sometimes , sel#om, rarely ,ne%er
e "areful< e wat"h<
P*ST SIMPLE Past a"tions whi"h happene# one imme#iately after the other e!mi(te yapilan iki i(ten +irinin +ir an#a ol#u5u yer#e she woke up got out of bed and ma#e a cup of tea
P*ST CONTINOUS *"tion in the mi##le of happenin$ at a state# past time e!mi(te #e%aml)l)k $0steren olaylar#a This time last week I was tra%ellin$ across *frica
Past ha+it or state emi(4 teki al)(kanl)k ya#a s7rekli hareketler#e He ro#e his
Past a"tion in pro$ress interrupte# +y another past a"tion& The lon$er a"tion is in the Past Continuous2 the shorter a"tion is in the Past Simple& e!mi(te +ir olay #e%am e#erken +a(ka +ir olayla kesil#i5in#e I was takin$ a shower when
PRESENT TENSES PRESENT SIM PL PLE Permanent situation or states Sürekli işlerde veya hallerde She works in a bank
Permanent truths or laws of nature Sürkli gerçeklerde yada yada doğa kanunlarında The sun rises in the east
Repeate#, ha+itual a"tions espe"ially with fre-uen"y a#%er+s often usually./ Tekrarlanm)( Tekrar lanm)( %e #aimi hareketler#e 01ellikle s)k s)k $enel#e....&/ He always $oes to bed at 11.o’ clock (Here always! means everyday.)
Re%iews ,sports "ommentaries , #ramati" narrati%e Ele(tiri , spor yorumlar)n4 #a , #ramati" hikaye %s & $mre ser%es the ball and Hakan misses it Timeta+les, pro$rammes 9future referen"e/ :aman !i1el$esi , pro$ram4 lar#a 9$ele"ekten +ahse#erken/ The train lea%es at '.. In e3"lamatory senten"es ;nlem ifa#e e#en "7mleler#e There $oes the bus <
PRESENT CONTINOUS Temporarysituation e!i"i #urumlar#a He is spen#in$ the week with his mother. mother.
Chan$in$ an# #e%elopin$ situations& 'ei(me %e $eli(me #urumun#a She is $ettin$ more and
PRESENT PERFECT Re"ently "omplete# a"tions yak)n#a tamamlanm)( olaylar#a She has #ye# her hair black. (the action is complete her hair is now dyed black evidence in the present.)
more impatient .
PRESENT PERFECT CON T *"tion starte# in the past an# "ontinuin$ up to the present& present& emi(te +a(lami( hareketlerin (u an#a #e%am etmesi #urumun#a She has +een #oin$ her homework for an hour. ( she started an hour ago and she is still doing it)
Fre-uently repeate# a"tions with always2 "onstantly2 "ontinually2 e3pressin$2 annoyan"e or "riti"ism S)k s)k tekrarlalan haraket4 ler#e& He is always $ettin$ into
Complete past a"tions "onne"te# to the present with state# or unstate# unstate# time referen"e emi(te tasmamlanm)( (im#iyle +a5lant)s) s0ylemlerin 1aman #ilimlerin#e He has +ou$ht a house house
Past a"tions of "ertain #uration ha%in$ %isi+le results or effe"ts in the present e!mi( hareket4 lerin kesin s7reklili5ini $0steren (u an#aki sonu!lar) %e etkisi She has +een runnin$
trouble
("ow he owns a house ) He has 6ust returne# from #aris(stated time reference)
that’s why she is out of breath.
*"tions happenin$ at or aroun# the moment of speakin$ 8onu(ma anin#a %eya "i%arin#aki #urmlar#a The sun is shinin$ now He is stu#yin$ for the
Personale3perien"es, "han$es whi"h ha%e happene# yap)lan ki(isel #eneme 2 te"r7+e %e #e5i(iklikler #e & ha%e lost weight recently
To e3press an$er2 irritation2annoyan"e2 e3planation or "riti"ism 8)1$)nl)5)2 sinirlili5i2 a!)klamalar)2 kitikleri #)(a %urmak She has +een usin$ my make up Present perfe"t "on& Is normally use# with for2 sin"e or how lon$ to put emphasis on #uration Present per& Con& Tense $enel#e for sin"e %eya how lon$ #urumlar)n) %ur$ulama#a kullan)l)r He has +een feelin$ unwell
e%ams.
Fi3e# arran$ement in the near future =ak)n$ele"ekteki re1er%asyonlar#a I>m $oin$ to the theatre this evening
Emphasis on num+er Rakamlar) %ur$ulama#a2 0nemin#e He has seen three films this week She has ha# four cups of coffee since she woke up
P*ST FORMS
bike to school every day when he was a child.
Complete a"tion or e%ent whi"h happene# at at a state# past time kesin olarak tamamlanm)( +ir olay#a she sol# her car
for days
PRESENT TIME E?PRESSIONS USUS*LL= USE' PRESENT CONTINUOUS Present Simple E%ery #ay ,week, year, month In the mornin$ , afternoon ,e%enin$, *t ni$ht, on Mon#ays et" *lways , usually, often,
Present Continuous Now, at the moment , at present , nowa#ays, to#ay , toni$ht , always , still et"& Look< Listen< Shhh<
year before she bought her ticket to *ustralia.
Complete past a"tion whi"h ha# %isi+le results in the past e!miteki tamamlanm)( $0r7le+ilir sonu!lar#a %e olaylar#a She felt much safer after she
past a"tion of "ertain #uration whi"h ha# %isi+le %isi+le results in the past e!mi(te s7reklilik $0stermi( $0r7le+ilirsonu!lar#a He ha# +een shoutin$ so loudly
ha# lo"ke# all the doors.
that he had a sore throat.
The Past Perfe"t is the past e-ui%alent of the Present Perfe"t present Perfe"t tense e( anlaml) $e!mi(i kullan)l)rken
The Past Perfe"t Cont& is the past e-ui%alent of the Present Perfe"t Cont& present Perfe"t Cont& 1aman)n $e!mi( #urumun#a
The room was empty2 everyone ha# $one out. (#resent #erfect4 The room is empty2everyone has gone out.)
The party was a great success because he ha# +een preparin$ for it all week (#resent #erfect4 The party is a great success because he has been preparing for it all week.)
& heard telephone ring.
Complete past a"tions not "onne"te# to the present with a state# or implie# implie# time referen"e e!m(ite tamamlanm)( %e (u anal +a5lant)s) olmayan #urumlar#a Shakespeare wrote at least 0 plays. (Shakespeare is dead2he won’t write any more.)
two or more simultaneous past a"tion of "ertain #uration *yn) 1aman#a #e%aml)l)k $0steren $0steren kesin s7reklilikte I was washin$ up while he was #ryin$ the dishes. a"k$roun# #es"ription to e%ents in a story,narration story,narration I was walkin$ along3
Past Simple =ester#ay2 =ester#ay2 last week et"2 9how lon$/ a$o2 then2 6ust now2 when2 in D et"
Time e3pressions usually use# with Past Forms Past Continuous Past Perfe"t while2 when2 as2 the the For2 sin"e alrea#y2 after2 6ust2 moment that et" ne%er2 yet2 +efore2 +y2 +y the time et"
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•
•
1
+y his second day at camp he
6ome2action connected with the present) He has +een to the cinema 7 times this month (it is still the same month2action connected to the present) & ha%e seen Sibel 8an (*ction connected to the present present / she is still alive)
P*ST PERFECT CONT *"tion "ontinuin$ o%er a perio# up to a spe"ifi" time in past e!mi(te +ir sure #e%am e#ip kesin +ir 1aman#a tamamalanm)( olaylar#a She ha# +een sa%in$ for a whole
ha# ma#e several friends.
last week. (,hen-! ast week .! /stated past time)
PRESENT PERFECT He has left (unstated time5 we don’t know when he left) She has +een in 6ome for two months (she is still in
Present perfe"t an# perfe"t "ontinuous @ust2 e%er2 ne%er2 alrea#y2 yet 9ne$ations A -uestions/2 always2 how lon$ so far re"ently2 re"ently2 sin"e 9Bfrom a startin$ point in the past/2 for 9Bo%er a perio# of time/2 to#ay this week,month et" For an# sin"e are usually use# with Present Perfe"t Continuous to emphasise the #uration of an a"tion
P*ST PERFECT past a"tion whi"h o""urre# +efore another a"tion or +efore a state# past time e!mi(te iki olay#an 0n"eki olan) anlat)rken
Past Perf& Continuous For2sin"e
SIMPLE PAST He left a minute ago (stated time when- * minutes ago) She was in 6ome for two months (she isn’t in 6ome any • •
•
•
more action not connected to the present) He went to the cinema 7 times last month (action not connected to the present /it is the following month now) & saw 9emal Sunal (action not connected to the present2 he is dead )
•
The :ueen has #e"i#e# to give up the throne 9T*GT ) (announcing news)
•
She announ"e# her decision this m orning. (giving details of the news stated time in the past)
Future Simple A e $oin$ to Tomorrow2 toni$ht2 ne3t week,month In two,three et" #ays2 the #ay after Tomorrow2 soon in a week,month et"
FUTURE FORMS FUTURE SIMPLE 'e"isions taken at the moment of speakin$ 8onu(ma an)n#aki kararlar#a %e s0yle%ler#e 9on4thespot #e"isions/ &’m hungry. I>ll "ook
E OHN TO *"tion inten#e# to +e performe# in the near future =ak)n 1aman#a +ir (ey yapma niyetin#e olmak I>m $oin$ to 6oin a gym on Saturday.
something to eat.
Gopes2 fears2 threats2 offers2 promises2 warnin$2 pre#i"tions2re-uests2 "omments et"2 esp& whitJ e3pe"t2 hope2 +elie%e I>m sure2 I>m afrai#2 pro+a+ly et"& =ukar)#aki filler#en sonar kulan)l)rken & promise I>ll +e on time . *"tions or pre#i"tions whi"h my 9not/ happen in the future ele"ekteki ihtimalli tahminler#e He’ll pro+a+ly pass his drinking test.
or a"tions whi"h we "annot "ontrol an# will ine%ita+ly happen kontrol e#ileme1 %e ka!)n)lama1 olaylar#a summer will +e
Planne# a"tions or intention Planlanm)( olaylar#a %e ama!lar#a 2 maksatlar#a "ow that she’s passed her e%ams she >s $oin$ to train to be a solicitor.
Sunday. (& play tennis every Sunday2it’s part of my routine.)
E%i#en"e that somethin$ will #efinitely happen in the near future ele"ekte kesinlikle ola"a5)na #air #eliler#e Those dark clouds mean it >s $oin$ rain soon. &t’s so hot2 I>m $oin$ to faint&
here soon.
thin$s we are not yet sure a+out or we ha%en>t #e"i#e# to #o yet Gen71 yapmay akarar %erme#i5imi1 (eyleri yapmaya emin olma#)5)m)1#a #erhaps I>ll mo%e house.
FUTURE CONTHNUOUS *"tions in pro$ress at a state# future time ele"ekte +a(lan$)!tarihin#en iti+aren #e%aml)l)k $0steren olaylar#a This time ne%t year she >ll +e runnin$ her own business. *"tions whi"h are the result of a routine 9instea# of the Present Continuous/ *l)()lm)( her1amanki olaylar#a (im#iki 1aman yerine kullan)l)r &’ll +e playin$ tennis on
Khen we ask politely a+out people>s arran$ements to see if they "an #o sth for us or +e"ause we want to offer to #o sth for them Na1aket olmas) ne#eniyle kar()m)14 #akine yam)( ol#u5u reser%asyonlar) %eya +i1im i!in yapmas) $erekli +ir (ey %eya 0neri ri"a e#erken Kill you +e $oin$ shopping
on his leg. (&t has been decided.)
Shall is use#J Kith I,we -uestions2 su$$estions2 offer or when askin$ for a#%i"e& Shall we go home now ,hat shall & wear-
Present Simple 9with future meanin$/ Timeta+les , pro$rammes Pro$ramlar#a %e 1aman !i1el$elerin#e The play +e$ins at < o’clock this evening
Future Perfe"t Continuous +y. for
Stati%e %er+s e3press a permanent state rather than an a"tion an# are not use# in the "ontinuous forms& These are %er+s of the senses use# to e3press in%oluntary a"tions 9feel2 hear2 see2 smell2 taste et"&/ %er+s of feelin$s an# emotions 9a#ore2 #etest2 en6oy2 for$i%e hate2 like2 et"& %er+s of opinion 9a$ree2 +elie%e2 suppose2 un#erstan# et"/ an# other %er+s 9+elon$2 "on"ern2 #epen#2 know2 men2 own2 possess2 nee#2 prefer2 want et"/ I see someone coming. She hates pop music. I #on>t a$ree with you. He knows a lot about computers. NoteJ feel an# hurt "an +e use #in either "ontinuous or simple forms& She feels,is feelin$ better. Look2 wat"h an# listen e3press #eli+erate a"tions an# "an +e use# in "ontinuous& He is listenin$ to some records.
FUTURE PERFECT *"tions finishe# +efore a state# future time ele"ekte ki a #urum#an 0n"e +itten olaylar#a They will ha%e emi$rate# to 8anada by 8hristmas.
NoteJ +y or not .until,till *re use# with Future Perf& =ukar)#aki kelimeler Until, tillare normally only in ne$ati%e senten"es& ur#aki kelimelr#e sa#e"e olumsu1 "7mleler#e He will ha%e "omplete# his studies
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• • •
by the and of the year.(not4 till;until) He won>t ha%e arri%e# until tonight.
• • •
Future Perfe"t Cont& 'uration of an a"tion up to a "ertain time in the future 8esin +ir 1amana ka#ar olan +ir hareketin #e%am)n#a +y his si%tieth birthday he will ha%e +een tea"hin$ for years
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ST*TE I see them coming towards us. (=& have ability) These flowers smell nice. (=they have nice smell) This soup tastes delicious. (=its flavour is good) &t feels like velvet. (= it has the te%ture of) He has a house. ( = he possesses) 'o you like his new car- (= &s it nice -) I think he has left. ( = & suppose ) *nn is polite. (= her character is) &t looks as if it’s going to snow. (= it appears)
*CTHON • •
• • • • • • •
She>s seein$ her doctor today. (=she’s visiting) ,hy are you smellin$ the food- Has it gone off- (= why are you checking the smell of) She>s tastin$ the soup. (=she’s testing the flavour) He>s feelin$ the cloth.(=he’s touching the cloth) ,e>re ha%in$ a nice time. (= we’re en>oying ourselves) How are they likin$ the party- (=they are en>oying) &>m thinkin$ about his suggestion. (= &’m considering) Tom is +ein$ very impolite. (= he is behaving impolitely) They are lookin$ at the statue. (they’re viewing)
Ga%e $one to , Ga%e +een to , Ga%e +een in He has $one to Scotland. (He’s on his way to Scotland or he’s there now. He hasn’t come back yet.) He has +een to ?unich once. (He has visited ?unich but he isn’t there now. He has come back) He has +een in 6otterdam for two years. (He lives in 6otterdam now.)
Sin"e e3presses a startin$ point& &’ve been here sin"e ?arch. For e3presses the #uration of an a"tion& ,e’ve been here for three months. Present Perfe"t
at the supermarket today8an you buy me some milk-
thin$s we are sure a+out or we ha%e alrea#y #e"i#e# to #o in the near future yak)n $ele"ekte yapmaya karar %er#i5imi1 %e emin ol#u5umu1 (eyler#e They are $oin$ to operate
Future Perfe"t efore2 +y2 +y then +y the time2 9 until is use# only in ne$ati%e senten"es with this tense/
•
PRESENT CONTINUOUS KITG FUTURE ME*NIN Fi3e# arran$ement in the near future yek)n $ele"ekteki sa+it re1er%asyonlar#a She is meetin$ her aunt
•
•
•
•
this evenin g
He has left& (unstated time5 we don’t know when he left) She has +een in 6ome for two m onths.( she’s still in 6ome 2 action connected to the present) He>s +een to the cinema five times this month. (it’s still the some month / action connected to the present) I>%e seen ?att @illon. (action connected to the present / he’s still alive) The :ueen has #e"i#e# to give up the throne. (announcing news.)
Past Simple • •
•
•
•
He left minute ago. (stated time / ,hen- * minute ago.) She was in 6ome for two month. (she isn’t in 6ome any / action not connected to the present.) He went to the cinema five times last month. ( action not connected to the present /it’s the following m onth now.) I saw Sir awrence Alivier. (action not connected to the present / he’ dead.) She announ"e# her decision this morning. (giving details of the news / stated time in past)
Use# to e use# to in$ form,noun, pronoun Koul# Kas $oin$ to
Kill is use# To e3press offers2 threats2 promises2 pre#i"tions2 warnin$s2 re-uests2 hopes2 fears on4the spot #e"isions2 "omments 9mainly withJ think e3pe"t2 +elie%e2 I>m sure2 hope2 know2 suppose an# pro+a+ly/& I hope you will keepin$ touch with me.
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2
Use# to e3presses past ha+itual a"tions an# permanent states& 9Note that stati%e %er+s are not use# with woul# / Koul# e3presses past repeate# a"tions an#
,hen & was young & use# to $o climbing once a month. (also4 would go) He use# to li%e in #aris. (not4 would /state) ,hen & was child & woul# $o to the cinema every
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•
routines not states& e use# to means +e a""ustome# to2 +e in the ha+it of& Kas $oin$ to e3presses a"tions one inten#e# to #o +ut #i#n>t #o&
Positi%e *##ition
Ne$ati%e *##ition Contrast
Similarity
Con"ession
*lternati%e Emphasis
E3emplifi"ation Clarifi"ation Cause , Reason
Sunday. (also4 & used to go3) ittle children are use# to $oin$ to +e# early in the evening. He was $oin$ to +uy a house but he lost all his money at the racetrack.
*nd both3and not only3(but also;as well) too moreover in addition to furthermore further also not to mention the fact that besides "either3nor nor neither either
but not3but although while whereas despite even if even though on the other hand in contrast however (and) yet at the some time Similarly likewise in the some way eCually
but even so however (and) still (and) yet nevertheless on the other hand although even though despite;in spite of regardless of admittedly considering whereas while nonetheless Ar on the other hand either3or alternatively +esides not only this but...also as well what is more in fact as a matter of fact to tell you the truth actually indeed led alone *s such as like for e%ample for instance particularly especially in particular That is to say specifically in other words to put it another way & mean *s because because of since on the grounds that seeing that due to in view of owing of for now that so
She is young an# successful
Manner Con#ition
Neither Bane nor #aula has any desire to meet him again. Bane has no desire to meet him again. Nor does #aula. She can speak 6ussian fluently5 howe%er2 she is unable to read or write it.
Conse-uen"e of a "on#ition
,hen you move house you must notify the post office of your change of address. Similarly2 you must register with the local county council. She applied for the >ob e%en thou$h she wasn’t suitably Cualified.
Purpose Effe"t, ,Result Comparison
Pla"e E3"eption
as3as than half as3as nothing like the3the twice as3as less3 than when whenever as while now (that) before until till after since where wherever bu t ( for ) e%c ep t ( for ) apa rt fr om
Relati%e
who whom whose which what that
Chronolo$i"al
+e$innin$J initially first3 at first to start;begin
Time They could take a holiday now or,on the other han#,alternati%ely they could wait until the summer & find him pushy and demanding and what is more2 he is self2centred
& en>oyed all the books you lent me but in parti"ular & liked ,ild Swans! He needs to concentrate more in his schoolwork. Spe"ifi"ally2 he has to pay more attention in the classroom The company has decided to take on more staff now that sales are increasing
Referen"e
Summarisin$
3
*s(in)the way how the way in which (in) the some way (as) as if as though &f in case assuming (that) on condition (that) provided (that) providing (that) unless in the event (that) in the even of as;so long as granted;granting (that) whether whether3or (alternative condition) only if even if otherwise or (else) in case of 8onseCuently then under those circumstances if so if not so therefore in that case otherwise thus so that so as (that) to in order (not) to in order that for fear(that) in case Such;so3that conseCuently for this reason as a conseCuence thus therefore so
with first of all "ontinuin$J secondly3after this;that second3 afterwards than ne%t before this "on"lu#in$J finally at last in the end eventually lastly last but not least considering concerning regarding with respect;regard;reference to in respect; regard; reference to this;to the fact that
in conclusion in summary to sum up as & have said as (it) was previously stated on the whole in all all in all altogether in short briefly to put it briefly
The manager e%plained how the organisation could increase productivity. #lease notify us in the e%ent that,in "ase you are unable to attend the meeting.
& may take a long lunch break tomorrow. If so & can go to the hairdresser’s than & took plenty of magaDines with me in "ase & got bored during the flight. The room at The 6itD w as double2booked and as a "onse-uen"e2 we were moved to another hotel. Eou look nothin$ like your sister. *s a freelance writer she can choose to work
whene%er she wants. She makes friends where%er she goes. , e ha ve sen t i nvi ta ti on s t o e ve ry one apart from the Fords. et me introduce you to the man whose ideas have revolutionised the workplace First of all2 we need to decide what the problem is Then2 we need to consider all possible solutions Finally2 we must decide on the best alternative Consi#erin$ the length of time he took to write the report it is not up to standard. Kith referen"e to what we agreed last week & would like to remind you that the deadline has been brought forward to 1 Bune. To sum up the film complete waste of time.
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