōs, “li&e Jor “as”K a “?nbelief” is supporte$ by the Ï, literal fro% the 'estle-!lan$20 grain of %ustar$ Jsee$K,” yet the , ", 7, *, all 7atin, an$ %ost )ree&, but is incorrect. “SiEe of” translators a$$ “s%all” for un; Syriac. !ll of these are oppose$ was inserte$ by the translators.# necessary clarity.# by , 5, ", N, Ë3, 33, an$ %ore.
Matthew 1#:2% A “!n$ Besus
'!S5 rea$s “!n$ He sai$ to the%, 5ecause of the littleness of *our faith9 for truly say to you, if you have faith the sie of a mustard seed! you will say to this %ountain, “:ove fro% here to there,” an$ it will %oveL an$ nothing will be i%possible . . .8”
Matthew 18:11 A “9or the Son
HS5 “J9or the Son of :an has '!S5 J“=0 9or the Son of :an '< “1/ So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts has co%e to save that which was inclu$e here the wor$s of 7u&e co%e to save the lost.K 1 ” lost.K” 9ootnote “ =0 @arly :SS 9ootnote “0 ther C/.” $o not contain this v.” %anuscripts o%it brac&ete$ te+t.” (“J K”Ain the '! apparatus an$ the (*hy is there no e+planation ac; (he “'!20-?5S1” Jor “'?”K '!S5 te+tA%eans “Muestion; co%panying verse 8 8ss o%ission te+ts, supporte$ by their )ree& able.” et the '! o%its the verse, an$ footnote$ contentG !n$ $es; sources, $o not inclu$e v. in then brac&ets the nu%ber below. pite the overwhel%ing evi$ence their te+t. he translation co%%it; he two also $ivi$e over “early tee has been $ecent by referring to :SS.” he '! a$%its that D J=thK for inclusion of the verse, the their proofs proofs as “other %anuscripts.” an$ ! J=thK support the 5yE., then translators $o not even so %uch tosses in two 7 %anuscripts.# as include the -erse in brackets I# Still, “so%e” woul$ be better.#
he Ï te+t (=QR# inclu$es v. “ For the Son of an came to sa-e the lost/” he 5yE. also is supporte$ by ", *, Nc, /0, %ost 7 an$ all the
>ea$s “f your brother or sister >ea$s “f your brother sins >ea$s “f your brother sins %$ , sins 42, go an$ point out their against you, 1$ go an$ rebu&e hi% go an$ 30 show hi% his fault in in private. f he listens to you, you privateL if he listens to you, you fault, 4ust between the two of you. f they listen to you, you have won your brother.” 9ootnote have won your brother.” =C have won the% over.” “ 12 So%e = ther %ss o%it against 9ootnotes “ 6/7ate %ss a$$ “C = ther %anuscripts sins against *ou.” against *ou r repro-e/@ *ou/” ()en$er-inclusive language has (he %inority )ree& lac&s (!gain, “other %ss” is a tre%en; 2/ e$ition. $ous $istortionI nly a few hun$; “against you,” but is outnu%bere$ been a$$e$ to the 2/ he )ree& rea$s “brother” onlyI# re$, at %ost, o%it “against you.”# by more than $ to 1D #
he Ï (=QR# rea$s eis se! “against you.” “7ate %ss” is irrelevant because of overwhel%; ing witness "L 7L *L NL /0L Ë3L 33L all 7atin (“latt”#L all Sy; riacL bo pt. nly !leph an$ 5, !le+. /2 an$ =0C, Ë, the Sa; hi$ic, a few 5yE. cursives, an$ part of the 5ohairic, $efy. $efy.
HS5 rea$s “5ecause of your sai$ unto the%, 5ecause of your little faith!8 He21 tol$ the%. 9or assure you f you have faith the unbelief for verily say unto sie of 22 a mustard seed! you will you, f ye have faith as a grain of tell this %ountain, “:ove fro% mustard seed! ye shall say unto here to there,” an$ it will %ove. 'othing will be i%possible for this %ountain, “>e%ove thee you.8” 9ootnote “ 2 02/ ther hence to yon$er placeL” an$ it rea$ *our unbelief! )esus / / /” shall re%oveL an$ nothing shall %ss 22 02/ 7it. faith like be i%possible unto you.8” (!s the secon$ footnote in$icates, the '!20 )ree& rea$s “faith li&e” Jor “as”K, so why the changeG#
of :an is co%e to save that which was lost.” (!lso see 7u&e C/.#
Matthew 18:15 A “:oreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go an$ tell hi% his fault between thee an$ hi% alone alone if he shall hear thee, thou has gaine$ they brother.”
('is, as in “unto,” also can %ean “against,” as here an$ in the Ï.#
Matthew 19:9 A “!n$ say un; HS5 rea$s “!n$ tell you,
to you, *hosoever shall put away his wife, e+cept J it beK for fornication, an$ shall %arry an; other, co%%itteth a$ultery an$ whoso %arrieth her which is put away $oth co%%it a$ultery.” (!lso see :ar& / , 2, an$ 7u&e 6.#
whoever $ivorces his wife, e+cept for se,ual immoralit*! immoralit*! an$ %arries another, co%%its a$ultery. ” 9ootnote “ 0CC ther %anu; scripts a$$ #lso whoe-er marries a di-orced woman commits adul> ter*/”
(!gain, the -ast maorit* of %ss inclu$e the last portion of the verse. See far right/ “ther” is a $eceptive ter% use$ to leverage %o$ernis%I#
'!S5 rea$s “!n$ say to you, whoever $ivorces his wife, e+cept for immoralit*! an$ %arries another wo%an commits adul> ter*/51” 9ootnote “ 3 So%e early %ss a$$ %ss a$$ and he who marries a di-orced di-orced woman commits adul> ter*/@
(“%%orality” long ha$ been use$ to %ean “se+ual i%%orality.” %%or; ality is un$erlain by the )ree& po(n8 eia& ! %ore accurate wor$ is “forn; ication.” 9oichatai %eans %eans “co%%its a$ultery.” See stress on “early %ss.”#
'< rea$s “ He replie$, 5ecause *ou ha-e so little faith/ ruly tell you, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed! you can say to this %ountain, “:ove fro% here to there,” an$ it will %ove. 'othing will be . . .8”
'< rea$s “ “ tell you that anyone who $ivorces his wife, e+cept for se,ual moralit*! moralit*! an$ %arries another wo%an commits adulter*/ ” ('o note for en$ingI#
verwhel%ing evi$ence favors the DB< rea$ing Ï Ï te+tL &' L *L WL NL Ë1 , 13L /0L 33L al%ost all 7atinL the Peshitta an$ Harc; leanL an$ the 5ohairic. *hy have the %o$erns aban$one$ o$e+ (“:arital unfaithfulness” was replace$ with “se+ual i%%orality” 5G 5ecause not $oing so would not sell their 8Bibles 8Bibles”G pposing in the '< 2/. t si%ply is “fornication,” or “a$ultery.” )o$ testi%ony are , 3, ", 7, 21, a $oes not ta&e this lightlyI 'otice, few 5yE. %ss, the l$ 7atin (==again, the absence of the final 6/ %ss#, the Syriac Sinaitic an$ in$epen$ent clause of the DB<.# uretonian, an$ the Sahi$ic.
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:a4ority te+t Ï# Ï ( # rea$s Kidaskale '< rea$s “ )ust then a %an HS5 rea$s 8)ust then so%e; '!S5 rea$s “!n$ so%eone agathe! “)oo$ eacher.” eacher.” “)oo$” one ca%e an$ sai$ unto hi%, one ca%e up an$ as&e$ Hi%, ca%e to Hi% an$ sai$, .eacher! ca%e up to Besus an$ as&e$, what goo$ thing must & & is necessary here because it spea&s +ood :aster, :aster, what goo$ thing .eacher! what goo$ %ust $o to what goo$ thing shall & do that .eacher what to )o$ being goo$ f hrist is not eternal lifeG8” do to get eternal shall $o, that ma* ha-e eternal have eternal lifeG8” & ma* obtain eternal lifeG8” )o$, then )o$ (the 9ather# is not lifeG8” agath + ('otice how “goo$” J K has + goo$A)o$ thus being a liar. (he %inority )ree& source te+t (!s always, no footnote e+ists for been o%itte$ fro% all three %o; ?n$erlying the '? rea$ing are the (!lso see 7u&e . . 'ote that un$erlying this version leaves out the :a4ority rea$ing. 5ecause $ern versionsAabsent fro% their substantially $octrinally corrupt “thing” $oes not appear in either “goo$” J agath+ K. !lso, “4ust then” %o$ernists hol$ that the “best” )ree&. See their uncon-incing !leph J K, 5, ", an$ 7, plus Ë, )ree& source te+t, but, rather, has is an absolutely incorrect transla; %anuscripts are the “earliest” or e-idence at right/ J!lso note that C2 (=/ !"#, a few 5 yEantines, been inserte$AunnecessarilyAby “early,” these translators withhol$ / l$ 7atinA=/-==Asupport three l$ 7atin, an$ part of the translators for clarity. “:aster” is tion of kai, which %eans “an$,” the 5yE. Ï Ï cursives, plus :, !, “also,” “even,” “in$ee$,” or “but.” %ention of the vast %a4ority of clearly a better translation here 5ohairic (bo pt#. f “goo$” is 3 N , , 33, Ë %ost 7atin, all Syriac, “Bust then” %ust have “soun$e$ )ree& :SS outnu%bering the%. than “teacher,” as in these %o; o%itte$, then v. 0a, bAas in the $erns.## $erns. '?A%ust be o%itte$. better” to the translators.# nferior $octrine $efies “best”I# “best”I # the Sahi$ic, an$ the bopt.K# Matthew 19:1$ A “!n$ behol$,
>ea$s “So the last will be first, he last portion has been re; %ove$ fro% nearly every %o$ern an$ the first will be last.” 5ible version ! failure to re; spon$ positively to the )ospel (he first portion of v. 6 calls (he '!20 i%plies that the last for a further conclusion. t see%s portion of the verse is a JlaterK in> $oes not sell! an$ %o$erns stan$ by their favore$ :SS. !gain, the inco%plete. “his an$ that are sertion Abase$ on :atthew true, so so%ething else %ust fol; 221Aaccor$ing to the follow; vast %a4ority of witnesses sup; Ï te+t (at least low.” his is not si%ply a retell; ing : D ! "heta JNK aesar; port inclusion Ï 1,// %ss#L all 7atin (“latt” ing of the earlier parable in :att. ean group Families 1 an$ 13 /,///R %s#L all Syriac (“sy” C3/. J:o$erns8 only recourse JË1 , 13K “the great cursive” 33 are , B, , Z, 0;, ;<2, 1$2$, the the Ï all 7atinL all SyriacL %ore. hun$re$s#L Ë1 , 13 ( %ss#L un; Sahi$ic, ectiona( =ℓ> ;$$, a few So, %o$erns essentially stan$ on cials , ", *, heta (N#, an$ "elta (D#L =0C, =6=, 21 an$ 5yE. %ss, an$ part of the 5ohair; Aleph an$ B& But against $0LM ic.K# =/=L plus / other “nu%ericals.” plus of the mss:#
Matthew 2%:1$ A “So the last
>ea$s “So the last will be first, shall be first, an$ the first last for an$ the first last. 13 ” 9ootnote %any be calle$ but few chosen.” “6 2/6 ther %ss %ss a$$ For man* are called! but few are chosen/ ” (he “calle$” are those who have (Bust “other “other %ssG” %ssG” 'oI he vast been in-ited! while the “chosen” %a4or ority. See maorit* e-idence at are those who have been genuinel* %a4 sa-ed/ ABa%ieson-9ausset-5rown far right/ he footnote also sug; 5ible o%%entary,
>ea$s “So the last shall be first, an$ the first last.”
falls on this Matthew 21:44 A “!n$ whoso; HS5 “J;hoe-er falls ever shall fall on this stone shall stone will be bro&en to piecesL but on whoever it falls, it will grin$ be broken7 but on who%soever it hi% to pow$erIK 1I” 9ootnote shall fall, it will grind him to “ 211 ther 211 ther %ss o%it brac&; powder/ powder/”
'!S5 “!n$ he who falls on this stone will be bro&en to piecesL but on who%ever it falls, it will scatter scatter him like dust/” he footnote, “So%e %anuscripts $o not have verse 11,” has been re%ove$ fro% re%ove$ fro% the C= ?p$ate e$ition.
ete$ te+t.”
(he “spiritual buil$ers” of B esus8 ti%e, the Pharisees, Sa$ucees an$ scribes, personally were being “bro&en” by “falling” on Jre4ect; ingK the ke*stone of the &ing$o% of )o$Ahrist. Si%ilarly, in their final re4ection of hrist, these Bew; ish lea$ers woul$ be “groun$ to pow$er.” “he Ding$o% Ding$o% of )o$ is here a te%ple . . . .” ABa%ieson9ausset-5rown 5ible o%%ent; ary,
(!gain, why confuse the rea$er with a partial truth “other %ss.” JSee "&' and 8?roblem@ notes/ K a paltry %inority of %anuscripts is the plain an$ si%ple truth. !lso, the translators $o not infor% the rea; bracket> $ers of the significance of bracket> ing7 %o$ern scholars8 consi$eration consi$eration of the %aterial as $oubtful. !lso notice that the translators o%itte$ “an$” fro% the beginning an$ use$ “whoever” after “but on” rather than “who%ever.” >ight is right.#
(
+reek and nglish &nterlinear "ew .estament N"#SB"&'O N"#SB"&'O. !s
for “to scatter li&e $ust,” this is a usage %entione$ in .ha*er=s
+reekMnglish e,icon of the "ew .estament! but it is one pre;
face$ by “in a sense un&nown to prof. auth.,” an$ it $oes not carry “li&e $ust.” JSeptuagintK#
( # inclu$es '< “!nyone who falls on this he :a4ority te+t Ï stone will be bro&en to piecesL the verse (=QR of e+tant )ree&# anyone on who% it falls will be but, %ore interestingly, interestingly, %o$ern crushed/” scholars8 two favorite :SS, (!ccor$ing to the '! 20, only D, uncials !leph an$ 5, also include cursive 33, %any l$ 7atin, an$ the verse. he only “early” uncial the Syriac Sinaitic $o not contain contain that $oes not inclu$e this verse is this verseI Hence, the '< trans; the notoriously corrupt o$e+ " (5eEae*estern#. hat8s hat8s right, the lators inclu$e$ it. @ven , B, :, , aca$e%ics have $efie$ !leph an$ an$ ! include the verse, as $o Z, 5. *hyG (he verse even has 0102, Ë , 3 , so%e l$ 7atin an$ been re%ove$ in the )ree&, fro% all the
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“5ut $o not be cal; '< rea$s “5ut you are not to be Matthew 23:8 A “5ut be not ye HS5 rea$s “ But as for *ou! $o '!S5 rea$s “5ut not be calle$ >abbi,8 because you le$ >abbiL for ne is your .ea> calle$ >abbi,8 for you have one calle$ >abbi for one is your 14 .eacher! and you you are all brothers.” you are all brothers.” cher! and you are :aster, Je-enK Christ L an$ all ye have one .eacher! an$ you all brothers.” 9ootnote “ 1 23 20 (he '< co%%ittee has been i%; are brethren.” (he '! labels kaqhghthς, ther %ss %ss a$$ the essiah.” g+ t t+ s s + g + + “teacher,” or “%aster,” as an al> pru$ent in translating kath + g+ t t+ s s J&oth-ayT- (“5ut as for you” is not in an* + g + + (he )ree& kath + ternati-e reading! base$ on , 2, as “teacher,” an$ this version still is largely base$ on the substantially gate-aceK %eans “teacher,” or )ree&. “:aster” clearly is %ore D, , "heta )NK, “Eero uncials” corrupt %inority te+t. Hence, pre; “%aster”A%ost appropriately the appropriate. nce again, “other 1 , 13 0102 an$ 0107, f , an$ the Ï cisely as the other %o$ern versions latter in in this conte+t. he opposing %ss” is a clear $eception JSee te+tI *hyG :ostly because 1, B here, it o%its “the hrist. n pre; te+t rea$s /i/askalos, “teacher” proof at far right/ right/ K !s for “even vious '< e$itions, “:aster” was J Vaticanus VaticanusK, ;<2, 33, an$ so%e only.. “@ven” is incorrectA o in only hrist,” '!20 provi$es no oppos; 5yE. slightly $iffering fro% the use$ rather than “eacher “eacher.” .” *hy 1 ition, an$ the ?5S $oes not note.# Ï support /i/askalos, “teacher.”# the changeG# )ree& %eaning “the.”# “the.”#
he wor$s “the hrist” ( o Cristoς# appear in the :a4ority )ree&Aat least =Q of cursives. hese wor$s also are inclu$e$ in %anuscripts D (C th#, )a%%a (V/th#, "elta (ZC th#, //2 (6=/ !"#, =0C (2//#, 0// (/=/#, C2 c (3r$ copyist=/#, 21 (=/#, an$ 121 (Cth/th#, as well as in the Syriac uretonian (= th# an$ the Harclean (0th#. !gain, see '!S5 for %ini%al '? support of “teacher.”
HS5 “J*oe to you, scribes an$ you, scribes an$ Pharisees, hypo; Pharisees, hypocritesI ou $evour wi$ows8 houses an$ make long critesI for ye $evour wi$ows8 pra*ers ust for show.13 his is houses, an$ for a pretense %a&e why you will receive a harsher long prayer therefore ye shall punish%ent.K1 ” 9ootnotes receive the greater $a%nation.” “6 231 r pra*ers with false moti-ation 0 231 ther %ss %ss o%it (!lso see :ar& 21/, 7u&e 2/10.# brac&ete$ te+t.”
he vast %a4ority of %anuscripts
Puts verse 1 in brac&ets to in$i; cate suspicion about authenticity, then a$$s footnote “ 16 his v not foun$ in early %ss.”
%its verse 1 an$ a$$s foot; note “1/ So%e %anuscripts in; clu$e here wor$s si%ilar to :ar& 21/ an$ 7u&e 2/10.”
>ea$s “9or nation will rise up '!S5 rea$s “9or nation will against nation, an$ &ing$o% rise against nation, an$ &ing$o% against &ing$o%. here will be against &ing$o%, an$ in various earthMua&es in vari; places there will be famines and famines% and earthMua&es = ous places.” 9ootnote “ 210 earthEuakes/” ther %ss ther %ss a$$ epidemics/” (he '!20 posits that “an$ pesti; (!s in the other versions following, lences, an$ earthMua&es” has been (he )ree& kata J&ah-tahTK %eans “an$ pestilences” J loimoi K is o%it; har%oniEe$ to 7u&e 2, but the Aa%ong other thingsA“against” te$. oimoi %eans “plague,” “$is; only %atch is “pestilence,” itselfI or “in $iverse” J%anifol$K places.” ease,” or “pestilence.” “@pi$e%ics” :o$erns uphol$ rules beyon$ is pe$antic an$ scientific. !gain, testi%onyAan$ reason inclu$ing “other %ss” is highly $eceptiveI# Muestionable “internal evi$ence.”#
'< rea$s “'ation will rise against nation, an$ &ing$o% against &ing$o%. here will be famines and earthEuakes in vari; ous places.”
Matthew 23:14 A “*oe unto
ha-e -erse 14—including at least I% percent of the +reek/ his
co%prises appro+i%ately C/ per;
cent of ' %inuscules (cursives (he above hints at “har%oniEa; e,ists—ust Cth cent. an$ later#, an$Aaccor$; (hree of the earliest ' )ree& tion”. But no proof e,ists—ust uncials omit this this verse B D& modernistic theor*/20hese %ss are ing to lea$ing %o$ernistic scho; apparatus ! lars !lan$ an$ :etEger (both !lso supporting the '? te+t are clarifie$ in the '! 13 0102 0107 ;<2 Ë the %tala $ecease$#A21.2 percent of , Z, N, Ë1, 33, ;<2, five l$ J%any l$ 7atinKL the Peshitta an$ )ree& uncials (1 th-Cth centuries#. ("o %ost 5ible rea$ers not un$er; 7atin, a few 5yE. %ss, the Syriac HarcleanL the Syriac uretonianL Sinaitic, the Sahi$ic, part of the part of the 5ohairic. But wh* would (?ercentage is based on m* per> stan$ what “pretense” %eansG e,tant 5ohairic. est esti%ony i%ony is $iverse *hy change wor$ or$er an$ an* scribe add words of Christ He sonal count of categoried e,tant an$ broa$, but $oes not offset Ï Ï.# did not sa*:# manuscripts/ “$u%b $own”G#
Matthew 24:# A “9or nation
shall rise against nation, an$ &ing; $o% against &ing$o% an$ there shall be fa%ines, an$ pestilences, an$ earthMua&es, in $ivers places.”
Matthew 24:3$ A “5ut of that $ay an$ hour &noweth no J manK,
no, not the angels, but %y 9ather only.” (!lso see :ar& 332.# (>e%e%ber that Besus is co-eMual to )o$ the 9atherAhence, :at; thew8s not allu$ing to “the Son.” “:an” is use$ instea$ of “one.”#
HS5 “'ow concerning that $ay an$ hour no one &nowsAneither the angels in heaven, nor the 9ather only.” only.” Son21 Ae+cept the 9ather 9ootnote “2 2136 ther %ss o%it nor the Son .” (“ther %ss” is %ore honest than “early %ss” or “the best %ss.”#
he Ï (=RQ of e+isting )ree&# rea$s loimoi (plague, $isease, pestilence#. !lso supporting supporting the Ï te+t are , N, //2 5yE. Ï (!le+.#, f 1 , 13, two l$ 7atin, an$ the Peshitta an$ Harclean. Sup; (n the face of overwhel%ing port for the '? te+t co%prises %anuscript testi%ony, testi%ony, the '< %o$ern favorite 5, ", C2, a few ri$es the '! 20 in $efiance. !lso a%ong the %inority evi$ence are a 5yE., five 7, an$ the Syriac few 5yE. %ss, the Syriac Sinaitic, Sinaitic an$ Sahi$icAsubstantial witness, but easily overwhel%e$. an$ the optic Sahi$ic.#
>ea$s “5ut about that $ay or hour no one &nows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son!5 but only 30 the 9ather.” 9ootnote “ So%e %anuscripts $o not have nor / / /” 20 (“So%e (“So%e %anuscripts”G 'oI learly (esti%ony for the '! rea$ing 2 13 the vast %a4ority of )ree& an$ other; are an$ , B, D, "heta JNK, Ë , wiseI 7oo& at the paltry support for a few 5yE., an$ the %tala, others. inclusion of oude o uioς, at imme> JSee far right for more support/K# diate left/#
>ea$s “5ut of that $ay an$ hour no one &nows, not even the an; gels of heaven, nor the Son! but the 9ather alone.”
he vast %a4ority of )ree& %ss (C/QR# support the rea$ing of the 5yEantine :a4ority te+t o%is; sion of )h*ou/e o )h*uios& he Ï te+t is bac&e$ by 1, 7, *, Ë, 33, (=/aesarean#, all the
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Matthew 25:31 A “;hen the Son of %an shall co%eJsK co%e JsK in in his glory, an$ all the hol* angels with hi%, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glor*/ ”
HS5 rea$s “;hen the Son of '!S5 rea$s “5ut when the Son :an co%es in His glory, an$ all of :an co%es in His glory, an$ all the angels with Hi%, then He the angels12 with Hi%, then He will sit on His glorious throne.” will sit on the throne of His 2 glor*/” 9ootnote “ 2=3 ther (his is the correct rea$ing here, (he %o$ern )ree& te+t J'?K, the %ss rea$ hol* angels/” e+cept for the absence of “hol*!” :a4ority te+t, an$ the e+tus >e; accor$ing to the Ï te+t an$ the ceptus each rea$ qronou doxe? , (he HS5 replicates the “%a4est; >. he o-erall maorit* of %ss support the '? rea$ingAwithout which correctly is translate$ ic error” of the DB< choosing to agioi Abut not the the overall nu%; “glorious throne” rather than erical +reek testi%ony. testi%ony. he o-er> s J$o++s “throne of his glory glory.” .” Do@ + J$o+- translate “glorious throne” as “throne of his glory.” esti%ony all maorit* is %islea$ing be; [ceK, a singular fe%inine noun, also can be use$ as an a$4ective, as for o%ission of “holy” is substan; cause /,/// are of the 7atin
Matthew 2$:28 A “9or this is %y bloo$ of the new testa%ent,
which is she$ for %any for the re%ission of sins.” (!lso see :ar& 121 an$ 7u&e 222/.#
>ea$s “9or this is * blood that establishes the co-enant9 15 it is she$ for %any for the forgiveness of sins. 9ootnote “3 262 ther %ss rea$ new co-enant/”
PROBLEM
he 5yEantine (at least =Q of e+tant )ree&# rea$s agioi (holy# before “angels.” he Ï Ï te+t is supporte$ by !, *, Ë3 (th-=th (“)lorious throne” is an i%prove; 3 %ss#, one 7, the Syriac Pe; shitta an$ Harclean, an$ part of %ent upon the previous '<8s “on his throne in heavenly glory glory.” .” the 5ohairic. he '? te+t of %o; $ern 5ibles is bac&e$ by %inorityhe '! rea$s, “5ut when the te+t staples ! 5, ", 7, an$ 33, Son of :an co%es in his glory an$ all the angels with hi%, then plus Ë, N, =6=, a few 5yEantines, nearly all the 7atin (“lat”#, the Sa; He will sit $own upon his glor; ious throne.” !ll that is %issing hi$ic, an$ part of the 5ohairicAa $iverse an$ broa$ testi%ony, testi%ony, but here is the con4unctive particle “when.”# not enough to offset the Ï the Ï.
'< rea$s 8;hen the Son of :an co%es in his glory, an$ all the angels with hi%, he will sit on his glorious throne.”
'< “his “his is %y bloo$ of the%4 co-enant! which is poure$ out for %any for the forgiveness of =1 sins.” 9ootnote “ So%e So%e %anu; %anu; scripts the new/”
he vast %a4ority of )ree& %an; uscripts include “new.” Besus is referring to the “ new covenant,” which, as %entione$ in Hebrews 6-3, e+plicitly replaces the ol$ covenant as being a better oneI oneI (Besus8 bloo$ was not she$ for the :o$erns boast about the supre; (he '! )ree& rea$s, “. . . :y old covenant. covenant. t ha$ to be for the (“Some %anuscripts”G 'oI he %acy of the '? witness, le$ by bloo$ of the covenant.” “. . . @s; “new” covenantAan eternal tablishes the covenant” o%its ref; overwhel%ing %a4orityAat least their preferre$ !leph, 5, an$ 33, but these are substantially cor; erence to it being new! an$ “estab; pro%ise replacing a te%poral = percent of the total e+tant lish” is not in the +reek/” his is oneI Kainῆ?, “new,” appears in )ree& %inuscule JcursiveK %anu; ruptI !lso supporting the %inor; 37 $ an instance of the HS5 transla; the Ï, A, :, D, !, Ë1 , 13, all the scripts inclu$e$. he translators ity )ree& are Ì an$ Ì , 7 an$ tors serving as interpreters rather Syriac, all the 7atin (“ latt”#, the $i$ not want to “confuse the W (!le+.#, heta ( N#, /2C than si%ply perfor%ing what (aes.#, an$ a few 5yEantines Sahi$ic, an$ the 5ohairic.# rea$ers with the facts”I# shoul$ be their e+clusive tas&.# $ifferent fro% the :a4ority. :a4ority.
HS5 rea$s “. . . they gave Hi% hi% vinegar to $rin& %ingle$ wine22 %i+e$ with gall to $rin&. with gall an$ when he ha$ taste$ 5ut when He taste$ it, He would $rin& it.” 9ootnote not $rin& thereof, he would not $rin&.” “22 ther %ss %ss rea$ sour wine/” (“)all” is bile secrete$ fro% the (t is interesting, as note$ in liver, an$, as such, a bitter sub; stance which biblically is use$ to 8?roblems!@ at far right! that $espite the fact that “vinegar” $enote bitterness of spirit J!cts J!cts Joxo? K fulfills biblical prophecy prophecy,, 23, 7a%entations 3CK.# an$ the Ï> an$ '? te+ts $iffer oinonK, in this rea$ing J“wine”A oinon (5y the %ost-accurate $efinition, that the ?5S1 fails to note this i%; hqelen J+ thelen thelen K here %eans portant opposition. opposition. *hy have Besus “$i$ not want” to $rin& it, or these %o$erns $one soG an they “$i$ not inten$” to $rin& it. not account for the $iscrepancyG Have they been stu%pe$ hereG#
Matthew 2#:34 A “hey gave
NIV
>ea$s “. . . for this is %y bloo$ of the co-enant! which is pour; e$ out for %any for the forgive; ness of sins.”
>ea$s “wine” rather than “vine; “Pinon!” fer%ente$ $rin&, is incorrectD “+os,” rather, is sour gar.” wineAvinegar. “ea$s “wine” rather than “vine; gar.”
KJV Mar( 1:1 A “he beginning of the gospel of Besus hrist, the Son of +od L / / /”
Mar( 1:2 A “!s it is written in the prophets, 5ehol$, sen$ %y %essenger before th* face! which
shall prepare thy way before thee.8” (t is critical to note that this Muotation appears in two passages, differen erentt prophets7 saiah an$ by diff 1/3 !'" :alachi 3. 5oth verses spea& of Bohn the 5aptist, but it is two prophets Anot saiah aloneAwho proclai% this prophecyI#
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PROBLEM
>ea$s “he beginning of the >ea$s “he beginning of the 1,1// of the e+tant #t least 1,1// >ea$s “he beginning of the es> =,0//-plus (06Q# total ' )ree& gospel of Besus hrist, the Son of gospel of Besus hrist, the Son of good news about )esus55 the es> siah! the Son of +od! ” 9oot note %anuscripts (incl. lectionaries# +od/” +od/” “33 So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts $o not have contain “Son of )o$”I !lso (he '!20 %o$ern critical appa; the Son of +od .” .” (he )ree& rea$ing precisely containing these wor$s are 1, ratus states that , "heta JNK, %atches those of the the :a4ority (he '< translators change$ o$e+ eceptus, %irrore$ %ore 5yEantine %ss, ectiona( “gospel” to “goo$ news” an$ 5eEae ("#, 7, *, 2120 2120,, a few “hrist” to “the :essiah.” *hyG 5yE., an$ all the 7atin, Syriac, entirely by the '? te+ts. Uiou JℓK 2211, an$ one Sahi$ic :S $o 9irstly 9irstly,, “gospel” is tra$itional an$ Neou, “Son of )o$,” is an allnot inclu$e inclu$e “Son of )o$.” So the a biblical ter%. Secon$ly Secon$ly,, the Ï an$ optic. pposing are no but-in$isputable rea$ing, rea$ing, testi%o; co%%ittee was correct in leaving > an$ '? te+ts all rea$ Cris- %ore than a $oEen or so %anu; note#. @vi$ence ny-wise. JSee 8?roblem@ proofs at the rea$ing un%oleste$. hey to? , not Messia? & JSee 8?rob> scripts ('!S5 note#. @vi$ence far right/K he HS5 translators lem@ at right for inclusion testi> for )h*uiou "heou thus is thor; &nowAor at least have %ani; mon*/K# have ta&en the “high roa$” here.# feste$Athe truth, here.# oughly overwhel%ing. HS5 rea$s “!s it is written in
&saiah the prophet7 prophet7 $ 7oo&, a% sen$ing :y %essenger ahead of
way.8”10 9ootnotes “ C 2 ther %ss rea$ in the prophets/ “/ 2 ther %ss a$$ before
(he prophet :alachi wrote, in appro+i%ately 3C0 5, “5ehol$, will sen$ %y %essenger, an$ he shall prepare the way before %e . . .” Ï support for DB< A ! 2; 1;0 7< <7 100# 1010 12<2 13$2 1$2$ 10 J' F 5 ΣK $ispute$L ect9 Harclean. “5efore you” Ï Ï sh Ë1 , 13 A 33 others.#
'!S5 rea$s “!s it is written in '< rea$s “!s it is written written in &saiah the prophet7 will sen$ S@'" : :@SS@')@> 4$ #H#K %y %essenger ahead of *ou! PF < PG < PG ! *H *77 P>@P!>@ who will prepare your way8” 54 ?> * ?> *!L8” 9ootnote A 9ootnote “31 :al. 3.” 1C 7it before *our face/@ (he '@ (he '@ refers refers to its nine speci; ('o footnote appears to %ention fic :SS witnesses as “early,” but any other rea$ing. his is $ecep; si+ are no earlier than =/ !"I tion, an$ the translators probably !s for “ahea$ of you,” the )ree& $i$ not inclu$e the 5yEantine is the sa%e, but pro proswrea$ing because of their favorite pou sou $oes not %ean “ahea$ evi$ence , B, an$ D. o %any of you.” t %eans “before thy %o$erns, the corrupt Aleph an$ B face.” !n$ note how the '< are tanta%ount to absolute truthI# re%oves idou, “behol$,” “see.”#
&saiah the prophet7 5@H7",
HS5 “!fter Bohn was arrested! '!S5 “'ow after Bohn ha$ Mar( 1:14 A “'ow after that preaching been %3 taken into custod*! Besus Bohn was put into prison, Besus Besus went to )alilee, 13 1 good news the of +od7 / / / 1I ” ca%e into )alilee, % preaching ca%e into )alilee, preaching the 6 of +od , . . .” 9oot; 9ootnotes “ 1 ther %ss a$$ the gospel gospel of the kingdom of =6 notes “ 7it deli-ered up =0 r 0 of the kingdom 1 r gospel +od , . . .” .” . ” proclaiming 1 @ither from +od or or about +od/ ” (“a&en into custo$y” is literal (*hat is %issing in these %o$ern translations is the clarifier “&ing; (he wor$ here translate$ “arrest; fro% the )ree& pa(a/oth+nai $o% of )o$,” which is specifically e$” co%es fro% the )ree& pa(a/o8 Jpar-a-$oth-ayT-naheeK. However, the type of “goo$ news” or “gos; th+nai , %eaning “to co%%it,” “to “i%prisone$” or “put into prison” $eliver up,” “to put in prison,” “to %ore accurately, effectively, an$ pel” being preache$I# give over or give up.” he )ree& illustratively $escribes the event. has been trans%itte$ literally here, “)ospel of )o$” less fully $escri; but why %o$erniEe the ter%ino; bes the type of goo$ news being logyG “ther %ss”G JSee e-idence preache$. nteresting that footnotes Ï> en$ing.# fail to %ention the Ï at far right/ K#
“saiah the prophet” probably is a scribal error. he '? has sub; stantial support beyon$ the '!S5 witnesses "elta (D#L NL Ë1L 2/=L =6=L 0//L C2L /0L 21L 213L 2120L so%e 5yE. cursivesL the PeshittaL Harclean margin9 PalestinianL all optic. 5ut the Ï te+t has %uch the sa%e !L *L 2L /L =0CL =C0L //6L //L 2C2L 312L 121L =/=L J =/=L J@L @L 9L )L HL PL ΣK ($ispu; te$#L f 13L ect9 the Harclean. et, the 5yE. )ree& %a4ority an$ :al; achi8s prophecy $erail the oppos; ition.
'< “!fter Bohn was put in pri; “Ding$o% of )o$” is the rea$; son, Besus went into )alilee, pro; ing in the profoun$ %a4ority of clai%ing the good news of +od/ ” %ss a vast %a4ority of the 5yEantinesL !L "L *L the Peshi; (“)oo$ news” an$ “gospel” have ttaL %ost l$ 7atin an$ all of the the sa%e %eaning, accor$ing to
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Mar( 3:15 A “!n$ to have HS5 rea$s “. . . an$ to have '!S5 rea$s “. . . an$ to have power to heal sicknesses! and to to authority to 3 $rive out $e%ons.” authority to cast out $e%ons.” cast out $evils . . .” 9ootnote “6 3= ther %ss a$$ (he '!S5 translators are being heal diseases! and to/ ” selecti-e about their footnoting. (n this particular case, the DB< translators chose the best )ree& Have they atte%pte$ to $enigrate (“ther %ss” refers to nearly all wor$, /aimonion J$e%onK, J$e%onK, but op; e+tant evi$ential testi%onyI his is the $ivinity of hrist by failing to te$ for the less-appropriate @nglish footnote, hereA“power to heal %onu%ental $eceptionI 'either $eceptionI 'either wor$, “$evils,” rather than “$e; sic&nesses”G !re only our physi; 1 20 the '! , nor the ?5S , provi$es cians, with %o$ern technology, %ons.” he )ree& /aimon also also technology, an* opposing testi%ony. he ?5S1 able to heal sic&nessesG Have coul$ have been use$.# $oes not even %ar& the verse. JSee )o$8s chosen -essels no power to e-idential testimon* in "&' $o soAthose given the gift of notes/K# healing by the Holy SpiritG#
NIV
PROBLEM
'< rea$s “. . . an$ to have au; So%e scribe(s# %a$e a serious error of o%ission here, leaving thority to $rive out $e%ons.” out a &ey phrase in this verse. t $oes not appear in the %inority (he '!20 apparatus states that )ree&A here here far less than one “to heal sic&nesses” is an insert> percent of e,tant ". mss/ mss/ 5ut the ion! accor$ing to near nearl* l* all al l avail ; :a4ority te+t inclu$es ÏL A θerapeuein tas nosouς able %anuscript evi$ence Ï :2 D ! N Ë1 , 13 33 7< 700 kai (“to heal sic&nesses an$”#, 1$2$ 2$2 an$ %ost of the 7a; as $oes %ore than CCQ of all e+tant %anuscript testi; tin an$ Syriac Harclean Jthe latter other e+tant two with so%e slight variationK.# %ony. (See :att. / an$ 6, an$ or. 2C.# *hy $o %o$ern te+t critics $oubt the authenticity of this verseG
:o$ern versions %itigate the severity of the sense “eternal sin” rather than “eternal damn> ation”A$ifferent )ree& wor$s amarthmatoς (sin# vs. kris(!gain, no footnote to %ar& the ( ⸁ he '!20 states that “in this ewς ($a%nation#. he Ï also $ifferent final wor$. 9urther, (he DB< translators chose to age” Asee far leftAis o%itte$ by coul$ not “eternal sin” si%ply rea$sAas note$ at far leftA“has leave out “ in this age ” JeternallyK (he %inority )ree& source rea$s D, !, N, 1 Jca. =/K, 2; Jca. %ean to rea$ersAhowever con; not” after “)host.” “"a%nation” aionion ama(tematos , “eternal after “forgiveness,” evi$ently C=/K, # Jca. =/K, 700 Jca. fusinglyAa sin that lasts fore-er is supporte$ by Ï Ï (at least sin,” rather than aionion k(iseos , /=/K, 2$2 Jca. 2=/K, %any Jall other sin being forgottenK, having $eci$e$ that “in this age” 2 =Q#L !L L Ë1L 121L two 7L “eternal $a%nation,” or “eternal 5yE. %ss, %ost or all of the l$ rather than one that is eternall* %ight confuse rea$ers. 5ut eiς the Peshitta an$ HarcleanL part of 4u$g%ent.” he HS5, at least, warranting 7atin, an$ the Syriac Sinaitic. 5ut punishable! hence warranting ton aiwna, “in this age,” the 5ohairic. 5ut damnation %ust be wrong because “blas; damnationG 9or the 2/ '< appears in both the Ï _ >. hey has a footnote, which often is not sin %ust $oesn8t sell their 85ibles.” :ost true for the '!S5 an$ '< in “he” also has been change$ to phe%y against the Holy Spirit” both also have “has not” after people $o not want to &now an$ “they” for gen$er-inclusive such cases. JSee maorit* e-idence ulti%ately %eans re4ection of “)host” JSpiritK.# purposes. his is incorrectI# hear about $a%nable sin. at far right/ K# hristI#
>ea$s “. . . but whoever blas; phe%es against the Holy Holy Spirit never has forgiveness ⸁, but is guilt* of an eternal sin.”
Mar( 3:29 A “5ut he that shall blasphe%e against the Holy Holy )host hath never forgiveness, but is in $anger of eternal eternal damnation . . .”
>ea$s “5ut whoever blas; phe%es against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is 15 guilt* of an eternal sin/ sin/” A 9ootnote “3 32C ther %ss %ss rea$ is subect to eternal udgment/ ”
Mar( $:11b A “
HS5 his last portion of verse '!S5 negligenceI his e+clusion evi$; able for Sodom or +omorrah on ently is base$ on “har%oniEa; udgment da* than than for that town/ tion,” or “parallel influence,” the scribal practice of theoretical scribal (Support for omission co%prises copying Scripture fro% one )os B : D ! D N 2; # pelAin this case fro% :atthew, ;<2 2$27 2$2 a few 5yE.L in /=Ato another to ensure %ost 7 an$ all
(!lso see :atthew /=.#
>ea$s “. . . but whoever blas; phe%es against the Holy Spirit will never be forgivenL the* are guilt* of an eternal sin.”
'< !gain, the '? )ree& te+t %a&es out footnote/ a $ecent case here, with a %a; 4ority of 0/Q or fewer of )ree& 20 (he '! cre$its the :a4ority its rea$ing. t also rea$ing with a$$itional support by %ss opposing its has broa$ an$ $iverse testi%ony A, Ë1 , 13, 33, three l$ 7atin, the Syriac Peshitta an$ Harclean, an$ on its si$e. et, a substantial %a4ority of the 5yEantines $o part of the 5ohairic. n the the '? si$e, pri%ary witnesses Aleph, Aleph, B, rea$ as the DB<. DB<. *hen co%bine$ D, an$ have proven the%selves with the relative reliability of substantially corrupt base$ on witnesses !, Ë1 , 13, an$ the substan$ar$ biblical $octrine an$ Peshitta, the Ï rea$ing still is other factors. !lso note that %ore cre$ible. !n$ the sa%e %inuscule 2120 is a forgery %a$e rea$ing re%ains in :atthew. no earlier than 01I#
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PROBLEM
%its “an$ fasting.” 9ootnote his &in$ cannot co%e out by the%, his &in$ can co%e forth &in$ can co%e out by nothing “3C So%e %anuscripts pra*er and pra*er and an*thing but pra*er/=@ pra*er/=@ by nothing, but by prayer an$ .” fasting .” but prayer Jan$ fastingK.1I 8” fasting.8” 9ootnote “ C2C ther %ss o%it (he vast %a4ority of the )ree&A (nly %ost %o$ern scholars8 brac&ete$ te+t.” at least =QAte+t includes “an$ ancient $uo of Aleph J K an$ B (!lso see :atthew 02.# fasting,” as $o Ì7, 2, A, :, D, , oppose, along with 027$, 2$27, (he '!-?5S J“'?”K )ree& te+ts !, N, Y JsiK, Families 1 an$ 13 an$ one l$ 7atin %anuscript. onte%porary te+t critics8 lynch si%ply fail to inclu$e these two JË1 , 13K, 33, %ost l$ 7atin an$ pin is the B co%bo. he %o; critical wor$s at the en$ of the all the e%e%; to only fiveI JSee "&' witnesses/K# footnote appears here for for the ber that %inuscule 2$27 is a for; 8longer ending/@ # gery.K#
n the basis of only five e+; isting %anuscripts, “an$ fasting” is re%ove$ fro% this verse by nearly every %o$ern “5ible” version. s fasting now unfash; ionableG s it no longer $ee%e$ $ee%e$ i%portantG he answers see% obvious. (he significance of fasting with prayer is selfMdenial to enhance focus on hrist an$ the invocation of His healing power through through purity.# purity.#
HS5 “5ut whoever causes the >ea$s “*hoever causes one of these little ones who belie-e to $ownfall of one of these little 1 ones who belie-e in e Ait woul$ stumble! it woul$ be better for hi% if, with a hea-* %illstone be better for hi% if a hea-* %ill; hung aroun$ his nec&, he ha$ stone25 were hung aroun$ his nec& been cast into the sea.” 9ootnote an$ he were thrown into the sea.” “0 / / / turne$ by a $on&ey / / /” 9ootnote “23 C12 ! %illstone (he )ree& o%ission of eis Eme, (he )ree& lίqoς Jlee-thosK is turne$ by a $on&ey. “in %e,” is foun$e$ upon only use$ 4ust thrice in the 'ew esta; uncials Aleph, Aleph, :, an$ D, the cur%ent to %ean “%illstone”Aa (he %inority )ree& $oes not rea$ rea$ sive Delta JCthK, four l$ 7atin heavy, flat stone.# “heavy” before %illstone. t $oes, %anuscripts, an$ about five 5o; however, have “muloς onikoς,” hairic %ss JoptK. 'ote that the (!lso see :atthew 6 an$ 7u&e “turne$ by an ass” J$on&eyK after '!25 JC63K includes eiς `me, 02.# %illstone. GG# “in %e.”#
5oth )ree& sources rea$ “!n$ whoever entices to sin one of these little ones,” yet the %o$ern versions have transpose$ the first clause with “believing in %e.” (“@ntices to sin” is clearly the correct translation of skandalise hereAnot “causes . . . to sin.”# “n %e” is supporte$ by the Ï the Ï,, !, 5, 2, 7, *, N, Y, Ë1 , 13, al%ost all 7atin, all Syriac, the Sahi$ic, bo pt, an$ C nu%erical %a4uscules an$ %inuscules, inclu$ing 2, =6=, =0C, C2, an$ 21.
Mar( 9:29 A “!n$ he sai$ unto >ea$s “!n$ He tol$ the%, his >ea$s “!n$ He sai$ to the%,
Mar( 9:42 A “!n$ whosoever shall offen$ one of these little ones that believe in %e, it is bet; ter for hi% that a %illstone were hange$ about his nec&, an$ he were cast into the sea.”
Mar( 9:44 A “*here their
wor% $ieth not, an$ the fire is not Muenche$.” (!lso repeate$ in verses 16 an$ 1. A!uthor# (!lso see :atthew 02.#
>ea$s 8&f anyone anyone causes one of these little onesAwho believe in to stumble! it woul$ be bet; me— to ter for them if a large %illstone were hung aroun$ their nec& nec& an$ the* were thrown into the sea.” (he '< translators have $one rightly by not footnoting footnoting with a ref; erence to “so%e %ss” or “early %ss” e+clu$ing “in %e.” >are wis; $o% for the%. 5ut they $i$ re%ove “an$” at the beginning. However, they rightly change$ “sin” to “stu%ble,” an$ rearrange$ or$er of “a large . . .” an$ “he J the* K were thrown . . .”#
"espite the fact that the '! +reek '!S5 rea$s “J4 where H@> '< o%its the verse 9ootnote ranslators $istort the truth in the 12 co%pletely $eletes verses 11 an$ *>: "@S ' '!S5 footnote, as two fifth "@S ' "@, !'" H@ 9>@ “ So%e %anuscripts inclu$e 16, the HS5 inclu$es the%, but S ' century “ol$ uncials”A! an$ " here the wor$s of verse 1.” ote .K 9ootn S ' ?@'H@" insi$e brac&ets. 9ootnote “ 21 C11 01 —include the -erse/ -erse/ !lso, the “ e%oval the penalty of eternal $a%nationA lators see% to $isapprove of the tural %aterial within brac&ets. he :SS” in reference to only , B, but it correspon$s precisely to the true significance is that %o$ern an$ : Athree of the five “ol$ un; revere$ an$ B. his is $eca$ent by “repetition” of this phrase, as “scholars” consi$er such %aterial cials”Aplus ! J=thK, again appea; the co%%ittee, whose previous e$it; well as of the forebo$ing tone. 44 So%e early scribes also too& $oubtful in vali$ity. 9or each such ling to %o$erns8 liberal futility. ion inclu$e$, “ where their worm occasion, e+planation shoul$ !lso supporting o%ission are does not die! and the fire is not Euen> liberties in their copying by appear to clarify these brac&ets. “re%oving repetition.” Satan is a Delta an$ si, f 1, two later uncials ched/ 1= So%e %anuscripts hell! JSee far right for con-incing an$ two %inuscules JcursivesK, the where their worm does not die! and %aster of partial truths Aseen testimon* for the Ï reading/K# optic, an$ so%e others.# hereI the fire is not Euenched/@ #
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PROBLEM
"espite the vast %a4ority of %anuscripts (=QR# supporting the inclusion of “ta&ing up thy (he %inority )ree& o%its the (he %inority te+t8s opposition is cross” after “an$ follow %e,” &ey phrase apas ton stau(on Jor very substantial, accor$ing to the %o$ern versions have o%itte$ the apas ton stau(on sou K, “ta&ing up '!20 Aleph Aleph B : D Delta JDK for%er. %ission reduces the thy cross.” he cross here is the N J"hetaK JsiK three )ree& burden of discipleship/ How con; $aily bur$en of obe$ience to ('ote that the DB< $oes transpose uncialsL two cursivesL a few 5y; venient for the %o$ernistic criti; (“ther %ss”G How about = cal translators an$ their rea$ers. the final two clauses, “follow %e,” )o$8s *or$Aa co%%an$ %ost Eantines slightly $ifferent fro% percent of the )ree& aloneG JSee an$ “ta&ing up thy cross,” also Supporting the 5yE. te+t are !, unwelco%e to to$ay8s “lu&e; Ï the J K so%e l$ 7atin an$ pc e-idential testimon* at far right/ K changing the tense.# war%” believersI# f 13, so%e cursives (R sou *, all the
Mar( 1%:21 A “. . . ne thing thou lac&est go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, an$ give to the poor, an$ thou shalt have treasure in heaven an$ co%e, ta&e up thy cross, cross , an$ follow %e.8”
HS5 “. . . ou lac& one thing )o, sell all you have an$ give to the poor, an$ you will have treasure in heaven. .hen come!12 follow e/=@ 9ootnote “2 /2 ther %ss a$$ taking up the cross! and ”
Mar( 1%:24b A “!n$ the $is;
'< rea$s “. “. . . hil$ren, hil$ren, how he :a4ority te+t rea$s, “for the har$ it is 2I to enter the kingdom ones having put trust in riches (chrQMma# to enter into the &ing; .8” 9ootnote “ 2 So%e of +od .8” %anuscripts is for those who trust $o% of )o$.” he '! 20, largely base$ on the *-H 0/ 0/ ' an$ (he bases for the o%ission of the in riches/” (Besus %entions %oney an$ riches ischen$orf8s 02 ', o%its clause “for the% that trust in “for the% having put trust in at least 3 ti%es in the 'ew est; (he HS5 is faithful to its source riches” are only )Aleph*, B, a%entAone of His %ost-e%pha; riches.” ?ncials !, , ", an$ N te+t, the '! )ree&, which rea$s Delta JCthK, si Jth or CthK, the siEe$ topics. et, in a critical verse, include this phrase, as well as r$ th “. . . How $ifficult it is to enter Sahi$ic optic J3 or 1 K, an$ a here, a %o$ernistic te+t apparatus f 1 , 13, so%e l$ 7atin an$ all the the &ing$o% of )o$.8” 5ut again, few of the 5ohairic optic J3 r$ or base$ on a %inority of corrupt the -ast ma orit* of 1thK.# the %ost-profoun$ points in Scrip; of the 5ohairic. nclu$ing the scripts inclu$e “for the ones tureAthat a preoccupation with o%itte$ portion woul$ in$ee$ having put trust in riches.” JSee wealth often preclu$es salvation by o-erwhelming Ï e-idence at far $istracting a person fro% otherwise offen$ to$ay8s wealthy. he true rea$ing woul$n8t sell. right/K# turning to the Savior.#
ciples were astonishe$ at his wor$s. 5ut Besus answereth again, an$ saith unto the%, hil; $ren, how har$ is it for the% that trust in riches to enter into the &ing$o% of )o$I8” (!lso see :atthew C21, :ar& /2=, an$ 7u&e 2=.#
Mar( 11:2$ A “5ut if ye $o
HS5 rea$s “. . . hil$ren, how har$ it is14 to enter the I8” 9ootnote kingdom of +od I8” “1 /21 ther %ss a$$ for those trusting in wealth/”
he in$epen$ent clause “ta&e up thy cross” is o%itte$.
he in$epen$ent clause “ta&e up thy cross” is o%itte$.
'!S5 rea$s “. . . hil$ren, how har$ it is to enter the I8” kingdom of +od I8”
“J5ut if you $on8t forgive, neit;
nly / )ree& %ss, plus a few cursives, two 7, the Syriac Sinaitic, the Sahi$ic, an$ part of not include this the 5ohairic, $o not include earliest verse. he two %anu; %anu; (he '< 2/ translators change$ tactics, here, going fro% scripts (ca. 32=-36/ !"#, e+clu$; the $eceptive “so%e %anuscripts ing “frag%ents,” do not inclu$e inclu$e inclu$e this verse” to %ore %o; this verse ( , 5#. However, three $ernistic theory the afore%en; of the earliest five %anuscripts tione$ “har%oniEation.” *ere so%e of the co%%ittee %e%bers (!, , "# include the verse. also on the the '@ '@ tea%, tea%, or $i$ they !gain, “so%e %anuscripts” is a %a4or $istortion of the truthI !lso si%ply ta&e a hint fro% this ver; sionG 7i&ely both. :o$ern 5ible supporting the Ï are heta, translators have a habit of wor&; f 1 , 13, 33, so%e 7 an$ all
KJV
HCSB
NASB NA
Mar( 13:33 A “a&e ye hee$, HS5 rea$s “*atchI Be alertD13 '!S5 rea$s “.ake heed , keep on the alert L for you $o not &now watch and pra* for ye &now not 9or you $on8t &now when the when the J appointed K ti%e will when the ti%e is.” ti%e is coming .” .” 9ootnote co%e.” 6 %ss a$$ and pra*/ ” “ 333 ther %ss (he translators too& the liberty of (he DB< actually is a bit i$io%at; ic here. he literal translation fro% (he '! te+t rea$s, “. . . 9or you a$$ing “appointe$” here. *hy $o these scholars thin& they have the the :a4ority te+t is “5e watchful! $o not &now when the ti%e is/@ authority to ta%per with the *or$ sta* awake Jor “be attenti-e ,” or “o%ing” has been a$$e$ by the of )o$G 5ill :ounce e+plains one “be read*”K, and pra*L for you $o translators for clarity, but is tenet in +reek for the 6est of Gs7 not &now when the ti%e is.”# “he translators are trying to help unnecessary for rea$er co%pre; you un$erstan$ not only the hensionI “o%ing” $oes not wor$s, but what the wor$s %ean.” appear in the '! 20 or ?5S1 J.his is modern translation theor*/ K# )ree&I# Mar( 15:28 A “!n$ the Scrip;
ture was fulfille$, which saith, #nd #nd he was numbered numbered with the transgressors.8” (:o$ern critics argue that this verse is an interpolation, a late insertion by a %isle$ scribe. 5ut the verse fulfills prophecy $irectly state$ in ScriptureAsaiah =32bI## =32bI
HS5 “JSo the Scripture was fulfille$ that says !n$ He was counte$ a%ong outlaws.8K” 13 1 9ootnotes “6 =2 ther %ss o%it brac&ete$ te+t. 0 =2 saiah =32.” (!gain, the te+t is inclu$e$ in brac&ets, but the significance of brac&eting is not e+plaine$. “ut; laws” is not an accurate translation of anomwn, “lawless,” or “wic&; e$.” his is aw&war$ an$ wrong.#
Mar( 1$:9)2% A .his passage he HS5 inclu$es the entire details the appearance of )esus passage, but insi$e brackets! to after His resurrection7 first to Muestion its vali$ity. 9ootnote ar* agdalene! then to Cleo> Cleo> “36C-2/ ther %ss o%it pas and to another disciple! fol> brac&ete$ te+t.” te+t.” lowed b* to all the disciples— minus .homas once—on three (he footnote, whose %ar&er ap; occasions/ pears after verse 2/, for%erly
NIV
he Ï te+t un$er gir$s the DB<, as $o seven significant uncials (incl. 7 _*#, f 1 , 13, so%e l$ 7atin an$ all
'< rea$s “ Be on guardD Be ou $o not &now when alert 25D ou that ti%e will co%e.” 9ootnote “23 So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts alert and pra*/”
'!S5 contains the verse, verse, with '< o%its the verse. 9ootnote 9ootnote Muestion “J4$ !n$ the Scripture “20 So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts inclu$e was fulfille$ which says, !n$ here wor$s si%ilar to 7u&e he was nu%bere$ with t ransgres; 2230. sors.8”K 9ootn ote “1C arl* %ss $o not contain this v.” (5ishop harles (5ishop harles @llicott, @llicott, who (es, (e s, the few “earliest” e+tantA serve$ as the chair%an of the e+isting an$ usableA%anuscripts, -= @>< translation co%; fro% the secon$ an$ fourth cen; %ittee, yet earlier a$%itte$ that turies Jpapyri an$ uncialsK, $o not the 5yEantine te+t $ates bac& to contain this verse. 5ut the 5yEan; tine %a4ority $ates bac& to at least at least the fourth century. JSee "#SB note/K# the fourth centuryI# he '!S5 inclu$es the passage, but in brac&ets. 9ootnote after v. v. C C “ 7ater %ss a$$ vv C-2/.”
(“!$$” refers to %o$erns8 belief that so%e scribeJsK inserted the the wor$s into %anuscripts nor%ally $ating bac& no further than about the tenth or eleventh centuries. n partially rea$“ So%e %anuscripts his # Student=s +uide to "ew (*ithout this “longer en$ing,” the .estament .e,tual 'ariants en$ the boo& with 6L others )ospel of :ar& woul$ en$ with, JCCK ! ! 5ruce erryAin inclu$e verses C-2/ i%%e$iately “JheyK fle$ fro% the sepulchreL after verse . . . .” 5ut the HS5 “!PP@'"F he Style of the for they tre%ble$ an$ were 7ong @n$ing of :ar&”A $ebun&s :ar&”A $ebun&s co%%ittee “up$ate$” their version a%aEe$L neither sai$ they any co%%on %o$ernistic theories to %atch those of other %o$ern thing to any %anL for they were %ost freMuently use$ to $iscre$it “5ibles,” re%oving this note. nce vv. C-2/. He C-2/. He successfully refutes afrai$”I# afrai$ ”I# again, “other %ss” is e+tre%ely the focal four argu%ents, an$ %isrepresentative of the evi$enceI# %ore.#
PROBLEM
he '< also inclu$es the pas; sage ! but Muestions its authenti; city by placing the entire passage >e%ove$ note note “he in italics/ >e%ove$ earliest %anuscripts an$ so%e other ancient witnesses $o not have :ar& 6C-2/.”
!ll five “ol$ uncials” o%it, as $o Psi (#, 2120 (C th#, a few 5yE., one 7, the Syriac Sinaitic, the Sahi$ic, an$ part of the 5ohairic. 5ut the Ï te+t (at least =Q#, 7, N, /3 (6th# an$ /2=/ ( th#, 9a%; ilies _ 3 ( Ë1 , 13#, 33, %ost 7 an$ all clude this verse. !gain, so%e %o$erns hypothesiEe hypothesiEe about about the verse8s allege$ “assi%ilation” fro% 7u&e 2230 ('@#.
he fact is, yes, the two ol$est %anuscripts (e+clu$ing frag; %ents# $o not inclu$e inclu$e this pas; sage. 5ut out of the e+tant =,0// plus ' )ree& witnesses, only !leph an$ 5, one cursive, the Sinaitic, an$ several other :SS, $o not have have this passage. *hat is (n the '!20 critical apparatus, %o$erns use 2= notation lines to %ore, three of the earliest five %anuscripts do include the pas; $iscre$it the last 2 verses. !ll %anner of theories an$ postula; sageI “@arliest %anuscripts” tions, however, $o not overturn refers to what conservative bib; the botto% line overwhel%ing lical scholars (for =// years# have evi$ence of authenticity. he vast labele$, in fact, as two of the %a4ority of ' )ree&, 2C specific e+tant “ol$ uncials Jincl. A : DK, nine 7, the three mostMcorrupt e+tant
KJV *u(e 1:28 A “!n$ the angel
ca%e in unto her, an$ sai$, Hail, thou that art highl* fa-oured! the 7or$ is with thee blesse$ art thou a%ong wo%en.8”
HCSB HS5 rea$s “!n$ the angel ca%e to her an$ sai$, >e4oice, favore$ womanD he 7or$ is with you.8”1 9ootnote “0 2 ther %ss a$$ blessed are *ou among women/”
NASB NA
NIV 35
'!S5 rea$s “. . . +reetings favore$ oneD he 7or$ is with you.8” 9ootnote “63 r woman richl* blessed/”
'< rea$s “. “. . . +reetings! *ou who are highl* fa-oredD he 7or$ is with you.8”
(he %inority te+ts8 only recourse (5ase$ %ostly on the *estcott-Hort for omission of eulog+men+ sou 0/ te+t, ischen$orf8s 02 en gunaiin, “blesse$ art thou JeighthK, an$ 5ernhar$ *eiss8 C/3 a%ong wo%en,” are Aleph, B, (!ctually, “thou that art highly (he )ree& chai(e %eans “be J '! '!3K, the 'estle-!lan$ J'ovu% JCthK, ! J=thK, si Jth or CthK, Famil favore$” is not entirely accurate well,” “)o$ spee$,” “greeting,” esta%entu% )raeceK te+t was 1 Jfive %ssK , uncial 7< Jca. accor$ing to the Ï te+t. “Highly” “hail,” or “re4oice.” t is obvious, for%e$. @berhar$ 'estle publishe$ 2=/K, three nu%erical %a4us; is optional an$ unnecessary, an$ here, that “hail,” or “re4oice” clear; cules, a few 5yEantine %ss, an$ “thou that art” si%ply is not in the ly is %ore $ignifie$. “5lesse$” is the first e$ition in C. @ssen; tially, the content of this te+t was all the optic. :eanwhile, sup; )ree&. his obviously was an base$ on $ifferent )ree&. he porting the Ï Ï te+t te+t are uncials A, base$ upon Vaticanus B an$ effort by the DB< reviser, 5en4a; '!20 )ree& actually rea$s, “!n$ Sinaiticus J K. 5ut the *-H te+t :, D, an$ "heta f 13 !le+an$rian %in 5layney J06C +for$ e$i; the angel ca%e to her an$ sai$, >e; was use$ to for%ulate the cursive 33 all 7atinL all Syriac. tionK, to a$$ %a4esty to the verse. 4oiceI Jor “HailI”K fa-ored wo> @><, the C/ !S<, the C16 >S< Jhe )ree& actually begins with, his is the stan$ar$ version, an$ man”K . . .” “9avore$” is a singular Ja%ong 1 othersKAthen, later, the “!n$ he ca%e to her an$ sai$ . . .” “is repro$uce$ al%ost unchange$ fe%inine no%inative, so “wo%an” '!S5. hus the last sentence Authn refers to )abriel, who in in %ost current printings.”# printings. ”# Jpreferre$K or “one” is i%plie$.# absent fro% corrupt %ssI# v. C ha$ spo&en to Wechariah.K#
>ea$s “. . . )lory to )o$ in the >ea$s “. . . )lory to )o$ in the highest hea-en! an$ on earth highest, an$ on earth peace those on whom his fa-or fa-or a%ong %en %4 with whom He is peace to those rests.” pleased/” 9ootnote “ =1 7it of good pleasure9 pleasure9 or of good will/” (Supporting the '!-?5S te+ts are (he )ree& in both the '? an$ only Aleph J K, A, B, D, !, a few 5yE. J:a4.Ke+tus >eceptus rea$s (he '!20 refers to the %a4ority 5yEantine %ss, an$ the Sahi$ic anqrώpoiς Jan-thrY-puh-eeceK (“Heaven” $oes not appear in rea$ing as “an alternative rea; Jwith so%e variationK. 9or the 2/ either %o$ern )ree& te+t, nor in “%en” or “%an&in$”Athat is, '<,, the translators a$$e$ “hea; '< the Ï or >. he co%%ittee %ust $ing.” t recor$s that “goo$2 will 2 “people.” J5ut people is wholly towar$ %en” appears in , B , , ven” to “highest,” which is not the the have $erive$ this insertion fro% un$ignifie$ in this conte,t .K# .K# N, Ji K, Y Y,, Ë1 , 13, an$ in all %eaning here for )h*uphistois . >ichar$ *ey%outh8s translation J“heavens”K, an$ possibly fro% a Syriac an$ 5ohairic, as well as in hey also replace$ “%en” with the Ï te+t.# “those” for gen$er inclusion.# $ifferent group interpretation.#
*u(e 2:14 A “)lory to )o$ in
the highest, an$ on earth peace, good will toward men men.”
*u(e 2:43 A “!n$ when they
ha$ fulfille$ the $ays, as they re; turne$, the chil$ Besus tarrie$ be; hin$ in Berusale%L an$ Boseph an$ his %other &new not of it/” (!lso in verse 33.#
PROBLEM he :a4ority te+t rea$s “. . . >e4oice, favore$ wo%an, the 7or$ is with you, blesse$ are you a%ong wo%en.” “he angel” even is o%itte$ by the '! te+t. 5ut 6 other uncialsAnot %en; tione$ in the '! apparatus be; cause of their allege$ uni%port; anceAalso support the for%er clause. ?ncials 5, 7, *, heta, ! Y! plus =6=, 21, a few cur; sives, all Sahi$ic, an$ part of the 5ohairic support omission of “the angel.” *hen inclu$ing the :a4ority te+t, the evi$ence for inclusion of both afore%entione$ is conclusive.
>ea$s “)lory to )o$ in the high; est hea-en! an$ peace on earth to 13 1 people He favorsI13 1 ”9ootnotes 6 “ ther %ss %ss rea$ earth good will to people/ 0 r earth to men of good will/”
9irstly, the maorit* of %ss have )ree& te+t very closely %atch; ing the DB< rea$ing. Secon$ly, the “%o$ern” rea$ing, $erive$ fro% four of the earliest fi-e fi-e SS! is incorrect , si%ply base$ on biblical $octrine. )o$ wishes good will to !77 P@P7@I (See :att. L 7u&e C/L >o%. =6L 2 or. =1, =L i%. 2, 1, 6.#
HS5 “ #fter those da*s were were o-er! as they were returning, the boy Besus staye$ behin$ in Berus; Berus; ale%, but His parents5% $i$ not &now it.” 9ootnote “3= 213 ther %ss rea$ but )oseph and His mother/”
he “:a4ority te+t” (also “5yE; antine,” “ra$itional,” “!ntio; chian,” “onstantinopolitan,” or “@cclesiastical”# rea$s “Boseph an$ his %other ,” as it shoul$. Boseph was "P. Besus8 real fatherI )o$ the 9ather is Besus8 fatherI (“Parents” is probably a ruse to escape controversy, as so%e variants rea$ “father.”# :ary birthed Besus. Besus. Boseph was earthl* surrogate father father// He an earthl* surrogate $i$ not provi$e the “see$” of hristL the Holy Spirit $i$I
he '< is eMually $ivergent he '!S5, also relying on co; $ices !leph an$ 5 (plus only el; fro% its own source te+ts “ !fter the festi-al was was over, while his even others#, provi$es another parents were returning ho%e, . . .” loose “translation” “5ut his parents were unaware of it,” . . . (he '? te+t rea$s goneis, “par; ents,” but the 5yE. te+t, =Q-plus (!ll three )ree& te+ts rea$ the sa%e, yet the translators evi$ently of e+tant )ree&, hol$s the fort, A : si 0130 Jca. =/K#L have inserte$ “feast” in verse 13 plus 13 (“!fter those $ays were over” is to clarify the circu%stancesAnot Ë the 7L the Syriac Peshitta an$ Harclean. pposing are B D incorrect accor$ing to the %inority the %eaning. he '! refers to )ree&. he '! te+t in the HS5 %+sous o pais, “the boy Besus,” as ! _ N Ë1 33, 7<, 700 _ 12$1 the 7
KJV
HCSB
N ASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
HS5 rea$s “5ut Besus answere$ '!S5 rea$s “!n$ Besus an; '< rea$s “Besus “Besus answere$, answere$, t on hi%, t is written 8an must not swere$ hi%, t is written, “ #" is written “ an shall not li-e on SH# "P. SH# "P. &' &' P" B6#K B6#K bread alone/”52 8” 9ootnote li-e on bread alone/ ”8”% 3 9oot; notes “= 11 ther %ss a$$ but on #P" /”8” “32 "eut. 3.” 6 11 "t 3.” e-er* word of +od/ (he absence of “but by every (!gain, the footnote only attributes wor$ of )o$” possibly %ight be the Muotation to its scriptural origin (!lso see :atthew 13, 1.# (Supporting the omission of the an error of haplographyAa scri; last phrase, along with %o$erns8 bal error of o%ission because of in "eut. 3. 5ut the scriptural reference is truncate$I "eut. truncate$I "eut. 3 (“?tterances,” or “sayings,” is a favorites an$ B, are , !, 12$1, $istraction fro% copying, or si%; %ore-accurate translation here, be; the Sinaitic, the Sahi$ic, an$ part ple fatigue. therwise, it is either rea$s, “%an $oes not live by brea$ only, but by every wor$ that pro; cause the )ree& is rhmati #rh; of the 5ohairic. 5ut 4oining those a $irect copying fro% a corrupt cee$s out of the %outh of the 7 >" %ati (ray-%ah-tee#K, which $oes at far right in in including the the wor$s scribal e+e%plar Jsource %sK, or a $oes %an live.” “Shall” replaces not %ean %ean Christ )logos logos ** or specific are 2 other nu%ericsAa%ong scribal interpretation J$eletionK “$oes” fro% the previous '< Scripture! but Scripture in gener; the% 2;, #, 7<, an$ 10& base$ on belief. 'o footnote about about version. 'o footnote about the the longer rea$ingI# longer rea$ingI# ?ncials ', F, an$ 4oin the%.# al.#
wo of the ol$est five e+tant )ree& ' :SS, Í an$ 5, omit “but by every wor$ of )o$.” However, another two of the earliest five, five, ! an$ ", include the phrase. he :a4ority te+t in; clu$es the phrase. *ithout these wor$s the %eaning is inco%plete ;hat else does he li-e b*: :an certainly %ust live by the *or$ of )o$, lest he be hopelessly lost. !lso supporting the Ï are N, , an$ //2, plus the Peshitta an$ Harclean, all 7atin, Ë1 , 13, cursive 33, an$ %ore.
*u(e 9:35 A “!n$ there ca%e a >ea$s “hen a voice ca%e fro%
nly five significant )ree& uncialsA Ì$ , 7, !leph, 5, an$ 7(!le+.#Aplus , four 7, the Syriac Sinaitic (sys#, all optic (@gyptianASahi$ic5ohairic#, four other )ree& %ss, an$ a few 5yEantine %ss, replace “belov; e$” with so%e variation of “cho; sen.” he Ï te+t, along with un; cials !, , *, @, ), H, P, an$ D, Ë 13, 33 an$ 2 other “nu%erics,” %ost 7, an$ the Peshitta an$ Harclean, rea$ “belove$.”
*u(e 4:4 A “!n$ Besus an;
swere$ hi%, saying, t is written, “hat %an shall not live by brea$ alone, but alone, but by every wor$ of )o$.”8” )o$ .”8”
voice out of the clou$, saying, his is %y belove$ Son hear hi%.8” (!lso see :atthew 30.#
the clou$, saying his is :y Son! the Chosen Pne9 listen to hi%I8”1$ 9ootnote “C C3= ther C3= ther %ss rea$ the Belo-ed/”
>ea$s “. . . his is %y Son! J * *K Chosen PneL listen to Hi%.8”
>ea$s “. . . his is %y Son! whom & ha-e chosen9 listen to hi%.8”
20
(he '! labels agap+tos Jbe; (Si%ply a %ore conte%porary but love$K as an alternative rea$ing. slightly less accurate, longer, an$ !s always, the %o$ernistic trans; (t %ay be that %any %o$ern critics lation co%%ittees $o not wish to less “biblical” variation of the '!S5 rea$ing.# view this scribal error as a refer; confuse the rea$ers with the facts ence to saiah 12 J“. . . %y chosen Aonly to present the *or$ ('ote 'u%erous )ree& uncials *or$ of one in who% %y soul $elights”K, )o$ base$ on their own s&ewe$ often are not %entione$Aevi; but :att. 30, :&. , , 7&. 322 theories, beliefs, an$ preferences. $ently base$ on spatial consi$; an$ Peter 0 refer to Besus as erationsAin the '! because %o; 9or whatever reason “:y” has “belove$ Son.” “:y hosen ne” been $esignate$ as a$$e$ JK when $erns consi$er the% uni%portant has vast support, but still is out$one it alrea$y is in the )ree&A 4mou6 4mou6 e.g., ', F, , 5, , , G, S, H, I, , by the e-idence listed at far right/ # JmouK.# an$ several others.#
*u(e 9:5$ A “ For the Son of '!S5 uestions the authenti; '< he last portion of verse == HS5 50 “. . . an$ they went to man is not come to destro* men=s another village.” 9ootnote (after v. city of the last portion of verse an$ all of verse =6 are o%itte$. ==# “3/ C==-=6 ther %ss a$$ and == an$ all of verse =6 by sur; li-es! but to sa-e JthemK/ !n$ >e%ove$ note >e%ove$ note d %%! %3 So%e 8L seven uncialsL (Single brac&eting by %o$ern #nd ” scholars $enotes suspicion about 1 & 13 n$ version JC=K inclu$es the first several l$ 7atin J2 KL the Ë authenticity.. (nce again, the '< continues sentence un%oleste$. However, the PeshittaL others. >other versions versepassage authenticity Kouble brac&eting %eans the containing this portion include7 to $eteriorate via $egra$ation of >obinson-Pierpont version J2//=K @ras%us=6L Stephens @ras%us=6L Stephens==/L ==/L %aterial insi$e is consi$ere$ )o$8s true wor$, as prescribe$ in encloses it in single brac&ets to 5eEa=CL @lEevir 633L 633L plus the “highly $oubtful,” or wholl* the Ï an$ >. !lso note the in$icate $oubt about its authen; )eneva '==0L yn$ale=26L the conte+t of this verse, which ticity. JGGK# =1=0 o%plutensian =1=0 o%plutensian PolyglotL inauthentic.# clearly 4ustifies its appearance.# others.#
!gain, “so%e %anuscripts” is a profoun$ un$erstate%ent. un$erstate%ent. he verse is in a “great %any” ( pm# 5yE. cursives (?5S $, “5yE pt”A , 13 “part” JGGK#, Ë1 ,13 , 7, the
specificall* is listed listed in either the "#2 or GBS $ for omission of the last portion of -erse %% and all of -erse %3D (Support, by i%plica;
tion, of course, is “so%e” to “%any” J“part”K of the 5yEan; tines.# he evi$ence proclai%s as profoun$ a Ï> victory here as anywhere else in this $ocu%entI
KJV
HCSB
N ASB NA
*u(e 11:2a A “!n$ he sai$ un; >ea$s “He sai$ to the%, *hen; >ea$s “!n$ he sai$ to the%, ever you pray, say “ Father! Father! 3
Hallowe$ be thy na%e.”8” (!lso see :atthew 6C.#
*u(e 11:2b A “hy &ing$o% co%e. .h* will be done! as in hea-en! so in earth .”
9ootnote “ 2 ther %ss rea$
9ootnote “62 7ater %ss a$$ phrases fro% :att 6C-3 to (!gain, the HS5 is clever in $is; %a&e the two passages closely guising the full truth about those si%ilar.” “other %ss,” re%aining neutral $espite the fact that those others (his sub4ective re%ar& in the are all but four %a4or uncials, five footnote is little %ore than %o$; other %ss, the co%%on 7atin, one version, an$ so%e other %ss. JSee ernistic con4ectureAnothing %ore than an unproven theor* "&' witnesses/K !lso note the regar$ing gospel “har%oniEa; incorrectness of “our na%e be tion”I Jnterpolation, as well.K# honore$ as holy.” Ï J >'?K# Pur Father in hea-en/ ”
NIV >ea$s “He sai$ to the%, *hen you pray, say “ Father ,4$ hallow> be your na%e . . .”8” 9oot; ed be note “1C So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts Pur Father in hea-en/ hea-en/ ”
he :a4ority te+t rea$s “ur 9ather in the heavens . . . 7et your &ing$o% co%e, let our will be $one as in hea-en also upon the earth .” 'ot some %a; nuscriptsAthe vast %a4orityI (“So%e (“ So%e %anuscripts” %anuscripts” is highly 9urther%ore, uncials !, , ", *, $eceptive. he '!20 calls “ur N, Y! an$ /0/, 9a%ily 3 (3 9ather . . . heaven” an alternative cursives#, cursive 33 vi$ (so%e rea$ing. 5ut it is supporte$ by $oubt# an$ %any l$ 7atin, plus overwhel%ing testi%onyI nly nearly all the Syriac, an$ all Ì7, , B, , uncials 1 an$ 700, Ë1, the
HS5 “
HS5 rea$s “hen Peter sai$, '!S5 rea$s “Peter sai$, 5e; '< rea$s “Peter sai$ to hi%, *e have left all we had to to fol; 7o, an$ we have left all, an$ fol; 7oo&, we have left what we had hol$, we have left 51 our own JhomesK an$ followe$ you.8” low youI8” lowe$ thee.8” an$ followe$ ou.8” 9ootnote “3 7it our own things/@ (!s seen in the '!S5 note, at (!lso see :atthew C20.# (his translation co%%ittee8s )ree& source te+t rea$s, “See Jor (“ur own,” as atteste$ to by the i%%e$iate left, “all we ha$” is a “loo&,” or “behol$K, we have left )ree& ta idia, refers to poss> %ore socially palatable way of e+pressing “everything,” or “all” our ho%es an$ followe$ you.” he essions/ pposingly, panta si%ply %eans “all”Apossessions, essential $ifference here is the use relationships, way of life, philo; without specifically saying so. of i/ia J“our J“our own,” or “our belong; sophies, etc. n the '!S5, “our his is a co%pro%ise between the )ree& ter%s, one that soothes ings”K in the '? )ree& versus own Jho%esK” $oes not specifi; J“all”K in the :a4ority. “. . . cally refer to “all things” in one8s the conte%porary rea$er8s %in$ panta J“all”K life. !n$ the a$$ition of “ho%es” Aa less $irect an$ e+tre%e ter; *hat we ha$,” as often in the by the translators is an abo%in; %inology an$ %essage. ! sha%e; HS5, is unnecessarily or$inary. ably wea& atte%pt to %ore speci; his is “$u%bing $own” to a con; fically ren$er an incorrect )ree& ful concession to a “lu&ewar%” public.# te%porary rea$ershipI# rea$ing.# *u(e 18:28 A “!n$ Peter sai$,
PROBLEM
he HS5 is not even accurate accor$ing to its own source )ree&. he '!S5 an$ '<, though close to their un$erlying )ree& sources, still are not en; tirely accurate thereto (“styliE; ation”#. he Ï te+t is supporte$ by Í, !, *, Y, 33, two l$ 7atin, the 7atin
KJV
HCSB
N ASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
he minorit* )ree& sources for the %o$ern versions support their rea$ings but are incorrect/ he :a4ority te+t rea$s, “*atch therefore in every ti%e praying that *ou ma* be accounted Son of :an.” worth* to escape all the things ('ote that this particular rea$ing being about to happen, an$ to nullifies the pre-tribulational (nce again, the source )ree& stand before before the Son of :an.” >aptureI he i%plie$ result is, as here nullifies the pre-tribulational he HS5, '!S5 an$ '< this verse rea$s in the '!S5, that >aptureI he '< rea$ing also nullify the pre-tribulational rap; those save$ before the )reat %isrepresents the source te+t with ture, see%ing to in$icate that ribulation still must endure itD ar$ent prayer an$ watchfulness !lternatively,, the i%plication is “. . . that you ma* be able to !lternatively it is hoped A$eliver be; %ayA it that, through pra*er! the re$ee%; stan$,” possibly in$icating that e$ through hrist %ay be able to so%e %eritorious hu%an behav; lievers fro% the !ntichrist8s $ea$ly persecution. 5ut the pre re; “hi$e the%selves” fro% the !nti; ior ma* lead to belie-ers= re; christ8s wrath. he '! 20 te+t $ee%e$ appearance before hrist. tribulational rapture is biblicalI rea$s katis$ushte, “to have 'otice the $ifference in the DB< DB< See these passages 7u&e 03136L orin. ==, =2L hess. power,” “to have strength,” or “to “an$ to stan$ , . . .” rather than 1=-0L >ev. 3/ / t is scriptural overpower.” he only other sup; sup; “. . . ma* be able to stan$.” 'o stan$.” 'o fact that those accepting hrist as port for this rea$ingAbeyon$ )ree& %inority te+t support Savior before the ribulation that at i%%e$iate leftAis cursive e+ists for “that you %ay be able begins will be ta&en to heaven “to 12$1 (!le+an$rian (!le+an$rian=/ =/ !" #. 20 he correct rea$ing is katax- to stan$.” J'ot liste$ in '! or %eet the 7or$ in air” ( hess. 1 iwqhte, “to be accounte$ 10#. verwhel%ing evi$ence ?5S .K# worthy.”# supports the 5yEantine te+t.
*u(e 21:3$ A “*atch ye there; HS5 rea$s “5ut be alert at all '!S5 rea$s “5ut &eep on the '< rea$s “5e always on the the ti%es, praying that you %ay ha-e alert at all ti%es, praying that fore, an$ pray always, that ye watch, an$ pray that you ma* 1 *ou ma* ha-e strength to escape be able to escape all that is %ay be accounte$ worthy to es; strength to escape all these all these things that are about to things that are going to ta&e place cape all these things that shall about to happen, an$ that *ou ta&e place, an$ to stan$ before an$ to stan$ before the Son of co%e to pass, an$ to stan$ before ma* be able to stan$ before the 0 the Son of :an.”
the Son of %an.”
(“5e accounte$ worthy” %eans that the re$ee%e$, the chil$ren of )o$, shoul$ live sanctifie$ lives which e+u$e the “fruit of the Spir; it”Aa signal to the worl$ that they alrea$y have been 4ustifie$ an$ re; $ee%e$ through )o$8s grace. hese shoul$ be lives or$ere$ after hrist8sAlives consistent with )o$8s reMuire%ents for those alrea$y 4ustifie$ through faith in His Son. J@phesians 2, CK#
:an.” 9ootnote “ 236 ther %ss rea$ *ou ma* be counted counted worth*/”
(he translators have inserte$ the con4unction “but” J oun A“now,” “so,” “then,” “therefore,” “verily”K as appears in the Ï an$ >. “. . . :ay have strength to escape” appears in only about 1= of the e+; tant ' )ree& :SS. his rea$ing Awith the )ree& katis$ushte J&ah-tis-&hoo´ J&ah-tis-&hoo ´-say-tehK, here “to prevail,” or “to be superior in strength”A$efies the pretribula; tional >aptureI JSee "#SB note/ K esti%ony for the the ÏJ A : ! "heta si Ë1 , 13 33 the 7
es, some early %anuscripts, inclu$ing at least three of the ol$est (inclu$ing two ancient papyrus frag%ents#, omit these these versesAa%ong a total of nine plus )ree& in opposition to the the 5yE. 5ut the vast %a4ority include the verses, inclu$ing two of the earliest five )ree& :SS. Besus was )o$, but He also was such in ;2;, ;<2, 100#, 1010, 1071, human for% //Q $ivine and (:inority support for o%ission (“!s it were,” in this conte+t, $oes 12$1, 12$3, 12<2, 13$2, 1$2$, //Q hu%an. n His hu%anity, he $ (he translators have been 4u$i; co%prises Aleph-1 Aleph-1 Ì A B felt angst an$ nee$e$ strength. an/ 10 Afro% the th to 3th not signify that the intensity of uncials Jca. 2=/ !"K " ! 7< cious, $efying so%e other %o$erns centuries —do contain these his $i$ not ren$er ren$er Hi% less than hrist8s angst compares his sweat ' F 5 K N an$ 1071 Jca. =/K an$ ℓ 11 )o$. See support in '!S5 notes. $rops to bloo$, as a si%ile, base$ by leaving these verses, then foot; wor$s. thers (R! relatively rare %e$ical con$i; noting. hey also have been pru; 0171 Ë1 7L the ather, %ss slightly $ifferent fro% the tion calle$ “ hematohidrosis” all SyriacL part of the 5ohairic.# $ent in stating that “ other %ss” %ss” the )ree& wor$ egeneto Jfro% :a4ority. gino%aiKAco%bine$ with (he '!20 inclu$es vv. 13-11, but co%es fro% the Sahi$ic J3r$ or aroun$ sweat glan$s to burst mon* in "&' notes/# th(om3oi, “great bloo$ $rop”A un$er great stress, resulting in puts the% in double brackets to 1thK, part of the 5ohairic J3 r$ or %eans His sweat literally “be; bloo$ actually entering the the sweat in$icate near certainty that they 1thK, an$ one l$ 7atin %anu; are spurious.# ca%e” bloo$, or %ingle$ with it.d it. d# script. “:any” is a bit e+cessive.# glan$s.#
*u(e 22:43! 44 A “!n$ there
appeare$ an angel unto hi% fro% heaven, strengthening hi%. !n$ being in an agony he praye$ praye$ %ore earnestly an$ his sweat was as it were great were great drops drops of falling $own to the blood falling groun$.”
>ea$s “Jhen an angel fro% heaven appeare$ to Hi%, strength; ening Hi%.44 5eing in anguish, He praye$ %ore fervently, an$ an$ His sweat beca%e like drops of blood falling to the groun$.K” 20 9ootnote “2/ 2213, 11 ther %ss %ss o%it brac&ete$ te+t.”
>ea$s “!n angel fro% heaven appeare$ to hi% an$ strength; ene$ hi%. 11!n$ being in an; guish, he praye$ %ore earnestly, an$ his sweat was like drops of falling to the groun$. 5I ” blood falling 9ootnote “3 :any early early %anu; %anu; (“:ost early %ss” Je+tantK is cor; rect. However, nu%erical %ss 13, scripts $o not have verses 13 an$ 11.” 17, 1;0, 20, #, <7, 700,
>ea$s “%5 'ow an angel fro% heaven appeare$ to Hi%, strengthening Hi%. . . .” 9oot; note “=3 :ost early early %ss %ss $o not contain vv 13 an$ 11.”
KJV *u(e 22:$4 A “!n$ when the* hi%, they struc& had blindfolded hi%,
HCSB
NASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
he HS5, '!S5, an$ '< o%it any reference to the actual hi% on the face, an$ as&e$ hi%, contact point Jthe faceK of the saying, Prophesy, who is it that (n the interlinear referre$ to at beating. he :a4ority te+t rea$s, s%ote theeG8” i%%e$iate left, un$erneath the “!n$ blin$fol$ing hi%, the* )ree& 8proφhteuson@ ( p(o8 p(o8 were striking him on the face an$ lish &nterlinear "ew .estament .e stament (!lso see :atthew 266 an$ (!gain, “other “other %ss” %ss” is non-spe; A prof-ay΄-too-sun#, were as&ing Hi%, saying . . .” ph+teuson A N"#SB"&'O! which is base$ on :ar& 16=.# %eaning “prophesy,” the trans; nly eight specifie$ )ree& cifically $eceptive, as %ore than the ?5S )ree&, $oes not re; uncials of the =,0//-plus e+tant ('ote that the DB< co%%ittee fail; = percent of the e+tant )ree& %ss nounce the :a4ority or > rea$; lators chose the wor$ “tell”A how pe$estrian an$ inappropriate. ings $irectly, by inclu$ing this e$ to precisely correctly translate inclu$e the footnote$ %aterial. )ree& %ss support the modern *ithin this conte+t the @nglish this verse, a$$ing “they” in the JSee witness proofs at far right/K footnote “a autou to pros- wor$ prophes* is clearly the cor; rea$ing, plus so%e cursives first instance, instance, an$ also a$$ing >e%e%ber, “later@ uncials (3 thM wpon, kai inclu$e$ by > after rect translation. 9urther%ore, the $iffering fro% the 5yE. ?ncials “when.” he tea% also use$ the $th support the )' b* a margin margin eparoton” J“on the face, an$” '!20 rea$s that “they were stri&; !, *, heta ( N#, Psi (Y#, 9errar wrong tenses for “blin$fol$e$” of I0/2L to 1$/ILD # after “were as&ing”K. Hence, the ing hi% on the face an$” is a )roup 3 ( Ë13aesarean#, %ost an$ “struc&.” “*ere stri&ing” is translators $i$ not $eny the rea$; parallelis% to :att. 2660, 6 an$ 7 an$ all the
>ea$s “ #fter blindfolding Him! Him! >ea$s “. . . an$ the* blind> Hi% an$ were as&ing folded Hi% the* &ept24 as&ing, “ProphesyI Hi%, saying, Prophesy, who is *ho hit ouG8” 9ootnote the one who hit ouG8” “21 2261 ther %ss a$$ striking Him on the face and/” .he Aonder-an Aonder-an +reek and ng> (.he
>ea$s “ .he* blindfolded him an$ $e%an$e$, ProphesyI *ho hit youG8”
*u(e 23:34 A “hen sai$ Besus, HS5 “Jhen Besus sai$, 9ather, '!S5 “4I 5ut Besus was saying, '< 54 “Besus sai$, 9ather, for;
9ather, forgive the%L for they &now not what they $o.8 !n$ they parte$ his rai%ent, an$ cast lots.”
")' footnote ( ")' footnote rea$s “'?-e+t brac&ets the first sentence as a lat; er e$ition.” "G refers refers to the cur; rent, naturalistic “critical te+t,” an apparatus containing editorial
forgive the%, because they $o not &now what they are $oing.8”K 13 !n$ they $ivi$e$ His clothes clothes an$ cast lots.” 9ootnote “ 6 2331 ther %ss %ss o%it brac&ete$ te+t.”
9ather, forgive the%L for they $o not &now what they are $oing.8 . . early %ss .” 9ootnote “ 1 So%e early %ss $o not contain But )esus was sa*ing / / / doing/”
give the%, for they $o not &now what they are $oing.8 !n$ they $ivi$e$ upon his clothes by cast; ing lots.” 9ootnote lots.” 9ootnote “31 So%e early %anuscripts early %anuscripts $o not have this sentence.”
(he vast %a4ority of e+tant Je+ist; ('ote the consistency, by ab; ing an$ usableK %anuscripts, 5yE; sence, between this verse an$ (he footnote in$icates the entire include this antine an$ otherwiseA include :ar& 26 he %o$ern versions verseI So why is it consi$ere$ so o%it the 7u&e 2331a reference to first part of verse 31 JaK is lac&ing in so%e %ss. he result is that $ubious by %o$ern liberal criticsG )esus= forgi-eness forgi-eness of His murder> changes incorporated into the :ostly because the '!20 inclu$es ers, as well as o%it :ar& 6, only the “b” portion, the secon$ half, “!n$ they $ivi$e$ up his Scriptures by %o$ernists of the the first portion of the verse in )o$8s charge for humans to for> th th, th st clothes by casting lots,” e+ists in 20 double brac&etsI his suspicion is , C , 2/ , an$ 2 centuries. gi-e one another . he '! appa; 7 1 these afore%entione$ %anu; th th base$ on %anuscripts Ì , , B, Jn this case the C an$ 2/ ratus says that v. 23a is a paral; lelis%Ato !cts 06/, accor$ing scripts. .his is a heinous omis> centuries, because neither of these D, !, "heta, 070 Jca. ==/K, 7< a '@ noteAbase$ noteAbase$ on all of sionD ritics assert that the first critical te+ts e+iste$ before C, Jca. 2=/K, 12$1 Jca. =/K, plus to a '@ portion was a$$e$ to what other; J“a few” 5yE. cursivesK, the pc 2 the %inority witnesses liste$ at an$ the '! was release$ in wise are %ultiple verses, else; Syriac Sinaitic, an$ the Sahi$ic. i%%e$iate left. 5ut, again, this 2/2.K# where, having 4ust part “b”A hese are “%any,” an$ they are %o$ernistic theor* is 4ust that, “eclectic” J'@ noteK, noteK, but they an$ has no basis in actual proofI :att. 203= an$ :&. =21. his still are outweighe$ an$ outnu%; his verse can be only an e+tre%; is the theoryAan$ nothing %ore bere$ by the %anuscripts inclu$ing ely vague reference to Stephen8s Aof “paralleliEation.” ;h* the plea for %ercy to his %ur$erersI# note=s remo-al:# 31aAwhich also are eclectic.#
he translators in %o$ern ver; sions clai% that this portion of the verse %ay have been later a$$e$ by so%e. :o$ern trans; lators also are %itigating +od=s command for for forgi-eness forgi-eness Afirst by eli%inating Besus8 Besus8 forgiveness forgiveness for His %ur$erers, then by o%it; ting a reference to biblical hu> man forgiveness of one another. he overwhel%ing lot of the :a4ority cursives here are sup; porte$ by uncials an$ 2, !, , "2 (2n$ correcte$#, 7, Psi, /2=/ (ca. 0=/#, Ë1 , 13, %o$ernists8 fav; orite cursive, 33 (C th#, 0 other nu%erics, l$ 7atin an$ all the
KJV *u(e 24:12 A “hen arose
HCSB
NASB NA
'< rea$s “Peter, “Peter, however, got up an$ ran to the to%b. 5en$ing over, he saw the strips of linen lying by the%selves, an$ he went away, won$ering to hi%; self what ha$ happene$.” >e%ove$ note >e%ove$ note “So%e “ So%e %anu; %anu; ther %ss %ss a$$ l*ing there/” (he )ree& pa(akupsas Jpar-a&- scripts $o not inclu$e this verse.” (he DB< is a bit i$io%atic, here, (nce again a senseless $eviation oop-sosK %eans both “to stoop (“So%e So%e %anuscripts”G %anuscripts”G esA with “an$ stooping $own he be; fro% what appears in the :a4ority $own” an$ “to loo& into.” “nly” (“ accor$ing to the '! 20 JD, %talaK hel$,” rather than “an$ stooping to )ree& source te+t the translators is a poor translation of mόna an$ :oor%an8s $igest JD, a few loo& in,” but the phraseology is in; using the @nglish “went ho%e,” J%uh-nahK, which %eans 5yE. cursives, si+ 7K. !ccor$; conseMuential to the %eaning. “alone.” “*rappings” is a poor $espite the )ree& rea$ing ap+l8 'evertheless, the @nglish transla; then , “to go off,” or “to $epart.” ing to the ?5S 1, however, only D translation of o onia, which 20 tion shoul$ be %ore accurateI# he HS5 footnote %a&es an %eans “linen clothes!” “pieces of omits the -erse/ he '! notes that nu%erous %ss have the verse incorrect reference to “there.” his linen,” or “strips of linen cloth for minor -ariants with Asuch as $oes not appear in any )ree&. @+; swathing the $ea$.” J .ha*er=s inclusion or o%ission of clusion of “lying alone” is very +reekMnglish e,icon of the keimena J&igh-%eh-nahK, unusual in a 5ible version, but it is "ew .estament K# “laying” J“linen cloth”K. ;h* the the ?5S source that e+clu$es these remo-ed note: &s the committee wor$s keimena mone &” *hat a 8tr*ing not to confuse readers!@ waste of ti%e an$ effort to $raw or is it reluctant to concede to the attention to this, which is incorrect greater e-idence opposing it: # anyway.#
Peter, an$ ran unto the sepulchreL an$ stooping $own he behel$ the linen clothes lai$ by the%selves, an$ departed , won$ering in hi%; self at that which was co%e to pass.”
HS5 rea$s “Peter, however, '!S5 rea$s “5ut Peter got up got up an$ ran to the to%b. *hen an$ ran to the to%bL stooping he stoope$ to loo& in, he saw an$ loo&ing in, he saw the linen only the linen cloths. 3 So he went wrappings onl*9 an$ he went awa* to his home, %arveling at home! a%aEe$ at what ha$ what ha$ happene$.” happene$.” 9ootnote “ 6 212
NIV
>ea$s 8Ha-ing said this! He *u(e 24:4% A “!n$ when he had thus spoken! he shewe$ the% showe$ the% His han$s an$ feet.” JhisK han$s an$ JhisK feet.” ('ote that, as oppose$ to the verse omission cite$ in the Won$ervan (!lso see Bohn 2/2/.# '!S5'< interlinear interlinear at i%%e$ia i%%e$iate te right, in the HS5 no %ention is %a$e of verse 1/8s $eletion in the (! %ore-accurate translation is, )ree&. 5oth the HS5 an$ the “!n$ ha-ing spoken this, he '!S5 are base$ essentially essentially on the showe$ the% his han$s an$ his sa%e )ree& source. J!ccor$ing to feet.” Eipwn, as a secon$ aorist hcsb.org hcsb.org,, // “scholars” an$ participle, in$icates a very recent 8nglish st*lists@ fro% 0 $eno%; inations pro$uce$ the HS5.K ! co%pletion of an actAnot the absolute past tense. “his” refers little-&nown fact is that after the to what Besus previously sai$ in v. $eath of first general e$itor !rthur 9arsta$, the co%%ittee change$ 3C, about his i$entity an$ his )ree& te+ts fro% the 5yE. :a4ority fleshy appearance.# to the '? critical te+tAa $ifference of =,///-plus )ree& wor$sI# wor$sI #
>ea$s “!n$ when He had said this! He showe$ the% His han$s an$ His feet.”
PROBLEM he Ï te+t rea$s “an$ stooping to loo& in . . . an$ he went off to himself %arveling %arveling . . .” he prob; le% with the %o$ern versions, here, is that their rea$ings si%ply are incorrectI Supporting the :a4orityAaccor$ing to B.!. :oor%an8s apparatusAare %o$erns8 favorite %anuscripts, !leph (Í# an$ 5, plus their highly estee%e$ Ì7 papyrus. n a$$ition, co$ices ! (= th#, @ (6th#, 9 (Cth#, ) (Cth#, H (Cth#, D (Cth#, 7 (Cth#, : (th#, S (/ th#, ? (Cth#, < (Cth#, * (=th# an$ F (/ th# support the :a4ority te+t rea$ing, as well as nine other specifie$ )ree& %ss, plus the Peshitta an$ Harc; lean, Ë1 , 13, the Sahi$ic an$ 5o; hairic, three 7, all the
>ea$s “*hen he had said this! nly the corrupt o$e+ " he showe$ the% his han$s an$ (5eEae# represents the )ree& %inorityI n a$$ition, 4ust si+ l$ feet.” 7atin (2 n$#, an$ the Syriac Sinaitic (he '!S5 translators8 source th ('otice the re%oval of the con; (1 # an$ uretonian (= th# ver; 20 1 te+ts, the '? J'! an$ ?5S K, 4unction “an$” fro% the the begin; sions, o%it this verse, plus a few inclu$e verse 1/, with over; ning. ischen$orfAwho pro$uce$ 5yE. )ree& cursives. hose that whel%ing support. et the Aon> eight ' critical e$itions in the include it are the Ï cursives, 22 der-an +reek and nglish &nter> %i$-//8s %i$-//8sAin$icte$ Ain$icte$ hi%self by linear "ew .est .estament ament N"#SB authoring an 6C co%parison of significant uncials (inclu$ing "&'O follows several in$ivi$ual the !< ' with variants fro% , !leph an$7 5# an$ si+ other critical te+ts by co%pletely o%it; )ree&, Ì , the PeshittaHarclean, A, an$ B. >esults reveal these ting the verse fro% the )ree& all the egar$ing the other %o$ern 000+ least 000 J0/KAhighly $oubtfulL is; “5ibles” cite$ here, they are si%i; “an$,” “now” for “an$,” “then” chen$orf J02KA omitted omitted L re ; for “an$,” “now” for “therefore,” lar to the :a4ority te+t, but their gelles J=0KA$oubtful. gelles J=0KA$oubtful. *hy source te,t does not contain contain etc.K !nother %o$ern obsesse$ woul$ they $o thisG B includes 'erse 40—a shameful contra> with con4unction re%oval or the verse. *ere they perhaps replace%ent.# going by *-HG# dictionD
KJV
HCSB
NASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
'< “. . . an$ repentance repentance for the !lthough the )ree& rea$ing *u(e 24:4# A “!n$ that repent; HS5 rea$s “. . . an$ repentance '!S5 “. . . an$ that repentance '< 40 forgiveness of sins woul$ forgiveness of sins will be (kai # un$erlying these %o$ern ance and re%ission re%ission of sins for 14 forgiveness of sins woul$ be for forgiveness
shoul$ be preache$ in his na%e a%ong all nations, beginning at Berusale%.” (he 5yEantine Ï te+t an$ e+tus >eceptus J@ras%us =6, @stienne =6, @stienne ==/,, 5eEa =C, @lEevir 633, ==/ etc.K each rea$ kai, “an$” J“repen; tance and forgiveness”K forgiveness”K in this conte+t. 'early every >efor%ation -era 'ew esta%ent rea$s “an$,” rather than “for” J eijK in this conte+t.#
be proclai%e$ in His na%e to all proclai%e$ in His na%e to all the the nations, beginning fro% Beru; nations, beginning at Berusale%.” sale%.” 9ootnote “1/ 7ater %an; 9ootnote “1 2110 ther %ss rea$ uscripts rea$ and forgi-eness/ ” repentance and/ ” ("espite the fact that the '! 20 rea$s kai Jhere “an$,” but always (5oth the HS5 an$ '!S5 opte$ a con4unctionK, the translators use for the rea$ing in the ?5S te+t, “for” between repentance an$ for> eis, %eaning “to,” “into,” or “for,” gi-eness. *hyG 5ecause their cor; in this conte+t. he '! rea$s kai, rupt favorite uncials an$ papyrus a %eaning “an$” in this conte+t. !s use eis Jhere “for,” but always 7 for “other %ss,” this is a tre%en; prepositionK B an$ Ì . !lso rea$ing eis are the ?5S an$ the $ous un$erstate%ent, as the vast critical e$itions of *estc *estcott-Hort, ott-Hort, %a4ority rea$ “an$.” his is a ischen$orf Jth e$.K, an$ *eiss theological issue 6epentance and J3r$ e$.K. hese e$itions directl* remission are separate actsD # un$erlie the '?I# '?I#
,ohn 1:18 A “'o %an hath seen >ea$s “'o one has ever seen )o$ at any an y ti%eL the only o nly begot ; )o$. .he Pne and Pnl* Son 23 A ten Son So n, which is in the boso% of the Pne who is at the Father=s side A He has reveale$ Hi%.” the 9ather, he hath $eclare$ 9ootnote “26 ther %ss %ss rea$ JhimK.” +od/”
(he )ree& monogenes %eans “only-born” or “only,” specifically in the sense referring to the uniEue identit* of +od=s Son Ap. 26, Strong8s o%plete *or$ Stu$y oncor$ance. JSee "#SB notes for e,planation on 8him/@ K#
(he '!-?5S )ree& uses the pro; per wor$, monogenes, for “only,” but, for full $octrinal $octrinal i%pact, “only begotten” is preferre$. preferre$. JSee "#SB notes/K he translators wisely aban; $one$ their )ree& source here. !s for “at the 9ather8s si$e,” this is an incorrect translation of kolpon A“the front of the bo$y between between the ar%s,” or “the boso% Jfol$ or poc&etK of a gar%ent.”# gar%ent.”#
versions is the sa%e, notice how the HS5 an$ '< $eviate. (he '< translators have $efie$ *ithout repentance an$ remis> the '!20 e$itionAwhich rea$s sion of sins, the inti%ation is that i$entically to the 5yE.> hereA “acts of penance,” apart fro% for their translation. “9or” be; forgiveness of sins, can achieve tween repentance an$ forgi-eness sal-ation/ 6epentance 6epentance and 1 is incorrectI Jhe ?5S rea$s eij actsI he remission are different actsI J“for”K rather than kai J“an$”K. he reason for this $iscrepancy is Ï cursives, uncials !, , ", 7, that the ?5S is less-critical. 9or *, N, , Ë1 , 13, all the 7atin, an$ this up$ate$ version, the '< the Harclean an$ Sinaitic, $o%i; translators have substitute$ “for” nate. nly Í, 5, Ì7, the Peshit; for “an$.” ;h*: .o conform to ta, an$ the optic, oppose. other modern translations: #
'< rea$s “'o one has ever seen he Ï te+t rea$s “only begotten )o$, but the one an$ nly Son, Son.” !, 3, N, , Ë1 , 13, %ost 7 who is himself +od and %4 is in an$ the
>ea$s “'o one has seen )o$ at any ti%eL the only only begotten begotten God who is in the boso% of the 9ath; er, He has e,plained J J Him HimK.”
,ohn 3:13 A “!n$ no %an hath HS5 “'o one has ascen$e$ into '!S5 “'o one has ascen$e$
heaven e+cept the ne who $es; into heaven, but He who $es; cen$e$ fro% heaven A the Son of cen$e$ fro% heaven the Son of :an.”1I 9ootnote “ 33 ther an/” %ss a$$ who is in hea-en/ ” (nly / specifie$ )ree& :SS (nce again, “other %ss” is co%; support this rea$ing Ì## , 7 J3r$K (>e%oving the last verse portion pletely %isrepresentativeI he -ast B " Jca. 1=/K 33 Jca. =/K ignores the fact that hrist eternal; maorit* of e+tant testi%ony favors 0;3 Jca. 6//K 0;# Jca. ==/K an$ inclusion of 4o ek tou ouran- 12$1 Jca. =/KAplus a few of ly remains in heaven before His the cursives, an$ the optic.# ou,6 “who “who is in this heaven.”# earthly incarnation an$ after.#
ascen$e$ up to heaven, but he that ca%e $own fro% heaven, Je-enK the Son of %an which is in hea-en.”
preache$ in his na%e na%e to all na; tions, beginning at Berusale%.”
>ea$s “'o one has ever gone into heaven e+cept the one who came from came from heavenA the the Son of So%e %an; %an; an/”53 9ootnote “36 So%e uscripts an! who is in in hea-en/”
he %inority )ree& re%oves reference to the fact that since His ascension, Besus has been an$ will re%ain in hea-en for> e-ermore/ Support for the DB< Ï (he '? )ree& rea$s ana3e3+ken, te+tL significant uncials (incl. !, N, #L all 7atinL Ë1 , 13 “ascen$e$,” an$ kata3as , “$e; (aes. %ss#L the Syriac Pesh; scen$e$,” yet the @nglish is so itta, Harclean, an$ uretonian pe$anticA“gone” an$ “ca%e.” Katabaς %eans “$escen$e$.”# (=th#, an$ part of 5ohairic (bo pt#.
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'!S5 rea$s “So that whoever '< rea$s “hat everyone who >ea$s “. . . so that everyone believes %ay ha-e eternal life in who believes in Hi% will 1$ have 44 believes will in Hi% ha-e Him/@5I 9ootnote “ 3So%e inter; 11 C eternal life.” 9ootnote “ ther eternal life/” 9ootnote “ r preters en$ the Muot. with v. v. 2.” belie-es in him will ha-e eternal %ss a$$ not perish! but/ ” 20 (he '! again overe%phasiEes life/” (“Shoul$,” “%ay” or “will” JhaveK the i%portance of its favorite two (@vi$ence supporting the omission uncials, other !le+an$rian uncials, A)&. έχ έχω ω Je&hT-YKA are use$ (“*ill in hi%” is incorrect 4mh apolhtai all,6 of 4 an$ sa%e papyriA an$ B lever; accor$ing to the '?, :a4ority variously in $ifferent versions of “shoul$ not perish, but,” is $iverse an$ >. *hy the change$ wor$ age$ as the best. the best. Ì## , 7 an$ Ì3# the e+tus >eceptus, :a4ority te+t an$ broa$A as th as attested in the "&' or$erG . . . J6 K , , ", four nu%eric uncials, Ë1, i.a pas o pisteuon eis an$ '!?5S J“'?”K.# note Abut still is outweighe$ an$ auton m+ apolatai all eche oen two 7, the uretonian, optic, outnu%bere$. JSee witness testi> aionion, “that whoever believes in an$ a few 5yE. %ss pitte$ against the Ï. he translators also have mon* at far right/ K Hence, once Hi% shoul$ not perish, but shoul$ “%ay . . . life” an$ “in Hi%,” $efy; again, “other %ss” is highly $e; JwillK have life eternal,” literally ing their source )ree&. “nterpret; ceptive. his $e%eans the Ï te+t.# is correct. 9ootnote is incorrect.# ers”G *hyG #
,ohn 3:15 A “hat whosoever believeth in hi% shoul$ shoul$ not per; ish, ish, but have eternal life.”
,ohn 5:4 A “9or an angel went
HS5 “3 JAwaiting for the %ov; $own at a certain season into the ing of the water, because an angel woul$ go $own into the pool fro% pool, an$ trouble$ the water water ti%e to ti%e an$ stir up the water. whosoe-er then first after the hen the first one who got in after troubling of the water stepped in the water was stirre$ up recovere$ fro% whatever ail%ent he ha$K. I was made whole of whatsoe-er 9ootnote “3=3-1 ther %ss o%it disease he had/” brac&ete$ te+t.” (!gain, brac&ete$ %aterial, with; out specific e+planation, confuses rea$ers. 9urther%ore, once again, “other %ss” is very $eceptive. :o$ern scholars are over; leveraging their belief in the vera; city of their favore$, %uch-cor; rupte$ %ss. JSee "#SB note/ K# ,ohn $:4# A “
he last portion of v. 3 an$ all of v. 1 are bracketed to to in$icate sus; picion about vali$ity. vali$ity. 9ootnote “21 @arly @arly %ss %ss $o not contain the re%ain$er of v 3, nor v 1.”
9ootnote “C So%e %ss inclu$e here, wholly or in part, para>
l*ed—and the* waited for the mo-ing of the waters/ 4 From time to time an angel of the ord (his notorious o%ission, $epen; would come down and stir up $ent largely upon four of the five the waters/ .he first one into the “ol$ uncials” J B : DK, plus Ì## pool after each such disturbance an$ Ì7, is a fortuitous opportun; would be cured of whate-er dis> .” ease he had .” ity for theological %o$ernists si%ply to den* the miraculous in
the 5ible. :any conte%porary biblical scholars an$ theologians theologians e%brace this unbelieving position. ther support are 33, 3 7, the uretonian, the optic, a few cur; sives $iffering fro% the 5yE.#
(he footnote is wholly $ecept; ive, referring to the :a4ority te+t Aan$ %uch %oreAas “so%e %ss”I 5oth the '! 20 an$ the ?5S1 o%it v. 1. JSee o-erwhelm> ing maorit* e-idence at right .K# .K#
HS5 rea$s “ assure you !ny; '!S5 rea$s “ruly, “ruly, truly, say >ea$s “ testi%ony in the "&' and 8?rob> has no note or sy%bol at all to as the “earliest an$ best.” hang; lem@ notes/# flag this so-calle$ “insertion.”# e$ fro% “ tell you the truth . . .”#
PROBLEM he %o$ern versions8 )ree& source te+t rea$s “So that every; one who believes in Hi% %ay have eternal life.” he absence of the wor$s “shoul$ not perish” %itigates the sense, see%ing less harsh for those who $o not be; be; lieve in hrist. nly 2CR of the e+tant =,0//-plus )ree& %ss support this rea$ing. he Ï te+t (cursives# is supporte$ by Ì#3 (6th#, !, N, , /6, /63, Ë13, %ost 7 an$ all the
he :a4ority te+t r ea$s, “ruly, “ruly, truly, say to you, the one be; lieving in %e has eternal life.” *ithout “in %e” the verse $oes not refer to that in which belief must be must be heldD he DB< is sup; porte$ by the Ï cursives, 0 significant uncials (incl. ! 2 " D #, Ë1 , 13, %inuscule 33, %ost of the 7atin, the Syriac Peshitta an$ Harclean, an$ the Sahi$ic, 5ohairic, an$ Proto-5ohairic (early 1th#.
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,ohn 8:59 A “hen they too& up >ea$s “!t that, they pic&e$ up
stones to cast at hi% but Besus hi%self, an$ went out of the hid hi%self, te%ple, going through the %i$st of the%, an$ so passe$ by.”
stones to throw at Hi%. 5ut Besus was hidden24 an$ went out of the temple comple,/ 2% 9ootnotes “21 =C r )esus hid Himself 2= =C ther %ss a$$ and ha-ing
NASB NA >ea$s “herefore they pic&e$ up stones to throw at Hi%, but Besus 4 hi$ Hi%self an$ went .” 9ootnote out of the temple .” 9ootnote 10 7it. was hidden/ (orrectI#
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PROBLEM
>ea$s “!t this, they pic&e$ up Ï te+t “herefore they pic&e$ stones to stone hi%, but Besus hi$ up stones so that they %ight from the hi%self, slipping awa* from throw at Hi%L but Besus was hi$; temple grounds .” $en an$ went out of the te%ple, ha-ing gone through their midst!
(t is significant that Ale@an/(inus AK, of the = th century, is lu%pe$ in J A (!lso see 7u&e 13/.# (@ssential opposition to the :a; with “later witnesses” by the '@ the '@ gone through through their midst! He 4ority co%es fro% papyri Ì## , 7, co%%ittee in supporting the “lon; (*hy $i$ the translators not use th passed b*/” ger rea$ing.” !s with the '!S5, , B, D, ! J= K, an$ "heta J JN N, the aorist passi-e in$icative “was here, no footnote is %entione$ for CthK. 'ine l$ 7atin an$ all the hi$$en” instea$ of “hi$”G “*as other rea$ing. he ?5S 1 has (Support for omission of “go; support the %inority )ree&. 5ut so%e by unreliable sources, such as which in$icates that Besus became its e+tensive bac&ing. dence in "#SB and 8?roblem@ they are outnu%bere$ by the vast rigen. “)roun$s” has been a$$e$. in-isible to avoi$ pre%ature cap; ture an$ $eath.# notes/ “o%ple+” is an a$$ition.# %a4ority of ' +reek an$ %ore.# t appears in no )ree&I#
an$ passe$ by thus.” he re%oval of the clause in Muestion o%its the di-ine miracle of )esus= supernatural power (invisibi; lityG#/ 7ower hristology. hristology. he Ï is supporte$ $irectly by 2C speci; fie$ uncials (incl. !#, 9a%ilies 3, 2 7, an$ N c (3r$ copyist#. pposition is $iverse but out; nu%bere$ an$ outclasse$.
,ohn 13:32 A “ &f +od be glori> HS5 rea$s “ &f +od is glorified '!S5 rea$s “/ / / 2 if +od is glorified in Him, )o$ will also fied in him, )o$ shall also glori; in Him!14 )o$ will also glorify Hi% in Hi%self, an$ will fy hi% in hi%self, an$ shall Hi% in Hi%self an$ will glorify glorify glorify Hi% i%%e$iately.” straightway glorify hi%.” Hi% at once.” 9ootnote 9ootnote “ 20 :ost early %ss early %ss $o “1332 ther %ss ther %ss o%it &f +od is not contain this phrase.” (he DB< here is the only version glorified in Him/” that $oes not transpose “straight; (So%e of the ?5S 18s a$$itional evi$ence against the against including including the away Ji%%e$iatelyK” JeuNuςK (he “'?” )ree&, an$ the @nglish ke* first clause are Ì## ! 1 7< an$ “glorify hi%” J doxasei of the HS5, are very close to the an$ %ost 7 J itN%talaK %anuscripts. :a4ority te+t in this instance. 5ut et, what %o$erns essentially autonK.# with “other %ss,” again, this co%; recogniEe as an “insertion” in the )ree& they still have $eci$e$ to %ittee continues to %islea$ the in the @ngl ish. :o$erns8 rea$ership. ritics leverage , B, inclu$e $ecision to be $issua$e$ by e+ist; :, an$ D to cast $oubt.# ing opposing opposing e-idence e-idence is unli&ely.#
he si%ple fact is, the %a4ority of 5yE. %ss support inclusion of the first clause, as well as 21 speci; fie$ )ree& %ssL !L 2 2L NL L Ë13L 33L all
Acts 2:3% A “herefore being a prophet, an$ knowing that that )o$ ha$ sworn with an oath to hi%, that of the th e fruit of his loins , ac; cor$ing to the flesh, he woul$ raise up hrist to sit on his throne.”
>ea$s “ Since he was a prophet! he knew that )o$ ha$ sworn an oath to hi% to seat one of his descendants15 14 on his throne.” 9ootnotes “ 3 23/ ther %ss %ss a$$
according to the flesh to raise up the essiah/ 1 23/ 7it one from the fruit of his loin/ ”
'< rea$s “ &f +od is glorified in him,21 )o$ will glorify the Son in hi%self, an$ will glorify hi% at once.” 9ootnote “2 :any early %anuscripts early %anuscripts $o not have &f +od is glorified in him/ ” (ranslators here use “%any earl*” to offset the overwhel%ing %a4ority of %anuscripts opposing their %inority te+t. he ?5S1 lists 21 specific )ree& %ss opposing omission! as well as sa%e ver; sions. %ission results in inco%; pletion an$ nonsense.#
>ea$s “ #nd so! because because he was '< “ But he was a prophet and "espite substantial opposition, a prophet and knew that )" knew that )o$ ha$ pro%ise$ hi% the Ï te+t includes “accor$ing H!" S*>' H: *H !' !H on oath that he woul$ place one to . . . the hrist,” as $o uncials S@! Jone K 31 9 HS "@S@' ; of his descendants on his "@'S ' HS H>'@.” 9ootnote
“6 7it. of the fruit of his loins/ ”
(he o%ission of “raise up hrist” is trace$ to the ancient argu%ent (his verse is a reference to 2 (Supporte$ by , A, B, :, ;1, 117, that Christ will return in the flesh Sa%uel 2A)o$ telling "avi$ the / l$ 7atin an$ the “ .g,” the Syriac Aa great $ivi$e between light an$ Peshitta an$ Palestinian, an$ all the :essiah will e%erge fro% his $ar&ness . . . between )o$ an$ bloodline. “7oins” signify “procre; optic, the translators butcher the Satan. t also is interesting that in verse. esti%o esti%ony ny is vast an$ $iverse, ative power,” accor$ing to the @><, base$ on the *est; Ï Ï but it $oes not offset the an$ pro; Strong=s Complete ;ord Stud* cott-Hort )ree& te+t, only “ac; phecy fulfill%entI “hat “hat out of the Concordance! p. 22=. !lso, the fruit of his loins he woul$ %a&e one to cor$ing to the flesh” was re%ove$. perfect participle “ha-ing known ” sit $own on his throne” is correct fro% 'ote that the footnote a$%its to a non-literal translation.# is correct.# the '? )ree& source te+t.#
throne.”
(5ase$ on the *estcott-Ho *estcott-Hort rt an$ '? te+ts, “accor$ing to the flesh, to raise up the hrist” is o%itte$. 'ot only is this translation wrongful in o%itting wor$s, but it is not even literal accor$ing to its own )ree&. he '? has e+cellent support fro% A B : Dc ;1 117 %ost 7 an$ all
Psi (#, P, /1C, /=6, an$ //1 (0th#, plus cursives 33 an$ /12 (/th#, the Harclean, an$ a few other 5yE. :ost of the @arly hurch 9athers oppose/ 5ut, ertullian (7atin, $. 22/#, whose e+tant writings nu%ber 36- (2Q# for the the e+tus >eceptus, was for the 5yE. nly atian (00# has %ore e+tant writings. @arly 9athers (pre-1//# favore$ the 5yEantine 3 to 2A6/Q to 1/Q.
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HS5 rea$s “9or while we were '!S5 >ea$s “9or while we were still helpless, at the right time hrist $ie$ for the ungo$; go$ly.” ly.” (he HS5 @nglish rea$ing is ac; (he :a4ority te+t, fro% the 5yE; ceptable with “still helpless.” 5ut (nly in this instance, in the 'ew “appointe$ %o%ent,” is a %is; esta%ent, %ay the )ree& wor$ antine )ree&, rea$s, “9or yet hrist, when we were wea&, in $ue translation of kata kai(on& hese — note — asthenes note at far right — be ti%e on behalf of the ungo$ly two wor$s together %ore specific; properly use$ in this conte,t . !s $ie$.” Hence, the DB< translators ally %ean “$ue ti%e” rather than re-arrange$ the wor$ or$er, as have “appointe$ ti%e.” >ea$s Strong=s for “the right ti%e,” this is a cor; rect translation, as well. JHow; %ost translators, $oing so essen; Complete ;ord Stud* Concorda> ever, note that the '<, at im> tially literally an$ base$ upon the nce! p. 2=C6 J kata K ! ! “J5K f ti%e, mediate right! :a4ority te+t. Kata kairon wrongly inclu$es i.e., of a perio$ or point of ti%e . . . literally %eans “accor$ing to $ue “4ust” before “the right time@— occasion, season, opportune ti%e, ti%e,” “accor$ing to JtheK right ust not appearing in the )ree& or in due time/” es, it is +od=s tim> ti%e,” “accor$ing to JtheK oppor; ing! but “appointe$” si%ply is not being carrie$ with another )ree& tune ti%e,” or “accor$ing to JtheK wor$.K# seasonable ti%e.”# correct fro% the )ree&.#
ust the '< >ea$s “
>ea$s “herefore there is now no con$e%nation for those who are in hrist Besus.” ('o noteI# (he %inority te+t has substantial support in nine specific )ree& walk according to the flesh but %ss, two l$ 7atin, all optic, according to the Spirit/ ” (ho%as Hollan$ e+plains that !l; plus a few 5yE. cursivesAthe latter 4ust two! evi$ently, accor$; e+an$rians believeJ$K that “$itto; (he HS5 translators Jas they graphy”Athe repetition of te+tA ing to the '! 26. Specifie$ )ree& often $oK have change$ wor$ or$er accounts for the final / wor$s a are B D F # J3thK 10# brevity8s sa&e. $uplication of the wor$s fro% verse Ano $oubt for brevity8s 173< Jca. C=/K 1;;1 Jca. 3=/K. 1. 5ut why %ove bac&war$ fro% v. Hence, the @nglish loosely follows 'ote that the '!20 uses two 1 to v. Aa %a4or slip by %o$ernsG# the '!-?5S source )ree&.# “late” %ss to support its caseI#
>ea$s “herefore, there is now no con$e%nation for those who are in hrist Besus,” . . . >e%ove$ note >e%ove$ note “ a 1 So%e So%e later later %anuscripts )esus! who do not
-omans 5:$ A “9or when we were yet without strength, in due time hrist $ie$ for the ungo$ly.14 ” 9ootnote “ 9ootnote “1 in due time7 or, according to the time .”
-omans 8:1 A “here is there;
fore now no con$e%nation to the% which are in hrist Besus, who wal& not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.”
still helpless! at the appointed moment! hrist $ie$ for the un;
>ea$s “herefore, no con$e%; nation now e+ists for those in hrist Besus, . . .” 11 9ootnote “ ther %ss %ss a$$ who do not
(he '< slightly %islea$s with “still powerless,” base$ on the '!20 )ree&. he %eaning of “asthenes” $oes not so %uch con; note a con$ition of varying power Aa ter% usually associate$ associate$ with a$vantage — as as it $oes of passi-e weakness! or lac& of strength.# (he 0/ *escott-Hort J*-HK 'ew esta%ent, esta%ent, which is the essen; tial base for the '?, rea$s as B, ei ge, “if in$ee$.” his *-H rea$ing, of course, Muestions whether or not Christ did die for the ungodl*D
J“ou J“ ou see” is not in the )ree&IK#
written, How beautiful are the feet of the% that preach the gos> pel of peace, an$ bring gla$ ti$; ings of goo$ things.8”
HS5 “!s it is written How beautiful are the feet feet of those 15 who announce the gospel of good thingsD8” 9ootnote “3 /= ther %ss %ss rea$ feet of
*hat $oesn8t appear here is that o$e+ 5, the %ost-belove$ :S of %ost %o$ern scholars, actually rea$s “ &f indeed . . . .” rather than “9or when . . .” :o$ern trans; lators have been careful to aban; $on this rea$ing here, because support for this variant is %ini; %al. he )ree& wor$ asthenes %eans “without strength,” “wea&,” “sic&,” “i%potent,” “%ore feeble,” an$, parallel to a lost sinner ( ( "' "',, abri$ge$, p. 1#, “helpless.” So, evi$entially, listing witnesses essentially is irrelevant, because nearly every e+tant %anu. is i$entical in the )ree&. Hence, the proble%s are in the @nglish translations, an$, in this particular case, few.
!gain, observe the '< footnote referring to “ some later %anu; scripts.” :ost of the %ss incorp; orating the last clauses of the verse are later than than the authorities li-e according to the sinful nature supporting its absence, but it is but according to the Spirit/ ” the Ï which inclu$es this por; 20 tion. !lso inclu$ing these clauses (he '! (he '! also lists the )ree& are !, 2, "1 (6th-0th#, "2 (ca. C th#, %ss #, 10#, 173<, 1;;1, an$ a 33, D, P, , /1C, /=6, /12, “few others,” plus the @gyptian /=, , 36=, 62C, the Harclean, an$ @thiopic, an$ rigen J$. 2=/K, as supporting the %inority %inority.# .# an$ the
>ea$s “ )ust as as it is written, '< “!s itit is written How H* 5@!?9?7 !>@ H@ 9@@ 9 beautiful are the feet feet of those HS@ 45 ;HP B6&"+ ;HP B6&"+ +PPK ";S +PPK ";S who bring good newsI8” PF +PPK .H&"+S /8” 9ootnote “13 r preach the the gospel/” (he footnote only provi$es the source of the Muotation, saiah those who announce the gospel of euggeli&omenωn (%ωn euggeli&omenω =20. 'o =20. 'o %o$ern 5ible %entions (he )ree& agatha at at the en$ of peace! of those / / /” eirηnηn, “preaching the gospel it, but “preaching the gospel of this verse literally %eans “goo$,” (he HS5 co%%ittee rightfully but “things” is i%plie$. he final change$ “welco%e” to “beautiful” of peace,” is o%itte$ fro% the '? peace” is liste$ in the '!20 criti; in$epen$ent clause is re$un$ant, te+ts, base$ on a relative paucity cal notes as an “insertion” J %KAa with the latest version. 5ut the but, again, )ree& is a language of )ree& an$ @nglish are wrong. JSee of evi$ence Ì$# A B : ;1 “late interpolation” interpolation” base$ on the B*/ and other maorit* e-i> re$un$ancy an$ repetitionI# #30 10# 173< 1;;1 a few witness testimon* in "#SB and dence.# 8?roblem@ notes/ K# 5yE. %ssL an$ all the optic.# -omans 1%:15b A “!s it is
PROBLEM
Ï rea$ing “Bust as it is he Ï written, How beautiful are the feet of the ones proclai%ing the gospel of peace, of the ones pro; clai%ing the gospel of the goo$ (thingsnews#I8” he %o$ern versions8 )ree& source co%bines the last two phrases to su%%a; riEe the% as one. he 5yE. rea$; ing is supporte$ by 2L "L 9L )L L 33L /1CL /=6L /12L /=L %ost 7 ( it# an$ all the
KJV
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PROBLEM
'!S5 rea$s “9or we we will all '< rea$s “9or we will all stan$ he vast %a4ority of e+tant %ss stan$ before the 4u$g%ent seat of before +od=s udgment seat/ ” rea$ “hrist.” :o$ern translators .” +od .” a$opt the %inority rea$ing be; 20 (he '! $esignates +od as as an cause it is uphel$ by all of their (Christ will will be perfor%ing both “alternative rea$ing” in its critical belove$ “ol$ uncials,” plus 9, 9, ), 4u$g%ents. >ev. 2/, 2/, 2 $e; apparatus, using %ainly , A, B, 63/, =/6, 03C, a few 5yE., (he HS5 co%%ittee change$ scribes the “)reat *hite hrone :, an$ D to $efen$ this rea$ing. t “4u$g%ent seat” to “tribunal” for Bu$g%ent,” that for the con; %ost 7atin, an$ optic. (his c 2 n$ the latest version. *hyG he also lists Jthir$ copyistK J2 , : %ay originate fro% lower hrist; $e%ne$. t $etails how earth an$ )ree& bhmati precisely %eans ology8s genesis in first-century correcte$K, , 33, an$ three other ology8s heaven will flee fro% Besus. >e; “platfor% of the official 4u$g%ent %iniscent of unbelievers hi$ing at )ree&, plus all Syriac, as sup; )nosticis%.# !lso for the Ï are seat of hrist.” JSee testimon* for the Secon$ o%ing. here is no porting the Ï reading . hange$ /1, /2/C, 33, , an$ all 8Christ@ at far right/ K# footnote for vast %a4ority of %ssI# fro% “4u$g%ent seat of )o$.”# Syriac.
-omans 14:1%c A “9or we shall HS5 rea$s “9or we will all stan$ before the tribunal of all stan$ before the 4u$g%ent .”I 9ootnote “ 1/ ther +od .” seat of hrist.” hrist.” %ss rea$ of Christ .” .”
('ote that Bohn =22 rea$s, “9or the 9ather 4u$geth no %an, but hath co%%itte$ all 4u$g%ent unto the Son.” :o$ern translations in> clude this verse, unchange$, yet they o%it the above reference to hristI#
as long 1 /orinthians #:39 A “he wife >ea$s “! wife is bound 55 as long >ea$s “! wife is bound as is bound b* the law as long as her as her husban$ is living. 5ut if her as her husban$ livesL but if her
>ea$s “! wo%an is bound to bound to as long as she lives. her husband as husban$ 34 is $ea$, she is free to 5ut if her husban$ $ies, she is husban$ livethL but if her husban$ husban$ $ies, she is free to be be %arrie$ to who% she wishes, free to %arry anyone she wishes, be $ea$, she is at liberty to be %arrie$ to anyone she wantsA only in the 7or$.” 9ootnote but he %ust belong to to the 7or$.” %arrie$ to who% she willL only in only in the 7or$.” 9ootnote 61 falls asleep/ 7it the 7or$.” (!gain, what is %issing in the “33 03C ther %ss a$$ b* law/ %o$ern versions is the )ree& (n the translators8 opinion, the (he )ree& koimhqh literally Jno%-onK,, “regulation,” nomon Jno%-onK testi%ony of four of the five “ol$ nomon (he )ree& JlawK is absent %eans “to cause to sleep,” or “to “law,” “principle.” “5elong” also “lives,” uncials” Aplus four favore$ cur; put to sleep.” JSee "#SB footnote .K fro% the '? te+ts. 4'h,6 “lives,” is incorrectAthe )ree& monon sives, a%ong othersAoutweighs However, this )ree& ter% also is is in the present tenseAnot the the )ree& :a4ority an$ outstan$ing %eaning “only” or “alone.” present participle. “ “ther ther %ss”G %ss”G use$ metaphoricall* to %ean “to “*ife” is the better translation overall witness, it see%s. 4Koi 'oI ! great man*I# $ie,” “to still,” “to cal%,” etc.# hereI# mhqh6 %etaph. %etaph. %eans “to $ie.”#
he Ï te+t rea$s as the DB<. thers supporting it are 2, "1, 9, ), Psi, four nu%eric uncials, an$ all the Syriac. %itting “by law” co%plies with ol$ uncials , !, 5, an$ ". 5ut o%itting “by law” re%oves a specific reference to +od=s law (Seventh o%%an$; %ent#. ther %inority support Ì$#L /20L 6L 33L L 0=L 03CL L a few 5yE.L so%e 7 an$ all the
'< “o “o the wea& became he :a4ority rea$s “as wea&,” 2 weak , to win the wea&. have plus , , ", 9, ), (Psi#, 33, beco%e all things to all people so that by all possible %eans %ight , four other nu%eric uncials, an$ all the Syriac an$ optic. save so%e.” pposing are Ì$#, !leph ( #, !, (“Possible” is not in the )ree&. th (he si%ple o%ission of os JasK JasK (he spiritually unregenerateA "i$ the co%%ittee or stylists thin& 5, 03C (/ #, plus %ost 7 an$ (“:en” was a$$e$ by the DB< all the an$ even so%e regenerate A%ay that without this wor$ rea$ers woul$ confuse the %eaning with co%%ittee, but certainly was not cursives. (Paul beca%e likeM dental scribal error , but it changes not co%prehen$ the $ifference absolutely necessary for clarity of %eaning $ra%aticallyI he trans; between “wea&” an$ “as wea&.” the co%%on phrase use$ to con; minded with with the wea& to relate to vey a %o$ern sense of certaintyG the sentence8s %eaning.# themL he $i$ not “bac&sli$e” to lators also change$ “all” to “every :ight worl$ly translators fail to ?nnecessary ta%pering. “:en” become wea&I# possible” for this version. *hyG# *hyG# properly $iscern, as wellG# has been change$ to “people.”#
HS5 “o the wea& became '!S5 “o the wea& wea& became weak! in or$er to win the wea&. weak , that %ight win the wea&L have beco%e all things to all %ight gain the wea& a% %a$e have beco%e all things to all people, so that %ay by e-er* %en, so that %ay by all %eans all things to all J%enK, that save so%e.” %ight by all %eans save so%e.” possible %eans save so%e.”
1 /orinthians 9:22 A “o the wea& beca%e as wea& , that
1 /orinthians 11:24b A “!n$
when he ha$ given than&s, he bra&e JitK, an$ sai$, a&e, a&e, eat this is %y bo$y, which is bro&en for *ouL this $o in re%e%brance of %e.8” (“t” is i%plie$ in @nglish, thus a$$e$ by the translators of every version here, for clarity.#
>ea$s “. . . 1 his is :y bo$y, which is1I for *ou/ 8” 9ootnotes “0 21 ther %ss %ss a$$ .ake! eat 21 ther %ss %ss a$$ broken/”
>ea$s “. . . .his is %y bo$y, which is for *ou L . . . 8”
>ea$s “. . . .his is %y bo$y, which is for *ou L . . . 8”
('? evi$ence for “his is . . . ” is (n both )ree& source te+ts, the wor$ )h*up+( Jhoop-ayrK Jhoop-ayrK ap; substantial, yet outnu%bere$ pears, but a clearly poor conte+t; $# A B : D F 33 ;1 (Still other :SS rea$ “ gi-en/” See Ì ual translation is %a$e by %o; very substantial '? evi$ence, at 2 other nu%eric )ree&L si+ l$ $erns “for” is use$, rather than immediate right/ et the %a4ority 7atinL the opticL the Palestinian the Palestinian “on the part of” or “for the sa&e far right K still favors testi%ony J far J6thGK. 'o footnote for the %a4or; of.” s this an effort to conserve the Ï te+t.# wor$sG o si%plifyG# ity rea$ingI #
he Ï te+t (=QR# has “a&e, eat . . . ,” as $o 3 (ca. Cth#, , 2 specifie$ )ree&, the lections (%a4.#, an$ the Peshitta an$ Harclean. he :a4ority te+t also rea$s “bro&en,” as $o 2, 3, "2, 9, ), , 2/ specifie$ nu%eric )ree&, four 7, an$ the Peshitta an$ Harclean.
KJV 1 /orinthians 11:29 A “9or he that eateth an$ an $ $rinð unwor u nwor ; thily, thily, eateth an$ $rinð $a%na; tion to hi%self, not discerning the ord=s bod*/”50 9ootnote 3/ "a%nation or, 4u$g%ent.
HCSB HS5 rea$s “9or whoever eats an$ $rin&s without recogniing the bod*!20 eats an$ $rin&s 4u$g%ent on hi%self.” 9ootnote “ 2/ 2C ther %ss %ss rea$ drinks unworthil*! not discerning the ord=s bod*/ ”
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'!S5 rea$s “9or he he who eats '< rea$s “9or those who eat an$ drinks! eats an$ $rin&s 4u$g; an$ $rin& without discerning the bod* of hrist eat an$ $rin& %ent to hi%self if he does not 4u$g%ent on the%selves.” udge the bod* rightl*.”
(pposing the :a4ority rea$ing (his rea$ing violates the source $# A, B, an$ :, )ree&, o%itting “if he $oes not 4u$; are only Ìth , Aleph, th plus J3 K JC K # , 33 , 173< Jca. ge the bo$y.” !s for “ther %ss,” C=/K, all the optic, an$ a few again, these are the vast %a4orityI )ree& cursives.# See proofs in "#SB at far right/#
>ea$s “herefore, if anyone JisK >ea$s “herefore if anyone JisK 2 /orinthians 5:1# A “here; isK a new creationL in hrist, 2$ Jhe isK a new crea; fore if any %an J beK in hrist, J he in hrist, Jhe isK a isK a new creature ol$ things are ol$ things have passe$ away, an$ tureL the ol$ things passe$ awayL behol$, new things ha-e come .” passe$ awayL behol$, all things loo&, new things14 ha-e come/ ” 9ootnote “2C r there is a new 1 are beco%e new.” 9ootnote “ =0 ther %ss %ss rea$ creation/@ look! all new things/ ” (!gain, the '? te+t o%its ta (he wor$s “be” an$ “he is” are not panta, “all things.” t also $oes in any )ree&, but w ere necessary (“!nyone” or “any %an” are the list the :a4ority te+t Ï J ÏK in the for a clear an$ proper translation. sa%e in )ree&, but the '! )ree& not evi$ential testi%ony, $espite the Jhe author a$$e$ a$$e$ brac&ets aroun$ has kaina gegonon, “the new has fact that it does read ta panta& “is is”” in the other versions an$ “he “ he co%e,” rather than gogone kaina nstea$, it prefers to Muibble over is”” in the HS5. he other brac&; ta tanta, “all things have beco%e which :SS have “new” J kainaK is ets were a$$e$ by the translators.K# new.”# before or after “all things.”#
(he '? rea$s “brings con$e%na; tion when not $iscerning the bo$y.” 'ote how $ifferent this literal translation is fro% the %o$ern ver; sions herein. hange$ fro% “any; one,” “recogniEing,” an$ “hi%self.” “f hrist” is not in any )ree&I#
PROBLEM he :a4ority te+t rea$s “un; worthily” an$ “bo$y of the 7or$.” Parta&ing of the ele%ents $oes not evo&e )o$8s 4u$g%ent, obviously, obviously, but participating with> out due re-erence for hrist, an$ without forgiveness of one8s fel; low %an. Supporting the Ï are 2 , 3, ", 9, ), , , all 7at; in, an$ all the Syriac.
>ea$s “herefore, if anyone JisK !gain, the :a4ority te+t rea$s in hrist, the new creation has “all things,” but %o$ern co%; come7 the ol$ has gone, the new %ittees are infatuate$ with !leph, is hereI” !, 5, , ", an$ Ì$#. “ #ll ” accent> (he '? te+t has substantial sup; uates that hrist has spiritually port in Ì$#, , B, :, an$ D, plus F, regenerate$ an$ re$ee%e$ e-er* , uncials 0$; an$ 02$3, an$ four believer fro% otherwise eternal nu%eric cursives. !ll optic an$ ra%ifications of hisher $eprave$ a few )ree& cursives also support nature. n the regenerate, all is is the %inority te+t. “He is a new newI Supporting the 5yE. :a4or; creation” has been change$ to “the 2 new creation has co%e,” an$ “has ity are " L DL 7L PL PsiL 33L L co%eI” to “is hereI” his transla; / other nu%ericsL %ost other tion is far fro% its own )ree&I# cursivesL 2 7L the Harclean.
he '? te+t has substantial testi; HS5 “5ut He sai$ to %e, :y '!S5 “!n$ He has sai$ to %e, '< “5ut he sai$ to %e, :y grace is sufficient for you, for grace is sufficient for you, for m* %ony, yet re%ains clearly over; :y grace is sufficient for you, power 5 is perfecte$ in wea&ness.8 for power is is %a$e perfect in wea&; whel%e$ by =QR of e+tant )ree&. is perfecte$ in wea&; power is herefore, will %ost gla$ly boast he HS5 an$ '!S5 are gravely ness.8 herefore will boast all ness.8 :ost gla$ly, therefore, all the more about %y wea&nesses, the %ore gla$ly about %y wea&; erroneous 'ot an* power “is %a$e so that hrist8s power %ay reside will rather boast about %y perfect in wea&ness,” but only nesses, so that hrist8s power in %e.” 9ootnote “ 3 2C ther wea&nesses, so that the power %ay rest on %e.” hrist8s powerI ()ree& episkepower/” %ss rea$ * power/ of hrist %ay dwell in dwell in %e.” n(ωin this uniEue conte,t %eans %eans (he '!20 critical apparatus cate; “to enter or ta&e up resi$ence”A (he absence of 4mou6 J%yK J%yK in the goriEes “%y” as a scribal inser; ('ote the )ree& wor$ episkenOō '? )ree& is criticalI JSee far right/ K (%issionAthe %ost co%%on “rest upon” or “wor& tionI hese te+t critics use four of not “rest “!ll the %ore” is not an an acceptable scribal errorAof 4ust the )ree& has uniMue %eaning in this ". etc.# Ï support 2L !L their five favorite uncials in rea; through,” substitute for “rather.” @vi$ence 2 conte,t! accor$ing to the heolo; mou J%yK J%yK between “for” an$ soning, “Scribes probably a$$e$ " L L 33L L 21L 03CL 2/ “%y” Ì$#.i/ , B D F against “%y” gical "ictionary of the 'ew esta; 6 7L all
2 /orinthians 12:9 A “!n$ he
sai$ to %e, :y grace is sufficient for thee for m* strength is %a$e perfect in wea&ness.8 :ost gla$ly therefore will rather glory in %y infir%ities, that the power of hrist %ay rest upon %e.”
0alatians 3:1 A “ foolish )ala; >ea$s “ou foolish )alatiansI tians, who hath bewitche$ you, *ho has h*pnotied *ou! I before
that ye shoul$ not obey the truth, truth , before whose eyes Besus hrist hath been e-identl* set forth! cru; cifie$ a%ong youG”
whose eyes Besus hrist was vivi$ly portraye$ $ as crucified:” 9ootnotes “ 3 ther %ss %ss a$$ not to obe* the truth/ C 3 ther %ss a$$ among *ou/ ”
(“@vi$ently set forth” %eans that hrist8s sacrifice clearl* was mani> fested before e-en e-en the world I# I# (!gain, “other %ss” is $eceptiveI#
>ea$s “ou foolish )alatians, who has bewitche$ *ou! before before whose eyes Besus hrist was publicly portraye$ JasK cruci; fie$G” (%itting the clause “that you shoul$ not obey the truth” is a critical blun$er, hereI#
>ea$s “ou foolish )alatiansI *ho has bewitche$ *ou: Before your very eyes Besus hrist was clearly portraye$ as crucified/” (he )ree& p(oeg(Pph+ %eans %eans “evi$ently set forth,” “announce$,” or “written afore,” not “e+; hibite$” or “clearly portraye$.”#
5ewitche$ the% about whatG .he truthD ne of Satan8s chiefest intentions is to separate belie-ers from the truthD he Ï te+t (at least =Q# is supporte$ by , " 2, , 33c, /20, , an$ the Harclean, plus other uncials /1C, /=6, /0=, /12, /=/, an$ /=.
KJV 0alatians 3:1$! 1# A “ "ow to #braham and his seed were were the promises made/ He saith not, !n$ to seeds,8 as of %anyL but as of one, !n$ to thy seed ,8 ,8
which is hrist. !n$ this say, that the covenant, that was con; fir%e$ before of )o$ in hrist, the law, which was four hun$re$ an$ thirty years after, cannot $isannul, that it shoul$ %a&e the pro%ise of none effect.” effect.”
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PROBLEM
HS5 8"ow the promises were '!S5 rea$s “ "ow the pro> '< rea$s “.he promises were to his mises were spoken to #braham spoken to #braham and to spoken to #braham and to to his and to his seed . He $oes not say, seed . Scripture $oes not say seed/ He $oes not say an$ to !n$ to see$s,8 as Jreferring K to an$ to see$s,8 %eaning %any see$s,8 as though referring to %any, %any, but referring to one, an$ to %any, but Jrather K to one, !n$ people, but an$ to your see$,8 %eaning one person, who is 1# to your see$,8 that is, hrist.
your see$, who is hrist. !n$ say this he law, which ca%e 13/ years later, $oes not revo&e a covenant that was previously ratifie$ by )o$, 25 an$ cancel the pro%ise.” 9ootnote “23 30 ther %ss a$$ in Christ/ ”
(
he :a4ority rea$ing in v. 0 is “)o$ in hrist.” :any %o$ern 5ible translators, %uch li&e the )nostic Kocetists an$ #doption> largely of the first through ists— largely thir$ centuriesA$on8t see% hrist. *hat %ean is this he a%enable to the concept that *hat a% saying is this the law, intro$uce$ 13/ years later, 7aw, which ca%e four hun$re$ $oes not set aside the covenant Besus is, in fact, )o$. thers an$ thirty years later, $oes not previously establishe$ by )o$ rationaliEe the supre%acy of the '? te+t base$ on its “wi$esprea$ “wi$esprea$ invali$ate a covenant previously an$ thus $o away with the testi%ony”A%ss an$ versions ratifie$ by )o$, so as to nullify pro%ise.” representing various te+t-types the pro%ise.” (!le+., 5yE., aes., *estern, ('otice “in hrist” is o%itte$ (he '? )ree& rea$ing near the fro% the phrase “)o$ in hrist,” etc.#. (5ut %any of these :SS again wrongfully $issociating are corrupt, as wellI# !t least en$ of v. 0 is *eou J)o$K )o$8s Son. hrist is the pro%ise$ =Q of the ' )ree& cursive rather than *eou eiς Criston see$ only through who% salva; J)o$ in hristK. >e%e%ber also tion co%esI his o%ission is in; witnesses ( 5yE.# support the that Bohn 3 says of hrist, “!ll congruous with the previous ref; DB<, along with uncials ", 9, ), things were %a$e through hi%, erence to hrist. !lso note that an$ , plus nu%ericals /1C, /=6, the wor$s “people” an$ “person” /0=, /12, /=/, /=, /06, an$ without hi% was nothing $o not appear in the '? )ree&, %a$e that was %a$e.”# /0, /20. :any 7 an$ all the but, rather, have been a$$e$ by Syriac also support. @vi$ence the translators Jor their “styl; (>egar$ing translating the opposing the %a4ority are Ì$#, ists”K. hese ter%s are unneces; i%plie$ thir$-person singular sary clarification. 'either is “he !, 5, , P, Psi, an$ nu%erics 6, %asculine pronoun before “$oes Scripture” necessary for clarifica; 33, , 0=, 03C, , an$ not say” Jeither “He” for )o$, or tion. 9inally, “set asi$e” incor; 2161. wo 7, the 7atin
HS5 rea$s “So you are no '!S5 rea$s “herefore you are >ea$s “So you are no longer a %itting “through hrist” is a thou art no %ore a servant, but a longer a slave but a son, an$ if a no longer a slave, but a sonL an$ slave, but +od=s child L an$ since profoun$ $istortion of the $oc; you are his c hil$, +od has made sonL an$ if a son, then an heir of son, then an heir through +od/” if a son, then an heir through trine that all believers are heirs *ou also an heir .” +od/” )o$ through hrist.” to +od through )esus Christ— (*ho has %a$e us co-heirs with (onversely,, the -ast maorit* of P"< through Christ! 9ive (onversely ('? support $oes e+ist in the ma> +reek %ss Hi% through our belief in His %ss are supporte$ by 2 (Here, “heir of )o$ through other ' verses state this $ir; of e,tant SS Jnot )ree&K vicarious, bloo$y sacrifice on the orit* J Aleph-2 Aleph -2K, :3, D, 027;, an$ the Christ ” is use$ si%ilarly in >o; Ì$# Aleph ) * A B : 33 lat crossG )esus Christ the SonD !r%enian an$ all Syriac. “! son” ectly or i%ply it. 5elievers are, %ans 0 “4oint-heirs with Klηronomoς dia *eou, “heir Jall than /,2//, but onl* si, of these J“'<2.”K he translators have $iscar$e$ the nee$ for rea$ers to our eternal inheritance. aheeK.# gicall* correct I “Heir of )o$ are +reek . J!n$ re%e%ber that in e+plore the *or$ thoroughly an$ through hrist,” in the Ï te+t, %any places, the 7atin
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NIV
0alatians $:15 A “9or in in hrist HS5 rea$s “9or 5 both circum> Besus neither Besus neither circu%cision avail- cision and uncircumcision mean eth any thing, nor uncircu%; nothing 9 what matters instead is cision, but a new creature.” a new creation/” 9ootnote “3 6= ther %ss a$$ in Christ )esus/
'!S5 rea$s “ For neither is is cir; '< rea$s “ "either circu%ci; circu%ci; cu%cision an*thing! nor uncir; sion nor uncircu%cision means cu%cision, but a new creation.” anythingL what counts is the new creation.” (!gain, translators 4ustify using this rea$ing base$ largel* on the (!gain, a loose an$ un$ignifie$ translation. he :a4ority> DB< authorit* of Ì$# J3r$ cent., Paul; rea$ that neither circu%cision nor inesK an$ :o/e@ B& 5ecause of uncircu%cisionAalso uncircu%cisionAals o %etaphors (he translators have $ra%atically sparse )ree& %s testi%ony, they for a purificational $istinction use the ?5S8 si+ early Patristic ha-e within the $ispensationA ha-e altere$ this verse fro% the prev; 9athers )regory of 'issaL hry; an* spiritual significance among ious HS5 rea$ing, $eparting sosto%L heo$ore latL !%brosias; belie-ers. “ # new” change$ to fro% their own source )ree& “the new” for the ' < 2/Anot terL Bero%eL !ugustine. !gain, %ar&e$ly.. he result is incorrect %ar&e$ly a better rea$ing.# even four of the five “ol$ un; an$ aw&war$. !n$ evi$ence sup; cials” oppose here. !n$ re%e%; B (ther %inority evi$ence are cur; porting an accurate )ree& ren$er; ber that %any %o$erns willingly sives 07 J/th%i+e$K, 117 ing is paltry. JSee "#SB and "&' e%brace the lower hristology Jth !le+.K, 10 J2th%i+e$K, notes/K# an$ 173< J/th!le+.K.# pro%ote$ by their pre$ecessors.#
hesians 5:9 A “(9or the fruit >ea$s “. . . for the fruit of the light 4 results in all goo$ness, of the Spirit is in all goo$ness an$ righteousness an$ truth#L” . . . righteousness, an$ truth A” . . . 9ootnote “1 =C ther %ss rea$ fruit of the Spirit/ Spirit/ ” (!ll )ree& source te+ts co%pare$ herein, the 5 yE. :a4ority, the e+; tus >eceptus, an$ the '?, $o not (he translators favorably have %o$ifie$ the previous ren$ering to include a -erb after “Spirit ” or inclu$e a theological ter%, “goo$; “light ,” ,” so the respective trans; ness” JagaqwsunhK, rather than lation co%%ittees have selecte$ si%ply “goo$.” However, the ab; their own preferences. However, sence of a )ree& verb before en the %ost appropriate for% prob; ably is the si%ple being for% “is.”# JinK i%plies insertion of a “being” verb is. !nything else is pure speculation J“results”K.#
>ea$s “. . . (for the fruit of the ight JconsistsK in all goo$ness
an$ righteousness an$ truth#,” . . .
(he '? te+t is consistent in wrongfully using “light,” utiliE; ing so%e for% of phōs Jabstract lightK in several locations of the 'ew esta%entArather than the correct pneuma Jspirit, win$, life, breathK. !lso, because the Holy Spirit is the aent" of activity in the believer, “Spirit” must be be correctI hrist is the “light” of go$liness in us, but the Spirit directs and enables our right; eousness.#
PROBLEM >e%oving “in hrist Besus” nullifies the essential, critical %eaning of the verse because the essence of it is that, plainly, in Christ! circu%cision has no true significanceL it is a ritual entirely $isassociate$ fro% eternal &ing; &ing; $o% applicability. t is in Christ only that our lives have true sig; nificance. 5ut as very often is the case, the %o$ern te+t critics use their /-2 syste%atic criti; cal rules that support their pre; ferre$ rea$ings an$ %ss. (@.g., an '@ an '@ note note refers to the “longer rea$ing” as a “har%oniEation to )al =6.”#
he source )ree& for %o$ern versions is “phYs” (lu%inousness Abo$ies, splen$or aroun$ )o$8s )o$8s righteousness an$ truth# . . .” throne# rather than ?neuma (Spir; it#. :a4ority testi%ony is oppose$ ('ote that herein the '< re; %oves kai, “an$,” fro% between by $iverse an$ substantial wit; “goo$ness” an$ “righteousness.” ness Ì$< (3r$#L L !L 5L "L 9L )L he '< is note$ for its freMuent PL 6L 33L L five cursivesL all 7atinL the PeshittaL all optic. o%ission of con4unctions Jan$, but, or, etc.K to i%prove “rea$a; )alatians =22 lists the “fruit of the Spirit,” an$ it is the (Holy# bility.” bility .” !gain, this co%%ittee thin&s it is rightful in altering Spirit which pro$uces the “light” of hrist8s righteousness in be; )o$8s * *or$Ain or$Ain this case, for lievers8 lives. (See later—1 )ohn “stylistic” purposesI#
>ea$s “. . . for the fruit of the
light consists light consists in all goo$ness,
hesians 5:3% A “9or we are HS5 “. . . since we are %e%; '!S5 “. . . because we are '< “. . . for we are %e%bers bers of His bo$y. bo$y. $ ” 9ootnote %e%bers of his bo$y, of his %e%bers of His bod*.” of his bod*/” flesh! and of his bones/” “C =3/ ther %ss a$$ and of His (t is interesting that %o$erns flesh and of His bones/” (:o$ern te+tual authority for this generally categoriEe any %anu; ('ote his state%ent outrightly rea$ing co%prises Ì$#, , A, an$ (he '? )ree& source te+tAun; script $ating to the ninth century i$entifies believers with hrist8s B, four nu%eric uncials, three $erlying all versions herein e+cept or later as “late,” unless it sup> full hu%anity, an$ His passion, for the DB Ï proofs are overwhel%; Ï $eath an$ resurrection. t is not in; in; portion. optic, an$ five other )ree& $if; ing reading . 9or e+a%ple, 173< 2 ten$e$ to be interprete$ literall*, ing , D, F, , , , 0 nu%erics, Jca. C=/K, ;1 Jca. /=/K, an$ 1;;1 fering slightly fro% the 5yE. his as in >o%an atholicis%8s celeb; 0 l$ 7atin an$ all the 7atin
17/
he DB< stays with the :a4ority te+t again. he alternate rea$ing foun$ in minorit* :SS probably was an early scribal atte%pt to re%ove an in$ication of hrist8s hu%anityApart of early heresy. heresy. he :a4ority rea$ing does more than si%ply refer to believers as the “bo$y of hrist.” his is the process of sharing in Christ= Christ=ss death and resurrection I
KJV
HCSB
NASB NA
although hiliians 2:$! # A “*ho, be; HS5 rea$s “. . . who, e+isting '!S5 rea$s “. . . who, although ing in the for% of )o$, thought it in the for% of )o$, did not con> He e+iste$ in the for% of )o$, +od sider eEualit* with +od as some> did not regard25eEualit* with not robbery to be eMual with # a thing to be grasped , but 24 # thing to be used for His own ad> )o$ 5ut made himself of no emptied himself! ta&ing the for% % # -antage/ nstea$ He emptied of a bon$servant, J and K being reputation, an$ too& upon hi% by assu%ing the for% of a %a$e in the li&eness of %en.” Himself by the for% of a servant, an$ was of %a$e in the li&eness of %en . . .” slave, ta&ing on the li&eness %en . . . .” 9ootnote “= 26 r to (he :a4ority an$ > both use the be grasped , or to be held on to/ ” wor$ ekEnos+ (fro% kenOō # ! ! “to (he HS5 translators properly e%pty,” “to abase,” or “to %a&e of translate$ eauton ekEnos+ J“e%p; no effect,” in verse 0, but the DB< tie$ Hi%self”K#. “!ssu%ing” is a co%%ittee pro$uce$ a %ore very poor translation of the )ree& lam3ōn, “to ta&e, “to seiEe.” “o i$io%atic translation.# be . . . a$vantage” is very poor.# /olossians 3:$ A “9or which
things8 sa&e the wrath of )o$ co%eth on the chil$ren chil$r en of $is ; obe$ience.”
1 6hessalonians 1:1 A “Paul
>ea$s “ Because of these! )o$8s wrath co%es on the disobe> dient!10” / / / 9ootnote “/ 36 ther %ss o%it on the disobe> dient .” .”
9ootnotes “ 23 .e. utiliEe$ or asserte$. 21 .e. lai$ asi$e his privileges.
NIV '< rea$s “*ho, “*ho, being in very very nature )o$, did not consider
eEualit* with +od something to be used to his own ad-antage9 ad-antage 9 # rather, he made himself nothing L by ta&ing the -er* nature of a
servant, being %a$e in hu%an li&eness.”
()o$8s Son, Besus hrist, did clai% clai% eMuality with )o$Abecause He is ('ote that the '!S5 does correctly co-eMual to )o$Aan$ He $i$ not nee$ to “cling to” or “grasp” it. !s translate the wor$ ekEnos+ Je&-enT Je&-enT- for “nothing” here, this is a con; oce-ayK hereA“e%ptie$.” “!n$” te+tual %isuse of the )ree& kenOō& alrea$y appears in the )ree&. 5oth hrist “e%ptie$ hi%self” by ta&ing of the footnotes si%ply present “the form of a ser-ant .” .” hange$ fro% “so%ething to be graspe$.”# incorrect alternative %eaningsI#
>ea$s “9or it is because of the wrath of these things that the
>ea$s 8Because of these! the wrath of +od is coming/ 1$ ” )o$ will co%e 23 upon the sons 9ootnote “C So%e early %anu; early %anu; of $isobe$ience,” . . . 9ootnote scripts coming on those who are “26 wo early %anuscripts early %anuscripts $o not disobedient/” 20 contain upon the sons of dis> (he '! )ree& rea$s, “sons Jor ('ot %any :SS. JSee left/K 5ut “chil$ren”K of $isobe$ience” J uios obedience/” the Ï also is supporte$ by , A, tas apeitheias K not “the $isobe$; (he footnote casts $oubtAonly ient” Jtou apeitheō K/ So the HS5 :, D1, F, , 5, %, si, 07, an$ two specific :SSAon the vali$; translators si%ply %istranslate$ cursive 33, uncial 010, 010, an$ 2/ *rongfully this phrase. *hyG 9or “easier rea$; ity of the rea $ing. *rongfully $# specifie$ cursives J?5S1K. !$$i; Ì confusingI he '? refers to ing,” an$ so it woul$ have a con; r$ th te%porary ring. !s for the footnote, J3 K, B J1 KAthe latter %o$erns8 tional 5yE. support co%es fro% so%e 7 an$ all
HS5 “Paul, Silvanus, an$ '!S5 “Paul an$ Silvanus an$ i%othy o the church of the i%othy, i%othy, to the church of the hessalonians in )o$ the 9ather hessalonians in )o$ the 9ather an$ the 7or$ Besus hrist. +race an$ the 7or$ Besus hrist to *ou and peace/ ”4 9ootnote +race to *ou and peace .” “1 ther %ss %ss a$$ from +od +od
'< “Paul, Silas an$ i%othy, i%othy, o the church of the hessalon; ians in )o$ the 9ather an$ the 7or$ Besus hrist +race and peace to *ou.” >e%ove$ >e%ove$ note note “b1 So%e early %anuscripts *ou
PROBLEM he un$erlying )ree&, again, is i$entical, so why the confusing @nglish translationG @vi$ently, %o$ern translators thin& that “robbery” is too $ifficult for conte%porary rea$ers to co%pre; hen$L thus, they add three words to a-oid using the term . he )ree& arpagmon %eans “the act of seiEing or robbing.” Hence, “not grasping to be eMual” %ight see% to be a %ore appropriate “%o$ern transla; tion.” nstea$, %o$erns have opte$ for a%biguous transla; tions.
he :a4ority rea$ing inclu$es “chil$ren of $isobe$ience.” ()ree& for children an$ sons is the sa%e “uihos” JhweeT-osK.# his sa%e phrase also appears in @ph. 22 an$ =6. “hil$ren of $isobe$ience” $isob e$ience” are a re unbe ; lievers who thus habituall* be; have egregiously against )o$8s willAthe class of the lost $oo%e$ to hell. How can the '? rea$ing hol$ any vali$ity vali$ity base$ on its paltry %anuscript %anuscript supportG (See "&' note/#
he :a4ority contains the entire last sentence (b#. !leph, !, ("vi$ Aso%e $oubt#, (=th#, 33, one 7 (%vi$ Aso%e $oubt#, the Syriac Harclean (0 th#, an$ the optic 5ohairic (3 r$ or 1th# also from +od our Father and the our Father and the ord )esus our Father! and the ord )esus ” ord )esus )es us Christ/ support the 5yE. rea$ing. he (he '!-?5S are supporte$ by Christ/” .” Christ .” shorter rea$ing %ay have been substantial an$ $iverse testi%ony (5oth the '!20 an$ ?5S1 )ree& $o B F 07 027; three spe; (“So%e early” is correctAbut an early scribal atte%pt to (he ==/ >obert @stienne >, “several” is better A D % one not inclu$e “fro% )o$ our 9ather “eli%inate th th succee$ing the :a4ority, :a4ority, rea$s “. . . an$ the 7or$ Besus hrist.” “ther cifie$ )ree& cursives an$ a few 7. !lso later :SS JC JC K, JC K, “eli%inate repetition,” as $one, historically, by scribes, so%e fro% )o$ our 9ather an$ the 7or$ %ss” $oes not a$eMuately honor the othersL so%e l$ 7atin an$ all the J6th or CthK, 0$; J6thK, 0$< JCthK, n$ th th
an$ Silvanus, an$ i%otheus, un; to the church of the hessalonians which is in )o$ the 9ather an$ in the 7or$ Besus hrist )race be unto you, an$ peace, from +od
KJV 1 6imothy 3:1$ A “!n$
without controversy great is the %ystery of go$liness )o$ )o$ was was %anifest in the flesh, ustified in in the Spirit, seen of angels, preach; e$ unto the )entiles, believe$ on in the worl$, receive$ up into glory.” (So%e )ree& %ss rea$ “He who,” but these are very few. n both )ree& source te+ts, the wor$ing is i$entical, e+cept for the relative pronoun )h*os appearing for "he8 os& 5ut o+ woul$ %ean “who” in this conte+t. 'o “he” prece$es itI#
HCSB
NASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
he :a4ority te+t rebu&es nearly all %o$ern versions, rea$ing “)o$.” he )ree& for “He,” “who,” “)o$” an$ “hrist” each 1$ the Spirit, was seen by angels, is $ifferent. “*ho” an$ “which” seen by angels, proclai%e$ was preache$ a%ong the nations, a%ong the nations, believe$ on in was believe$ on in the worl$, are the sa%e in )ree&. 'ote how the worl$, ta&en up in glory.” C was ta&en up in glory.” 'otes “ all three %o$ern versions use 9ootnote “ 32 r ustified/@ r vin$icate$ in Spirit. >e%ove$ “vin$icate$” for “4ustifie$.” note c So%e %anuscripts )o$.” !ccor$ing to the 7“ "#+” (*. B. (So%e other )ree& %anuscripts (he '? rea$s, “*ho J Qs K was Perschbacher#, p. /2, -indicated %anifest in the flesh”A not 8He/@ rea$ “He who,” as shown here, but ('ot only is “appeare$ in a bo$y” is only correct in :att. C an$ these are a%ong the fewest e+tant. incorrect accor$ing to the )ree&, he translators &now that “He” is 7u&e 02C. his is the fore%ost but it also is plainly ignobleD !n$ passage clearl* establishing the rea$ing appearing in a%ong the “*ho” has significant support in , A, :, F, an$ , plus 33, 3# fewest of %ss, but they chose it be; “He” JὅK only is supporte$ by D, +od=s +od=s manifestation in the flesh/ cause it %a&es %ore sense. *hy not J5yE.K, 117 J!le+.K, an$ 2127 4ust seven l$ 7atin, all the
>ea$s “!n$ %ost certainly, the %ystery of go$liness is great He10 was %anifeste$ in the flesh, in the Spirit, seen by -indicated in angels, preache$ a%ong the nations, believe$ on in the worl$, ta&en up in glory.” 9ootnote “/ 36 ther %ss rea$ +od/”
>ea$s “n fact, we labor an$ 1 6imothy 4:1% A “9or there; fore we both labour an$ suffer stri-e4 for this, because we have the living )o$, reproach, reproach, because we trust in the put our hope in the who is the Savior of everyone, living )o$, who is the Saviour of especially of those who believe.” all %en, specially of those that 9ootnote “ 1 1/ ther %ss rea$ believe.” and suffer reproach/ reproach/ ” (See Peter 11.#
(“ther %ss”G 'oI he over; whel%ing %a4ority of %ssI See testi%ony in '< notes.#
1 6imothy $:5 A “. . . Perverse
HS5 rea$s “. . . an$ constant $isagree%ent a%ong people whose %in$s are depra-ed and depri-ed of the truth! who i%a; gine that go$liness is a way to gain.I 9ootnote material gain. “ 6= ther %ss %ss a$$ From such such people withdraw *ourself/”
>ea$s “ B* common confession confession, great is the %ystery of go$liness He who was reveale$ in the flesh, was 52 -indicated in in the Spirit,
>ea$s “ Be*ond all Euestion! Euestion! the m*ster* from wh ich true g odli > ness springs is great7 He appear; e$ in the flesh, was -indicated by by
he '!S5, also %il$er than the DB<, DB<, rea$s “strive.”
he '< also %itigates the con; notation with “strive.”
'!S5 “. . . an$ constant friction between %en of $eprave$ %in$ an$ depri-ed of of the truth, who suppose that 50 go$liness is a %eans of gain.” 9ootnote “ 3/ r religion/” (ß 'oI ncorrect.#
'< rea$s “. “. . . an$ constant constant friction between people of cor; rupt %in$, who have been rob> of the truth an$ who thin& bed of that go$liness is a %eans to financial gain/”
he :a4ority rea$ing supports “suffer reproach.” “Suffer re; proach” places the rightful bur; th th (he minorit* )ree& source rea$s, (?ncials , A, A, :, F JC K, JC K, $en of $iscipleship an$ subse; “toiling J&up-ee-ahT-YK an$ strug; JCthK, an$ JthK support the %in; Muent receipt of rebu&e, etc., on gling JaT-goni$T-Euh-%aheeK” ority )&., as $o 33 an$ si+ others, the believer. )esus said that that faith fai th; rather than “labour an$ suffer Ï an$ %any 5yE. Boining the are will be reproached ful believers reproach.” hese are very $iffer; 2 Jca. 0thK, D, 2/ other specifie$ for their faith. 'ote that although ent %eanings. o “suffer re; proach,” or “to be revile$” a$$res; a$$res; )ree&, an$ all the 7atin J“ latt”K, !leph, !, an$ uphol$ the '? ses the plight of believers8 perse; Syriac, an$ opticAoverwhel%; te+t, 5 (
he '? apparatus labels the last four wor$s of the DB<> Ï rea$ing as an insertion/ 5ut, again, the Ï rea$ingAat least =Q of ' )ree&Asupports “fro% such with$raw thyself,” as (“"estitute” li&ely is the best $oes the )ree& of " 2 an$ Psi, (“>obbe$” is both a legiti%ate (he )ree& apeste(+mEnōn translation, here, fro% the )ree& %eaning an$ a suitable application three l$ 7atin, an$ all the Sy; %eans both “$estitute” an$ “$efrau$e$”Athe co%poun$ root of the wor$ apeste(+mEnōn in this riac. So%e %iffe$ scribe(s# pro; apesterηm`nωn. his is so conte+t. !s for “financial gain,” bably waswere offen$e$ by the (he HS5 $iverges fro% its own wor$s being apo, “to separate,” because, although these false an$ ste(Eo, “to $eprive.” Hence, again, this is $ebatable / he )ree& separatist $octrine $octrine prescribe$ by teachers have been “$eprive$” of )ree& source /iephtha(menon porismon specifically $enotes )o$ through PaulA“*herefore the truth by lies of Satan, sai$ $e; anth(opōn ton noun kai / / /! “%en co%bining the wor$s, in effect, an “acMuisition,” or a “source of co%e out fro% a%ong the%, an$ privation has resulte$ in the con; who have been corrupte$ in their enhances the potency of the )ree& wor$. hus, here, the for; gain.” *rote :atthew Poole of be *e separate,8 saith the 7or$, seMuence of their destitution of mind and / / / ” %itting the last the last two wor$s, “. . . all whose %er wor$ evi$ently can %ean go$ly truth. J Anqrώpωn literally sentence nullifies the $octrine of “$estitute and $eprive$,” $eprive$,” result; religion is gain of riches or repu> an$ touch not the unclean thingL an$ will receive you.8” $oes %ean “hu%an beings,” or separation, upon which believers ing in co%%ittees selecting one tation.” “:en” was change$ to “people,” rather than “%en.”K# A2 orinthians 60 “people” for the 2/ e$ition.# are to center their livesI# or the other, $ifferently.# $ifferently.#
$isputings of %en of corrupt %in$s, an$ destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is go$liness fro% such with$raw thyself.”
KJV ebrews 1:3 A “;ho being the brightness of his glory, glory, an$ the e+press i%age of his person, an$ uphol$ing all things by the word of his power! when he ha$ by hi%self purge$ our sins, sins , sat $own on the right han$ of the :a4esty on highL” . . .
HCSB
>ea$s “ .he Son is the ra$iance 5 of +od=s glory an$ the e+act e+; pression4 of His nature, sustaining all things by His powerful word/ !fter making purification for sins!% He sat $own at the right han$ of the :a4esty on high.” % 9ootnotes 83 r reflection/ 1 r representation , or cop*, or = reproduction/ r He sat down on high at the right hand of the aest*/ aest*/”
(“Powerful wor$” is incorrect.” JSee "&'/K “5y hi%self” is critical to hrist8s atone%ent for %anI “he Son” appears in no )ree&I#
HS5 “9or to which of the ang; els $i$ He ever say, ou are :y which of the angels sai$ he at any ti%e, hou art %y Son, this SonL to$ay have become
ebrews #:21 A “(. . . but this
NASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
>ea$s “ 5% #nd He He is the ra$iance of His glory an$ the e+act repre; sentation of His nature, an$ up; hol$s all things by the word of His power/ power/ *hen He ha$ made purification of sins, He sat $own at the right han$ of the :a4esty on high,” . . . 9ootnote “ 3= 7it ;ho being/ ” (Sinaiticus J K, Ale@an/(inus J A AK, Vaticanus JBK, D1 Jca. 0thK, 5, , an$ support this rea$ing, along with 33 JCthK, ;1 JthK, #2< J1thK, 117 JthK, 2$#$ JCthK, 07, an$
>ea$s “ .he Son is the ra$iance of +od=s glory an$ the e+act representation of his being, sus; taining all things by his powerful word . !fter he ha$ pro-ided purification for sins, he sat $own at the right han$ of the :a4esty in hea-en.”
he Ï te+t supports the DB< rea$ing “b* himself purge$ purge$ our sins,” plus Ì$#, "2, Hc (3r$ copy; ist# an$ = other specifie$ )ree&, three l$ 7atin, all Syriac, an$ the Sahi$ic an$ 5ohairic ver; sions. *hat is %issing in %o$ern versions is that hrist alone e+piate$ our sins through His vicarious sacrifice. his variant coul$ be the result of early )nosticis%, pro%oting the ath; olic $octrine that works are part of sal-ation/ So%e of the “rever; e$” early hurch 9athers believ; e$ in this.
'!S5 “9or to which of the an; gels $i$ He ever say, ? !>@ : S', "! H!<@ 5@)@' ?8G”
'< “9or to which of the an; gels $i$ )o$ ever say, ou are %y Son to$ay have become >e%ove$ note note 8G” >e%ove$ *our Father 8G” “r ha-e begotten *ou/ ”
010, an$ so%e 5yE. %inuscules, plus so%e l$ 7atin, all the
(“*or$ of his power” an$ “pow; (“*or$ erful wor$” $iffer. “he *or *or$” $” is fro% the Son8s authority t is not 4ust a “powerful wor$,” but also a “*or$ of His power .” .” AB95 5ible o%%entary,
he best @nglish ren$ering is “begotten.” he )ree& gennao (ghen-nahT-Y# %eans “to bear, beget, bring forth, conceive, fa; ther.” “Spo&en of the relationship (!ccor$ing to the often-corrupt between )o$ an$ the :essiah, '? )ree& te+t, “)o$,” in fact, is (he )ree& gennao $oes $oes %ean, not inclu$e$ inclu$e$ here, but, rather, calle$ His Son” (Heb. =, et. al.#, lastly,, “to father,” but the passive lastly “he.” n %ultiple interlinears the accor$ing to Strong=s Complete '< rea$ing J“have beco%e”K incorrect in this conte,t/ +od the wor$ “)o$” is inserte$ into the ;ord Stud* Concordance/ ()o$ )ree&Aobviously for clarit*. 5ut al%ost see%s to in$icate that Father has alwa*s been )esus= alwa*s been Besus8 father, but ha$ some e-ent occurred to to also the conte+t %a&es this entirely fatherD He si%ply “begot” hrist ha$ “begotten” Hi% in the flesh so%ehow “%a&e )o$ Be sus8 unnecessaryI his translation is father.”# in the flesh at Besus8 earthly birth.# fine.# at His earthly birth #.
HS5 “. . . but he became a '!S5 (“. . . for they in$ee$ '< “. . . but he became a priest he :a4ority te+t Ï J ÏK inclu$es sai$ to with an oath %a$e by the beca%e priests without an oath, with an oath when +od sai$ with an oath by hi% that sai$ unto priest with “after the or$er of :elchiEe$e&,” hi%, he 7or$ sware an$ will not ne who sai$ to Hi% he 7or$ but He with an oath through the hi% he 7or$ has sworn an$ as $o co$ices 2, !, ", , /0=, repent, “hou art a priest for ever has sworn, an$ He will not change one who sai$ to hi%, H@ 7>" will not change his %in$ “ou 21, 03C, , an$ = other are a priest forever.”8” His %in$, “ H!S S*>' !'" *77 ' *77 ' H!')@ after the order of elchise> specifie$ )ree&. ther support is e-er/”8” HS :'", “ou are a priest for; dec7#”8” . . . Vaticanus, :, an$ Ì$#, cursives ( Vaticanus, in all Syriac an$ part of the 5o; ever”8#L” . . . 33, ;1, $3#, #2<, an$ 2$#$, uncial hairic. t see%s clear, here, that (>e%e%ber )o$8s warning, in >eve; (>eplacing “repent” with “change 010, a few 5yE. )ree& slightly lation, against “a$$ing to” or “ta&ing his %in$” is a stylistic con$escen; (:elchise$ec was !bra%8s an$ so%e scribe co%%itte$ the error $iffering fro% the %a4ority, three away fro%” )o$8s wor$s. he Scrip; sion to a lac&a$aisical rea$ership. of haplograph*7 acci$entally the people8s first high priest, an$ l$ 7atin an$ all the epent” is a biblical word/ .he o%itting wor$s he thought ab; he represente$ all peopleA4ust as Sahi$ic JopticK, part of the 5o; out” to elected %en %en being His chos; Aonder-an +reek and nglish nglish &n> hairic JopticK, an$ the Syriac Pal; sent fro% the “e+e%plar” hrist has replace$ hi% to repres; en instru%ents.# terlinear "ew .estament N"#SB estinian J6thGK, testify to the '? (source#Aor with which he $is; ent all belie-ers nowI Besus8 "&'O footnotes in the interlinear interlinear,, te+t. his testi%ony is substantial, (Strangely so, both the DB< an$ “ante-type,” :elchise$ec, here is agree$. %itting reference to the a but it is insufficient to overri$e the kata ton tain Jafter the or$er ofK '!S5 co%%ittees chose to actually “ si%ply left out of the priestly line beginning of the priestly line is a 5yE. :a4orityI he beginning of begin this verse with the en$ of v. v. elchiedek inclu$e$ in > after that en$s with hrist.# this verse appears in v. 2/. GG# grave errorI 2/, as appearing here in the '!S5.# aiona&” J5rac&eting %ine.K#
KJV
NIV
PROBLEM
>ea$s “5ut when hrist ca%e as high priest of the goo$ things that are now alread* here 22 . . .” 9ootnote “ 22 So%e So%e early early %anu; scripts are to come/” (he '>S< Aherein not inclu$e$A (he '>S< footnote rea$s “ther ancient author; ities rea$ good things to come/” es, again, the vast %a4orityI he 5yE. te+t rea$s so, along with “ol$ uncials” , A, plus D2. ther 5yE. support are uncials , , an$ , 07, 010, an$ 027;, cursives 33, ;1, 12$1, an$ 1;;1 Jan$ = othersK, plus so%e 7 an$ all the
he Ï te+t rea$s “having co%e,” an$ “goo$ things co%ing.” n the '<, '<, “so%e,” again, is outright outright most being $eceptionA most being correctI he '? te+t rea$s “goo$ things having co%e.” he “goo$ things” to which the author of Hebrews refers are “par$on, reconciliation, righteousness, holiness, a$option, an$ glorious salvation,” accor$ing to :atthew Poole , as well as believers8 eternal inheritance. he %o$ern rea$ings are supporte$ by 5, ", 03C, a few 5yE. %anu; scripts, an$ al%ost all of the Sy; riac.
>ea$s “9or you s*mpathied with '!S5 rea$s “ For *ou showed showed '< rea$s “eceptus8 “an$ re%aining posses; 173<, %ost 7atin, an$ %ore. En sion” an$ “in the heavens.” 'ote heavens.” 'ote (>egar$ing the first footnote, what positioncon4unction kai is ab; that the Ï> inclu$es inclu$es mou, “%e.” “other %ss”G J'o evi$ence is liste$ sent, an$ the verb “showe$” is not ouranoiς! “in heaven,” is oppos; in the '! or ?5S.K !s for, “ther in the )ree&. !lso, “seiEure” tech; e$ by Ì13 , $#, , A, D, 5, 33, %ost o is *ithout mou, an$ with /esm i iois rather than /esmois, the '? trans; %ss a$$ in hea-en,” a large volu%e nically is not correct. “Plun$ering,” 7atin, all optic, an$ %ore. “Suf; lates as “prisoners” rather than as $o, inclu$ing the Ï, Í2, D2, 5c, , “spoiling,” or “robbing” is correct, fere$ along” replaces “sy%path; iEe$” in the '< 2/.# J<$K, 173<, 1;;1, an$ all Syriac.# fro% the )ree& arpaghn.# “bon$s”Aa %a4or $ifference.
Ï te+t supports the he 5yE. Ï e+istence of “in heaven” (“in the heavens”#, which certainly is $ifferent fro% the less-specific en$ings of the three %o$ern versions. !gain, on the basis of the ol$er but corrupt !le+an$rian (@gyptian# %anuscripts Ì13 , $#, , ", an$ H, plus 33, 03C, %ost 7atin, an$ all optic, the “critical te+t” reigns supre%e in the mo> dern versions, thereby supporting the o%ission of “in heaven.” 5ut without these wor$s, the length of the “enduring substance” substance” is un; specifie$I
ebrews 9:11 A “5ut hrist be;
ing co%e an high priest of goo$ things to come, by a greater an$ %ore perfect tabernacle, not %a$e with han$s, that is to say, not of this buil$ingL” . . . (!ctually, the 5yEantine )ree& an$ the e+tus >eceptus $o not rea$ “%ore perfect,” but, rather, “co%plete,” or “perfect.” he )ree& teleiote(as $oes $oes not carry the %o$ifier “%ore.” “Having co%e” is a better translation than “being co%e,” in the secon$ aorist tense. “o%ing,” the present participle, is correct.#
HCSB
NASB NA
HS5 “5ut the essiah has '!S5 “5ut when hrist ap; appeare$, high priest of the goo$ peare$ JasK a high priest of the goo$ things to come , J He He enter> things that ha-e come/ $ n the ed K through the greater an$ %ore greater an$ %ore perfect taber; perfect tabernacle, not %a$e with nacle not %a$e with han$s (that han$s, that is to say, not of this creationL” . . . 9ootnote 9ootnote “wo is, not of this creation#,” . . . early %ss rea$ that ha-e come/ ” C 9ootnote “ ther %ss rea$ that (he translators here ignore the are to come/” (he '! )ree& $oes not rea$ “9essias,” but “:h(istos,” though they both %ean “!nointe$ ne.” “Have co%e” is fro% the '! rea$ingAcloseAbut coul$ be better. “ther %ss”G How about the e+tant vast %a4orityG#
'!20 te+t an$ insert “He entere$,” which neither appears in any )ree& te+t, nor is necessary for conveying the correct %eaning. “wo early %ss” refers to B an$ D& 7i&e the DB<, here, “to co%e” is correct. 5ut “appeare$” is the wrong tense. t shoul$ be “having co%e”Asecon$ aorist participle the sa%e )ree&.#
ebrews 1%:34 A “9or ye ha$
he Ï loosely supports the DB< rea$ing. !ll other versions here vacillate regar$ing the '? te+t. 'ote how the HS5 transposes clauses two an$ three. *hyG even though she was past the (he '< 2/ J“'<2”K co%; “)ave birth” ()&. eteken# is age, since she consi$ere$ that pletely changes $irection, follow; supporte$ by the :a4ority te+t, 2 the ne who ha$ pro%ise$ was (he Won$ervan '!S5'< inter; ing the '!-?5S )ree&Aalbeit a , "2, one 7, an$ all the Sy; bit looselyAthis ti%e, replacing faithful.” 9ootnote “0 r B* faith linear inserts inserts into the running in> riac. %ission of eteken $oes $oes e%phasis on !braha% with it on #braham! e-en though he was past past terlinear nglish “!braha% was have substantial an$ $iverse test; Sarah. ;h*: ,ternal pressure: enable$ to beco%e a father . . . ,” 5ut li&e the DB<, it transposes age—and Sarah herself was i%ony Ì13 , $#L ; !L "L L 6L 33L $espite the '! +reek=s reference clausesAsecon$ an$ thir$, varying L 03CL L %ost 7atinL all barren—recei-ed barren—recei-ed the abilit* to only to Sarah b* nameI hen, in the in each. he )ree& also $oes not procreate procreate since he” . . . optic. 5ut the Ï Abase$ on @nglish colu%n, only Sarah is e+plicitly refer to “chil$bearing =,0//-plus )ree& — still $o%; %entione$I his is a Ï '? '? hy; age.” J5ut the '< 2/ $oes (Previously rea$ “barren .” .”## inates. footnote about !braha%.K# bri$.#
ebrews 11:11 A “hrough faith HS5 rea$s “5y faith even also Sara herself receive$ Sarah herself, when she was strength to conceive see$, an$ unable to ha-e children! receive$ was deli-ered of a child R when power to conceive offspring, offspring,
she was past age, because she 4u$; ge$ hi% faithful who ha$ pro%is; e$.”
(“R r, bore a chil$.8” Jeteken K #uthor=s note/K 'teken literally J #uthor=s %eans “gave birth,” so the DB< is not entirely entirely literal here. here is no reason it shoul$ not beI he Ï )ree& rea$s “an$ when past the suitable age gave birth,” or “an$ past the JfitK ti%e of life . . .”#
>ea$s “5y faith even Sarah her; self receive$ 41 abilit* to con> cei-e, even beyon$ the proper ti%e of life, since she consi$ere$ Hi% faithful who ha$ pro%ise$.” 9ootnote “ 1 7it power for the la*ing down of seed/ ”
>ea$s “!n$ by faith even Sarah, who was past childbearing age, age, was enabled to bear children be; cause she consi$ere$ hi% faithful who ha$ %a$e the pro%ise.”
KJV ebrews 11:3# A “hey were
stone$, they were sawn asun$er, were tempted , were slain with the swor$ they wan$ere$ about in sheeps&ins an$ goats&insL being $estitute, afflicte$, torment> L” . . . ed L” (“. . . hey were %ur$ere$8 Jor &ille$,8 or slain8K.”#
HCSB
NASB NA
PROBLEM
he Ï te+t supports the DB <, as $o Ì13.i/, !, "2 (6th or 0th# (Psi#, 03C, , other nu%; erics, four 7 an$ a ll the
>ea$s “hey were stoned!12 the* were sawe$ in two, they $ie$ by the swor$, they wan$ere$ about in sheeps&ins, in goats&ins, $estitute, afflicte$, an$ mistreated/” 9ootnote “2 30 ther %ss %ss a$$ the* were tempted/ ”
>ea$s “hey were stone$, they were sawn in two, 31 the* were tempted! they were put to $eath with the swor$L they went about in sheeps&ins, in goats&ins, be; ing $estitute, afflicte$, illMtreated . . .” 9ootnote “6 ne early early :S :S $oes not contain the* were tempted/” (hat is, Ì$#.#
HS5 8Foolish manD !re you '!S5 “5ut are you willing to ,ames 2:2% A “5ut wilt thou willing to learn that faith without recognie, *ou foolish fellow, know, -ain J%anK, that faith without wor&s is $ea$G” (!uth. J K# wor&s is uselessG” that faith without wor&s is use > (he )ree& kene is use$ in all four less:” (he )ree& an rωpe literally %eans “hu%an” or “person.” So, technically,, the DB < translators technically substitute$ “%an” for “person” or “hu%an” JbeingK. However, indef> initel*, as here, “so%eone,” “a %an,” or “one” JpersonK also is correct.#
NIV
te+ts here, but it %eans “e%pty,” “vain,” or “fruitless,” not “foolish.” his is a bit of a stretch. he HS5, an “opti%al eMuivalent,” is both faithful to opposing opposing te+ts, an$ paraphrastic in %any instances. instances. “7earn” is wrong here/ “?seless” is wrongI See proofs at far right/ #
he :a4ority rea$ing is “$ea$” ()&. “ne&-rYsT”#, inclu$ing one of the modern “critical te+t” 9ootnote “ 23 So%e So%e early early %anu; &eystones, o$e+ Sinaiticus scripts dead .” .” (!leph#. ! an$ -2 (2 n$ correc; (ut of =,0//-plus )ree& %ss, te$# also support the :a4ority only the corrupt B, plus :, support (nly two of the “earliest” Jor rea$ing, plus Psi, = other %a4or “early”K %anuscripts, co$ices B the %inority te+t, along with si+ uncials, ect (lections %a4.# ! the an$ C, rea$ the )ree& a(g+, nu%erics, le$ by 173<. !lso, two “unprofitable,” “inactive,” or Peshitta an$ Harclean, an$ the 7, two For the “ some” manu> Sahi$ic. 'ote that dead an$ pay %isgui$e$ ho%age to the less have very $ifferent %ean; scripts! see immediate right/ right/ K !le+an$rian J@gyptK Vaticanus&# “:an” change$ to “person.”# ingsI
,ames 4:4 A “e a$ulterers an$
HS5 rea$s “ #dulteressesI3 "on8t you &now that frien$ship with the worl$ is hostility towar$ )o$G So whoever wants to be the worl$8s frien$ beco%es )o$8s ene%y.” 9ootnotes “ 6 11 ther #dulterers and adulter> (he )ree& boulhRh A“wishes to %ss rea$ #dulterers esses/ 0 11 r Gnfaithful peopleD peopleD” be” hereAis in the aorist sub4unc;
'!S5 rea$s “ou “ou adulteresses, $o you not &now that frien$ship with the worl$ is hostility towar$ )o$G herefore whoever wishes to be a frien$ of the worl$ %a&es hi%self an ene%y of )o$.”
tive here, e+pressing a wish in the ongoing present, not in the future. hus, “wills to be” woul$ be correct. he translators probably wante$ the verse to soun$ %ore conclusive an$ potent. 'ote potent. 'ote that the precise %ean; ing of “a$ulterers an$ a$ulteresses” hereAthough figurativeAactually is “unfaithful people.” JSee HCSB/ HCSB/K#
3oul+th+ here has been translate$
a$ulteresses, &now ye not that the frien$ship of the worl$ is en%ity with )o$G whosoever therefore be a frien$ of the worl$ is the will be ene%y of )o$.”
(he %inority )ree& rea$s moi8 chali/es Ja$ulteressesK, o%itting moichoi kai Ja$ulterers an$K before. “?nfaithful ?nfaithful”” also is a literal %ean; in fact the pre> ing of the )ree&A in cise meaning here/ 'ote the use of the contraction, “"on8t,” an$ wor$ or$er an$ possessives.#
>ea$s “hey were put to death b* stoning 50 they were sawed in two the* were &ille$ by the swor$. hey went about in sheep; s&ins an$ goats&ins, $estitute, persecute$ an$ mistreated— ” . . . 9ootnote “ 3/ So%e So%e early early %anu; scripts stoning the* were put to the test9 / test9 / / /”
(Per the in$ications at far left, correctly, base$ on precisely the sa%e )ree&. he )ree& wor$ for “hostility,” echth(os, carries the %eaning of e+tre%e “en%ity with )o$ by (%an8s# sin” Jhayer8s 'ew esta%ent le+icon, p. 26=K.# 26=K.#
'< 8
'< rea$s “ “ou adulterous people,1 $on8t you &now that frien$ship with the worl$ %eans en%ity against )o$G herefore, anyone who chooses to be a frien$ of the worl$ beco%es an ene%y of )o$.” 9ootnote “0 !n allusion to covenant cov enant unfaithful unfai thful ; nessL see Hosea 3.” (:inority )ree& support e+ists %ore $iversely in Ì100, Aleph, A, B, 33, ;1, 12$1, an$ 173<, plus a few of the 5yEantine %ss, all the 7atin, all optic, an$ the Peshitta. “s” was change$ to “%eans” fro% the previous version, an$ “hatre$ towar$” to “en%ity against.”#
he :a4ority supports “a$ulterers an$ a$ulteresses,” as $o 2 (ca. 0th#, D (Cth#, 7 (th#, P (6th#, (Cth#, 6 %inuscules, an$ the Harclean. 'ote how only the '< agrees, in meaning! with the DB< an$ the 5yEantine te+t-typeAbut not in the )ree&. he three %o$ern ver; sions are close to correct/ hese %o$erns use “wishes” an$ “chooses” for boulhRh, which are perfectly acceptable transla; tions. !s for “hostility” (HS5 an$ '!S5#, it replaces a biblical ter%A“en%ity.”
KJV 1 eter 1:22 A “Seeing ye have purifie$ your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit unto unfeigne$ love of the brethren, J see see that *eK love one another with a pure heart fervently.”
(“See that ye” is an entirely superfluous a$$ition by the DB< co%%itteeAco%pletely unnec; essary. t is neither in the )ree&, nor reMuire$ for co%prehensionI#
HCSB
NASB NA
>ea$s “Since you have in obe$; ience to the truth purified your souls for a 44 sincere love of the selves14 for sincere love of the fervently love one ano; brothers, love one one another earn; brethren, ther fro% 4% the heart.” 9ootnote 1% 13 estly fro% a pure heart,” . . . “11 7iterally unh*pocritical/ 1= wo early %ss %ss rea$ a clean heart/” 9ootnotes “ 3 22 ther %ss a$$ early through the Spirit/ 1r purified purified (he %inority has e+cellent support *our souls/ = r intensel*/ 6 ther in four significant uncials an$ %ss o%it pure heart.” %any 5yE. cursives, Ì72, cursives
>ea$s “5y obe$ience to the
purifie$ yourtruth!15 ha-ing purifie$
('ote wor$ or$er change an$ other %isrepresentative references to “other %ss.” !s for 'ote 1, “your lives” or “your souls” is correct.#
1 eter 2:2 A “!s newborn babes, $esire the sincere %il& of the wor$, that ye %ay grow g row there th ere; by.” by .”
NIV
PROBLEM
>ea$s “'ow that you have puri; fie$ yourselves by obeying the truth so truth so that you have sincere love for each other! love one another $eeply, fro% the heart.” 25 9ootnote “ 23 So%e early %anu; early %anu; scripts from a pure heart/ ”
hough the %ost-ancient %a; nuscript evi$ence (five of the ol$; est e+tant :SSA Ì02 J3r$ century papyrusK, !leph, !, 5, # sup; ports the o%ission of “through the Spirit,” the :a4ority te+t in> 1 20 cludes it, as $o D, 7, P, P, an$ seven (5oth the '! an$ the ?5S Muestion the authenticity of kath8 cursives. atha(as ka(/ias, “pure a(as, “pure,” using single brac&ets. heart,” also is in the 5yE. te+t. 33 JCthK, ;1 JthK, 323 JthK, <$ 5ut the apparatus of each fails to >ecall that the )ree& always JthK, 12$1 J2thK, an$ 173< J/thK, %ention why. JGGK n the '< 2/ hol$s the greatest weight because “each other” replaces “your bro; plus all the guage/ literally correct here.# hypocritical” is incorrect I# I#
HS5 “7i&e newborn infants, '!S5 “. . . li&e newborn bab; $esire the pure spiritual %il&, so ies, long for the pure %$ %il& of that you %ay grow b* it for *our the wor$, so that by it you %ay grow 30 in respect to sal-ation ! sal-ation !” sal-ation!%” . . . 9ootnote “ = 22 =C (he Ï te+t an$ the e+tus >ecep; ther %ss o%it in *our sal-ation/ ” 9ootnotes “ r spiritual ()r tus each rea$ “by it you %ay logikos# milk/ 6/ r up to sal-a> spirituall*/ grow.” hat is, grow spirituall*/ (he '! te+t rea$s, “of the wor$” tion/” 5ut note that accor$ing to the ' after “spiritual %il&,” yet the (he '! te+t rea$s “. . . by it you )ree& te+ts J>K of @ras%us HS5 translators o%it it. *hyG J=6K, heo$ore 5eEa J=CK, he '! also rea$s, “by it you %ay %ay grow up to (or 8into@ sal > Stephanus J==/K, Stephanus J==/K, an$ others, an$ grow up to Jor into8K salvation,” -ation/” he translators appear to be unsure as to the spiritual spiritual state even the Ï Aall partial sources for the DB an$ %inority rea$; '? rea$ingG# or “logical.”# ings.#
Ï rea$s, “. . . by it you he 5yE. Ï %ay grow.” *rites B. !. :oor; %an of %an of %o$ern ren$erings fro% very early :SS “! classic salva; tion by wor&s alteration which (he '! )ree& te+t rea$s “. . . by $espite its uncial an$ versional support cannot possibly be right.” it you %ay row to (or “into ” n$ee$, the '? te+t rea$s, “. . . sal-ation/” he nglish is a so%ewhat sensible rea$ing J“up by it you %ay grow into sal- a> in your”K, but it still is incorrect, tion/” (Salvation is a one-ti%e event at a fi+e$ %o%entI# he Ï, the wor$s “to salvation” appar; th ently having been a$$e$ by so%e 7 (C #, an$ 5yE. uncials /1C, /=6, scribeJsK for unnecessary clarifi; an$ /12 bac& the DB <. '? sup; cation. JSee )' reading/K !n$ a port is vast an$ $iverseAbut see :oor%an MuoteAfor this $oc; belie-er $oes $oes not “grow up to” Jor “into”K salvationAonly an un; trinally wrong source rea$ing. 72 believer. !n$ this still woul$ re; Supporting the '? are Ì , %a; 4uscules , !, 5, , D, P, an$ , present an aw&war$ rea$ing. cursi-es 33 an$ , eight other hese translators, too, have specifie$, $iverse cursives, an$ reache$ a co%pro%ising rea$; all 7atin, Syriac, an$ optic. ing.#
'< “7i&e newborn newborn babies, crave pure spiritual pure spiritual %il&, so that by it you %ay grow up in *our sal-ation,” . . .
“!s of evil$oers,” as in the Ï the Ï an$ an$ >ea$s “. . . an$ &eep a goo$ >ea$s “. . . &eeping a clear >, accentuates the significance conscience so that in the thing in conscience, so that those who which *ou are slandered , those speak maliciousl* against *our of the righteous believer being who revile your goo$ behavior in good beha-ior in in hrist %ay be falsel* accuse$. he '? only not; ates o%ission of its opening clause hrist will be put to sha%e.” asha%e$ of their slan$er.” an$ %orphological $ifferences in “to spea& against,” an$ “eis” in; (he '!S5 inclu$es “with (he '!20 actually rea$s, “5ut stea$ of “en” before “hrist .” gentleness an$ reverence”Aas in with gentleness an$ reverence, '< noteAas part of
1 eter 3:1$ A “Having a goo$
conscienceL that, whereas they spea& evil ev il of you, as of evil$o evil$ o; ers, ers, they %ay be asha%e$ that falsely accuse your goo$ conver; sation (beha-ior # in hrist.”
HS5 rea$s “However, $o this with gentleness an$ respect, &eep; ing your conscience clear, so that when *ou are accused! 21 those who $enounce your hristian life will be put to sha%e / 9ootnote “2 36 ther %ss rea$ when the* speak against *ou as e-ildoers/”
KJV 1 eter 4:1 A “9oras%uch then as hrist hath suffere$ for us in us in the flesh, ar% yourselves li&ewise with the sa%e %in$ for he that hath suffere$ in the flesh hath cease$ fro% sinL” . . .
(:atthew Henry “!s hrist suffere$ . . . $o you . . . %a&e your corrupt nature suffer, b* putting to
death the bod* of sin b* selfMdenial and mortificationL . . .”#
2 eter 1:21 A “9or the prophecy ca%e not in ol$ ti%e 22 by the will of %an but holy holy %en %en of )o$ spa&e Jas the* wereK %ove$ by the Holy )host.” 9ootnote “ 22 in old timeL or, at an* time .”
HCSB
NASB NA
NIV
he 5yE. te+t, 2, !, an$ five other significant uncials, plus the selves also with the sa%e atti; tu$e, because whoe-er suffers in Harclean an$ 5ohairic, rea$ “for us.” pposing %inority testi; the bo$y is $one with sin.” %ony on behalf of “for you” (he '!20 provi$es no opposing e+ists only in )ree& cursives 6C evi$ence for the o%ission of “for” (=th#, =/= ( th#, a few 5yEan; Jor “on behalf of”K us,” but only for tines, a single
>ea$s “herefore, since hrist suffere$4 in the flesh! eEuip your; selves also with the sa%e resol-e Abecause the one who suffere$ suffere$ in the flesh has finishe$ with with sinA” 9ootnotes “1 ther %ss rea$ suf> fered for us/ 0 r perspecti-e, or attitude/”
>ea$s “herefore, since hrist has 21 suffered in the flesh! ar% yourselves also with the sa%e purpose! because he who has 22 suffere$ in the flesh has cease$ fro% sin.” 9ootnotes “ 2 .e. suffere$ $eath. 22 .e. suffere$ $eath.”
(“>esolve” an$ “perspective,” as %entione$ in the footnote, are inac; curate. “ther %ss” is %islea$ing.#
(he )ree& ennoian %eans “in; tent,” “%in$,” “thought,” “will,” etc., not “purpose.”# “purpose.”#
HS5 “. . . because no prophecy ever ca%e by the will of %anL instead! men spo&e fro% )o$ as they were %ove$ by the Holy Spirit.”
'!S5 “9or no prophecy was '< “9or prophecy prophecy never had its origin in the human will! but pro> ever %a$e b* an act of human will! but men %ove$ by the Holy phets! though human! spo&e fro% )o$ as they were carrie$ along Spirit spo&e fro% )o$.” by the Holy Spirit.” (he '!20 rea$s thel+mati, “will,”
(*or$ or$er is wrong in every trans; (“5ecause” is gra%%atically cor; “resolve,” “purpose,” or “$esign” Anot “was e-er made/” “9or no lation here. :ore accurate “5ecause rect, as a replace%ent for “for.” he HS5 is the first of the %o ; prophecy ever ca%e by the will of no %an chose to bring prophecy of %an, but, by the Holy Spirit, holy $erns here to o%it “holy” before ol$, but, by the Holy Spirit, hol* %en were le$ to spea& by )o$.”# %en of )o$ spo&e” bests all these.# “%en,” base$ on the '? te+t.# 2 eter 2:4 A “9or if )o$ spare$ >ea$s “9or if )o$ $i$n8t spare
not the angels that sinne$, but cast JthemK $own to hell, an$ $elivere$ JthemK into chains of $ar&ness, $ar&ness , to be reserve$ unto 4u$g%entL” . . .
the angels who sinne$ but threw the% $own into .artarus an$ $e; livere$ the% to be &ept in chains$ of darkness until 4u$g%entL” . . . (!lthough all of the versions herein 9ootnote “ C 21 ther %ss rea$ in pits/” rea$ “hell” here, this is a %istran; slation of the )ree& for rea$er see %ss that rea$ “in co%prehension purposes. he actual (Gnder "&' see wor$ is “tartar Ysas”A cast cast down to pits.” nce again, “other %ss” is e+tre%ely inaccurate “%ost.”# .artarus/#
PROBLEM
>ea$s “herefore, since hrist
suffered in his bod*! bod*! ar% your;
(he :a4ority te+t has agioi , “holy.” he '! omits “holy,” an$ a$$s apo, “fro%.” “Ha$ its origin” is not literal fro% the '?L neither are “prophets,” “hu%an will” an$ “though hu%an.”#
he vast %a4ority of e+isting )ree& contain “holy”Ainclu$ing co$ices ! !, (// !"#, an$ N, plus 33, one 7, all
he $ifference between the Ï> rea$ing an$ that appearing in partial support of the '! is that !, 5, , an$ use the %asculine for%, while the Ï> an$ '! use (“nto gloo%y $ungeons” was chang; the fe%inine. he best testi%ony (he )ree& sei(ais ophou %eans e$ to “in chains of $ar&ness”Acor; favors the Ï rea$ing Ì72L PL PsiL “chains of $ar&ness”Aperio$. et et rect. 5ut “sent” shoul$ be “cast,” an$ 33L 03CL
>ea$s “9or if )o$ $i$ not spare angels when they sinne$, but cast the% into hell an$ co%%itte$ the% to pits of darkness, reserve$ for 4u$g%entL” . . .
>ea$s “9or if )o$ $i$ not spare angels when they sinne$, but sent the% to hell, putting the% the% in chains of darkness to be hel$ for 4u$g%entL” . . .
'!S5 rea$s “. . . in which the '< rea$s “. “. . . he heavens will he Ï rea$s, “heavens will pass heavens will pass away with a $isappear with a roarL the ele; away with a great noise ( rhoie> roar an$ the ele%ents will be $e; %ents will be $estroye$ by fire, don#, an$ the ele%ents, burning stroye$ with intense heat, an$ the an$ the earth an$ everything with heat, will be destro*ed , an$ earth an$ its wor&s will be 1% burn; done in it will be laid bare.11” the earth an$ the wor&s in it will be 9ootnote “ So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts burne$ up.” he '? te+t rea$s, e$ up.” 9ootnote “= wo early be burned up/ ” (he %a4orityI# :SS rea$ disco-ered/ (?ncials “will be disco-ered Jor e+pose$8K.” an$ B&# (he )ree& eu(eth + + setai setai , %eaning he 5yE. is supporte$ by !, /1, “will be $iscovere$ foun$, observ; 33, , =/=, other specifie$ (he '! rea$s, “. . . the ele%ents will (he )ree& wor$ (hoie/on
2 eter 3:1%b A “5ut the $ay of
the 7or$ will co%e as a thief in the nightL in the which the hea; vens shall pass away with a great noise, an$ the ele%ents shall %elt with fervent heat, the earth also an$ the wor&s that are therein shall be burne$ up.”
HS5 rea$s “5ut the $ay of the 7or$ will co%e li&e a thiefL 4 on that $ay the heavens will pass away with a lou$ noise, the ele%ents will burn an$ be $issolve$, an$ the earth an$ the wor&s on it will be $isclose$.% ” 9ootnotes “1 3/ ther %ss a$$ in the night/ = 3/ ther %ss %ss rea$ rea$ will be burned up/”
(he DB< translators use$ “great noise” an$ “shall %elt with fervent heat” fro% the %ore-refine$ > rather than the Ï. “. . . 5urning with intense heat, will be $estroye$,” is a %ore accurate ren$ering. “ .errible noise” originate$ fro% yn$ale.#
%elt in the intense heat, an$ the earth an$ its wor&s will be e,posed/” 'otice how the HS58s “will burn an$ be $issolve$,” an$ “will be $isclose$,” $isagree with its own )ree&. “n the night” is outweighe$ numericall* J.gK, but the latter is in the vast %a4ority.# %a4ority.#
Jrhoy$-Eeh-$onnK here literally %eans “lou$ noise,” an$ is use$ uniMuely in this conte+t in the 'ew esta%ent. t also %eans “with a great noise,” “whiEEingly JhissingK with a crash,” or “with roaring spee$.”#
e$ or gathere$,” here is substitute$ in the ', an$ 5yE. '< 2/ a$$s “$one” after “everything.” “7ai$ bare” is even wrong fro% the '? )ree&I#
)ree&, the Syriac Harc.Pal., the optic 5ohairic, an$ the 7ections (?5S1#. pposing are ! 5, D, P, seven specifie$ )ree&, a few 5yE. %ss, an$ the Syriac Philo+enian (6th#. ! lan$sli$e Ï victoryI
KJV
HCSB
(?n$erstan$ing “light” properly in this conte,t reMuires reMuires beyon$ super; ficial wor$ stu$y, but the answer is foun$ in a goo$ le+icon “phYs” (S>' =1=0#A“(# 9iguratively 9iguratively,, %oral an$ spiritual light an$ &nowle$ge which enlightens the %in$, soul or conscience. . . .” p. 206, Strong=s Complete ;ord Stud* Concordance # (!bout wal&ing in this “light,” Henry !lfor$ Jnineteenth centuryK wrote that it is “. . . an identit* in the essential element of of our $aily wal& with the essential element of +od=s being .”# .”#
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NIV
PROBLEM
his is another of %any e+a%ples >ea$s “. . . but if we wal& in the >ea$s “5ut if we wal& in the of lower Christolog* a%ong the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one anoth; %o$ern versions “hrist” is one another, an$ the bloo$ of separate$ fro% “BesusApossibly one another, an$ the bloo$ of er, an$ the bloo$ of Besus, his Besus His Son cleanses us fro% ste%%ing fro% early )nosticis%. 3 )esus His Son cleanses us fro% Son, purifies us fro% all sin.” 'ote how the '!S5 co%%ittee all sin.” all sin.” 9ootnote “6 r e-er*/ ” co%pletely %isinterprete$ the ('o footnote appears for the (!ll three of these %o$ern ver; %eaning of “wal& in the light,” :a4ority rea$ing. !gain, the sions, an$ others, are without whichAin this conte+tAis en; (he %inority te+t actually has :h(istou , “hrist,” following %e8 '!S5 withhol$s infor%ation that greater overall support J but not in tirely re%ove$ fro% so%e type of ph*sical illumination in +od=s sou , “Besus.” his %ay be the res; its translators evi$ently thin& %ay the +reek K, K, inclu$ing the follow; ph*sical illumination ult of ancient scribal %alice $elib; confuse the rea$er, concerning ing versions the Syriac Peshitta presence. he '!S5 co%%ittee older manu> evi$ential weightA older erately to $is-4oin the two ter%s J2n$KL the Sahi$ic J3 r$ or or 1 1th Anor; also %isinterprete$ “light” ()o$8s scripts number of manu> versus which co%pletely $efine hrist8s essence# as evi$ently being a lit> thern @gyptianK. !lso B : i$entity Besus (his na%e#A“the scripts/ hat is, the translators eral %anifestation %anifestation of “phYs” lu> th si 323 J/21 5yE.6 K Jaes. 7or$ saves”Aan$ hrist, His pur; hol$ bac& infor%ation because minescence/ hey also capital> th th %i+e$2 K #30 J%i+e$1 K pose hrist an$ :essiah :essiah J 9essias K they are sol$ on the “earliest ied 7ight, 7ight, as if to in$icate it J5yE. thK 12$1 Jaes. <$ %anuscripts” rather than the each %eaning “!nointe$ ne.” n %ight represent the Holy Spirit, th a$$ition, in the HS5, the trans; overwhel%ing %a4ority that op; !le+.2thK 10 J%i+e$ (!le+. or so%e %anifestation thereof, or th 5yE.#2 K 173< J!le+./ K pc so%e other “$ivine entity.” he pose. !lso, “Hi%self” $oes not lators have inserte$ “Hi%self,” Jfew 5yE. $iffering slightly fro% Ï is supporte$ by !, 33, three appear in either )ree& source. which $oes not appear in the '! the :a4orityK.# )ree&. Autos JowT-tosK ! ! here %ean; JSee e-idential testimon* about 7, the Peshitta, an$ the 5ohair; “Christ ” in "&' and “ ?rob> ing “He,” is sufficient. !lso, no ic. (! an$ 33 are partially 5yEan; lems.”K footnote appears for “hrist.”# .”K## tine.#
1 ,ohn 1:# A “5ut if we wal& in >ea$s “5ut if we wal& in the the light, as he is in the light, we light as as He Himself is is in the have fellowship one with anoth; light! we have fellowship with
er, an$ the bloo$ of Besus hrist his Son cleanseth us fro% all sin.”
is in the *ight as He Himself is *ight, we have fellowship with
'< “5ut you have an anointing So%e variation of “you all HS5 “5ut you have an anoint; '!S5 “5ut you have an an$ all of anointing fro% the Holy ne, fro% the Holy ne, an$ all of &now” %ay sound more sound more correct , unction fro% the Holy ne, an$ ing fro% the Holy ne, *ou ha-e knowledge/10 ” 9ootnote 1I but it is the result result of either an . ” *ou know the truth 9ootnote ye &now all things.” an$ .” *ou all know “/ 22/ ther %ss rea$ and *ou ina$vertent scribal error or a $e; “ So%e So%e %anuscripts %anuscripts and *ou know all things .” J“ ?anta”ADB< liberate alteration. nly , 5, 5, P, P, know all things/ ” (!s in both the :a4ority te+t an$ Ais in the accusati-e case an$ (he '!S5 translators showe$ neuter gen$er. gen$er. A!uthorK Psi, a few 5yE., an$ Hesychius soun$ 4u$g%ent an$ wis$o% in the e+tus >eceptus JStephens this case, not altering “unction,” (he translators $eviate$ fro% the support this rea$ing ('!20#I he ==/, etc.K, translators have a$$e$ (he ?5S1 an$ '! 20 rea$ oi/ate or “anointing”Afro% the )ree& '? )ree&, which rea$s kai oi/ate %eaning of the verse is that, as the @nglish wor$ “things” to pantes , “you &now all,” but the pantes, “an$ you all &now.” n a specifie$ in the Ba%ieson-9aus; clarify %eaning, but the wor$ HS5 co%%ittee %istranslates as, ch(is-ma, %eaning precisely recent Won$ervan interlinear, they set-5rown 5ible o%%entary “all of you have &nowle$ge,” $espite anointing or unction Strong8s obviously is not reMuire$ for a si%ply jadded the nlish “the (eference 'u%ber J“S>'”K co%plete un$erstan$ing of the truth” into both the interlinear an$ rea$ers &new all things “nee$ful appear in the )ree&. he HS5 no footnote ==1=. he '!S5 has . verse.# the '< @nglish colu%n. n the translators %isun$erstoo$ the for acting against antichrist8s “ou “o u all &now” whatG Part of the phrase, an$or they thought conte%; preface, )ree& scholar an$ an$ teacher se$uctions, an$ for hristian '@ note note rea$s “he state%ent 5ill :ounce writes, “:ay our (!bout “you &now all” :atthew porary rea$ers woul$ not co%pre; '@ life.” !gain, the '<8s “so%e” is *ou all know probably constitutes hen$. Jantes also wrongly is in the Henry J6=K wrote, “all these wor& help all of you using this case an$ gen; nominati-e masculine an in$irect allusion to the provi; things concerning hrist an$ his new interlinear to un$erstan$ the wholly $eceptive :ost, or -ast $er.K :a4ority support for “you religion. . . .” A:atthew Henry8s &now all JthingsK” is overwhel%ing sions of the new covenant %en; won$erful truths of )o$8s *or$, maorit*! woul$ be correct. (See HCSB notes for B*/ support/# tione$ in ,er 31.” he classic every wor$ procee$ing fro% *hole 5ible o%%entary 5yE.L A : 33 ;1 10 173< (@ven te+t critic S. P. regelles biblicists an$ theologians of odif*ing )o$8s %outh. . . . ” J:H*5K JSee )FB agreement at 1;;1 6 other nu%ericsL ect L three proclaiming -erbal followe$ the 5yE.> rea$ing in yesteryear $iffer. JSee far right/ K# Scripture! then proclaiming 7L all
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NIV
PROBLEM
>ea$s “. . . an$ every spirit that $oes not confess )esus is not fro% )o$L this is the J spirit K of the antichrist, of which you have hear$ that it is co%ing, an$ now it is alrea$y in the worl$.”
>ea$s “. . . but every spirit that $oes not acknowledge )esus is not fro% )o$. his is the spirit of the antichrist, which you have hear$ is co%ing an$ even now is alrea$y in the worl$.”
(“hrist” JCristonK is o%itte$ by the '?, as is “is JhasK co%e in (he essence of this passage is not the flesh.” ischen$orf J02KA (“Spirit” appearing before “of only to warn against those proph; who i$oliEe$ Aleph Sinaiticus J K antichrist” was a$$e$ by the DB< ets who $o not ac&nowle$ge hrist Aan$ *estcott *estcott an$ Hort J0/K translatorsAas well as those of the as the Son of )o$, but also to warn o%it both, as well. J*estcott an$ against such persons and doctrines '
('ote that v. 2, i%%e$iately procee$ing, rea$s, in the Ï, “5y this the Spirit of )o$ is &nown @very spirit that confesses Besus hrist as having co%e in the flesh is of )o$ . . .” !ccor$ing to the practice of %any ancient scribes, “as having co%e in the flesh” ma* have been re%ove$ deliber> atel* fro% the e+e%plar Jcopying sourceK with the thought that this clause acci$entally was inserte$ into v. 3 by an earlier han$.#
he Ï rea$ing supports “. . . Besus hrist as having co%e in the flesh.” :o$ern versions hinge largely on !, 5, 33, an$ . 5ut supporting these also are Psi (C th#, five %i+e$ cursives (%inuscules#, an$ a few 5yEantines. !t least one %o$ern interlinear shows inclusion of “having co%e in the flesh,” in the @nglish below the )ree&, yet the translators omit them in the accompan*ing te,t . Supporting the vast %a4ority of )ree& in rea$ing “hrist” are D, 7, /1C, /=6, /12, an$ /21=, plus the Syp,h. !s for “having co%e in the flesh,” the Ï, , , 33, an$ all Syriac support. pposing are !, 5, seven specifie$ )ree&, a few 5yE. %ss, all the
HCSB
1 ,ohn 4:3 A “!n$ every spirit that confesseth not that )esus Christ is come in the lesh is not of )o$ an$ this is that J spirit K of antichrist, whereof ye have hear$ that it shoul$ co%eL an$ even now alrea$y is it in the worl$.”
>ea$s “5ut every spirit who $oes not confess )esus confess )esus5 is not fro% )o$. his is the spirit of the anti; christL you have hear$ that he is co%ing, an$ he is alrea$y in the worl$ now.” 9ootnote “ 3 13 ther %ss rea$ confess that )esus has come in the flesh/ ”
-e;elation $:1# A “9or the
'!S5 “. . . for the great $ay of '< “9or the great Ï te+t (at least =Q#, 4oine$ 53 he great $ay of their 53 wrath has co%e, an$ who is wrath has co%e, an$ who can their wrath by !, P, P, /16, %ore, un$er gir$ able to stan$G” withstan$ itG” 9ootnote “ 36 So%e the DB< rea$ing. he )ree& (evelation (>elate$ to the note at i%%e$iate :S evi$ence. 5ut in two boo&s B. left, for the '!S5, very little first- (%y# an$ thir$-person (his !. :oor%an a$$resses this %a; )ree& %anuscript evi$ence is e+; their# cases, but note the prev; (his scribal error is so obvious, terial. n ;hen the )' Keparts tant. 9or e+a%ple, unfortunately, ious verse, 66, which refers to the correct rea$ing shoul$ be @ras%usAwho use$ only about aorit* .e,t! .e,t! he %eti; “the wrath of the 7a%b” i%%e$; e+pecte$. ;hose wrath: bvious; from the aorit* culously $escribes the source for nine select %ss for his =6 )ree& iately before v. 0 begins. Con> ly )o$8s, which will punish the ' translationAha$ few >evela; the Ï> >evelation H. . Hos; clusi-e/ 'one of the five %inus; wic&e$. et %o$ernists use the &ier8s %asterful collation of nearly tion )ree& %ss available to hi%. Hence, for most of the book! he was cules opposing the Ï rea$ingA %asculine plural autn J'?K to 2// )ree& :SS. his wor& is rea$ “their” rather than autou, base$ upon )ree& :S groups /16 force$ to translate available 7atin again, all !le+an$rianAis ol$er
-e;elation 22:14 A “5lesse$
he Ï rea$s “they that $o his '!S5 rea$s “5lesse$ are those '< rea$s “5lesse$ are those who wash their robes , so that who wash their robes , that they co%%an$%ents.” ! an$ oppose %ay have the right to the tree of (5 truncate$ after Heb. C3#, as they %ay have the right to the tree they %ay have the right to the tree of life, an$ %ay enter by the life an$ %ay go through the of life an$ %ay enter the city by $o five !le+. cursives an$ a few gates into the city.” gates into the city.” the gates.” 9ootnote gates.” 9ootnote “2 221 5yE., plus the Sahi$ic. Support; ther %ss rea$ who keep His ing the B*/ te+t are groups /16 (Probably a reference bac& to ('ot only is this rea$ing out; :ost other other %ssI# commands/” (:ost >ev. 0C wrongfully repeate$ weighe$ an$ outnu%bere$, but it an$ the !n$reas, all the Syriac, here. :ost li&ely scribal error. 'o is inco%plete. *ash their robes in an$ the 5ohairic. (See 043 and (he robes of glorifie$ believers groups! within "#SB! whatG he 7a%b8s bloo$G f so, #ndreas groups! are washe$ to white in the 7a%b8s footnote for the :a4ority rea$; why woul$ this not appear hereG# abo-e/# bloo$, but not of their own merit I# I# ingI#
HS5 “. . . because the great great $ay of his wrath is co%eL $ay of .heir 23 wrath has co%eI an$ who shall be able to stan$G” !n$ who is able to stan$G” 9ootnote “26 60 ther %ss %ss rea$ His/”
are they that th at $o his co%%an$ c o%%an$ ; %ents, %ents, that they %ay have right to the tree of life, an$ %ay enter in through the gates into the city.”
HS5 rea$s “5lesse$ are those
who wash their robes!12 so that
KJV
HCSB
NASB NA
NIV
PROBLEM
!lthough i%perfect, li&e every he 5_H Publishing )roup, pub; 7ong regar$e$ as one of the “%ost he %ost classic, $eceptive Since the first c entury, entury, heretics lisher of the Hol%an hristian accurate” an$ literal %o$ern trans; literal-$yna%ic eMuivalence other e+isting ' version (other have attac&e$ )o$8s *or$, *or$, version available, the '< is a lations, the '!S5, upon closer than originals#, the DB< DB< translation translation Stan$ar$ 5ible (HS5#, Muotes %o$ifying it, a$$ing to it an$ subtly compromising bridge be; fro% its HS5 5ible Stu$y version e+a%ination, proves otherwise is base$ upon refine%ents of the subtracting fro% it. Successive tween $evotion to its own vacil; page, page , “"evelope$ in $irect re; base$ upon the '? critical te te+tL +tL :a4ority te+t tra$ition (e+tus >e; infi$els establishe$ the >o%an sponse to what focus groups as&e$ often “styliEe$” against its )ree& lating, corrupt )ree& source te+t ceptus# e+ecute$ by %atchless, atholic hurch base$ on nonM an$ its co%%it%ent to a styliEe$, for, only one stu$y 5ible $elivers source te+t an$ even $efying it. canonical doctrine , human spiritually regenerate, ortho$o+ %ore than you8$ e+pectAright his version also ta&es liberties in %o$ernistic concession to a wan; scholars of the 6 th an$ 0 th centur; where you8$ e+pect it.” How con; wor$ an$ phrase or$er, base$ on ton worl$ly rea$ership. t softens constructs an$ selfMser-ing ma> ies. he lineage of the DB< repres; te%porary an$ palatable is thatG its own source )ree&, an$ it often the 5ible8s critical warnings an$ nipulation of Scripture . ne ents an overwhel%ing %a4ority of he HS5 is referre$ to by its fails to footnote significant variant harsh realities, alters biblical $oc; result was a %inority of ol$er nearly i$entical )ree& %anuscripts publishers as an “opti%al eMui; rea$ings, such as those of the :a; trine, an$ aggregately constitutes %anuscripts evolving into a valent,” %eaning that the transla; 4ority te+t. t freMuently outnu%bering the %o$ern te+t corrupt, false “5ible” base$ on a freMuently has been a vitiate$ )ospel of positi-ism tion an$ “styliEation” fol&s believe %istranslate$ fro% its own )ree& eagerly e%brace$ by both be; base by an -to- to C-to- ratio. lievers an$ unbelievers. t is a ver; “critically e$ite$” ' )ree& te+t he 5yEantine lineage $ates bac& they have struc& the i$eal balance source, an$ it represents an “up; force$ upon the public by natur> “original” $ate$” version of the C/ !S< 'ew esta%ent. Further> sol$ every other 5ible version hence having a pure heritage e+; rich @. does not *hat Hol%an-5roa$%an more! the translators often use ten$ing bac& %ore than ,6// tell you is that the HS5 is base$ “earl* mss” adroitl* to offset con> since C6Awith the DB< secon$. on the corrupt %o$ern critical te+ts -incing B*/ and other e-idence/ (:ar&eting an$ “styliEation” O 'ote that, accor$ing to the years. 2011 “5iblica Rsales.# &n addition! with the 2011 when originally the plan was to at 5iblica”” web site, now repres; "&'!! nine footnotes ha-e been re> "&' re> enting the %erge$ 5S an$ “Sen$ 9irst release$ in C66 by the he DB< was base$ on the content least pattern the version after the lea$ership of %o$ern :a4ority te+t 7oc& %an 9oun$ation 9ou n$ation , supposedl* mo-ed! and the translators often the 7ight” organiEations, %ore of several earlier >efor%ation stalwart !rthur 9arsta$, who was a “nonprofit, inter$eno%inational use “ some mss” rather than than // scholars representing 2/ 5ibles, inclu$ing yn$ale8s, yn$ale8s, to perfor% as lea$ e$itor, but who %inistry $e$icate$ to the transla; “man* mss” to offset much B*/ T $eno%inations translate$ the '< over$ale8s, the :atthew8s (Bohn $ie$ before the other opposing testimon*/ testimon* / the wor& began. :o$; tion, publication an$ $istribution “5ible.” he sa%e source states >o$gers#, averner8s, the )reat ernis% reare$ its ugly hea$ again, of the 'ew !%erican Stan$ar$ he original '< 5ible was first that for 3/ years the o%%ittee 5ible, the 5ishops, an$ the )en; an$ the new lead and his cohorts 5ible, the !%plifie$ 5ible . . . ,” publishe$ in C0 by the nterna; nterna; on 5ible ranslation (5# “has eva. !$$itionally, heo$ore 5eEa8s decided instead to use the "# 2 the '!S5 also un$erwent a sig; =C > was another source, plus GBS 4 critical editions as the foun> nificant up$ate in CC=. !ccor$ing tional 5ible Society, then in C1. labore$ to bring the *or$ of )o$ urrently, Won$ervan Aa lea$er in to people in conte%porary @ng; dation/ so%e of @ras%us8 %ss (late cur; to the 7oc&%an 9oun$ation web; conte%porary, conte%porary, %o$ernistic 5ible lish.” (hat is, pedantic! sim> pedantic! sim> sives#. !fter having rea$ so%e of the H; site, “n CC= the "#SB was up; translationAuses 5ible “$ata; plistic! $ilute$ an$ %istranslate$.# $ate$, increasing clarity an$ rea$; bases” owne$ by the nternational nternational S5 (the first revision in 2//C#, an$ he entire translation process for having co%pare$ it to other %o$ern ability. tain that the changes, being %o; te$ translation bo$y began in $ernistic, have further $egra$e$ “sharing )o$8s *or$ aroun$ the a%ent te+tual criticis%.” hese 6/0. he final initial version was phrase rather than a literal. )o$8s *or$. Bust loo& at the re; worl$.” 5ut in 2//0, the 5S a$; presente$ to Ba%es in early 6. .his HS5 $oes not re%ove re%ove any vealing Muote. !%ong the %o$ern 4oine$ the S7 (Sen$ he 7ight# %o$ernistic %etho$s yet have an 'ote that no copyright ever has for% of footnotes fro% the previous. 5ut it translations a$$resse$ herein, this to beco%e 5iblica. Space is pro; opponent in the spiritual for% been establishe$ for the DB rather than man* (0=R# when changesA but '< relationship has beco%e. beco%e. every modern 5ible versionI turyI cant/ referring to Ï _ supporting %ss.
The Critical Editions (tets! 6he modern mo dern c critical te
criticis%” (the science of applying %o$ern analytical theories to ancient $ocu%entsAin effect without $ue consi$eration for the 5ible as e+pressly )o$-inspire$#, particularly $uring the eighteenth an$ nineteenth centuries, pro$uce$ their own “e$ite$” versions base$ substantially on these two early %anuscriptsAso%e of the %ost-fa%ous biblical te+t critics being B. S. Se%ler (02=-0C#, Bohann Ba&ob )riesbach (01=-2#, Samuel . 6reelles (3-0=#, (7obegott# 9rie$rich onstantine von ischen$orf (=-01#, ischen$orf (=-01#, 5roo&e 9oss *estcott (2=-C/#, an$ 9enton critical te,ts use$ as the basis for nearly every %o$ern 5ible translationversion are the Bohn !nthony !nthony Hort (2-C2#. (2-C2#. he current critical 'estle-!lan$ ('!# an$ that of the ?nite$ 5ible Societies (?5S#. hese two alternative, %o$ernistically an$ naturalistically “e$ite$” te+ts purporte$ly are $ifferent fro% each other in about 1// places, but al%ost entirely inconseMuentially. inconseMuentially. :ostly, :ostly, they $iffer in punctuation, gra%%ar, use of personal pronouns an$ wor$ or$er, accor$ing to the consensus of conte%porary te+t critics. 'ote that the “'!” now is in its twent*Meighth edition (late 2/2# / 5oth of these apparatuses very closely parallel the *estcott-Hort ' e$ition first secretly $isclose$ in 0/, $uring the beginning stages of the @nglish >evise$
-ichard Simon =1$38)1#12>! Simon =1$38)1#12>! a -oman /atholic riest o the se;enteenth century! is generally cre$ite$ as being the “forerunner of %o$ern biblical criticis%”AutiliEing analytical %etho$s previously an$ typically applie$ to classical wor&s of )ree& literature. 3 (Darl 7ach%ann J0C3-=K highl* popularied this this %etho$ology in 3 with the release of his first “critical e$ition” of the “5ible.” “. . . 7ach%ann was not a theologian but ha$ $istinguishe$ hi%self by critical e$itions of 7atin an$ )er%an classics.”#1 he te+tual-criticis% %ove%entAwhich often is applie$ “naturalistically” with effectively little genuine regar$ for the 5ible as being a )o$-breathe$ wor& ()&. theopneustos#Alargely was less-pronounce$ in the seventeenth an$ eighteenth centuries, but gaine$ %o%entu% in the latter 0//s. B. S. Se%ler (02=-0C#Aoften regar$e$ as the “father of )er%an rationalis%”Awas a chief proponent of this %etho$ology in the late 0//s an$ early //s, followe$ by his pro$igy, )riesbach. = )riesbach, li&e several of his theological pre$ecessors, pro$uce$ his own “critical e$ition,” followe$ by the li&es of such nineteenth century philological (pertaining to the stu$y of language in written historical sources# analytical %asters as ischen$orf, regelles an$, of course, the classic $uo of *estcott an$ Hort. 5ase$ on their own critical te+t which was 1 years in the %a&ing (=0-0/#, *estcott an$ Hort %aster%in$e$ Hort %aster%in$e$ the $evelop%ent of the @nglish >evise$ < or “><”#Athe ' intro$uce$ in an$ the entire 5ible in =. = he @>< %ar&e$ a $eliberate, concerte$ %otion inten$e$ to un$er%ineAin fact, replaceAthe Ding Ba%es < an$ its !%erican counterpart, the !%erican Stan$ar$ 0(. 12%9! 12%9 ! its &nown history is %eager, with only its appro+i%ate $ate of origin (c. 32=-36/ !"#,
/ode< Ale
its “te+t-type” (!le+an$rian# an$ its fifteenth-century $iscovery, to present, being &nown. he
&ut the disroor disroortionate tionate manuscrit numbers reresent 4ust one co%ponent of this %ultifacete$ issue, so%e others being $octrinal errors, scribal blun$ers, te+t-type consi$erations an$ nonsensical rea$ings, scriptoral region of origin, area schools of thought, an$ %ore. he fact is! naturalistic te+t critics supporting this paucity of ancient
%anuscript %anuscript evi$ence evi$ence still have no actual actual proof to bac& their suspicious suspicious critical clai%s, %any of the% base$ a$roitly on phanto% theories theories such as those those generate$ generate$ by *estcott an$ HortAinclu$ing HortAinclu$ing the “!ntiochian rescension” (or “7ucianic res cension”# the latter stan$ing on absolutely no $ocu%ente$ proof. (he !ntiochian rescension is the *-H pre%ise theoriEing that the :a4ority J5yEantine, ra$itional, ra$itional, !ntiochian, onstantinopolitan, onstantinopolitan, @cclesiasticalK te+t is a fabricate$, %i+e$ te+t %ost probably %a$e by 7ucian J$. 32K in !ntioch $uring the thir$ or or fourth centuries, co%bining the !le+an$rian*estern !le+an$rian*estern te+ts. 5ut, again, this theory is entirel* unsubstantiated .# .#3 A"thor#s so"rces normation about verse attestation in this $ocu%ent %ostly is $erive$ fro% "o-em .estamentum +raece! the 'estle-!lan$ 20th >evise$ @$ition (Stuttgart, )er%any he )er%an 5ible Society, Society, CC3 JC th correcte$ printing, 2//6K#, by 5arbara an$ Durt !lan$, Bohannes Daravi$opoulos, arlo :. :artini, an$ 5ruce :. :etEger, an$ .he +reek "ew .estament! 9ourth >evise$ @$ition (he ?nite$ 5ible Societies, ?.S.!. Stuttgart, )er%any J= th printing, 2//K#, by Durt !lan$, :atthew 5lac&, arlo :. :artini, 5ruce :. :etEger, an$ !llen *i&gren. So%e witness testi%ony is ta&en fro% arthl* anuscripts! Church Fathers! and the #uthoried 'ersion 'ersion (ollingswoo$, '.B. he 5ible for o$ay Press, 2//=#, pp. 21-3, by B. !. :oor%an. o%parison verses .estament ('ew cite$ fro% the DB< are ta&en fro% .he Contemporar* ?arallel "ew .estament ('ew or& +for$ ?niversity Press, CC0#, pp. 3/-0=, by Bohn
>. Dohlenberger , e$., an$ “he “ he *or$” *or$” 5ible software ()reece ostas Stergiou, 2//3-2/2#, by ostas Stergiou. HS5 5ible te+t also was ta&en fro% 6he Bord" &ible sotware. obinson an$ *illia% ). Pierpont, CC.# ther 5yEantine te+t ()ree&# was ta&en fro% >obinson8s an$ &nterlinearr Pierpont8s 2/// e$ition, fro% “he *or$” 5ible software. Scripture portions cite$ fro% the e+tus >eceptus were ta&en fro% .he &nterlinea 6he Bord HebrewM+reekMnglish Bible! 'ol/ 4 (7afayette, n$. Sovereign )race Publishers, C=#, by Bay P. )reen, Sr., Sr. , fro% the ==/ version of the >obert Stephens (@stienneStephanusA=/3-==C# >, opyright C06 by the rinitarian 5ible Society, 7on$on, @nglan$. n a$$ition, atthew ?oole=s ?oole=s Commentar* on the Hol* Bible! 'ol/ 5 (Peabo$y, :ass. Hen$ric&son Publishers, C2#, was use$ to loo& up parallel verses a%ong the gospels. ther factual infor%ation has been gleane$ fro% nu%erous scholarly an$ authoritative resources, an$ so%e, such as the nu%ber of e+isting )ree& ' %anuscripts (=,0//-plus#, is co%%on &nowle$ge in the biblical te+tual-criticis% real%. KJV ($A"thori%ed Version&! content More than 8% ercent o the wordin o the Cin ,ames @ersion @ersion =1$11> 'ew esta%ent is $erive$ fro% *illia% yn$ale8s fa%ous =26 yn$ale 5ible (' only#, the earliest of several versions a%ong the proto-DB< legacy. 1 ther 5ibles of this tra$ition are :yles over$ale8s (1-=6C# =36 over$ale over$ale 5ible (first complete 5ible printed in in @nglish#, the =30 :atthew8s 5ible (Bohn >ogersA=//-===#, the )reat 5ible of =3C, the renowne$ )eneva 5ible (Pilgri%s on the :ayflower# of =6/ ('
first publishe$ in ==0, with *illia% *hittingha%8s J=21-=0CK verse nu%bersAa first in the @nglish '#, an$ the 5ishops 5ible of =6. = (he first-recor$e$ ' ". , its ==/ pre$ecessor calle$ the >oyal @$ition (“ editio regia ”#, the latter version of the 5ible to inclu$e verse nu%bering is >obert Stephens8 J=/3-==CK == +reek ". being the )ree& un$erlying %ost e+tus >eceptus-base$ 5ibles e+isting to$ay. 6 heo$ore 5eEa8s (=C-6/=# =C ' version is the only other “>” popularly use$ to$ay. Interlin Inte rlinear ear Bi'l Bi'les es 6he nterlinear nterli near ebrew)0ree()nli sh &ible! &ible ! @ol. 4 ('ew esta%ent only# is the cul%ination of e+haustive research an$ translation wor&
Ene);olume interlinear
by a single in$ivi$ual, Bay P. )reen, Sr. (C-2//#. (C-2//#. :ore than 3=/,/// of its copies having been sol$, the co%plete -' interlinear interlinear (four volu%es or one large single volu%e# provi$es so%ething invaluable to all intereste$ in the )ree& ' the venerate$ ==/ )ree& 'ew esta%ent of >obert @stienne (Stephanus#, acco%panie$ by an @nglish translation (below# an$ Strong8s >eference 'u%bers (S>'Aabove# .ranslation of the Bible! an$ to for nearly every )ree& wor$. 9lan&ing the long, central )ree&-@nglish colu%n are, at left, )reen8s own iteral .ranslation the right, the Ding Ba%es eference 'u%bers (S>'#. "o other interlinear Bible contains a trul* unadulterated! pure P. asoretic .e,t—the latter founded upon the #leppo Code, and its familial group familial group of manuscripts/ (his writer has no relationship with the publisherAe+cept as a patron.#
All other e
so%e corruptionsAe.g., ). >. 5erry8s (C0# an$ ho%as 'ewberry8s (00#. 9urther%ore, !lfre$ :arshall8s :arshall8s popular ' interlinear (C=#, for e+a%ple, is base$ on @berhar$ 'estle8s (=-C3# 'ovu% esta%entu% )raeceAthe 'estle-!lan$ source te+tAan$ co%pares this corrupt %inority )ree& to the "&' . he sa%e is true of .estament ("#SB"&' #. 5eware of the new bree$ of interlinears which have been *illia% ". an$ >obert H. :ounce8s .he Aonder-an +reek and nglish &nterlinear "ew .estament pro$uce$ $uring the past few $eca$es 'early all are base$ %ostly on the the ancient !leph an$ 5 %anuscripts, %anuscripts, via the '? te+t.
“Said operational models in the prefaces of these ‘new-age’ ‘Biles’ descrie how interdenominational translation committees, with an e!cessi"e emphasis on unification among worldwide Christendom, wor# to eliminate discord $with the price of compromising the old tr%th of &od’s 'ord( ) ) )*
&y way o such a comarison" urchase! the author has learne$ (fro% the preface# thatAto his surpriseAevi$ently %any %o$ern
5ible scholars are largely ignorant not only of the intricacies of the :a4ority te+t, > an$ '? critical e$itions, but also have little or no &nowle$ge of the stu$y of te,tual criticism. 9or %uch of the past century, se%inaries an$ 5ible colleges al%ost e+clusively have been presenting stu$ents with a single )ree& source te+t the “'?.” t seems that many o the roessors! themsel;es! ha;e not accepting the outra outrageous geously ly flawed been aware aware o the chic chicaner anery y that has been oist oisted ed uon them. They simply have been accepting conclusions of their predecessors, and their teachings and conclusions, then passing them on to their students! onversely, onversely, here is
an e+cerpt fro% the “Preface to the hir$ @$ition” of the nterlinear )ree&-@nglish 'ew esta%ent (”ASource Jenco$e$K-:essage-J$eco$e$K >eceptor#. 6ead the preface of -irtuall* an* modern 8Bible@ -ersion and *ou=ll glean significant understanding of how these large interdenominational! ecumenical translation committees operate/ Said operational models in the prefaces of these newage" #ibles" describe how interdenominational translatio translation n committees, committees, with an e$cessive e$cessive emphasis emphasis on unificatio unification n among worldwide worldwide Christendom, Christendom, wor% to eliminate discord (with the price of compromising the bold truth of God&s 'ord), “bri$ge cultural gaps,” an$ provi$e “5ible” versions “in to$ay8s
language”Aones that sacrifice scriptural fi$elity for allege$ “easier rea$ing.”
Coon )ernac"lar Coine" =coin)FG> means common. he vast %a4ority of the 'ew esta%ent was written in a style of )ree& (“co%%on )ree&”ADoine# use$ by the general, co%%on fol&. “lassical )ree&” was the linguistic for% of the learne$, thus was not chosen b* +od to to be use$ in co%%unicating with the “co%%on %an.” he physician an$
historian 7u&e, however, for whatever reason, wrote his )ospel to the )entiles (“Hellane”A)ree& for )entile or )ree&-spea&ing person# in lassical )ree&. )o$ &nows.#
The endin* o+ Mar,#s -os.el Emission o the last twel;e ;erses o the 0osel accordin to Mar(!" vv. C-2/ of hapter 6, is significant because, other than the plain fact that this passage is
atteste$ to by the vast %a4ority of e+tant ' )ree& %anuscripts (all but two uncials#, without it, the 5oo& of :ar& en$s with the apostles being “afrai$.” C 5ut, eMually i%portant, leaving out this passage also woul$ have e+clu$e$ the “)reat o%%ission” fro% the 5oo& of :ar& (v. =# “!n$ he sai$ unto the%, )o ye into all the worl$, an$ preach the gospel to every creature” (DB<#. SubseMuent verses in the passage are critical, as well, $iscussing the significance of salvation an$ baptis%, spiritual wor&s, an$ )o$8s protection for believers. he final verse vitally galvaniEes this &ey passage with affir%ative apostolic action “!n$ they went forth, an$ preache$ every where, the 7or$ wor&ing with the%, an$ confir%ing the wor$ with signs following. !%en.” :ost naturalistic te+t critics of both yesteryear an$ to$ay insiste$ an$ continue to plea$ that the passage shoul$ be e+cise$ fro% )o$8s *or$ *or$ on two groun$s # t is not atteste$ to by their belove$ o$ices 5 (pri%arily# an$ !leph (secon$arily#L 2# they $on8t thin& it “fits the sense” in the location of the boo&Athat it is “out of place”(a later interpolation#. onversely, the spirituall* based te+t te+t critics of past an$ present argue for its its appropriateness in te+tual pro+i%ity, pro+i%ity, its consistency with surroun$ing te+t, its %a4ority rea$ing, an$ its i%portance to the Scriptures. %agine the 5ible with only one gospel reference, in another Synoptic, to the )reat o%%ission (:atthew 2C#. (! fascinating si$e note is that o$e+
Hortunately! than(s to amon the most erudite biblical, theological, an$ linguistic scholars of the past 2// years, such &nowle$geable, stu$ious, resourceful, wise, an$
conservative ortho$o+ hristian figures of the faith as Bohn *illia% 5urgon , @$war$ :iller, 9. H. !. Scrivener , Her%an harles Hos&ier ($. C3#, an$ @$war$ 9. Hills ($. C#, %ost of the nineteenth century, peoples of to$ay an$ to%orrow still have an$ will have access to the e+positional evi$ence overwhel%ingly supporting the case for )o$8s true *or$ His wor$s “breathe$ out” through His appointe$ hu%an vesselsAwhose canonical writings evolve$ into the :a4ority te+t, their subseMuent refine%ent in the e+tus >eceptus, an$, ulti%ately, ulti%ately, into the pro$uction of the DB<. (?nless )o$ has a plan for a superior @nglish translation, which see%s unli&ely given the DB< was pro$uce$ at the pinnacle of the language8s language8s $evelop%ent.#
Ver'al ins.iration o+ KJV/ “DB<-only” co%%unityAhave e%phatically %aintaine$ that the !< is di-inel* inspired Many! many C,@ ad;ocates amon both the ordained and laity Athe “DB<-only” (plenaril*/ However, the truth is, the =1 (at onsetAseven having $ie$ or resigne$ $uring the process# original %e%bers of the translation co%%ittee aggregately ne-er claimed that their work was $ivinely inspire$, -erball*/ @ssentially, these scholars, a%ong the very finest of their ti%e an$ of all ti%e (but i%perfect#, believe$ that the ti%e was ripeAas $i$ both the agreeable &ing (Ba%es of @nglan$# an$ those clergy petitioning for a new translationAfor a new version of )o$8s *or$. 5elief in the di-ine inspiration of the DB< translators, an$ their wor&, in the original plenar* sense , is wrongfulD nly the original, original , plenarily inspire$ hu%an instru%ents of )o$8s *or$Athe respective biblical boo&s8 writersAan$ their original output, actually were verbally (“plenarily”# inspire$ by )o$. 22 :oreover, %any ortho$o+ theological scholars through the centuries have fir%ly hel$ that the original biblical “autographs” not only were verbally “)o$-breathe$” (2 i%othy 36-0# but, subseMuently, subseMuently, that the precise content pro-identiall* preser-ed! as well. “*hat value has inspiration without preservationG ” ("avi$ *. lou$, in his boo& Faith 's/ the odern Bible of the autographs has been pro-identiall* preser-ed! 'ersions! cites several 5ible verses that very easily can be interprete$ as proof of )o$8s preser-ation of the original %anuscripts8 words— Psal% Psal% 26, 0L Psal% CCL Proverbs 3/=, 6L saiah 1/L saiah ==L :atthew =L :atthew 213=.#
“4omanism’s str%ct%re, doctrine and practices are consistent with the fact that ‘re"ered’ o/ects, especiall ‘sacred’ man%scripts, traditionall were protected from p%lic access of an #ind ) ) ) ) *
The KJV +o"ndation ($. 2//0# $iscre$it or have owe;er!! such C,@ oonents as learne$ %o$ernistic scholars "aniel 5. *allace an$ 5ruce :. :etEger ($. owe;er $iscre$ite$ the !< !< on the basis of "esi$erius @ras%us8 (166-=36# > foun$ation, his first e$ition, in =6. ne proble% with *allace8s *allace8s argu%ent is that @ras%us8 =6 e$itionAagain, the very first printe$ )ree& e$itionAwas not at all the $irect basis for the 6 DB<. (!n$ @ras%us use$ nine )ree& Jtotal in all of his e$itionsKAfive fro% 5asel JSwitEerlan$K an$ four fro% @nglan$Afor his =20 an$ =3= e$itions, not four or five, as *allace craftily has inti%ate$. J9our or five %ay have been use$ for @ras%us8 first e$ition.K e$ition.K # friend of rasmus! ?aulus Bombasius! researched Code, 'aticanus 'aticanus 25 ! and! based on rasmus= e,amination of 53% passages from Code, B pro-ided b* correspondent Buan )inms $e Seplve$a , he e,cluded e,cluded the manuscript manuscript from from translatio translation n considerat consideration ion because of its #le,andrian #le,andrian Ng*ptianO characteristics/ #21 he original !< bases were the following # *illia% yn$ale8s =26=31 5iblesL 2# the 5ishop8s 5ible
(=6Ano %ore than eight percent in DB<#L 3# heo$ore 5eEa8s =C > e$itionL 1# the over$ale 5ible (=3=#L the :atthew8s 5ible (=3#L =# the )reat 5ible (=3C#L 6# the )eneva 5ible (=6/#L 0# a few of the )ree& :SS use$ by @ras%us. 2= (@ras%us, a 6eformation humanist Aone $e$icate$ to learning an$ enlighten%ent, not to human merit before +od Awho believe$ in large-scale >o%an atholic renovation fro% within the syste% rather than the necessary wholesale change that :artin 7uther stipulate$, pro$uce$ two other )ree& versions, in =C an$ =22. His fourth an$ last, in =3=, he pro$uce$ the year before his $eath.# 26 n a 198# tele;ision commercial commercial romotin The #oo%, a con$ense$ version of .he i-ing Bible! 5illy )raha% sai$ that .he Book “rea$s
li&e a novel”Aan inten$e$ co%pli%ent. 20 /EI/*JSEI +n the final analsis of these iss%es, it is important to as# one’s self a single practical %estion, eca%se, for most of toda’s ilical scholars, man%script e"idential age is tantamount to legitimacy . Sho%ld Sho%ld a paltr paltr minorit minorit of older, older, etter-pres etter-preser"ed er"ed doc%ments doc%ments ta#e adoptional adoptional precedence precedence o"er a n%mericall o"erwhelming, highl consistent %t slightl eclectic $"ariale( $"ariale( ma/orit of man%scripts0 $1nd sho%ld the “editorial /%dgment* of nat%ralistic scholars e accepted and commended above &od above &od and 2is 'ord0(
Romanism’s structure, doctrine and practices are consistent with the fact that “revered” objects, especially “sacred” manuscripts, traditionally were protected from public access of any kind. 2ence kind. 2ence the pristine condition of the ancient corr%pted man%scripts, s%ch as Sinaitic%s $1leph( and 3atican%s 3atican%s $B() $4ememer that the 4oman Catholic Ch%rch officiall too# form in the fifth cent%r5 %t its essential framewor# was eg%n Constantine + 6787-998: in 9;7) 2is reign mar#ed the official ad/oining of the church c hurch and state state,, a transaction that res%lted in all manner of ills among the Ch%rch)(
A Adotionist ne ne who believes that hrist was a “%ere %an” until +od=s Spirit had descended on him at baptism Ahence, that )o$ “a$opte$” Besus
hrist, thus helping to e+plain how “)o$ is one.” he $octrine of !$optionis% originate$ in the thir$ century. Aeons =ah-ons> Spirit Spirit beings of $iffering i%portance resi$ing within various “levels” of the supernatural real%. 5elief in this pheno%enon originates
in )nostic heresy beginning in the first century !". t was believe$ that persons coul$ ascen$ to higher levels of status in this s piritual real%. Aleh =ah-le> 1: 1: ! co$ification co$ification $esignation for the fourth century o$e+ Sinaiticus, $iscovere$ by 9rie$rich onstantine von ischen$orf in 11 in
St. atherine8s :onasteryonvent :onasteryonvent on :ount Sinai. t is $ate$ to appro+i%ately 32=-36/ !". !leph (seven percent# an$
of !le+an$ria, @gypt. (!le+an$ria was the epicenter of early heresy.# So%e e+a%ples of !le+an$rian te+t-type %e%bers are co$ices !leph, !le+an$rinus !le+an$rinus an$
$erlying $erlying support %anuscript %anuscript for the %o$ern “critical “critical e$itions” e$itions” un$er gir$ing %ost %o$ern %o$ern 5ibles. 5ibles. t is $ate$ $ate$ to appro+i%a appro+i%ately tely 1//-11/ !". (!le+an$rinus is “!le+an$rian” in the gospels an$ “5yEantine” in the Pauline @pistles.# Alord! enry !n !n @nglish (7on$on# church%an, theologian, biblical te+t critic, an$ scholar, as well as a hy%no$ist, poet, an$ writer, !lfor$ (/-
0# was a gra$uate of rinity ollege (ollege of the Holy, ?n$ivi$e$ rinity#, a%bri$ge, an$ in the e%ploy of the !nglican hurch. ! %o$ernistleaning biblical te+t critic, he is best-&nown for his %onu%ental e$ition of the eight-volu%e in +reek! on which he wor&e$ fro% 1 to 6. his w or& was %ore “philological” (linguistically oriente$# than theological in character, however. t involve$ “a careful collation of rea$ings of the chief %anuscripts an$ the researches of the ripest continental scholarship of his $ay” (theological %o$ernis%#. SubseMuently, SubseMuently, !lfor$ publishe$ the four-volu%e "ew .estament .estament for nglish 6eaders 6eaders (6#. American Standard @ersion =AS@> ! %o$ernis%-base$ 5ible version publicly intro$uce$ in C/. he !S< was an “!%ericaniEe$” version of the
notorious @nglish >evise$ <# (@><# of (' only#. he !S< translation was partially presi$e$ over by ?nitarians. 1: ! ter% referring to things associate$ with the city of !ntioch in Syria. he Holy Spirit first in$welt believers on a Antiochian =ant-ee-ock-ee-uhn> 1:
large scale (3,///# in Syria, as recor$e$ in !cts 2L 2: a ter% so%eti%es use$ to refer to the :a4ority (“5yEantine”# te+t. ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “unprofitable” or “inactive.” Aros =ah(-gōs>
Armenian ! fifth century Scripture version pro$uce$ fro% a new alphabet, by :esrob an$ so%e assistants, base$ on 5ibles of >o%e an$ Syria. Asceticism 9ro% 9ro% the )ree& ask+sis (ass-&ay-sis#, (ass-&ay-sis#, a strict syste% of spiritual $iscipline whose chief preoccupation is the renunciation of the worl$ an$
the flesh as part of the great struggle against the $evil pri%arily poverty, chastity, an$ go$ly obe$ience. !lthough this rigorous ritualistic syste% flourishe$ in early hristian ti%es, it rightfully beca%e recogniEe$Abase$ on ScriptureAas e+cessive in its %otives an$ i%ple%entation. Assimilation ! %o$ern te+tual-criticis% te+tual-criticis% ter% use$ to $escribe$ the process that critics believe$ biblical writers an$ scribes use$ to ensure consistent
rea$ing between or a%ong two or %ore portions of Scripture. (e.g., changing wor$ing to assure parallelis% between two verses.# Asthenes =ass-then-ace> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “without strength,” “wea&,” “sic&,” “i%potent,” or “%ore feeble.” Autos =oT-tos> he he )ree& refle+ive pronoun self! use$ of the first an$ thir$ personsAtheir, it, one, the other, %y own, these things, this, together, very, very,
which. A@ =AuthoriKed @ersion> he he 5ritish (?D# no%enclature for the Ding Ba%es
B &eKa =a-uh> 1: 1: o$e+ 5eEae (“"”# of the fifth century, a )ree&-7atin $iglot, is representative of the “*estern” “*estern” te+t group. o$e+ " is recogniEe$ by %any scholars as a%ong the %ost-corrupt Doine )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent uncial %anuscripts e+tant. So%e So%e %o$ern, liberal scholars e%brace ", because of its age, as supportive of their “critical te+t”L 2: Swiss scholar heo$ore 5eEa (=C-6/1# of the si+teenth century, generally regar$e$ by ortho$o+ scholars as a%ong the %ost-learne$ biblical scholars an$ theologians, an$ )o$-fearing persons, of his $ay. (o$e+ 5eEae J"K was na%e$ after 5eEa because this boo& once was in in his possessionL but he $i$ not use it significantly significantly in pro$ucing any any of his ten )ree& te+t e$itions, e$itions, fro% =62 to 6/1.# &iblia ebraica Stuttartensia =19$#L19##L1983> !n l$ esta%ent Hebrew version succee$ing the 5iblia Hebraica (C/6, C2, C30#. "avi$ *.
lou$ reports that conservative biblical scholar ". !. *aite *aite esti%ates that 2/,/// to 3/,/// changes were %a$e between the versions of C2 an$ C30. 5oth the C30 5H an$ the 5HS (Stuttgartensia# are base$ upon the o$e+ 5Ca (“7eningra$ensis”#, one of the ol$est e+tant Hebrew biblical %anuscripts, $ate$ to // or //C !"Athe co%plete te+t. he 5iblia Hebraica ( not Stuttgartensia# Stuttgartensia# was originate$ by @berhar$ 'estle (=-C3# in C, an$ he presi$e$ over its $evelop%ent, along with >u$olf Dittel (=3-C2C#, until 'estle8s $eath in C3. @berhar$8s son, @rwin (3-C02#, succee$e$ his father with the 5H, an$ his successors gra$ually $iverge$ fro% the original 5H te+t to the 5HS through the years, eventually switching to the 7eningra$ensis (5H7# as its sole base. &ohairic &ohairic =oT-ha(-ick> ! “'orthern” (“7ower”Ageographic south# @gypt $ialect of the optic language $ating to the thir$ or fourth century characteriEe$ “by a nu%ber of reasonably full %anuscripts.” 5ohairic ten$s to support the 5yEantine-te+t tra$ition, an$ it is the only optic $ialect that re%ains active in liturgical use within the optic rtho$o+ hurch. he 5ohairic was the the language of the co%%on people $uring its ti%e. &omber ditions "aniel "aniel 5o%berg8s ($. =1C# =6-=0 9irst >abbinic 5ible an$ in his =21-=2= Secon$ >abbinic 5ible, both of whose te+t long was copie$ an$ presi$e$ presi$e$ over by the ben !sher 7evite Bewish or$er, or$er, fro% the si+th through through eleventh eleventh centuries, centuries, after which the ben hayyi% hayyi% or$er succee$e$ succee$e$ it. ! $escen$ant $escen$ant of this or$er, or$er, >abbi Bacob ben hayyi%, hayyi%, serve$ serve$ as e$itor e$itor for the secon$ 5ible, prece$e$ b y >abbi 9eli+ Pratensis Pratensis,, who co%pile$ this secon$ 5ible. !lthough the 5o%berg 5iblesAan$ their un$erlying te+tAgenerally are regar$e$ as the basis for both %o$ern an$ DBefor%ation 5ibles. &yKantine =i-uhn-teen> 1: 1: ! ter% use$ to refer to the “:a4ority te+t” group of %anuscripts, co%prising at least eight-five percent of e+tant (e+isting an$ usable# )ree& ' %anuscriptsL 2: a perio$ of )ree& $o%inanceAthe “5yEantine @%pire” (“@astern >o%an @%pire” $uring the :i$$le !ges#A ranging ranging appro+i%ately appro+i%ately fro% 106 !" to 1=3 !" an$ pea&ing in ==/ !" un$er @%peror @%peror Bustinian. Bustinian. he 5yEantine 5yEantine @%pire, @%pire, with its capital capital in onstantinople (previously 5yEantiu% an$ now stanbul#, rule$ the &nown civiliEe$ worl$ un$er the first govern%ental hristian hristian influence. @%peror 9lavius 9lavius onstanti onstantinus nus (“the )reat”# )reat”# $rastical $rastically ly altere$ altere$ the legacy legacy of powerful powerful )reco->o%an )reco->o%an authority authority by beco%ing beco%ing the first such cha%pion cha%pion of hristianity/ onstantine succee$e$ the abo%inable persecution of hristians un$er "iocletian8s "iocletian8s ruthless rule. (onstantine 8s %other, Helena, beca%e an e%inent hristian cha%pion following his $eath in 330.# onstantine, however, was not entirely entirely ortho$o+ in his hristian views an$ con$uct, an$ he originate$ the union of church an$ s tate.
C /aesarean =sa-ai(-ee-uhn> ! te+t-type being a hybri$ of the 5yEantine an$ !le+an$rian !le+an$rian typesAa %i$way point between the two. (e.g., cursive 7a&e
9a%ily an$ %inuscule 9errar )roup 3#. /amianus =kam-pee-ann-us> o$e+ o$e+ “:” ()&. 1# is an elegantly copie$, well-preserve$ %anuscript of the late ninth century. “:” also contains so%e lectionary content in the %arginalia, an$ it contains the “$ebate$” pericope de adultera (the parable of the a$ulteress# which %o$ernists %aintain is a late
interpolation (false a$$ition#, yet appears in the vast %a4ority of e+tant )ree& ' %anuscripts. a%pianus is largely of the 5yEantine te+t-type. /hristoloy he he stu$y of the $ivinity, hu%anity, hu%anity, significance an$ %ission of Besus hristAall things pertaining to Hi%. /hurch Hather S Strictly trictly spea&ing, an early ecclesiastical authority of the secon$ through fifth centuries, so%e of whose writings are e+tant, an$ whose
opinions an$ authorship helpe$ $evelop an$ further influence early hristian church $octrine. @+a%ples Bustin :artyr, 2 n$ A)ree&L renaeus, 2n$ A )ree&L rigen !$a%antius (“rigen”#, 2 n$3r$ A)ree&7atinL ertullian, ertullian, 2 n$3r$ A )ree&7atinL le%ent le%ent of !le+an$ria, !le+an$ria, 2 n$3r$ A )ree&L hrysosto%, 3r$1th th th A)ree&L !ugustine, !ugustine, 1 = A7atin. (he “!postolic “!postolic 9athers” were those who live$ live$ within two generations of Besus8 welve !postles.#
/ode< ! collection of biblical %anuscripts which is boun$, on one e$ge, to for% a “boo&.” he co$e+ was the successor to the papyrus scrolls whose
sheets first were %a$e fro% the aMuatic plant %ost $ense in the 'ile >iver. (Singular sheets were glue$ together horiEontally to for% the scroll.# "uring the >efor%ation, co$ices were pro$uce$ in three $ifferent for%ats folio A/ in. by 3.= in.” to in. by =.= in.” per pageL Euarto A6.= in. by .= in. to C in. by 2.= in.L octa-o A= in. by in. to 6 in. by C in. /omlutens /omlut ens ian olylot oly lot he he first printe$ polyglot (a$4acent languages appearing on the sa%e page# of the 5ible, this title was initiate$, finance$, an$
at least partially translate$ an$ e$ite$ by ar$inal 9rancisco Bi%eneE $e isneros an$ finishe$ in =0. he 'ew esta%ent, which has parallel )ree& an$ 7atin
e+tant e+tant %anuscrip %anuscriptsAe. tsAe.g., g., co$ices !leph, !leph, !, 5, , " an$ papyrus %anuscripts %anuscripts P 1=, P16, P66, P60, P02, P0= Aan$ foun$e$ upon naturalistic te+t-critical theories. (e.g., nu%erous biblical scholars of the eighteenth an$ nineteenth centuries asse%ble$ an$or e$ite$ such te+ts, such as Bohann Ba&ob *ettstein JthK, Bohann Ba&ob )riesbach J thK, Sa%uel Pri$eau+ regelles JC thK, 9rie$rich onstantine von ischen$orf JC thK, an$ 5. 9. *estcott *estcott an$ 9. B. !. Hort JCthK.# ?ncial, cursive, versional, lectionary, lectionary, an$ hurch 9ather support also often is use$ a$roitly to argue against 5yEantine te+t evi$ence.
/uretonian ! version of the SyriacAin a “bun$le of %anuscripts”A$ating bac& to the fifth century that is %uch-characteriEe$ by Sinaitic (1
th
# rea$ings such as those also appearing in o$e+ !leph. he uretonian was $iscovere$ in the 'itrian "esert (@gypt#, in a %onastery $e$icate$ to St. :ary "eipara, by *illia% ureton, an$ still is consi$ere$ by so%e %o$erns to be the “l$ Syriac”Aa title that belies the later $ate of its origin.
synony%ous with “%inuscule” “%inuscule” ! lowercase, lowercase, “cursive”-typ “cursive”-typee for% of writing writing use$ in later biblical biblical %anuscrip %anuscripts, ts, pre$o%inan pre$o%inantly tly /ursi;e ! ter% synony%ous beginning in the ninth century. century. 7etters 7etters were strung together, together, as in co%%on han$writing, han$writing, using capitals for proper nouns nouns an$ at the start of sentences. sentences.
D ilot =/ig-lott> ! biblical te+t having a translation of two languagesAe.g., )ree& an$ 7atin parallel per page, or %atching on contiguous pages. (i.e.,
)ree& on one page, then %atching 7atin translation on the succee$ing one, or vice versa.# ittorahy he he scribal process of error by which a letter, wor$ or phrase was replicated in succee$ing te+t $uring copying, cause$ by $istraction,
fatigue, or inco%petence. t has been historically proven that so%e scribes (@gyptian# even were unable to rea$ )ree&, thus copie$ letter by letter. ocetism =/os-eh-t-um> haracteristic haracteristic of )nosticis% an$ so%e other early heretical belief syste%s (e.g., !$optionis%, :arcionis%#, the belief that hrist appeare$ as a phantom for% on the earth, e+hibiting the appearance of flesh. Hence, hol$ers of this $octrine believe$ hrist8s $eath was not suffere$ by a bo$ily hrist, thus ha$ no real significance for %an&in$. "ocetis% originate$ in the first century !", along with %any other %a4or heresies.
E cumenical1: !n inter$eno%inational approach to 5ible translation an$ other “unification”-base$, hristian-specific activities. @ssentially, unity is e%brace$, if necessary, necessary, to the e+clusion of pure scriptural truthL 2: )eneral, non-specificL 3: hurch-relate$. llicott! /harles ! pro%inent, %o$ernistic @nglish hristian theologian, aca$e%ician, an$ church%an (C-C/=# who serve$ as a cleric at three
hristian hristian institutions institutions $uring the nineteenth nineteenth century century.. @llicott @llicott e%brace$ e%brace$ conflicti conflicting ng views on the )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent te+t, first a$%itting a$%itting that the 5yEantine te+t-type $ate$ bac& to at least the fourth century, then serving as the chair%an for the @nglish >evise$ <# of the 5ible. his version version was finishe$ finishe$ in = an$, practicall practically y, was $esigne$ to replace replace the Ding Ba%es 1: 1: ! celebrate$ "utch fa%ily (“House of @lEevir”# of printers of the seventeen an$ eighteen centuriesL 2: "utch cousins
!braha% (=C2-6=2# an$ 5onaventura (=3-6=2#, of the seventeenth-century publishing fir% 5onaventure an$ !braha%, who e$ite$ an$ publishe$ two )ree& e$itions of the 'ew esta%entL esta%entL 3: @lEevir )ree& 'ew esta%ent versions of 621 an$ 633, the latter originating the ter% “e+tus “e+tus >eceptus” by inclu$ing it on the title title page as a reference reference to the actual pro$uction. pro$uction.
nlish -e;ised @ersion he he first printe$ 5ible version base$ on a new bree$ of recently $iscovere$ %anuscripts largely of “!le+an$rian” (@gyptian# origin. he “@><” “@><” (or “><”# 'ew esta%ent esta%ent publicly was release$ in , an$ the l$ esta%ent in =, the for%er after years of highly secretive $eliberations by a ?nitarian-le$ chair an$ functional heretical subversives (all recor$e$ historical fact#. hraemi =e-(eh-mee> -escritus he he $esignation given to the fifth-century “o$e+ ,” a %anuscript upon which %o$ernistic biblical scholars an$
te+t critics so%eti%es rely, because it occasionally supports so%e te+tual variants (wor$s, phrases, verses, an$or passages# of the “critical e$itions” asse%ble$ an$ e$ite$ by liberal scholarsAan asse%blage un$er gir$ing nearly every 'ew esta%ent version pro$uce$ since . @phrae%i has been co$ifie$ as being $iversely representative of the !le+an$rian (gospels#, 5yEantine (Pauline epistles# an$ aesarean (hybri$# te+t-types. (he $esignation “rescriptus”Aor “pali%psest”Arefers to a %anuscript whose original te+t was erase$ an$ replace$ by scribal copying at a later ti%e. his usually was $one because of the rare availabilityAat ti%esAof parch%ent Jani%al s&insK use$ for %anuscript pro$uction in the post-papyrus perio$.# is(enoo =ep-ee-ska-nO-ō> he he )ree& wor$ %eaning “to tent upon,” “abi$e with,” “rest upon,” upon,” or “enter “enter or ta&e up resi$ence resi$ence in” (2 orinthia orinthians ns
2C#. stie stienne nne!! -obert =F(enchJ et-en> he he 9rench printer, %aster typographer, classical scholar, an$ 'ew esta%ent esta%ent translator (=/3-==C#Aalso &nown as
Stephens (@nglish# or Stephanus (7atin#Awho pro$uce$ the first printe$ e$ition of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent, publishe$ in =6. @stienne was best&nown for his four )ree& e$itions of the 'ew esta%ent, esta%ent, in =16, =1C, ==/ (“e$itio regia”A>oyal @$ition#, an$ == ()ree&7atin polyglot#. he thir$ version currently is the stan$ar$ version of the “e+tus >eceptus” (“receive$ te+t”# use$ for %ost such >-base$ ' translations to$ay. he last version contains verse nu%beringAthe first )ree& 'ew esta%ent ever to contain such $ivisions. @stienne was given the title “Printer in )ree& to the &ing” (Ding Henry # in =3C. ! notoriously prolific an$ ingenious printer who pro$uce$ several highly elegant wor&s, @stienne also was renowne$ for printing nu%erous classic 9rench an$ 7atin titles, an$ gra%%atical an$ other school wor&s. He starte$ out as a >o%an atholic, but beca%e a Protestant later in life. @stienne8s father, father, Henri, an$ all three of his sons, also were celebrate$ printers. thioic ! fourth-century (G# or si+th-century (G# 5ible pro$uce$ by two %issionaries fro% !le+an$ria, @gypt. he he %anuscript use$ by a scribe, as a source, in pro$ucing a new copy. 1: 1: ! te+t-criticis% ter% referring to a %anuscript which is e+isting, $ocu%ente$, an$ usableL 2: e+isting.
F Hrament ! s%all or even tiny portion of an ancient biblical biblical %anuscrip %anuscript. t. :a4or e+tant e+tant )ree& frag%ents frag%ents have been $ate$ $ate$ to the thir$ century century !". Several Hebrew frag%ents, however, have been $ate$ to before the birth of hrist. Hriderico)Auustanus he he )ree& l$ esta%ent co$e+ of the fourth century $iscovere$ by 9r ie$rich onstantine von ischen$orfAin 11Ain the
St. atherine8s :onasteryonvent, :onasteryonvent, at the foot of :t. Sinai (@gypt#, in a bun$le of waste papers $estine$ to be use$ as fire fo$$er by %on&s there. his collection of 13 leavesAa subset of the o$e+
G 0ennao =ghen-nah-oh> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “to bear,” “beget,” “bring forth,” “conceive,” “regenerate,” “be born,” “%a&e,” or “father.” (?se$ to $escribe $escribe )o$ the 9ather8s 9ather8s “generati “generation” on” of hrist in the flesh7 “9or unto which of the angels sai$ he at any ti%e, hou art %y Son, this $ay have begotten thee 8G”AHebrews =a# 0nosticism 0nosticism =noss-t-s-um> 9ro% 9ro% the )ree& )ree& root wor$ gnosis! %eaning “&nowle$ge” or “science.” )nosticis% was an early heretical %ove%ent proclai%ing that only privilege$ in$ivi$uals in$ivi$uals coul$ attain eternal life through a “special, secret &nowle$ge” of spiritual things which or$inary persons $i$ not have. his %ove%ent originate$ in the first century !", but reache$ its pea& in the secon$ an$ thir$ centuries. )nosticis% was the pro$uct of syncretis% a%ong Bewish, pagan an$ riental beliefs. (he apostle Paul warne$ against such “e%pty wor$s” in @phesians =6.# 0othic ! fourth-century Scripture version translate$ using %anuscripts largely of the 5yEantine te+t-type, create$ by ?lfilas, a %issionary to the )oths,
using a new alphabet he generate$ fro% )ree& an$ 7atin characters. he )oths were a warrior-class people who eventually conMuere$ conMuere$ >o%e in 1/ !", having originally %igrate$ fro% Scan$inavia. .he source +reek te,ts he used witness to the earl* antiEuit* of the B*antine te,t/
0riesbach! ,ohann ,a(ob =(ih-ock> ! )er%an, rationalistic biblical te+t critic whose first critical e$ition of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent was publishe$, in three volu%es, in 001-0=. )riesbach (01=-2#, an astute $isciple of “the father of )er%an rationalis%,” B. S. Se%ler, originate$ the ter% an$ theory of the Synoptic Synoptic )ospels, )ospels, :atthew, :atthew, :ar&, an$ 7u&e, as being highly parallel in content, content, asi$e fro% Bohn. He also for%ulate for%ulate$ $ what for%erly was calle$ the “)riesbach hypothesis,” which now is referre$ to as the “two-gospel hypothesis” that :atthew was written before 7u&e, an$ that both were authore$ before :ar&. (Historically, (Historically, conservative biblical scholars have believe$ that :ar& was written first, followe$ by :atthew an$ 7u&e.# )riesbach, who serve$ %uch of his life as a professor at the ?niversity of Bena ()er%any#, re4ecte$ the $ivinity of hrist an$ the supernatural infallibility of Holy Scripture. Scripture . He also was the first to $eclare :ar& 6C-2/ as spurious, an$ he o%itte$ it fro% his 0C6 )ree& ' critical e$ition.
H aidou =ha-/oo> 9ro% 9ro% the )ree& wor$ “hai$es” (hahT-$ace#, %eaning “Ha$es,” “hell,” the “grave,” or “the unseen place (state# of $eparte$ $eparte$ souls.” (P. Hebrews believe$ in a single place for the $ea$, beneath the earthA“Sheol” (sheh-olm#, or Ha$es. “he abo$e or worl$ of the $ea$, ha$es, orcus. . . .
!ccor$ing to the notions of the Hebrews, Ha$es was a vast subterranean receptacle where the souls of the $ea$ e+iste$ in a separate state until the resur; rection of their bo$ies” (Strong8s o%plete *or$ Stu$y oncor$ance#. he early )ree&s believe$ in the upper part, for the souls of the goo$, as specifically na%e$ “@lysiu%,” with “artarus” “artarus” being the lying place for the evil. (See @phesians 1CAhrist going $own “into the lower parts of the earth” before His ascension into heaven, to release all souls of the $ispensation, to heaven or hell, accor$ingly.# accor$ingly.# alorahy he he scribal process of error by which a letter, wor$ or phrase was omitted in in the te+t of a copie$ %anuscript, $ue to the copyist s&ipping Aacci$entally or a$vertentlyAthe appertaining content fro% the e+e%plar. e+e%plar. (:o$ernistic scholars assert that this process was %ostly or always attributable to inad-ertent scribal scribal error rather than $eliberate o%ission. 5ut a twentieth-century scientific test pro-ed that scribes were much more likel* JinterpolationK, verifying that the :a4ority5yEantine an$ e+tus e+tus >eceptus, which are 2,3= an$ 2,=00 wor$s longer, to omit content rather than to add it JinterpolationK, respectively Jthan the 'estle-!lan$ 20K, were not intentionally lengthene$ through fault* interpolation.# arclean =ha(k-lee-uhn> ! seventh-century Syriac 5ible version being a revision of its i%%e$iate pre$ecessor, the Syriac Philo+enian (=/ !"#Athe Philo+enian representing a late successor to the Syriac Peshitta. he Harclean (or “Harclean”# is purporte$ to have been a seventh-century (66 !"# vari; ation of the Philo+enian, by ho%as of Har&el (Heraclea#, in :esopota%ia. ther Syriac versions are the Sinaitic (fourth century# the uretonian (fifth century#, an$ the Palestinian Palestinian (si+th (si+th centuryAGG#. he Harclean Muite closely rese%bles the Peshitta an$ is e+tant in only about 6/ %anuscripts. armoniKation ! %o$ernistic theory a%ong biblical te+t critics postulating that so%e scribesAusually ones who a$$resse$ earlier %anuscriptsA a$apte$ phrases or verses to %atch those elsewhere in 'ew esta%ent esta%ent Scripture. (!lso calle$ “paralleliEation.”# his has been use$ particularly to apply to gospel phrases an$ verses. odes)Harstad =te ! %o$ern e$ition e$ition of the :a4ority :a4ority te+t e$ite$ by Wane . Ho$ges ($. 2//# an$ !rthur 7. 9arsta$ ($. CC#, both of "allas "allas heological Se %inary, %inary, .he +reek "ew .estament #ccording to the aorit* .e,t ! first was publishe$ in C2, then revise$ an$ release$ in C=. his te+t still re%ains the %ost popular e$ition of the :a4ority te+t, an$ reMuire$ seven years of labor to pro$uce. 5oth %en later serve$ as two of the five e$itors of the 2//0 release .he aorit* .e,t +reek "ew .estament &nterlinear/ @arlier, 9arsta$ was e+ecutive e$itor of he 'ew Ding Ba%es obinson-Pierpont#, largely %etho$ology#, vocabulary, vocabulary, an$ w or$ $ivision. ort! H. ,. A. 9enton Bohn !nthony Hort was Hort was the lea$ force behin$ the infa%ous =0-0/ 'ew esta%entAco-e$ite$ esta%entAco-e$ite$ by 5. 9. *estcottAthat *estcottAthat un$er gir$e$ the final @nglish >evise$ < or “><”# 'ew esta%ent. esta%ent. he @>< spearhea$e$ a new, %o$ern influ+ of 5ible 'ew esta%ents base$ largely on ol$er but $octrinally inferior fourth- an$ fifth-century u ncial %anuscripts. ! confir%e$ heretic Hort hel$ such beliefs as salvation through the vicarious life of hrist, rather than His $eath, that hrist, Hi%self, was not $eity (but a create$ being#, a spiritualiEe$ resurrection, scriptural error, an$ %uch %ore.
I de =i/-ah> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “lo,” “behol$,” “see,” or “surprise.” nterolation ! scribal a$$ition a$$ition (insertion# (insertion# to a %anuscrip %anuscript. t. his is a $eliberat $eliberatee in$ivi$ual in$ivi$ual effort effort to alter the content content e+hibite$ e+hibite$ in the e+e%plar e+e%plar (i%%e$iate copyist source# %anuscript. Scribes $i$ this either to incorporate their own interpretation of e+isting %anuscript content, or si%ply to appen$
their %anuscript with $octrinal or phraseological falsities elsewhere proclai%e$Arepresentations proclai%e$Arepresentations of their own beliefs.
J ,acobean1: he era in @nglish an$ Scottish history that coinci$es coinci$es with the reign of Ding Ba%es < of Scottlan$ (=60-62=#Aalso &nown as Ding Ba%es of @nglan$. he B acobean succee$s the @liEabethan era an$ prece$es the arolinean eraL 2: a style very close to the “biblical” @nglish use$ in the Ding Ba%es obert Ba%ieson, !. >. 9ausset, an$ "avi$ 5rown. his co%plete co%%entary is available in a three-volu%e set (two l$ esta%ent an$ one 'ew esta%ent#, an$ inclu$es incisive e+planatory re%ar&s on %ost 5ible verses.
K Cai =ka-hee> ! )ree& pri%ary participle ( kai# %eaning “an$,” “also,” “even,” “in$ee$,” or “but.” Cenoo =kenn-ah-oh> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “to %a&e e%pty,” “abase,” “neutraliEe,” “neutraliEe,” “falsify,” or “be in vain.” C,@ =Cin ,ames @ersion> !lso !lso referre$ to as the !uthoriEe$
6/1, by 4ust a few persons, but highly organiEe$ sub-co%%itteesAtotaling =/-=1 scholars in allAco%%ence$ wor& in 6/0. he final first version was presente$ to the Ding in 6. he DB< was pro$uce$ by a%ong the %ost-Mualifie$ linguists an$ biblical scholars in @urope an$ @nglan$. ts content is $erive$ fro% e+tus >eceptus-base$ %anuscripts an$ 5iblesAthose generate$ by lea$ing >efor%ation theologians. Coine Coine =coin-ah> ! ter% for the “co%%on” )ree& vernacular, the language of nearly the entire 'ew esta%ent, $esigne$ for practical spiritual
enlighten%ent for the laityAnon-clerical persons. (!lso calle$ “vulgate,” which %eans “co%%on.”# he Doine )ree& originate$ $uring the postlassical antiMuity perio$, between 3// 5 an$ 3// !".
L *achmann *ach mann ! Carl =Conrad Hriedrich Bilhelm> ! )er%an philologist (specialist in the stu$y of language in written historical sources# an$ te+t critic
who was the first %a4or e$itor to $eviate fro% using the e+tus >eceptus in pro$ucing his own e$ition of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent. 7ach%ann (0C3=# use$ the !le+an$rian te+t-type in generating his first critical )ree& 'ew esta%ent in 3, followe$ by his secon$ e$ition, in two volu%es (121=G#, an$ his thir$, in 16. He also focuse$ on using *estern *estern %anuscripts an$ those of the l$ 7atin. 7ach%ann also was the foun$er of a critical an$ philological society, society, in , in con4unction con4unction with three others, in 7ower 7ower Sa+ony, )er%any. )er%any. *acunose !n !n a$4ectiv a$4ectivee $escribing $escribing a %anuscrip %anuscript, t, so%e portion of whose original original contents contents are absent. absent. (e.g., (e.g., “lacunose, “lacunose,”” or “highly “highly lacunose.”# lacunose.”# See !ppen$i+ , Page , botto%, for application. *a(e 0rou! 6he A!lso &nown as “9a%ily ”Aabbreviate$ “ Ë1”Aoriginally a group of five (=# )ree& )ospel %anuscripts $ating fro% the twelfth to
fifteen fifteen centuries. centuries. hese %anuscrip %anuscripts ts have a $istincti $istinctive ve an$ in$epen$e in$epen$ent nt character character an$ have been co$ifie$ co$ifie$ by ' )ree& te+t critic critic Dirsopp 7a&e as ategory , or “%i+e$” (“electic”#. :ore-recent te+t critics critics have referre$ to these %anuscripts as “aesarean”Aso%ething of a cross-bree$ between 5yEantine an$ !le+an$rian. (9or purposes of pure $efinition, a 9a%ily %anuscriptAaccor$ing to ! “Survey of :anuscripts ?se$ in @$itions of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent,” ,” by Ba%es Deith @lliottA% @lliottA%ay ay be “assigne$ “assigne$ to this group for only part of the '.” Howe-er! Howe-er! technicall* speaking! in this document !onl* the original fi-e assigned to this group are noted as such/# 9a%ily strictly co%prises cursives , , 3, 2/C, an$ =2. (However, %inuscule 2/= an$ its copy, “2/= as,” very closely rese%ble , an$ have been paire$ with 2/C by 9re$eric& *isse.# *atin @ulate1: @ulate1: ! freMuently-corrupt 7atin 5ible version, finishe$ about 1/= !", which was translate$ by Bero%eAallege$ly reluctantlyAfro% the l$ 7atin by co%%ission of Pope "a%asus. en housan$ %anuscripts of the 7atin
M MaNority te
represent the 5yEantine te+t-type. he :a4ority te+t also is referre$ toAwith greater specificity to its “te+t-type”Aas the 5yEantine, ra$itional, !ntio !ntio ; chian, onstantinopolitan, or @cclesiastical te+t. he :a4ority te+t accounts accounts for at least = percent of e+tant )ree& ' %anuscripts a%ong 2,2 cursives (lowercase script#L 2,1=3 lectionariesL 3 uncialsL an$ 20 papyri (total of =,003#. ;ith the addition of the commonl* known and codified earl* Church =,1 of the e+tant 6,/2 )ree& ' %anuscripts (C/ percent#A=,02 fathers= Euotations (23C#, a conservative esti%ate of the :a4ority represents at least =,1 (6 percent# without the contemporaril* accepted Euotations . (See (See chart an$ acco%panying notes below it .# MaNuscule !n !n ancient ancient ' )ree& %anuscriptAi %anuscriptAin n biblical biblical ter%s also calle$ an “uncial”Ac “uncial”Aco%pri o%prising sing all capital capital letters, letters, an$ usually usually containi containing ng no punctuation (especially (especially the earlier %anuscripts# %anuscripts# or spaces between wor$s. :a4uscules :a4uscules were the pro%inent ' )ree& letter for% until the ninth century. century. Manuscrit =MSLMSS" and msLmss"> he he ter% applie$ to a partial or co%plete series of “leaves” (four pagesone fol$# co%prising a boo& or boo&s of the 5ible. !ll e+tant %anuscripts have been “co$ifie$” via specific for%ulas, for i$entification e.g., ancient “uncial” (all capital letters# “co$ices” $ate$ as late as the ninth century were $esignate$ alphabetically, alpha-nu%erically, or by the “/” syste%. See the following table for various classification e,amples7
/*ASS. 6O !lphabetical
MAIJS/-6 6O
?ncial (uppercase#
6M SAI
PAM*S
Q P6AI6 *AI0JA0
th
th
! (<#, 5 (<#, (<#, " (<#, @ (<#, 9 (F#
1=
)ree&
r$
h
1 through / ce centuries
“/” (beg. 2/ cent.#
?ncials (beg. with “/”#
3 through 1 ce c enturies
/1 (<#, //6 (<#, /233 (<#, /12 (F#
266
(3 total#
7ibrary nu%erical
:inuscules (cursives#
Cth through 0th ce centuries
o$. 3A>egius 1, o$. AParis 'at8l )&. 10
22
)ree&
th
P (papyrus#
?ncial fragment
$
7
n$
th
Ì ()ospels!cts, 22= !"#, Ì (Paulines, 2// !"#
20
)ree&
st
th
2 through 0 centuries
'one
Patr Patris isti ticc fath father ers8 s8 Muot Muotat atio ions ns
through 0 cent centur urie iess
ertu ertull llia ian n (11 (11#, #, ypr ypria ian n (32 (32#, #, rig rigen en (3# (3#
23CR
)ree&
7 (e.g., 7#
7ectionaries
1th through 0th centuries +
21=3 21=3
)ree&
7anguage$ialect
2n$ through Cth centuries
Syriac Peshitta, optic (@gypt.#, )othic (Scan.#, l$ 7atin, 7atin
(appro+.#
6E6A* 0-C TT
C,/3/
5##3 (e+cl. Muotesversions#
R Bohn *. 5urgon asse%ble$ a %assive collection of Muotations by early Patristic 9athers. !ssociate @$war$ :iller subseMuently tallie$ an$ logge$ the asse%blage of 6,1C Muota;
tions by seventy-si+ Patristic 9athers in a si+teen-volu%e, folio-siEe$ ( 2 in. by 6 in.# set, by author. his %a%%oth 5yEantine testi%ony currently resi$es in the 5ritish :useu%. bviously, this vast total is e+clu$e$ fro% the conventionally accepte$ su% of 23C fathers8 Muotations, as cite$ above. @vi$ently, no one has researche$ an$ %atche$ the logge$ references to the appertaining $ocu%ents, an$or the vast %a4ority of the original $ocu%ents referre$ to are not e+tant, for reference. 9urther%ore, %o$ernistic te+t critics $o not recogniEe the vali$ity of these a$$itional reference$ Muotations. (n the secon$ case, why woul$ 5urgon an$ :iller have lie$G 5oth were highly respecte$ conservative-ortho$o+ scholars of their ti%e.# Marinali Marinalia a =ma(-inn-ah-lee-ah> ?ser ?ser notes inserte$ into the %argins of biblical %anuscripts. hese notes generally consiste$ of scribbles an$
e$itorial co%%ents %a$e in the %argin of a boo&Anot to be confuse$ with “scholia” (singular “scholu%”#, which are gra%%atical, critical, or e+planatory co%%ents, either being original or e+tracte$ fro% a pree+isting co%%entary. co%%entary. (Scholia are %arginal re%ar&s which were %a$e to %anuscripts by ancient writers.# Melchised Melchisede( e( =mel-ki-uh-/ek> he he first biblical high priest, who presi$e$ over !bra% (!braha%# an$ his people in Sale% (later Berusale%#.
:elchise$e& was a “type” (“sha$ow” or forerunner# of Besus hrist, the latter being the hristian8s sole high priest, forever %a&ing intercession between )o$ the 9ather an$ every believer, for his or her sins.
Minuscule he he ter% synony%ous with a 5ible “cursive” %anuscriptAwritten in lowercase script characters. “:inuscules” began replacing the all-caps
“uncials,” as the pri%ary biblical letter for%, in the ninth century. his typographical for% $oes inclu$e capital letters, as well, an$ punctuation eventually appeare$ %uch %ore freMuently with the passage of ti%e. Modernism ! co%prehensive cultural %ove%ent affecting all aspects of !%erican life, chiefly beginning here in the nineteenth century, which
challenge$ tra$itional %anners an$ %etho$s of thought, behavior an$ %orality while e%phasiEing %an&in$8s ability to i%prove his own character an$ con$itions apart from +od . :o$ernis% essentially is a seculariEe$, hu%anistic alteration of %an8s perspective towar$ )o$, shifting fro% %an8s reliance on )o$ to his reliance on hi%self. (@ssentially, (@ssentially, the sa%e %ove%ent now is referre$ to as “post%o$ernis%,” an$ is characteriEe$ %ore by %aterialis%.# Monoenes =mon-ah-enn-ace> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “only-born” or “only,” specifically in the sense referring to the uniEue identit* of )o$8s Son,
Besus hrist “)o$8s only begotten8 Son.” (e.g., Bohn .# Moorman! ,. A. ! long-ti%e @nglish, 5aptist evangelist who has operate$ in the ?nite$ Ding$o% an$ thir$-worl$ countries, who also is a conservative
hristian theologian an$ author, having $istribute$ thousan$s of 5ibles an$ gospel tracts in 7on$on, @urope, South !frica, an$ elsewhere. :oor%an also has been involve$ in church planting an$ 5ible institute teaching. :oor%an, of the 5ible for o$ay 5aptist hurch ('ew Bersey#, is author of arl* anuscripts! Church Fathers! and the #uthoried 'ersion, a co%prehensive wor& that “ . . . places before the rea$er an entire range of evi$ence, an$ $e%onstrates how the early %anuscripts, versions, an$ fathers bear w itness to the $octrinal heart of the !uthoriEe$
N Ie(ros =nek-(ōce> ! )ree& a$4ective %eaning “$ea$,” or a noun %eaning “$ea$ bo$y” or “$ea$ person.” Iestle)Aland =IA"> !lso !lso calle$ "o-um .estamentum +raece (7atin#, this is a Doine )ree& “critical te+t” (e$ition# of the 'ew esta%ent, having been assembled first first by @berhar$ 'estle in C. (His son, @rwin J$. C02K, succee$e$ his father J$. C3K in perpetuating this apparatus.# 'ow in its 2 th e$ition (late 2/2#, the “'!” is %ore recently base$ upon earlier critical e$itions penne$ by %o$ernistic biblical scholars of the nineteenth centuryA5. 9. *estcott an$ 9. B. !. Hort (0/#, 9rie$rich onstantine von ischen$orf (lasteighth in 02# an$ 5ernhar$ *eiss *eiss (C/, thir$ e$ition#. 'u%erous other theologica theologically lly %o$ernistic %o$ernistic biblical biblical scholars scholars an$ theologian theologianss also create$ create$ their their own critical critical te+ts, official officially ly $ating $ating bac& to the eighteenth eighteenth century century.. ?re-iousl*! ?re-iousl*! the %ost-ancient e+tant )ree& ' %anuscripts, co$ices !leph an$ 5 (both fourth century#, largely were use$ as the foun$ation for all of the critical e$itions. (!leph an$ 5 continue as the &eystone sources for nearly every 'ew esta%ent esta%ent publishe$ since , via the “'?” apparatus.# he nearly i$entical ?5SAthe latter now in its fifth e$ition (2/1#Aalso originally was foun$e$ by @berhar$ 'estle JCK upon the critical e$itions of *estcott an$ Hort, ischen$orf an$ >ichar$ *ey%outh *ey%outh (first an$ secon$ e$itions#. he '! 3 version subseMuently was switche$ fro% *ey%outh to *eiss *eiss as a portion of its foun$ation.# he '! an$ ?5S te+ts essentially $iffer in paragraphing, capitaliEation, punctuation an$ spelling. hese apparatuses also $iffer in their target %ar&et '!Ainstitutional teaching, %ore %arginal %aterialL ?5SAtranslation. Hence, the '! is %ar&ete$ for %ore-general use, while the ?5S is %ore-specifically %ore-specifically $esignate$ for a s%aller au$ienceA%ainly the %issionary fiel$. Iew Analytical 0ree( *e
printingA!pril 2/2#Acontains “every wor$ an$ inflection of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent arrange$ alphabetically an$ with gra%%atical analyses a co%plete series of )ree& para$ig%s, with gra%%atical re%ar&s an$ e+planations,” e$ite$ by *esley *esley B. Perschbacher. Perschbacher.
O Eld *atin ! %i+e$ te+t e+tant in only fifty-five to si+ty partially corrupt %anuscripts an$ frag%ents, with origins in Syrian !ntioch (5yEantine typeA purer# an$ 'orth !frica (*estern typeAless pure#. he 5yEantine for% of the l$ 7atin te+t, calle$ the “tala,” is a purer te+t having been use$ by the *al$enses, a people of Southern 9rance an$ 'orthern taly who were brutally persecute$ by the >o%an atholic hurch $uring the twelfth through seventeenth centuries. !ccor$ing !ccor$ing to the early hurch 9ather ertullian ertullian (6/-22/ !"#, the l$ 7atin $ates bac& to the secon$ century (=0 !"#. l$ 7atin was the pri%ary 7atin for% until Bero%e, un$er charge of the >o%an atholic hurch, first translate$ the %uch-corrupte$ 7atin “o%an atholic conMuests, use$ the the B*antine l$ 7atin throughout throughout their history, history, $espite $espite >o%e8s >o%e8s a$herence a$herence to the 7atin hei%s-"uoay version of =2 J'K an$ 6/C JK an$ its un$erlying %anuscripts#. he recor$s of the *al$enses *al$enses to$ay only e+ist in 4ust a few boun$ volu%es because of the >o%an atholic near-genoci$e of these people. Eld uncials ! ter% of honor conferre$ by naturalistic, %o$ernistic biblical te+t critics on five (=# early co$ices believe$ to be of para%ount value an$
cre$ibility to the )ree& 'ew esta%ent te+t. o%prising this Muintet are co$ices !leph (Sinaiticus #, ca. 32=-36/ !"L !le+an$rinus (“!”#, ca. 1//L escriptus (“”#, ca. late fifth centuryL an$ 5eEae (“"”#, ca. 11/. Erien rigen rigen !$a%antius (=-2=1# of !le+an$ria, @gypt, was an abo%inably heretical but highly scholarly, conte%porarily well-estee%e$ “@arly
hurch 9ather” who, $espite his %artyr$o% “for the hristian faith” in aesarea, was a%ong the %ost egregiously non-biblical, pseu$o-hristian figures of the early centuries !". rigen was an early e$itor of the Septuagint ()ree& 'ew esta%ent# an$ the co%piler of the He+apla (“si+fol$”#Asi+ parallel translations (two Hebrew an$ four )ree&# of the l$ esta%ent esta%ent in one volu%e. !lthough certainly a%ong the %ost-learne$ theological scholars an$ such fertile fertile writers writers throughout throughout history, history, rigen rigen hel$ nu%erous non-canoni non-canonical cal beliefs beliefs # allegoric allegorical al interpret interpretatio ation n of ScriptureL ScriptureL 2# $enial $enial of literal literal bo$ily bo$ily resurrectionL 3# te+tual criticis% (first unofficial, prolific practitionerAe$iting practitionerAe$iting several ' %anuscripts#L 1# !rianis% (Besus being a create$ entity#L =# infant baptis%L 6# ?niversalis% (all are save$, including Satan9 0# salvation partially by wor&sL # baptis%al regenerationL C# prayers to the $ecease$ “Saints”L /# purgatoryL # prayers to the “$ea$ in purgatory”L an$ others.
P alestinian ! Syriac version of the Scriptures purporte$ly $ating bac& to the si+th century, accor$ing to Syriac biblical %anuscript an$ Syrian language
authority !rthur epublic of @stonia (near 9inlan$#. he Syriac Palestinian co%es fro% “an !ra%aic $ialect use$ in Palestine $uring the earlier centuries of the hristian era,” an$ e+ists in only a bare %anuscript witness. his version8s character %ost closely rese%bles the )ree& 5yEantine type, yet also $isplays $isparate leanings. ayrus =puh-pie-(uss> 1: 1: Properly, the pulp fro% an aMuatic plant, %ost notably having grown in the 'ile >iver, but in stagnant river areas throughout @gypt an$ in southern @uropeL 2: an aMuatic plant growing to as high as fifteen feetL 3: strips of $rie$ aMuatic pulp glue$ criss-cross to for% sheets of “papyrus,” which were use$ as “paper” for $ocu%ent pro$uction, use$ with a ree$ penL 4: papyrus-plant biblical %anuscript sheets $ating fro% the thir$
century 5 through about the fourth century !". (!ll but about eight of the e+tant biblical papyri are s%all-to-tiny frag%ents. !fter single-sheet papyrus %anuscripts were use$ in in the late pre-hrist era an$ an$ the earliest ' ti%es, separate sheets were were glue$ si$e-by-si$e to for% scrolls.# scrolls.# eshitta he he earliest e+tant Syriac version of the Scriptures, $ating bac& to the secon$ century (so%e %o$ernistic scholars saying fourth# an$ si$ing
largely with the 5yEantine (:a4ority# te+t-type. !ccor$ing to . >. )regory8s list $ate$ to C/2, 3// Peshitta %anuscripts then were e+tant. However, accor$ing to B. !. :oor%an, in arl* anuscripts! Church Church Fathers! and the #uthoried #uthoried 'ersion! 'ersion! “heir nu%ber is now &nown to be %uch higher.” hilo
(southwestern !sia :inor#, an$ was translate$ fro% )ree& an$ finishe$ in =/ !". (ho%as of Har&el, %ore than a century later, collate$ two or three )ree& %anuscripts an$ pro$uce$ a %ore-reliable an$ co%plete ' translation calle$ the Harclean.# hos =ōce> A! A! )ree& wor$ %eaning “light,” “lu%inousness,” “fire,” “the heavenly sphere,” or “%oral or spiritual light an$ &nowle$ge which illu%ines
the %in$, soul or conscience.” (9or the latter e+a%ple, see Bohn 0.#
neuma =noo-muh> ! )ree& wor$ %eaning “win$,” “breath,” “life,” “soul,” or “Spirit” (of )o$#. oole ! Matthew Matthew ! !n n @nglish, Presbyterian nonconfor%ist theologian an$ author (621-60C# $uring an$ beyon$ the Protestant >efor%ation (=061#. 61#. Poole e$ite$ e$ite$ an$ pro$uce pro$uce$ $ a con$ensati con$ensation on of the Critic (66/, 7on$on#Aa 7on$on#Aa nine-volu% nine-volu%ee collection collection of $is4ointe$ $is4ointe$,, verbose verbose 7atin Critica a Sacri Sacri (66/, co%%entaries by various writersAcalle$ (in 7atin# the S*nopsis Criticorum (five volu%es#, his version originally publishe$ in 66C. (hree other authors also pro$uce$ pro$uce$ e$itions e$itions of the Critica Sacri/# He also authore$ authore$ the two-volu%e two-volu%e nglish #nnotations on the Hol* Bible (63#Athe secon$ e$ition publishe$ in 6= by so%e of his nonconfor%ist brethren, with the final e$ition having been co%plete$ by others in 1/. SubseMuently, SubseMuently, this wor& has been publishe$ un$er the title # Commentar* on the Hol* Bible (three volu%es#. (he Stu$ylight.org website writes of the latter, “Perhaps the only true rival to :atthew HenryI ! stan$ar$ stan$ar$ for %ore than 1// years, Poole8s insightful co%%entary continues to be a truste$ resource for pastors an$ laypeople. ffering verse-by-verse e+position, he also inclu$es su%%aries for each chapter an$ boo&, Muestions an$ answers, infor%ation on cultural conte+t, historical i%pact, an$ cross-references. Practical, rea$able, an$ applicable.”# Poole also publishe$ a tract against note$ nontrinitarian an$ ?nitarian Bohn 5i$$le (6=#, but he was best &nown for his S*nopsis Criticorum Biblicorum (five volu%es fol., 66C-606#, in which he su%%ariEes the views of =/ biblical critics. critics. Poole authore$ other titles, titles, as well. roto rot o)&oh )&ohair airic ic !lso !lso &nown as o$e+ 5o$%er , or Papyrus 5o$%er (after foun$er Bohn :artin 5o$%er of )eneva, SwitEerlan$#, a single uncial
%anuscript $ating to the early fourth centuryAthe earliest of the 5ohairic type. his %anuscript %ost-closely represents the !le+an$rian te+t-type, accor$ing to 5ruce :. :etEger. (:any of the 5ohairic %ore-closely represente$ represente$ the 5yEantine type.# riginally containing the entire )ospel of Bohn an$ nu%bering so%e 23C pages, the first 22 pages are $a%age$, an$ only frag%ents re%ain, re%ain, inclu$ing those of the 5oo& of )enesis an$ a one of the @pistle to the PhilippiansAthe latter in the Sahi$ic (southern# @gypt $ialect.
Q Io entries.
R -ationalism he he $octrine that hu%an reason, unai$e$ by $ivine revelation, is an a$eMuate or the sole guide to all attainable religious truth. -eius =*> Ao$e+ 7 ()&. 62# is a poorly preserve$ uncial %anuscript of the eighth century containing only the four )ospels, less five such passages
an$ sections. t also inclu$es “lectionaries,” scriptural asse%blages for use $uring worship services, pro$uce$ herein as %arginalia. o$e+ 7 was use$, %ini%ally %ini%ally,, in the $evelop%ent $evelop%ent of the %o$ernistic %o$ernistic “critica “criticall e$itions” e$itions” ('!-?5S, or “'?”#Aacc “'?”#Aaccounti ounting ng for less than one-half one-half of one percent of this apparatus. *rites 9. H. !. Scrivener, a pre%ier biblical an$ conservative ortho$o+ critical scholar of the nineteenth century, “t is but carelessly written, an$ aboun$s with errors of the ignorant scribe, who was %ore probably an @gyptian than a native )ree&.” !lso accor$ing accor$ing to Scrivener, 7 has a “strong rese%blance to o$. 5.” (o$e+ : represents the !le+an$rian J@gyptianK te+t-type.# -escritus ! biblical %anuscript whose original penne$ wor$s have been erase$ an$ replace$ with later writing. (e.g., o$e+ @phrae%i J“o$e+ ”K
of the fifth century.# he erasure process was achieve$ by scraping the writing off the %e$iu% use$ for penning. (“>ee$s”Aan$ later “Muills”Awere use$ for transferring ancient blac& or brown in&s onto papyrus or ani%al s&in.# -obinson)ieront =te Properly Properly title$ .he "ew .estament in the Priginal +reek #ccording #ccording to the B*antine aorit* .e,tform ! this %o$ern e$ition
of the :a4ority te+t first was pro$uce$ in CC b y co-e$itors :aurice !. >obinson an$ *illia% *illia% ). Pierpont ($. 2//3#, followe$ by the secon$ e$ition in 2//=. !lthough it is base$ upon the sa%e ' )ree& te+tual apparatusAHer%ann 9reiherr evelation#Aas that of the .he +reek "ew .estament #ccording to the aorit* .e,t! its chief conte%porary co%petitor, it $iffers fro% this alternative e$ition %uch in $ata interpretation an$ not using the “ste%%atic approach” approach” (or “ste%%atics”#. (“Ste%%atics” refers refers to the use of a lineageA%anuscript $escen$entsAto $escen$entsAto co%pare %anuscripts in establishing si%ilarity or $isparity of rea$ings Jte+tual variationK.#
S Seirais Kohou =sih-(ahee-iss W /o-ooh> ! )ree& phrase literally %eaning “chains of $ar&ness.” “Wophos” %eans “gloo%,” “blac&ness,” “$ar&ness,”
or “%ist.” Setuaint =sept-oo-a-int> he he )ree& version of the l$ esta%ent, esta%ent, whose origin has been $ate$ by so%e scholars to be as early as 2=/ 5. thers $ate this version to as late as 2=/ #K/ hose who believe in its vali$ity accor$ing to co%%only pre$icate$ theory hol$ that the Septuagint was the result
of the copying of the Hebrew l$ esta%ent esta%ent by Hellenistic ()ree&-spea&ing# Bews, to )ree&, $uring the 5abylonian aptivity of the &ing$o% of Bu$ah, which began in =6 5. (t is popularly believe$ that $uring their long-ter% bon$age un$er 5abylonian authority, their original Hebrew language was aban$one$ by necessityL thus these Bews learne$ )ree&, an$, subseMuently, a$opte$ )ree& as their own language $uring the five $eca$es of their captivity. captivity. 9ollowing yrus the )reat of Persia8s overthrow of 5abylonia in =30 5, the Bews were release$, an$ so%e forty thousan$ are sai$ to have $isperse$. (t also is noteworthy that so%e twentieth-century biblical scholars have re4ecte$ the Septuagint8s tra$itional vali$ity, vali$ity, instea$ asserting that this )ree& translation si%ply is a fabricate$ te+t first penne$ so%eti%e so%eti%e $uring the first three centuries !", then use$ as the fra%ewor& for a corrupt te+t un$erlying un$erlying or resulting resulting fro% rigen8s rigen8s He+apla, He+apla, an$, in turn, serving serving as the foun$ation foun$ation for the s&ewe$ s&ewe$ 'ew esta%e esta%ent nt versions of %o$ern %o$ern 5ible 5ible translations. Simon ! -ichard -ichard ! 9rench >o%an atholic priest, long-ti%e ratorian (self-governing co%%unal society of priests#, orientalist, an$ controversialist
who Muestione$ the 5ible8s authority an$ was the “forerunner of %o$ern biblical criticis%” (atholic @ncylope$ia, oyal ouncil, the charge of Besuitis% was brought against hi%, an$ he was e+pelle$ fro% the ratory in 60. Sinaitic1: ! fourth-century for% of the Syriac languageAas pertains to the 'ew esta%entAcharacteriEe$ esta%entAcharacteriEe$ by nu%erous biblically $octrinally unsoun$
rea$ings (appro+. = percent#, ones %uch-representing those of o$e+ Sinaiticus (!leph#. (o$e+ 5, or “epublic, in Southwest !sia. “Syrian !ntioch” was a city in ur&ey, ur&ey, near the northern bor$er of Syria, locate$ locate$ near the eastern coast of the :e$iterrane :e$iterranean an Sea. his city now is calle$ !nta&ya. !nta&ya. n the early hristian era, !ntioch ha$ the thir$-largest population in the civiliEe$ worl$ (1//,///#, behin$ >o%e an$ !le+an$ria, but now only has appro+i%ately 1=,/// resi$ents.
T 6e
calligrap calligraphy hy,, place of origin, origin, scribe scribe style style an$ %anuscript %anuscript %ar&ings %ar&ings 5yEantine 5yEantine (region (region near what is now stanbul, stanbul, $own to Syrian Syrian !ntioch J%o$ern !nta&yaK#L !le+an$rian (@gyptian#L *estern *estern (west of !le+an$ria#L aesarean (hybri$ 5yEantine-!le+an$rian#. (:any biblical te+t critics now recogniEe only the 5yEantine an$ !le+an$rian as legiti%ate te+t-types. So%e tra$itional biblical scholars of the nineteenth an$ twentieth centuries re4ecte$ this categoriEation theory entirely, entirely, insisting that, rather than being characteristic of specific te,tMt*pes! so%e %anuscripts si%ply ha$ si%ilar kinds of readings —not remarkabl* remarkabl* di-ergent t*pes t*pes en mass/ :any conte%porary biblical scholars agree w ith the latter theory.# 6e
)ree& 'ew esta%ent (?5S 1#, publishe$ by the )er%an 5ible Society an$ authore$ by notorious naturalistic te+t critic 5ruce :. :etEger ($. 2/2#. “ne of the chief purposes of the co%%entary is to set forth the reasons that le$ the co%%ittee, or a %a4ority of the %e%bers of the co%%ittee, to a$opt certain variant rea$ings for inclusion in the te+t an$ to relegate certain other rea$ings to the apparatus.”
6e he science of applying %o$ern analytical theories to the $iscovery an$ analysis of biblical %anuscripts. e+tual e+tual criti;
cis%8s tenets inclu$eAbut are not li%ite$ toAcreating an$ e$iting (altering# %o$ern “critical e$itions” (te+ts#, critiMuing ancient %anuscriptsboo&s (s#, an$ proposing theories about ancient %anuscriptboo& creation an$ alteration, all of which ulti%ately cul%inate in insistence that, essentially, the ol$est %anuscript %anuscriptss are purer an$ %ore reliable. reliable. "aturalistic te+tual criticis% is applie$ without regar$ for )o$8s verbal (plenary# inspiration of the hu%an instru%ents chosen by Hi% to pen the canonical boo&s of the 5ible, hence re4ecting the :a4ority (!ntiochian, @cclesiastical, ra$itional, ra$itional, 5yEantine# te+t an$ the e+tus >eceptus. he 5yEantine an$ the > essentially were the universally accepte$ )ree& basis for the 'ew esta%ent until the %i$-to-late //sAhence of all publishe$ 5ibles until the @>< of ('#. Spiritual te+tual te+tual criticis%, contrarily, contrarily, recognies )o$8s verbal inspiration an$ fully ac; cepts the :a4ority te+t an$or the e+tus >eceptus as the )o$-or$aine$ basis for the 'ew esta%ent. esta%ent. t sanctions no “critical e$ition” (e.g., '! or ?5S#, nor any other ' version succee$ing succee$ing the 60 > of the @lEevir @lEevir cousins, !braha% !braha% an$ 5onaventu 5onaventure. re. (he stan$ar$ stan$ar$ > versions versions use$ to$ay are the >obert @stienne ==/== an$ the heo$ore 5eEa =C. t is co%%only believe$ believe$ that the =C of 5eEa was %uch-consulte$ by the DB< translators for pro$uction of the original !< of 6.# 6e” beca%e beca%e the evolving evolving Doine (co%%on# (co%%on# )ree& )ree& ' source te,t un$erlying all printe$ @nglish 5ible versions pro$uce$ until the @>< of ('#. 'u%erous variations of the e+tus e+tus >eceptusAall $iffering slightl* fro% one anotherAwere penne$ by conservative ortho$o+ biblical scholars $uring the si+teenth an$ seventeenth centuries, beginning with "esi$erius @ras%us8 lan$%ar& )ree& te+t in =6Athe very first printed )ree& )ree& 'ew esta%ent. @ras%us followe$ with subseMuent publishe$ versions in =C, =22, =20, an$ =3=. he e%inent >obert Stephens (@stienneStephanus# pro$uce$ “>” versions in =16, =1C, ==/ an$ ==, an$ the renowne$ heo$ore 5eEa followe$ with / of his own, fro% =62 through 6/1 (all base$ on @stienne versions of ==/ an$ ==#. SubseMuently, the @lEevir cousinsA!braha% an$ 5onaventureApublishe$ seven )ree& versions fro% 621 to 60 (all pri%arily base$ on the =6= 5eEa#. he 633 (secon$# @lEevir te+t te+t was the first such version ever to officiall* clai% an$ use the ter% “e+tus >eceptus.” Stephanus8 ==/ version is sai$ to be the %ost-popular e+tus e+tus >eceptus in use to$ay, closely traile$ by 5eEa8s =C “folio” (large# e$ition. 6heoloical ictionary o the Iew 6estament =tagge$ 4"D"6> he he %ost co%prehensive )ree& le+icon available, containe$ in a ten-volu%e har$cover har$cover set, or publishe$ #bridged in Pne 'olume (3=6 pages#, originally co%pile$ an$ e$ite$ by )erhar$ Dittel an$ )erhar$ 9rie$rich. urrent e$itor )eoffrey *. *. 5ro%iley translate$ the wor& fro% )er%an. 9ollowing the preface are the “able of )ree& Deywor$s” (transliterate$ letter by letter $irectly fro% )ree&# an$ the “able of @nglish Deywor$s,” allowing the user to search by )ree& or @nglish. nclu$e$ ter%s contain e+planatory references to usage insi$e an$ outsi$e the 'ew esta%ent, as well as in the Septuaguint, the l$ esta%ent, esta%ent, an$ other conte+ts, as applicable. 6ischendor 6ischend or ! =*obeott> =*obeott > Hriedrich /ons tantine ;on ;on he he $iscoverer of the worl$8s ol$est e+tant co%plete 5ible, o$e+ !leph Sinaiticus (32=-36/
!"#, in 11 in St. atherine8s :onastery, ischen$orf (=-01# was a lea$ing )ree& 'ew esta%ent te+t critic an$ theologian of his ti%e. He publishe$ 2 e$itions (inclu$ing reprints an$ %inor e$itions# of his own )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent critical e$ition, the first in the winter of 1C. ischen$orf8s magnum opus was his Critical dition of the "ew .estament! .estament! which he referre$ to as editio -iii (@ighth @$ition#, publishe$ in 6C-02. f the lea$ing %o$ernistic %o$ernistic ca%p which believe$ believe$ that this !le+an$rian !le+an$rian ' te+t-type te+t-type represente$ represente$ a purer biblical biblical te+t than the tra$itional tra$itional 5yEantine 5yEantine %anuscripts, he borrowe$ 13 “leaves” (four-page Jtwo boun$ sheets of paperAfour si$esK section inserts# of the SeptuagintAby %utual agree%ent with the %on&s of St. atherine8s, fro% his initial fin$ing of 2C or 3/ ($epen$ing upon his conflicting accounts# leaves. "uring his thir$ visit to the :onastery, in =C, he borrowe$ (on loan# 3/3k leavesAthe bul& of the ' contentAfor >ussian publication, but never returne$ the% to the %on&s at :t. Sinai, @gypt. @gypt . ischen$orf presente$ the% to >ussian Ear !le+an$er for publication an$ eventual archiving in the %perial 7ibrary in St. Petersburg (four-volu%e lu+ury e$ition, 62#. (he Ear awar$e$ ischen$orf the “style” of -on! signifying nobility.# nobility.# ischen$orf gaine$ his aca$e%ic $egree an$ international acclai% by $eciphering o$e+ @phrae%i >escriptus (“”#, the fa%e$ fifth-century %anuscript, in the 1/s. 6ransliteration he process or the result of converting language characters (e.g., )ree&# into those of another language (e.g., @nglish# for the purpose
of practical rea$er usage. ransliteration ransliteration allows the en$ user to, for e+a%ple, loo& up the target wor$ (here “prophecy”# in a )ree& $ictionary (le+icon# to fin$ the )ree&-language eMuivalent. ! transliteration transliteration e+a%ple the )ree& wor$ proφhteuson (prophecy# converte$ to “ p(oph+teuson.” (his is oppose$ to the process of “translation,” which involves $irect conversion into the target language wor$ meaning7 here “prophecy.” 9or the above e+a%ple in this $ocu%ent, see Page 2/, 7u&e 2261, within the '< notes.#
6reelles! Samuel . 7argely a %o$ernistic an$ naturalistic @nglish te+tual critic (3-0=# who also was a 5ible scholar an$ theologian. !lthough he was reare$ as a ua&er, then associate$ with the Ply%outh 5rethren, an$ later in life beca%e a Presbyterian, regelles a$opte$ the te+t-critical %in$set of the $ay, $eci$ing that “the e+tus e+tus >eceptus $i$ not rely on ancient authority.” authority.” He venture$ forth by publishing an e$ition of the )ree& 'ew esta%ent esta%ent that relie$ largely on the still-covete$ ancient biblical co$ices ather a theological conun$ru%, regelles was loyal to the highly corrupt %anuscripts 5 an$ !leph, but %any of the rea$ings that he inserte$ in his )ree& 'ew esta%ent %irrore$ those pro$uce$ by conservative biblical scholars an$ such te+t critics of the $ay. He was evangelical in heart an$ %ission, an$ he wrote %any hristian hy%ns, yet he e%brace$ the faulty te+t-critical theories of the $ay. (!s a ninteenth-century biblical te+t critic, regelles, however, was fairly conservative.#
U Jncial ! biblical %anuscript penne$ entirely in uppercase letters. 'ew esta%ent uncials (also calle$ “%a4uscules”#, varying in nu%ber of colu%ns per page fro% one (later# to four (earlier#, are e+tant e+tant fro% the fourth through tenth centuries. 5eginning 5eginning in the ninth century, uncials uncials largely were replace$ by “%inuscules” (also calle$ “cursives”#, the latter being in uppercase an$ lowercase script characters. characters. o$ay, e+tant cursives outnu%ber uncials 2,2 to 3. (See (See chart un$er “:anuscript” $efinition, p. 1 .# :ost uncials contain little or no punctuation. Jnitarianism ! theology base$ on the core belief in )o$ as having one person! e+clu$ing Besus hrist an$ the Holy Spirit as the secon$ an$ thir$ per; sons. his belief syste% also hol$s that Besus was an e+ceptional e+ceptional teacher an$ hu%an hu%an being, being, an$ a prophetAt prophetAthe he earthly earthly “e+e%plar” “e+e%plar” of hristiani hristianity ty.. ?nitarians believe in Besus8 %oral authority, but not in in his $ivinity. Jnited &ible Societies =J&S> !n (allege$ly# nonprofit, ecu%enical conglo%erationAa “fellowship,” accor$ing to the ?5S websiteAof 1= separate
5ible societies in 2// countries worl$wi$e that publishes an$ $istributes “5ibles” an$ “'ew esta%ents.” esta%ents.” he %a4or co%ponent organiEations in the ?5S are the 5ritish an$ 9oreign 9oreign 5ible Society Society (595SA/1# an$ the !%erican !%erican 5ible Society Society (!5SA6#. (!5SA6#. he historica historicall fact is, the 595S was foun$e$ in a pub in 7on$on, an$ it inclu$e$ %e%bers who were ?nitariansAbelieving that Besus is not $eity. welve years later, in 6, so%e 595S %e%bers branche$ out to for% the !5S. his organiEation also inclu$e$ so%e ?nitarians. Hence, because so%e conservative ortho$o+ %e%bers of the !5S were e+asperate$ with the ?nitarian folly, they, in turn, establishe$ an ortho$o+, 5ible-base$ organiEation calle$ the rinitarian 5ible Society (5S#, (5S#, which was for%e$ for%e$ in 3. he 5S ar$ently ar$ently labore$ to support an$ pro%ulgat pro%ulgatee rinitarian rinitarian $octrine $octrine (the riune )o$#, in opposition opposition to the ?nitarianis% that ha$ beco%e so prevalent in the nineteenth century. (o$ay the 5S is the copyright ownerAsince C06Aof the ==/ >obert @stienne version of the e+tus >eceptus.#
V @aticanus he he fourth-century co$e+ (also calle$ “o$e+ 5”# whose earliest &nown reference goes bac& to 111, when it was $onate$ to the
7ibrary. n 10=, o$e+ 5 is liste$ as having been the first registry entry of the insiration he he belief that the 5ible consists of precisel* +od=s +od=s words $irectly given to an$ operating $ivinely through His chosen instru%ents, the writers of the various canonical boo&s of the Protestant 5ible. his belief also is consistent with invest%ent in )o$8s preser-ation of His
*or$ in the for% of the :a4ority te+t, then in the %ore-refine$ e+tus >eceptus (personal belief#. So%e scholars believe in general $ivine inspiration of the 5ible, others in verbal inspiration, an$ still others hol$ that if the 5ible has been plenarily inspire$, then, conseMuently, by necessity, it also must be be precisely $ivinely preser-ed/ @ulate =.ull-gate> 1: 1: 9ro% the 7atin wor$ %eaning common9 2: he ter% typically applie$ to the volu%inously e+tant co%%on-language 7atin biblical %anuscripts (about ten thousan$#L 3: !ny co%%on-language version of the 5ible or its un$erlying te+ts, regar$less of language or $ialectAe.g., the “7atin
W Bestern ! relatively scarcely supporte$ classification for ' biblical %anuscripts having specific characteristics. :ost %anuscripts of the l$ 7atin
te+tAwhich were translate$ fro% )ree&Apurporte$ly (for those w ho accept the *estern te+t-type# are of the *estern type, as well as are the Muotations of several early hurch 9athers of the secon$ an$ thir$ centuries. he *estern te+t-for% $isplays a ten$ency towar$ paraphrase an$ %ar&e$ replace%ent of wor$s, clauses an$ entire sentencesAthe latter so%eti%es with an inclination towar$ “har%oniEation.” :any such *estern-co$ifie$ *estern-co$ifie$ wor&s as o$e+ " (5eEae# clearly $isplay the afore%entione$ characteristics, yet others (@uropean# $o not.
X Io entries.
Y Io entries.
Z Uonder;an 0ree( and nlish nterlinear Iew 6estament =IAS&LI@> 'ow 'ow in its secon$ e$ition, this ' interlinear was e$ite$ an$ arrange$ by
*illia% ". an$ >obert H. :ounce, an$ publishe$ by Won$ervan. t uses the conte%porary critically acclai%e$ ?5S 1 )ree& te+t, an$ $eliberately has been arrange$ to co%ply as closely as possible to the '@ 5ible. (his is a profit-$riven, strategically arrange$ arrange$ association by a co%pany wi$ely &nown for its pro%otional e%phasis.# his )ree& interlinear has the @nglish eMuivalents of the )ree& wor$s arrange$ i%%e$iately below the%, with the Strong8s >eference 'u%bers (S>'# below the @nglish, an$ the ter%8s basic linguistic %orphology at the botto% of each line of Scripture. *illia% :ounce is a popular author an$ ' professor who has a long-running relationship with Won$ervan, the co%pany that also publishes the '<. his title occasionally strays fro% its own )ree& source te+t an$ $isplays ≈inserte$ @nglish wor$s or both inserte$ @nglish and j)ree& j)ree& wor$s that $o not appear in its own )ree&. JSee pages =, 33, an$ 30.K ts preface pro%otes one of *illia% :ounces Won$ervan titles, an$ the “echnical o%%ents” section plugs %o$ernistic te+t critics 5ruce :etEger ($. 2//#, )or$on 9ee, an$ "aniel 5. *allace, as well as %entions another Won$ervan 5ible, the '<. his “5ible” also i%ple%ents the typical %o$ernistic tric& of referring to a %a4ority of ' )ree& %anuscripts as “so%e %anuscripts,” an$ other, si%ilar %etho$s of $eception use$ by nearly every %o$ern 5ible. n ter%s of learning tools, this ' interlinear is Muite helpful to the user. (he user 4ust nee$s to be aware that he is the the target of %ar&eting %ar&eting hype an$ is being baite$ baite$ into the trap of %o$ern te+tual te+tual criticis%I#
+ *i&ipe$ia, “7ist “7ist of 'ew esta%ent lectionaries” lectionaries” (,/// select# *i&ipe$ia, “7ist “ 7ist of 'ew esta%ent lectionaries, lectionaries ,” latest figure
calculate$ by the nstitute for 'ew esta%ent e+tual e+tual >esearch (: nich#
"avi$ tis 9uller, “*hich 5ibleG” in 9loy$ 'olen Bones, *hich
2
Bohn *. 5urgon, “he ra$itional e+t” in 9loy$ 'olen Bones, *hich
3
“he atholic @ncyclope$ia” in "avi$ *. lou$, 9aith
1
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5ruce :etEger, “he e+t of the 'ew esta%ent” in "avi$ *. lou$, he :o$ern 5ible
6
Bohn *. 5urgon, he >evision >evise$, entennial @$ition J3-C3K (9ort *orth, *orth, e+. !.). Hobbs Publications, CC#, p. 361.
0
Ba%es 5entley, Secrets of :ount Sinai he Story of 9in$ing the *orl$8s *orl$8s l$est 5ible A o$e+ Sinaiticus (7on$on rbis Publishing, C=#, p. 6.
9re$eric& H. !. Scrivener, ! Plain ntro$uction ntro$uction to 'ew esta%ent e+tual riticis%, 1th e$. (ollingswoo$ !, '.B. he 5ible for o$ay, o$ay, C=#, p. .
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Ba%es 5entley, Secrets of :ount Sinai he Story of 9in$ing the *orl$8s *orl$8s l$est 5ible A o$e+ Sinaiticus (7on$on rbis Publishing, C=#, p. C.
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Ba%es 5entley, 5entley, Secrets of :ount Sinai he Story of 9in$ing the *orl$8s *orl$8s l$est 5ible A o$e+ Sinaiticus (7on$on rbis Publishing, C=#, pp. 1-=.
*illia% Henry Paine Hatch, he Principal ?ncial :anuscripts of the 'ew esta%ent (hicago he ?niversity of hicago Press, C33#, Plate F<.
2
*ilbur '. Pic&ering, “he $entity of the 'ew esta%ent e+t” in 9loy$ 'olen Bones, *hich
3
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Preserve$ S%ith, “@ras%us ! Stu$y of His 7ife, $eals, an$ Place in History” in "avi$ *. lou$, he 5ible
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9re$eric Denyon, “ur 5ible an$ the !ncient :anuscripts” in "avi$ *. lou$, he 5ible
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!$a% 'icholson, “)o$8s Secretaries” in "avi$ *. lou$, 9aith
26
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20
5entley, Ba%es. Secret Secretss of :ount Sinai he Story of 9in$ing the *orl$8s *orl$8s l$est 5ible A o$e+ Sina iticus . 7on$on rbis Publishing, C=. 5urgon, Bohn *. he >evision >evise$, >evise$, entennial @$ition J3-C3K. 9ort *orth, e+. !.). Hobbs Publications, CC. lou$, "avi$ *. he :o$ern 5ible api$s, :ich. nstitute for 5iblical e+tual Stu$ies, CC/. )reen, Bay P. Sr. nterlinear Hebrew-)ree&-@nglish 5ible, 5ible , 2n$ e$., rev. 7afayette, n$. Sovereign )race Publishers, C=. )reen, Bay P. Sr. ?nholy Han$s on the 5ible, esearch Press, C1. Bones, 9loy$ 'olen. he Septuagint ! ritical !nalysis , 2n$ e$., rev. an$ enlarge$. he *oo$lan$s, e+. Dings*or$ Press, 2///. Bones, 9loy$ 'olen. *hich
V *arning *arning he he author of this title is a %o$ernist, an$ his conte%porary, “new evangelistic” views are highly evi$ent in this te+t. Please $o not r ea$ this boo& until *ou ha-e read at least some of the others listed abo-e/ (yn$ale House, nc. also is &nown for pro$ucing '?-base$ “5ibles” an$ “'ew esta%ents,” an$ this publisher is locate$ in *heaton, ll., the ho%e of the %o$ernistic *heaton ollege. @ven so%e conte%porary “5ibles” inclu$e %ar&eting %aterial in the%, for other pro$ucts %a$e by the sa%e publisher (Won$ervan, for e+a%ple#. ! Bible shoul$ not contain such sales%anshipI =6he &ible is 0od?s BordW> o%fort8s boo&, on the copyright page, rea$s (at the top#, should ser;e as an opposing view “
*arning he he author of this title also is a %o$ernist, an$ his conte%porary, “new evangelistic” views also are very evi$ent in this te+t. Please $o not rea$ this boo& until Q *arning *ou ha-e read at least some of the others listed abo-e/ This boo( also should ser;e ser;e as an opposing view e
he asse%bler, writer an$ e$itor of this $ocu%ent is dward . Scott! age =/, a native of Ba%estown, '.., an$ a current resi$ent of Befferson ity, :o. :r. Scott is a hu%ble, biblically base$ believer in the 7or$ Besus hrist who has e+hauste$ %uch of the past several years in e+tensively an$ intensively rea$ing, researching an$ stu$ying the following urgent, co%ple%entary issues V e!t%al criticism $“higher* and “lower*( V Christian ch%rch histor V estament in ;@@;( V Content of modern Biles $eginning with the contro"ersial estament V Bilical and theological scholarship in the modern age V >heological modernism’s earl mass mo"ement in the nineteenth cent%r
o wit, :r. Scott has rea$ 3 boo&s an$ papers $uring recent years about the above issues, while also un$erta&ing %uch critical )ree& wor$ stu$y. 9urther%ore, $uring early stages of the $ou%ent (0 versespassages# both "r. 9loy$ 'olen Bones, Bones, a lea$ing authority on chronology an$ events ( .he Chronolog* of .he Pld #, an$ "r. ". !. *aite, *aite , an e%inent )ree& scholar an$ pro$igious author, provi$e$ encouraging reviews of the wor&. .estament #, He currently is a freelance co%puter graphics specialist, writer, an$ photographer, an$ one who has written publishe$ ) feature articles, pro$uct reviews, an$ colu%ns for online content provi$ers, as well as on professional athletes for newspapers an$ %agaEines. :r. Scott once pro$uce$ 3", still, an$ %otion graphics for the ?.S. :arine orps, an$ he h as $one so%e post visual effects for fil%. He has wor&e$ with co%puter graphics in nu%erous applications since CC=, an$ he has been a professional publishe$ writer since CC. t is the writer8s goalAonly )o$ willingAto publish further %aterial si%ilar an$ co%ple%entary to that containe$ in this $ocu%ent. his asse%blage partially %ay represent a capsuliEation of future boun$ wor&s e+posing the truth behin$ the translation, e%ergence, pro%ulgation, an$ pervasive public use of conte%porary “pseu$o-5ibles.” !ll honor an$ glory go to the 7or$ Besus hrist, an$ than& Hi% for i%planting the insatiable $esire to consu%e an$ apply the afore%entione$ content. )o$ be praise$. He is grateful for an$ in$ebte$ to the following publications .he 6e-ision 6e-ised , Centennial dition N1II5M1$I5O (9ort *orth, e+. !.). Hobbs Publications, CC#L ;hich 'ersion is the Bible:! Cth e$., rev. an$ enlarge$ ()oo$year, !riE. Dings*or$ Press, 2//6#L .he &nterlinear HebrewM +reekMn +reekMnglish glish Bible! 'ol/ 4! 2n$ e$. (7afayette, n$. Sovereign )race Publishers, C=# L arl* anuscripts! Church Fathers! and the #uthoried 'ersion (ollingswoo$, '.B. he 5ible for o$ay Press, 2//=#L Faith 's/ the odern Bible 'ersions 'ersions (Port Huron, :ich. *ay of 7ife 7iterature, 2//=#L .ha*er=s +reekM nglish e,icon of the "ew .estament .estament (Peabo$y, :ass. Hen$ric&son Publishers, 2//0#L .he aorit* .e,t +reek "ew .estament &nterlinear ('ashville ho%as 'elson Publishers, 2//0#L Strong=s Complete ;ord Stud* Concordance (hattanooga !:) Publishers, 2//1#L the;ord 5ible software ()reece ostas Stergiou, 2/2#L .heological Kictionar* of the "ew .estament! .estament! #bridged in Pne 'olume 'olume ()ran$ >api$s, :ich. *illia% 5. @er$%ans Publishing o%pany, C=#L "estleM #land "o-um .estamentum .estamentum +raece! 2 th dition (Stuttgart, )er. "eutsch 5ibelgesellschaft, 2//6#L .he +reek "ew .estament! the Gnited Bible Societies Fourth 6e-ised dition (Stuttgart, )er. "eutsch 5ibelgesellschaft, 2//#L an$ several others. :ay go$ richly bless you in all your affairs as you en$eavor to please an$ honor Hi%. ours in hrist,
A ! (o$e+#, /-3, 1/, 16, =C, 6 !braha%, 2, 33, =/ !bra% (!braha%#, 32, =/ !ca$e%ic (s, -ian#, , 1, 16, == !cts (he 5oo& of#, 2, /, 2/, 21, 11, =/, 6/-63, 60, 6C !$a%antius, rigen, 1/, 1=, =2 !$ultery, 0 !gathe ()&. -a, -os, -osune)&.#, , 2= !gioi ()&.#, /, 36 !ionion ()&.#, 2, 23, 32 !lan$ (Durt#, C !leph (o$e+#, 2, 1, =-, 2/-3, 1/, 12-1=, 1C !leppo (o$e+#, 1, 1= !le+an$er, coppers%ith the, 2 !le+an$ria (@gypt#, 11-1=, 10, =2, =1, 62-61 !le+an$rian (s#, =, 6, C, 22-23, 2=, 33-31, 3, 1/-1, 13-1=, 10, 1, =3-=6, 6/, 62-61 !le+an$rinus (o$e+ !#, 21, 32, 1/, 11, =2, 6/-6, 6=, 6C !lfor$, Henry, 30, 11 !%erican 5ible Society (!5S#, =6 !%plifie$ 5ible, the, 3C !ngel (s#, C-/, 6, C, 23, 3-32, 36, 10, 6C !ngry, 1 !nointe$ (ne#, 33, 30 !ntichrist, C, 30-3 !ntioch (-ian#, 6, 1, 11, =/, =2, =1-==, 61 !pistian ()&.#, 0 !r%enian, 2, 11, =/ !uthoriEe$
B 5 (o$e+#, 2, 1-3/, 33-3, 1/, 12-11, 16, =/-=, =1, =6, =C, 6= 5abylonian, =1 5asel, 13 5egotten, 22, 32, 10, =, 60 5entley, 5entley, Ba%es, 2, 0/-0 5erry (8s#, ). >., 12 5eEa, 11 o$e+ (5eEae#, 1, , , 2, 1/, 1=, =2, =0, =C-6/ heo$ore, 0, 22, 3C, 1, 13, 1=, == 5ible, 2, 1, 6-/, 2-3, =, 2, 23, 2=, 2, 32, 30-=0, 6=, 6C-02
5iblia Hebraica (Stuttgartensia#, 1= 5loo$ (-y#, /, C, 2, 30-3 5ohairic, =-/, 2-21, 20-2, 3/, 32, 3=-3, 1=, =3, =C 5o%basius, Paulus, 13 5o%berg, 1= 5rethren, 6, C, 3=, =3, =6 5ritish an$ 9oreign 5ible Society (595S#, =6 5ritish :useu%, =/ 5urgon, Bohn *., *., 2, 13, =/, 0/-0 5yEantine (s, 5yE.#, 1-2, 1-1, 11-=/, =2-==, =C-61
C (o$e+#, =-/, 2-2/, 22-2, 3/-32, 31-30, 16, =/, 6 2, 2-3, 23-21, 26, 3, 31 3, =, 0, 22-23, 26-2 aesarean, =, -C-, 2/, 1=, 10, 1C, =1, 6, 63-61 a%pianus (o$e+ :#, 1=, 6 apernau%, 6 atholic (>o%an#, 2, 2C, 32, 3C-1/, 13, 10, =2, =1, 0/ @pistles, 6-63 ause (s, -$#, 1, 6, 3, 2C, 16, 6 haire ()&.#, 6 hayyi%, Bacob ben, 1= hil$ren, 1, C, 3/, 33 hosen, , 2, 0, 32, 12, ==-=6, 60 hre%a ()&.#, 1 hris%a ()&.#, 30 hrist, 3, -C, -3, 0, C, 22, 21-3/, 32-33, 3=-3, 11, 16-1, =2, =6, 66, 02 hristian (8s, s, -ity#, 2, 1, 3, 3=, 30, 3C, 13-16, 1C-=2, =6, 62, 002 hristology (8s#, =, 21, 26, 2C, 30, 1= hristos ()&.#, 33 hurch, 2, 1, 23-21, 3/-32, 31, 3C, 1, 13-16, =6-=0, 61, 0-02 leanse, 30 leopas, = lou$, 6, 0 "avi$, 13, 1=, 0/-0 o$e+ (co$iceJsK#, 2, 1-=, 0-, -2, 2=, 2C, 31, 36, 1/-10, =/-=0, =C-6, 63, 6=, 6C-0 o%%an$%ents, 3 onceive, 32-33, 10 onclusion (s#, 3, , 3C-1/, 12-13 onstantine, 2, 1/, 13-10, =, ==
onstantinople, 1=, 6/-63 onstantinopolitan, onstantinopolitan, 6, 1, =/ onte%porary, onte%porary, 2, 1, 6, 3, 0-, 23, 3/, 30, 3C-1, 11, 1, =3-=1, =0, 6=, 0-02 onvent, 1/, 11, 10 ovenant, /, 2, 30 optic (@gyptian#, 1, 6, -C, , 3-C, 2-36, 3, 1=, =/, =C, 62 over$ale, 3C, 1, 13 ritic(s#, 2, 1, 2-3, =, 0, 2/, 23-21, 20, 2C, 30-3, 1/-12, 11, 10-=/, =2-=0, =2-=0, 6= ritical apparatus, 3, , 3, =, 23, 2= (notes#-20, 1/, 10, ==, =C ritical te+t (e$ition#, 2, 1, , , , 2/-22, 33-31, 3C-1/, 12, 1116, 1-1C, =, =3, ==, 62, 6= ross, 1, 2 uretonian (Syrian#, =-0, C, , 2-23, 16, 1, =C urse, = ursive (%inuscule#, =, 0-, 3-33, 3=-36, 3-3C, 1=-16, 1C-=, =6, =C, 6-62, 61 yrus the )reat, =1
@gyptian (@gypt.#, 1-=, 1, 0, 2/, 2=, 33, 13-11, 16-10, =/, =3-==, =C-6/ @lEevir(s#, 0, 22, 16, == @%peror, 1= @%pire, 1= @ne%y (-ies#, =, 31 @nglish >evise$ <#, 2, 1, =-6, 21, 36, 3C-1/, 11, 161, == @phesians (@ph.#, C, 2C-3/, 10-1, 6/, 6 @phrae%i >escriptus (o$e+ #, 10, =2-=3, ==, 6/ @pis&enoo ()&.#, 20, 10 @ras%us, "esi$erius, 0, 22, 3/, 3=, 3-3C, 1, 13, ==, 0/ @stienne (Stephanus#, >obert, 22, 3/, 1, 10, ==-=6 @ternal (-ly#, , /, 2-3, 22-23, 20-2C, 33, 10 @thiopic, 2=, 10 @urethesetai ()&.#, 36 @+alt (-e$#, 6 @+e%plar, 0, 32, 3, 10-1, =6 @+tant, 1-=, -2, =-0, C-2/, 22-2, 3, 33, 3=, 3, 12, 11-=2, ==-=6, 6/, 61
D " (o$e+#, 1-, 2/-21, 1=-16, =/, =0, =C "1, 2=-26, 3/, 32 "2, 1, 2/, 3/, 32 "ai%onion ()&.#, 2 "a%nable, 2, 2 "anger, 1, 2 "ar&ness, 21, 36, =1 "elta (D#, =, -C, -1, 0, 23, =-=C "ea$ (-ly#, C, 2, 26, 31, 1, =-=2, 6C "estroy (-e$#, 0, 36, =2, =1 "iglot, 1=-16, 6/-63 "ittography, "ittography, 2=, 16 "ocetist (-is%#, 2, 16 "octrine, 2, , 2, 6, 2, 32, 3-3C, 13-16, =6, 6 "ocu%ent (s, -e$#, 2-1, 1/-1, 13, 10, 1C-=/, =2, ==, =C-6/, 6=-66, 02 "ocu%ent )lossary, 3, 11-=0 "iocletian, 1= "o+es ()&.#, / "rin&, /, 20
E @ (o$e+#, 0, C, 2, =/, =C-6/ (“7au$ianus”# @cclesiastical, 6, 1, 1=, 1C-=/, == @cu%enical, 12, 16, =6 @geneto ()&. gino%ai#, C
F 9 (o$e+#, , 0, C, 2, 2=-3, =/, =C 9aith (-ful, -fulness#, 0, 1, C, 3, 33-31, 13, =2, 60, 6C-02 9a%ily ( an$or 3#, =, 6, , 1=, 1C, 62 (03C#-63 (220, 121# 9a%ily, 1=(!leppo#-16 (@lEevir# 9arsta$, !rthur 7., 0, 2, 3C, 1, 1 9ather (s#, 2, 1, -C, 1, 6, , 2/, 22, 21, 26, 2C-31, 1/-1, 1=-=2, =1, =6-=0, 61, 60-6, 0/-02 9eet (anato%y#, 2, 2= 9errar ()roup#, 2/, 1=, 62 9ifteenth (century#, 1/ =th, =, /, 36 9ifth (century#, 3, 13-1, =-=3, == =th, 0, 0, C-/, 3, 6, , 2-22, 21, 3/, 1=, =C 9ire, 3, 36, 10 9irst (century#, 26, 3C, 11, 16-10 st, =/ 9irstborn, 1, 66 9irst >abbinic 5ible, 1= 9lesh, 22, 21-2=, 2C, 3-32, 36, 3, 11, 16-10, 60 9orgive (-ness#, /, 2, 1, 2/, 22, 20 9ornication, 0 9ourth (century#, 2, =, 31, 3C, 1, 11-1, =-=1, =6 1th, =, C, 1, -C, 2, 23-21, 3/, 30, 1=-16, =/, =C 9ri$erico-!ugustanus, 1/, 10 9unctional eMuivalence, 12
G
I ) (o$e+#, , 0, C, 2, 2=-3, =C )host (Holy#, 2, 36, 6 )ino%ai ()&.#, C )lory, )lory, 2, 1, /, 6, 20, 3-32, 02 )nosticis%, 2, 26, 32, 30, 16-10 )nostic, 22, 2, 32, 11 )o$, 2, 1-C, -2, 1-0, C-2/, 22-32, 31, 36-1/, 12-1=, 10, =/=, =3, ==-=6, 60-6, 0/-02 )o$liness, 2C, 3 )othic (version#, 10, =/ )race, C, 20, 3/, 1, 0/-02 )ree&, 2-23, 2=-12, 1=-=, 61-6=, 02 !pparatus (-es#, 3, 6-0, C, -1, 6, 2/-2, 23, 26-20, 3, 3=, =1 :anuscripts, 2, 1-, 3-=, 0- 2=, 3/-3, 33-30, 3C-=0, 616=, 6C-0 :SS%ss, 1-3, 33-3C, 13, =/, =C, 61 ', 2, 1, C, -2, -2, 1-=, 0-C, 2, 21, 21, 20-2, 3, 3=, 3-12, 11-1=, 10-=0, 6/, 6=, 6C Source, 1-, /, 2-1, 6-C, 2-20, 2C, 3-32, 3=-12, 11, 10-1, =, ==, =0 e+t (s#, 2-2C, 3-=0, =C-6=, 6C-02 )riesbach, Bohan Ba&ob, 3, 1/, 16, 1
H H (o$e+#, , 0, C, 2, 3/, 32-33, =C H-c (thir$ copyist#, 32 Ha$es, 6, 1 Haplography, Haplography, 0, 32, 1 Hate, = Harclean (or “Har&lean”#, 1-0, C-, 2/-20, 2C-3/, 31, 36-30, 1, =2, =C Heaven (s, -ly#, 6, C-/, 1, 6, -C, 22, 26, 26, 32-33, 36, 1, =2, 60-6 Hebrew, 2, /, 2, 3C, 1, 11-10, =-=2, =1, 0/-02 Hebrews, /, 32-31, 10-1, 6/-6 Hell, 6, 3, 3/, 36, 1 Heretic (-al, heresy#, 2, 1, 22-23, 2C, 3C, 11, 16-1, =2, 02 He+apla, =2, =1 Holy, Holy, 2, /, 2, 6, , 2C, 36-30, 1, 11, 1-1C, =3-=1, =6, 60-6 Ho$ges, Wane ., 0, 1, 1 Hort, 9enton Bohn !nthony, !nthony, 6, 2-22, 21-2=, 36, 3-1, 16, 1, =, 0 Hos&ier, Her%an ., 2, 3, 13, =3, 6= Hy%enaeus, 2 Hypocrite (s#, 6, C Hippolytus, 2
(o$e+#, 2, 3/, =C-6 $entical (-ly#, 1, 0, 3, 22, 2=, 3/-3, 3C, =/-= $o ()&. i$o, i$ou, i$e#, =, , 1 llu%ines, =2 %age, 32 %%orality, 0 %potent, 2=, 11 nactive, 31, 11 nsert (s, -e$, -ion#, 1, 0-, 2, =-0, C, 23-2=, 20, 2C, 3-33, 3=, 30-3, 1, =/, ==-=0 nspiration, 2, 31, 13, ==-=6 ntentionally, ntentionally, 1 nter$eno%inational, 3C, 12, 16 nternational 5ible Society (5S#, 3C nterpolation (s#, 1, , 1-=, 0, 2=, 31, 12, 1=, 1 nterpret (-e$, -ers, -ationJsK, %is-#, 6, /, 2C, 30, 13, 1, =2-=3 nstru%ent (s#, 32, 13, =-=2 renaeus, 2, 1=
J Ba%es !n apostle (brother of Besus or “Ba%es the 7esser”#, 1 Ding (@nglan$#, 3C, 13, 1C the 5oo& of, 31 Bere%iah (the 5oo& of#, 10 Bero%e, 2C, 1C, =2 Berusale%, 6, 22, =/, 61 Besus (hrist#, 1-=, 0-, 1-0, C-2/, 22, 21, 26-32, 30-3, 111=, =/-=2, =6, 66-6, 02 Bew (s, -ish#, , 1=, 10, =1 Bohn he apostle, 30 Besus8 step-brother, 1 he 5aptist, he )ospel (5oo&#, 2-21, 26, 2, 1, =, =3, 6/-62, 6=, 606 Bones, 9loy$ 'olen, 2, 0/-02 Boseph, 1, 6 Boses (Boseph#, Besus8 step-brother, 1 Bu$ah, =1 Bu$as Bu$e, Besus8 step-brother, 1 Bu$g%ent, 1, 2, 26-20, 36-30, 13, 6 Bustifiy (-ies, -ie$, -cation#, =, 0, C, 3 Bustinian, 1=
K
M D (o$e+#, C-/, 0, 2/-2, 2=, 20, 2C-3, 33-36, 3, =C Dairon ()&.#, 2= Dar$ias ()&.#, 3= Data ()&.#, 6, C, 2=, 32 Databolen (&atabibasthse, &atabas)&.#, 6, 22 Datharas ()&.#, 3= Dathgts ()&.#, C DenY ()&.#, 3/, 1C Ding$o%, -C, , 1, , 2C, =, =1 Ding Ba%es u$olph, 1= )erhar$, == Driseos ()&.#, 2
L 7 (o$e+#, 1-21, 20, 3/, 31-3=, 3, 1/, =3, =C 7ach%ann, Darl, 1/, 1C, =6 7a%b, 3 7a%entations, / 7anguage (s#, =, 0, 2=, 3, 3=, =2, =1-=6, 02 7atin, 6-, /-3, 6-0, C, 22-21, 26-20, 2C, 3, 33-3=, 1/, 1=10, 1C, =-=3, ==-=6, =C-6, 63 7atin, l$, 1-=, C-2, 23-26, 2C-32, 1C-=/, =2, =0, =C, 6361 7atin
: (o$e+#, 2, 1/, =3, =C :agus, Si%on, 2 :a4ority (te+t#, 1-6, -2, 1-3C, 1-1=, 1, =/-=3, ==-=6, =C, 002 :a4uscules (uncials#, 3, 6, 3=, =/, =6 :an, Son of, 0, /, 0, C, 22, 60 :anuscripts, 2, 1-, 3-=, 0-2=, 3/-3, 33-30, 3C-=0, 61-6=, 6C-02 :S:SS (%s%ss#, 1-3, 33-3C, 13, =C-62, 61 :arcionis%, 16 :arginalia, 1=, =/, 6-62 :ar&, the )ospel (5oo& of#, =, 0, C-=, 2/, 12, 1, 6-63, 6=, 60 :ary, 1, = (:ag$alene#-6 :arry (-ies, -ie$, -ieth#, 0, 26 :asoretic, 1, 1= :aster, -C, 60 :atthew he apostle, C he )ospel (5oo&# of, 1-/, 2-1, 0-, 2/, 12-13, 1, 6/63, 6= :atthew8s 5ible, 1, 13 :elchise$ec (:elchise$e&#, 32 :ercy, =, 2/ :esrob, 11 :essenger, :essiah, C, , 21, 32-33, 30 :etEger, 5ruce, C, 13, =3-=1, =0, 0/ :iller, @$war$, 2, 13, =/, 0 :illstone, 3 :inority (te+t#, 2, 1-/, 2-6, -22, 21-20, 2C, 3, 31-3, 12, 16, 61 :inuscule, 2, C-/, 2-1, , 23, 32, 31, 3, 1=-16, 1C-=, =6, 6263 :o$ern (s, -is%, -ist, -istically, -iEe#, 2, 1-1/, 12-1, =/-=0, =C-6/, 62-63, 6=, 0/-02 :oichatai ()&.#, 0 :onastery, 2, 1/, 11, 16-10, ==, 62 :onogenes ()&.#, 22, = :oor%an, B. !., 2, 2, 3/, 3=, 1, =-=2, 6=, 0/-0 :other, 6, 6, 1= :ounce >obert, 12, =0 *illia% (5ill#, =, 30, 12
N '! ('estle-!lan$#, 3, =, 0, 6, 2-0, 2-0, 22-23, 20-2, 33, 3=-3, 3=-3, =, ==, 6= 'a%e, 1, , 22, 33, 30, 1/, =, 61, 60 'ation (s#, C, 22, 3 'aturalistic (-ally#, 1, 6, 2/, 3C-11, 16, =2, =1-=6 =1-=6 'estle-!lan$, 3, =, 0, 6, 1/, 12, 1, =, =C, 6=, 02 'ever, 2, 2, 36, 1/, 13, ==, 6/ 'ew esta%ent, 2, 1-=, , 3-=, 3-=, 2/-22, 2=, 20, 2C, 32, 31, 31, 36, 3C12, 11-1C, =-=0, 6=-66, 6C-02 'ile >iver, 16, =2 'ineteenth (century#, 2, 30, 3C-1/, 13, 13, 16, =, =3-=1, =6, 02 ', 2, 1, 0, C, -2, -2, =, 0, C, 2, 21-2=, 21-2=, 20-2, 3/, 3=, 3C-12, 11-1=, 1-=2 '? ('!?5S te+t#, 6-3, =-, 2/-3C, 12, 12, =/-=, =3, 0 'u%ber (s, -e$, -ing# 6-0, =, 21, 30, 3C, 1, 1=, 1=, 10, =2-=3, =6-=0, 61 'u%erous, 1-=, 0, 2, 1/-1, 16-10, 16-10, =-=2, 02
O ath, 21, 32 be$ience, 1, 3/, 3=, 11 inon ()&.#, / l$est, 2, =, 0, C, 3=, 1=, ==, 6/, 0/-0 l$ esta%ent, /, 1/-1, 1=-10, 1C, =2, =1-==, 02 , , =, 0, 2C, 1, 1=, 10-=/, =2, =1-==, 6/, 62, 02 %ission (s#, 1-=, C-/, 2-1, 6-0, C-2, 23-21, 26-2C, 33, 3=36, 12, 1, =1, 61-6=, 60-6 %it (s, -te$, -ting#, =-/, 2-2, 23-2, 3/-32, 31-36, 3, 1, 666C ni&os ()&.#, 3 ne, C, 0, 22, 32-31, 30 nly (Son#, 22, 60 ppose (s, -e$, -ing #, 0, 3, , 2-22, 21, 2C, 33, 30-3, ==-=6 utnu%ber (-e$, -ing#, 0-, /, 2/, 23-21, 26, 3, 33, 3-3C, =6 +os ()&.#, /
P P (o$e+#, , 0, 21-2=, 20-3/, 32-3, =C Pagan, 2, 10 Paleography, 02 Panta ()&., -es#, , 20, 30 Papyrus (-ri# Papyri, 0, 23-21, 31, =/, =2, =C-6/, 61 Papyrus, 1, C, 2-22, 3=, 16-10, =/, =2-=3, =C-6/ Parable, , 1=
Para$othenai ()&.#, Para&upsas ()&.#, 2 Parallel (-is%, -iEation#, =, 2, 2/, 2=, 1/-1, 11, 16, 1, =2, =6 Parch%ent, 10, 6/-63 Parents, 6 Partial (-ly#, , 3, =, 3=-30, 11, 16, =/, =2, 66, 02 Pass (-e$#, C, 2, 21, 20, 36, 60 Passage (s#, 1-=, , =, 0-C, 3, 33, 3, 12-13, 10, =, =3, 60, 02 Passion, 2C Patristic, 2C, =/ Paul, the apostle, 2, 26, 2, 3/-3, 10 Pauline (s#, 2C, 11, 10, 1C-=/, 6/-63 Peace, 6, 2=, 3/ Pen (-ne$#, 2, 3/, =-=6 Pentateuch, Sa%aritan, 16, =1 People (s, 8s#, 2, =, 2, =-6, 26, 2, 3-32, 31, 3C, 13, 1=, 10, =/, =2-=3, =6 Percent, 2, 1, C-/, 2, 1, 2/, 1/-1, 13-1=, =/, =3-=1, =6 Q, =-6, -2/, 21, 26-2, 3, 3, 1/, 6/, 61 Perfect (-ly, -e$, i%-#, 2/, 20, 33-31, 3C, 13 Pericope (7at.#, 1= Perish, 23 Perpetual, 1 Persecute (-$, -ion#, =, C, 3, 31, 1=, =2 Persia, =1 Person (s, -al, -ally#, 2, -C, 2/, 2, 32, 31, 3, 1/, 12, 11-1=, 10, 1C, =, =6, 6=-6 Peshitta, Syriac, 1-0, C-, 2-21, 26-20, 2C-3/, 31-30, 1, =/, =2, =C Pestilence (s#, C Peter he apostle, 2, , 2, 3= Peter, 0, 3, 3=-36, 6 2 Peter, 2, 36, 6/, 62, 6 Phanto%, 1, 16 Pharisees, -C Philetus, 2 Philological, 1/, 11, 1C Philosophy, Philosophy, 2, =1 Philo+enian, Syriac, 36, 1, =2, =C Phos ()&.#, 2C, =2 Physician, 2, 12 Pieces, , 2 Pisteuon ()&.#, 23 Pit (s#, 36
Plenary (-ily#, 13, ==-=6 Pneu%a ()&.#, 2C, =3 Polyglot, 16-10 o%plutensian, 0, 1, 16 Poor (-ly#, 6, 1, 2, 26, 3/, 31-3=, 3, =3, 6-62 Popularity, 1 PopulariEe$, 1/ Popularly, Popularly, 1, =1 Population, =1 Porneia ()&.# 0 Portion (s#, 1-, 2, 1, 0, C-2/, 22-23, 2=, 2C, 1, 11, 10, 1C, =, 63 Positivis%, 3C Possession (s#, , 33, 1/, 1= Pour (-e$#, / Pow$er, Power (-full, -less#, 2-3, C, 23-2=, 20, 32-33, 1/, 1= Pratensis, >abbi 9eli+, 1= Prepare, , 1C Preservation, 13, =6 Preserve (-$#, 13, =/, =2 Presi$e (-$#, 11-1=, =/ Pretense, C Priest (s, -ly#, 32-33, 1/, =/, =1 Print (-e$, -er#, 1, 13, 16-10, =, == Prison (-ers#, , 33 Pray (-er, -ing#, =, C, 3, =, -C, =2 Preach (-e$, -ing#, , 22, 2=, 3, 12 Process, 2C, 3C-1/, 13-11, 16, 1, =3, == Pro$igy, 1/ Pro$uce (-$, -tion, -ing#, 2, 1, 2, 2C-3/, 1/-1C, =2-=3, ==-=6, 002 PrYegraph ()&.#, 20 Profane, 2 Profit, 3C, =0 Pro%ise (s, -$#, /-, 21, 36, == Prophecy, Prophecy, /, =, 2/ Prophet (s#, 2, , 21, 36, 3, =6 Propheteuson ()&.#, 2/ Proponent, 1/ Propose (-ing#, == Proseuchesth, = Prosopon ()&.#, 2/ Protestant, 10, =3, =6 Prove (s, -$, -n#, 2, 1, 2, 3C, 1=-16, 1
Proverbs, 1, 13 Provi$e (s, -$, -ing#, C, 2, 6, 2=, 32, 36, 1-13, =, 02 Provi$ential (-ly#, 13 Psal%, /, 13, 63 Pseu$o, 2, 1, 1C, =2, 02 Psi (Y#, 3-2/, 26-2, 3/-3, 31, 36-3, = Public (-ly#, 0, , 20, 13-11, 10, 02 Publication (s#, 3C, 1, ==, 0/-02 Publish (-e$, -er, -ing#, 2, 6, 3C-1, 11, 16-1C, =3-=0, 0/-02 Pulp, =2 Pure (-r, -ly#, 23, 2C-3/, 31-3=, 3C, 1, 16, 1C, =2, ==, 6 Purgatory, =2 Purge$, 32 Purify (-ies, -ie$, -ication J-alK#, 2C, 32, 3=, 30 Purpose (s#, =, 2, 2C, 36-30, 16, 1C, =1-== PurraEi ()&.#, 6
Q uarto, 16 uenche$, 3 uote (s, -ation JsK#, , =, 0, 2=, 3=, 3C, =/, =0
R > (o$e+#, 0, =C >abbi, C, 1= >abbinic, 9irst 5ible, 1= Secon$ 5ible, 1= >a$iance, 32 >aise (-$#, 21, 60 >apture, C >atifie$, 2 >ationalis%, 1/, 1, =3 >ea$er (8s, s#, =, 0-/, 2, 1-=, 0-, 23, 26, 3/, 3=-30, 11, =, ==, 6=, 6C >ea$ership, , 23-21, 32, 3C >ea$ing (s#, 3-=, 0-2, 1, 6-12, 11, 16, =/, =3-=1, =6, =C-6, 616=, 6C, 02 >eal, 2, 6, 16 >ebu&e (s#, 0, 3 >eceive (-$#, C, 2, 3, 33, 10, == >eceptacle, 1 >eceptor ($eco$ing#, 12 >eceptus, e+tus, 1, 6, /-, 6, 22-21, 2C, 33, 3=, 30, 3C, 1, 13, 16-1C, =, ==-=6 >ecor$s, 6, =2 >e$ee% (-e$#, 1, C, 20
>e$uce (s#, =, 1, =1, 66 >efer (s, -ring#, 2, 6-0, /-2, =-, 2/, 22-23, 2=, 2-3/, 33-3=, 3-1/, 11-1=, 10-=, =3, ==, =0 >eference (s#, 2-3, C-/, 3, 0, 2/-22, 21, 26, 2, 33, 3=, 30-3, 1-12, 16, =/, =3, ==-=0, =C-6/ >egenerate (-$, un-#, 26-20, 3C, 10, =2 >egion, 1, =1, 61 >eign (s, -e$#, 33, 13, 1C, =1, 6C >e4ect (-e$, -ing, -ion#, 2, , 2, 1, =1-== >elease (-$#, 2, 1, 3C-1/, 10-1, =1 >eliable (un-#, 21, =2, == >efor%ation, 22, 3C, 13, 1=-16, 1C, =3 >e4oice, 6 >e%ain (s, -e$, -ing#, 2, 2, , 22-23, 20, 33, 1=, 1, =3 >e%e%brance, 26 >e%iss, 1 >e%ission, /, 22 >e%oval, 3, 2/-22, 21, 60 >e%ove (s, -$#, 1-3C >epent (-ance#, =, , 22, 32 >epetition, 3, 2=, 3/-3 >eplace (s, -e$, -ing, -%ent#, 1, 6-0, /-, 6-0, 2, 32-36, 1/1, 16-10, =, =3, =6-=0, 6 >epresent (-e$, -ation, -ative J-nessK#, 2, 1, 2, 2, 32-33, 3=, 30, 3C, 1, 1=, 10-1, =/, =3-==, 02 >eproach (-e$#, 3 >eputation, 3/ >esearch (-e$, -ing#, 1, 1, 13-11, =/, =0, 0-02 >escension, !ntiochian, 1 >escriptus, @phrae%i (o$e+ #, 10, =2, ==, 6/ >eserve$, 36 >esi$ence, 20, 10 >esi$ent (s#, =1, 02 >espect, 3= >est (s#, 6, =-6, 20, 6C >esurrection, =, 2C, 1, =2 >evelation (>ev.#, he 5oo& of, 32, 3, =3, 6 >eveal (-e$, -ing#, 6, 2-22, 3, 3C >evere (-$#, 3, 2, 32, 13-11 >everence, , 20, 3= >evile (-ing#, 3, 3= >evise (-$#, 1, 6=, 0/-02 >evise$ Stan$ar$ S<#, 6 >evision (s#, 3C, 1-1C, =, 0/-02 >evo&e, 2
>hei%s-"uoay (5ible#, =2 >hoiEe$on ()&.#, 36 >ich (-es#, 1, 3C >ighteous (-ness#, =, 2C, 33, 3=, 6C >ise, C >oar (-ing#, 36 >obbery, 3/ >obes, 3 >o$gers, Bohn, 3C >o%an atholic (-is% J8sK#, 2, 2C, 3C-1/, 13, 10, =2, =1 >o%an @%pire, @astern, 1= >o%ans, he 5oo& of, 2=-26, 2, 60-6C >o%e (8s#, 11, 10, =2, =1, 6C
S S (o$e+#, 0, 2, =C Sacre$, 2, , 3/, 13 Sacrifice, =, 2, 32, 12 Sa$ucees, Sahi$ic, =-0, C-2, 23-21, 3/, 32, 31-3=, 30-3, =3, =C, 6 Saint (St.# atherine8s :onastery, 2, 1/, 11, 10, ==, 6/ Sale%, =/ Salvation, , 1, 22, 2, 32-33, 3=, 12, 1, =2 Sa%aritan Pentateuch, 16, =1 Sa%uel, , he 5oo& of, 21 Sanctify (-ie$#, C Sara (Sarah#, 33 Satan (8s#, 3, 21, 20, 3, =2 Save (s, -$#, 0-, 0, C, 26, 3=, 30, =2 Savior (Saviour#, C, 3, 66-60 Sawn (sawe$#, 31 Say (-ing#, 1-=, 0, C, 2, =, 0-, 2/, 23, 2, 32-33, =2 Sa+ony, 10, 1C Scan$inavia, 10 Science, 2, 23, 1/, 10, == Scholar (s, -ly, -ship#, 2, 1, 6, -C, 3, =, 0-, 2, 23-2=, 30, 3C=6, 6=, 02 Scribe (s, -al#, 2, 1-6, -C, -=, 0-, 26-20, 2C-32, 31-3=, 303, 1/-1, 11, 16-1, =3-== Scripture (s, -al#, 2, C, 2-=, 0, C-2/, 2, 32, 31, 30, 3C, 1-12, 11, 16-1C, =2-=3, =0 Scrivener, 9. H. !., 2, 13, =3, 0/-0 Seat, 21, 26, 6 Secon$ o%ing, 26 Secret (-ly#, 2, 1/, 10, 0/-0 Secretive, 10
Sect (s#, 2 See$ (s#, 0, 2, 33 Seirais ()&.#, 36, =1 Se%ler, B. S., 1/, 1 Sen$ he 7ight (S7#, 3C Separate (-$, -ion#, =, 20, 3, 30, 1, =2, =6 Separatist, 3 Septuagint, , /, 1/, 16, =2, =1-==, 6/, 0 Sepulchre, =, 2 Seplve$a, Buan )inms $e, 13 Servant, 2, 3/ Seventeen (-th#, 1/, 16, =2, == 0th, 3C, =/ Seventh, 2, 26, 31, 1/, 1-1C, 6C Sheeps&ins, 31 Showe$, 1, 2, 33, 30 Sic& (-ness, -nesses#, 2 Sign (s#, 6, 23, 12, =C Significant (-ly, (-ly, -ance#, 1, 0-, 3, =, 0, 2-21, 2-2C, 3, 3=-36, 3C, 12, 11-16 Silvanus (Silas#, 3/ Si%on, >ichar$, 1/, =1 Sin (s, -ne$, -ful#, =, 0, /, 2-1, 22, 2=, 32, 31, 36-30, =/ Sinai (:t.#, 2, 1/, 11, 10, ==, 62, 0/-0 Sinaitic (-us#, 2, 1-2, 1-, 2/-22, 21, 32, 31, 3, 1/, 12-11, 16, 1, =2, =1-=6, =C-6/, 6=, 6C-0 Sinner (s#, =, 2= Si+teenth (century#, 1, 3C, 1, 1=, == 6th, 3C S&an$alis ()&.#, 3 Slain, 31 Slave, 2, 3/ S%ote, 2/ Society, !%erican 5ible (!5S#, =6 5ritish an$ 9oreign 5ible (595S#, =6 nternational 5ible (5S#, 3C rinitarian 5ible (5S#, 1, =6 So$o%, 2 Son, 1-=, 0, C-, 0, C, 22, 21, 26, 2, 3/, 32, 30-3, 10, =, 606 Soul (s#, 6, 0, 3=, 30, 1, =2-=3 Source (s#, 1-, /, 2-1, 6, -C, 2-26, 2C-36, 3C, 12-13, 1610, 1C, = Sovereign )race Publishers, 1, 0/-02
Spare (-$#, 36 Spea& (s, -ing#, 6, , , 3=-36, 1=, 1C Special (-ly#, 2, 3, = Specific (-ally#, , =, 0-, 2/, 22-26, 2, 3/-3, 33, 11, 16, 1=, =1, =0 Specifie$, 0, 2/-22, 21-26, 3/-32, 3=-3 Spirit, , 2, 6, C, 2=, 2C, 3, 3=-3, 11, =3, =6, 6 Spiritual (-ly, -iEe$#, 2, 1, , 26-20, 2C, 3=, 30, 3C, 12, 11, 10-1C, =2, == Spoiling, 33 Spo&e (-n#, 2, 2, 2, 32, 3=-36, 3, =1 Stan$ (s, -ing#, 6, , /, C, 26, 33-31, 3, 1 Status, 2, =, 22, Stauron ()&.#, 1 Stephanus (Stephens#, >obert, 3=, 1, 1C, == Steppe$, 23 Stereo ()&.#, 3 Stone (s, -$#, , 3, 21, 31, 6C Strength (-ening#, C, 2=, 20, 33, 1/, 11 Strong8s, Strong8s, 6, 22, 21-2=, 32, 30, 1, 1, =0, 02 Struc&, 2/ StugnaEo ()&.#, 6 Stuttgartensia, 5iblia Hebraica, 1= Stylist (s, -ic#, 2, 26, 2-2C, 32, 3C StyliEe$, 3C Sub4ect (s#, 1, 2, 6 Sub4ective, Substance, /, 33 Substitute (-$, -ing#, 22, 20, 3=-36 Suffer (s, -e$#, 3, 33-36, 16 Sufficient, 20, 30 Sug&lrono%ai ()&.#, 2 Support (s, -e$, -ers, -ing, -ive#, 1-1, 6-3C, 1, 13-10, =, =6-=0, =C, 62-63 Sware, 32 Sweat, C Swiss, 1= Swor$, 31 Sworn, 21, 32 Synagogue, 1C, 6C Syna+aria, 1C Syncretis%, 2, 10 Synoptic, 12, 1, 61 Syria, 11, =1, 61 Syriac, 1-3, 16, 1, =/, =2, =1, =C Syrian, =2, =1
T (o$e+#, 2/, 22-23, =C a ()&.#, , 20 abernacle, 33 a&e (s, -n, -ing#, , 26-20, 3/-3, 3C, 13, 10 anta ()&.#, 20 arrie$, 6 artarus, 36, 1 artarosas ()&.#, 36 as ()&.#, 2, 6, 3/ atian, 21 averner8s, 3C eacher (s#, 2, -C, 3, 30, =6 eaching (s#, 2, 12, = eleiosanton eleiosanton ()&.#, 6 eleioteras ()&.#, 33 ell, 1-=, 0, 2/, 23-21, 3C e%ple, , 21, =1 e%pt (-e$#, 31 ent, 10 ertullian, ertullian, 2, 21, 1=, =/, =2 esta%ent, / (covenant# 'ew, 2, 1-=, , 3-=, 3-=, 2/-22, 2=, 20, 2C, 3/, 32, 31, 36, 3C-12, 3C-12, 11-1C, =-=0, 6=-66, 6C-02 l$, /, 1/-1, 1=-10, 1C, =2, =1-==, 02 esta%entu%, 'ovu% ()raece#, 6, 12, =, 02 esti%ony, esti%ony, =-0, C-2, -2/, 22-3, 33-36, =/ e+t (s#, 6, 1-/, 2-6, -2, 23-2C, 3, 33-12, 11-=2, =1-=0, 6/-6=, 0/-0 !le+an$rian (s, !le+.#, =, 0, C-/, 6-0, C, 22-23, 2=, 2-2C, 3, 33-31, 30-3, 1/-1, 13-1=, 10, 1C, =3-=6, 6/, 62-61 5yEantine (5yE.#, 1-=, 0-2, 1-22, 21-2=, 33-1, 11-=/, =2==, =C-61 aesarean (aes.#, =, -/, 2/, 22, 2, 30, 1=, 10, 1C, =1, 6/6, 63-61 ritical (e$ition#, 2-1, , =, , 2/-21, 33-31, 3C-1/, 12, 111C, ==3, ==, 62, 6= :a4ority (:a4., Ï Ï), 1-6, -2, 1-3C, 1-1=, 1, =/-=3, ==-=6, =C, 0-02 :asoretic, 1, 1= :i+e$ (eclectic#, /, 2C, 30, 1C, =2, 6/-61 l$ 7atin (7#, 1-31, 36-30, 1C-=/, =2, =0, =C, 63-61 >eceive$, 10, == *estern, , 2, 1, 1=, 1C, =2, =1, =0, 6/, 62, 61 e+t-type e+t-type (s#, 3, 0, 2, 31, 1/-1, 11-10, 1C-=/, =2-=0, 6/-61
e+tual, 2, 1, 1-=, 2C, 3C, 12, 10-1, =2-=3, =6, 6=, 0 e+tual criticis%, 3, 23, 3C-1/, 12, =-=2, ==, =0, 61, 0/-02 e+tus >eceptus, 1, 6, /-, 6, 22-21, 2C, 33, 3=, 30, 3C, 1, 13, 16-1C, =, ==-=6 han&s, 26 hele%at ()&.#, 36 heologian (s#, 23, 30, 1/, 11-16, 1C, =, =3, ==-=6 heological (-ly#, 1, 22-23, 20-2C, 1/, 13-11, 1, =-=2, ==-=6, 002 heopneustos ()&.#, 1/ heory (-ies#, 1, 2, =, 0-, 2/, 1/-1, 16, 1, =1-=6 herefore, C, C, 2, 21-2=, 20-2, 3, 31, 36 hessalonians he 5oo& of (#, 3/ he church of, 3/ heta (o$e+, N#, 1-2/, 22, 21, 31, 36, = hief, 36 hing (s#, -C, , 1-=, -C, 2=-33, 3=-30, 11, 60 hir$, 2, 2/, 26, 2, 33-31, 3, 1/, 1-12, 11-1=, 10, 1C, = -=2, =1-=0 hrone, /, 21, 2C )reat *hite, 26 hrow (thrown#, 6, 3, 21 i%e (s#, 2, =-6, 1-=, C, 2-23, 2=, 32-33, 3=-36, 3C, 11-1=, 10, =/-=2, =1-==, 66 i%othy (i%otheus# he apostle, 2, 3 he 5oo&s of (,2#, 2, 3, 3C, 13 ischen$orf, 9rie$rich onstantine von, 2, 1, 6, 2-22, 3, 1/, 11, 16-10, =, ==, 6=-66 itus, the 5oo& of, 2 o$ay, o$ay, 2, 6, 1, 32, 1-13, 10, =-=2, ==-=6, 0/-02 oil (-ing#, 3 o%b (s#, 2 oo&, oo&, 3, =, 21, 3/, 33, 13, 6C or%ent (-e$#, =, 31 otal (s, -ing#, /-, C, 2, 1/, 13, 1C-=/, 61-6= ouch, 3 ra$itional (-ly#, , 6, 1, 13, 1=, =/-=, =1-==, =C, 6=, 0/ ranslate (s, -$#, 6, /-, 2/, 2, 3/, 31-3=, 3-3C, 1, 16-10, 1C, =2, ==, =0, 61 ranslation (s#, 1-, , 3, =-, 2/-22, 21-20, 2C-3, 33-36, 311, 16-10, 1C, =-=2, =1-=6, 6=, 60, 0-02 ranslator (s#, 2, 6-, /-6, -26, 2-3, 33-3, 13, 10, == ranspose (s, -$#, 3-1, 23, 33 ree (of life#, 3
regelles, Sa%uel P., 2, 30-3, 1/, 16, =6 respass (-es#, 0, 1 ribulation, the )reat, C rinitarian, =6 rinitarian 5ible Society, 1, =2 riune, =6 rouble$, 23 ruly, 0, 23, 1 runcate (-$#, 0, 3 ruth (s#, 2, , , 3-1, , 23, 20, 2C, 3, 3=, 30, 12-13, 16, =3, 6, 02 ur&ey (country#, =1 wentieth, wentieth, 2, 2, =1 yn$ale yn$ale (8s#, 0, 3/, 36, 3C, 1, 13
?nity, 16 ?niversal (-ly, -is%#, 2, =2, == ?nofficial, 1C, =2 ?northo$o+, 0 ?nproven, ?nregenerate, 26 ?nseen, 1 ?nsoun$, 2, =1 ?nsubstantiate$, 1 ?nworthily, ?nworthily, 20 ?p$ate (-$#, 6, , =, 22, 3C, = ?per ()&. JhKuper#, =, 26 ?phol$ing, 32 ?pper, 1 ?ppercase, =/, =6, = ?rgent, 02 ?>7, 0 ?.S., 02 ?sable, =, 2/, 1=, 10 ?sage, , 22, 32, == ?seless, 31
U ? (o$e+#, 0, 2, =C ?lfilas, 10 ?lti%ately, ?lti%ately, 2, 1/, 13, == ?na$ulterate$, 1 ?nanswere$ (-able#, 2 ?nbelief, 0 ?nbeliever (s, -ing#, 26, 3/, 3=, 3C ?ncial (s#, 1-6, -C, , 3-21, 26-36, 1/, 12, 1=-16, 1, =/-=3, =6, =C-61, 0/-0 ?ncircu%cision, 2C ?nclean, 3 ?nction, 30 ?n$erlying, 2, 1, , , 22, 2C-3/, 1, 11-1=, =-=2, =1-=6, 6= ?n$erta&ing, 02 ?n$er%ine, 1, 1/ ?n$erneath, =, 2/ ?n$erstan$ (-ing#, 0, C, =, 3=, 30, 3C, 12 ?n$erstate%ent, 0-, 22 ?n$erwent, 3C ?n$ignifie$, 2C ?nfaithfulness, 0 ?nfashionable, 3 ?nfeigne$, 3= ?ngo$ly, 2= ?nholy, 1, 0 ?nification, 12, 16 ?niMue (-ly#, 22, 20, 36, = ?nitarian (s, -is%#, 11, 10, =3, =6 ?nite$ 5ible Societies (?5S#, =, 1/, =1, =6, 02 ?5S, =, 0, C, 2-1, 6, 2/-2=, 2C-3/, 32-33, 3=, 30, 3C-1/, =, =3-=0
V < (o$e+#, 0, 2 evise$ (@><#, 2, 1, 1/, 11, 16-1 Ding Ba%es (DB<#, 1, 1/-1, 11, 16, 1C, 0 >evise$ Stan$ar$ (>S<#, 6
*in$, 2C, =3 *ine, / *is$o%, 2, 3, 30 *itness (-es#, 0-3, =, , 2/, 23-26, 2-2C, 3=, 3, 10, =-=2, =C6/, 61, 6 *oe, C *o%an (-en#, 0, 6, 26 *or$ ()o$8s# ()o$8s# , 2, 6, =, 0, 2C, 30, 3C, 1-13, =6, 6 (hrist#, 0 *or&s, *or&s, 6, 32, 31-36, 12 (go$ly#, =2 *orl$ (8s, (8s, -ly#, C, 26, 3, 31, 3-3C, 12, 11-1=, 1, =, =1-==, 60, 0/-0 *or%, 3 *orthy, C *rath, C, 3/, 3 *retche$, 30 *ritten, 2, , 0, 2=, 20, 1/, 12, 1-1C, =, =3, =6, 6/-62 *rong (-ly, (-ly, -ful J-fullyK#, 6, 2, 2/, 21-2=, 2-3, 31-3, 13 *rong$oing, *rong$oing, 1
W * (o$e+#, 1-1, 6-21, =C *aite, ". !., 2, 1=, =, 0-02 *al$enses, *al$enses, =2 *al& (-ing#, 2=, 30 *allace, "aniel 5., 13, =0 *an$er (-e$#, 31 *anton, 3C *ash (-e$#, 3 *atch (-ful, -fulness#, =, C *ater, 23 *ea& (-ness#, , 2=-20, 11 *eather, 6 *ealth (-y#, 1 *eight *eight (influence#, 6 3=, 30 *eiss, 5ernar$, 6, 22, = *estcott, *estcott, 5. 9., 6, 2-22, 21, 36, 3, 1/-1, 16, 1, =, 0 *estern (te+t-type#, (te+t-type#, , 2, 1, 1=, 1C, =2, =1, =0, 6/, 62, 61 *ettstein, *ettstein, B. B ., 16 *ey%outh, *ey%outh, >ichar$, 6, = *heaton, 0 *hite, )reat (throne#, 6 *hittingha% (8s#, *illia%, 1 *hole (-ly#, 0, 23, 30 *holesale (change#, 13 *hosoever, 1, 0-, 3, 23, 31 *ic&e$, =, 3 *i$ow (8s#, C *ife, 0, 26
X F (o$e+#, 6, 0, 2
Y e, =-0, C, 1-=, -C, 20, 3, 33-3=, 30-3, 12, 6C ear (s#, 2, 1, =, 2, 3C-1/, 13, 1=, 10-1C, =3, =6, 6C, 02 iel$, 2 on$er, 0
Z W (o$e+#, 1, 6-/, =C Woen ()&.#, 23 Won$ervan (8s#, =, , 2/-2, 32-33, 30, 3C, 12, =0, 0 Wophou ()&.#, 36, =1
