Great Buildings

GREAT BUILDINGS JPT Review Center

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (circa 1200 BC – AD 1st Century)

The Great Pyramid 

the Pyramid of Khufu is the in the world, measuring 230m

largest (756 ft)

Temple of Luxor 

 

or Southern Sanctuary at Luxor, Egypt, 18th dynasty king dedicated to Amon-Re, king of the Gods built of sandstone for the quarries of Gebel Silsila

Abu Simbel 



dedicated chieftly to ReHarakhti, God of the rising sun built during the reign of Ramses II (1304 – 1237 BC)

Pyramid of King Zoser

Architect: Imhotep  earliest pyramidal structure of the ancient world, the Step Pyramid (c.2630 BC) of King Zoser at Saqqara, Egypt  consist of six terraces of receding sizes with a one staba

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (circa 300 – 30 BC)

Parthenon

447-438 Architect: Itchinus and Callicrates Phidias Location: Athens, Greece Style: Ancient Greek Doric  on the historic Acropolis. Doric exemplar

with

Erechtheum

421 – 405 Architect: Mnesicles Location: Athens, Greece Style: Ancient Greek, Ionic  has Caryatid Porch with figural On the Acropolis, uses grade

columns. change.

Epidaurus Theater

Architect: Polykleitos Location: Epidauros, or Epidhavros, Greece Style: Ancient Greek  and the quality of its acoustics make the Epidaurus theatre one of the great architectural achievements of the fourth century.  the largest and best preserved ancient theaters in Greece.  can accommodate 14,000 spectators.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (300BC – 365 AD)

The Pantheon

 

most magnificent and architecturally most pleasing largest known forums

Colosseum

70 – 82 Architect: Vespacian and Domitian Location: Rome, Italy Style: Ancient Roman  three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in the third, face the three tiers of arcades  largest Roman Amphitheater  designed to hold 50,000 spectators  had approximately eighty entrances so crowds could arrive and leave easily and quickly

118 - 126 Architect: Acrippa Location: Rome, Italy Style: Ancient Roman  great domed hall with oculus oculus – a single circular opening  one of the great spiritual buildings of the world  it was built as a Roman temple and later consecrated as a Catholic Church  revived the use of brick and concrete in temple Architecture

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

Trajan’s Forum

Architects: Thornton-LatrobeLocation: Washington, D.C. Date: 1793 to 1830 Style: Neoclassical  meeting place of the U.S. Congress, the national assembly United States of America, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate

100 – 112 Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus Location: Rome, Italy Style: Roman  composed of an arc of arched arcade

White House

Architect: James Hoban Location: Washington, D.C. Date: 1793 to 1801, burned 1814, 1824 to1829 Style: Georgian Neoclassical  official residence of the president United States of America, for the years

Capitol of the United States

porticos of the last 200

Bulfinch

of the

National Gallery of Art

Architect: John Russel Pope  houses one of the finest collections of painting, sculptures, and graphic arts in the world

Washington Monument

Architect: Robert Mills Location: Washington, D.C. Style: Neo-Egyptian  the obelisk is the only remnant of the original blue print that remains  with George Marsh, competition 1836. standard Egyptian proportion of 10:1 height to base

University of Virginia

1826 Architect: Thomas Jefferson Location: Charlottesville, Virginia Building Type: University campus Style: Classical, Neo-Palladian  ideas of symmetry and use of brick  arcades connect buildings around central lawn  curving brick walls surround campus

Massachusetts State House

Architect: Charles Bulfinch - first native-born professional American architect  classical elements are pilasters, porticos and domes

Saint Patrick’s Cathedral Architect: James Renwick Location: New York

  

shaped like a Latin cross the largest Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States designed in a Gothic Revival materials at English and French Gothic Style

Connecticut State Capitol Architect: Richard Upjohn

Monticello

1768 to 1782 Architect: Thomas Jefferson Location: Charlottesville, Virginia Building Type: House Style: Colonial Georgian  Remodeled1796 to 1808  beautiful hilltop home is a example of the late 18th American architecture and a historic landmark

classical Century national

New York City Hall

Architect: Pierre L’enfant Style: French Renaissance - Georgian Style  one of the most historical architecturally distinguished building in New York

Fallingwater

1934, 1938, 1948 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania Building Type: house Style: Expressionist Modern  cantilevers dramatically over outcropping and rushing  sends out free-floating audaciously over a small and anchors them in the rock

rock stream platforms waterfall natural

Guggenheim Museum

1956 to 1959 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: New York, New York Building Type: art museum Style: Modern  a gift of pure architecture—or rather of sculpture  based on organic forms that the architect found in seashells and snails

Coonley House

1908 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Riverside. Illinois Style: Prairie style Building Type: house Construction System: wood frame with stucco  a large, sophisticated prairie house

Ennis House

1923 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Los Angeles, California Building type: house Style: Deco Modern Construction system: bearing masonry, concrete blocks  the last of the four Los Angeles textile block house

Johnson Wax Building

1936 to 1939 and 1944 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Racine, Wisconsin Construction system: precast concrete and brick Style: modern  unique structural expression in open hall, tower with rounded corners  the tower is totally enclosed and does not allow for horizontal expansion of work space  articulated by dendriform columns capable of supporting six times the weight imposed upon them, a fact Wright had to demonstrate in order to obtain a building permit

Larkin Building

1904, demolished 1950 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Buffalo, New York Building Type: commercial offices Construction system: brick Style: Early modern  large four-storey central atrium  the first entirely air-conditioned office building on record

masonry modern

Wingspread

1937 Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Wind Point, Wisconsin Building type: large house Style: neo-Vernacular  living room, dining room, family sleeping rooms, guest were separate unites grouped and connected by corridors

Golden Gate Bridge 1933 to 1937

kitchen, rooms, together

Architect: Joseph Strauss Location: San Francisco, California Building type: suspension bridge Construction system: steel frame, steel cables Styles: Structural Modern with some Art Deco details  one of the longest bridge in the world  a powerful and elegant human structure in an equally beautiful natural location  overall bridge length of 9266 feet, or 2824 meters  bridge main span length of 4200 feet, or 1280 meters

 

Sacre-coeur 

FRENCH ARCHITECTURE The Louvre

1546 to 1878 Architect: Pierre Lescot Location: Paris, France Building type: palace, art museum Construction system: cut stone bearing masonry Style: French Renaissance  also designed by Catherine de Medici, J.A. du Cerceau II, Claude Perrault, etc.  I.M. Pei: design the glass pyramid, which serves as the main public entrance

17th century Daniel Buren: stripped columns

 

located at the hill of Montmartre which is the highest point in the city of paris 1874: Paul Abadie 1910: completed by Lucien Magne

Hotel de Ville    

largest renaissance building 16th and 17th century Italian designer Domenico de Cortona 1871: burned, renovated in 2 years

Arc de Triomphe 

Napoleon, the French emperor decided to build a very big arch of triumph, which stands at the top of Champs Elysees

the

Tuileries 

the Tuileries Garden of Paris is part of the Triumphal way, which begins at the Louvre and continues to the City’s Western edge

Palais Royal  

commissioned by Cardinal Richeliev original name is Palais Cardinal

Pompidou Centre

1972 to 1976 Architect: Richard Rogers and Renzo Location: Paris, France

Piano

Building Type: modern art museum Construction system: high-tech steel and glass Style: High-tech modern  a cost of $100,000,000, with an average attendance of approximately seven million people a year  massive structural expressionist cast exoskeleton, "exterior" escalators enclosed in transparent tube

Notre Dame de Paris

1163 to 1250 Architect: Maurice de Sully Location: Paris, France Building Type: church, cathedral Construction system: bearing masonry, cut stone Style: Early Gothic  one of the most celebrated Gothic cathedrals in France  twin towers marking the entrance  probably the most famous image in French Gothic art



official residence of the president of France

Hotel de Invalides   

Napoleons tomb is within the structure founded by Louis XIV for disabled soldiers late 17th century

La Madeleine

Architect: Napoleon I  church of Ste. Marie Madeleine  constructed as a church in 1842  surrounded by 52 Corinthian columns

Sorbonne 

most famous building at the University of Paris

Chartres Cathedral Paris Opera House

1857 to 1874 Architect: Charles Garnier Location: Paris, France Building type: theater, opera house Construction system: masonry, cut stone Style: Neo-Baroque  polychrome façade, opulent staircase  commission by competition  masterpiece of 19th century architecture  one of the largest and most opulent theaters in the world  false ceiling painted by Marc Chagall

Elysee Palace

1718 Architect: Claude Mollet

1194 to 1260 Location: Chartres, France Building type: cathedral Construction system: bearing Style: Gothic exemplar  the elevation was in three tiers no gallery and the vaulting was quadripartite, which eliminated for alternating supports  supreme monument of High art and architecture

masonry as it had the need Gothic

Amien’s Cathedral

1220  145 meters long  largest French Gothic Cathedral  intricate façade completed 15th century

ever built during the

Style: Expressionist Modern  soft-form composition, deep windows with colored glass (wall thickness 4' to 12')  Le Corbusier’s dramatic pilgrim church

Rheims Cathedral  



one of the greatest monument of Gothic art and architecture construction commerced by Jean d’Orbais and was completed by Robert de Coucy a work of remarkable unity and harmony

Villa Savoye

1928 to 1929 Architect: Le Corbusier Location: Poissy, France Building type: house Construction system: concrete and plastered unit masonry Style: modern  an early and classic exemplar of "International Style", which above a grass plane on thin pilotti, with strip windows, and a with a deck area, ramp, and a contained touches of curvaceous

the hovers concrete flat roof few walls

Eiffel Tower

1887 to 1889 Architect: Gustave Eiffel Location: Paris, France Building Type: exposition observation tower Construction system: exposed iron Style: Victorian Structural Expressionist  dominates the sky line of Paris  one of the most famous landmarks in the world  built for the Paris Exposition of 1889

Notre dame du Haut

1955 Architect: Le Corbusier Location: Ronchamp, France Building type: church Construction system: reinforced concrete

GERMAN ARCHITECTURE Burgtheater

1874 to 1888 Architect: Gottfried Semper Karl von Hasenaver

with

Berlin Opera House

(STAATSOPER) Architect: Georg Wenzeslaus Knobelsdorf

Wurzburg Residenz

Architect: Balthazar  one of the best structure Baroque-Rococo period

von

Neumann of the

Einstein Tower

1919 to 1921 Architect: Erich Mendelsohn Location: Potsdam, Germany Building type: laboratory, observatory Construction system: bearing masonry, concrete over brick Style: Expressionist Early Modern  curvaceous, streamlined form  designed to hold Einstein's own astronomical laboratory  this 'sarcophagus of architectural Expressionism' is one of the most brilliantly original buildings of the twentieth century

ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE British Museum

1823 to 1847 Architect: Sir Robert Smirke Location: London, England Building type: art and historical museum, library Construction system: masonry, cut stone Style: Victorian Ionic façade, Classical Revival  Includes one of the world's great library rooms. Glazed roof over restored courtyard by Norman Foster

Salisbury Cathedral 1220 to 1258

Location: Salisbury, England Building type: Cathedral (church, temple) Construction system: bearing masonry, cut stone Style: English Gothic  Cathedral of Saint Mary  an outstanding example of the Early English architectural style  tallest in England 404ft (123m)  use of Purbeck marble to create a strongly coloured scheme

Queen’s House

1616 to 1635 Architect: Inigo Jones – the greatest English Classical architect Location: Greenwich, England Building type: large house Construction system: bearing Style: Palladian, Late English Renaissance  was built by Jones for Anne of Denmark, wife of James I

of

masonry

Somerset House

1776 to 1786 Architect: William Chambers Location: London, England Building type: government offices and school Construction system: cut stone Style: Neoclassical  Home of Royal Academy of the Arts. Corinthian orders above arched courtyard apertures, rusticated base

art masonry

Saint Paul’s Cathedral

1675 to 1710 Architect: Sir Christopher Wren Location: London, England Building type: church Construction system: masonry, timber and cut stone Style: Late renaissance to Baroque

brick,

  

the dome peaks at 366 feet above pavement a masterpiece of Baroque architecture largest cathedral in England

Construction system: bearing masonry Style: art and crafts, art nouveau  imaginative synthesis of elements of Art Nouveau and Scottish Architecture

Chiswick House

1729 Architect: Lord Burlington Location: Chiswick, England Building type: large house Construction system: bearing masonry Style: Palladian  also known as “Burlington House”

Westminster Palace

1836 to 1868 Architect: Sir Charles Barry Location: London Building type: seat of government, government center Construction system: cut stone bearing masonry Style: English Gothic Revival  Big Ben: the clock tower best known is a great symbol of London  originally seat of kings as a royal residence

Durham Cathedral

1093 to 1280 Location: Durham, England Building type: church, cathedral Construction system: bearing cut stone Style: Romanesque  one of the most impressive Norman Romanesque style in Europe  had a reciprocal influence on the architecture of Normady  the rib vault covering of Durham is the oldest example that has

1897 to 1909 Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh Location: Glasgow, England Building type: college

Cathedral survived

Buckingham Palace

Architect: sir George Goring  built during the reign of king I

CHINA, TURKEY, ITALY, AND SPAIN ARCHITECTURE Glasgow School of Art

masonry,

James

INDIA

Temple of Heaven

Location: China  700 acre enclosure built by Dynasty emperor Yongle  means “Perpetual Help”

the Ming (Yung-Io)

  

Hagia Sofia

532 to 537 Architect: Isidoros and Anthemios Location: Istanbul, Turkey Building type: church Construction system: bearing masonry Style: Byzantine  a tremendous domed space  built as the new Cathedral of Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian  a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture  additional minarets when the church became a mosque

Cathedral of Siena

Location: Southern Italy  incorporated Gothic elements in a strongly Mediterranean design

"Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery, Campanile and Campo Santo, together form one of the most famous building groups in the world the cathedral complex includes the famous Leaning Tower, La Torre Pendente white marble with colonnaded facades

Florence Cathedral

1296 to 1462 Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio Location: Florence, Italy Building type: domed church, cathedral Construction system: bearing masonry Style: Italian Romanesque  1296: Cathedral begun on design by Arnolfo di Cambio  1357: Project continued on a modified plan by Francesco Talenti  1366-7: Talenti's definitive design emerged calling for an enormous octagonal dome  1418: competition for construction of dome.  1420: technical solution for vaulting proposed by Brunelleschi approved and construction begun  The Duomo – dome added by Brunelleschi  1436— church consecrated

Krak des Chevaliers Pisa Cathedral

103 to 1350 Location: Pisa, Italy Building type: church complex Construction system: bearing masonry, cut stone, white marble Style: Romanesque

1150 to 1250 Location: Syria Building type: fort Style: Medieval  crusader castle  the best preserved and wholly admirable castle world

most in the

Alhambra

1338 to 1390 Location: Granada, Spain Building type: palace Construction system: bearing masonry Style: Moorish (Islamic)  palace of Nasrid Dynasty  the most beautiful remaining example of Western Islamic Architecture  built as a cathedral in the mid1200’s  “hall of justice”: noted from its elaborate stalactite (maqarnas) decoration

Casa Batllo

1905 to 1907 Architect: Antonio Gaudi Location: Barcelona, Spain Building type: apartment building Construction system: concrete Style: Expressionist or Art Nouveau  uses animal styles al through-out the structure

Casa Mila

1905 to 1910 Architect: Antonio Gaudi Location: Barcelona, Spain Building type: multifamily housing Construction system: masonry and concrete

Style: Art Nouveau  expressionistic, fantastic, organic forms in undulating facade and roof line  light court  it could be compared with the steep cliff walls in which African tribes build their cave-like dwellings

Sagrada Familia

1882 to 1926 Architect: Antonio Gaudi Location: Barcelona, Spain Building type: church Construction system: masonry Style: Expressionist  Church of the Holy Family  uncompleted during Gaudi’s  crowned by four spires

lifetime

Taj Mahal

1630 to 1653 Architect: Emperor Shah Jahan Location: Agra, India Building type: Islamic tomb Construction system: bearing masonry, inlaid marble Style: Islamic  onion-shape domes, flanking built for wife Mumatz Mahal  located on the Jumna River  museum for Mogul emperor’s

towers, consort