Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th Edition Madigan

MULTIPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that that best completes the statement or answers answers the question. 1) The presence of membrane enclosed organelles is a characteristic of 1) _________ A) all cells. B) viruses. C) prokaryotic cells. D) eukaryotic cells. -

) !rokaryotes are are made up of "hich t"o groups# ) _________ A) Archaea and fungi B) proto$oa and animals C) Bacteria  and fungi D) Bacteria  and Archaea %) !rotein coding se&uences of D'A are kno"n as %) _________ A) histones. B) genes. C) ('A segments. D) chromosomes. -

) The *ram stain di+erentiates di+erentiates bacterial cells into gram positive and gram negative based on di+erences di+erences in the ) _________ A) presence of a plasmid. B) genomic content. C) cell "all structure. D) cell,s metabolic capabilities. capabilities. -) Disease causing prokaryotes prokaryotes are found eclusively eclusively among the -) _________ A) Bacteria. B) fungi. C)  Archaea. D) viruses. -

/) 0rganisms most likely likely to be found in etreme etreme environments are /) _________ A) fungi. B) Archaea. C) viruses. D) Bacteria . ) Cyanobacteria are most closely related related to the ) _________ A) gram positive Bacteria . B) Archaea. C) gram negative Bacteria . D) Eukarya . -

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2) 3yphilis and 4yme disease are both caused by 2) _________ A) mycoplasmas. B) toins from the Streptomyces. C) endospores from the Bacillus  group. D) spirochetes. spirochetes. 5) 6hich of the follo"ing organisms lives "ithin "ithin the host cell as a means of avoiding destruction by the host,s immune response# 5) _________ A) Streptococcus sp. B) Mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis C) Chlorofexus sp. D) Deinococcus radiodurans 17) At the present time8 ________ phyla of the  Archaea have been identi9ed. 17) ________ A)  B) % C)  D) 11) 6hich statement is T(:; about the genus Natronobacterium# 11) ________ A) They are halophilic and acidophilic. B) They are alkaliphilic alkaliphilic but not halophilic. C) They are acidophilic but not halophilic. D) They are halophilic and alkaliphilic. alkaliphilic. 1) 6hich statement is T(:;# 1) ________ A) alga B) alga or cyanobacterium > fungus C) alga > cyanobacterium D) fungus > cyanobacterium cyanobacterium 1) The eukaryotic fruiting body is generally associated "ith the 1) ________ A) trypanosome. B) yeast. C) slime mold. D) Paramecium .

1-) ;arly branching Eukarya lack 1-) ________ A) nuclei. B) mitochondria. C) genetic material. D) ribosomes. 1/) =n relation to eukaryotic cells8 prokaryotic cells are generally 1/) ________ A) larger. B) about the same si$e. C) smaller. D) There is no general rule about comparative cell si$e. 1) !aired chromosomes are found in 1) ________ A) bacteria. B) eukaryotes. C) viruses. D)  Archaea. 12) ?echanisms for controlling gene epression are found 12) ________ A) in all cells8 prokaryotic prokaryotic and eukaryotic. B) only in prokaryotes. prokaryotes. C) in some but not all prokaryotes and in some but not all eukaryotes. eukaryotes. D) only in eukaryotes. 15) (ibosomal ('A based studies reveal that 15) ________ A) the Archaea are most closely related to the viruses. B) all prokaryotic organisms are related but that all eukaryotic organisms are not necessarily related. C) all eukaryotic organisms are related but that all prokaryotic organisms are not necessarily related. D) all organisms are thought to have diverged from a common ancestral organism organism @4:CA) or community of organisms. -

7) 6hich statement is T(:;# 7) ________ A) ?ost natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken do"n by one or more microorganisms. B) All natural and all synthetic compounds can be broken do"n by one or more microorganisms. microorganisms. C) All natural and most synthetic compounds can be broken do"n by one or more microorganisms. D) All synthetic and most natural compounds can be broken do"n by one or more microorganisms. 1) According to our present understanding8 mitochondria and chloroplasts chloroplasts are ________ in origin. 1)  ________ A) eukaryotic B) viral C) archaeal archaeal D) bacterial ) The model organism for microbial physiology8 biochemistry8 and molecular biology is ) ________ A) Pseudomonas aeruinosa. B) A!otobacter sp. C) Escherichia Escherichia coli . D) Candida albicans . %) 6hich of the follo"ing groups of organisms is '0T gram positive# %) ________ A) "actobacillus B) Clostridium C) Streptococcus D) Pseudomonas ) ('A based phylogenies have inuenced "hich subdiscipline@s) of microbiology# ) ________ A) microbial classi9cation B) clinical diagnostics C) microbial ecology D) all of the above -

-) 6hat type of energy yielding metabolism is found 0'4< in prokaryotes# -) ________ A) phototrophy B) autotrophy C) chemoorganotrophy D) chemolithotrophy chemolithotrophy -

/) =n "hich of the follo"ing habitats might an etremophile etremophile be isolated# /) ________ A) human skin B) boiling hot springs C) fresh"ater pond D) garden soil at neutral p

) 6hich organism has unusual cell "alls8 can reassemble its chromosome after it has been damaged8 and has an innate resistance to high levels of radiation# ) ________ A) Deinococcus B) Pseudomonas C) Chlamydia D) "actobacillus 2) o" "as it determined that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes are actually ancestors ancestors of  speci9c lineages of Bacteria # 2) ________ A) clinical diagnosis B) visual inspection C) evolutionary studies D) molecular se&uencing 5) The ultimate limit of "hat "e are able to see "ith a microscope is dictated by 5) ________ A) magni9cation. B) resolution. C) visual acuity. D) light intensity. %7) The most common type of microscopy for laboratory courses in biology and microbiology is done "ith the %7) ________ A) dark 9eld microscope. B) phase contrast microscope. C) electron microscope. D) bright 9eld microscope. -

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%1) 6hen the oil immersion lens is used8 %1) ________ A) light rays are collected to increase clarity. B) light rays are scattered so unnecessary background material is not seen. C) obects are held in place on the microscope slide. D) magni9cation of obects is increased increased by about tenfold. -

%) A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that "eak repulsive forces forces are established is used in %) ________ A) confocal scanning laser microscopy. B) dark 9eld microscopy mic roscopy.. C) atomic force microscopy. D) none of the above. -

%%) The cytoplasmic membrane is the %%) ________ A) structure that identi9es a cell as eukaryotic or prokaryotic. B) source of nutrient production. C) permeability barrier of the cell. D) primary support structure of the cell. %) =f the magni9cation magni9cation of an ocular lens of a particular microscope is 17 and the magni9cation of the obective on the same microscope is  8 the total magni9cation achieved is %) ________ A) - . B) 877 . C) . . D) 7 . ×

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%-) luorescent microscopy is commonly used in %-) ________ A) radiation biology. B) cancer therapy. C) clinical diagnostic microbiology. D) the detection of chemical contaminants in a solution. %/) Bacteria stain as gram positive or gram negative because of di+erences in the cell %/) ________ A) chromosome. B) cytoplasm. C) "all. D) nucleus. %) 6hat type of microscopy has found "idespread "idespread use in microbial ecology because of its ability to resolve the di+erent layered components of a bio9lm# %) ________ A) di+erential interference contrast @D=C) microscopy B) scanning electron microscopy C) confocal scanning laser microscopy @C34?) D) dark 9eld microscopy -

%2) 6hy is the presence p resence of a cell "all signi9cant from a clinical standpoint# standpoint# %2) ________ A) All types of cells have a cell "all8 and it makes identi9cation of the causative agent of disease diEcult. B) 0nly gram negative Bacteria  have cell "alls. C) Animal cells do not have cell "alls8 so antibiotics that target cell "alls can destroy invading -

microorganisms. D) The cell "all protects microorganisms microorganisms from destruction by the immune system. TRUE!"L#E. TRUE!"L#E. $rite %T% i& the statement is true an' an' %!% i& the statement is &alse. %5) ?icroorganisms today are probably a degeneration of the earliest life forms. %5) ________

7) (ibosomes function primarily in energy production. 7) ________ 1) !rokaryotic chromosomes are generally linear. 1) ________ ) ?eiosis is the process by "hich haploid gametes are formed. ) ________ %) (ibosomal ('As can be used to study phylogenetic relationships relationships bet"een organisms. %) ________ ) ;ndosymbiosis is an eplanation eplanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. ) ________ -) !hototrophs use light as an energy source. -) ________ /) Firuses necessarily cause disease in the organisms they infect. /) ________ ) 3pecies of Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria. ) ________ 2) The "aste products of chemoorganotrophs chemoorganotrophs are often used for energy by chemolithotrophs. 2)  ________ 5) The evolutionary signi9cance of etreme thermophiles may be that they are modern descendants of very ancient cell lines dating back to a time "hen the planet "as very "arm. 5) ________ -7) 0rganisms of the genus #alobacterium can gro" "ithin salt crystals. -7) ________ -1) The Picrophilus are the most alkaliphilic alkaliphilic prokaryotes kno"n. -1) ________ -) All kno"n  Archaea are etremophiles of one sort or another. -) ________ -%) The cyanobacteria "ere the 9rst oygenic phototrophs to evolve on ;arth. -%) ________ -) The genus Chlamydia harbors respiratory and seually transmitted transmitted pathogens of humans. -)  ________ --) A di+erential stain is called Gdi+erentialG because it does not stain all kinds of cells the same color. --) ________ -/) =n bright 9eld microscopy8 contrast di+erences arise because di+erent cells and cellular components absorb and scatter light in varying degrees. -/) ________ -

-) =n phase contrast microscopy8 the di+erences in refractive indices bet"een organisms and their environments are utili$ed for better vie"ing of living specimens. -) ________ -

-2) 4ight microscopy is an e+ective "ay of vie"ing obects in three dimensions. -2) ________ #HORT "(#$ER. $rite the wor' or phrase that that best completes each statement or answers answers the question. -5) The distinct feature feature of the !lanctomyces !lanctomyces group is a@n) a@n) ________. -5) ________________

/7) To To say that an organism is an Gobligate Go bligate intracellular intracellular parasiteG means ________. /7) ________________ /1) 0ne maor di+erence bet"een chromosomes and plasmids is that plasmids generally contain  ________ rather than than ________ genes. genes. /1) ________________

/) A eukaryotic8 chlorophyll containing organism that can live in environments environments containing only a fe" minerals8 "ater8 "ater8 carbon dioide8 dioide8 and light is a@n) a@n) ________. /) ________________ -

/%) T"o T"o maor roles of fungi are ________ and ________. /%) ________________ /) The entire span of heritable nucleotides8 both protein encoding and non encoding regions8 in an organism is collectively collectively called called the ________. /) ________________ -

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/-) The evolutionary relationships bet"een organisms are studied in the science of ________. /-)  ________________ //) The three options by "hich an organism may obtain energy areH ________8 ________8 and ________. //) ________________ /) The di+erence bet"een bet"een chemoorganotrophy and chemolithotrophy chemolithotrophy is ________. /) ________________  /2) A cell that uses carbon dioide as its carbon carbon source is a@n)________. /2) ________________ /5) The largest division @or phylum) of Bacteria is the ________. /5) ________________ 7) The uni&ue feature feature of the mycoplasmas is is the ________. 7) ________________ 1) The function of the chloroplast chloroplast is to ________. ________. 1) ________________ ) 4ichens are called mutualistic mutualistic organisms because because ________. ) ________________ %) The commonality linking the  A$ui%ex  and  and &hermotoa species  species is ________. %) ________________ ) ________ are a speciali$ed cell type found in certain 9lamentous cyanobacteria that carry out a globally important important process kno"n as ________. ________. ) ________________ -) The ________ provides structural strength to plant cells and most microorganisms. -)  ________________ /) Cyanobacteria and their phylogenetic relatives undergo a process kno"n as ________ in "hich molecular oygen oygen is liberated. liberated. /) ________________ ) The t"o eukaryotic organelles organelles involved in energy generation are ________ and ________. )  ________________ 2) The measure of the light gathering ability of the obective lens is kno"n as the ________. 2)  ________________ -

E##") E##"). $rite *our answer in the space provi'e' provi 'e' or on a separate separat e sheet o& paper. paper. 5) 6hat might you learn by taking a properly stained sample of "ater and placing it under a light microscope#

27) ;plain the similarities and di+erences bet"een viruses and true cells. 21) 6hy are the  Archaea so diEcult to study in the laboratory# 2) 6hy are most of the Gearly branchingG Eukarya pathogenic or parasitic# 2%) ;plain the role of the methanogens in ecological studies. 2) Compare and contrast algae and cyanobacteria. cyanobacteria. 2-) =n "hat "ay are the &hermoplasma like the Mycoplasma# 2/) ;plain the concept of domain in relation to the tree of life.

2) 3ketch a phylogenetic tree sho"ing the domains and maor branches. 22) ;laborate on ho" chemolithotrophy and phototrophy have inuenced microbial competition and8 thus8 microbial habitats. 25) ;plain "hy primary producers8 especially especially those that undergo oygenic photosynthesis8 photosynthesis8 are essential for life on ;arth. 57) Compare and contrast the mechanisms mechanisms of di+erential di+erential interference contrast @D=C) microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy @C34?). 51) Compare and contrast both the purposes and the functions of the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.

1) D ) D %) B ) C -) A /) B ) A 2) D 5) B 17) A 11) D 1) B 1%) B 1) C 1-) B 1/) C 1) B 12) A 15) D 7) C 1) D ) C %) D ) D -) D /) B ) A 2) D 5) B %7) D %1) A %) C %%) C %) D %-) C %/) C %) C %2) C %5) A43; 7) A43; 1) A43; ) T(:; %) T(:; ) T(:; -) T(:; /) A43; ) T(:; 2) T(:; 5) T(:; -7) T(:; -1) A43; -) A43; -%) T(:; -) T(:; --) T(:; -/) T(:; -) T(:; -2) A43; -5) distinct stalk allo"ing for attachment to a solid substratum /7) the organism must live inside of another organism to survive

/1) genes conferring co nferring special properties > housekeeping @essential) /) alga /%) any t"o of the follo"ing in any orderH food > medicine > decay > recycling of nutrients > biodegradation in nature > recycling recycling of organic matter /) genome /-) phylogeny //) organic chemicals > inorganic chemicals > light @any order) /) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but chemoorganotrophs chemoorganotrophs use organic compounds as an energy source and chemolithotrophs use inorganic compounds as an energy source. /2) autotroph /5) Proteobacteria 7) lack of a cell "all 1) carry out photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells ) they are composed of t"o organisms that live together for mutual bene9t %) both groups gro" at near boiling point temperatures temperatures ) eterocysts > nitrogen 9ation -) cell "all /) oygenic photosynthesis ) mitochondria > chloroplasts @either order) 2) numerical aperture 5) !ossible ans"ers include cell abundance8 cell associations associations either "ith other cells or abiotic particles8 cell morphology8 diversity estimation8 multi cellular or unicellular presence8 and sterility of sample. 27) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but one similar feature is that both have a nucleic acid based genome. A di+erence that should be emphasi$ed is ho" viruses depend on a host for metabolism. 21) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but a theme should be the challenge of gro"ing them in the lab due to their distinguishing distinguishing characteristic of being etremophiles. etremophiles. ;amples could include various harsh conditions such as boiling temperatures sustained in a li&uid medium. 2) Ans"ers should generally include a statement about the organisms being unable to live a free and independent eistence. 2%) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but methanogens should be highlighted as those microorganisms involved in the 9nal stages of biomass decomposition8 "here the methane can be assimilated to begin remaking large carbon containing molecules @in the carbon cycle). 2) Ans"ers "ill vary. !ossible ans"ers includeH Algae are eukaryotes and cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. Both are photosynthetic. 2-) Ans"ers "ill vary but should include a statement that they both lack a cell "all. 2/) Ans"ers "ill vary but should include a description of unifying characteristics of a domain and ho" some characteristics are shared and therefore create a net"ork @tree) of domains. 2) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but the sketch should resemble Gthe phylogenetic tree of lifeG @igure .1) in the tetbook. 22) Ans"ers "ill vary. 0ne possible discussion could focus on ho" these di+erent "ays of obtaining energy allo" microorganisms microorganisms to thrive in the same habitat and minimi$e competition for resources by having di+erent physiologies. 25) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but a theme should be ho" oygen must be cycled back into a usable form for aerobes by organisms that evolve oygen during photosynthesis as long as aerobic organisms continually use up gaseous oygen. 57) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but one unifying characteristic is both yield three dimensional images. Di+ering features could include computational re&uirements8 staining procedures8 and the principles of ho" an image is observed. 51) Ans"ers "ill vary8 but a maor similarity that should be emphasi$ed is the employment of electrons @rather than a light source) to greatly increase the limit of magni9cation and resolution. Contrastive eamples could include sample preparation re&uirements and the di+erent cell structures observable in each. -

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