Animasi frame, – yaitu animasi yang dibuat dengan mengubah objek pada setiap frame. Pada animasi frame, kitra harus secara manual membuat objek pada setiap frame. Ini merupakan cara yang digunakan ...
space frame ajaDeskripsi lengkap
Full description
Descripción: explosion
Full description
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING LAB MATERIAL
Full description
Deskripsi lengkap
A review on Frame Control, a technique that is widely used in pickup community.Descripción completa
Descripción: Frame Wood
information and types of space frameFull description
Practica de Frame Relay
método cuantitativo para riesgo de fuego
Struktur bangunan bertingkat tinggi Trussed Frame
A review on Frame Control, a technique that is widely used in pickup community.Full description
DOWNLINK 4.615 ms (1 TDMA Frame)
->>>>
577 us
OMCR -->
BCC TS0
MS1
MS2/ MS3
SDC
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
These TSs (0 -> 7) will take the foll. Forms each 4.615 ms
120 ms 235.365 ms
TDMA Frame 0
FCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 1
SCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 2
BCCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 3
BCCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 4
BCCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 5
BCCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 6
PAGCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 7
PAGCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 8
PAGCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 9
PAGCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 10
FCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 11
SCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 13
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 14
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 15
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 16
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 17
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 18
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 19
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 20
FCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 21
SCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 22
PAGCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 23
PAGCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 24
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
TDMA Frame 26
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 27
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 28
PAGCH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 29
PAGCH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 30
FCH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 12
TDMA Frame 25
TDMA Frame 31
SCH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 32
PAGCH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 33
PAGCH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 34
PAGCH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 35
PAGCH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 36
PAGCH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 37
PAGCH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
PAGCH
SACCH(1)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 39
PAGCH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 40
FCH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 41
SCH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 42
PAGCH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 43
PAGCH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 44
PAGCH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 45
PAGCH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 46
PAGCH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 47
PAGCH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 48
PAGCH
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 49
PAGCH
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 50
IDLE
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
FCH
SDCCH(0)
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
TDMA Frame 52
SCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 53
BCCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 54
BCCH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 55
TDMA Frame 38
TDMA Frame 51
BCCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 56
BCCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 57
PAGCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 58
PAGCH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 59
PAGCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 60
PAGCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 61
FCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 62
SCH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 63
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 65
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 66
PAGCH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 67
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 68
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 69
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 70
PAGCH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 64
TDMA Frame 71
FCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 72
SCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 73
PAGCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 74
PAGCH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 75
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 76
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
TDMA Frame 78
PAGCH
SDCCH(6)
TDMA Frame 79
PAGCH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 80
PAGCH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 81
FCH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 82
SCH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 83
PAGCH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 84
PAGCH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 85
PAGCH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 86
PAGCH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 87
PAGCH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 88
PAGCH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 89
PAGCH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 90
PAGCH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 91
FCH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 92
SCH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 93
PAGCH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 94
PAGCH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 95
PAGCH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 96
PAGCH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 97
PAGCH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 98
PAGCH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 99
PAGCH
IDLE
TDMA Frame 100
PAGCH
IDLE
TDMA Frame 101
IDLE
IDLE
TDMA Frame 77
so, each TS (e.g.SDCCH) will repeat after 4.615 ms - 577 us
26 Frame Traffic Channel MF
TCH
51 Frame Control Channel MF
BCC
51 Frame Control Channel MF
SDC
Every TCH & SDCCH has one SACCH associated with it. Four PAGCH TSs = one CCCH block, so 9 CCCH block in DL for paging and access Through parameters, we can set e.g. 2 blocks for AGCH and 7 blocks for PCH in each 51 frame MF
One "PCH block" corresponds to one "paging subgroup" if repeated after 'n' 51 frame MFs called a ''paging cycle" e.g. n=8
1 paging cycle contains 1 paging block of each paging group
first FCH occupies TS0 then SCH in next frame, then BCCH completed in 102 frames
UPLINK 4.615 ms
(e.g. each RACH TS will be received in 4.615 ms)
577 us
OMCR -->
MS1
MS2/ MS3
120 ms 235.365 ms
BCC
SDC
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
TDMA Frame 0
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 1
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 2
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 3
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TDMA Frame 4
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 5
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 6
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 7
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 8
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 9
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 10
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 11
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
RACH
SDCCH(3)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 13
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 14
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 15
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 16
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 17
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 18
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 19
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 20
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 21
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 22
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 23
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 24
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
RACH
SDCCH(6)
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
TDMA Frame 26
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 27
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 28
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 29
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 30
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 31
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 32
RACH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 33
RACH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 34
RACH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 12
TDMA Frame 25
TDMA Frame 35
RACH
SACCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 36
RACH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 37
RACH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
RACH
SACCH(1)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 39
RACH
SACCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 40
RACH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 41
RACH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 42
RACH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 43
RACH
SACCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 44
RACH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 45
RACH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 46
RACH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 47
RACH
SACCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 48
RACH
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 49
RACH
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 50
RACH
IDLE
TCH/F
TCH/H
RACH
SDCCH(0)
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
TDMA Frame 52
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 53
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 54
RACH
SDCCH(0)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 55
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 56
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 57
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 58
RACH
SDCCH(1)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 59
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 60
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 61
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 62
RACH
SDCCH(2)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 63
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
RACH
SDCCH(3)
SACCH
SACCH for MS2
TDMA Frame 65
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 66
RACH
SDCCH(3)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 67
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 68
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 69
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 70
RACH
SDCCH(4)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 71
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 72
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 73
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 74
RACH
SDCCH(5)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 75
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TDMA Frame 38
TDMA Frame 51
TDMA Frame 64
TDMA Frame 76
RACH
SDCCH(6)
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TDMA Frame 78
RACH
SDCCH(6)
TDMA Frame 79
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 80
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 81
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 82
RACH
SDCCH(7)
TDMA Frame 83
RACH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 84
RACH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 85
RACH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 86
RACH
SACCH(4)
TDMA Frame 87
RACH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 88
RACH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 89
RACH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 90
RACH
SACCH(5)
TDMA Frame 91
RACH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 92
RACH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 93
RACH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 94
RACH
SACCH(6)
TDMA Frame 95
RACH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 96
RACH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 97
RACH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 98
RACH
SACCH(7)
TDMA Frame 99
RACH
IDLE
TDMA Frame 100
RACH
IDLE
TDMA Frame 101
RACH
IDLE
TDMA Frame 77
TCH/F
TCH/H
IDLE
SACCH for MS3
26 Frame Traffic Channel MF
TCH
51 Frame Control Channel MF
BCC
51 Frame Control Channel MF
SDC
1 Burst =
1 TS
only RACH received by BTS in uplink completed in 102 frames
Superframes Hyperframes
1326 TDMA frames (26 x51) 2048 superframes
6.12 sec = 51 (26 Frame) or 26 (51 Frame ) MF 3 hr 28 min 53 sec 760 ms
Important It is not by accident that the control channel multiframe is not a direct multiple of the traffic channel multiframe. From the diagram, it can be seen that any given frame number will only occur simultaneously in both multiframes every 1326 TDMA frames (26 x 51). This number of TDMA frames is termed a “superframe” and it takes 6.12 s to transmit. This arrangement means that the timing of the traffic channel multiframe is always moving in relation to that of the control channel multiframe and this enables a MS to receive and decode BCCH information from surrounding cells. If the two multiframes were exact multiples of each other, then control channel timeslots would be permanently ‘masked’ by traffic channel timeslot activity. This changing relationship between the two multiframes is particularly important, for example, to a MS which needs to be able to monitor and report the RSSIs of neighbour cells (it needs to be able to ‘see’ all the BCCHs of those cells in order to do this). The “hyperframe” consists of 2048 superframes, this is used in connection with ciphering and frequency hopping. The hyperframe lasts for over three hours, after this time the ciphering and frequency hopping algorithms are restarted.
SACCH Multiframe - SACCH TSs in four consecutive 26-Frame TCH MFs or two 51 frame SDCCH MFs As the MS only transmits or receives its own physical channel (normally containing TCH and SACCH) for one-eighth of the time, it uses the remaining time to monitor the BCCHs of adjacent ‘target’ cells. It completes the process every 480 ms, or four 26-TCH MFs. (104 consecutive assigned TS) in dedicated mode and 470.73 ms in idle mode ( 2 51-frame MFs) The message that it sends to the BSS (on SACCH, uplink) contains the RxLev, RxQual, RxLev_ncell(n) The measurements are made over each SACCH multiframe, which is 104 TDMA frames (480 ms) for a TCH and 102 TDMA frames for an SDCCH (idle & dedicated modes respectively) 1 SACCH message = 4 SACHH TSs = complete measurement report
Transmission Timing To simplify the design of the MS, the GSM specifications specify an offset of three timeslots between the BSS and MS timing, thus avoiding the necessity for the MS to transmit and receive simultaneously. Timing Advance TA The synchronization of a TDMA system is critical because bursts have to be transmitted and received within the “real time” timeslots allotted to them.
The GSM BTS caters for this problem by instructing the MS to advance its timing ((that is, transmit earlier) to compensate for the increased propagation delay. This advance is then superimposed upon the three timeslot nominal offset. This advance is then superimposed upon the three timeslot nominal offset. The maximum timing advance is approximately 233 s. This caters for a maximum cell radius of approximately 35 km. BTS-MS TS0
