BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Internasional. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan baik, maka kita akan dapat berkomunikasi berkomunikasi dengan bangsa- bangsa lain di dunia ini. Di sampan gitu, gitu, kita pun akan dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kita demi kemajuan bangsa dan Negara kita, karena kita akan dapat membaca literatur-literatur bahasa Inggris, mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio luar negeri, serta menonton film-film, menambah wawasan ilmu pengetahuan yang lainnya.Setiap bahasa tentunya mempunyai kaidah-kaidah atau sering kita sebut dengan dengan istilah tata bahasanya masing-masing, begitu pun dengan bahasa Inggris, banyak sekali kaidah-kaidah yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaannya, terutama dalam bidang writingnya, writingnya, dari sekian banyak kaidah bahasa Inggris Inggris Dengan demikian, pada akhirnya kita dapat menguasai pengetahuan-pengetahuan di segal abidang. Oleh karena itu ,tenses merupakan hal yang penting dalam pendidikan bahasa inggris. Dan juga merupakan suatu aturan dalam berbahasa inggris. Jika seseorang ingin menguasai bahasa inggris dengan baik, maka harus dapat menguasai tenses denganbaik. Diantara bentuk- bentuk tenses lainnya, dalam makalah ini kami menjelaskan mengenai simple past past tense dan past continuous tense.
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B.
RumusanMasalah a. Simple past tense 1)
Bagaimana yang dimaksuddengan simple past tense ?
2)
Bagaimana rumus simple past tense ?
3)
Bagaimana penambahan ED pada kata kerjabentuk 2?
4)
Bagaimana penggunaan was/were pada simple past tense ?
5)
Bagaimana penggunaanketeranganwaktupada simple past tense ?
6)
Bagaimana menyatakan suatu kejadian dengan menggunakan simple past tense ?
7)
Bagaimana contoh kalmat dari simple past tense ?
b. Past continuous tense 1)
Bagaimana yang dimaksud dengan past continuous tense ?
2)
Bagaimana rumus dari past continuous tense ?
3)
Bagaimana penggunaan was/were pada past continuous tense ?
4)
Bagaimana penambahan ing pada kata kerja berupa verb ing ?
5)
Bagaimana penggunaan keterangan waktu pada past continuous tense ?
6)
Bagaimana menyatakan suatu kejadian dengan menggunakan past continuous tense ?
7)
Bagaimana contoh dari past continuous tense ?
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C. TUJUAN a. Simple past tense 1) Untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan simple past tense 2) Untuk mengetahui rumus simple past tense 3) Untuk mengetahui penambahan ED pada kata kerja bentuk 2 4) Untuk mengetahui penggunaan was/were pada simple past tense 5) Untuk mengetahui penggunaan keterangan waktu pada simple past tense 6) Untuk mengetahui suatu kejadian dengan menggunakan simple past tense 7) Untuk mengetahui contoh kalmat dari simple past tense
b.
Past continuous tense 1) Untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan past continuous tense 2) Untuk mengetahui rumus dari past continuous tense ? 3) Untuk mengetahui penggunaan was/were pada past continuous tense 4) Untuk mengetahui penambahan ing pada kata kerja berupa verb ing 5) Untuk mengetahui penggunaan keterangan waktu pada past continuous tense 6) Untuk mengetahui suatu kejadian dengan menggunakan past continuous tense 7) Untuk mengetahui contoh dari past continuous tense
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1 SIMPLE PAST TENSE A. Definition of the Simple Past Tense The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
B. Formula Simple Past Tense Nominal (+) Subject + be (was/were) + Non Verb + Object (-) Subject + be (was/were) + NOT + Non Verb + Object (?) be (was/were) + Subject + Non Verb + Object? (-?)
Verbal (+) Subject + Verb 2 + Object (-) Subject + Didn’t + Verb 1 + Object (?) Did + Subject + Verb 1 + Object
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C. The use was/were of the Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE" (was / were). Was to subject: I, she, he, it. Were on the subject: you, they, we.
D. Spelling- ED 1. If the verb ends in an E , add D Example : Love = loved Like = like 2. If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add ED Example : Trap = trapped Clap = clapped
3. If the verb ends in a L , we double L and add ED Example : Cancel = cancelled Travel = travelled Controll = controlled
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4. If the verb ends two vowel + one consonan, add ED do not double the consonan Example: Rain = rained Need = needed 5. If the verb ends consonan + Y, change Y to I and add ED Example: Study = studied Carry = carried 6. If the verb ends vowel + Y add ED do not change Y to I Example: Play = played Enjoy = enjoyed
E. Signal Time of Simple Past Tense
Yesterday
Last Monday
An hour ago
Last night
Last week
In 2004
The other day
Last year
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F. The Use of Simple Past Tense 1. We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we have a finished time word (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in 2003). Example :
I went to the cinema yesterday.
We spent a lot of time Japan in 2007.
2.
We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we know from general knowledge that the time period has finished. This includes when the person we are talking about is dead. Example :
Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa.
The Vikings invaded Britain.
3.
We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past that we have introduced with the present perfect or another tense. This is sometimes called 'details of news'. Example :
I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom.
I've been on holiday. I went to Spain and Portugal.
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4.
For stories or lists of events, we often use the past simple for the actions in the story and the past continuous for the background. Example :
He went to a café. People were chatting and music was playing. He sat down and ordered a coffee.
G. Example for Simple Past Tense 1.
Nominal
a. (+) I was fifteen years old last year. (-) I was not fifteen years old last year. (?) was I fifteen years old last year? yes, I was. / No, I was not.
b.
(+) They were here two hours ago. (-) They were not here two hours ago. (?) Were they here two hours ago? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
c. (+) She was sick yesterday (-) She was not sick yesterday (?) Was She sick yesterday?
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2.
a.
Verbal (+) We watched a football match yesterday. (-) We didn't watch a football match yesterday. (?) Did we watch a footbal match yesterday? Yes, we did. / No, we did not.
b.
(+) She drank a glass of milk this morning. (-) She didn't drink a glass of milk this morning. (?) Did she drink a glass of milk this morning? Yes, she did. / No, she did not.
c.
(+) My mother wrote a letter for her sister last week. (-) My mother didn't write a letter for her sister last week. (?) Did my mother write a letter for her sister last week? Yes, she did. / No, she did not.
d. (+) She went to Bandung last week. (-) She didn’t go toBandung last week. (?) Did she go to Bandung last week?
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2.2 SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Definition of the past continuous tense General understanding past continuous tense sentence is a sentence that states the events taking place in the past. On the use of Past Continuous Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing). Past Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE" (was / were).
B. Formula past continuous tense
Sentence type
positve(+)
The formula
S + be(was/were) + V1-ing/present participle
S + be(was/were) + not + V1-ing/present negative(-)
participle
interogative(?) be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present participle?
C. The use was/were of the past continuous tense Past Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE" (was / were). - Was to subject: I, she, he, it. - Were on the subject: you, they, we.
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D. Spelling – ing 1. If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.
Example :
live = living have = having
2. If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add ING. Example: Stop = stopping Sit = sitting
3. If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we do not double the final consonant when the stress is on the first syllable.
Example : Happen = happening Enter = entering Offer = offering
4. But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final syllable is not emphasized.
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Example: Fix = fixing Enjoy =enjoying Snow = snowing
5. If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING. Example:
Lie = lying Die = dying Tie = tying
6. If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and add ING.
Note: In the United States (US) they do not double the L when the accent is on the first syllable.
Example:
Travel = travelling (UK) = traveling (US) Marvel = marvelling (UK) = marveling (US)
7. If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING.
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Example : Refer = referring Defer = deferring
8.
If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel + R, we do not double the final R and add ING. Example :
offer = offering suffer = suffering whisper = whispering
E.
F.
Signal Time of Past Continuous Tense
When
While
As
Al day yesterday
The whole day last Sunday
The use of past continuous tense Past Continuous is used to express the following : 1. Stating activities being carried out at a specific time in thepast .
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example : We were gardening at 7 a.m yesterday . He was eating at 8 p.m last night.
2. Stating activities being carried out when other events occurred in the past . Example : I was cooking when the phone rang . When the phone rang , I was cooking . They were chattering when I came .
3. Declare two activities / more is going on simultaneously in the past. Example While I was sweeping the floor , my father was watering plants . At 9 am yesterday , I was baking a cake while my brother was reading a book.
G.
Example for past continuous tense 1.
(+)The team was running (-)The team was not running (?) Was the team running?
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2.
(+) The workers were queuing (-) The workers weren’t queuing (?)Were the workers queuing?
3.
(+) We were keeping running far away. (-) We weren’t keeping running far away. (?) Were we keeping running far away?
4.
(+) She was bringing many books. (-) She wasn’t bringing many books. (?)Was she bringing many books?
5. (+) I was eating sandwich yesterday. (-) I wasn’t eating sandwich yesterday. (?) Was I eating sandwich yesterday?
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Conclusion About The Brain And Nervous System
The brain is like a computer that controls the body’s functions and the nervous system is like a network that relays messages to parts of the body. Your brain has many different parts that work together. We’re going to talk about these five parts, which are key players on the brain team : 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain stem 4. Pituitary gland 5. Hypothalamus
The Biggest Part : The Cerebrum
The cerebrum make up 85% of the brain weight , it is the thinking part of the brain and it controls your voluntary muscles the on that move when you want them to. The cerebrum has two halves, scientists think that the right half helps you think about abstract things like music, colors,and shapes. The left half is said to be more analytical, helping you with math, logic, and speech. The Cerebellum’s Balancing Act
The cerebellum is at the back of the brain below the cerebrum. It’s a lot smaller than the cerebrum at only 1/8 of its size. But it’s very important part of
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the brain. It controls balance , movement, and coordination( how your muscles work together). Brain Stem Keeps You Breating and More
The brian stem is another brian part that’s small but mighty. The brain stem is in change of all the functions your body needs to stay alive, like breating air, digesting food and circulating blood. Part of the brain stem’s job is to control your involuntary muscles the ones that work automatically. It’s the brain stem that tells your heart to pump more blood when you’re biking . Pituitary Gland Controls Growth
The pituitary gland is very small only about the size of a pea! Its job to produce and release hormones into your body. This gland is a big player in puberty too. This little gland also plays role with lots of other hormones,like ones that control the amount of sugars and water in your body.And it helps keep your metabolism going. Hypothalamus Controls Temperature
The hypothalamus is like your brain’s inner thermostat .The hypothalamus knows what imperature your body should be (about 98 ͦ F or 37 ͦ C).If your body is too hot, it is tells is to sweat,if you’re to cold, it get you shivering, sweating are attempts to get your body’s temperature back where it needs to be.
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Human have some nerv !
The brain is boss , but it can’t do it alone. It mneeds some nerves actually a lot of them. And it needs the spinal cord, which is a long bundle of nerves inside your spinal column, the vertebrae that protect it. It’s the spinal cord and nerves known as the nervous system that let message fl ow back and forth between the brain and body. Emotion Location
Your brain has a little bunch og cells on each s ide called the amygdala. The word amygdala is latin for almond, and that’s what this area l ooks like. It’s responsible for emotion, it’s normal to feel good ,bad,scared,or sill y or glad. Terjemahan
Otak seperti komputer yang mengendalikan fungsi tubuh dan sistem saraf ibarat jaringan yang menyalurkan pesan ke bagian tubuh. Otak Anda memiliki banyak bagian berbeda yang bekerja sama. Kami akan membicarakan lima bagian ini, yang merupakan pemain kunci di tim otak: 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Batang otak 4. Kelenjar pituitari 5. Hipotalamus
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Bagian Terbesar: Cerebrum
Cerebrum membentuk 85% dari berat otak, ini adalah bagian pemikiran otak dan mengendalikan otot sukarela anda pada gerakan itu saat anda menginginkannya. Cerebrum memiliki dua bagian, ilmuwan berpikir bahwa separuh kanan membantu Anda memikirkan hal-hal abstrak seperti musik, warna, dan bentuk. Bagian kiri dikatakan lebih analitis, membantu Anda dengan matematika, logika, dan pidato.
Cerebellum menyeimbangkan tindakan
Cerebellum ada di bagian belakang otak di bawah otak besar. Ini jauh lebih kecil dari pada otak besar hanya 1/8 dari ukurannya. Tapi itu bagian yang sangat penting dari otak. Ini mengendalikan keseimbangan, gerakan, dan koordinasi (bagaimana otot anda bekerja sama).
Batang Otak Menjaga Anda Berkembang dan Banyak Lagi
Batang brian adalah bagian brian yang kecil tapi hebat. Batang otak yaitu mengubah semua fungsi yang dibutuhkan tubuh anda untuk tetap hidup, se perti mengembangbiakkan udara, mencerna makanan dan sirkulasi darah. Bagian dari pekerjaan batang otak adalah mengendalikan otot tak sadar anda yang bekerja secara otomatis. Ini batang otak yang memberitahu hati anda untuk memompa lebih banyak darah saat anda bersepeda.
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Kelenjar Pituitary mengontrol pertumbuhan
Kelenjar pituitari sangat kecil hanya seukuran kacang polong! Tugasnya untuk memproduksi dan melepaskan hormon ke dalam tubuh anda. Kelenjar ini juga pemain besar di masa pubertas. Kelenjar kecil ini juga berperan dengan banyak hormon lain, seperti yang mengendalikan kadar gula dan air di tubuh anda. Dan ini membantu metabolisme anda tetap berjalan.
Hipotalamus mengontrol suhu
Hipotalamus adalah seperti thermostat dalam otak Anda. Hipotalamus mengetahui apa yang harus dimiliki tubuh anda (sekitar 98 ͦ F atau 37 ͦ C). Jika tubuh anda terlalu panas, kuncinya adalah berkeringat, jika anda kedinginan, itu membuat anda menggigil. Berkeringat adalah upaya untuk mengembalikan suhu tubuh anda ke tempat yang seharusnya.
Manusia memiliki beberapa saraf
Otak adalah bos, tapi tidak bisa melakukannya sendiri. Ini membutuhkan beberapa saraf, sebenarnya banyak sekali. Dan dibutuhkan sumsum tulang belakang yang merupakan kumpulan saraf panjang di dalam tulang belakang anda. Tulang belakang yang melindunginya. Ini adalah sumsum t ulang belakang dan saraf yang dikenal sebagai sistem saraf yang membiarkan pesan mengalir bolak-balik antara otak dan tubuh
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Lokasi Emosi
Otak anda memiliki sel kecil di masing-masing sis i yang disebut amigdala. Kata amygdala adalah latin untuk almond, dan seperti itulah daerah ini terlihat. Ini bertanggung jawab atas emosi, wajar rasanya merasa baik, buruk, takut, atau konyol atau senang.
The Difficult Word 1. Digesting
13. Voluntary
2. Through
14. Solve
3. Forth
15.roller coaster
4. Released
16. steering
5. Thermostat
17. challenging
6. Shivering
18. workout
7. Attemps
19. Making art
8. Create
20. Beneath
9. Handlebars 10. Contain 11. require
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BAB III PENUTUP 3.1 Kesimpulan 3.1.1 Simple Past Tense Simple past tense menunjukkannya bahwa perbuatan (kejadian), kegitan, situasi, yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan berakhir pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau dan waktu terjadinya diketahui Rumusnya : A : S + Tobe (was/were) B : S + Verb II Example : A : I was fifteen years old last year (Nominal ) B : She went to Bandung last week ( Verbal )
3.1.2. past continuous tense Pengertian secara umum kalimat past continuous tense adalah kalimat yang menyatakan peristiwa sedang terjadi pada masa lampau. Pada penggunaan Past Continuous Tense kata kerja yang digunakan harus diakhiri dengan -ing / (Verb + ing). Bentuk waktu Past Continuous Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE " (was/ were).
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Rumusnya : A : S + be(was/were) + V1-ing Contohnya : The team was running 3.2. Saran Menyadari bahwa penulis masih jauh dari kata sempurna , kedepannya penulis akan lebih focus dan detail dalam menjelaskan tentang makalah diatas dengan sumber-sumber yang lebih banyak yang tentunya dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Penulis memohon sangat kritikan dan sarannya untuk perbaikan makalah ini sehingga kedepannya lebih sempurna.
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Daftar Pustaka http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/past-progressive-tense.html di akses pada tanggal 15 November 2017
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-pastcontinuous-tense di akses pada tanggal 15 November 2017
Jack C. Richards.A Communicative Grammer Course in English.
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