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UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW & LEGAL STUDIES, GGSIPU.
Project on
Temporary Injunction
Submitted by: Part Se!"a# I$t Se!e%ter ..A. LL..' HONS() Ro## No.* +-+/+0
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INDEX Intro12ct3on444444444444444444444444444 444./ O5ject o6 te!7orar8 3nj2nct3on44444444444444444444 Part3e% 3n9o#9e14444444444444444444444444444. Pr3nc37#e% 3n9o#9e144444444444444444444444444..Grant o6 Inj2nct3on44444444444444444444444444...E: 7arte Inj2nct3on44444444444444444444444444..; reac o6 3nj2nct3on44444444444444444444444444; Inj2nct3on on 3n%2663c3ent
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Te!7orar8 Inj2nct3on S23t 'Sa!7#e( 44444444444444444>
Introduction An injunction is a judicial process whereb a part is re!uired to do" or to re#rain #ro$ doin%" an particular act& It is a re$ed in the #or$ o# an order o# the court addressed to a particular person that either prohibits hi$ #ro$ doin% or continuin% to do a particular act 'prohibitor 'prohibitor injunction() or orders hi$ to carr out a certain a ct '$andator injunction(&* An injunction co$$ands an act that the court co urt re%ards as essential to justice" or it prohibits an act that is dee$ed to be contrar to %ood conscience& It is an e+traordinar re$ed" reser,ed #or special circu$stances in which the te$porar preser,ation o# the status !uo is necessar&-
Injunction can be o# the #ollowin% tpes. •
Preli$inar/ A preliminary A preliminary or or temporary injunction is injunction is a pro,isional re$ed that is in,o0ed to preser,e the subject $atter in its e+istin% condition& Its purpose is to pre,ent
Halsbury’s Laws of England '> England '>t E1n.( Vo#. =>, 7ara 0+. = tt7?@@#e
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dis/solution o# the plainti##1s ri%hts& The $ain reason #or use o# a preli$inar injunction is the need #or i$$ediate relie#& •
Pre,enti,e Injunctions/ An injunction directin% an indi,idual to re#rain #ro$ doin% an act is preventive, is preventive, prohibitive, prohibitory" prohibitory" or negative. This negative. This tpe o# injunction pre,ents a threatened injur" preser,es the status !uo" or restrains the continued co$$ission o# an on%oin% wron%" but it cannot be used to redress a consu$$ated wron% or to undo that which has alread been done&
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Mandator Injunctions/ Althou%h the court is ,ested with wide discretion to #ashion injuncti,e relie#" it is also restricted to restraint o# a conte$plated or threatened action& It also $i%ht co$pel speci#ic per#or$ance o# an act& In such a case" it issues a $andator injunction" co$$andin% the per#or$ance o# a positi,e act& 2ecause $andator injunctions are harsh" courts do not #a,or the$" and the rarel %rant the$&
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Per$anent Injunctions/ A permanent A permanent or perpetual or perpetual injunction injunction is one that is %ranted b the jud%$ent that ulti$atel disposes o# the injunction suit" ordered at the ti$e ti$e o# #inal jud%$ent& This tpe o# injunction $ust be #inal relie#& Per$anent injunctions injunctions are perpetual" pro,ided that the conditions that produced the$ re$ain per$anent&3
In the #ollowin% project we will #ocus on the concept o# temporary injunctions &
Temporary Injunction Te$porar Injunction can be de#ined as" temporary injunction n& injunction n& a court order prohibitin% an action b a part to a lawsuit until there has been a trial or other court action& A te$porar injunction di##ers #ro$ a 4te$porar restrainin% order4 which is a short/ter$" stop/%ap injunction issued pendin% a hearin%" at which ti$e a te$porar injunction $a be ordered to be in #orce until trial& /
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The purpose o# a te$porar injunction is to $aintain the status !uo and pre,ent p re,ent irreparable da$a%e or chan%e be#ore b e#ore the le%al !uestions are deter$ined& A#ter the trial the court $a issue a 4per$anent injunction4 '$a0in% the te$porar injunction a lastin% rule( or 4dissol,e4 'cancel( the te$porar injunction&5
In the Code o# Ci,il Procedure"*678" Order 999I9 Rule */ relatin% to te$porar injunctions pro,ides" in $aterial part" as #ollows. Cases in which temporary injunction may be granted
:here in an suit it is pro,ed b a##ida,it or otherwise/ a( that an propert propert in dispute dispute in a suit suit is in dan%er dan%er o# bein% bein% wasted" wasted" da$a%ed da$a%ed or alienated b an part to the suit" or wron%#ull sold in e+ecution o# a decree" or b( that the de#endant threatens" or intends" to re$o,e or dispose o# his propert with a ,iew to de#raudin% his creditors" c( that the de#endant de#endant threat threatens ens to dispossess dispossess the the plainti## plainti## or otherwis otherwisee cause injur injur to the plainti## in relation to an propert in dispute in the suit" the Court $a be order %rant a te$porar injunction to restrain such act" or $a0e such other order #or the purpose o# stain% and pre,entin% the wastin%" da$a%in%" alienation" sale" re$o,al or disposition o# the propert or dispossession o# the plainti##" or otherwise causin% injur to the plainti## plainti## in relation to an propert in dispute in the suit as the Court thin0s #it" until the d isposal o# the suit or until #urther orders& Te$porar injunctions are %ranted on the basis o# a pri$a #acie case" until the case is heard and decided on its $erits& ;or instance" there $a be need to pre,ent #raudulent re$o,al or disposal o# propert" or wron%#ul sei
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Object of temporary injunction Te$porar injunction is %ranted as in interi$ $easure on an application b the plainti## to preser,e the status !uo until the case is heard and decided& In %rantin% te$porar injunction" the court ta0es into consideration the pri$a #acie case o# the plainti##" nature and e+tent o# his injur" balance o# con,enience and the e+istence or otherwise o# the alternati,e re$ed& re$ed&=
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I. P. a%%e8, Administra a%%e8, Administrative tive Law, Law, t E1., Ea%tern ooB Co!7an8, L2cBno" '=++;(, 7 >=>.
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Parties involved Re%ardin% the point as to who $a appl #or such an injunction" it is not the plainti## alone who can appl& A de#endant $a also $a0e an application #or %rant o# an injunction a%ainst the plainti##&> An injunction $a be issued onl a%ainst a part and not a%ainst a stran%er or a third part& part&? It also cannot be issued a%ainst a court or judicial o##icer& Nor$all" injunction can be % ranted a%ainst persons within the jurisdiction o# the court concerned&8
Principles Involved The principles %o,ernin% the %rantin% o# injunction are well/settled& The power is discretionar to be e+ercised on sound judicial principles&6 The object is to preser,e while ri%hts are bein% liti%ated and the onus is on the plainti## to show his need #or the injunction& :here no ,iolation o# the ri%hts o# the plainti## was in,ol,ed" interi$ injunction could not be %ranted&*7 The decidin% application #or interi$ injunction" the Cou rt is to see onl prima onl prima facie case" facie case" and not to record #indin% on the $ain contro,ers in,ol,ed in the suit" prejud%in% issue in the $ain suit" in the latter e,ent" the order is liable to be set aside&**
Grant of Injunction It is well/settled principle o# law that interi$ order can alwas be %ranted in the aid o# and as ancillar to the $ain relie# a,ailable to the part on #inal deter$ination o# his ri%hts in a suit or
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Rattu 9. Rattu 9. Mala Mala,, AIR 0-; Raj ==) Varghese 9. Joseph 9. Joseph Thomas, Thomas, AIR 0 TC=;-) Muniipal !orpn" of #reater $ombay 9. $hagwan 9. $hagwan %a&haram %alas&ar , AIR 0> o! ==. L" '" Meston %hool %oiety 9. (ashi )ath, )ath , AIR 0 A## ;) *a&ira 9. Rumsu&hibai, Rumsu&hibai , AIR 0>- Na< >=;? ILR 0>- Na< 0+;) Marwari %abha 9. (anhaya Lal, Lal , AIR 0/ A## =0;. ; +" Ven&atahalan 9. Ra,agpala )aidu, )aidu , AIR 0/= a1 +) T" A" Menon 9. (" +" +arvathi Ammal, Ammal, AIR 0+ a1 //. 0 %ubba 9. %ubba 9. Ha,i, Ha,i, =- -;) %urendrasingh 9. Lal, Lal, A 0 P ;) #anpati +la-a Maintenane %oiety 9. ("(" !omple. +vt" Ltd", Ltd" , =++= '( Raj LW ; ';( 'Raj(. + Hans Ra, 9. J"(" 9. J"(" (hatri, (hatri, AIR 000 De# />-. (alima +lasti +vt" Ltd" 9. H"+" *inanial !orpn", !orpn" , AIR =++ HP =0 '/(.
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an other proceedin%&*- There#ore" a court undoubtedl possess the power to %rant interi$ relie# durin% the pendenc o# the suit&*3The Court has discretion as to whether or not to %rant an Injunction& A 0e #actor is whether or not da$a%es are an ade!uate re$ed& The Court will onl %rant the Injunction in circu$stances where da$a%es wo uld not be su##icient&*5 Trial court should reali ection *=* reads as) Section 151- Saving of inherent powers of Court Cour t
Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect the inherent power of the Court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of the process of the Court. In case te$porar injunction is %ranted under Order 36" rules * and -" then" $iscellaneous appeal is $aintainable under Order 53" rule *" but i# an injunction is %ranted % ranted under section *=*" o# the Code o# ci,il procedure Code" then no $iscellaneous appeal would be $aintainable" onl
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C. . TaB"an3, !ivil +roedure, +roedure , -t E1. '=+(, Ea%tern ooB Co!7an8, L2cBno", 7 /=;. / %tate of /rissa 9. /rissa 9. Madan Madan #opal0 AIR 0= SC = at 7. >? 0= SCR =;) +remier Automobiles 9. (amle&ar 9. (amle&ar %hantaram, %hantaram , '0-( SCC >0-? AIR 0 SC ==/;) %hiv (umar 9. M!', M!', '00/( / SCC -. > tt7?@@""".co55ett%.co!@O2rS tt7?@@""".co5 5ett%.co!@O2rSer93ce%@D3%72 er93ce%@D3%72teRe%o#2t3on@F teRe%o#2t3on@FactSeetInj2nc actSeetInj2nct3on% t3on% '93%3te1 on Se7te!5er , =+( %" %undaram +illai 9. +" #ovindaswami, #ovindaswami , AIR 0; a1 00. Manohar Lal 9. %eth Hiralal, Hiralal , AIR 0-= SC = at 7. /=? 0-= S277 '( SCR >+) 1T/ 9. M" (" Mohd" 2n3, AIR 0-0 SC >/+? '0-0( = SCR -) Tan2%ree 9. 1shani +rasad, +rasad , '=++;( > SCC 0? AIR =++; SC 0+0.
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re,ision would be entertainable under section **=&*? uch an order is not re,isable under section **= o# the Code o# Ci,il Procedure" or under Article --? o# the Constitution&*8 An order on the injunction application ap plication does not dispose o# the suit& It also doe s not dispose o# that application either& In case the injunction application were to be rejected or allowed it would dispose o# the application but such an order would be appealable and hence not open to re,ision& @owe,er" i# an e+ parte injunction is not %ranted and onl notice is issued on the injunction application it would not dispose o# the application as #inal orders on the injunction application are et to be passed a#ter in,itin% objections o# the opposite part and the injunction application re$ains pendin%&*6
Interim ex parte orders of Injunction The power to pass interi$ ex parte orders parte orders o# injunction does e$anate #ro$ Order 36 " Rule *& In #act the said rule is the repositor o# the power to %rant orders o# te$porar injunction with or without notice" interi$ or te$porar" or till #urther orders or till the disposal o# the suit& -7 To appeal a%ainst the order passed in e+ercise o# the abo,e power 'as indicated in Order 53" Rule * o# the Code(" it is the choice o# the part a##ected b the a##ected part either to $o,e the appellate Court or to approach the sa$e Court which passed the ex parte order #or an relie#&-*
Breach of injunction ection 65'c( and Rule -/A o# Order 36 pro,ide #or the conse!uences resultin% #ro$ a disobedience or breach o# an order o# injunction issued b the court& The penalt $a be either arrest o# the opponent or attach$ent o# his propert or both& @owe,er" the detention in ci,il
%atya +ra&ash 9. *irst Addl 'istt Judge0 Etah AIR =++= A## 0;. c.6. !" )agarathnamma 9. 'istrit +anhayat /ffier0 !hittoor , AIR 00 AP />=) (amini $ale +atra 9. +atra 9. #onrahari +atra, +atra , AIR =++/ Or3 -. *6 S.. Sar9ar3a an1 Sn3<1a Sar9ar3a, Sar9ar3a, Mulla2 The !ode of !ivil +roedure, +roedure , Vo#. , t E1., Le:3% Ne:3% 2tter"ort%, Ne" De#3 '=++(. P >+= =+ A" Van&atasubbiah Van&atasubbiah )aidu )aidu 9. %" !hellappan, !hellappan , AIR =+++ Sc /+/= '/+/(? '=+++( SCC -0) Jaipur Muniipal Muniipal !orporation !orporation 9. 9. !"L" Mishra, Mishra , '=++( ; SCC >=/. ;
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prison shall not e+ceed three $onths and the attach$ent o# propert shall not re$ain in #orce #or $ore than a ear&--
Injunction on insufficient grounds :here in an suit in which an order o# te$porar injunction has been obtained b the plainti## on insu##icient %rounds" or where the suit o# the plainti## #ails and it appears to the court that there was no reasonable or probable %round #or institutin% it" on application bein% $ade b the de#endant" the court $a order the plainti## to pa such a$ount" not e+ceedin% #i#t thousand rupees" as it dee$s to be a reasonable co$pensation to the de#endant #or the e+pense or injur includin% injur to reputation caused to hi$&-3
ase !a"s The object o# the interlocutor injunction is" to protect the plainti## a%ainst injur b ,iolation o# his ri%ht #or which he could not be ade!uatel co$pensated in da$a%es reco,erable in the action i# the uncertaint were resol,ed in his #a,our at the trial&-5 Brant o# an inter interi$ i$ relie# in re%ard to the natur naturee and e+ten e+tentt thereo# depends upon the #acts and circu$stances o# each case as no strait/jac0et #or$ula can be laid down&There $a be a situation wherein the de#endantrespondent $a use the suit propert in such a $anner that the situation beco$es irretrie,able& In such a #act situation" interi$ relie# relie# should be %ranted&-= In &M& Deche$ td& Fs& Ms& Cadbur 'India( td&-> it was said that the %rant o# te$porar injunction" is %o,erned b three basic principles" i&e& pri$a #acie case) balance o# con,enience) and irreparable injur" which are re!uired to be considered in a proper perspecti,e in the #acts ==
R. =*A'() See a#%o Tayabbhai m" bagasarwalla 9. Hind Rubber 1ndustries 3+4 Ltd" , '00( / SCC >>/? AIR 00 Sc =>+) +atel Ra,ni&ant 9. +atel !handra&ant" !"f" C. . TaB"an3, !ivil +roedure, +roedure, -t E1. '=+(, Ea%tern ooB Co!7an8, L2cBno", 7 />=. =/ S. 0, c.6. C. . TaB"an3, !ivil +roedure, +roedure , -t E1. '=+(, Ea%tern ooB Co!7an8, L2cBno", 77 />=*/>/. => See Anand See Anand +rasad +rasad Agarwalla Agarwalla 9. 9. %tate of Assam vs" Tar&eshwar +rasad 5 /rs . AIR =++ SC =/-) an1 $ara& 6patya&a '"6" (armahari %anstha '=++0( SCC -0>(. = See M" #urudas 5 /rs" 9. Rasaran,an 5 /rs"0 AIR =++- SC /=) an1 %hridevi 5 Anr" 9. Anr" 9. Muralidhar Muralidhar 5 Anr" '=++( Anr" '=++( > SCC =. =AIR =+++ SC =>. See a#%o Anan1 Pra%a1 A
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and circu$stances o# a particular case& 2ut it $a not be appropriate #or an court to hold a $ini trial at the sta%e o# %rant o# te$porar injunction& In Col%ate Pal$oli,e 'India( td& Fs& @industan e,er td& -?" the upre$e Court obser,ed that the other considerations which ou%ht to wei%h with the Court hearin% the application or petition #or the %rant o# injunctions are as below. i& ii&
E+te E+ tent nt o# o# da$a da$a%e %ess bein bein% % an ade ade!u !uat atee re$e re$ed d)) Protec Pro tectt the plain plainti# ti##Gs #Gs inter interest est #or #or ,iolati ,iolation on o# his ri%h ri%hts ts thou%h thou%h howe,e howe,err ha,in% ha,in% re%ard re%ard to the injur that $a be su##ered b the de#endants b reason thereo# )
iii&& iii
The cour courtt while while deali dealin% n% with with the the $atter $atter ou%ht ou%ht not to to i%nore i%nore the the #actu #actu$ $ o# stren stren%th %th o# o# one partGs case bein% stron%er than the others)
i,&
No #i+ed #i+ed rule ruless or noti notions ons ou%ht ou%ht to be had had in the the $atte $atterr o# %ran %rantt o# inju injunct nction ion but but on the the #acts and circu$stances o# each case/ the relie# bein% 0ept #le+ible)
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The iss issue is to be loo0 loo0ed ed #ro$ #ro$ the the po poiint o# ,iew ,iew as to whet whethe herr on re# re#us usal al o# the the injunction the plainti## would su##er irreparable loss and injur 0eepin% in ,iew the stren%th o# the partiesG case)
,i&& ,i
2ala 2a lanc ncee o# con,e con,eni nien ence ce or incon incon,e ,eni nien ence ce ou ou%h %htt to be co cons nsid ider ered ed as an i$ i$po port rtan antt re!uire$ent e,en i# there is a serious !uestion or pri$a #acie case in support o# the %rant)
,ii& ,i i&
:het :h ether her the the %r %ran antt or re#us re#usal al o# injunc injuncti tion on will will ad,ers ad,ersel el a# a##e #ect ct the inter interes estt o# %e %ene nera rall public which can or cannot be co$pensated otherwise&H
In Dalpat u$ar Anr& Fs& Prahlad in%h Ors&-8" the upre$e Court e+plained the scope o# a#oresaid $aterial circu$stances" but obser,ed as under./ “The phrases prima prima facie case! case!,, balance of conveni convenience! ence! and irr irreparabl eparablee loss! are not rhetoric phrases phrases for incant incantation ation,, but words of width and elasticity, elasticity, to meet myriad situations presented by man!s ma n!s ingenuity in given facts and circumstances, but always is =
AIR 000 SC /+. AIR 00/ SC =-.
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hedged with sound exercise exercise of judic judicial ial discretion discretion to meet the ends of justice. justice. The facts restt elo res elo"ue "uent nt and speak for the themse mselve lves. s. #t is wel welll nig nigh h imp imposs ossibl iblee to find fro from m fac facts ts prima facie case and balance of convenience.$ The Court in Manohar al Chopra Fs& Rai 2ahadur Rao Raja eth @ira al-6" held that the ci,il court has a power to %rant interi$ injunction in e+ercise o# its inherent jurisdiction e,en i# the case does not #all within the a$bit o# pro,isions p ro,isions o# Order 36 Code o# Ci,il Procedure& In Deoraj ,s& tate o# Maharashtra Ors&37" upre$e Court considered a case where the courts below had re#used the %rant o# interi$ relie#& :hile dealin% with the appeal" the Court obser,ed that ordinaril in e+ercise o# its jurisdiction under Art&*3> o# the Constitution" this Court does not inter#ere with the orders o# interi$ nature passed b the @i%h Court& @owe,er" this rule o# discretion #ollowed in practice is b wa o# just sel#/i$posed restriction& An irreparable injur which #orcibl tilts the balance in #a,our o# the applicant" $a persuade the Court e,en to %rant an interi$ relie# thou%h it $a a$ount to %rantin% the #inal relie# itsel#& The Court held as under./ “The Court would grant such an inter interim im relief only if sati satisfied sfied that withholding withholding of it would prick the conscience of the court and do violence to the sense of justice, resulting in injustice injustice being perpetuated perpetuated throughout throughout the hearing, and at the end the court would not be able to vindicate the cause of justice.$ In the case o# ;& @o##$ann/A Roche ,& Cipla" the Appellants" Roche td&" the icensor o# a patent relatin% to the dru% Erlotinib used #or cancer treat$ent and OI Phar$aceuticals Inc&" the holder o# the patent o# the said dru%" had #iled an in#rin%e$ent suit a%ainst the Respondent" Cipla td& An application #or te$porar injunction durin% the pendenc o# the suit was #iled b the appellants" which was rejected rejected b the in%le Jud%e and there#ore an appeal was #iled& As the Appellant #ailed to show pri$a #acie case and as the %rant o# injunction re%ardin% a li#e sa,in% dru% was not in #a,our o# public o# public interest" the rejection o# the te$porar injunction was upheld b the Court&
=0 /+
AIR 0-= SC =. AIR =++> SC 0.
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onclusion The law on the issue e$er%es to the e##ect that interi$ injunction should be %ranted b the Court a#ter considerin% all the pros and cons o# the case in a %i,en set o# #acts in,ol,ed therein on the ris0 and responsibilit o# the part or" in case he loses the case" he cannot ta0e an ad,anta%e o# the sa$e& The order can be passed on settled principles ta0in% into account the three basic %rounds i&e& pri$a #acie case" balance o# con,enience and irreparable loss& The dela in approachin% the Court is o# course a %ood %round #or re#usal o# interi$ relie#" but in e+ceptional circu$stances" where the case o# a part p art is based on #unda$ental ri%hts %uaranteed u nder the Constitution and there is an apprehension that suit propert $a be de,eloped in a $anner that it ac!uires irretrie,able situation" the Court $a %rant relie# e,en at a belated sta%e pro,ided the court is satis#ied that the applicant has not been ne%li%ent in pursuin% the case&
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Bibliography
Books •
&& ar,aria and ni%dha ar,aria" %ulla& ar,aria" %ulla& The Code of Civil 'rocedure" 'rocedure" Fol& *" *?th Ed&" e+is Ne+is 2utterworths" New Delhi '-77?(&
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C& & Ta0wani" Civil 'rocedure" 'rocedure" >th Ed&" Eastern 2oo0 Co$pan" uc0now '-7**(&
•
I& P& Masse" (dministrative Masse" (dministrative )aw" )aw" ?th Ed&" Eastern 2oo0 Co$pan" uc0now '-778(&
Articles •
)itigating in India" Maj$udar Co&
Websites •
http.indianlawcases&co$/Te$porarK-7Injunction
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http.www&lawis%ree0&co$injunction/an/e!uitable/le%al/re$ed
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http.www&cobbetts&co$Ourer,icesDisputeResolution;actheetInjunctions
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http.le%al/dictionar&the#reedictionar&co$TpesLo#LInjunction
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http.www&,a0ilno*&co$bareactsci,ilproceduresORDER999I9&ht$
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http.law&jran0&or%pa%es?>5?Injunction/Tpes/Injunction&ht$l
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