THE LEVEL OF GRAMMATICAL GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCIES OF THE FOUR FOURTH TH YEAR GR GRADUA ADUATING TING STUDE STUDENTS NTS Bernardo Lirio Memorial National Hi! S"!ool Dara#a$ Tana%an Cit&$ Batana#
Submitted by: Bi#"o"!o$ Eri"a 'oi F( Ma#ino$ Dolore# R( Balatero$ '!on Da)e L( Mala*anan$ C!ri#tian Lo+e,$ '%l%i# P(
Date:
Chapter I Introduction
C%rri"%l%m -or t!e rad%atin #t%dent# re.%ire# rammar #!o%ld *e +art o- t!eir /no0lede a# a +art o- t!eir learnin at #"!ool( A# a +rere.%i#ite$ rammar !a# *een ta%!t in !i! #"!ool and at ot!er #"!ool a# 0ell( In lin%i#ti"#$ rammar i# t!e #et o- #tr%"t%ral r%le# o)ernin t!e "om+o#ition o- "la%#e#$ +!ra#e#$ and 0ord# in an& i)en nat%ral lan%ae( T!e term re-er# al#o to t!e #t%d& o- #%"! r%le#$ and t!i# 1eld in"l%de# mor+!olo&$ #&nta2$ and +!onolo&$ o-ten "om+lemented *& +!oneti"#$ #emanti"#$ and +ramati"#( Al#o$ rammati"al "om+eten"e i# t!e a*ilit& to re"oni,e and +rod%"e t!e di#tin"ti)e rammati"al #tr%"t%re# o- a lan%ae and to %#e t!em e3e"ti)el& in "omm%ni"ation( So$ 0!& #t%d& rammar4 5!en &o% #t%d& rammar$ &o% are #t%d&in t!e #tr%"t%re o- lan%ae#$ and learnin a*o%t !o0 lan%ae# 0or/( Grammar all *& it#el- 0ill not ma/e &o% a ood 0riter or a reader( T!e a""%ra"& in t!e #enten"e de+end# on t!e learner6# ma#ter& and /no0lede o- rammar( Grammar i# *elie)ed to *e t!e mo#t im+ortant -a"tor in term# o- lan%ae( So 0!& are t!ere "a#e# a*o%t t!e 0ron rammar o- t!e #t%dent#4 In #ome "a#e#$ t!e& are not -amiliar 0it! t!e 0ord# %#ed in a +arti"%lar #enten"e$ or t!e& reall& do not !a)e intere#t# in #t%d&in rammar( Alt!o%! in toda&7# "%rrent #it%ation$ rammar !a# *een t!o%!t to #t%dent# t!oro%!l& *& t!e tea"!er#$ *%t #t%dent# "!oo#e to +a& a little attention to it( 5it! t!e#e$ t!e #tat%# o- t!e rammati"al "om+eten"& o- t!e rad%atin #t%dent# doe#n6t !a)e t!e a##%ran"e -or t!e ad)an"ed le)el o- rammar(
A""ordin to 5illiam B( Brad#!a0$ an a%t!or o- a rammar *oo/ #a&# t!at reardle## o- t!e "o%ntr& or t!e lan%ae$ rammar i# t!e -o%ndation -or "omm%ni"ation( T!e *etter t!e rammar$ t!e "learer t!e me##ae$ t!e more li/eli!ood o- %nder#tandin t!e me##ae6# intent and meanin( Hen"e$ i- &o% do not /no0 t!e +ro+er %#ae o- rammar and i- &o% don6t #t%d& to !a)e t!e eno%! /no0lede a*o%t rammar &o% 0ill /ee+ ma/in t!e #ame mi#ta/e# o)er and o)er aain( So t!e im+ortan"e o- rammar i# t!at to en#%re t!at 0!at &o% 0rite i# "orre"tl& "om+re!ended and i# ea#& and en8o&a*le to read( 5ritin t!at i# +oorl& +%n"t%ated and "ontain# rammati"al error# i# di9"%lt to read and #ometime# im+o##i*le to %nder#tand( I- t!e reader !a# to o *a"/ and re:read a #enten"e #e)eral time# *e"a%#e t!e& are not .%ite #%re 0!at it mean#$ it #+oil# t!eir readin e2+erien"e and t!e& are .%ite li/el& to mi#%nder#tand t!e +oint or e)en to i)e %+ and not read an& -%rt!er( A""ordin to Sara! Bron#on$ an eHo0 "ontri*%tor$ no matter 0!at lan%ae &o% %#e to #+ea/ or 0rite$ %#in "orre"t rammar not onl& !el+# &o% "omm%ni"ate more e3e"ti)el& and +re"i#el&$ *%t al#o !el+# &o% a)oid em*arra##ment( Aro%nd t!e 0orld$ "orre"t rammar i# an indi"ation t!at t!e #+ea/er or 0riter i# an ed%"ated +er#on 0!o %nder#tand# t!e n%an"e# o- t!e lan%ae$ 0!ile rammar error# "an indi"ate t!at &o% are not -o"%#in on &o%r 0ord# or$ 0or#e$ t!at &o% do not %nder#tand t!e me"!ani"# o- &o%r o0n lan%ae( T!e rea#on 0!& 0e "ond%"ted t!e re#ear"! i# to determine t!e le)el o- t!e rammati"al "om+eten"ie# o- t!e -o%rt! &ear #t%dent#$ and to !el+ o%r -ello0 rad%atin #t%dent# to e2tend t!eir /no0lede o- rammar( T!i# re#ear"! ma& !el+ t!e #t%dent#$ tea"!er# and al#o t!e re#ear"!er# to an#0er t!eir .%e#tion# a*o%t 0!& i# t!ere a 0ron rammar o- t!e #t%dent# and to im+ro)e t!e #t%dent#6 rammar(
Research Questions
T!e #t%d& aimed to determine t!e le)el o- t!e rammati"al "om+eten"ie# o- t!e #t%dent# amon t!e -o%rt! &ear rad%atin #t%dent# o- Bernardo Lirio Memorial National Hi! S"!ool( S+e"i1"all& t!e #t%d& #o%!t to an#0er t!e -ollo0in; <( 5!at i#=are t!e "ommon mi#ta/e# o- t!e -o%rt! &ear rad%atin #t%dent# in t!eir %#ae o- rammar4 >( Doe# t!e Enli#! tea"!er#6 tea"!in met!odoloie# a3e"t# t!e #t%dent6# "om+eten"& le)el in t!e %#e o- "orre"t rammar4 ?( I# t!ere relation#!i+ a*o%t t!e re#+ondent#7 +ro1le 0it! t!eir "om+eten"& le)el4
Research Objective
T!e aim o- t!e 0or/ de#"ri*ed in t!i# re#ear"! 0a# to im+ro)e t!e "om+eten"& le)el o- t!e #t%dent# in rammar *& "ond%"tin t!i# re#ear"!$ and -orm%latin !&+ot!e#i# -or t!e #aid +ro*lem( T!e re#ear"! o*8e"ti)e# in"l%de; 1. To determine t!e le)el o- t!e rammati"al "om+eten"ie# o- t!e -o%rt! &ear rad%atin #t%dent#( 2. To !el+ o%r -ello0 rad%atin #t%dent# to e2tend t!eir /no0lede o- rammar(
Signicance o! the Study
T!e Enli#! 'o%rnal @<>$ Ronald '( Go*a #aid t!at rammar #!o%ld *e ta%!t in o%r #"!ool#( B& rammar$ t!e #&#tem o- lan%ae$ t!e 0a&# 0ord# are -ormed and +o#itioned in Enli#! to ma/e meanin#( Hen"e$ t!i# #t%d& 0ill *e *ene1"ial to t!e #"!ool# in +romotin Enli#! "om+eten"e( B& t!i# #t%d&$ t!e "%rri"%l%m de)elo+er# "an identi-& more #%ita*le Enli#! +roram# -or !i! #"!ool# to -%rt!er en!an"e t!e rammar o- #t%dent#( B& t!i# #t%d&$ tea"!er# ma& al#o learn #trateie# in tea"!in t!e "orre"t %#ae o- rammar and *e a*le to ma/e it a# "om+re!en#i)e a# +o##i*le( T!i# #t%d& 0ill *e #ini1"ant in /no0in t!e "ommon mi#ta/e# in t!e %#e o- rammar( B& %nder#tandin 0!at are t!e "ommon error# in rammar$ #t%dent# 0ill *e a*le to /no0 0!i"! to+i" to -o"%# on( T!i# ma& !el+ t!em to en!an"e t!eir rammati"al "om+eten"e( More im+ortantl&$ t!i# re#ear"! 0ill ed%"ate t!e #t%dent# !o0 t!e& need to *e +ro1"ient in %#in "orre"t rammar( In addition$ it ma& al#o !el+ t!e re#ear"!er to an#0er t!eir .%e#tion# a*o%t 0!& i# t!ere a 0ron rammar o- t!e #t%dent#( Al#o$ it ma& "on"l%de t!em to +ro)e t!eir re#ear"! a*o%t t!e #t%dent#6 le)el "om+eten"ie#(
Denition o! terms
Term# !ere are "onte2t%all& and o+erationall& de1ned -or *etter %nder#tandin o- t!e reader#;
"ssurance
O+erational; t!e #%rene## o- a t!in( Conte2t%al; -eelin o- "ertaint& #el-:"on1den"e +romi#e Competence#Competency
O+erational; t!e a*ilit& o- #omet!in Conte2t%al; 1tne## #%9"ien"& eno%! to li)e on 0it! "om-ort "a+a"it& leal +o0er o- "a+a"it& $oundation
O+erational; an idea$ +rin"i+le or -a"t to +ro)e a "ertain t!in Conte2t%al; a -o%ndin or *ein -o%nded an endo0ment -or an in#tit%tion #%"! an in#tit%tion t!e *a#e o- a !o%#e$ 0all$ et"($ a 0oman6# #%++ortin %nderarment
%rammar
O+erational; #tr%"t%re o- t!e 0!ole lan%ae Conte2t%al; lan%ae #t%d& dealin 0it! t!e -orm# o- 0ord# and 0it! t!eir arranement in #enten"e# a #&#tem o- r%le# -or #+ea/in and 0ritin a lan%ae one6# manner o#+ea/in and 0ritin a# 8%ded *& #%"! r%le# a rammar te2t*oo/ t!e +rin"i+le# or r%le# in art$ #"ien"e$ or te"!ni.%e( Importance
O+erational; )al%e o- a t!in Conte2t%al; t!e #tate or -a"t o- *ein o- reat #ini1"an"e or )al%e( &anguage
O+erational; a met!od -or "omm%ni"ation Conte2t; !%man #+ee"! or t!e 0ritten #&m*ol# o- #+ee"! an& mean# o- "omm%ni"atin a #+e"ial #et o- #&m*ol# %#ed in a "om+%ter$ t!e #+ee"! o- a +arti"%lar nation$ et"( t!e +arti"%lar #t&le o- )er*al e2+re##ion "!ara"teri#ti"# or
a +er#on$ ro%+$ +ro-e##ion$ et"( 'uances
O+erational; di3eren"e or deree Conte2t%al; a deli"ate deree or #!ade o- di3eren"e( (rere)uisite
O+erational; a re.%irement -or #omet!in Conte2t%al; a "ondition or re.%irement t!at m%#t *e -%l1lled *e-ore!and$ re.%ired a# a "ondition o- #omet!in el#e(
Chapter II Re*ated &iterature and Study Re*ated &iterature
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HEIGHTENING GRAMMATICAL A5ARENESS IN ENGLISH *& Ol"a& Sert$ Ha"ette+e Uni)er#it&$ T%r/e&( T!i# arti"le di#"%##e# a #t%dent +ro8e"t 0!i"! !el+# ELT @Enli#! Lan%ae Tea"!in #t%dent# de)elo+ t!eir rammati"al a0arene##$ a# 0ell a# lin%i#ti" "om+eten"e and +er-orman"e at %++er:intermediate or ad)an"ed le)el#( En"o%rain #t%dent# to "arr& o%t re#ear"! on Enli#! rammar$ "olle"tin data$ e)al%atin #tr%"t%re# o- lan%ae in %#e$ dra0in %+on t!e di#"o%r#e# o- mo)ie#$ media and literat%re$ i# o*)io%#l& *ene1"ial to -orein lan%ae learner# in man& re#+e"t# a#
t!e& "annot *e e2+o#ed to taret lan%ae and it# "%lt%re in nat%ral #ettin#( From t!i#$ it i# +o##i*le to "laim t!at -orein lan%ae learner# #!o%ld *e dire"ted to t!e di#"o%r#e o- nati)e #+ea/er# in order to !a)e an %nder#tandin o- lan%ae in %#e -rom a de#"ri+ti)e +er#+e"ti)e rat!er t!an -ollo0in t!e #%*8e"ti)e +re#"ri+ti)e rammar r%le#(
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ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE BASED ON AUTHENTIC TETS *& Yon"a O,/an$ A##i#tant Pro-e##or$ Elt De+artment$ Uni)er#it& O- C%/%ro)a$ T%r/e& T!i# #t%d& ill%#trate# !o0 alternati)e a##e##ment "o%ld *e made o*#er)in *ot! re"onition and +rod%"tion #/ill# o- t!e +arti"i+ant# 0!o 0ere Enli#! lan%ae #t%dent# at t!e ELT de+artment$ Uni)er#it& o- C%/%ro)a( In an Enli#! Conte2t%al Grammar "o%r#e$ ne0# arti"le# 0ere %#ed a# le##on material d%rin t!e 1r#t term o- t!e >:>< a"ademi" &ear$ and a midterm and a +rore## te#t 0ere admini#tered -ollo0in a rat!er %n"on)entional #et o- +ro"ed%re#( T!e #t%d& di#+la&# #%"! +ro"ed%re# aimin to #!o0 !o0 an e3e"ti)e and tr%l& learner:"entered a++roa"! to a##e##ment o- rammati"al "om+eten"e "an *e em*ra"ed &ieldin an alternati)e t&+e to t!e "on)entional a##e##ment met!od# in t!e 1eld o- Enli#! lan%ae tea"!in @ELT t!ro%! t!e %#e o- taret lan%ae ne0# arti"le# it al#o ree"t# #t%dent#6 +er"e+tion# a*o%t t!e alternati)e met!od +re#ented in t!i# #t%d&(
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COMPETENCY LEVEL OF COLLEGE STUDENTS ON THEUSE OF ARTICLES IN 5RITTEN DISCOURSE *& Eli,a*et! Ann T( G%tierre, o- De La Salle Uni)er#it& -rom Ta-t A)en%e$ Manila$ P!ili++ine#
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Arti"le# are #aid to *e one o- t!e mo#t %#e 0ord# in Enli#!( Alt!o%! arti"le# are di9"%lt in nat%re mo#t +eo+le doe#n6t !a)e -%ll a0arene## o- !o0 it i# %#ed( In >J t!e admini#tration o- L&"e%m o- t!e P!ili++ine# Uni)er#it& de"ided to terminate rammar #%*8e"t# o- CTIHM @Collee o- To%ri#m and International Ho#+italit& Manaement in t!eir "%rri"%l%m to add a ne0 #%*8e"t related to HRM @Hotel and Re#ta%rant manaement$ 0it! t!e a##%m+tion t!at t!e #t%dent# are alread& +ro1"ient eno%! in Enli#! #in"e rammar i# alread& t!o%!t d%rin t!eir !i! #"!ool &ear#( In t!i# reard t!e re#ear"!er 0o%ld t!en determine t!e "om+eten"e o- CTIHM #t%dent# #in"e t!e Non:CTIHM #t%dent# retain t!eir rammar "la##e#( Ho0e)er$ *ot! "ollee ro%+# 0ill ta/e ENGL<>A @5ritin in t!e di#"i+line( T!i# #t%d& anal&,ed t!e "om+eten"& le)el o- ENGN<>A #t%dent# in t!eir %#e o- arti"le# in 0ritten di#"o%r#e( S+e"i1"all& t!e #t%d& #o%!t to an#0er t!e -ollo0in; @< 0!at i#=are t!e "ommon mi#ta/e@# o- CITHM and Non:CITHM in t!eir %#e o- arti"le#4 @> Doe# t!e ne0 "%rri"%l%m a3e"t t!e #t%dent6# "om+eten"& le)el in t!e %#e o- t!e Enli#! arti"le #&#tem4 @? I# t!ere a relation#!i+ *et0een t!e re#+ondent#6 +ro1le 0it! t!eir "om+eten"& le)el4 Ea"! re#+ondent 0a# i)en a .%e#tionnaire +atterned -rom Cam*ride Uni)er#it& ESOL te#t in rammar to e2amine t!eir +ro1"ien"&( T!e #"ore# 0ere mea#%red a""ordin to t!e K%*e" S"ale o- Com+eten"e to "lari-& t!eir le)el# in Enli#! lan%ae( T!e re#%lt# o- t!e #t%d& "an *e %#ed a# a *a#i# -or de)elo+in t!e "%rri"%l%m and "o%ld al#o *e %#e-%l in tea"!in arti"le# in "la##room di#"o%r#e( It i# al#o *ene1"ial to -%t%re re#ear"!er 0!o aim# to #t%d& #&nta2 and mor+!olo&(
Re*ated Study
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FROM GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE TO GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT PERFORMANCE; AN EMPIRICAL STUDY 5ITH REGARD TO THE ENGLISH FUTURE TENSE SYSTEM( B& S"!neider$ El/e( Ma#ter7# T!e#i#$ Miami Uni)er#it&( T!i# t!e#i# -o"%#e# on t!e tran#-era*ilit& o- rammati"al "om+eten"e to rammati"all& "orre"t +er-orman"e in t!e -%t%re ten#e in <t! rade German #t%dent# 0!o 0ere learnin Enli#! a# a Se"ond Lan%ae( T!e oal 0a# to #%e#t an em+iri"al "ontri*%tion to t!e i##%e o- 0!et!er im+li"it or e2+li"it /no0lede o- rammati"al r%le# or rammati"al "om+eten"e
!a# an& dire"t im+a"t on it# "orre"t a++li"ation in rammati"al +er-orman"e( St%dent "omm%ni"ati)e e3e"ti)ene## 0a# a##e##ed %#in a +a##i)e rammar te#t$ an im+li"it=e2+li"it te#t$ and a +er-orman"e letter 0ritin te#t 0it! -o"%# on "ontent( Re#%lt# indi"ate t!at ?(? o- #t%dent# a)e e)iden"e o- a tran#-er o- "om+eten"e to +er-orman"e 0!en %#in t!e Enli#! -%t%re ten#e$ #%e#tin t!at rammar +ra"ti"e #!o%ld *e /e+t in a "omm%ni"ati)el&:oriented -rame0or/ to ma/e tran#-er ea#ier( Te#t material# and .%antitati)e data re#%lt# are a++ended( @Contain# an e2ten#i)e li#t o- re-eren"e#( @NAV
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AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN CONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH AMONG ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN THE LITERARY OPTION; THE CASE OF RUSII AND NYAMASHEE DISTRICTS *& Valen# Na*o&era$ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF R5ANDA
St%dent#$ and e#+e"iall& #t%dent# in de)elo+in "o%ntrie#$ -re.%entl& remain de1"ient in t!e a*ilit& to a"t%all& %#e t!e lan%ae and to %nder#tand it# %#e in normal "omm%ni"ation( T!ere-ore$ t!e la"/ o- "omm%ni"ati)e "om+eten"e in "on)er#ational Enli#! amon E(L( learner# "an "a%#e a #erio%# +ro*lem to t!e 0!ole R0andan #o"iet& in eneral and +arti"%larl& to t!e learner# t!em#el)e#( T!i# #t%d& intend# to ill%#trate t!e e2tent to 0!i"! E(L( learner# in t!e literar& o+tion are "omm%ni"ati)el& "om+etent in "on)er#ational Enli#! and -a"tor# t!at in%en"e t!at "om+eten"e( To a"!ie)e t!i#
o*8e"ti)e$ t!ree re#ear"! .%e#tion# and t!ree !&+ot!e#e# 0ere %#ed( T!e +o+%lation tareted *& t!i# #t%d& 0a# made o- ?JJ #t%dent# and tea"!er# o- Enli#! in t!e literar& o+tion in R%#i,i and N&ama#!e/e( U#in t!e +%r+o#i)e #am+lin and t!e random #am+lin te"!ni.%e# Q? and tea"!er# 0ere #ele"ted a# t!e #am+le o- t!e #t%d&( T0o re#ear"! in#tr%ment#; t!e .%e#tionnaire and t!e te#t 0ere %#ed in t!e "olle"tion o- data( A-ter te#tin t!e )alidit& oin#tr%ment# t!e .%e#tionnaire 0a# admini#tered *& t!e re#ear"!er and !e manaed to "ontrol o)er t!e #t%dent# 0!o #at -or t!e te#t to +re)ent t!em -rom "!eatin( T!en$ t!e .%antitati)e met!od o- data anal&#i# 0a# %#ed( It 0a# -o%nd o%t t!at #t%dent# are not "omm%ni"ati)el& "om+etent in "on)er#ational Enli#!( T!i# re#%lt# in t!e -a"t t!at < o- tea"!er# #a& t!at t!eir #t%dent# are not intere#ted in %#in E(L( in real:li-e "omm%ni"ation$ and t!at t!e& -eel #!& 0!en %#in Enli#! o%t#ide t!e "la##room 0!ile ?( o- #t%dent# #a& t!at t!e& +re-er to *e more a""%rate rat!er t!an %ent in t!eir #+ee"!( It 0a# al#o noti"ed t!at$ de#+ite #t%dent# and tea"!er#7 a0arene## o- a +aramo%nt im+ortan"e o- %#in a%dio:)i#%al e.%i+ment in E(L( tea"!in and learnin$ tea"!er# do not %#e #ome o- t!e#e tea"!in aid# t!at are a)aila*le in t!eir #"!ool# in E(L( tea"!in( For in#tan"e$ o- tea"!er# #a& t!at t!e& %#e onl& radio in E(L( tea"!in( T!en$ it 0a# -o%nd t!at oral lan%ae #/ill# are i)en le## em+!a#i#( T!i# #t%d& !a# #ome im+li"ation# to t!e de)elo+ment o- oral #/ill# -or "omm%ni"ati)e +%r+o#e# amon E(L( learner#( Sin"e #t%dent# are not intere#ted in %#in Enli#! in real:li-e #it%ation#$ t!e& "an not *e "omm%ni"ati)el& "om+etent( T!en$ #in"e tea"!er# do not %#e %+dated tea"!in aid#$ #t%dent# 0o%ld al0a&# 1nd t!eir E(L( learnin *orin( T!ere-ore$ to
o)er"ome t!i# +ro*lem$ learner#$ tea"!er# and de"i#ion:ma/er# need mainl& to *e a0are o- it(
+ib*iography •
G%iterre,$ Eli,a*et! Ann T( Com+eten"& le)el o- "ollee #t%dent# ON THE USE OF ARTICLES IN 5RITTEN DISCOURSE
https://www.academia.edu/3791079/Competency_level_of_c ollege_students_ON_!"_#$"_O%_&'(C)"$_(N_*'("N_+($CO# '$"
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Van Horne$ Mar)in L( Enli#! <<
http://lessons.englishg,amma,101.com/"nglish-,amma,101/ (nt,oduction.asp ( <?J:>J( •
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Gineri"!$ 'on( > Common Grammar Mi#ta/e# T!at @Almo#t E)er&one Ma/e#
http://lit,eacto,.com/columns/02common2g,amma,2 mistaes2that2almost2eve,yone2gets2w,ongpage4. 'an%ar& ?<$ ><>( •
Ben#/&$ Pat( 5!& i# it im+ortant to %#e "orre"t rammar4
http://www.t,ace,p,ess.com/,efe,ence/why2is2co,,ect2 g,amma,2impo,tant.php. •
National Co%n"il o- Tea"!er# in Enli#!$ Ronald 'o*a and Poll& Bro0n T!e Enli#! 'o%rnal Vol( Q<$ No(?$ Mar($ <>$ ++( >:>? http://www.6sto,.o,g/stale/i3383
http://www.6sto,.o,g/discove,/10.307/17013 sid411018803;uid4<;uid4373<;uid4 •
O"la&$ Sert( Hei!tenin Grammati"al A0arene## in Enli#! http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/awa,eness. >(
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O,"an$ Yon/a( A##e##ment o- Grammati"al Com+eten"e Ba#ed on A%t!enti" Te2t#
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S"!neider$ El/e( From Grammati"al Com+eten"e to Grammati"all& Corre"t Per-orman"e; An Em+iri"al St%d& 0it! Reard to t!e Enli#! F%t%re Ten#e S&#tem( http://e,ic.ed.gov/id4"+3981.
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Na*o&era$ Valen#( An E)al%ati)e St%d& o- Comm%ni"ati)e Com+eten"e in Con)er#ational Enli#! amon Enli#! Lan%ae Learner# in t!e Literar& O+tion; T!e Ca#e o- R%#i,i and N&ama#!e/e Di#tri"t#
http://www.memoi,eonline.com/1/0/1773/&n2"valuative2 $tudy2of2Communicative2Competence2in2Conve,sational2"nglish2 among2"nglish2)anguage2)ea.html_oc1370<. De"em*er >J( • • •
http://inst,uct.uwo.ca/w,iting/wg/why.htm www.google.com %eddes , %rosset. Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus. 2--. (rint.
