TEACHING SPEAKING
Arranged to fulfill assignment on Research Method Year 2010
Presented by
MINDA MORA Reg. No 809115015 A (Regular) ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2010
TEACHING SPEAKING
A. Background of the Study
Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-ve non-verba rball symbol symbols. s. Speaki Speaking ng is a crucia cruciall part part of second second languag languagee learni learning ng and teachi teaching. ng. However, today’s world requires that the goal of teaching speaking should improve students’ communicative skills because students can express themselves and learn how to use a language. Nowadays, many teacher agree that students should learn to speak the second language by interacting to others. For this case, students should master several speaking components’, such as: comprehension, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and fluency. In brief, English teac teacher her shou should ld be crea creati tive ve in devel developi oping ng thei theirr teac teachi hing ng lear learni ning ng proc proces esss to crea create te good good atmosphere, improve the students speaking skill, give attention to the speaking components’, and make the English lesson more exiting. For this reason, the English teacher should apply appropriate method and technique of teac teachi hing ng spea speaki king ng.. The The meth method od used used by the the teac teache herr is Comm Commun unic icat ativ ivee appr approa oach ch.. In commun communica icati tive ve approac approach, h, langua language ge is primar primarily ily a tool tool of commun communica icatio tion. n. Thus, Thus, learni learning ng a language means learning to perform communicative speech acts with it (Brickerton. 1996: 1). In general, speech acts are acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses a regret. As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker's intention, the attitude being expressed which realized in the language. B. The Notion of Speaking
. Studyi Studying ng Englis English h without without practi practice ce speaki speaking ng is useles useless. s. Through Through speaki speaking, ng, one can express their minds, ideas and thought freely and spontaneously. To most people, mastering the art of speaking is the single most important aspect of learning a second or foreign language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language. In psychol psycholing inguis uistic tic,, speaki speaking ng is a produc productiv tivee langua language ge skill skill.. It is a mental mental proces processs (O’Grady, (O’Grady, 2000:310). 2000:310). Mental Mental process also also called as “a process of thinking”. thinking”. We use word, phrases, and sentences to convey a message to a listener. A word is the smallest free form (an item that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic pragmatic content) in a language, language, while a phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subjectsubject- predicate predicate organization of a clause. When When we comb combin inee thes thesee words words into into one group group,, then then it beco become me a sentence. Many students regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These students define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acqu acquir ire, e, and and they they asse assess ss thei theirr prog progre ress ss in term termss of thei theirr acco accomp mpli lish shme ment ntss in spok spoken en communication (Burnkart: 1998). Generally, Generally, students students need to recognize recognize that speaking speaking involves involves three areas of knowledge knowledge (Burnkart: 1998): •
Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
•
Functi Functions ons (trans (transact action ion and intera interacti ction): on): Knowin Knowing g when when clari clarity ty of messag messagee is essent essential ial (tra (trans nsac acti tion/ on/in info form rmat atio ion n exch exchang ange) e) and when when prec precis isee under underst stan andi ding ng is not requi require red d (interaction/relationship building)
•
Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
C.
The Components of Speaking Skill
Speaking is making use words in an ordinary voice, uttering words, knowing and being able to use language; expressing oneself in words; making speech. While skill is the ability to do something well. Therefore, we can infer that speaking is the ability to make use of words or a language to express oneself in an ordinary voice. In short, the speaking skill is the ability to perform the linguistics knowledge in actual communication. The ability functions to express our ideas, feeling, thoughts, and need orally (Hornby. 1995: 826). Speaking Speaking is also one of the language arts that is most frequently frequently used by people all over the world. The art of speaking is very complex. It requires the simultaneous use of the number of abilities which often develop at different rates. According to Syakur there are at least five components of speaking skill concerned with comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and fluency (Syakur, 1987: 3): a. Comprehension
For oral communication certainly requires a subject to respond to speech as well as to initiate it.
b. Grammar
It is needed for students to arrange a correct sentence in conversation. It is in line with explanation suggested by Heaton (1978: 5) that student’s ability to manipulate structure and to
distinguish appropriate grammatical form in appropriate ones. The utility of grammar is also to learn the correct way to gain expertise in a language in oral o ral and written form. c. Vocabulary
One cannot communicative effectively or express their ideas both oral and written form if they do not have sufficient vocabulary. Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. conveyed. (Willid, (Willid, 1990). So, vocabulary vocabulary means the appropriate appropriate diction which is used in communication. d. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way for students’ to produce clearer language when they speak. It deals with the phonological process that refers to the component of a grammar made up of the elements and principles that determine how sounds vary and pattern in a language. There are two featur features es of pronunc pronunciat iation ion;; phoneme phonemess and supras suprasegm egment ental al featur features. es. A speaker speaker who constantly mispronounces a range of phonemes can be extremely difficult for a speaker from another language community to understand (Gerard, 2000:11) e. Fluency
Fluency can be defined as the ability to speak fluently and accurately. Fluency in speaking is the aim of many language learners. Signs of fluency include a reasonably fast speed of speaking and only a small number of pauses and “ums” or “ers”. These signs indicate that the speaker does not have spend a lot of time searching for the language items needed to express the message (Brown. 1997: 4). D. Teach Teachin ing g Speaki Speaking ng
According to Hornby (1995: 37) teaching means giving the instruction to (a person): give a person (knowledge skill, skill, etc). While speaking means to make use of words in an ordinary ordinary voice. So, teaching speaking is giving instruction to a person in order to to communicate. Tarigan
(1990: 3-4) defines that speaking is a language skill that is developed in child life, which is preceded by listening skill, and at that period speaking skill is learned. It means that speaking is the basic language. The process of speaking skill has happened or preceded by listening skill. Increasing listening skill is very beneficial b eneficial for speaking ability. The goal of teaching speaking skills is to communicate efficiency. Learners should be able to make themselves understood, using their current proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid confusion in the message due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, and to observe the social and cultural rules that apply in each communication situation (Burnkart. 1998:2). Teaching speaking, in my opinion, is the way for students to express their emotions, communicative needs, interact to other person in any situation, and influence the others. For this reason, in teaching speaking skill it is necessary to have clear understanding involved in speech. a. The Activities to Promote Speaking Skills
There are some activities to promote speaking (Kayi, 2006: 2) as follows: 1) Discussion
The students may aim to arrive at a conclusion, share ideas about an event, or find solutions in their discussion groups. Here the teacher can form groups of students and each group works on their topic for a given time period, and present their opinions to the class. Fauziati (2002: 134) states that the main aim of group discussion is to improve fluency, grammar in probably best allowed to function as a naturally communicative context. 2) Role Play and Simulation
Role play has appeal for students because it allows the students to be creative and to put themselves in another person’s place for a while (Richard, 2003: 222). While simulation is very similar to role-play but here students can bring items to the class to create a realistic
environment. For instance, if a student is acting as a singer, he or she can bring a microphone to sing and so on. 3) Interviews
Conducting Conducting interviews interviews with people gives students students a chance to practice practice their speaking speaking ability ability not only in class but also outside and helps them becoming socialized. After interviews, each student can present the result to the class. 4) Reporting
In class, the students are asked to report what they find as the most interesting news. Students can also talk about whether they have experienced anything worth telling their friends in their daily lives before class. 5) Prepared Talks
A popular kind of activity is the prepared talk where a student makes a presentation on a topic. Such talks are not designed for informal spontaneous conversation; because they are prepared, they are more ‘writing-like’ than spoken orally. However, if possible, students should speak from notes rather than from a script (Harmer, 2001: 274)
6) Dialogue
Dialogue is one of the media in teaching speaking. It helps the students practice in speech, pronunciation, intonation, stress. Dialogue also increase students’ vocabulary. The primary objective objective of using dialogue is developing developing student’s student’s competence competence (pronunciat (pronunciation, ion, intonation, intonation, stress) in teaching speaking like native speaker. Therefore, in teaching learning uses dialogue (short (short and long), the students are motivated motivated by the teachers question question to reason reason rather than to recoll recollect ect.. Dialog Dialogues ues is two sides communica communicatio tion, n, it means means we just just not have to expres expresss
something but we should have to understand what another peoples said (Podo and Sulaiman, 1995: 25). b. Characteristics of Successful Speaking Activities
Again, sometimes spoken language is easy to perform, but in some cases it is difficult (Brown, 2001: 270). In order that they can carry out the successful speaking, they have to fulfill some characteristics of successful speaking activity such as: 1). Learners 1). Learners talk a lot. As much as possible of the period of time allocated to the activity is in fact occupied by learners talk. This may be obvious, but often most time is taken up with teacher talk or pauses. even . Classroom discussion is not dominated by a minority of talk active 2). 2). Participant is even. participants. All get a chance to speak and contributions are fairly evenly distributed. high. Learners are eager to speak because they are interested in the topic and 3). Motivation is high. have something new to say about abo ut it, or they want to contribute to achieve ach ieve a task objective. 4). Language is of an acceptable level . Learne Learners rs express express themse themselve lvess in uttera utterance ncess that that are relevant, easy comprehensible to teach other and of acceptable level of language accuracy.
E. Method and Technique of Teaching Speaking a. Method of Teaching Speaking
A researcher needs to know the definition definition of method and technique in teaching teaching English. English. Fauziati (2002: 5) has pointed out that method is treated at the level of design in which the roles of teachers, learners, and instructional materials are specified. There are ten methods of teaching foreign language, such as: •
Grammar Translation Method (GTM)
The method method requi requires res studen students ts to trans translat latee whole whole texts texts word word for word word and memori memorize ze numero numerous us grammatical rules and exceptions as well as enormous vocabulary lists. The goal of this method is to be able to read and translate literary masterpieces and classics. •
Direct Method (DM) The direct method of teaching was developed as a response to the Grammar-Translation method. It sought to immerse the learner in the same way as when a first language is learnt. All teaching is done in the target language, grammar is taught inductively, there is a focus on speaking and listening, and only useful ‘everyday' language is taught.
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Audiolingual Method (ALM) Like the direct method, the audio-lingual method advised that students be taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to explain new words or grammar in the target language. However, unlike the direct method, the audio-lingual method didn’t focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drilled students in the use of grammar.
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Situational Language Teaching (SLT) The theory theory of learning learning underlying underlying Situation Situation Language Language Teaching Teaching is behaviorism, behaviorism, addressing addressing more the processes, than the conditions con ditions of learning.
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Community Language Learning (CLL) It is an approach in which students work together to develop what aspects of a language they would like to learn. The teacher acts as a counsellor and a paraphraser, while the learner acts as a collaborator, although sometimes this role can be changed.
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Total Physical Response (TPR) The method relies on the assumption that when learning a second or additional language, lang languag uagee is inte intern rnal aliz ized ed thro through ugh a proc proces esss of code codebr brea eaki king ng simi simila larr to firs firstt language development and that the process allows for a long period of listening and developing
comprehension prior to production. Students respond to commands that require physical movement •
Natural Approach (NA) The Natural Approach (NA) is a method of foreign language teaching which aims to apply the principles of natural language acquisition into classroom context. Meaning is considered as the essence of language and vocabulary (not grammar) is the heart of language.
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Silent Way (SW) The Silent Way is an approach to language language teaching designed to enable students to become independent, independent, autonomous autonomous and responsible responsible learners. he main objective objective of a teacher teacher using the Silent Way is to optimize the way students exchange their time for experience.
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Suggestopedia Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively.
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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). Communicative language teaching (CLT) is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. language. It is also referred to as “communicative approach to the teaching of foreign languages” or simply the “communicative approach”. From all the above methods, the writer prefer to Communicative Language Teaching
(CLT). (CLT). Brumfit Brumfit (1979) in his theory define that CLT attempts attempts to communicati communicative ve activities activities may be encouraged from the very beginning. Thus language learning is learning to communicate. Language is created by the individual often through trial and error, and fluency and acceptable
language is the primary goal: accuracy is judged not in the abstract but in context. Through this method the students are expected to interact with others. Harmer Harmer (2001: 86) explai explains ns that that the aim of Commun Communica icativ tivee Languag Languagee Teachi Teaching ng as follows: The communicative approach or CLT have now become generalized terms to describe learning sequences which aim to improve the student’s ability to communicate, in stark contrast to teaching which is aimed more at learning bits of language language just because they exist and without focusing on their use in communication. Related to the expert contribution, the writer concludes that the goal of CLT method is to create and improve the student’s ability in communication. b. Technique of Teaching Speaking
Fauziati (2002: 6) describes that technique is classroom practice done by the teacher when presenting a language program. This is the way the classroom activities are integrated into lessons and used as the basis for teaching learning. Previously, there are six ways to promote activities of speaking skills, one of them is dialogu dialogue. e. The writer writer are intere intereste sted d in dialogu dialoguee as the techni technique que of teachi teaching ng skills skills because because dialogue is the interaction between people with different points of view, intent on learning from one another. Another reason practicing dialogue because it is an effective way of providing conditions for the appropriation of newly encountered language features. A balance needs to be found, however, between security and challenge. Making the task too easy, as when students are given unlimited time to simply read a dialogue aloud, is unlikely to motivate the students to make the kind of adjustments in the current state of their knowledge that are needed in order to integrate new knowledge. On the other hand, placing too much performance pressure on learners too soon may have the risk taking that is necessary if their competence is to be extended, one way to ease
pressure on learners is to give them sufficient time to rehearse before asking them to perform in front of the class (Thornbury, 2005: 73). Finally, Finally, the writer writer concludes that dialogue is one of teacher’s teacher’s technique technique in teaching speaking. Dialogue is the conversation between two or more people to share ideas or view points. Today dialogue is used in educational program. Fact, dialogue used in such school to improve the students’ speaking ability by treat them to represent their conversation in pairs to the class.
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