7
@ogptdr 7 ]OD \RKBADE GNM F]P P@K\D Fntrkmu`tfkn
Ogm tod wkram bddn cfaadm wfto pdkpad wok mk nkt fnmu`d fn egifnj `ognjds, ouegn bdfnjs wkuam ogvd nkt bddn dxfstdnt tkmgy. ]od `kntfnukus prkpgjgtfkn kc egnifnm fs g `krd prkkc kc tod inkwadmjd togt ogs bddn mfvfnday dnmkwdm murfnj tod prfeftfvd drg. ]od prfedvga pdkpad vfsfbay strfvdm ogrm tk g`ofdvd dmu`gtfkn, rdcad`tfvd kc tod pdris togt gaa kc us ogvd bddn dnhkyfnj fn tofs `dntury. ]od strgtdjy fn adgrnfnj ogs rdgaay mrfvdn gaknj tod `urvds kvdr tod pgssfnj ydgrs, tod rkke ckr feprkvdednts ogs bddn k``upfdm gnm tod k``upgnts ogvd bkujot akts tk bufam vg`gn`fds. Edrday, tod dvkautfkn kc dmu`gtfkn ogs `kntfnugaay upjrgmdm gnm wfaa `kntfnud tk mk sk fn tod cuturd by tod gfm kc toksd wok ogvd kbtgfndm inkwadmjd torkujo dmu`gtfkn. ]kmgy, tod ykuto grd gppkfntdm gs tod 27 st `dntury adgrndrs gnm tod dnmdgrednt jkds bdyknm tod edrd edgnfnj kc tod `agfe. Bdfnj g pgrt kc tod 27 st `dntury, stumdnts grd gutkegtf`gaay gssfjndm tk dnjgjd fn g`qufrfnj tod `krd `kepdtdn`fds kc adgrnfnj su`o gs `rftf`ga tofnifnj, prkbade skavfnj, `kkpdrgtfkn, gnm mfjftga aftdrg`y. Pyn`orknkus tk tod ekmdrnfzgtfkn gaa kc us ogvd bddn dnhkyfnj tkmgy, edmfues tk odapfnj g `drtgfn adgrndr ogs gask mdvdakpdm crke prfntdm egtdrfgas tk d-adgrnfnj ekmuads. Fn cg`t, tod fntdrndt ogs bddn bd`ked g edmfue fn dmu`gtfnj adgrndrs gs kc tkmgy. Gsfmd crke todsd, tg`tf`s fn odapfnj g `drtgfn stumdnt kn ofs pdmgjkjf`ga nddms ogs bddn fnvdntdm. Fn tkmgy‖s `agssrkkes, ekst trgmftfknga wgys fn adgrnfnj grd sakway gmgptfnj tk sked wfmd `ognjds. Zfto tod dvkautfkn kc td`onkakjy, ft fs afiday `kn`dfvgbad tk trgnsckre tod wgy pdkpad mfs`kvdr gnm unmdrstgnm tod cg`ts prdsdntdm tk tode. Fn
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tod trgmftfknga wgy kc adgrnfnj, stumdnts adgrn torkujo g crkntga sdssfkn wfto tod tdg`odr. Ptumdnts grd jrgntdm g``dss tk tod fnstru`tkrs, tody fntdrg`t wfto knd gnktodr gnm tody adgrn torkujo togt edtokm. But gs ft ogs bddn prdvfkusay sgfm, wd grd bkunm tk gmgpt tk `ognjds ckr `ognjds grd `knstgnt fn tofs wkram. ]odrdckrd, edntkrs gnm stumdnts grd bkunm tk eddt tod `ogaadnjds kc `kpfnj up wfto tod rdvkautfkn kc adgrnfnj. G ofjoafjot kc gaa todsd `ognjds fs Badnmdm Adgrnfnj (BA). BA fnvkavds g stumdnt adgrnfnj pgrtay torkujo knafnd fnstru`tfkn gnm pgrtay wfto g tdg`odr fn g s`okka bufamfnj. Ptumdnts egy `kepadtd knafnd fnstru`tfkn fn g `agssrkke, g `keputdr agb, kr gt oked, wfto vgryfnj mdjrdds kc `kntrka kvdr tfed, pag`d, pgto, gnm pg`d. (Mdnfs`k, 2<70) Okwdvdr, BA gppdgrs tk ogvd bddn fn usd sfn`d tod pkpuagr gmvdnt kc tod Fntdrndt gnm tod Zkram Zfmd Zdb fn tod agtd 766
subsdqudntay `knvdrjdm gnm stgbfafzdm. Crke 2<<3 tk tod prdsdnt, badnmdm adgrnfnj ogs bddn unmdrstkkm gs g `kebfngtfkn kc cg`d tk cg`d gnm td`onkakjy edmfgtdm “
“
“
fnstru`tfknga ckres gnm prg`tf`ds. Gt tod sged tfed, tod porgsds ‑cg`d tk cg`d― gnm “
“
td`onkakjf`ga edmfgtfkn todesdavds egy jdndrgaay bdndcft crke curtodr mdcfnftfkn gnm `kntdxtugafzgtfkn. (Crdfsdn, 2<72) Ckr tofs rdgskn, tofs pkrtfkn crke tod fntrkmu`tfkn gfes tk
egp
kut
tod
mdcfnftfkn
kc
BA
fn
sfepad
wkrms.
Jdndrgaay,
tod tdre badnmdm adgrnfnj fs gppafdm gp pafdm tk t k tod prg`tf`d kc usfnj bkto bkt o knafnd knafn d gnm fnpdrskn adgrnfnj dxpdrfdn`ds wodn tdg`ofnj stumdnts. (dmjakssgry.krj, 2<70) Fn Gedrf`g, twk-tofrms twk- tofrms kc tod ngtfkn‖s 7=,<<< mfstrf`ts kccdrdm sked ifnm kc BA kptfkn fn 2<72, g``krmfnj tk g tod 2<70 vdrsfkn kc tod by tod Dvdrjrddn Dmu`gtfkn Jrkup gnnuga ‑Iddpfnj \g`d wfto I -72 Knafnd gnm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj― rdpkrt, BA fs
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sprdgmfnj quf`iay. quf` iay. ]od ‑Iddpfnj \g`d― rdpkrt ckunm togt cuaay badnmdm s`okkas grd kpdrgtfnj fn gt adgst 2= stgtds gnm Zgsofnjtkn, M@. Knafnd gnm badnmdm prkjrges grd nkw jrkwfnj ekrd rgpfmay fn pubaf` s`okkas togn tody grd fn `ogrtdrs, tod rdpkrt ckunm. By 2<76, gbkut 4< pdr`dnt kc gaa ofjo s`okka `kursds wfaa bd knafnd, tod @agytkn @orfstdnsdn Fnstftutd dstfegtds (Mdnfs`k, 2<70). Gnm sfn`d badnmdm adgrnfnj adgrnfnj ogs bd`ked egfnstrdge kn ktodr `kuntrfds `kuntrfds ckr tod pgssfnj ydgrs, tod Cgtodr kc F] fn tod \ofafppfnds, Mr. Gegbad G. Gjufauz, fnftfgtdm tod unfqud badnmdm adgrnfnj systde fn tod \ofafppfnds. ]od badnmdm adgrnfnj togt GEGDP prkpksds stgtds togt tody prkvfmd dmu`gtfkn wftokut bkrmdrs, gnm hust agst s`okka ydgr 2<73-7:, tod pfknddrfnj bgt`o kc Itk72 dmu`gtfkn fn tod \ofafppfnds, GEGBD Jrgmd 77 stumdnts ogvd dxpdrfdn`dm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj ” 4<% wfto tdg`odr fn s`okka gnm 4<% knafnd. ]ordd mgys g wddi, tody mk `kncrkntgtfknga adgrnfnj wfto tod tdg`odr. ]od agttdr twk mgys, tody stumy knafnd kn todfr kwn gt todfr `oksdn pag`d, tfed gnm pg`d jfvfnj tode tod kppkrtunfty tk bdttdr unmdrstgnm g subhd`t egttdr bdckrd ekvfnj kn tk tod ndxt tkpf`. (GEGDP Ndws, 2<73) ]ofs mrdw tod fntdrdst kc tod rdsdgr`odrs fn prkbfnj fntk tod prkbade, tod dmu`gtfkn systde kc GEG wgs rdg`ogbad tk tod rdsdgr`odrs gnm tod rdsuats kc ft tkwgrms tod adgrnfnj kc tod stumdnts grd ckunm fntrfjufnj. ]ous, tod dxfstdn`d kc tofs pgpdr. Gatokujo, Gatokujo, todrd fs nk nk `keprdodnsfvd `keprdodnsfvd rdsdgr`o kn kn badnmdm badnmdm adgrnfnj kut`keds ydt, ydt, but sked dgray rdsuats grd prkefsfnj. G 2<7< Mdpgrtednt kc Dmu`gtfkn gngaysfs ckunm togt stumdnts fn badnmdm `kursds kutpdrckredm toksd fn bkto cuaay knafnd `kursds gnm cg`d-tk-cg`d `kursds (Mdnfs`k, 2<70). Fn cg`t, BA edtokms `gn gask rdsuat fn ofjo advdas kc stumdnt g`ofdvdednt ekrd dccd`tfvd togn cg`d-tk-cg`d adgrnfnj. (Pgrdpdtf`f & @gifr,
=
2<74). ]ofs fs bd`gusd stumdnts bd`ked sdac-mrfvdn gnm rdspknsfbad, trg`ifnj todfr fnmfvfmuga g`ofdvdednts , wof`o odaps mdvdakp tod gbfafty tk cfnm tod rdskur`ds kr jdt tod odap tody nddm, sdac-gmvk`gtfnj sk tody `gn rdg`o todfr jkgas. ]od usd kc dAdgrnfnj egtdrfgas fn`rdgsds g stumdnt‖s gbfafty tk sdt gpprkprfgtd adgrnfnj jkgas gnm tgid `ogrjd kc ofs kr odr kwn adgrnfnj, wof`o mdvdakps gn gbfafty togt wfaa bd trgnsagtgbad g`rkss gaa subhd`ts. (Jfgrag, 2<74) Okwdvdr, todrd fs g s`gr`fty kc ndtwkri fncrgstru`turds fn tod \ofafppfnds wof`o adgms us tk tgaifnj kc tod mrgwbg`is kc BA. BA ogs pktdnt mfsgmvgntgjds dspd`fgaay mdgafnj wfto tod knafnd systde wof`o fs `ru`fga fn badnmdm adgrnfnj. Fntdrndt `knnd`tfkn fs egssfvday usdm fn badnmdm adgrnfnj. Fn krmdr tk stgy `knnd`tdm tk tod `kursd, bkto kc tod tdg`odr gnm stumdnts nddm fntdrndt `knnd`tfkn. Ft fs nkt g bfj prkbade fc badnmdm adgrnfnj fs gppafdm fn g s`okka wof`o ogs stgbad fntdrndt `knnd`tfkn kr fn g mkwntkwn wof`o fs unmdr `kvdrgjd kc gn gmdqugtd fntdrndt ndtwkri. Bkto kc tod tdg`odr gnm stumdnts wfaa bd gbad tk g``dss gnm usd fntdrndt `knnd`tfkn prkpdray. (yurfmfnujrkok.wkrmprdss.`ke, 2<70) Gnktodr `rftf`ga fssud fs g``dss tk ndtwkri fncrgstru`turds. Gatokujo tod mfjftga mfvfmd fs ngrrkwfnj gs tod fntdrndt bd`keds ekrd pdrvgsfvd, egny stumdnts mk nkt ogvd pdrvgsfvd gnm ubfquftkus g``dss tk tod Fntdrndt” Fntdrndt ”dvdn fn todfr `agssrkkes. (Rgefrdz, 2<73) Gnktodr knd togt fs wkrtoy tk gmmrdss fs tod pg`d kc gmvgn`dednt8 Zogt prfegrfay akkis afid gn upsfmd turns fntk g mkwnsfmd wodn yku `ked tk rdvfdw spd`fcf` adgrnfnj s`dngrfks. Ckr dxgepad, tod usd kc ad`turd rd`krmfnj egy g`tugaay rdsuat fn adgrndrs agjjfnj bdofnm kn tod `kursd cakw. Pked stumdnts egy `okksd tk afnjdr grkunm ckr g wofad gnm todn wgt`o g bun`o kc vfmdk `agssds fn knd sfttfnj, wofad ktodrs wkuam rgtodr egid tod fntdrg`tfvd `agss pgrt kc todfr mgfay/wddiay rkutfnd. Gt tod dnm kc tod mgy, gn fnstru`tkr tryfnj tk syn` up bkto
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strdges wfto knjkfnj kccafnd g`tfvfty fs cg`dm wfto g mguntfnj tgsi. ]od ktodr fssud fs F] aftdrg`y, tod td`o rdskur`ds depakydm fn badnmdm adgrnfnj nddm tk bd rdafgbad, dgsy tk usd gnm ungnfekusay g``dptdm by gaa stgidokamdrs kc tod adgrnfnj prk`dss. Ktodrwfsd, tod fnftfgtfvd wfaa ekst afiday bd jgtodrfnj must untfa sked rdektd efadstknd fs rdg`odm. (Zfnstdgm, 2<70) Gnm hust gs okw todrd fs dxfstdn`d kc tod mfsgmvgntgjds todrd grd gask brfjot sfmds wftofn BA. By usfnj g `kebfngtfkn `kebfngtfkn kc mfjftga fnstru` fnstru`tfkn tfkn gnm knd-kn-knd cg`d tfed, stumdnts `gn wkri kn todfr kwn wfto ndw `kn`dpts wof`o crdds tdg`odrs up tk `fr`uagtd gnm suppkrt fnmfvfmuga stumdnts wok egy nddm fnmfvfmugafzdm gttdntfkn. "Rgtodr togn pagyfnj tk tod akwdst `keekn mdnkefngtkr ‐ ‐ gs tody wkuam fn g trgmftfknga `agssrkke ‐ ‐ tdg`odrs `gn nkw strdgeafnd todfr fnstru`tfkn tk odap gaa stumdnts rdg`o todfr cuaa pktdntfga." Badnmdm adgrnfnj gaakws ckr pdrskngafzdm dmu`gtfkn, rdpag`fnj tod ekmda wodrd g tdg`odr stgnms fn crknt kc tod `agssrkke gnm dvdryknd fs dxpd`tdm tk stgy gt tod sged pg`d. "Badnmdm adgrnfnj gaakws stumdnts tk wkri gt todfr kwn pg`d, egifnj surd tody cuaay unmdrstgnm ndw `kn`dpts bdckrd ekvfnj kn.― Badnmdm adgrnfnj gaakws tdg`odrs tk usd g `kebfngtfkn kc mfjftga fnstru`tfkn gnm knd-kn-knd cg`d tfed tk feprkvd dccf`fdn`y fn tod `agssrkke. Zodn stumdnts usd gmgptfvd adgrnfnj td`onkakjfds tk wkri kn todfr `keprdodnsfkn kc ndw `kn`dpts, tdg`odrs `gn usd tod gmmftfknga `agss tfed tk jfvd strujjafnj stumdnts tod fnmfvfmugafzdm gttdntfkn togt tody nddm. Rgtodr togn pagyfnj tk tod akwdst `keekn mdnkefngtkr ‐ gs ‐ gs tody wkuam fn g trgmftfknga `agssrkke ‐ tdg`odrs `gn nkw strdgeafnd todfr fnstru`tfkn tk odap gaa stumdnts rdg`o todfr cuaa pktdntfga. Dmu`gtfkn `gn bd dxtrdeday dxpdnsfvd. Crke `kntfnugaay rdkrmdrfnj tdxtbkkis sk tody'rd up tk mgtd tk ogvfnj s`okka suppafds kn ognm, tod `ksts gmm up. Badnmdm adgrnfnj `gn odap s`okka mfstrf`ts sgvd ekndy by gaakwfnj stumdnts tk brfnj todfr kwn
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td`onkakjy mdvf`ds tk `agss tk tgid cuaa gmvgntgjd kc tod gmgptfvd adgrnfnj skctwgrd. ]od usd kc d-tdxtbkkis, wof`o `gn gask bd g``dssdm kn `keputdrs, tgbadts gnm d-rdgmdrs, egy gask odap mrfvd mkwn `ksts. Badnmdm adgrnfnj fs gbad tk pdrskngafzd dmu`gtfkn fn g wgy togt g ekrd trgmftfknga `agssrkke sdtup sfepay `gnnkt. Zodn tdg`odrs stgnm fn crknt kc g sdg kc mdsis gnm dmu`gtd stumdnts gbkut g ndw `kn`dpt, ifms kc vgryfnj g`gmdef` sifaa advdas grd nkt gbad tk tgid dxtrg tfed kr wkri godgm gs tody egy nddm. Badnmdm adgrnfnj gaakws stumdnts tk wkri gt todfr kwn pg`d, egifnj surd tody cuaay unmdrstgnm ndw `kn`dpts bdckrd ekvfnj kn. Pkctwgrd usdm wfto badnmdm adgrnfnj prkjrges fs gbad tk `kaad`t stumdnt mgtg togt edgsurds g`gmdef` prkjrdss. Fn tofs wgy, tdg`odrs `gn `adgray sdd tod grdgs fn wof`o dg`o fnmfvfmuga stumdnt fs dx`daafnj, gnm wodrd od kr sod egy nddm g afttad ekrd jufmgn`d, gnm g`t g``krmfnjay. Mfjftga caudn`y fs g jkga kc tod @keekn @krd Ptgtd Ptgnmgrms, gnm stgtds wkrifnj tk fepadednt tod ndw g`gmdef` jufmdafnds wfaa nddm tk egid surd togt td`onkakjy fs fntdjrgtdm fntk g vgrfdty kc subhd`t grdgs. Badnmdm adgrnfnj `gn dgsfay g``kepafso tofs tgsi (mrdgebkxadgrn.`ke, 2<70). Fn `kn`ausfkn, dvdry tdg`ofnj-adgrnfnj edtokmkakjfds ogs fts bdndcfts gnm mrgwbg`is. Gs gawgys, tod fnstftutfkn togt prkvfmds ft nddms tk edgsurd rdqufrdm edmfues gjgfnst dxfstfnj kptfkns. Zfaa tod BA bdndcft tod adgrndrs; Grd tod rdwgrms dquga tk tod rfsis kr tody surpgss dg`o ktodr; Grd tod stumdnts prdpgrdm tk gmgpt tk tofs ndw edtokm; Mfsgmvgntgjds kc badnmdm adgrnfnj wfaa gawgys bd todrd but tody grd cgr crke bdfnj pgssgbad. Fts bgm fepg`ts `gn bd efnfefzdm kr dvdn `ognjdm tk prkjrdssfvd unmdrtgifnjs fc tod tdg`odr iddps gn dyd kn pupfa‖s rdg`tfkns, td`onkakjy
:
`gpgbfaftfds gnm mdafvdrgn`d kc tod qugafty kc tod `kursds. Bdsfmds, g afttad `rftf`fse wkuam ndvdr ogat tod prkjrdss kc tofs `kepadx cfdam. Akki grkunm, tod wkram egy bd prkbfnj fntk tofs tkk gnm wd‖vd bddn agjjfnj bdofnm.
Zd sokuam brkgmdn kur inkwadmjd, inkwadmjd, dxpakrd tod cfdam gnm `keprdodnm
torkujo vgrfgbads gnm vgrfgbads. Dg`o gnm dvdryknd‖s ekednts grd unfqud, togt egids us pd`uafgr gnm gbad tk prktd`t kur kwn krfjfngafty gaknj kur pdr`dptfkn tkwgrms afcd mud tk kur vgrfkus dxpdrfdn`ds. Dvdry kpfnfkn `kunts. Bg`ijrkunm gnm Pdttfnj
]od stumy wfaa bd bgsdm fn GEGBD Ags \fngs ak`gtdm gt Akt 4 MB\ Dxt., Ngjg Rm, Ags \fngs, 7:=< Edtrk Egnfag crgn`ofsdm gnm mfrd`tdm by Er. Rkeeda Pkedrks wok fs tod ckurto gnm tod ndwdst crgn`ofsdd kc GEGDP. Er. Pkedrks, bdckrd kpdnfnj tod sd`knm Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn brgn`o fn Ags \fngs (tod cfrst fn Gpgaft) fs g`tugaay g \rkmu`t Dnjfnddr fn gn gngakj mdvf`d `kepgny. Od md`fmdm tk crgn`ofsd GEG bd`gusd od bdafdvdm togt tod pdris gnm tod busfndss kppkrtunfty fn Itk72 dmu`gtfkn wgs vgst gs ft fs knd kc tod ndw dmu`gtfknga trdnms odrd fn tod \ofafppfnds. Kn fts 2nm ydgr kc kpdrgtfkn, todrd ogvd bddn ekrd togn =<< dnrkaadm stumdnts fn tod fnstftutfkn wfsofnj tk bd jrgntdm g jkkm dmu`gtfkn. ]od rdsdgr`o wfaa stumy tod pdrckregn`d kc gaa tod JGP Ptumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs fn tdres tdres kc `kpfnj `kpfnj up wfto wfto tod Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn Dmu`gtfkn gs g edtokm edtokm usdm by by GEG. ]od dxfstdn`d kc Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn fn GEG fs wfmday inkwn fn tod \ofafppfnds gs GEG ckunmdm by Mr. Gegbad R. Gjufauz S fn oknkr kc tod agtd Gegbad E. Gjufauz fs tod vdry cfrst fnstftutd ckr @keputdr Ptumfds fn tod `kuntry. Bdckrd bdfnj fntdrngtfkngaay inkwn, GEG stgrtdm crke ouebad stdps wfto knay 70 `keputdrs gnm 70 stumdnts fn g
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rdntdm gpgrtednt bufamfnj fn Egnmgauyknj. G ydgr agtdr, GEG rd`dfvdm g pksftfvd cddmbg`i crke tod pgtrkns gs tody bd`ged tod `gtgaysts ckr tod dn`kurgjdednt ckr tod fntdjrgtfkn kc ckur-ydgr `kursds fn @keputdr Ptumfds. Gnm by 76?0, GEG jrdw fntk g agrjd ndtwkri kc s`okkas fn Edtrk Egnfag. ]orkujo tod pgssfnj tfed, GEG dxpgnmdm fts sdrvf`ds tk prkvfn`fga grdgs fnftfgaay fn @dbu. Agttdr tk tofs fs tod dxpgnsfkn kc tod fnstftutfkn nkt knay by jafmfnj torkujo pag`ds tk pag`ds but by sdrvf`d torkujo gmvdnts su`o gs GEG Fntdrngtfknga Fnstftutd kc ]d`onkakjy GFF]) fn 7663 gnm GBD Fntdrngtfknga @kaadjd kc Busfndss gnm D`knkef`s fn 7666 togt cfaadm tod nddm ckr qugafty trgfnfnj gnm dmu`gtfkn ckr Cfafpfnk ykuto wok mk nkt ogvd tod cfngn`fga `gpgbfafty tk `afn`o g ckur kr cfvd-ydgr mdjrdd. Murfnj 7663, gaknj GBD Fntdrngtfknga @kaadjd kc Busfndss gnm D`knkef`s, tod GEGDP dstgbafsodm tod GEG P`fdn`d P`okka gfedm gt prkvfmfnj `ofamrdn wfto gn dgray dxpksurd tk s`fdn`d gnm egto `kn`dpts torkujo tod Jrdgt Dxpakrgtfkns fn Egto gnm P`fdn`d (JDEP), g `urrf`uaue mdvdakpdm by tod Agwrdn`d Ogaa kc P`fdn`d kc tod Tnfvdrsfty kc @gafckrnfg gt Bdridady. Gnm kn 7666, ft bd`ged tod cfrst `keputdr s`okka tk bd gwgrmdm tod prdstfjfkus FPK 6<<<7 @drtfcf`gtfkn. ]ofs `drtfcf`gtfkn curtodr gttdsts tk tod wkram-`agss qugafty dmu`gtfkn togt GEG kccdrs. Gnktodr ofjoafjot fn GEG Dmu`gtfkn Pystde‖s ofstkr y ofstkr y fs tod `kncdrednt kc unfvdrsfty stgtus tk GEG @keputdr @kaadjd @kaadjd fn Wudzkn @fty. Nkw ngedm GEG @keputdr Tnfvdrsfty, Tnfvdrsfty, ft fs rdjgrmdm gs tod pfknddr gnm agrjdst F] Tnfvdrsfty fn Gsfg. Gs ft jrkws fn adgps gnm bkunms, GEGDP rdegfns `keefttdm tk fts undnmfnj vfsfkn tk bd`ked tod adgmdr gnm mkefngnt prkvfmdr kc rdadvgnt gnm jakbgaay-rd`kjnfzdm dmu`gtfkn gnm trgfnfnj fn fnckregtfkn
gnm
`keeunf`gtfkns
wdbs0.gegds.dmu.po/gegds/geg`u/ofstkry.gsp) ( wdbs0.gegds.dmu.po/gegds/geg`u/ofstkry.gsp)
td`onkakjy.
6
Pfn`d tod edtokm kc BA fs tod ck`us kc tod tkpf`, tod rdsdgr`odrs sgw tofs gs gn kppkrtunfty tk tokrkujoay stumy tod pdr`dptfkns gnm fepg`t kc BA fn GEGDP pgrtf`uagray fn tofs crgn`ofsd kc GEG ” GEGBD Ags \fngs. ]od tkpf` skaday tgais gbkut BA wof`o fs inkwn tk bd ckrtd kc tofs fnstftutfkn. Gnm sfn`d tod ak`gad kc tod pgpdr wgs wgs rdg`ogbad gnm mddedm tk bd wftofn tod cfdam kc tod rdsdgr`odrs8 tod rdsdgr`odrs bdafdvd togt tod cakw kc tod rdsdgr`o wkuam bd pdrcd`t gs GEGDP prkektds BA. ]odkrdtf`ga Crgedwkri
]ofs pkrtfkn kc tod rdsdgr`o sdrvds gs tod gn`okrs ckr tod rdsdgr`odrs tk g`ofdvd tod jkgas gnm gnswdrs tkwgrms tod ckreuagtdm rdsdgr`o qudstfkns. ]od ckaakwfnj todkrfds grd `kepfadm gnm stumfdm tokrkujoay by tod rdsdgr`odrs gs ft `knsfsts kc fmdgs togt grd sfjnfcf`gnt tk tod tkpf`. Hkon Mdwdy (7?46-7642) fs g inkwn dmu`gtfknga rdckredr (ktodr togn bdfnj hust g pofakskpodr gnm psy`okakjfst) woksd fmdgs gnm todkrfds ogvd agrjday fncaudn`dm tod sk`fga gnm dmu`gtfkn rdckre tkmgy. Od `knstru`tdm tod @keeunfty Fnqufry ]odkry wodrd Pk`fga \rdsdn`d ]odkry, @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d ]odkry, gnm ]dg`ofnj \rdsdn`d ]odkry grd ckunm. Pk`fga \rdsdn`d ]odkry fs tod gbfafty tk sokw knd‖s sdac gnm fntdjrgtd pdrsknga
gnm purpksdcua rdagtfknsofps. Pk`fga prdsdn`d fs cfrst fn tod `gtdjkry gs ft gttrg`tdm ekst kc tod rdsdgr`o gttdntfkn. ]ofs rdsdgr`o egfnay prkbdm fntk ]dg`ofnj gnm @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d. Gatokujo, sk`fga prdsdn`d fsn‖t utfafzdm fn tod ngturd kc badnmdm adgrnfnj, ft fs stfaa suppksdm tk bd tg`iadm sfn`d todrd dxfst sked sk`fga prdsdn`d bdtwddn stumdnts fn s`okkas. Ft fs gt tod pkfnt wodrd sk`fga gnm `kjnftfvd prdsdn`d eddts gnm wodrd tod prfegry fssud kc `kn`drn rfsds. Fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj, stumdnts rdgafzd togt tody `gnnkt
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rdgaay tgai fn tod pag`d wodrd tody `knmu`t Badnmdm Adgrnfnj sfn`d ft fs nkt tod trgmftfknga ckur-`krndrdm `agssrkke. Edrday, stumdnts bdjfn tk inkw togt tody grd nkt todrd ckr purday sk`fga rdgskns. G sdnsd kc `keeunfty fs bgsdm upkn `keekn rdgskns gnm qudstfkns. Ekrdkvdr, sk`fga prdsdn`d fs kc adss fepkrtgn`d fc tod adgrnfnj g`tfvftfds grd fnckregtfkn kbtgfnednt gnm todrd grd nk jrkup g`tfvftfds wodrd stumdnts `gn bdndcft crke tod fmdgs kc ktodrs. Pk`fga prdsdn`d sokuam gawgys bd bdyknm sfepay dstgbafsofnj sk`fk-dektfknga prdsdn`d gnm pdrsknga rdagtfknsofps, gs ft fs rdqufrds fntdaad`tuga`dntdrdm tkk. Pk`fga prdsdn`d fepafds togt pdrsknga rdagtfknsofps sokuam nkt knay bd wftofn tod prfse kc dektfknga rdagtfknsofps, tody sokuam gask bd mdcfndm fn g`gmdef` tdres tkk. Pk`fga prdsdn`d ckr dmu`gtfknga purpksds `gnnkt bd sdpgrgtdm crke tod purpksdcua ngturd kc dmu`gtfknga `keeunf`gtfkn (f.d., `kjnftfvd gnm tdg`ofnj prdsdn`d). @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d ]odkry fs mdcfndm gs tod prkbfnj, stru`turfnj, `kn`aumfnj
gnm vgafmgtfnj kc knd‖s unmdrstgnmfnj torkujo dagbkrgtfnj gnm jfvfnj rdegris fn g jfvdn sftugtfkn. @kjnftfvd prdsdn`d fs mdcfndm fn tdres kc g `y`ad kc prg`tf`ga fnqufry wodrd pgrtf`fpgnts ekvd mdafbdrgtday crke unmdrstgnmfnj tod prkbade kr fssud torkujo tk dxpakrgtfkn, fntdjrgtfkn gnm gppaf`gtfkn. \rkjrdssfkn rdqufrds mfrd`tfkn, tofs fepafds togt @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d fs g pdrskn‖s gbfafty tk unmdrstgnm g `drtgfn tofnj gaa by ofs sdac. ]dg`ofnj \rdsdn`d ]odkry ogs tordd mfstfn`t `gtdjkrfds ”mdsfjn, cg`faftgtfkn
gnm mfrd`t fnstru`tfkn. Fntdrg`tfkn gnm mfs`kursd pagys g idy rkad fn ofjodr-krmdr adgrnfnj but nkt wftokut stru`turd (mdsfjn) gnm adgmdrsofp (cg`faftgtfkn gnm mfrd`tfkn). Ckr dxgepad, wftokut dxpaf`ft jufmgn`d, stumdnts wfaa dnjgjd prfegrfay fn ‟sdrfga eknkakjuds. ]dg`ofnj prdsdn`d todkry fs jufmfnj stumdnts torkujo `kursd egtdrfgas, rdfnckr`fnj idy
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`kn`dpts, ckstdrfnj `rftf`ga tofnifnj sifaas, prkvfmfnj ckregtfvd cddmbg`i gnm suppkrt fn g tfeday egnndr, gnm dvgaugtfnj stumdnt prkjrdss torkujokut tod adgrnfnj dxpdrfdn`d. ]od todkrfds grd sgfm tk bd prfn`fpga dadednts `rftf`ga tk tod su``dsscua mdafvdrgn`d kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj.
Badnmdm Adgrnfnj
Pk`fga
@kjnftfvd
]dg`ofnj
\rdsdn`d
\rdsdn`d
\rdsdn`d
Fepaf`gtfkns
\drckregn`d kc tod Ptumdnts
Cfj 7.7 ]odkrdtf`ga Crgedwkri kc tod Ptumy Cfj 7.7 prdsdnts fn g mfgjrge tod suppkrtfnj todkrfds kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gnm fts
fepaf`gtfkns tkwgrms tod pdrckregn`d gnm stgnmfnj kc g stumdnt fn tod `agssrkke. ]od prfkr pgrgjrgpos `knsfst kc tod mdcfnftfkns kc dg`o t odkry, gaa fnspfrdm by Hkon Mdwdy‖s @keeunfty kc Fnqufry ekmda. Gs sokwn fn tod mfgjrge, Badnmdm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj fs fncdrrdm tk bd suppkrtdm by tod Pk`fga \rdsdn`d, @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d gnm ]dg`ofnj \rdsdn`d kc bkto tod cg`faftgtkr kc tod `agss gnm ofs gumfdn`d. By suppkrt, tod rdsdgr`odrs bdafdvd togt tod prkpdr mdafvdrgn`d kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj togt wfaa agtdr dccd`t tk tod cuaa su``dss kc fs tod ]ordd
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todkrfds sujjdstdm by Hkon Mdwdy fn @keeunfty Fnqufry ]odkry. Fn rdagtfkn tk tod dxd`utfkn gnm su``dss kc BA, tod rdsdgr`odrs `kncdrrdm togt tod tordd todkrfds prkmu`ds vgryfnj fepaf`gtfkns tkwgrms tod \drckregn`d kc tod Ptumdnts fn P`okkas ”tod fmdg kc ft bdfnj gccfregtfvd kr fts kppksftfkn fs ydt tk bd tdstdm. @kn`dptuga Crgedwkri Ptumdnt's \rkcfad Nged Gjd Ptrgnm Agst P`okka Gttdnmdm G`gmdef` Ptgnmfnj agst PV •
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Fnput
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Purvdy Mgtg Gngaysfs •
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\rk`dss
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Kutput
Cuaa fepadedntgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj
Cfj 7.2 ]od mfgjrge kc tod cakw kc tod rdsdgr`o.
Cfjurd 7.2 dxpagfns tod prk`dss kc gpprkg`o fn `knmu`tfnj tod prkbgtfkn kc tod stumy. Zofad kn tod prk`dss kc tod stumy, tod rdsdgr`odrs grd dxpd`tdm tk `knmu`t g survdy gnm gngayzd tod mgtg tokrkujoay. ]ofs fs dxpd`tdm tk bd jkttdn crke tod Jdndrga G`gmdef` Ptrgnms kc GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn Dmu`gtfkn Ags \fngs, todfr gnswdr tkwgrms tod podnkedng wfaa odap mdtdrefnd tod kut`ked wof`o fs dxpd`tdm tk agtdr adgm tk tod Cuaa Fepadedntgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj fn tod P`okka.
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Ptgtdednt kc tod \rkbade
]ofs stumy gfes tk dxpakrd tod unmdrayfnj fssuds bdofnm tod dmu`gtfkn systde kc GEG gnm okw ft gccd`ts tod POP POP stumdnt‖s pdrckregn`ds pdrckregn`ds spd`fcf`gaay spd`fcf`gaay tod tod g`gmdef` trg`i JGP fn GEGBD Ags \fngs. ]od rdsdgr`odrs fntdnm tk mdtdrefnd wogt egids tode adgrn gnm mfs`kvdr ekrd by dnuedrgtfnj gnm dvgaugtfnj tod gmvgntgjds gnm mfsgmvgntgjds kc tod tkpf`. ]od qudstfkns gfe tk skaf`ft tod ckaakwfnj gnswdrs crke tod rdspknmdnts by tod dnm kc tod Rdsdgr`o8 7. Zogt fs tod rdspknmdnt‖s mdekjrgpof` prkcfad; 2. Fs Badnmdm Adgrnfnj dccd`tfvd tk tod Ptumdnts kc GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \fngs; 0. Grd todrd gny strgtdjfds usdm by tod stumdnts tk `kpd up wfto Badnmdm Adgrnfnj; =. Zogt grd tod pdr`dptfkns kc tod stumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj; Kbhd`tfvds kc tod Ptumy
Kn tod murgtfkn kc tod rdsdgr`o, tod rdsdgr`odrs gfe tk8 7. ]k dvgaugtd tod dccd`tfvdndss kc Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn tk tod JGP Ptumdnts fn GEGBD. 2. ]k cfnm kut tod adgrnfnj gnm `kpfnj strgtdjfds usdm by tod JGP Ptumdnts fn GEGBD. 0. ]k inkw tod pdr`dptfkns kc dg`o stumdnts gs tody edt Badnmdm Adgrnfnj upkn dnrkaafnj tk GEG. Nuaa Oypktodsds
Ok8 ]odrd grd nk unmdrayfnj fssuds ckunm bdofnm tod GEG Dmu`gtfkn Pystde8 Badnmdm Adgrnfnj.
7=
Ok8 ]odrd fs nk sfjnfcf`gnt rdagtfknsofp bdtwddn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gnm tod pdrckregn`d kc tod stumdnts. Ok8 Badnmdm Adgrnfnj mk nkt dxofbft gny fepaf`gtfkn tkwgrms g adgrndr‖s pdrckregn`d. P`kpd gnm Afeftgtfkn
]od stumy wfaa utfafzd gaa tod stumdnts crke tod strgnm JGP crke tod Pdnfkr Ofjo P`okka Ptumdnts kc GEGBG Ags \fngs. Kut kc tod ? sd`tfkns fn Pdnfkr Ofjo P`okka, knay twk sd`tfkns crke tod mfccdrdnt jrgmd advda wfaa bd jfvdn tod rdsdgr`o fnstruednt prdpgrdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs by gppayfnj tod rgnmke sgepafnj edtokm. Ft fs up tk tod rdspknmdnt fc od wgnts tk rdegfn ungnfekus gs aknj tod nd`dssgry gnswdrs crke tod qudstfknngfrd ogs bddn daf`ftdm. Mdcfnftfkn kc ]dres
]od ckaakwfnj tdrefnkakjfds grd tod dssdntfga fn unmdrstgnmfnj tod dntfrdty kc tod `kntdxt8 Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Badnmdm Adgrnfnj fs tod `kebfngtfkn kc knafnd dmu`gtfkn gnm
trgmftfknga `kncrkntgtfknga edtokm usdm by g `drtgfn fnstftutfkn ckr tdg`ofnj. Cg`d tk Cg`d. Cg`d tk cg`d adgrnfnj fs tod trgmftfknga edtokm usdm by gn
fnstftutfkn wodrd g tdg`odr crkntgaay mdafvdrs g tkpf` tk ofs stumdnts. Jdndrga G`gmdef` Ptrgnm. JGP fs knd kc tod g`gmdef` trg`is fn Pdnfkr Ofjo
P`okka togt stumfds gbkut jdndrga inkwadmjd gnm wfaa bd jfvdn wfmdr `ogn`ds fn pursufnj `kaadjd fn tdres kc tod `kursds tody prdcdr. Fepaf`gtfkns. ]od fepg`t, rdsuat gnm fts dccd`t tk g `drtgfn vgrfgbad tk gnktodr
vgrfgbad.
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Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn. Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn fs dmu`gtfkn jkttdn crke tod fntdrndt
prdpgrdm by tod s`okka knd ogs dnrkaadm tk. Pdnfkr Ofjo P`okka. Pdnfkr Ofjo P`okka fs tod gmmftfknga twk ydgrs fn Ofjo
P`okka gmmdm by tod Itk72 `urrf`uaue. Pfjnfcf`gn`d kc tod Ptumy
]od fntdjrgtdm vftgafty kc tod fepaf`gtfkns kc tod Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tkwgrms tod pdrckregn`d kc tod stumdnts euatfpafds fts nddm tk bd inkwn by ekst pdkpad dspd`fgaay stumdnts wok grd unmdrjkfnj tofs tdg`ofnj edtokm gnm todrdby jfvds tod trfga ckr gn dmu`gtkr tk egid ofs `agss ekrd dccf`fdnt wfto tod sfeuatgndkus usd kc tod KDM gnm crkntga tdg`ofnj. ]od stumy gs g wokad wfaa bd bdndcf`fga tk tod ckaakwfnj8 Gmefnfstrgtkrs. ]ofs rdsdgr`o fs dxpd`tdm tk odap gmefnfstrgtkrs egid ekrd
usdcua `gtgaysts ckr dmu`gtfnj todfr pgtrkns, ekrd rdafgbad cuturd pagns ckr tod knafnd dmu`gtfkn gnm dccd`tfvd tdg`ofnj strgtdjfds. ]ofs wfaa gask odap gs g jufmd fn sdttfnj up g ndw crgedwkri ckr cuturd adgrndrs rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Cuturd Rdsdgr`odrs. ]ofs rdsdgr`o fs dxpd`tdm tk odap cuturd rdsdgr`odrs wok
fntdnm tk usd tod `kntdxt gs todfr rdcdrdn`d. ]ofs `kntdxt egy gask bd `knsfmdrdm tod trfjjdr ckr gnktodr sged gnm ekrd prkckunm stumy. Ptumdnts. ]ofs rdsdgr`o fs dxpd`tdm tk odap stumdnts fn g`qugfntfnj tode wfto
tod fssuds unmdrayfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. ]dg`odrs. ]ofs rdsdgr`o fs dxpd`tdm tk odap tdg`odrs fn gujedntfnj todfr sifaas
kn bdfnj gn dccd`tfvd edntkr wofad tod stumdnts adgrn crke twk tdg`ofnj ekmds.
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@ogptdr 2 RDSFDZ KC RDAG]DM AF]DRG]TRD GNM P]TMFDP
]ofs `ogptdr prkvfmds `keprdodnsfvd gnm up-tk-mgtd wrftdups gnm rdsdgr`ods vftga tk tod `knsfmdrgtfkn kc tod `kpyrfjot gnm gutodntf`fty kc tod stumy. Curtodrekrd, tod aftdrgturds gnm stumfds togt grd fn`aumdm fn tod stumy grd gaa rdadvgnt tk tod subhd`t kc tod prkbade togt sdrvds gs g bg`imrkp ckr curtodr fmdgs odapcua tk tod rdsdgr`odrs. G. Aftdrgturd 7. Ckrdfjn
Badnmdm Adgrnfnj, g``krmfnj tk tod grtf`ad ‑Badnmdm Adgrnfnj Bd`kefnj Ptgnmgrm― Ptgnmgrm ― wrfttdn by Hustfn Cdrrfegn (2<7=), ogs nkw bd`ked g stgnmgrmfzdm edtokm kc tdg`ofnj wof`o ekst `kuntrfds fn tod wkram ogvd gmgptdm tk ”tofs egssfvd gmgptgtfkn fs `gusdm by tod fn`rdgsdm usgjd kc `keputdr mdvf`ds wof`o todn adm tk tod usgjd kc tofs egtdrfgas gs adgrnfnj edmfues. ]od `knvdrsfkn kc tod edrd `keputdr mdvf`ds tk dadgrnfnj tkkas wdrd mddedm by tod T.P Pd`rdtgry kc Dmu`gtfkn Grnd Mun`gn gs tod ‑ndw‑ndw-nkrega― togt puts gn g``dnt kn s`okkas mkfnj ekrd wfto adss. ]okujo, s`okkas bdjfn tk rdtofni gbkut tod rdskur`ds gnm todfr su``dsscua mdafvdry, tod egfn prkbade fs tod `knsfstdn`y. Ekrdkvdr, tod `grdcua pagnnfnj gnm prkvfsfkn kc tod td`onkakjy gnm suppkrt fncrgstrg`turds wfaa gawgys bd tod tkpekst `knsfmdrgtfkn tk tod gmgptgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj kn fnstftutfkns. ]od grtf`ad `kncdrrdm togt gs Badnmdm Adgrnfnj ogvd bddn gmgptdm, ft stfaa mkds nkt ndjad`t tod dcckrts kc tod stumdnts‖ kn todfr pdrckregn`ds nkt knay knafnd but kn tod trgmftfknga adgrnfnj tkk. @kntrgry tk tod fmdg kc Hustfn Cdrrfegn wof`o fncdrs togt tod su``dsscua adgrnfnj kc g stumdnt rdafds skaday kn tod td`onkakjy, suppkrt fncrgstrg`turds gnm stumdnt‖s
7:
trgmftfknga pdrckregn`d, Edjgn Eurpoy (2<73). wrktd g vdry mfccdrdnt pdrspd`tfvd rdjgrmfnj tod su``dscua mdafvdry kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tk stumdnts kn ofs grtf`ad ‑]dg`ofnj ]od ]dg`odrs―. ]dg`odrs― . G``krmfnj tk tod tdg`odr fntdrvfdwdm ckr tod `kepadtfkn kc tod grtf`ad, todrd fs tkk eu`o `kntdnt kn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj togt ft kvdrwodaes tod edntkrs. Curtodrekrd, fnstftutfkns togt prkvfmd prkcdssfknga dmu`gtfkn mk nkt eddt tod dxpd`tgtfkns kc tod su``dsscua mdafvdry kc tofs ndw tdg`ofnj edtokm. ]ous, ft fs nkt knay tod stumdnts‖ gnm rdskur`ds‖ cguat but tdg`odrs egy gask bd bagedm tk tod brdg`o kc tod pdrckregn`d kc tod adgrndrs. Mud tk todsd grjuednts, Ef`ogda Okrn gnm Odgtodr Ptgidr (2<7=) wrktd g bkki jufmd dntftadm ‑Badnmdm8 Tsfnj Mfsruptdm Fnnkvgtfkn tk Feprkvd P`okkas― togt dvgaugtdm gnm prkvfmdm g mdtgfadm fnckregtfkn gbkut tod strgtdjy, mdsfjn, gnm fepadedntgtfkn kc g su``dsscua badnmdm adgrnfnj prkjrge. ]od bkki gnswdrdm tod ‑okw -tk― CGWs by tod pgtrkns kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. ]od bkki dn`aksds g usdcua crgedwkri ckr tod fepadedntgtfkn kc badnmdm adgrnfnj, tod bdndcfts gnm rfsi eftfjgtkrs kc knafnd adgrnfnj, gnm g jufmd tk g ekrd `rdgtfvd stumdnt-`dntdrdm systdes togt cun`tfkns gs g pksftfvd ckr`d g`rkss jrgmd advdas. 2. Ak`ga
]od grtf`ad ‑Badnmdm Adgrnfnj8 Dmu`gtfkn Zftokut Bkrmdrs― wrfttdn by Fed Ekrgads (2<73), depogsfzdm tod fmdg kc knafnd dmu`gtfkn9 Badnmdm adgrnfnj fs nkt g rdvkautfkngry fmdg. Kn tod `kntrgry, ft fs g rdturn tk wogt fs ngturga, g bg`i-tk-bgsf`s gpprkg`o wodrd tod `ofam‖s ngturga adgrnfnj tdnmdn`fds, fntdrdsts gnm pgssfkns grd rdspd`tdm gs eu`o gs tod prds`rfbdm `urrf`uaue. Ft gmmrdssds tod kbsdrvdm mfsgmvgntgjds ckunm fn trgmftfknga s`okkafnj8 tkk egny stumdnts, tkk cdw edntkrs, ag`i
7?
kc ck`us gnm tfed ckr dg`o `ofam, mfccf`uaty fn gmmrdssfnj fnmfvfmuga nddms gnm mdvdakpednt gnm tod `kkifd-`uttdr tdg`ofnj skautfkns togt grd cgfafnj kn sk egny advdas. Ckreksk (2<7=) edntfkndm fn ofs grtf`ad togt tod fmdg kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj egmd Gngnt Grjgwga, Grjgwga, @DK kc dm_9 gn knafnd adgrnfnj pagtckre mdvdakpdm mdvdakpdm by Ogrvgrm Tnfvdrsfty gnm Egssg`ousdtts Fnstftutd kc ]d`onkakjy tk spgri tod fntdrdst kc tod dxd`utfvds kc \ofafppfnd Ofjodr Dmu`gtfkn tk puso KDM tk stumdnts wfto tod fntdrdst kc g`qugfntfnj tode ekrd gnm mfefnfsofnj tod pkkr-qugafty dmu`gtfkn togt prkmu`ds akwqugafty dmu`gtfkn fn rdturn. Pfn`d tod jkga kc Ofjodr Dmu`gtfkn Fnstftutfkns tkwgrms tod rdgafzgtfkn kc gn gpprkprfgtd, rdspknsfvd gnm ofjo- qugafty \ofafppfnd ofjodr dmu`gtfkn― grd8 @rdgtfnj ofjodr qugafty prkjrges gnm feprkvfnj cg`uaty mdvdakpednt, bufamfnj afnigjds bdtwddn tod g`gmded gnm fnmustry, rgtfkngafzfnj gnm mdvdakpfnj rdsdgr`o, cunmfnj pkst-sd`knmgry dmu`gtfkn, jkvdrnfnj \ofafppfnd dmu`gtfkn gnm suppkrtfnj tod I tk 72 rdckre, ft fs ofjoay dxpd`tdm togt tod gmgptgtfkn kc tofs tdg`ofnj edtokm wfaa fn`rdgsd torkujo tod ydgrs sfn`d tod `keefssfkns ckr ofjodr dmu`gtfkn odam tgais gbkut tofs. Mud tk tod pkssfbad fepadedntgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj kn egny ofjodr dmu`gtfkn fnstftutfkns fn tod \ofafppfnds, gs wogt fs edntfkndm kn tod gckrdedntfkndm grtf`ad. Ft fs dxpd`tdm togt todrd wfaa bd sokrtgjds kn egtdrfgas tkk, fn`aumfnj tod ekst dssdntfga knd9 tdg`odrs. tdg`od rs. Kn tod grtf`ad ‑\rdpgrfnj ]od ]dg`odrs Ckr ]od Bfj Rdckre― wrfttdn by Wuddng @oug (2<72), sod fepafdm togt jkkm tdg`odrs grd dssdntfga kn tod fepadedntgtfkn kc Itk729 tofs fs cgr crke tod tgais kc Knafnd Dmu`gtfkn nddmfnj aftdrgtd tdg`odrs. @kntrgry tk ckrdfjn grtf`ad by Cdrrfegn, sod fncdrrdm g vdry mfccdrdnt
76
pdrspd`tfvd” pdrspd`tfvd ”knafnd dmu`gtfkn grd dqufvgadnt tk tdg`odrs, tody rdprdsdnt tod trgmftfknga tdg`odrs fn `agssrkkes fn tod ckres kc `keputdrs. B. Ptumfds 7. Ckrdfjn
Fn g stumy `knmu`tdm by Rdde G. Gadbgfign (2<72) gt Pgumf Ofjodr Dmu`gtfkn, od dxpakrdm tod pdr`dptfkns kc tod Pgumf Cdegad ad`turdrs gnm unmdrjrgmugtd stumdnts tk adgrn crke todfr dxpdrfdn`d gnm bd`ked g pgrtf`fpgnt fn badnmdm `kursds. ]ofs wgs rd`kjnfzdm by tod efnfstry kc Pgumf Ofjodr Dmu`gtfkn gs g skautfkn ckr tod rgpfm jrkwto kc stumdnt pkpuagtfkn. ]ofs stumy sokwdm togt tod qugafty kc adgrnfnj gnm tdg`ofnj dxpdrfdn`d gccd`ts tod stumdnts gnm ad`turdrs. ]od kbhd`tfvd kc tofs stumy fs tk fmdntfcy tod cdegad unmdrjrgmugtd stumdnts gnm ad `turdrs‖ pdr`dptfkn kc tod gmvgntgjds. ]od rdsdgr`odr usdm qugaftgtfvd edtokm tk kbtgfn rf`o mds`rfptfvd mgtg tk cg`faftgtd tod jrkw kc tofs podnkedng. ]od rdsdgr`o agtdr `kn`aumdm togt Badnmdm Adgrnfnj egmd tod Pgumf wkedn stfaa pursud todfr mdjrdds mdspftd todfr trgmftfkns gnm pdrskngaftfds. Curtodrekrd, tod rdsuat kc tod stumy fnmf`gtdm togt Badnmdm Adgrnfnj ogs prkefsfnj ekmgaftfds togt dnogn`d stumdnt dnjgjdednt gnm adgrnfnj. Fn tod stumy `knmu`tdm by Hfn Vkunj Ife (2<72) rdjgrmfnj tod fntdr-rdagtfknga dccd`ts kc tod trgmftfkn gnm pdrskngafty trgfts gnm badnmdm adgrnfnj, od prkbdm fntk tod fncaudn`d kc pdrskngafty typds gnm sftugtfknga cg`tkrs kn pubaf` spdgifnj. Gask, ft dxgefndm
tod
dccd`t
kc
`keeunf`gtfkn
gpprdodnsfkn
kn
stumdnts‖
g`gmdef`
g`ofdvdednt fn g badnmdm adgrnfnj dnvfrknednt. Gs Rdde Gbdagfign ckunm kut kn ofs stumy togt badnmdm adgrnfnj wgs bdndcf`fga tk tod tfefm pdrskngafty gnm trgmftfkn kc tod Pgumf wkedn9 tofs stumy fepafds togt tod Bfj Cfvd pdrskngafty trgfts fnmddm gccd`tdm tod
2<
pdrckregn`d kc tod stumdnts but tod fnmf`gtkr kc ofs cfnga gvdrgjd wgs ofs rdodgrsga gnm gttdnmgn`d tk tod `agssds. Fn tod qugsf-dxpdrfedntga stumy `knmu`tdm by Nfjda Pefto (2<70), od stgtdm togt todrd wdrd nk prkbades fn dnjgjfnj tk tod kam tdg`ofnj styad mdspftd tod pdrskngafty gnm trgmftfkns nkr wdrd todrd bdndcfts fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tkwgrms tod pdrckregn`d kc tod stumdnts, od fnmf`gtdm togt prkjrdssfnj wgs skaday up tk tod adgrndr‖s `kpfnj styads. Okwdvdr, mfccdrdn`ds dedrjdm bdtwddn tod `agssds fn todfr pdr`dptfkns kc adgrnfnj, `knnd`tdmndss, dnhkyednt gnm tdg`odr suppkrt. @kn`drns gbkut tod dccd`ts kc td`onkakjy- edmfgtdm fnstru`tfkn egy bd pgrtay gaagydm by todsd cfnmfnjs. Zofad tod mfspag`dednt kc tod tdg`odr crke tod `dntrd kc tod adgrnfnj prk`dss egy bd un`keckrtgbad ckr tdg`odrs, tod prkvfsfkn kc g rf`o knafnd adgrnfnj dnvfrknednt egy ogvd pksftfvd bdndcfts ckr stumdnts (s`fdn`dmfrd`t.`ke, 2<70). 2. Ak`ga
G stumy `knmu`tdm `knmu`tdm (2<70) by Igrdn Mfgnd Ngtdrg, g Cfafpfnk stumdnt stumdnt crke gn fnstftutfkn fn Oknjiknj, tgaidm gbkut tod agpsds kc tod jkvdrnednt fn g`ofdvfnj tod vfsfkn kc tod dmu`gtfknga rdckre fn tod \ofafppfnds. ]od stumy grjudm togt tod fntrkmu`tfkn kc td`onkakjy gnm badnmdm adgrnfnj prkjrges fn s`okkas sokuam jk bdyknm gmmrdssfnj tod prkbade kc `agssrkke sokrtgjd gnm g`ofdvdednt tdst rdsuats. Ft qudstfkndm tod jkvdrnednt's vfsfkn kc dmu`gtfknga rdckre gnm rd`keednmdm g `ognjd fn fts pdr`dptfkn kc tod rkad kc td`onkakjy fn dmu`gtfkn. G `ognjd fn vfsfkn, `urrf`uaue, gssdssednts gnm wkri prg`tf`ds wdrd ckunm tk bd dssdntfga dadednts togt dngbad agstfnj dmu`gtfknga rdckre. ]od stumy rd`keednmdm g rdvfdw kc tod s`odmuafnj s`oded, tod prg`tf`d kc tdge tdg`ofnj gnm trgfnfnj kn `kaagbkrgtfvd td`onkakjfds ckr bkto
27
tdg`odrs gnm stumdnts. Crke tod pkaf`y pdrspd`tfvd, g prkjrge crgedwkri, g badnmdm adgrnfnj `urrf`uaue gnm dvgaugtfkn stgnmgrms ckr badnmdm adgrnfnj tdg`odrs wdrd fmdntfcfdm gs `rftf`ga suppkrt ed`ognfses ckr su``dsscua prkjrge fepadedntgtfkn (bkkis.jkkjad.`ke.po, 2<7:). Fn g stumy `knmu`tdm by Gvg @agrd Egrfd K. Rkbads kn Efnmgngk Ptgtd Tnfvdrsfty (2<72) `gn bd ckunm egny prdsdntgtfkns kc fnstru`tfknga strgtdjfds, kn okw tk dccd`tfvday fntdjrgtd `kntdnt, pdmgjkjy gnm td`onkakjy tk dnogn`d tod tdg`ofnj gnm adgrnfnj kc dmu`gtfkn `kursds. ]ofs prkvfmdm tod ekst dccd`tfvd gnm dccf`fdnt adgrnfnj dxpdrfdn`ds kn bkto tdg`odrs gnm adgrndrs wfto fts prg`tf`ga gppaf`gtfkns gjgfnst rdtgfadm skctwgrd wof`o kctdn burmdn egny unfvdrsftfds. Cfngaay, sked fepaf`gtfkns kn okw tk dccd`tfvday badnm pdmgjkjy gnm td`onkakjy, wof`o fndvftgbay adgm tk sfjnfcf`gnt dnogn`dednt kc tod `urrf`uaue, wdrd gask mfs`ussdm. Fn vfdw kc tod cfnmfnjs gnm `kn`ausfkn kc tod stumy, ft fs rd`keednmdm togt badnmdm adgrnfnj bd utfafzdm by cg`uaty edebdrs fn tdg`ofnj dmu`gtfkn subhd`ts. Okwdvdr, mdspftd fts fepkrtgn`d, tofs stumy's afeftgtfkns grd gppgrdnt. BA nddms dccd`tfvd pagnnfnj gnm upjrgmfnj ckr dmu`gtkrs tk gmmrdss `rftf`ga fssuds su`o gs dstgbafsofnj gpprkprfgtd gssdssednts gnm rubrf`s. Dqugaay fepkrtgnt fs tod td`onkakjf`ga dxpdrtfsd kc bkto tdg`odrs gnm stumdnts. ]ofs fnnkvgtfkn rd`keednms togt tdg`odrs eust adgrn. Fn tod stumy `knmu`tdm by Gjufngamk (2<70)
]od rdsdgr`odr fepadedntdm
”
badnmdm adgrnfnj fn gn fepkvdrfsodm g`gmdef` fnstftutfkn usfnj g Brf`kagjd gpprkg`o ekmda. ]od stumy rdsuatdm tk ofjo g``dptgbfafty rgtd kc d-adgrnfnj usgjd mdspftd kc tod sk`fk-d`knkef` sk`fk- d`knkef` prkcfad kc tod stumdnt‖s pgrdnts, ungvgfagbfafty kc fntdrndt `knnd`tfkn gnm fngmdqug`y kc td`onkakjf`ga rdskur`ds kc Fsgbdag Ptgtd Tnfvdrsfty Pgn Egtdk @gepus.
22
]ofs fepafds togt badnmdm adgrnfnj `gn bd fepadedntdm su``dsscuaay usfnj tod rfjot badnm kc knafnd adgrnfnj gnm cg`d-tk-cg`d adgrnfnj ckaakwfnj tod Brf`kagjd gpprkg`o ekmda. Pyntodsfs
]od kvdrgaa `kaagtfkn kc @ogptdr 2 suppkrts tod gutodntf`fty kc tod tkpf` rdcad`tfvd kc tod fn`aumdm prdvfkus but up-tk-mgtd rdskur`ds utfafzdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs. Ft wgs gnswdrdm fn tod @ogptdr 2 togt tod su``dsscua fepadedntgtfkn kc tod Badnmdm Adgrnfnj rdafds kn tod rdckres kc tod Jkvdrnednt, tod su``dsscua mdafvdry fs upkn tod tdg`odrs gnm tod g`ofdvdednt kc tofs mdpdnms upkn tod stumdnt. Kn tod cfrst rdvfdw, tod grtf`ad jfvdn `kncdrrdm togt gs Badnmdm Adgrnfnj ogvd bddn gmgptdm, ft stfaa mkds nkt ndjad`t tod dcckrts kc tod stumdnts‖ kn todfr pdrckr egn`ds pdrckr egn`ds nkt knay knafnd but kn tod trgmftfknga adgrnfnj tkk. ]odrdckrd, Badnmdm A Adgrnfnj's dgrnfnj's `kntfnuga usd wfaa skaday mdpdnm upkn fts usdrs. Fn `kntrgry gnktodr grtf`ad pubafsodm togt fnstftutfkns togt prkvfmd prkcdssfknga dmu`gtfkn mk nkt eddt tod dxpd`tgtfkns kc tod su``dsscua mdafvdry kc tofs ndw tdg`ofnj edtokm. ]ofs wgs gaa gmmrdssdm fn g bkki togt pubafsodm wof`o dn`aksds g usdcua crgedwkri ckr tod fepadedntgtfkn kc badnmdm adgrnfnj, tod bdndcfts gnm rfsi eftfjgtkrs kc knafnd adgrnfnj, gnm g jufmd tk ekrd `rdgtfvd stumdnt-`dntdrdm systdes togt cun`tfkns gs g pksftfvd ckr`d g`rkss jrgmd advdas. Kn tod ktodr ognm, gaa tod jfvdn grtf`ads `kncdrrdm tod sged pdr`dptfkns wof`o grd tod `kntrgst gnm suppkrt tk dg`o vgrfgbad kn tod ngtfknga skur`ds. ]odrd wdrd mfccdrdnt stumfds `knmu`tdm rdjgrmfnj badnmdm adgrnfnj, gaa jgvd mfccdrdnt ydt rdadvgnt kut`keds wof`o wdrd tg`iadm fn tod wokadndss kc tod @ogptdr 2.
20
@ogptdr 0 ED]OKMKAKJV GNM \RK@DMTRDP
Gs fnmf`gtdm fn tod tftad, tofs `ogptdr dxpagfns tod systde kc gpprkg`o gpprkg`o kc tod rdsdgr`odrs tkwgrms tod podnkedng kc tod stumy. Ekrdkvdr, tofs `ogptdr prd`fsday kutafnds tod rdsdgr`o edtokm, ak`gad kc tod stumy, rdspknmdnts kc tod stumy, tod tdstfnj oypktodsfs, rdsdgr`o fnstruednts gnm fts vgafmgtfkn, tod mgtg `kaad`tfkn prk`dmurd gnm tod stgtfstf`ga trdgtednt kc tod prkhd`t. Rdsdgr`o Edtokm
Fn krmdr tk sgtfscy tod kbhd`tfvds kc tod rdsdgr`o, tod rdsdgr`odrs utfafzdm tod Mds`rfptfvd Wugntftgtfvd edtokm tk tdst tod oypktodsds dssdntfga tk tod cfnga kutput kc tod rdsuats. Wugntftgtfvd edtokms gfes tk mds`rfbd tod sftugtfkns torkujo stgtfstf`ga tdstfnjs tk `ked kut ckr gn gnswdr. ]od usgjd kc tofs edtokm fn tod stumy fs dssdntfga sfn`d tod kbhd`tfvds gfes tk tdst tod fepaf`gtfkns kc tod podnkednkn bdfnj stumfdm (Badnmdm Adgrnfnj) tkwgrms tod pkpuagtfkn (JGP Ptumdnts fn GEGBD). Rdsdgr`o Ak`gad
]od pgrtf`fpgnts togt wfaa bd utfafzdm fn tod stumy grd ak`gtdm fn GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \f÷gs sftugtdm fn Akt 4 MB\ Dxt., Ngjg Rm, Ags \fngs, 7:=< Edtrk Egnfag” Egnfag ”tod ckurto crgn`ofsd kc GEGDP mfrd`tdm by Rkeeda Pkedrks wok wgs prdvfkusay g prkmu`t dnjfnddr kc gn gngakj mdvf`d `kepgny. ]od fnstftutfkn wgs fntdjrgtdm upkn g busfndss fntuftfkn. Gs kc nkw, tod s`okka fs pg`fnj tkwgrms g quktg kc prkmu`fnj 3<< Pdnfkr Ofjo Jrgmugtds gnm 0<< Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn stumdnts. ]od s`okka kccdrs Itk72 `urrf`uag crke gaa advdas, spd`fgafzfnj fn Pdnfkr Ofjo P`okka trg`is8 Jdndrga G`gmdef` Ptrgnm, Ptrgnm, P]DE, P]DE, GBE gnm gnm ]d`onf`ga ]d`onf`ga Sk`gtfknga Sk`gtfknga @kursds. @kursds.
2=
Rdsdgr`o Rdspknmdnts
]od edtokm kc rgnmke sgepafnj wfaa bd usdm tk mdvdakp tod sgepad kc tod rdsdgr`o unmdr mfs`ussfkn, tofs sgepafnj td`onfqud wgs `oksdn bd`gusd tod sdad`tdm edebdrs ogvd rdagtfknsofps
gnm
dxpdrtfsd rdjgrmfnj tod tkpf` kc tod stumy. ]od
rdspknmdnts tk bd fn`aumdm fn tod sgepad grd tod Jdndrga G`gmdef` Ptrgnm stumdnts dnrkaadm fn GEGBD wof`o grd pdr`dfvdm tk ogvd inkwadmjd rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Pfn`d ft fs tkk fepkssfbad tk survdy dg`o gnm dvdry knd fn tod pkpuagtfkn, tod Pakvfn‖s ckreuag wgs utfafzdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs fn mdtdrefnfn j tod gpprkprfgtd sgepad crged kc tod stumy wof`o wfaa prkvfmd tod tod dxpd`tdm rdsuat ”kutput kc tod stumy, torkujo tod rdsdgr`o fnstruednt togt wfaa bd usdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs. ]od Pakvfn‖s ckreuag fs gs ckaakws8
5
+
wodrd8 n5Pgepad N d
Crged
5 tktga nuebdr kc pkpuagtfkn, 5Egrjfn kc drrkr 5 <.<4
Fn utfafzfnj tod ckreuag tk tod Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn wfto g pkpuagtfkn kc 4= stumdnts, 5
5
+() +()( (.. ) ) +() +()( (.. ))
5
5
+(. +(. ) ) .
5 .
24
Fn utfafzfnj tod ckreuag tk tod Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wfto g pkpuagtfkn kc =: stumdnts, 5
5
+( +()( )(. . ) )
+() +()( (.. ))
5
+(. +(. ))
5
.
5 .
By gmmfnj tod twk rdsuats, tod tktga sgepad crged rdsuatdm tk ?6 stumdnts tk bd survdydm. ]od rdsuats grd sueegtdm fn tod tgbad bdakw. Rdspknmdnts
\kpuagtfkn
Pgepad Crged
JGP8 Jrgmd 77 - Gbzgn
4=
=:
JGP8 Jrgmd 72 - Irfdjdr
=:
=2
]ktga
7<7
?6
]gbad 7.7.
Pgepad Crged kc tod Ptumdnts
]odrdckrd, Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn wfaa bd jfvdn =: survdy qudstfknngfrds gnm =2 stumdnts crke tod Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wfaa rd`dfvd tod sged qudstfknngfrds gs wdaa. ]od Pakvfn‖s Ckreuag egmd g sgepad sfzd kc ?6 stumdnts crke tod 7<7 stumdnts fn tod pkpuagtfkn. ]dstfnj Oypktodsfs
]k dxgefnd tod oypktodsds ckreuagtdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs, tod \dgrskn‖s 2 ckreuag wfaa bd usdm. ]ofs ckreuag gfes tk tdst okw afiday fs ft togt tod kbsdrvdm
23 crdqudn`fds grd sddn fn dxpd`tdm crdqudn`fds. ]ofs wfaa edgsurd okw tod kbsdrvdm crdqudn`y kc mgtg cfts wftofn tod crdqudn`y togt fs dxpd`tdm fc tod vgrfgbads grd fnmdpdnmdnt. ]od ckreuag fs gs ckaakws8
5
( − )
Rdsdgr`o Fnstruednt
]od prk`dss fnmf`gtdm fn tod `kn`dptuga crgedwkri fnmf`gtdm togt tod edtokm tk bd usdm fn mgtg-jgtodrfnj wfaa bd torkujo `knmu`tfnj g survdy tk tod rdspknmdnts kc tod stumy. Gs cgr gs rdsdgr`o fnstruednt fs `kn`drndm, tod `knmu`tfkn kc tod survdy wfaa fnvkavd tod usd kc g qudstfknngfrd `kepksdm kc 74 qudstfkns fn afnd wfto tod kbhd`tfvds gnm tod rdsdgr`o qudstfkns (fnmf`gtdm fn tod Ptgtdednt kc tod \rkbade). ]od qudstfkns fn tod fnstruednt wfaa bd tod jufmd kc tod rdsdgr`odrs tkwgrms tod sgtfscg`tfkn kc tod kbhd`tfvds togt wfaa agtdr rdsuat tk tod kutput wogt wfaa bd gngayzdm fn @ogptdr =. ]od qudstfknngfrd fs mfvfmdm fntk tordd pgrts (fn afnd wfto tod rdsdgr`o qudstfkns)8 G. ]od dccd`tfvdndss dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tk tod Ptumdnts Ptumdnts B. @kpfnj strgtdjfds usdm fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj by tod Ptumdnts @. ]od \dr`dptfkns kc tod Ptumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj.
Sgafmgtfkn
Bdckrd tod g`tuga vgafmgtfkn kc tofs rdsdgr`o, tod tkpf` tk bd stumfdm wgs fnftfgaay `od`idm by tod cg`faftgtkr kc tod `agss, Er. Adk Jugrfn. ]od `agss `dntdrdm tk tod mfs`ussfkn kc tod rdsdgr`o pgpdr gnm tod pgpdrs wdrd `od`idm by trfga-gnm-drrkrs pdr sdssfkn, dg`o `ogptdr wgs mfs`ussdm by tod cg`faftgtkr gnm tod pgpdr wgs `knstru`tdm
2: by tod stumdnts gctdrwgrms. Drrkrs wdrd `krrd`tdm gctdr tofs. Gs ckr tod rdsdgr`o fnstruednt, tod qudstfkns `kepksdm wdrd fn afnd wfto tod rdsdgr`o qudstfkns crke tod stgtdednt kc tod prkbade tk sgtfscy tod kbhd`tfvds kc tod stumy. Mgtg Jgtodrfnj \rk`dmurd
]od prk`dss fn tod systdegtf` gpprkg`o kc tod stumy wgs fnmf`gtdm gs gmefnfstdrfnj g survdy tkwgrms tod rdspknmdnts, tod rdspknsds wfaa bd agtdr gngayzdm gnm tgbuagtdm fn tod prk`ddmfnj `ogptdr. ]od survdy qudstfknngfrd wfaa pdrskngaay bd gmefnfstdrdm by tod rdsdgr`odrs torkujo g crkntga vfsftgtfkn kc tod rdsdgr`odrs, tod survdy egmd (bdckrdognm) wfaa bd mfstrfbutdm gnm todsd wfaa bd gnswdrdm fn g 74 efnutd spgn. ]od 74 efnutd tfed fs dxpd`tdm tk daf`ft prkpdr gnswdrs crke tod rdspknmdnts, tofs wfaa gask daumd ogsty gnm fngpprkprfgtd rdspknsds crke tod stumdnts. ]od gnswdrs wfaa bd tgbuagtdm gnm sokwn fn @ogptdr =. Ptgtfstf`ga ]rdgtednt
]od stgtfstf`ga ckreuags usdm fn tod kvdrgaa gngaysfs kc mgtg grd fnmf`gtdm fn tofs pkrtfkn. ]odsd ckreuags grd tod Pakvfn‖s ckreuag, \dgrskn‖s @of Pqugrdm ckreuag. Edgnwofad, tod s`gad usdm fn tod survdy qudstfknngfrd wgs tod Afidrt‖s s`gad. ]od Pakvfn‖s ckreuag fs usdm fn mdtdrefnfnj tod gpprkprfgtd sgepad crged mdrfvdm crke tod pkpuagtfkn. ]od usgjd kc tofs wgs `knsfmdrdm sfn`d tod pdrsknga gmefnfstrgtfkn kc tod survdy wfaa gpprkg`o tod rdspknmdnt‖s knd by knd. Ft fs afiday ogrm tk gpprkg`o tod pgrtf`fpgnt‖s kn d by knd mud tk todfr nuebdr. ]od ckreuag fs gs ckaakws8
5 wodrd8 n5Pgepad
Crged
+
2? N d
5 tktga nuebdr kc pkpuagtfkn, 5Egrjfn kc drrkr 5 <.<4 ]od \dgrskn‖s @of Pqugrd ckreuag wfaa bd usdm tk tdst tod kbsdrvdm crdqudn`fds
fn dxpd`tdm crdqudn`fds. ]ofs ckreuag gfes tk tdst okw afiday fs ft togt tod kbsdrvdm crdqudn`fds grd sddn fn dxpd`tdm crdqudn`fds. ]ofs wfaa edgsurd okw tod kbsdrvdm crdqudn`y kc mgtg cfts wftofn tod crdqudn`y togt fs dxpd`tdm fc tod vgrfgbads grd fnmdpdnmdnt. ]od cfnga prkmu`t wfaa bd `od`idm fn tod @of Pqugrd tgbad. ]od ckreuag fs gs ckaakws8
5
( − )
wodrd8 5 Kbsdrvdm Crdqudn`fds 5 Dxpd`tdm Crdqudn`fds ]od Afidrt s`gad wfaa bd usdm fn tod qudstfknngfrd. ]od s`gad ogs spd`fcfdm vdrbga fnmf`gtkrs pdr nuebdr. Fn rdspknmfnj tk tod ftdes fn tod s`gad, tod rdspknmdnts spd`fcy todfr advda kc gjrddednt kr mfsgjrddednt tkwgrms tod qudry bdfnj gsidm. ]od s`gad kc edgns ogs gssfjndm vgaud tk dg`o ckur rdspknsds wfto `krrdspknmfnj fntdrprdtgtfkns. ]od kbtgfndm wdfjotdm edgns wdrd fntdrprdtdm fn tod usdm kc ckaakwfnj rgnjd. =.3 ‐ =.3 ‐ 4.<
Ptrknjay Gjrdd
0.: ‐ 0.: ‐ =.4
Ekmdrgtday Gjrdd
2.? ‐ 2.? ‐ 0.3
Ndutrga
26 7.6 ‐ 7.6 ‐ 2.:
Mfsgjrdd
7.< ‐ 7.< ‐ 7.?
Ptrknjay Mfsgjrdd
]od Zdfjotdm Edgn wfaa bd usdm gs g edgsurd kc `dntrga tdnmdn`y. Ft fs sfepay tod grftoedtf` gvdrgjd kr tod sue kc tod tgaafdm s`krds mfvfmdm by tod nuebdr kc tode. ]od ckreuag fs8
5 ∗
c(x)
Zodrd8 ∗ 5 Pueegtfkn kc tod s`krds fn g mfstrfbutfkn. () 5 crdqudn`y kc s`krds
5 nuebdr kc s`krds fn g sgepad Gnm tod \dr`dntgjd wof`o fs rgtd kr prkpkrtfkn pdr ounmrdm. Ft fs usd gs mds`rfptfvd edgsurd tkjdtodr wfto tod crdqudn`y mfstrfbutfkn tk sokw tod rdagtfknsofp kc tod egjnftumd kc tod ftde kc tod vgrfgbads mds`rfbdm fn rdagtfkn tk tod wokad.
]od ckreuag fs % 5 _ 7<<
Zodrd8 5 gvdrgjd c
5 tktga nuebdr kc pkpuagtfkn n 5
0< @ogptdr = \RDPDN]G]FKN, FN]DR\RD]G]FKN, GNM GNGAVPFP KC MG]G
]od rdsuats kc tod fntdrvdntfkn wfto tod rdspknmdnts kc tod rdsdgr`o grd prdsdntdm fn tofs `ogptdr. ]od tordd cunmgedntga kbhd`tfvds8 (g) dvgaugtd tod dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj, (b) tk inkw tod strgtdjfds usdm by tod stumdnts tk `kpd up wfto tofs tdg`ofnj styad, gnm (` okw ogs tod fepadedntgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gccd`tdm tod stumdnts by pfnpkfntfnj todfr pdrspd`tfvds kn ft. ]od rdsuats grd fntdrprdtdm torkujo jrgpos. Ft fs tod rdsdgr`odr‖s gfe tk dxpakrd tod unmdrayfnj fssuds bdofnm tod dmu`gtfkn systde kc GEG gnm okw ft gccd`tdm tod POP stumdnts‖ pdrckregn`ds spd`fcf`gaay tod g`gmdef` trg`i JGP fn GEGBD Ags \fngs. ]od rdsdgr`odrs fntdnm tk mdtdrefnd wogt egids tode adgrn gnm mfs`kvdr ekrd by dnuedrgtfnj gnm dvgaugtfnj tod gmvgntgjds gnm mfsgmvgntgjds kc tod tkpf`. Rdspknmdnt‖s \rkcfad
]od qudstfkns pksdm fn afnd wfto tofs wdrd fn g``krm tk tod Rdspknmdnt‖s \rkcfad togt fn`aumds tod (g) Nged (wof`o wgs egridm gs kptfknga), (b) Gjd, (`) Agst P`okka Gttdnmdm gnm (m) G`gmdef` G`gmdef` Ptgnmfnj Agst P`okka P`okka Vdgr.
Gjd Rgnjd kc tod JGP Ptumdnts.
2%
Gjds (2<-22) Gjds (7:-76) Gjds (7=-73)
Jrg Jrgmd 7272-I Irfdjdr
=% 64%
2%
=0% 40%
Jrg Jrgmd 77 77-Gb -Gbzgn
Cfj =.7, Gjd =.7, Gjd Rgnjd kc tod JGP Ptumdnts.
07 Gs sddn kn tod cfjurd c fjurd =.7, todrd grd 64% stumdnts woksd gjd rgnjd crke 7:-76 ydgrs kam togt bdaknj tk Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wofad Jrgmd 72-Gbzgn fs mkefngnt wfto stumdnts woksd gjd rgnjd crke 7=-73 ydgrs kam. ]od gjd kc tod stumdnts wdrd fn`aumdm fn tod Rdspknmdnt‖s \rkcfad sfn`d todrd egy bd gn fepaf`gtfkn, `knsfmdrfnj tod gjd, tkwgrms tod Rdspknmdnt‖s g`gmdef` pursufts.
P`okkas Agst Gttdnmdm by Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn
Bdrngrmk @kaadjd @GG Ngtfknga Mfm Nkt Gnswdr 2% Ofjo P`okka Kutsfmd A\@ 6% Egfn ?% 70%
Sdrjkn NOP 2%
@GG Ngtfknga Ofjo P`okka Gnndx 74% A\NNOP =0%
A\NOP A\NOP - Egfn ?%
Cfj =.2 , P`okkas Agst Gttdnmdm by Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn.
Gaekst gaa Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wdrd stumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs agst ydgr. ]od cfjurd gbkvd sokws wodrd tod Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn gttdnmdm todfr dmu`gtfkn agst ydgr. Ft sokws togt ekst kc tode wdrd s`okkadm fn Ags \fngs Nkrto Ngtfknga Ofjo P`okka wfto tod vgafm pdr`dntgjd kc =0%. ]ofs wgs fn`aumdm fn tod Rdspknmdnt‖s \rkcfad tk egid g `kn`ausfkn wodtodr Badnmdm Adgrnfnj wgs g`tugaay dccd`tfvd, mkds ft ogvd gny fepaf`gtfkn tkwgrms tod pdrckregn`d kc tod stumdnts, kr wgs tod sfeuatgndkus fepadedntgtfkn kc tod Itk72 gnm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tkk kvdrwodaefnj tk tod stumdnts. ]ofs wgs fn`aumdm gnm wgs `knsfmdrdm fepkrtgnt sfn`d todrd grd vdry cdw s`okkas togt kccdr Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gnm tod s`kpd kc tod stumy fs knd kc todsd cdw. Curtodrekrd,
02 GEG fs tod pfknddrfnj gjdnt tk kccdr tofs. ]k kr`odstrgtd g `kn`ausfkn, `kn`ausfkn, tod rdsdgr`odrs fn`aumdm tod G`gmdef` Ptgnmfnj Agst P`okka Vdgr crke bkto tod JGP stumdnts gnm sdd wof`o kc tod twk ogs g bdttdr pdrckregn`d8 tod knds woke Badnmdm Adgrnfnj wgs gardgmy gppafdm kr tod knds wok wdrd knay tgujot torkujo tod trgmftfknga wgy kc tdg`ofnj. ]od G`gmdef` Ptgnmfnj Agst P`okka Vdgr `gtdjkry fn tod qudstfknngfrd fs mfvfmdm fntk twk8 todfr rgnifnj wftofn tod `agss gnm todfr cfnga jrgmd wof`o fs gask prdsdntdm fn g jrgpo.
Oknkr Rkaa @kepgrfskn bdtwddn JGP Ptumdnts Jrgm Jrgmd d 72 - Irf Irfdjdr
Mfm nkt Gnswdr
Nk
Jrgm Jrgmd d 77 - Gbz Gbzgn
2=%
3%
3=%
?0% Vds
72% 77%
Cfj =.0, =.0, Oknkr Rkaa @kepgrfskn bdtwddn tod JGP Ptumdnts .
Rdcad`tfvd kc tod prdsdntdm jrgpo, todrd wdrd ekrd stumdnts wok gnswdrdm ‑Nk― wodn gsidm fc tody wdrd knd kc tod Oknkr Rkaas kc todfr rdspd`tfvd `agssds. But, todrd wdrd 2=% wok mfm nkt gnswdr crke tod Irfdjdr stumdnts kn tod qudstfkn pksdm. Okwdvdr, tod pdr`dntgjd bdtwddn tod twk sd`tfkns wok gnswdrdm ‑Vds― wgs `aksd tk toksd wok ogvd ogm gn dxpdrfdn`d kc bdfnj knd kc tod Kvdrgaa ]kp 7< fn todfr `agssds wfto knay g pdr`dnt gs fts jgp, egifnj tod Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr cfrst by g strgnm. ]k curtodr
00 tofs mfs`ussfkn, tod stumdnts wdrd gsidm tk put todfr Cfnga Gvdrgjd kn tod agst jrgmfnj kc todfr `agssds.
Gvdrgjd Gvdrgjd @kepgrfskn bdtwddn JGP Ptumdnts Jrg Jrgmd 77 77 - Gbzgn
Mfm Nkt Gnswdr 6<-gbkvd
Jrg Jrgmd 72 72 - Irf Irfdjdr
0?%
76%
2% 3<%
?:-?6 ?=-?3 ?7-?0
2% :% 70%
4%
27%
:?-?< :4-:: <%
:% 20% 2%
Cfj =.=, =.=, Agst Vdgr‖s Gvdrgjd @kepgrfskn bdtwddn JGP Ptumdnts.
Cfjurd =.= prdsdnts tod mfccdrdnt gvdrgjd jrgmds kc tod stumdnts gs gnswdrdm fn tod qudstfknngfrd. Ft fs kbvfkus fn tod jrgpo togt Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wdrd gbad tk gttgfn jrgmds wftofn tod afnd kc 6, wof`o fs gbkvd sgtfscg`tkry kr dx`daadnt fn tod g`gmdef` jrgmfnj kc ekst s`okkas fn tod \ofafppfnds. Gatokujo, tod Jrgmd 72- Irfdjdr mfmn‖t egid ft tk tod Kvdrgaa ]kp 7< kc tod `agss, ft `gn bd sgfm togt tod kamdr JGP Ptumdnts wdrd gbad tk egfntgfn dx`daadnt jrgmds gaa torkujokut tod sdedstdr mdspftd tod kvdrwodaefnj `kntdnt kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Zofad, tod Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn wok wdrd s`okkadm fn g vdry trgmftfknga wgy by todfr prdvfkus s`okkas wdrd knay gbad tk gttgfn jrgmds togt grd hust sgtfscg`tkry rgnjfnj crke :?%-?<%, egridm gs Cgfr rdcdrrfnj tk tod G`gmdef` Jrgmfnj Pystde kc tod \ofafppfnds.
0= ]od Dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tkwgrms tod stumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs
]odrd wdrd cfvd qudrfds pksdm fn afnd wfto wfto tofs rdsdgr`o qudstfkn. Gaa kc wof`o wof`o grd gnswdrgbad by tod prk`ddmfnj nuebdrs gnm fts vdrbga fnmf`gtkrs8 =.0-4.<<-Ptrknjay Gjrdd, 0.4-=.2-Gjrdd, 0.4-=.2-Gjrdd, 2.:-0.=-Ndutrga, 2.:-0.=-Ndutrga, 7.6-2.3-Mfsgjrdd, 7.6-2.3-Mfsgjrdd, 7.<<-7.?-Ptrknjay 7.<<-7.?-Ptrknjay Mfsgjrdd. Mfsgjrdd. ]od tgbuagtfkn kc tod mgtg `kaad`tdm fs gs ckaakws8
Ptgtdednts F ogvd mdvdakpdm tod gbfafty tk gngayzd rdagtfkns gnm dvfmdn`ds, krjgnfzd pgrts gnm mfccdrdntfgtd bdtwddn fmdgs gnm pgrts. ]od ekmuads fn tod KDM grd odapcua fn stumyfnj sfn`d tod fmdgs grd gardgmy sueegrfzdm. F cdda togt Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gbad ed tk adgrn g akt fn g sokrt tfed. F `gn gppay gaa tod tofnjs F adgrndm fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj fn rdga-tfed sftugtfkns. ]od mfs`ussfkns grd gaa `kvdrdm gnm mfs`ussdm prkpdray.
]ktga
Zdfjotdm Edgn Gvdrgjd
Sdrbga Fntdrprdtgtfkn
Rgni
0.40
Gjrdd
7
0.47
Gjrdd
2
0.27
Ndutrga
=
0.27
Ndutrga
0
2.?
Mfsgjrdd
4
0.242
]gbad =.7, =.7, ZEG kc ]od Dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tk POP Ptumdnts
Fn afnd wfto tod Afidrt P`gad, 0.242 ≏0.0 edgns Ndutrga Ndutrga.. Ndftodr kc tode mfm mfsgjrdd nkr gjrdd kn tod cfvd qudstfkns crke \grt G. ]k `kn`aumd, gaa JGP stumdnts pdr`dfvd Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gs dccd`tfvd gnm sked mkds nkt.
04 ]od @kpfnj Ptrgtdjfds usdm by tod Ptumdnts tkwgrms Badnmdm Adgrnfnj
Ptgtdednts
Zdfjotdm Edgn Gvdrgjd
Sdrbga Fntdrprdtgtfkn
Rgni
Ey gumftkry sifaa fs vdry g`tfvd murfnj cg`d-tk-cg`d sdssfkns.
0.3:
Gjrdd
7
Fn KDM, F akj fn rdjuagray tk rdgm gnm gnswdr sk F ge nkt agjjfnj bdofnm.
0.7
Ndutrga
4
F akki ckr ktodr rdcdrdn`ds rdjgrmfnj g `drtgfn tkpf` tk jgfn curtodr unmdrstgnmfnj.
0.=3
Gjrdd
2
F gask usd tod d-Adgrnfnj ekmuads gs ey rdcdrdn`d fn Cg`d-tk-Cg`d `agssds.
0.0?
Ndutrga
0
F rdgm gaa tod d-Adgrnfnj ekmuads fn KDM.
0.7:
Gjrdd
=
]ktga
0.043
]gbad =.2, Zdfjotdm =.2, Zdfjotdm Edgn Sgaud kc tod @kpfnj Ptrgtdjfds usdm by tod POP Ptumdnts
]gbad =.2 sokws togt tod Zdfjotdm Edgn Sgaud kc tod qudstfkns fn afnd wfto tod Rdsdgr`o Wudstfkn #2 ogvd g``ueuagtdm tk 0.043 ≏0.= wof`o fs dqufvgadnt tk Ndutrga fn tod Afidrt P`gad. Ft sokws togt tod Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wdrd rgtodr ndutrga kn tofs pdrspd`tfvd.
03 \dr`dptfkns kc Ptumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj
]od qudrfds fn Rdsdgr`o Wudstfkn #= pfnpkfnt tod pdr`dptfkns kc tod stumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gs tody edt ft fn GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \fngs.
Ptgtdednts
Zdfjotdm Edgn Gvdrgjd
Sdrbga Fntdrprdtgtfkn
Rgni
]od fepadedntdm `urrf`uaue md`knjdsts g`gmdef` wkriakgms.
0.=
Ndutrga
2
Badnmdm Adgrnfnj prkvfmds ed ekrd tfed fn egstdrfnj tod `krd `kepdtdn`fds gnm sifaas fn dmu`gtfkn.
0.0=
Ndutrga
0
]od KDm Zdbsftd fs dgsy tk ngvfjgtd gnm ekmdrn.
0.74
Ndutrga
4
]od `kntdxts fn tod ekmuads grd gask usdm fn tod `agssrkke.
0.=0
Ndutrga
7
Badnmdm Adgrnfnj wfaa prdpgrd ed ekrd ckr ofjodr dmu`gtfkn.
0.0=
Ndutrga
=
]ktga
0.002
]gbad =.0, Zdfjotdm =.0, Zdfjotdm Edgn Sgaud kc tod @kpfnj Ptrgtdjfds usdm by tod POP Ptumdnts.
Fn afnd wfto tod Afidrt P`gad, tod Zdfjotdm Edgn Gvdrgjd kc tod \dr`dptfkns kc tod Ptumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj g``ueuagtdm tk 0.002 ≏0.2, wof`o fnmf`gtdm togt tody wdrd, gjgfn, ndutrga fn tofs pdrspd`tfvd.
0: @ogptdr 4 PTEEGRV, @KN@ATPFKN GNM RD@KEEDNMG]FKNP
]ofs `ogptdr sokws tod kvdrvfdw gnm `kn`ausfkn kc tod stumy gnm tk woke grd tod rdsuats bdndcf`fga. ]ofs stumy fs stddrdm by fts prfegry kbhd`tfvd tk mdtdrefnd tod fepaf`gtfkns, dvgaugtd tod dccd`tfvdndss, gnm inkw tod pdr`dptfkns kc tod stumdnts fn GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \fngs tkwgrms Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Fn krmdr tk sgtfscy todsd kbhd`tfvds, gn fnftfga `kunt kc ?6 qudstfknngfrds wdrd pdrskngaay mfstrfbutdm tk tod pgrtf`fpgtfnj pkpuagtfkn wof`o wgs rdmu`dm torkujo tod Pgepafnj Edtokm crke 7<7 pdkpad, gn fntdrvfdw wgs gask `knmu`tdm tk curtodr tod rdsuats gnm tk prkvfmd tod rdsdgr`odrs‖ g brkgmdr grdg tk gngayzd tod tkpf` crke tod kutsfmd pdrspd`tfvd. ]od rdsuats, gs gngayzdm crke tod daf`ftdm rdsuats kc tod jfvdn Rdsdgr`o Wudstfknngfrds, wdrd prdsdntdm fntk jrgpos gnm fntdrprdtdm fn afnd wfto tod Afidrt P`gad. Pueegry kc Cfnmfnjs
7. ]od \rkcfad kc tod Rdspknmdnts wdrd mdrfvdm crke tod sdad`tdm vgrfgbads8 7.7 Gjd ]odrd grd 64% stumdnts woksd gjd rgnjd crke 7:-76 ydgrs kam togt bdaknj tk Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wofad Jrgmd 72-Gbzgn fs mkefngnt wfto stumdnts woksd gjd rgnjd crke 7=-73 ydgrs kam `knsfmdrfnj tod vgafm pdr`dntgjd kc 40%. 7.2 Ptrgnm Pfn`d tod pkpuagtfkn wodrd tod rdsdgr`o wfaa bd rdnmdrdm wgs ck`usdm tk Jdndrga G`gmdef` Ptrgnm, ft fs kbvfkus tk stgtd togt 7<<% kc tod stumdnts wdrd fn tod Pgepad Pfzd wdrd crke JGP.
0? 7.0 Agst P`okka Gttdnmdm Gaekst gaa Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr 72-Irfdjdr wdrd stumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs agst s`okka ydgr. Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn, g``krmfnj tk tod survdy, sokws togt ekst kc fts pupfas wdrd s`okkadm fn Ags \fngs Nkrto Ngtfknga Ofjo P`okka wfto tod vgafm pdr`dntgjd kc =0%. 7.= G`gmdef` Ptgnmfnj Agst P`okka Vdgr ]od rdsuat fn tofs `gtdjkry wdrd mdrfvdm crke twk qudstfkns wof`o rdjgrms tk todfr pgrtf`fpgtfkn kn tod oknkr rkaa (gnswdrgbad by yds kr nk), gnm todfr gvdrgjd agst s`okka ydgr. Ft sokws togt ?0% crke tod Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn gnm 3=% crke Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wdrd nkt fn`aumdm fn tod Oknkr Rkaa agst ydgr. Gatokujo todrd wdrd 2=% wok mfm nkt gnswdr crke tod Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr tk tod pksdm qudstfkn, todrd wdrd ekrd Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr oknkrs humjfnj crke tod 7% mfs`rdpgn`y fn tod Cfj =.0. Ekrdkvdr, Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr wdrd gbad tk gttgfn jrgmds wftofn tod afnd kc 6, wof`o fs gbkvd sgtfscg`tkry kr dx`daadnt fn tod g`gmdef` jrgmfnj kc ekst s`okkas fn tod \ofafppfnds gnm Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn wok wdrd s`okkadm fn g vdry trgmftfknga wgy by todfr prdvfkus s`okkas wdrd knay gbad tk gttgfn jrgmds togt grd hust sgtfscg`tkry rgnjfnj crke :?%-?<%, :?%-?<% , egridm gs Cgfr rdcdrrfnj tk tod G`gmdef` Jrgmfnj Pystde kc tod \ofafppfnds. 2. ]od Dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tk tod Ptumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs. ]od stumdnts gjrddm togt tod ekmuads fn KDM grd odapcua sfn`d tody grd gardgmy sueegrfzdm gnm togt tody ogvd gask mdvdakpdm tod gbfafty tk gngayzd, krjgnfzd, gnm mfccdrdntfgtd fmdgs gnm rdagtfkns wfto g wdfjotdm edgn gvdrgjd kc 0. 47 gnm 0.40, rdspd`tfvday. ]od fmdg kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tdg`ofnj tode
06 fn g sokrt tfed gnm gaa fts adsskns bdfnj gppafdm fn rdga-tfed sftugtfkns wdrd mddedm mddedm ‑ndutrga― by tod stumdnts. Gnm tody mfsgjrddm kn tod stgtdednt togt gaa tkpf`s grd bdfnj `kvdrdm gnm mfs`ussdm fn tofs tdg`ofnj edtokm. Kvdrgaa, tod dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj fs ‑ndutrga― wfto tod ZEG kc 0.0. 0. ]od @kpfnj Ptrgtdjfds usdm by tod Ptumdnts kc GEGBD Ags \fngs ]od `kpfnj strgtdjfds usdm by tod Ptumdnts fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj wdrd mdrfvdm crke tod sdad`tdm vgrfgbads8 Gumftkry Pifaas, Rdjuagr Akj-fn fn KDM, Rdcdrdn`d Rdsdgr`o, Tsgjd kc D-Adgrnfnj Ekmuads gs Rdcdrdn`ds, gnm tod Rdgmfnj @keprdodnsfkn kc D-Adgrnfnj Ekmuads. ]od `knstgnt usgjd kc Gumftkry Pifaas murfnj Cg`d-tk-Cg`d sdssfkns gnm tod `knmu`tfkn kc rdcdrdn`d rdsdgr`o wdrd gjrddm upkn by tod stumdnts wfto tod ZEG kc 0.3: gnm 0.=3, rdspd`tfvday. ]od rdjuagr akj-fn fn KDM `agssds, tod usgjd kc D-Adgrnfnj ekmuads gs C2C rdcdrdn`ds gnm tod rdgmfnj `keprdodnsfkn kc KDM fs ‑ndutrga― wfto g ZEG kc 0.7, 0.0? gnm 0.7:, rdspd`tfvday. =. ]od pdr`dptfkns kc tod Ptumdnts rdjgrmfnj Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. Kn tod tofrm rdsdgr`o qudstfkn pksdm wfto cfvd mfccdrdnt qudrfds togt pfnpkfnts fc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj md`knjdsts g`gmdef` wkriakgms, prkvfmds stumdnts ekrd tfed fn egstdrfnj adsskns, tod dgsy gnm ekmdrn mdsfjn kc KDM wdbsftd, tod `kntdnts bdfnj tod sged fn tod KDM wdbsftd gnm fn tod C2C sdssfkns, gnm Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gs g prdpgrgtfkn tkka ckr ofjodr dmu`gtfkn wdrd gaa ndutrga wfto tod ZEG kc 0.=, 0.0=, 0.74, 0.=0, gnm 0.0=, rdspd`tfvday.
=< @kn`ausfkns
Bgsdm kn tod cfnmfnjs mdrfvdm crke tod stumy, tod ckaakwfnj `kn`ausfkns wdrd mrgwn. 7. Cfnmfnjs sokwdm togt ekst Jrgmd 72 stumdnts grd gjdm 7:-76 ydgrs kam gnm ekst Jrgmd 77 stumdnts grd gjdm 7=-73 ydgrs kam, gaa crke tod strgnm JGP. 2. Bgsdm kn tod cfnmfnjs, todrd grd =0% kc Jrgmd Jrgmd 77-Gbzgn togt grd crke Ags \fngs Nkrto Ngtfknga Ofjo P`okka. 0. Rdjgrmfnj tod G`gmdef` \ursufts kc dg`o sd`tfkns, ft sokwdm togt toksd wok ogvd ogm gn dxpdrfdn`d (rdcdrrfnj tk Jrgmd 72-Irfdjdr) kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj ogvd gttgfndm jrgmds togt grd dqufvgadnt tk 6<% gnm gbkvd, dvdn fc tody grd nkt oknkrs, wofad toksd wok grd ndw tk tofs tdg`ofnj systde knay ogvd :?%-?<% jrgmds togt grd mddedm cgfr kn tod G`gmdef` Jrgmfnj Pystde kc tod \ofafppfnds. =. ]od rdsuats sokwdm togt stumdnts wdrd ndutrga wodn gsidm fc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj tdg`ods tode fn g sokrt tfed gnm fc tod adsskns grd gppaf`gbad fn rdga tfed sftugtfkns. Ekrdkvdr, tody mfsgjrddm kn tod stgtdednt togt tod nd`dssgry mfs`ussfkns grd `kvdrdm fn Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. 4. Rdjgrmfnj tod usgjd kc vgrfkus strgtdjfds fn `kpfnj wfto tod tdg`ofnj-adgrnfnj styad, ft wgs ckunm togt stumdnts mkefngntay usd todfr afstdnfnj sifaas murfnj Cg`d-tk-Cg`d sdssfkns gnm togt tody rdsdgr`o ckr curtodr rdcdrdn`ds. Gs tody grd ndutrga kn tod ktodr stgtdednts, tod `kn`ausfkn ckr tofs, fs mrgwn crke tod fntdrvfdw. ]od fntdrvfdw rdsuatdm tk tod stumdnts mkfnj todfr KDm sdssfkns fn knd sfttfnj, ekrd spd`fcf`gaay wodn tod mdgmafnds grd `aksfnj. 3. ]od rdsuats sokwdm fn tod tofrm rdsdgr`o qudstfkn togt
=7 tody wdrd gjgfn ndutrga =7 rdjgrmfnj todfr pdr`dptfkns kn dg`o stgtdednts pksdm fn tod cfvd qudrfds. Rd`keednmgtfkns
]od ckaakwfnj rd`keednmgtfkns grd kr`odstrgtdm torkujo tod cfnmfnjs gnm tod `kn`ausfkns gckrdstgtdm. 7. Wugntftgtfvday `kn`aumfnj, ft sokws togt tod Jrgmd Gvdrgjds kc tod Jrgmd 72Irfdjdr wdrd eu`o bdttdr togn toksd wok ogvd nkt. ]ofs fs nkt tk `kepgrd tod s`okkas‟ jrgmfnj systde but tod stumdnts‟ pdrckregn`ds, `knsfmdrfnj tod sged strgnms tody grd fn. @kntrgry tk tofs, tod ZEG kc ]od Dccd`tfvdndss kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj rdsuatdm tk Ndutrga. Edgnfnj stumdnts grd fnmd`fsfvd fc ft ogm rdgaay prkvfmdm jkkm gctdregtos tkwgrms tod pdrckregn`ds kc tod stumdnts. Crke tofs, tod s`okka sokuam prkvfmd g ogrmdr ckunmgtfkn tk egid tod stumdnts mdde tod fepadedntgtfkn dccd`tfvd. 2. ]od gmefnfstrgtfkn kc GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \fngs sokuam ck`us ekrd kn tod cg`faftgtfkn gnm mdsfjn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj gnm tod trgfnfnj ckr tod fepgrtednt kc `adgrdr fnstru`tfkn tkwgrms tod tdg`odrs fn Cg`d-tk-Cg`d sdssfkns. ]ofs fs fn afnd wfto tod ]dg`ofnj \rdsdn`d ]odkry wof`o stgtds togt fntdrg`tfkn gnm mfs`kursd pagys g idy rkad fn tod fepadedntgtfkn kc Badnmdm Adgrnfnj. 0. ]od s`okka sokuam rd`knstru`t tod prkvfmdm D-Adgrnfnj Ekmuads, gs egny kc tod stumdnts bdafdvdm togt tody mk nkt `ked fn ognmy murfnj Cg`d-tk-Cg`d sdssfkns, sk tod stumdnts sdgr`o ckr ktodr rdcdrdn`ds. ]ofs sokuam bd dn`kurgjdm but tod s`okka sokuam gask `knsfmdr jrgntfnj gn dgsy g``dss tk rdcdrdn`ds tk egid tode
=2 gmvk`gtd ckr todfrsdavds fn adgrnfnj. ]ofs wfaa dn`kurgjd sdac-gmvk`g`y gnm wfaa gask trfjjdr @kjnftfvd \rdsdn`d. =. ]od s`okka sokuam prkvfmd gn kpdn-eknftkrfnj ckr toksd stumdnts wok mk nkt =2 ck`us kn todfr KDm sdssfkns gs ft ogm bddn ckunm kut togt stumdnts mk nkt `keeft kn tod adsskns fn tod KDm. 4. ]k md`rdgsd tod fnmd`fsfvdndss rgtd kc tod stumdnts rdjgrmfnj dg`o stgtdednts kn tod pdr`dptfkns kc tod stumdnts gbkut Badnmdm Adgrnfnj, todrd sokuam bd g ckrtd wof`o GEG Bgsf` Dmu`gtfkn kc Ags \fngs wfaa bd rdedebdrdm fn fts cfdam kc prkvfmfnj g okafstf` dmu`gtfkn tkwgrms cuturd prkcdssfkngas.
