MAKALAH EKONOMI ISLAM II TEORI DAN ANALISIS PRODUKSI
Disusun oleh : Kelompok 4 Winda Safittri Lel Su Surani !u !ur"a $e%a &ahmi i *adia
(1601104010035) (160110401003#) (16011040100#') (1601104010033)
Dosen !em"im"in+: $id,an *urdin- S./- /
JURUSAN EKONOMI ISLAM FAKULT AKULTAS EKONOMI E KONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS SYIAH KUALA 2017
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Kata Pengantar
Sukur lhamdulillah- senantiasa kami u2apkan kepada llah SW- an+ karena karena "im"in "im"in+an +an* *aa maka maka kami kami mampu mampu menel menelesai esaikan kan se"uah se"uah makalah makalah .konomi slam "erudul 7eori 7eori Dan nalisis !roduksi8/ ak lupa pula u2apan terima kasih kami kepada Dosen dan oran+oran+ an+ telah "erpartisipasi atas terselesaikanna makalah ini/ Kami menadari "ah,a masih san+at "anak kekuran+an an+ mendasar pada makalah ini/ oleh karena itu kritik dan sar an san+at di"utuhkan a+ar makalah ini kedepanna dapat disempurnakan/ erima kasih- dan semo+a makalah ini "isa mem"erikan pen+etahuan an+ le"ih "a+i kita semua/
Darussalam- 09 *oem"er #019 Kelompok
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Kata Pengantar//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ii BAB PEMBAHASAN######################## PEMBAHASAN############################################### ############################################## ############################################# ######################1 1
eori dan nalisis produksi/////////////////////////////////// produksi////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////1 ////////////////////////1 / tri"ut tri"ut &isik dan *ilai dalam produk//// produk///////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// //////////////// ///////////////////1 /////////1 ;/ nput !roduksi !roduksi dan ;erkah///// ;erkah////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ///////////3 //////3 Kemulian Kemulian =arkat =arkat Kemanusiaan Kemanusiaan se"a+ai se"a+ai Karakter Karakter !roduksi/// !roduksi//////// ////////////// /////////////////5 ////////5 D/ .ksplorasi .ksplorasi dan !em"entukan !em"entukan Konsep Konsep !roduksi//// !roduksi///////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// //////////// //////////9 ///9 ./
!roduksi !roduksi den+an ekno eknolo+i lo+i Konstan//// Konstan///////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// //////////// ///////////////// //////////////////// //////////////> ////> Kura soinput/////////////////////////////////////// soinput////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////// ' a/
nput an+ sama////// sama/////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////' ///'
"/
utput an+ le"ih "esar memerlukan input an+ an+ le"ih "esar//////////// /////10 ///// 10
2/
Kura soinput soinput an+ an+ Le"ih in++i in++i ened enediakan iakan nput an+ Le"ih in++i in++i 10
e/
in+kat in+kat ar+inal ar+inal ransfo ransformasi rmasi nput////// nput/////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// //////////// ////////1 /11 1
mplikasi Konsep !roduksi slam pada Ke+iatan !roduksi////////////////////////////1# !roduksi////////////////////////////1# Kom"inasi utput aksimum///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////13 &/ !$D?KS D.*@* DL .!//////////////////////// .!/////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////19 ///////19 1/
&un+si &un+si !roduksi// !roduksi/////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ///////////////1 //////////19 9
#/
!roduktii !roduktiitas tas $atarata//// $atarata///////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// ////////// //////////// //////////////// //////////1> /1>
3/
ar+inal ar+inal !hsi2a !hsi2all !rodu2t !rodu2t of nput nput dalam slam/////// slam//////////// ////////// ////////// ////////////// //////////////#0 /////#0
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////#4 //////////#4 BAB PENUTUP//////////////////////////////////////////// Ke!"$%&'an///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#4
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BAB PEMBAHASAN Te(r" )an Ana'"!"! %r()&*!" !roduksi merupakan mata rantai konsumsi- aitu menediakan "aran+ dan asa an+ merupakan ke"utuhan konsumen/ Se"a+aimana produsen u+a se"a+aimana halna konsumen- memiliki tuuan untuk memperoleh Maslahah maksimum melalui aktiitasna/ Aadi- produsen dalam perspektif ekonomi slam "ukanlah seoran+ pem"uru la"a maksimal melainkan mem"uru Maslahah. mem"uru Maslahah. .kspresi maslahah dalam ke+iatan produksi adalah keuntun+an dan u+a ke"erkahan sehin++a produsen akan menentukan kom"inasi di antara keuntun+an dan ke"erkahan an+ didapat sehin++a dapat men+hasilkanBmem"erikan maslahah an+ maksimal/ leh karena itu tuuan produsen dalam perspektif islam "ukan hana men2ari la"a- maka pertim"an+an produsen u+a "ukan hana semata pada hal an+ "ersifat sum"er daa an+ memiliki hu"un+an teknis den+an aspek produksi semisal output ("aran+Basa an+ dihasilkan) namun u+a u+a mempertim"an+kan kandun+an "erkah (nonteknis) an+ ada pada sum"er daa maupun output/
A# Atr"+&t Atr"+&t F"!"* )an N"'a" N"'a" )a'a$ )a'a$ %r()&* %r()&* Se"uah produk an+ dihasilkan oleh produsen menadi "ernilai tau "erhar+a "ukan hana karena adana atri"ut fisik dari produk semata- tetapi u+a karena adana nilai (alue) an+ dipandan+ "erhar+a oleh konsumen/ tri"ut fisik an+ melekakat pada suatu "aran+ misalna "ahan "aku pem"uatan- kualitas kea,etan terse"ut- "entuk atau desain "aran+- dan aspek lainna an+ mendukun+ "entuk fisik fisik "aran+ "aran+ ters"u ters"ut/ t/ ;iasan ;iasana a atri"ut atri"ut fisik fisik dari dari suatu suatu "aran+ "aran+ men+am men+am"ar "arkan kan esensin
(keindahan (keindahanna) na) maupun peran funsional funsional dari "aran+ terse"ut terse"ut untuk untuk
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memanfaatkan "aran+ terse"ut nilai "aran+ ini dapat "ersum"er dari 2itra atau merk "aran+ terse"ut- searah- kelan+kaan- reputasi- produsen- kelan+kaan- dan lainlain/ Dua "aran+ an+ memiliki atri"ut fisik an+ sama "elum tentu u+a akan sama dari se+i nilai "aran+ terse"ut/ Dikarenakan Dikarenakan ada halhal halhal lain an+ mem"uat mem"uat nilai "aran+ menadi le"ih tin++i di"andin+kan den+an "aran+ lain an+ u+a memiliki atri"ut fisik an+ sema seperti 2ontoh raket an+ pernah dipake oleh petenis profesional tentu har+ana akan le"ih tin++i ika diual maupun dilelan+ "ilamana di"andin+kan den+an raket an+ "aru den+an atri"ut fisik maupun merk an+ samasama-// ;ara ;aran+ n+ terse terse"u "utt men menad adii le"i le"ih h tin+ tin++i +i dika dikare rena naka kan n nilai nilain nil ilai ai an+ an+ terkandun+ pada raket terse"ut "aik dari se+i searah maupun presti2ena karena pernah di+unakan oleh pemain an+ profesional an+ men2apai pun2ak kesuksesan pada saat dimiliki oleh pemilk se"elumna/ tri"ut fisik dari suatu "aran+ "iasana "ersifat "ektif- dapat di"andin+kan den+an satu sama lain- akan tetapi nilai an+ melekat pada suatu "aran+ itu "ersifat su"e2tif/ Dalam perspektif
.konomi slam produk u+a merupakan
kom"inasi antara atri"t fisik dan nilai (alue)/ Konsep ekonomi islam tentan+ hal atri"ut fisik dan nilai ini tidaklah auh "er"eda den+an pandan+an pada umumna- akan tetapi pada konsep ekonomi islam ada konsep nilai an+ harus ada dalam setiap "aran+ adalah nilainilai keislaman (islami2 alues)/ Den+an adana nilai islam terse"ut pada akhirna dapat mem"erikan "erkah pada suatu "aran+ terse"ut/ Setiap "aran+ dan asa an+ tidak men+andun+ "erkah tidak tidak dapat dapat dikatak dikatakan an se"a+a se"a+aii "aran+ "aran+Ba Basa sa an+ an+ mem"eri mem"erikan kan maslah maslahahah- se"a" se"a" "erkah merupakan elemen pentin+ dalam konsep maslahah/ maslahah/ Aadi elaslah elaslah "ah,a "ah,a suatu produk produk harus memilik memilikii atri"ut atri"ut fisik fisik sekali+ sekali+us us "erkah a+ar mem"a,a maslahah/ Den+an 2ara pandan+ seperi ini maka kuantitas produk diekspresika se"a+ai "erikut : Cm E & F E ;
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Cm adalah "aran+ an+ memiliki maslahah/ E& adalah atri"ut fisik "aran+/ E; adalah "erkah suatu "aran+
B# In%&t In%&t Pr()& Pr()&*!" *!" )an )an Ber*a, Ber*a, Ke+iatan produksi mem"utuhkan "er"a+ai enis sum"er daa ekonomi an+ la%im dise"ut input atau faktor faktor produksiproduksi- aitu se+ala hal an+ menadi menadi masukan masukan se2a se2ara ra lan+ lan+su sun+ n+ maup maupun un tida tidak k lan+ lan+su sun+ n+ dala dalam m pros proses es prod produk uksi si// Dapa Dapatt dianalo+ikan se"uah mo"il- tidak dapat di"uat hana den+an tersediana "esi atau karet saa- atau hana ada tena+a kera saa- atau pen+usaha mo"il saa- tetapi merupa merupakan kan se"uah se"uah kom"in kom"inasi asi antara antara "er"a+ "er"a+ai ai faktor faktor produk produksi si se"a+a se"a+aii input input produksi/ Se"uah mo"il terse"ut dapat sampai ke tan+an konsumen "ila semua faktor faktor produk produksi si terpen terpenuhi uhi aitu aitu se+ala se+ala "ahan "ahan an+ an+ men2uk men2ukupi upi untuk untuk dapat dapat di"uatkan menadi se"uah mo"il- dan diolah olah para pekera an+ memiliki keahlian pada "idan+na (input)- sehin++a dapat menadi se"uah mo"il (output) an+ diual ke konsumen- demikian pula pada "aran+"aran+ an+ sederhana dan "ernilai rendah/ Se"enarna- tidak ada se"uah kesepakatan an+ "ulat tentan+ faktor produksi/ !er"edaan klasifikasi faktor distri"usi ini di latar "elan+kan+i oleh "anak faktormisaln misalna a adana adana ketidak ketidaksam samaan aan defini definisisi- kharak kharakteri teristik stik-- maupun maupun peran peran dari dari masin+masin+ faktor produksi dalam men+hasilkan output/ Se2ara +aris "esar faktor produksi dapat di klasifikasikan menadi # enisaitu input an+ "erupa manusia ( Human Input ) dan input nonmanusia ( Non Human Input )/ )/ Gan+ termasuk kedalam input manusia dalah tena+a keraB"uruh dan ke,irausaha,an- sedan+kan an+ termasuk input nonmanusia adalah seum"er daa alam (natural (natural resources resources))- kapital ( financial capital ))- mesin- alatalat- +edun+ dan input inputinp input ut fisik fisik lainna lainna// !en+ka !en+kate+o te+orian rian input input manusi manusiaa dan nonman nonmanusi usiaa setidakna dilandasi oleh # alasan- aitu:
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faktor produksi an+ utama (main input)- sedan+kan input nonmasnusia adalah se"a+ai faktor pendukun+na (supportin+ input)/ Dikarenakan manusialah an+ mempun mempunai ai ideide- men+or men+or+an +anisas isasii- mempro memprosesses- dan meminp meminpin in semua semua faktor faktor produksi sehin++a dapat men+hsilkan suatu "aran+ atau asa an+ "ermanfaat untuk memenuhi ke"utuhan hidup manusia/ Karena tanpa adana manusia se+ala sum" sum"er er daa daa an+ an+ masi masih h "eru "erupa pa "aha "ahan n ment mentah ah ("ak ("aku) u) tida tidak k akan akan dapa dapatt dimanfaatkan den+an semestina- dapat dimisalkan den+an minak "umi an+ masih dalam kedaan mentah tidak akan dapat dimanfaatkan den+an semestina-di sinilah sinilah peran peran manusia manusia untuk untuk men+ol men+olahn ahna a menad menadii "aran+ "aran+ an+ an+ "erman "ermanfaat faat// Kare Karena nan na a--
tida tidakl klah ah
men+ men+he hera rank nkan an
"ah, "ah,aa
i"nu i"nu
khal khaldu dun n
(1#6 (1#63 313 13#> #>))
men+an++ap manusia se"a+ai faktor an+ terpentin+ dalam faktor produksi/ #/ anu anusi siaa adal adalah ah makh makhlu luk k hidu hidup p an+ an+ tent tentu u saa saa memi memili liki ki "er" "er"a+ a+ai ai kharakterisktik an+ "er"eda den+an faktor produksi lainna/ anusia adalah 2iptaan llah an+ di"eri kedudukan an+ palin mulia di antara makhlukmakhluk lain atau den+an mahkluk tidak hidup lainna seperti sum"er daa alam- uan++edun+- dan se+ala faktor produksi lainna/ la inna/ Se"a Se"a+a +aim iman anaa diket diketah ahui ui-- "erk "erkah ah meru merupa paka kan n komp kompon onen en pent pentin in+ + dala dalam m aslahah/ leh karena itu- "a+aimanapun dan sepri apapun pen+klasifikasiannasudah sudah pasti pasti "erkah "erkah harus harus dimasuk dimasukkan kan dalam dalam input input produk produksi/ si/ ;erkah ;erkah terse" terse"ut ut melekat pada setiap input an+ di+unakan dalam ke+iatan "erproduksi sehin++a seti setiap ap prod produk uk an+ an+ akan akan diha dihasi silk lkan an memp mempun una aii "erk "erkah ah// Dala Dalam m hal hal ini ini memasukkan memasukkan "erkah se"a+ai salah satu faktor produksi merupakan merupakan pemikiran pemikiran an+ san+at rasional- se"a" "erkah mempunai andil (share) an+ san+at "esar
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tin++i/ ki"atna maslahah an+ maslahah an+ dihasilkan dari "aran+ terse"ut rendah dan akan dian++ap se"a+ai "aran+ an+ "ernilai rendah pula- "e+itu pula se"alikna/
-# Ke$&'"an Ke$&'"an Har*at Ke$an&!"aan Ke$an&!"aan !e+aga" Kara*ter Kara*ter Pr()&*!" Pr()&*!" uuan dari produksi dalam islam adalah untuk men2iptakan mashlahah an+ optimum optimum "a+i konsumen atau manusia se2ara keseluruhan/ keseluruhan/ Den+an maslhahah an+ optimum ini- maka akan di 2apai falah an+ merupakan tuuan akhir dari ke+iatan ekonomi sekali+us tuuan hidup manusia/ Falah adalah Falah adalah kemuliaan hidup di dunia dan di akhirat an+ akan mem"erikan ke"aha+iaan an+ hakiki "a+i manusia/ Den+an memahami alur tuuan ke+iatan produksi ini- maka dapat di am"il suatu su"stansi "ah,a karakter pentin+ dalam perspektif ekonomi islam adalah adalah perhat perhatian ianna na terhad terhadap ap kemuli kemuliaan aan harkat harkat kemanu kemanusiaa siaan n harus harus mendap mendapat at perhatian dan utama dalam keseluruhan aktifitas produksi/ Se+ala aktiitas an+ "ertentan+an den+an pemuliaan harkat kemanusiaan dapat dikatakan "ertentan+an den+an aaran islam/ Sala Salah h satu satu 2ont 2ontoh ohn naa adala adalah h dalam dalam mema memand ndan an+ + kedu kedudu duka kan n manu manusia sia khususn khususna a tena+a tena+a kerakera- den+an den+an 2apital 2apital ( financial capital )/ )/ Dalam pandan+an pandan+an konensional- tena+a kera dan 2apital memiliki kedudukan an+ setara dimana keduana keduana adalah su"stansi sempurna/ !en++unaan !en++unaan tena+a kera- se"a+aimana se"a+aimana pen++unaan
modal-
dapat
sepenuhna
salin+
men++antikan
"erdasarkan
pertim"an+an efisiensi dan produktiitas/ Seandaina men++unakan teknolo+i padat kera (labor labor intensive intensive))- maka maka prod produs usen en akan akan memil memilih ih an+ an+ perta pertama ma//
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1/Su"stitusi an+ "ersifat alamiah (natural substitution)H substitution)H dan #/Su"stitusi an+ dipaksakan ( forced substitution)/ substitution)/ Dalam Dalam mendap mendapatk atkan an +am"ar +am"aran an an+ an+ le"ih le"ih elas elas tentan tentan+ + enis enis su"stit su"stitusi usi asumsikan kita kem"ali pada kehidupan aman dahulu kala ketika manusia masih rendah rendah kualit kualitas as ketena ketena+ak +akera eraann anna/ a/ Dalam Dalam peral peralanan ananna na-- ketika ketika manusi manusiaa manusia terse"ut telah mampu hidup le"ih "aik dari hasil an+ mereka peroleh dan dan meni menin+ n+kat katka kan n kuali kualita tass keten ketena+ a+ak aker eraa aan n anak anak turu turuna nan n mere mereka ka melal melalui ui pendidikan dan penin+katan keahlian- maka mereka akan "isa le"ih men++unakan sum"er daa ketena+akeraan mereka den+an le"ih "aik/ Den+an kualifikasi manusia an+ sudah tin++i- maka menadi tidak "iaksana ika manusia manusia den+an kualifikasi tin++i di +unakan untuk memprouksi "aran+ "aran+ an+ remeh- "ernilai rendah/ ereka tentu akan di harapkan untuk memp mempro rodu duks ksii "ara "aran+ n+ "aran "aran+ + an+ an+ mempu mempun nai ai nilai nilai tin+ tin++i +i sehi sehin+ n++a +a "isa "isa menin+katkan harkat hidup dan kemanusiaan manusia/ Kalau kita melihat pada titik terakhir saa tanpa melihat proses an+ teradi di "elakan+na- maka kita hana hana "isa "isa melihat melihat "ah,a "ah,a telah telah teradi teradi su"stit su"stitusi usi dari dari 2apital 2apital untuk untuk manusi manusiaa (tena+a kera)/ *amun- ika kita lihat dalam perspektif an+ panan+ se"a+aimana an+ di paparkan dimuka maka se"enarna an+ tampak se"a+ai su"stitusi ini hanalah eEuippin+/ Dalam hal ini manusia di len+kapi den+an peralatan a+ar "isa men+atasi masalah an+ di hadapi dalam ran+ka men2iptakan nilai mashlahat an+ le"ih tin++i/ anpa adana eEuippin+ maka "isa di pastikan akan teradi
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Se"a Se"ali likn kna a slam slam tida tidak k merek merekom omen endas dasik ikan an adan adana a su"s su"stit titus usii an+ an+ di paksakan/ =al ini di se"a"kan karena su"stitusi an+ di paksakan akan menim" menim"ulk ulkan an kesen+s kesen+saraa araan n hidup hidup manusi manusiaa an+ an+ ustru ustru menuru menurunk nkan an harkat harkat kemanu kemanusiaa siaan n manusi manusiaa- an+ an+ tentu tentu saa "erten "ertentan tan+an +an den+an den+an tuuan tuuan slam slam itu sendiri/ !andan+an konensional tentan+ tena+a kera adalah su"stitusi sempurnamerupakan merupakan 2ontoh su"stitusi su"stitusi an+ di paksakan/ paksakan/ Ketika ketersediaan ketersediaan tena+a kera masih 2ukup "anak- tin+kat upah an+ manusia,i u+a masih "isa di an+kaudan perusa perusahaa haan n tidak tidak dalam dalam kondis kondisii darura daruratt- maka maka pen++u pen++unaa naan n 2apital 2apital untuk untuk mensu"stitusi tena+a kera adalah merupakan su"stitusi an+ di paksakan/ Su"stitusi narural prosesna teradi dalam an+ka ,aktu an+ san+at panan+/ leh se"a" itu- konsep produksi an+ menunukkan adana su"stitusi natural antara antara 2apital 2apital dan manusi manusiaa (tena+ (tena+aa kera) kera) adalah adalah merupa merupakan kan konsep konsep den+an den+an hori%on ,aktu an+ka san+at panan+/ !aradi+ma "erproduksi se"enarna adalah paradi+ma an+ka pendek atu "ahkan san+at pendek/ Den+an demikian- menadi tida tidak k tepa tepatt ika ika kons konsep ep prod produk uksi si an+ an+ka ka san+ san+at at pan panan an+ + di +una +unaka kan n untu untuk k men++am"arkan perilaku an+ se"enarna an+ka pendek/
D# E*!%'(ra!" E*!%'(ra!" )an Pe$+ent&*an Pe$+ent&*an K(n!e% K(n!e% Pr()&*!" Pr()&*!" Konsep Konsep ini diland dilandasi asi pada pada nilain nilainilai ilai islam islam an+ an+ kemudi kemudian an dirumu dirumuska skan n menadi suatu konsep produksi/ a# A$ana, A$ana, &nt&* &nt&* $e.&/&)* $e.&/&)*an an $a!,'a $a!,'a,a, ,a, $a*!"$&$ $a*!"$&$ manah adalah salah satu nilai pentin+ dalam islam- an+ diturunkan dari
nilai dasar khilafah- an+ harus terus diunun+ tin++i/ !en+ertian amanah dalam
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harus dikerakan den+an "aik- karenana setiap urusan harus diserahkan kepada ahlina/ # Pe$+e'a/ Pe$+e'a/aran aran !e%an/a !e%an/ang ng .a*t& &nt& &nt&* * e"!"e e"!"en!" n!" Setiap tena+a kera sudah memenuhi standar minimum dalam melaksanakan produksi- namun ia harus selalu "elaar terus untuk menin+katkan kemampuanna dalam halhal an+ terkait den+an produksi/ !em"elanaran ini merupakan amanat sepanan+ sepanan+ hidup (lon+ life learnin+) learnin+) dari aaran islam- artina "ah,a setiap a+en muslim perlu terusmenerus "elanar/
E# Pr()&*!" Pr()&*!" )engan )engan Te*n(' Te*n('(g" (g" K(n!tan K(n!tan Kons Konsep ep prod produk uksi si an+ an+ sesu sesuai ai den+ den+an an nilai nilai slam slam adal adalah ah kons konsep ep an+ an+ men+an++ap men+an++ap "ah,a teknolo+i teknolo+i "erproduk "erproduksi si adalah sudah I+ienJ I+ienJ atau konstankonstandalam arti "ah,a teknolo+i an+ di+unakan adalah teknolo+i an+ memanfaatkan sum"er sum"er daa daa manusi manusiaa sedemi sedemikia kian n rupa rupa sehin+ sehin++a +a manusi manusiama amanus nusia ia terse"u terse"utt mampu menin+katkan menin+katkan harkat kemanusiaann kemanusiaanna/ a/ Selain itu- se"a+ai se"a+ai implikasi implikasi dari nilai nilai aman amanah ah-- maka maka ke+i ke+iata atan n prod produk uksi si haru haruss men+ men++u +una naka kan n inpu inputt setem setempa patt (lo2alit) an+ melimpah/ !ermasalahan produksi "ukanlah men2ari teknolo+i "erproduksi sdemikian rupa rupa sehin+ sehin++a +a mem"er mem"erika ikan n keuntu keuntun+a n+an n maksim maksimumum- melain melainkan kan men2ari men2ari enis enis output output apaapa- dari "er"a+ "er"a+ai ai ke"utu ke"utuhan han manusi manusiaa- an+ an+ "isa "isa diprod diproduks uksii den+an den+an teknolo+i an+ sudah ada/ !emasalahan produksi akan memfokus pada pemilihan kom"inasi output- supaa dapat memperoleh nilai mashlahah an+ maksimum/ K&ra I!("n%&t
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@am"ar 1/# a# In%& In%&tt ang ang !a$a !a$a
Semua titik di sepanan+ kura isoinput menunukkan umlah input an+ di+unakan untuk produksi adalah sama/ Kura isoinput "isa didefinisikan se"a+ai tempat kedudukan (locus ( locus)) dari "er"a+ai output an+ "er"eda an+ "isa dihasilkan oleh umlah input an+ sama/ Suatu titik kom"inasi didalam kura an+ "elum men++unakan semua input an+ an+ tersedi tersediaa untuk untuk "erpro "erproduk duksi si sehin+ sehin++a +a masih masih ada sisa input input an+ an+ "elum "elum di+u di+una naka kan n sehin sehin++ ++aa dia dia tida tidak k men2 men2ap apai ai mashlahah an+ an+ maksim maksimum/ um/ tau kom"inasi produk an+ "erada diluar kura isoinput- merupakan kom"inasi an+ tidak mun+kin di2apai oleh produsen karena umlah input an+ tersedia untuk memproduksi tidak men2ukupi/
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+# O&t% O&t%&t &t ang 'e+", 'e+", +e!ar +e!ar $e$er $e$er'&*an '&*an "n%&t "n%&t ang ang 'e+", 'e+", +e!ar +e!ar
Se2a Se2ara ra intu intuis isii dika dikatak takan an "ah, "ah,aa uml umlah ah inpu inputt an+ an+ le"i le"ih h "an "anak ak an+ an+ dimasuk dimasukkan kan kedalam kedalam produk produksi si akan akan men+ha men+hasilk silkan an umlah umlah output output an+ an+ le"ih le"ih "anak/ Se"alikna u+a "isa dikatakan dan+an sama "enarna ika dikehendaki umlah output an+ le"ih "esar- maka pasti memerlukan umlah input an+ le"ih "esar pula/
c. Kurva Kurva Isoinpu Isoinputt yang Lebih Lebih Tinggi Tinggi Menye Menyediak diakan an Input yang yang Lebih Tinggi ;erdasarkan sifat diatas- kom"inasi J mempunai kandun+an output an+ le"ih "esar dari / Kura isoinput dimana kom"inasi "erada menediakan umlah input se"anak 10 ( 10)- sementara sementara kura isoinput dimana dimana J J "erada menediakan input se"esar #0 ( #0)/ Semakin tin++i posisi kura isoinput ()maka semakin "esar input input a+ tersedia "a+i produsen produsen untuk melakukan ke+iatan ke+iatan produksi/ )# Tran! ran!( (r$ r$a! a!"" In%&t In%&t !ada +am"ar kura isoinput se"elumna- dapat dilihat "ah,a kura isoinput
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ditunukkan ditunukkan oleh "esarna "esarna slope slope dari kura isoinput/ isoinput/ Se2ara ala"arala"ar- slope dari kura isoinput "isa dilihat pada penurunan di"a,ah ini:
Slope IT =
dY = MRIT dx
Aika men+am"il derivative total dari fun+si isoinput diatas maka diperoleh:
dI =
∂ I ∂ I dX + dY ∂ X ∂ Y
Deritatie total diatas menunukkan peru"ahan an+ teradi pada input sepanan+ kura isoinput/ !adahal peru"ahan input sepanan+ kura isoinput adalah se"esar nolkarena umlah input an+ tersedia adalah sama disemua titik pada kura tese"ut/ Den+an demikian- lanutan dari penurunan terse"ut menadi:
0
=dI =
∂ I ∂ I dX + dY ∂ X ∂ Y ∂ I ∂ I dY = dX ∂ Y ∂ X
−
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3
@am"ar 1/4 @am"ar anak tan++a menunukkan menunukkan "esarna "esarna slope slope dari kura isoinput/ !ada saat posisi G menurui anak tan++a terlihat "ah,a semakin lama semakin landai dan rendahmenunukkan "ah,a umlah input an+ diam"il dari produksi "aran+ G se"esar satu unit sema semaki kin n menu menuru run/ n/ =al =al ini ini menu menun nuk ukk kan adan adana a efek efek learnin learning g curve curve dari dari input input
menunukk menunukkan an adana adana efisiensi efisiensi pen++unaa pen++unaan n input/ input/ *amun*amun- karena keter"atasan kemampuan manusia maka efekna pada umlah produksi semakin menurun/ !ada !ada +am" +am"ar ar-- penu penuru runa nan n efis efisie iens nsii mula mulaii ter terad adii sete setela lah h mela melalu luii titi titik k "elok(pada titik "esar)/ Setelah itu umlah input an+ diam"il dari dari produksi "aran+ G menadi semakin "esar untuk memproduksi "aran+ se"esar satu unit/ I$%'"*a!" K(n!e% Pr()&*!" I!'a$ %a)a Keg"atan Pr()&*!"
aranaaran islam an+ dipaparkan akan mem"eri dampak pada produksi an+ an+ dilaku dilakukan kan oleh oleh a+en a+en muslim muslim// Dampak Dampak lan+su lan+sun+n n+na a adalah adalah penuru penurunan nan tam"ahan pen++unaan input (marginal ( marginal input ) dan efisiensi produksi/
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.fisien .fisiensi si teradi teradi pada pada rentan rentan+ + produk produksi si dimana dimana tena+a tena+a kera kera masih masih "isa "isa menin+katk menin+katkan an kemampuan kemampuan mereka/ in+kat in+kat efisiensi efisiensi ditunukka ditunukkan n oleh adana pen+hematan input oleh menurunna tin+kat pen++unaan input pada masin+ masin+ unit produksi terakhir/ =al ini ditunukkan dalam ala"ar "erikut: 2
d I d dI = <0 2 dX dX dx K($+"na!" O&t%&t Ma*!"$&$
uua uuan n dari produk produksi si an+ an+ in+in in+in memaks memaksimu imumka mkan n mashlahah mashlahah "isa dilihat pada ala"ar "erikut: f(-G) la"ar diatas menunukkan "ah,a mashlahah an+ mashlahah an+ diperoleh oleh produsen "ersum"er dari produksi "aran+ dan G an+ dihasilkan/ dihasilkan/ Dena+n demikiandemikian- representasi +eometris +eometris dari fun+si mashlahah mashlahah itu sama den+an den+an an+ an+ ada dalam dalam teori teori komsum komsumsisi- aitu aitu ditun ditunukk ukkan an oleh oleh kura kura iso iso
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den+an umlah oupput an+ tersedia den+an umlah input an+ tersedia/ Aumlah input an+ tersedia sudah tertentu "esarna an+ dituukan oleh kura isoinput/ Den+an demikian pilihan untuk "erproduksi pada kom"inasi output D merupakan pilihan an+ tidak realistis karena pilihan terse"ut tidak "isa ter2apai/ Dalam keadaan seperti ini- alternatifna pada kom"inasi ; tepat "erada pada kura kura isoinp isoinput/ ut/ eskip eskipun un samasa samasama ma "erada "erada pada pada kura kura isoinp isoinput ut an+ an+ sama sama den+an kom"inasi ;- kom"inasi - dan < "ukan merupakan kom"inasi an+ tepat karena keduana "erasal dari kura isomaslahah iso maslahah an+ an+ le"ih rendah an+ "erarti mena,a mena,arka rkan n umlah umlah maslaha maslahah h an+ an+ le"ih le"ih rendah rendah di"and di"andin+ in+ den+an den+an umlah umlah maslahah an+ ada pada kom"inasi ;/ Den+an demikian- "isa dikatakan "ah,a
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@am"ar 1/5 T"t"* Ma!,'a,a, O%t"$&$ Pr()&!en
Setelah menelusuri proses an+ ditempuh oleh produsen dalam melakukan usaha optimisasi mashlahah ke+iatan mashlahah ke+iatan produksi- perlu diketahui rumusan "aku "isa an+ "isa dimen+erti men+enai "a+aimana seseoran+ produsen melakukan hal terse"ut/ ?ntuk memperoleh nilai mashlahah an+ mashlahah an+ maksimum- maka fun+si tuuan dan fun+si kendalan perlu dipadukan dalam satu fun+si la+ran+ian "erikut ini:
L= m ( X ,Y , Y ) ) + λ [ I −i ( X , Y ) ]
(1/1)
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m ( X ) '
=
'
m ( Y )
i ( X ) '
'
i ( Y )
(1/>) *ilainilai mJ() dan mJ(G) adalah nilai mashlahah mar+inal an+ diperoleh dari dari memp mempro rodu duks ksii "ara "aran+ n+ dan dan G "ert "ertur urut utt tur urut ut// dap dapun un term terma ate term rmaa '
i ( X ) =
dI dan dX
'
i ( Y ) =
dI adalah nilainilai input mar+inal dari "aran+ dY
dan "aran+ G "erturutturut/ ;erdasar defenisi terse"ut "isa di"erikan penafsiran terhadap persamaan (1/>) aitu aitu "ah, "ah,asa asan naa ika ika peru perusa saha haan an in+i in+in n mema memaks ksim imum umka kan n mashlahah mashlahah an+
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F# PRODUKSI PRODU KSI DEN4AN D EN4AN MODAL M ODAL TETAP TETAP 1# F&ng F&ng!" !" Pr() Pr()&* &*!" !"
&un+si produksi menunukkan "erapa "esar output- den+an kandun+an "erkah tertent tertentuu- "isa "isa diprod diproduks uksii den+an den+an inputi inputinpu nputt an+ an+ disupl disuplai ai ke dalam dalam proses proses produksi dan den+an umlah modalBkapital an+ tertentu/ &un+si produksi seperti ini dapat dilihat di "a,ah ini: Q = f !"# H"# $# E# M# %&
(1/10)
&un+si &un+si produk produksi si se"a+a se"a+aima imana na an+ an+ disamp disampaik aikan an di depan depan "isa "isa diprod diproduks uksii
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dipaksakan ( forced substitution) substitution ) antara tena+a kera den+an inputBfa2tor produksi an+ lain tidak semestina teradi pada kondisi seperti ini/ Dalam situasi seperti ini maka kontruksi dari foresubscript dari foresubscript ;K dalam fun+si produksi di atas menadi se"a+ai "erikut: %
" = ' ( % $
(1/14)
.kspresi di atas menunukkan "ah,a hu"un+an antara kapital (K) dan tena+a kera (L) adalah hu"un+an an+ komplementer an+ tidak salin+ men++antikan satu sama lain/ 2# Pr()& Pr()&*t" *t""t "ta! a! Rata5 Rata5rat rata a
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Den+ Den+an an eksp ekspre resi si sepert sepertii persa persama maan an di atasatas- maka maka "isa "isa dipe dipero roleh leh nilai nilai produktiitas ratarata tena+a kera/ =al ini "isa dilihat pada pemaparan "erikut ini/ )* + " =
1
K
Q =
1
K
f !" # $&
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men+alami penurunan se"a+aimana dise"utkan di depan/ Se2ara +rafis hal ini dapat dipaparkkan dalam +am"ar "erikut ini
C
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dQ ∂ = dL ∂ L Den+an 2ara an+ sama kita "isa memperoleh ekspresi dari nilai produk fisik mar+inal se"a+ai "erikut:
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mene"a"kan output per kepala menurun dan se2ara praktis "isa dikatakan "ah,a tam"ah tam"ahan an tena+a tena+a kera kera an+ an+ terakh terakhir ir dalam dalam proses proses produk produksi si menum menum"an "an+ka +kan n tam"ah tam"ahan an umlah umlah produk produksi si an+ an+ semakin semakin sediki sedikit/ t/ nilah nilah an+ an+ menad menadii latar latar "elakan+ menurunna nilai produk mar+inal fisik hal ini "isa ditunukkan melalui ekspresi "erikut ini:
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K
AP I
I I ( K , L ) Q= ( K K
(1/#3) Aika sekaran+ umlah tena+a kera ditam"ah se"anak dL menadi L maka ak
"e
m"ah m"ah
"a
ak dC
nad nadii C/ !ada !adaha hall
m"ah m"ah
C
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