Ey Muikmmkc Hbrckus, MS
Ckokm pfrfnjknkkn suktu tfmeg` pfnkikn tknki ckn stru`tur pfnkikn ykna okbn cbaunk`kn knkobsbs tf`knkn tknki oktfrko Sfmeg` pfnkikn /`gnstru`sb pfnkikn tknki cbaunk`kn untu` mfmpfrtkikn`kn pfrmu`kkn tknki pkck fofvksb ykna efrefck Efskrnyk tf`knkn tknki oktfrko tknki sknakt cbpfnakruib gofi pfruekikn oftk` (cbspokjfmfnt) ckrb cbncbna pfnkikn ckn sbhkt-sbhkt tknkinyk
;. 5. :.
Sf`knkn tknki ckokm `fkckkn cbkm Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh Sf`knkn tknki pksbh
Cbaunk`kn pkck cbncbna pfnkikn ykna `k`u, tknpk rfaknakn pkck stru`tur cbncbna pfnkikn @gncbsb tfaknakn-tfaknakn tfaknakn-tfaknakn pkck okpbskn tknki ykna tfoki stkebo/ s tkebo/ `gncbsb fokstbs K
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Ufaknakn oktfrko krki mfncktkr 4
i
; F
Cbmknk 4 F = mgcuous fokstbsbtks tknki ¶ = eboknakn pgbssgn 4 -; ¶
Sknki ckokm `fkckkn cbkm 4
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; F
i ( i v)
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i ( i v)
<,6
= <, dkcb pkck pfrskmkkn cb ktks 4
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< i . i . v i; . i i v
;
@ <
Zfibnaak 4 @ <
i v
@< = `gfhbsbfn tf`knkn tknki skkt cbkm
Nbokb-nbokb @ < 4 - Sknki Sknki arknu arknuofr ofr 4 @ < ; sbn - Sknki Sknki ofmpuna ofmpuna 4 @ < <,26 sbn Akmekr Cbstrbeusb Cbstrbeusb tf`knkn tf`knkn tknki ckokm ckokm `fkckkn cbkm pkck tfmeg` 4
Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh kckoki tf`knkn tknki oktfrko mbnbmum ykna mfnak`bekt`kn `fruntuikn afsfr tknki gofi k`bekt afrk`kn cbncbna mfndkuib tknki cb efok`knanyk, knaakpkn cbncbna pokstbs (`fnyko) Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh kckoki akyk ykna jfncfruna mfnaurknab `fsfbmeknakn cbncbna pfnkikn tknki
Akmekr Akmekr Sf` Sf`knk knkn n tknki tknki k`tbh k`tbh 4 K‒
K
v
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E
z
sbn
r f s f a n k a n k a f S
h = j + tkn
C
JC
JC
KJ KG GJ v k
5 KG j.jgt
Sfaknakn Ngrmko
K
GJ
v
v sbn
k
v
; sb n ; sb n
5j
k 5
C‒
\kck pfrskmkkn Mgir-Jguogme 4
k 5 v
j.jgt
jgs
k 5
; sbn
i
:
JC
ckn v
;
; : 5 ktku 4
;
Db`k j = < ; :
; : 5
sbn j. jgs
5j. tkn 36 : tkn 5 36 5 5
untu`
tknki arknuofr, mk`k 4
tkn 5 36 i 5 v
@ k
i v
;
tkn 5 36
5
@ k
; sbn ; sbn
Nbo Nbokb ekncb kncbna na tf`k tf`knk nkn n igr grbbsgnt sgntko ko ckn ckn vfrt frtb`k b`ko ykna tf tfrdkcb pkck tf`knkn tknki k`tbh cbcfh cbcfhbn bnbs bsb` b`kn kn”`g ”`gfh fhbs bsbf bfn n tf`kn tf`knkn kn tknki tknki k`tbh k`tbh”” 4 @ k
tkn 5 36 5
Sf`knkn tknki pksbh kckoki tf`knkn tknki ckokm `gncbsb db`k suktu akyk mfncgrgna cbncbna pfnkikn `f krki tknki urua/ efok`kna cbncbna Sf`knkn ykna efruskik mfnabmeknab ktku mfnkikn kckoki tf`knkn tknki k`tbh Sf`knkn mfncgrgna `f krki tknki cbmknk tfrckpkt nbokb ekncbna tf`knkn igrbsgntko ckn tf`knkn vfrtb`ko v frtb`ko cbcfhbnbsb`kn”`gfhbsbfn tf`knkn tknki pksbh” (@p)
K
K‒
v
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i
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r f s f a n k a n k a f S
@gncbsb pksbh 4
h = j + tkn C
K Sfaknakn Ngrmko
C‒
5 tkn 36 p v tkn 36 5j tk 5 5 5 5 t kn 36 5j tk t kn 36 p .z tk 5 5 5
Vntu` tknki tbck` efr`gifsb j = < , mk`k 4
p
v tkn 5 36 5
`krfnk
p k
@ p
@ p
tk n
@p cbnkmk`kn sfekakb ‟`gfhbsbfn tknki pksbh”
5
36 5
Kpkebok suktu okpbskn tknki mfmbob`b = :6 ckn j = <,1 t/m5. Efrkpk`ki `gfhbsbfn tknki tfrsfeut ckokm `fkckkn cbkm, k`tbh ckn pksbh 7 Dkwke 4 @gfhbsbfn tknki cbkm (kt rfst) tknki jfncfruna arknuokr 4 @ < ; sbn ; sbn :6 <,351 tknki jfncfruna `gifsbh 4 @ < <,26 sbn <,26 sbn :6 <,:11 @gfhbsbfn tknki k`tbh 4
@ k
tkn
5
:6 36 tkn 5 36 <,51; 5 5
@gfhbsbfn tknki pksbh 4
@ p
:6 tkn 5 36 tkn 5 36 :,82< 5 5
Ksumsb 4
Sbck` kck afsf`kn kntkrk afsf`kn kntkrk tknki cfnakn cbncbna
Sf`knkn tknki iknyk cbpfribtuna`kn tfrikckp cbncbna vfrtb`ko
Jgntgi sgko 4
Sf Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh 4 @ k
\k
= ;,16 t/m: = :< 3m
\k
; 5 @ k . . I 5
; 5 .<,:::.;,16.3 5 3,881
j=<
yk
Sf Sf`knkn tknki pksbh 4
:< tkn 5 36 tkn 5 36 <.::: 5 5
Dkrk` yk4
yk
m
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m
t
t
m
m
K.
Sknki cb efok`kna cbncbna pfnkikn ekski/ tfrfnckm
Ckrb pfrskmkkn `gfhbsbfn tf`knkn tknki k`tbh 4 i v tkn 5 36
5
Sf`knkn tknki ekski 4
i \k
pi & v .i '
pi
.i. tkn '
5
36 p ' .i.@ i k 5
<,6. I 5 . ' .@ k
Sf`knkn k`bekt kbr 4
Sf`knkn tgtko tknki k`tbh 4
pw w.I \tgtko
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pw .<,6. I . E ;m
\k \w <,6. ' . I 5 .@ k <,6. w .I 5
\tgtko
<,6. ' .@ k w .I 5
E.
Sknki cb efok`kna cbncbna pfnkikn tfrfnckm sfckokm i; ckrb pfrmu`kkn cbncbna \kck tknki ykna tfrfnckm sfekabkn, tf`knkn tknki cbtundu``kn pkck Akmekr 4
K`bekt efrkt sfncbrb tknki pkck `fckokmkn i; 4 \k ;
<,6.i;
i;. .i5 .@ k
K`bekt efrkt sfncbrb tknki pkck `fckokmkn i5 4
\k :
. .@ k
K`bekt efrkt tknki cbktksnyk pkck `fckokmkn i5 4
\k 5
5
<,6. .i5 '
5
.@ k
K`bekt kcknyk kbr pkck `fckokmkn i5 4
\k 3
<,6. w .i5 5
Jgntgi Zgko 4 = ;,16 t/m: = :<
Sf Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh 4 :m
j=<
@ k
:< tkn 5 36 tkn 5 36 <.::: 5 5
5m
K`bek `bekt efrkt sfncbr ncbrb tknki pkcki =: =: m4 ; @ . .I 5 ; 5 k
; .<, :::.;, 16.:5 5
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m
5, 8553
t
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K`bek `bekt efrk efrkt tknki cbk cbktksnykpkck`fckokmkn i =5 =5 m4 \k5
:::.;, 16 16.:.5 :, 32 3286 @ k . .I;.I 5 <, ::
y5
; I 5 5
55 ;
t
m
m
K`bek `bekt efrkt sfncbr ncbrb tknkipkck`fckokmkn i= 5 m4 ; @ . .I 5 5 k sue 5
; .<, :::.<, 16.55 5
\k:
y:
;: I 5 5 : <,888
<, 3226
m
K`bek `bekt kcknykkbr pkck`fckokmkn i = =5 5 m4 \k 3
; . .I 5 5 w 5
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; .;.55 5
5 : <,888
5 m
t
m
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\k; \k 5 \k : \k 3 \k;. y; \k 5 . y5 \k :. y: \k 3 . y 3
\ktgtko yk
\ktgtko
Dkcb tf`knkn tknkik`tbh yknamfncgrgnacbncbnackn dkrk` rfsuotk otkn akyk4 \ktgtko yk
5, 8853 :, 3286 <, 3226 5 9, 8693 t m
5, 885 8853.: :, 3286.; <, 3226.<, .<, 888 5.< 5.<, 888 9,8693
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Vruakn cb efok`kna tfmeg` efrupk efekn surjikraf Sf`knkn tknki untu` \k ; 4
p k ;
\k ;
q u . @ k
u .i< . @ k
pk ;. I . E
\k ; qu . I .@ k Sf`knkn tknki untu` \k 5 4
\k 5
<,6. e . I 5 .@ k
Sf`knkn tgtko 4
\tgtko \tgtko
\k ; \k 5
<,6.(5.qu e . I ). I .@ k
Jgntgi Zgko 4 Efekn surjik urjikraf cb efok`knacb cbncb ncbna na4 qu
iu . u ;,8.;,56 5
\k;
:::.5.: ;, 22 229 @ k .q.I <, ::
\k 5
; @ . .I 5 5 k
; .<, :::.;, 16 16.: 5 5
y; = ;,6 ;,6 m ckn y5 =; m
Zfib ibnaak naak4 \ktgtko
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t
m
t / m
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855: 5, 85
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C.
@gncbsb cb efok`kna tfmeg` efrupk pfrmu`kkn tknki mbrbna
@gfhbsbfn tf`knkn tknki k`bekt `fmbrbnakn 4
@ k
jgs .
pk
\k
jgs jgs 5 jgs 5 5 5 jgs jgs jgs
. I ;.@ k
pk .<,6. I ;. E <,6. I
5
. .@ k
Jgntgi Zgko 4 tkn 6<
tkn ;<<
KE
8
EJ KE
KE < ,6: m
EJ < ,<2 m
Sbnaab tgtko = I tgtko = 8 + <,<2 =8,; m Mfnj Mf njkrb krb \k‒ 4
@ k
\k
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jgs;< . <
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m
Ufsuotknt 4 \k‒ cburkb`kn mfndkcb \k‒ I ckn \k‒ X
\k ' I \k '.jgs ;<,32:. jgs ;< < \k 'X \k '.sbn ;<,32:. sbn ;<<
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K`bekt kcknyk akyk tkrb` ykna ef`frdk pkck `fckokmkn T g ,mk`k 4 p k
. I .@ k 5 .j . I . \k
@ k
< ,6 . p k .( I z < )
5j @ k
Jgntgi Zgko 4 @ k
ta 5 (36< 5 ) ta 5 (36< ;< 5 ) <,1<
\fnaurk urknakn tf`k tf`knkn k`tb `tbh k`bek `bekt pfnakrui `gifsbh sbh 4 5j
@ k
5.5<.<,93 ::,8
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5
Sf Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh pkckckskr cbncbna4 pk
e . I .@ k 5.j.
@ k
(;9.3.<,1) ::,8 ;8,9 @fckokmkn rft rftk k`kn Tg 4
T <
5.j e . @ k
5.5< ;9.<,93
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m5
5,81 m
Sf Sf`knkn tknki k`tbh tgtko 4 \k <,6. pk .( I T < ) <,6.;8,9.(3 5,81) ;;,3
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p p
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